EPA/600/R-15/111
Methodology to Estimate the Quantity,
Composition, and Management of
Construction and Demolition Debris in the
United States
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Land Remediation and Pollution Control Division
Waste Management Branch
Cincinnati Ohio
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EPA/600/R-15/111 Methodology to Estimate the Quantity, Com post ion and
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Notice
The US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) through the Office of Research and Development
funded, directed and managed the research described here under contract order number: EP-C-11-
006 to Pegasus Technical Services in Cincinnati, OH. 1 has been subject to the Agency's review and
has been approved for publication as a US EPA document. Use of the methods or data presented in
this manual does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. Mention of trade names
or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation.
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EPA/600/R-15/111 Methodology to Estimate the Quantity, Com post ion and
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Foreword
The US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) is charged by Congress with protecting the
Nation's land, air, and water resources. Under a mandate of national environmental laws, the Agency
strives to formulate and implement actions leading to a compatible balance between human activities
and the ability of natural systems to support and nurture life. To meet this mandate, US EPA's
research program is providing data and technical support for solving environmental problems today
and building a science knowledge base necessary to manage our ecological resources wisely,
understand how pollutants affect our health, and prevent or reduce environmental risks in the future.
The National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL) is the Agency's center for investigation
of technological and management approaches for preventing and reducing risks from pollution that
threaten human health and the environment. The focus of the Laboratory's research program is on
methods and their cost-effectiveness for prevention and control of pollution to air, land, water, and
subsurface resources; protection of water quality in public water systems; remediation of
contaminated sites, sediments and ground water; prevention and control of indoor air pollution; and
restoration of ecosystems. NRMRLcollaborates with both public and private sector partners to foster
technologies that reduce the cost of compliance and to anticipate emerging problems. NRMRL's
research provides solutions to environmental problems by: developing and promoting technologies
that protect and improve the environment; advancing scientific and engineering information to
support regulatory and policy decisions; and providing the technical support and information transfer
to ensure implementation of environmental regulations and strategies at the national, state, and
community levels.
This publication has been produced as part of the Laboratory's strategic long-term research plan, ft
is published and made available by US EPA's Office of Research and Development to assist the user
community and to link researchers with their clients.
Cynthia Sonich-Mullin, Director
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
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Table of Contents
1. Executive Summary 1
1. Introduction 4
1.1 Background on CDD Materials Management and Previous Estimates of CDD
Material Quantities in the US 4
1.2 Scope and Objectives 6
1.3 Report Organization 6
2. Components of the CDD Generation Estimate Methodology 8
3. Methodology to Estimate CDD Materials Disposal at Permitted or Registered Disposal
Facilities in the US 10
3.1 Methodology Components and Overview 10
3.2 Estimating the Disposal of Dedicated CDD Loads in CDD and non-CDD Landfills 11
3.3 Methodology to Estimate CDD Disposal in Commingled CDD-MSW Loads in
MSW Landfills 14
3.4 Summary of Methodology to Estimate CDD Disposal Amounts 18
3.5 Comparison of Actual Versus Extrapolated CDD Materials Disposal Data 19
3.6 Limitations with the Methodology to Estimate CDD Disposal 19
4. Methodology to Estimate CDD Diversion at Permitted or Registered CDD Processing
Facilities in the US 21
4.1 Overview 21
4.2 Methodology Details 21
4.3 Comparison of Actual Versus Extrapolated CDD Diversion Data 23
4.4 Limitations Associated with the Methodology to Estimate CDD Diversion 23
5. Methodology for Estimating Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Generation and Management
in the US 25
5.1 Overview 25
5.2 National Asphalt Pavement Association Survey 25
6. Methodology to Estimate Composition of CDD Managed at Permitted or Registered
Disposal or Processing Facilities 27
6.1 CDD Composition at Disposal Facilities 27
6.2 CDD Composition at Processing Facilities 28
7. Data and Methodology Notes and Limitations 31
7.1 Estimate of CDD Concrete 31
7.2 Estimate of Land Clearing Debris 32
7.3 Specific Weight of CDD Used in Reported State Estimates 34
7.4 The Use of Volume as the Quantity Unit Collected at the Facility Level 34
8. References 36
Appendix A - State CDD Regulatory Summary
Appendix B- Background on CDD Managed at Permitted and Registered Disposal Facilities
Appendix C- Background on CDD Managed at Permitted or Registered Recessing Facilities
Appendix D - Alternative RAP Estimate Methodology
Appendix E-CDD Characterization at Disposal Facilities Background
Appendix F- Checklist for Data Collection for Future CDD Generation and Management Estimates
IV
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List of Rgures
Rgure 1-1. Reviously-Reported Annual Estimates of CDD Generation in the US 5
Figure 2-1. Components of the CDD Generation and Management Methodology with
Corresponding Report Section Numbers 9
Figure 3-1. Definition Sketch Showing Individual Elements of the Methodology to Estimate
Disposal of CDD at Registered or Permitted Facilities 10
Figure 3-2. Depiction of Different Components of the CDD Disposal Methodology Including
the Use of Known and Extrapolated Data 18
Figure 3-3. Comparison of Measured and Extrapolated Amounts for 2011 Developed using
the Proposed Methodology 19
Figure 6-1. Weighted Average Composition of Disposed CDD Based on Results of Five Large-
Scale CDD Waste Composition Studies 28
Figure 6-2. Weighted Average Composition of CDD Received at Processing Facilities in Florida
(2012), Massachusetts (2011), Nevada (2012), and Washington (2012) 30
Figure 6-3. Weighted Average Composition of CDD Received at Processing Facilities with
Estimated Breakout of Concrete and Asphalt included 30
List of Tables
Table 3-1. Presentation of Data Categories, Description, and State Data that Fall into Each
Category as of 2011 12
Table 3-2. Summary of Reported CDD Fraction in Disposed MSW Based on Large-Scale MSW
Characterization Studies 14
Table 4-1. Listing of States and Corresponding Reporting Agency where CDD Diversion Data
Were Available and Used in the Unit CDD Diversion Per Facility Estimate 21
Table 6-1. CDD Composition Data from Large-Scale Characterization Studies in the US 27
Table 7-1. Examples of CDD Specific Weight Amounts Published in State Rules or Guidance
Documents 34
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List of Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Initialisms
CDD Construction and demolition debris
ICI Industrial, commercial and institutional
Ib/yd3 Founds per cubic yard
LCD Land clearing debris
M FA M aterials flow analysis
M RF M aterial recovery facility
MSW Municipal solid waste
NRMRL National Risk Management Research Laboratory
NAPA National Asphalt Pavement Association
RAP Reclaimed asphalt pavement
Ton Short ton
TCD The total amount of CDD disposed of in the US in a given year (tons)
TTCD The total amount of dedicated CDD loads disposed of in CDD and non-CDD landfills
in the US (in tons)
TcDD,Ma/v Total amount of CDD in commingled loads disposed of in MSW landfills in the US
(tons)
US United Sates
US EPA United Sates Environmental Protection Agency
USGS United Sates Geological Sirvey
VI
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1. Executive Summary
Construction and demolition debris (CDD), a materials stream dominated by components such as
concrete, asphalt, wood, drywall and metal, represents a focal point of many communities working
toward increasing solid waste recycling and promoting sustainable materials management. Reliable
and routine statistics on the generation, composition, and disposition of CDD are needed to better
target regulatory and policy initiatives designed to meet these goals, and to track progress overtime.
Previous estimates of CDD in the US have focused on building-related debris by using statistics on
construction sector activity, but this approach does not incorporate the growing amount of data
regarding measured CDD from processing and disposal facilities, and does not address CDD from
sources other than buildings. The work presented in this report was motivated by the need to
develop a standardized methodology for estimating and tracking CDD generation, composition and
disposition using readily available data reported by state regulatory agencies and applicable trade
organizations.
This report, Methodology to Estimate the Quantity, Composition and Management of Construction
and Demolition Debris in the US, was developed to expand access to data on CDD in the US and to
support research on CDD and sustainable materials management. Since past US EPA CDD estimates
have been limited to building-related CDD, a goal in the development of this methodology was to
use data originating from CDD facilities and contractors to better capture the current picture of total
CDD management, including materials from roads, bridges and infrastructure.
The methodology incorporates state-reported, facility-measured CDD diversion and disposal data. A
thorough search of US state regulations and on-line reported data regarding CDD was conducted,
and states providing strong data sources were identified. As data were not available for every state,
CDD disposal and diversion amounts for states with appropriate data were extrapolated to the rest
of the US. Building permit data provide a strong correlation with reported CDD disposal amounts
and are thus proposed as a means of extrapolating the reported data to the entire US. CDD diversion
data forthose states reporting such information are extrapolated to the rest ofthe country by relating
state CDD diversion amounts to the number of CDD processing facilities present.
Some CDD is not managed through state-permitted waste management facilities, and thus
generation data for these sources of CDD are potentially not included in state-reported data.
Examples include concrete crushing plants targeting large sources of concrete debris (such as large
building demolition projects and roadway construction and maintenance), asphalt pavement
contractors, and land clearing debris (LCD) operations. Sources of additional data for these debris
sources were sought. The National Asphalt Pavement Association (NAPA) provides robust data for
reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) based on a routine nationwide survey of asphalt mk producers
and this data source was included in the methodology for CDD estimation. Reliable information
regarding concrete processed at crushing plants and LCD operations was not available. The proposed
methodology thus uses state-reported data for CDD disposal (in both CDD and MSW landfills) and
diversion, extrapolates these data to the rest ofthe country, and adds the amount of RAP from the
NAPA estimate.
The proposed methodology, when demonstrated for 2011, results in an estimated generation of 233
million tons of CDD. The following steps outline the pertinent components of this analysis.
o CDD disposal amounts were estimated using the following steps:
• States which track CDD disposal data at all permitted disposal facilities and
that accounted for imports and exports to and from the state were identified.
These data were correlated with building permit information compiled by the
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United Sates Census Bureau so that extrapolations could be made to states
where insufficient data were available.
• Reported CDD disposal amounts from states with available data were
summed.
• CDD disposal quantities from states with insufficient data were estimated by
using the previously-discussed building permit correlations.
• To account for CDD that is disposed of commingled with MSW, 12 region-
wide waste composition studies were reviewed. The weighted average
percent of CDD disposed of in commingled loads with MSW was estimated
as 10.5% (weight-based).
• The total amount of CDD disposed of in MSW landfills in commingled CDD-
MSW loads was estimated as the product of the nationwide MSW disposal
quantity reported in the Biocycle State of Garbage survey and the numeric
value representing the weighted average fraction of CDD in MSW (0.105).
• The total CDD disposal amount was estimated as the sum of: i) disposal
amounts in all the permitted disposal facilities as reported by states; ii) disposal
amounts extrapolated to states that do not report amounts under i); and iii)
calculated amounts of CDD commingled with disposed MSW.
o The disposal estimate for the year 2011 was 99 million tons. The portion of the
disposal estimate derived strictly from the CDD amounts reported by states was 27%.
When considering the quantity of CDD in CDD-MSW commingled loads disposed of
in MSW landfills (the MSW disposal figure from the State of Garbage survey is based
on reported amounts), the portion of the disposal estimate derived from measured
(not extrapolated) data is 56%.
o Diverted CDD amounts were estimated using the following steps:
• Summing available state-reported CDD diversion data - information from 12
states was available.
• Estimating the number of CDD processing facilities in each state as provided
by the states and (as necessary) supplementing any data gaps with additional
information from CDD industry sources.
• Dividing the total diverted CDD amount by the total number of CDD
processing facilities in the 12 states to establish a per-facility diversion
amount.
• Using the per-facility processing amount and multiplying this figure by the
total number of CDD processing facilities located in the 38 states where CDD
diversion data were not available.
• Summing the state-reported and extrapolated CDD diversion quantities.
o The CDD diversion estimate for the year 2011 was 55 million tons. Approximately
31% of this estimate consisted of state-reported data. This quantity is independent
of the reclaimed asphalt pavement amount recycled by asphalt mk producers, which
is described below.
o A survey conducted by the National Asphalt Pavement Association (which surveyed
hot mk asphalt plants that use reclaimed asphalt pavement RAP) was identified that
reported the total amount of RAP recycled/used. The reported quantity of RAP
recycled by hot mk asphalt plants in 2011 was 73 million tons.
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It is to be expected that the CDD generation estimate (222 million tons) based on the proposed
methodology would be lower than the estimate of 680-860 million tons (in 2002) based on a material
flow analysis (MFA) (presented by Cochran and Townsend for 2002 (2010)), which assumes that
100% of the materials used for buildings as well as infrastructure construction would be managed
as CDD at the end of its service life; the service life assumption significantly impacts the MFA
methodology estimate. It is also to be expected that due to the inclusion of some portion of CDD
generated from infrastructure activities (e.g., road and bridge construction and demolition), the
estimate based on the proposed methodology would be greater than the generation estimates based
on the methodology proposed to account for building-related CDD (170 million tons in 2003) only
(presented by USffA 1998, 2009).
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1. Introduction
1.1 Background on ODD Materials Management and Previous Estimates of ODD
Material Quantities in the US
Construction and demolition debris (CDD) consists of the materials generated during the
construction, renovation, and demolition of buildings, roads, and bridges. The components
contained within CDD vary depending on the activity type and structure. Broadly, the CDD stream is
comprised of concrete, wood, metals, asphalt, drywall, masonry products, and land-clearing debris
(LCD). CDD represents a substantial fraction of the overall materials and discards generated as a
result of human activities, at amounts similar to the magnitude of municipal solid waste (MSW). CDD
maybe recovered for direct reuse, utilized in other beneficial ways, or disposed of in landfills (and to
a lesser extent in combustion facilities). Building-related CDD recycling and reuse practices have
evolved over the past decade as a result of the growing recognition of the importance of CDD in
sustainable materials management. Additional motivation has resulted from initiatives such as green
building rating system requirements and credits, local government CDD ordinances, and state and
local building code requirements.
Key elements in the successful planning and assessment of any sustainable materials management
system include an examination of the quantity and composition of the materials generated, and an
estimate of how these materials are ultimately handled (e.g., disposed versus recycled). Such
information is critical for large quantity material streams such as MSW and CDD. Generation and
composition data have been tracked back to 1960 and published for MSW for over 30 years, and
have proven to be a valuable tool to government organizations, industry, and the general public to
benchmark progress and set goals, policy and in vestments to support material management decisions
and increase sustain ability. Historically, much less attention has been paid to CDD relative to MSW,
and data on CDD generation and management have not been readily available. The need for better
collection, compilation and tracking of such data pertaining to CDD provides the underlying
motivation for the work presented in this report.
The annual estimate of the US MSW generation and composition conducted by the US EPA utilizes
a materials flow analysis (MFA) approach, where statistics on raw product manufacture are coupled
with estimates of product lifespan to estimate discard rates; this is combined with regional-reported
data on yard trash, food waste, and material disposition to complete the analysis. When the US EPA
estimated the US-wide CDD generation for 1996, instead of using the MFA, it used the data from
the US Census Bureau and similar data sources in conjunction with waste generation estimates for
individual construction, renovation, and demolition activities to estimate total CDD generation for
each different activity at the national level. The US EPA applied a similar methodology to estimate
CDD generation for 2003.
One of the cited deficiencies with the 1996 and 2003 estimates was that it only included CDD from
building-related activity (construction, renovation, and demolition). A large amount of CDD occurs
as a result of activity related to the construction, repair and demolition of roads, bridges, and other
structures. Cochran and Townsend (2010) developed a US CDD generation estimate for 2002
following a materials flow analysis (MFA) approach. The MFA approach accounted for the
consumption of construction materials in the US over the past century, assumed waste production
factors associated with construction materials purchasing, and incorporated assumed material service
life to calculate the mass of CDD debris generated in the US. The results of all three analyses are
shown in Rgure 1-1. The 1996 and 2003 estimates were 136 million and 170 million short tons,
respectively, while the 2002 MFA estimate ranged from 680 million to 860 million tons (depending
on product life-span assumptions); building-related CDD in this estimate ranged from 121 million to
242 million tons.; these CDD generation estimates are presented in Rgure 1-1.
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1.2 Scope and Objectives
The scope of this project involves the development of a methodology that could be used to estimate
the national generation rate of CDD using state, facility and industry-reported data as a foundation.
Integrated into this approach is a methodology for estimating CDD composition associated with the
generation estimate, as well as an estimate of CDD disposition (e.g., landfilled, diverted from
disposal). The bottom-up approach outlined here incorporates three different types of information:
data reported by facilities to state regulatory agencies and reported by the state regulatory agency,
published summaries and survey results of materials handlers or processors, and published material
composition or characterization reports that present weight-based measurements of CDD. The
categories of sources used in this analysis and the development of this report included:
• Publicly-available information from state-level environmental regulatory agencies, mostly
those that have domain over waste and materials management. This information included,
but was not limited to, state-wide solid waste management reports, waste characterization
studies, raw data files related to waste generation or composition, solid waste regulations
(including recycling), and state guidance documents. "Publicly available" generally means
that data were sourced from environmental regulatory agency websites. No surveys were
conducted as part of data gathering in this project.
• Reports, data, and other information from federal and state government agencies
• Reports and information from relevant trade organizations
The focus of this analysis was not to provide a single estimated quantity of CDD generation in the
U§ but rather to provide a methodology that can be used to make such estimates. The data and
estimates for 2011 were used as examples throughout this report as needed to explain the
development process and the methodology itself; the state data for 2008 through 2011 were used,
as available, for regression analyses for selecting an appropriate surrogate parameter to extrapolate
the regional data to a USwide CDD disposal estimate.
1.3 Report Organization
This report was developed to facilitate the reader's understanding of the different components of
the methodology. The sections of the report are as follows:
• Section 1 presents an overview, scope, and outline of the report
• Section 2 presents a description of the components of the CDD generation and management
estimation methodology
• Section 3 presents the methodology to estimate the quantity of CDD disposed of at registered
and permitted disposal facilities
• Section 4 presents the methodology to estimate the quantity of CDD diverted from disposal
at registered and permitted CDD processing facilities
• Section 5 presents the approach to estimate the quantity of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP)
recycled
• Section 6 presents an estimate of the CDD composition at CDD disposal facilities and at CDD
processing facilities
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• Section 7 discusses a variety of notes and limitations associated with the developed
methodology
• Section 8 presents the references used in the report. Note that additional references are
provided throughout the appendices as well.
Supplemental and detailed information was gathered and is presented in a series of appendices:
• Appendk A presents a detailed discussion of each state's rules related to CDD, including a
listing of resources such as links to state rules and other relevant information
• Appendk B presents details on the methodology related to the CDD disposal estimate at
registered and permitted facilities in the US
• Appendix C presents background on the methodology related to the CDD diversion estimate
at registered and permitted facilities in the US
• Appendix D presents a discussion on an alternative RAP estimate methodology
• Appendix Epresents details on the CDD characterization evaluation for disposal facilities
• Appendix F presents a checklist for data collection to be used in future CDD generation
estimates
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2. Components of the CDD Generation Estimate Methodology
As described in Section 1, past US EPA CDD estimates have only included building-related CDD. In
the methodology described within this report, efforts were made to locate data sources that would
include not only building-related CDD, but also road, bridge and infrastructure CDD, as well as land-
clearing debris. Data specifically on disaster debris (which may be similar in nature to CDD) was not
targeted.
A necessary step in the development of the CDD estimation methodology was an examination of the
current regulatory defmition(s) of CDD, the associated major CDD components and sources, and
requirements for tracking and reporting CDD data. No definition or set of regulations specific to CDD
exists at the US federal level; these materials are defined and regulated at the state level. While many
common threads exist when comparing different state statutes and regulations, quite a few contrasts
- some more significant than others - also exist. Some states require that facilities or municipalities
track and report data on the amount and disposition of CDD and/or its major components. State
rules, regulations, and guidance were thus reviewed to provide the proper context when examining
state data and reports. A detailed presentation of state-by-state regulations and observations related
to these rules is presented in Appendix A.
A summary of key observations from the state regulatory and document review is provided below:
• CDD definitions vary by state. Regulations can take a broad form (e.g., by specifying the
activities considered to produce CDD) or a specific form (e.g., enumerating specific material
components considered to be CDD).
• As a result of varying definitions of CDD, some materials are defined as CDD in some states,
but not in others. In this analysis, the broadest interpretation of CDD was taken. For example,
if two states' regulations were compared and one considered land-clearing debris (LCD) to
fall within the CDD definition and the other state did not, the US EPA considered LCD in the
analysis.
• State regulations and associated CDD definitions typically form the basis for which materials
are counted and often dictate whether or not facilities are required to report the quantity of
CDD disposed or diverted. Frequently, it was observed that if a specific material type was
exempt from being defined as CDD (or as a solid waste), then that state did not have a
tracking and reporting requirement for facilities handling that material.
• Even if a material type is considered to be CDD, there may not be a requirement in place to
track and report associated data.
• ft was found that even in cases where tracking and reporting of CDD amounts received at a
given permitted or registered facility was required by state law, the data were not always
readily available. As discussed in Section 1, the scope of work in this project did not include
surveying individual states to gather all available data. Rather, the scope included gathering
readily available data from states. The data were available from the state's environmental
regulatory agency, typically through the agency's website.
• Procedures regarding the handling of data or the availability of state data are not static, so
observations described in this report are current as of the development date of this report.
More states may make data available in the future, ft is expected that as analytical tools and
tracking become more prevalent at the state level and better data collection and reporting is
instituted, a greater portion of the CDD estimate using the outlined CDD estimation
methodology will be derived strictly from the reported amounts.
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The universe of potential data that might be tracked with respect to CDD generation and disposition
includes materials managed by several different types of facilities. CDD is typically encountered in
either a form where it is mixed with other CDD components (i.e., mixed-CDD from whole building
demolition) or where it exists as predominantly one primary component (e.g., concrete from large
concrete buildings or from road or bridge projects). M ixed CDD will most often be managed at either
a mixed CDD processing facility, a CDD landfill, or at a non-CDD landfill (e.g., MSW landfill). These
facilities fall within the jurisdiction of state regulatory agencies responsible for solid waste
management. When CDD is predominantly generated as a single material, it might be managed
outside of typical solid waste management infrastructure. The two most common examples of such
facilities are concrete crushing facilities that only accept concrete (or similar materials) and asphalt
processing and recycling operations. These types of facilities would not normally be covered by a
solid waste facility permit, and thus material quantities managed at these facilities may not be
included as part of state-reported data.
The methodology presented in this report involves gathering data from major CDD facility types,
estimating the total CDD managed by each facility type, and summing the estimates. Details of the
methodology are provided in the subsequent sections of this report, but a conceptual figure, Rgure
2-1, provides an overview of the different elements of the CDD generation and management
estimate.
CDD
Generated
CDD Disposed
Materials Managed
at CDD Recycling
and Processing
Facilities
RAP Recycled by
Asphalt Mix Plants
Details in
Section 3
Details in
Section 4
Details in
Section 5
Rgure 2-1. Components of the CDD Generation and Management Methodology with
Corresponding Report Ssction Numbers
The three components illustrated in Rgure 2-1 are disposed CDD (at CDD or MSW landfills), CDD
diverted from disposal by processing and recycling facilities, and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP).
As will be discussed in SBCtion 5, RAP was handled separately because this material is often recycled
at facilities that are not required to have a solid waste permit. Two other major components of the
CDD stream (segregated concrete and LCD) were originally considered for separate estimation steps
similar to RAP. These materials may in some cases be recycled or disposed at permitted CDD facilities,
but often they are processed and recycled by non-permitted facilities that are not required to report
material quantity data. Upon review, not enough facility-based or facility-reported data were
available to create an estimate methodology for these materials that was consistent with the other
components presented in this analysis.
Ssction 3 provides the detailed methodology on estimating CDD disposal using state-reported CDD
data, and Ssction 4 does the same for CDD diversion. Both of these estimates will include some
amount of segregated concrete and LCD, but it is acknowledged that some fraction of these CDD
streams will escape the generation estimate as currently outlined.
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3. Methodology to Estimate CDD Materials Disposal at Permitted or
Registered Disposal Facilities in the US
3.1 Methodology Components and Overview
As discussed in Section 2, CDD may be disposed of in various types of facilities. Depending on the
nature and scale of the project, CDD maybe stored in a dedicated container or maybe discarded with
MSW in a trash can or container at the point of generation. The dedicated CDD loads can be
transported to several types of facilities permitted to accept CDD, whereas the CDD commingled
with MSA/ is typically transported to the facilities that are permitted to accept MSA/. The analysis of
state data showed that a number of states (and by extension, facilities) track the amounts of CDD
disposed of in CDD landfills and where pertinent, amounts of dedicated CDD loads disposed of in
non-CDD facilities; these data are reflected in the states' solid waste management reports. However,
as discussed above, the dedicated CDD loads comprise only a portion of CDD disposed of in an M SA/
landfill; the other portion includes CDD that is commingled with MSA/ - referred herein to as
commingled loads. The methodology to estimate the total quantity of CDD disposed at permitted
or registered faciliites in the US includes two parts:
• Dedicated loads of CDD disposed of at CDD and non-CDD disposal facilities; .
• CDD commingled with MSW disposed of at MSW landfills
Rgure 3-1 provides a definition sketch to illustrate how the methology approaches estimating CDD
disposal. Some states provide sufficently reliable reported data which can be used to quantify
dedicated CDD load disposal for that specific state while others do not.
Total CDD Disposal
Dedicated CDD loads Disposed
at CDD and non-CDD Disposal
Facilities
CDD in Comingled Loads
Disposed of in MSW Landfills
(not tracked)
1
Amount for the States
that Require Facilities
to Track and Report
CDD Disposal
Quantities
i
r
Amount for the States
that do not Track/
Require Facilities to
Report CDD Disposal
Quantities
Rgure 3-1. Definition Sketch Showing Individual Bementsof the Methodology to Btimate Disposal
10
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Management of ODD Debris in the US
of ODD at Registered or Permitted Facilities
As the left half of Rgure3-1 shows, dedicated CDD loads disposed of at either CDD disposal facilities
or non-CDD disposal facilities may be accounted for in two ways: directly (in states where disposal
data are available) and indirectly (by using a calculated value to estimate CDD not tracked or not
made available by states). The approaches used to account for the " indirect" fraction are described
in Section 3.2.
The right half of Rgure 3-1 relates to commingled CDD-MSW loads disposed of at facilities that
accept MSW. With the exception of Washington, which specifically estimates the fraction of CDD
disposed of in commingled loads, states do not appear to account for non-dedicated CDD load
disposal. The approach used to estimate the quantity of CDD disposed in commingled loads is
described in Section 3.3.
Total CDD disposal is the sum of CDD in dedicated loads disposed of in CDD and non-CDD landfills
and the CDD in commingled CDD-MSW loads disposed of in MSW landfills, Equation 3-0.
TCD = TTCD + TCDD,MSW (Equation 3-0)
Where,
LCD = The total amount of CDD disposed of in the US in a given year (tons)
= Tne total amount of dedicated CDD loads disposed of in CDD and non-CDD landfills in the
US (in tons)
i CDD MSW = Total amount of CDD in commingled loads disposed of in MSW landfills in the US (tons).
3.2 Estimating the Disposal of Dedicated CDD Loads in CDD and non-CDD
Landfills
h addition to varied reporting requirements, states analyze and organize received waste disposal
quantities in a variety of ways. Reporting requirements and the layout and transparency of the
reported CDD disposal data were reviewed by the US EPA. Documents reviewed included state
regulations and the waste management and/or quantity reports themselves.
The US EPA developed a data quality categorization system to organize available state-reported
disposal quantity data. The term "data quality" is not a reference to whether or not data were
believed to be accurate or whether the data were considered "good," "fair," or "poor." Rather,
developing the data categories was needed to help identify states that conveyed data at a level of
detail that would allow for effective projections or extrapolations to the other states that do not
collect relatively complete CDD disposal data.
Note that the lack of availability of data as reported in this document does not mean that data are
not available at all. In this report, state CDD disposal data was categorized as a "0" if:
• CDD disposal was not tracked at all registered and permitted disposal facilities which may
accept CDD, or
• CDD disposal quantities were not readily available, regardless of whether that state appears
to be tracking CDD disposal at all registered and permitted disposal facilities which may
accept CDD, or
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• CDD disposal data does not appear to be tracked by the state or by disposal facilities in the
state.
In cases where data were available, the state was given a data category based primarily on the
resolution and transparency of the data -the higher the data resolution and transparency, the higher
the data category. Table 3-1 shows the data category values, describes the reasoning behind them,
and lists states that were assigned the corresponding data category based on the most recent year
where common data sets were available, 2011.
Table 3-1. Presentation of Data Categories, Description, and State Data that Fall into Each
Category as of 2011
Data
Category
Brief Description
Sates
ft appears that all CDD disposal data are tracked and available
for every type of disposal facility that may accept CDD (not
including LCD). CDD import and export data are also tracked
and are available.
Maine,
Massachusetts,
Washington, Florida
ft appears that all CDD disposal data are tracked and available
for every type of disposal facility that may accept CDD (not
including LCD). CDD import and export data are also being
tracked and are available. However, some portion of the CDD
imports or exports may not be tracked/available (e.g., imported
CDD disposal at MSW landfills) but other data (e.g., total
imports or exports of solid waste) suggest that the estimated
amounts are within ±15% of the actual state-generated CDD
disposal amount.
Kansas, Maryland,
South Carolina
ft appears that all CDD disposal data are tracked and are
available for every type of disposal facility that may accept CDD
(not including LCD). However, either some portion of CDD
imports and exports may not be tracked/available (e.g.,
imported CDD disposal at MSW landfills)
or other data (e.g., total imports or export of solid waste)
suggest that the estimated amounts are outside of ±15% of the
actual state-generated CDD amount.
Texas, Virginia,
Nevada, Michigan
CDD disposal data are not readily available, is not separately
tracked from other waste types, or is not tracked at all.
The remaining 39
states
To address data gaps in states with data category of 0, options for extrapolating the available data
were examined. The extrapolation procedure involved selecting a surrogate parameter that related
CDD disposal to a widely available statistic. The relationship between the surrogate parameter and
CDD disposal in the states with category 2 and 3 ratings was determined, and this was then applied
to the states with 0 data category. Appendix B details a series of analyses that were conducted as
part of the surrogate parameter analysis. Upon examining 18 different surrogate parameters, the US
EPA found that the number of building permits issued (taken from the US Census Building Permit
Survey, which is published monthly and annually) provided the most effective surrogate of the
parameters analyzed. Specifically, an analysis of CDD disposal data (for states ranked 2 and 3), and
the number of building permits issued in the corresponding year between 2008 and 2011, resulted
in a correlation coefficient (r2) ranging from 0.82 to 0.93.
12
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Management of ODD Debris in the US
The selection of building permit data as a surrogate for CDD disposal does not imply that the
construction of buildings is the primary source of CDD; most CDD results from demolition activities.
But the results of the analysis presented in Appendix B do suggest that building permit data do
provide a good indicator of CDD disposal amounts. The building permit information that the US
Census collects is reported annually, but does not cover the entire US; it corresponds to " permit-
issuing locations" that are reflected in the building permit survey which correspond to 95% of the
US population.
With the number of building permits selected as a surrogate parameter to extrapolate data for states
where data are unavailable, a " unit disposal rate" was established to correspond to the amount of
CDD disposed as a function of building permits issued. The approach used for this calculation is
presented in Equation 3-1.
For each state with data quality category of 2 or 3, the relationship between the total reported CDD
disposal quantity and the number of building permits can be established as shown in Equation 3-1.
It should be noted CDD disposal amounts for the states with the data category of 2 or 3 include
dedicated CDD loads disposed of in MSW landfills.
(Equation 3-1)
I,™,
Where,
tfuD = Unit disposal tonnage amount per building permit, for the calculation year of interest.
TCDD = Total reported CDD disposal quantity (in CDD landfills and as dedicated CDD-loads in non-
CDD landfills) of the jth state that has a CDD disposal data category of 2 or 3 (tons for the
calculation year of interest).
BPj= Tne number of building permits issued by the jth state that has a CDD disposal data category
of 2 or 3 (permits for the calculation year of interest).
/= Total number of states with a CDD disposal data category of 2 or 3.
Based on Equation 3-1, an equation can be established that allows for the computation of the
quantity of CDD disposed of in states where data are not available, as shown in Equation 3-2:
m
TNRD = Quo x Z BPk (Equation 3-2)
k
Where,
NRD = Amount of CDD disposed of in CDD landfills and as CDD-dedicated loads in non-CDD
landfills in the states with the data category of 0 (tons for the calculation year of interest).
= Total number of building permits issued bykth state with data category of 0, in the given year
of interest.
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Methodology to Estimate the Quantity, Com post ion and
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m = Total number of states where CDD disposal data are categorized as 0.
(Equation 3-3)
TTCD = The total amount of CDD disposed of in CDD landfills and as CDD-dedicated loads in non-
CDD landfills in the US (tons for the calculation year of interest)
TCDDJ = Total CDD disposal quantity (in CDD landfills and as CDD-dedicated loads in non-CDD
landfills) of the ith state that has a CDD disposal data category of 1, 2 or 3 (tons for the
calculation year of interest).
In future estimates, the re-establishment of the states upon which the correlation is based should not
require annual updates, but updating this information every three years may allow for additional
states to be included in the basis of the correlation, assuming additional states begin collecting the
requisite data or make collected data more readily available.
3.3 Methodology to Estimate CDD Disposal in Commingled CDD-MSW Loads in
MSW Landfills
The data reported by facilities to the state would be expected to readily capture dedicated loads of
CDD, but it is anticipated that reporting the CDD portion in commingled CDD-MSW loads would be
difficult (e.g., if a load arrives with mostly MSW and some CDD, the load would likely be coded as all
MSW rather than part MSW and part CDD because the commingled load would need to meet the
more stringent landfill criteria that apply to the disposal of MSW). This section presents a
methodology to estimate the amount of CDD that is brought to MSW landfills as commingled CDD-
MSW loads.
Several waste characterization studies have been published that estimate of the percentage of CDD
arriving as commingled loads at MSW landfills - these studies are summarized in Table 3-2.
Table 3-2. Summary of Reported CDD Fraction in Disposed MSW Based on Large-Scale MSW
Characterization Studies
State
California
Connecticut
Source
California 2008
Statewide Waste
Characterization Study,
California Integrated
Waste Management
Board, Cascadia
Consulting Group
Connecticut State-wide
Solid Waste Composition
and Characterization
Study - Final Report,
DSM Environmental
Services, Cascadia
Year
2008
2010
Amount of
MSW
Represented
in the Study
(tons)
11,935,173
2,379,687
Fteported
CDD
Fraction
(weight
%)
11.20
14.10
Description of
Material
B/aluated in
Sudy
Residential MSW
Component
MSW
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State
Delaware
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
bwa
Maine
Tennessee
Vermont
Source
Consulting Group,
MidAtlantic Solid Waste
Consultants
Delaware Solid Waste
Authority Statewide
Waste Characterization
Study, Cascadia
Consulting Group, DSM
Environmental Services,
MSW Consultants
Georgia Statewide
Waste Characterization
Study, RW. Beck
Illinois
Commodity/Waste
Generation and
Characterization Study,
Illinois DCEO, COM
Municipal Solid Waste
Characterization Study
for Indiana, Purdue
University Calumet
2011 bwa Statewide
Waste Characterization
Study, MSW Consultants
2011 Maine Residential
Waste Characterization
Study, The University of
Maine
2008 Tennessee Waste
Characterization Study,
Tennessee State
University Department of
Civil and En vironmental
Engineering
Vermont Waste
Composition Study, DSM
Environmental Services
Year
2007
2005
2009
2012
2011
2011
2008
2002
Amount of
MSW
Represented
in the Study
(tons)
429,450
6,685,002
13,697,700
8,600,518
6,683,111
Reported
CDD
Fraction
(weight
%)
11.55
6.00
18.00
6.01
13.50
3.35
4.87
4.60
Description of
Material
B/aluated in
Sudy
Residential and
icr MSW
Components
Residential and
ICIMSW
Components
MSW
MSW
Mked MSW
Component
MSW
MSW
Residential
Combined MSW
Components
i.e., industrial, commercial and institutional
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State
Washington
Wisconsin
Source
2009 Washington
Statewide Waste
Characterization Sudy,
Washington State
Department of Ecology,
Cascadia Consulting
Group
2009 Wsconsin Sate-
Wide Waste
Characterization Sudy,
Wisconsin Department
of Natural Resources,
MSW 'Consultants
Year
2009
2010
Amount of
MSW
Represented
in the Study
(tons)
1,826,521
1,440,491
Reported
CDD
Fraction
(weight
%)
3.80
10.10
Description of
B/aluated in
Sudy
Residential and
Self Haul
"Other" MSW
Components
Residential and
ICIMSW
Components
As shown in Table 3-2, the weighted average percentage of CDD in MSW for 12 large-scale waste
characterization studieswas 10.5%. This portion of the methodology estimates CDD in commingled
CDD-MSW loads that goes unreported by disposal facilities to the state.
To develop the estimate of CDD disposed of in MSW landfills as commingled loads, the fraction of
CDD in MSW based on the waste characterization studies (Table 3-2) must be applied to the total
amount of MSW disposed for the year of interest. The US EPA identified two potential sources to
use for the MSW disposal quantity:
• The MSW Facts and Figures report published by the US EPA
• The State of Garbage in America survey published by Bocycle magazine and the Earth
Engineering Center at Columbia University
To maintain consistency with other steps of the methodology, the State of Garbage survey (while not
published as frequently as the US EPA data) was selected. Specifically, the data In the State of
Garbage survey derive from the measurements collected and reported by facilities, while the US EPA
report is based on an MEA approach. The survey is published approximately every 3 to 4 years and
the most recent report was published in 2010 corresponding to data collected in the year 2008. The
most recent published survey results represent the 17th time the survey had been conducted, though
it is not clear whether the survey will continue. As an alternative, the data generated as part of the
State Data Measurement Sharing Program, an effort that is being deployed in 2014 by the US EPA
to facilitate data gathering from states, maybe used.
The methodology used by the most recent survey involves asking representatives at the state level to
answer questions about reported amounts of MSW combusted, landfilled, composted, and recycled.
The most recent survey reports results from several responsive states, but data for many states were
interpolated or gathered outside of the survey itself. Because of the variable nature of data that
made up the reported survey results (e.g., in van Haaren et al. (2010)), the methodology to
incorporate the survey results will rely on the national-level estimate rather than applying a CDD
composition factor to individual state data reported in the State of Garbage survey.
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Van Haaren et al. (2010) reported that" non-MSA/" materials are filtered out of the survey results so
that only MSA/ is represented in the Sate of Garbage survey results. However, as described above,
commingled loads of MSA/ and CDD likely are not counted separately, so applying the weighted
average composition of CDD found in commingled MSA/ to the Sate of Garbage Sirvey MSA/
disposal quantity is considered appropriate. Thus, application of a CDD composition factor to the
amount of MSA/ landfilled reported by van Haaren et al. (2010) and future Sate of Garbage surveys
should not result in substantial double-counting of materials, provided the methods used in the
survey in the future do not change from those reported in van Haaren et al. (2010).
Based on the rationale described above, the quantity of CDD disposed of with MSA/ (i.e.,
commingled) can be calculated as shown in Equation 3-4.
TCDD,MSW = Pod x TMSW (Equation 3-4)
Where,
*CDD,MSW = Total amount of CDD commingled with MSW and disposed of in MSW landfills in the US
(tons for the calculation year of interest).
IMSW = Total amount of MSW disposed of in landfills in the US based on the value reported in the
most recent State of Garbage in America survey (tons for the calculation year of interest).
pcd = Numeric value representing the average percentage of materials (by weight) disposed of in
MSW landfills consisting of CDD as CDD-MSW commingled loads = 0.105.
Since the State of Garbage survey is conducted once every 3 to 4 years, this portion of the estimate
willbe the same for each year until the new survey information is published. For example, an estimate
of CDD disposal for the year 2011 and subsequent years would use the most recent State of Garbage
survey MSW disposal quantity (269.8 million tons) multiplied by 0.105. However, ifnew survey data
were published in 2014, the results for MSW disposal would be used for subsequent CDD disposal
estimates. Since the survey results reflect data for two or three years prior to the date of publication,
future estimates of CDD disposal would need to consider the year that the data were published in
the State of Garbage survey and apply this quantity to the subsequent calculation year of interest.
In the event that the State of Garbage survey will no longer be updated, alternatives to the State of
Garbage figure for MSW disposal could include the following:
• Gather MSW disposal data and create estimates based on facility data (preferable). The
approach for this estimate would be similar to that described and developed in this project.
Substantial effort would be required to create a defensible methodology, but extrapolations
and streamlining of the estimate (similar to that done in this methodology for CDD disposal)
could be used in the future after initial development of the methodology. This could be
conducted as part of the US EPA State Measurement Sharing Program.
• US EPA's estimate of MSW disposal based on the MSW: Facts and Figures report that is
published every year (less preferable). Note that while this figure is updated annually, the
figure is derived from a different methodology (MFA) and using this estimate would likely
result in a contrast with CDD disposal estimates that used the State of Garbage Survey
information.
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Methodology to Estimate the Quantity, Com post ion and
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3.4 Summary of Methodology to Estimate ODD Disposal Amounts
This section summarizes the methodology components used to estimate the quantity of US CDD
disposal. As described in the previous sections, the method relies on actual state data to the extent
practical and uses extrapolated data in cases where data are unavailable. Additionally, CDD disposal
amounts that are not counted separately at the facility level are included in the estimate as well.
Rgure 3-2 presents a summary sketch of the different components of the CDD disposal estimate
methodology.
Total CDD Disposal
Dedicated COD loads Disposed at CDD and
non-CDD Disposal Facilities
Amount for the States that
Require Facilities to Track and
Report CDD Disposal
Quantities
Amount for the States that do
not Track/Require Facilities to
Report CDD Dispose
quantities
COD in Comingled Loads Disposed of in MSW
Landfills (not tracked)
State-tracked CDD Disposal
Extrapolated CDD disposal for
states with no CDD tracking.
Extrapolation based on
correlation between CDD
disposal in known states and
number of building permits.
Nationwide MSW
Disposal Based on the
Most Recent "State of
Garbage" Survey
Fraction of Material
Entering MSW Landfills
that consists of CDD
X
0.105
Total CDD Disposal Estimate
Rgure 3-2. Depiction of Different Components of the CDD Disposal Methodology Including the Use of
Known and Bdrapolated Data
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3.5 Comparison of Actual Versus Extrapolated ODD Materials Disposal Data
To demonstrate the relative weight of the CDD materials disposal estimate methodology using actual
measured (i.e., state-reported) data compared to extrapolated data, the CDD disposal methodology
was used to calculate disposal amounts for the calendar year 2011. figure 3-3 presents the
distribution of the measured and extrapolated CDD amount disposed as dedicated CDD loads and
the amount of CDD disposed of at MSW landfills in CDD-MSW commingled loads. The actual
measured amount accounts for approximately 27% of the overall CDD disposal estimate.
Estimated CDD
Extrapolated
Disposal
Amount (44
_million tons)
45%
Rgure 3-3. Comparison of Measured and Extrapolated Amounts for 2011 Developed using the Reposed
Methodology
3.6 Limitations with the Methodology to Estimate CDD Disposal
The proposed methodology to estimate CDD disposal has the following limitations:
1. LCD disposal. As discussed earlier, LCD is not included in the definition of CDD in many state
regulations. Moreover, many states, which consider LCD as CDD, may not require quantity
reporting by some types of the facilities that are allowed to accept LCD. For example, the
Florida Department of Environmental Protection does not require data reporting by Yard
Trash Disposal facilities, which are allowed to accept LCD. The CDD disposal amounts
estimated based on the proposed methodology include only a fraction of LCD disposed of in
landfills, since some LCD is probably categorized and tracked as CDD when disposed at CDD
and non-CDD landfills.
2. Accuracy of the measured data. As will be further discussed in Section 7, In contrast to MSW
management facilities, which weigh the incoming materials, CDD management facilities
generally record and track the amount of incoming materials in terms of visually-estimated
volumes. The state environmental agencies often require quantities to be reported by weight
(i.e., tons) rather than volume, since (for example) many state recycling goals are based on
the weight of material rather than volume. A density is typically applied to convert the
volumetric estimates to weight for reporting purposes. The density used for this conversion
varies significantly across the states. For example, Florida uses a density of 484 lb/yd3, whereas
New York uses a density of 1,500 lb/yd3. Visual estimation (which is subjective in nature) and
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Management of ODD Debris in the US
use of a single density value for all CDD loads (which can significantly vary in specific
composition) introduces a source of error in the quantification of " measured" CDD. The
inaccuracy associated with the CDD disposal quantification approach would be an inherent
limitation of any bottom-up methodology and is not specific to the proposed methodology.
3. CDD disposal in commingled CDD-MSW loads. Although the proposed methodology uses
an MSW amount estimated based on a periodic US-wide survey of MSW facilities, the CDD
estimate uses CDD content of typical MSW loads based on a handful composition studies.
Though several statewide composition studies were used to estimate CDD content of a typical
MSW load, the proposed methodology does not account for future changes in MSW
composition and its CDD content.
4. Slight overestimation. The data reported by Washington include CDD deposited of as
commingled loads at MSW landfills - the state estimates the amount of CDD disposed of at
its MSW landfills based on a statewide waste characterization study. No adjustment was
made to the state-reported data to exclude the CDD included in the commingled CDD-MSW
loads. The proposed methodology, therefore, slightly overestimates CDD disposal amounts.
However, the inaccuracy associated with the use of CDD disposal amounts as reported is
expected to be much smaller compared to those associated with the limitations discussed
above.
5. Combustion, ft should be noted that while most states do not, some states (e.g., Maryland)
consider combustion as disposal. The combusted amounts are therefore reported with the
disposal amounts. The disposal amount estimated based on the proposed methodology,
therefore, includes a fraction of the CDD combusted.
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Management of ODD Debris in the US
Permitted or
4. Methodology to Estimate CDD Diversion at
Registered CDD Processing Facilities in the US
4.1 Overview
Due to a wide variation in the classification of the management of non-landfilled CDD (e.g., some
states regard combustion as disposal whereas others regard it as recycling) among states and lack of
readily available data for individual management methods (e.g., recycling, combustion, and
composting) for several states, the US EPA developed a methodology for estimating CDD diversion
from landfills (the "diversion").2 Quantifying the amount of CDD diversion requires collecting similar
data as was collected in the methodology to estimate CDD disposal. The CDD diversion data did not
correlate well with any of the identified indicators of construction activity (e.g., building permits,
populations, median household income, number of active disposal/CDD processing facilities). Thus,
a slightly different approach was used in the development of the methodology to estimate CDD
diversion in the US.
A total of 12 states were found to report CDD diversion data, however, only 10 of these provided
2011 diversion data (i.e. Georgia and Nevada recently started reporting CDD diversion). The phrase
"registered or permitted" is important because there are components of CDD (namely, RAP,
concrete, and LCD) that are commonly managed at a facility or location that is not registered or
permitted through a solid waste or environmental regulatory agency. This largely stems from the
fact that these material types are often exempted from regulation as a solid waste or they meet the
definition of "clean" debris, and therefore have relaxed reporting requirements when compared to
mked CDD. Ultimately, information and data that met the criteria established in this project
(described in Section 1) were available for RAPonly. Related discussions regarding concrete and LCD
are provided in Section 7 of this report.
4.2 Methodology Details
As with the CDD disposal methodology, the CDD diversion estimate methodology relies upon the
use of collected data to the extent practical, then uses an extrapolation of known data for the
remaining states where data are not reported. The extrapolation is performed by developing a unit
diversion rate per permitted or registered CDD processing facility for the states where data are
available.
Table 4-1 displays the states where CDD diversion data were available and subsequently used to
create the unit diversion rate figure.
Table 4-1. Listing of States and Corresponding Reporting Agency where CDD Diversion Data Were
Available and Used in the 2011 Unit CDD Diversion Per Facility Estimate
State
Colorado
Rorida
Reporting Agency
Department of
Public Health and
Environment
Department of
Environmental
Protection
Data Source
http://www.colorado.qov/cs/Satelli
te/CDPHE-
HM/CBON/1251616361671
http://www.dep.st at e.f I. us/wast e/q
uick topics/publications/default. ht
m
Apparent Frequency1
Annually
Annually
2 As discussed in the previous section, a fraction of combusted CDD is included in disposal estimates as several
statestrack combustion amounts together with the landfilled amounts.
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Methodology to Estimate the Quantity, Com post ion and
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State
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Texas
Virginia
Washington
Reporting Agency
Department of
Environmental
Protection
Department of the
Environment
Department of
Environmental
Protection
Department of
Environmental
Protection
Department of
Environmental
Protection
Commission of
Environmental
Quality
Department of
Environmental
Quality
Department of
Ecology
Data Source
http://www.maine.qov/dep/sustain
ability/publications/
http://www.mde.state.md.us/proqr
ams/Land/RecyclingandOperations
program/Publications/ Pages/ Frog ra
ms/LandRog rams7 Recycling/public
ations/index.aspx#recyding
http://www . mass, gov/eea/agencies
/massdep/recycle/reports/solid-
waste-master-plan.html
htt p : //www . nj . g ov/d ep/dshw/recyd
ing/stats, htm
http://www.portal.state.pa.us/port
al/server.pt?open=512&obilD=140
60&FagelD=589559&mode=2
http://www.tceg.texas.gov/permitti
ng/waste permits/waste planning/
wp swasteplan.html
http://www.deg.virginia.gov/Rogr
ams/LandFrotectionRevitalization/R
eportsFublications/AnnualSolidWas
teReports.aspx
http://www.ecy.wa.gov/beyondwa
ste/bwprogGBCandD.html
Apparent frequency1
Annually (last reported
for 2011)
Annually
Annually (last reported
for 2011)
Annually (last reported
for 2011)
Annually
Annually
Annually
Annually (last reported
for 2011)
Note: 1. The apparent frequency was established based on an examination of the frequency of historically-produced reports.
This figure is not intended to be a prediction of the frequency of future report publications.
The number of registered or permitted CDD processing facilities was catalogued as part of a draft
report prepared by US EPA (2013). The processing facility listing was developed to reflect facilities
that exclusively process CDD (i.e., the listing does not include facilities such as MSW material recovery
facilities (MRFs) that process multiple waste types that are generally not defined as CDD in state
regulations). As most MSW MRFs process source-segregated MSW recyclables, CDD managed by
these facilities is expected to be insignificant. Although waste received at mixed MSW MRFs (also
known as dirtyMRFS) may contain some CDD, mixed waste processing for material recovery is not a
dominant management method in the US
Equation 4-1 shows the procedure for computing the CDD diversion rate in the US, which
incorporates known data and extrapolates this data to the states where CDD diversion guantity data
are not available.
-* D ~ / , *•
TCRt
1F,ND
Yr
/ , L TCRt
i
2X,
(Equation 4-1)
Where,
TD = The total CDD diversion amount (tons for the calculation year of interest)
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TTCR^ = Total CDD diversion quantity for the ith state that has CDD diversion data available (tons for
the calculation year of interest).
np,ND = total number of CDD processing facilities in US states where no data are available for the
calculation year of interest.
n^ = The number of CDD processing facilities in the ith state that has CDD diversion data available for
the calculation year of interest.
s = Total number of states with CDD diversion data available for the calculation year of interest.
The inventory of registered and permitted processing facilities was developed in 2012. The facilities
inventory was developed primarily from lists gathered directly from states. In limited cases where a
list of CDD processors was not available for a given state, CDD processing facilities were identified
based on information in Waste Business Journal (WBJ 2012) and a listing of companies in 2012 that
were members of the Construction Materials Recycling Association (now the Construction and
Demolition Recycling Association). The state-level CDD processing facility inventory is provided in
Appendix C.
4.3 Comparison of Actual Versus Extrapolated CDD Diversion Data
To demonstrate the relative weight of the CDD diversion estimate methodology of actual (i.e., state-
reported) data compared to extrapolated data, the CDD diversion methodology was used to calculate
diversion amounts for the calendar year 2011. When comparing the CDD diverted based on state-
reported data (17 million tons) to the total CDD diversion including the extrapolated data (55 million
tons), the fraction of the diversion estimate corresponding to actual data is 31 percent.
4.4 Limitations Associated with the Methodology to Estimate CDD Diversion
The proposed methodology to estimate the CDD diversion has the following limitations:
1. CDD processing facility size and recovery rate. The methodology estimates average CDD
amount recovered per facility based on the statewide aggregated CDD diversion amounts
and the number of CDD processing facilities in the states. The estimated average diverted
amount is used to extrapolate data for the states that do not track data. The methodology,
in essence, assumes that the CDD diversion rate (amount diverted per facility) is the same for
all the states. The methodology, therefore, does not consider variation in processing
technology and associated recovery rates among states. A nationwide survey of CDD
processing technologies is needed to assess the impact of processing facility technology and
size on facility diversion rate.
2. Source-segregated asphalt pavement, concrete and LCD. Source-segregated asphalt
pavement, concrete and LCD from large-scale infrastructure projects (e.g., highway
construction, bridge demolition, pavement rehabilitation) are typically processed on-site or at
facilities that are exempted from state CDD/solid waste regulations. The CDD diversion
amount methodology presented above does not include the amount of asphalt, concrete or
LCD recycled on-site or by the facilities exempted from the CDD/solid waste management
regulations. More details on asphalt concrete managed by these facilities are presented in
Section 5. More details on concrete and LCD managed by these facilities are presented in
Section 7.
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5. Methodology for Estimating Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement
Generation and Management in the US
5.1 Overview
RAP represents a major component of the CDD stream. As discussed in Section 4, several states
exempt RAP from the definition of CDD or from being defined as a solid waste, but this is likely a
function of the manner by which the material is generated, the fairly homogeneous characteristics
of the material, and the manner in which the material is normally handled after it is milled from an
existing roadway. Ultimately, this material meets the definition and scope of materials in the overall
CDD generation and management methodology, thus a method to estimate the quantity of this
material is warranted. The estimation of RAP generation and management, however, requires a
different approach than those described previously since RAP is typically managed outside of
permitted or registered solid waste management facilities.
Industry and survey data were assessed for potential inclusion in the RAP production and
management estimate along with the data reported from the USGS Data from a survey conducted
by the National Asphalt Pavement Association (NAPA) was selected as the basis for the RAP
generation estimate. Specifically, the NAPA survey was used to evaluate the quantity of RAP that
was recycled, since the disposed quantities were already included within the measured and calculated
estimates desaibed in Section 3. While the USGS publishes information on recycled RAP quantities
in the US the US EPA found that the entities surveyed by the USGS overlapped with entities included
in the NAPA survey and the CDD processing and recycling facilities that were already addressed as
part of Section 4. As described below, the NAPA survey focused on asphalt mix producers, which
largely are not required to have a solid waste permit or registration, and thus, including these data
provides a more complete picture of CDD generation and management in the US that is grounded
in facility-reported data.
5.2 National Asphalt Pavement Association Survey
NAPA has conducted annual surveys of asphalt mix producers in the US since 2009 to estimate the
amount of RAP received, disposed, and reused (NAPA 2013). NAPA published data in 2013
corresponding to calendar years 2009, 2010, and 2011. The surveys are funded by the federal
Highway Administration and NAPA plans to continue conducting the survey in future years.
As asphalt mix plants are not typically regulated under solid waste rules, the amount of RAPmanaged
by these facilities would not be accounted for in the state-compiled CDD quantities. These surveys
report the amount of RAP received by the asphalt mix producers along with the amounts reused or
recycled for asphalt production (e.g., hot-mix, warm-mix, and cold-mix), amounts used as aggregates
and other uses, and the amount landfilled. NAPA surveyed all 50 states, the District of Columbia,
and USterritories, and in the most recent survey (2011), responseswere received from 1,091 asphalt
plants operated by 203 companies in 49 states.
Although specific disposal data are included in the survey, the reported disposal quantity (which is
relatively small - less than 1 percent of all RAP generated) should be excluded from the analysis, since
this material is accounted for as part of the CDD disposal methodology described in Section 3. Based
on this survey, NAPA reported that the hot mix asphalt plants in the US recycled approximately 73
million tons of RAP in 2011 for recycling; approximately 36% of the amount was actually reported
by the survey respondents and the rest was estimated.
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The portion of the NAPA survey that should be used in the overall CDD management estimate for
the US EPA is the quantity of RAP accepted for recycling. The US EPA developed an alternative
methodology for RAP in the event that the NAPA survey is not conducted in the future - Appendix
D presents details of this alternative methodology.
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6. Methodology to Estimate Composition of CDD Managed at
Permitted or Registered Disposal or Processing Facilities
6.1 CDD Composition at Disposal Facilities
The US EPA gathered multiple large-scale waste composition or waste characterization studies. A
total of 14 waste composition studies that focused solely on CDD or MSW with a distinct CDD
component were identified. A more detailed discussion of waste composition methodologies and
each of the 14 composition studies is presented in Appendix E
Of the 14 studies examined, a total of five studies were selected for further analysis - some reports
were filtered out because the study did not explicitly state the total quantity of CDD represented by
the study, did not separately analyze specific components of CDD, or the study overlapped another
study (e.g., a state-wide study in Illinois was selected but a Chicago-specific study was excluded). As
discussed in CCG (2009), the data used to estimate the CDD composition in King County, WA,
specifically excluded characterization of CDD waste originating from Seattle, WA.
Major CDD material categories were revised from those presented in Appendix Eto provide additional
detail regarding individual aggregates (i.e., asphalt, concrete, fines), allow consistency with material
categories provided in CDD diversion data, and to combine those materials which were consistently
observed in the studies as only representing a very small fraction of CDD (i.e., less than 4% byweight
of the total). The disaggregation of amounts into subcategories was based on the data from the
studies that specifically denoted these amounts. Table 6-1 presents a summary of each of the studies
analyzed, the total amount of CDD materials represented by each study, and the breakdown of each
material category.
Table 6-1. CDD Composition Data from Large-Scale Characterization Studies in the US
Major Material
Fractions
Asphalt
Concrete
Rnes
Wood
Roofing
Gypsum
Organ ics
Metal
Other Materials
Other
Aggregates
FW. Beck et al
(2010)-
Statewide CDD
Characterizatio
n Study (GA)
2.50%
15.20%
10.50%
16.20%
19.90%
7.00%
1.80%
3.00%
14.90%
8.90%
COM (2009) -
Illinois
Commodity/
Waste
Generation and
Characterizatio
n Study
0.40%
14.40%
6.80%
24.20%
21 .60%
7.40%
1 .40%
0.60%
10.00%
13.00%
CCG (2006) -
Detailed
Characterizatio
n of CDD (CA -
4 metro areas)
10.00%
10.80%
6.60%
20.20%
14.60%
8.10%
1.50%
4.00%
16.10%
8.00%
CCG (2008)
- 2007 CDD
Compositio
n Study
(Seattle,
WA)
0.70%
3.70%
5.50%
36.00%
13.40%
11.00%
1 .90%
3.80%
19.40%
4.60%
CCG (2009) -
2007/2008
CDD
Characterizatio
n Study (King
County, WA)
0.30%
2.70%
2.45%
34.51%
15.06%
15.78%
1.73%
4.26%
20.31%
2.89%
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Study CDD
Disposed Tons
Represented
2,952,123
1,598,203
3,130,925
201,156
158,821
In all, the five CDD composition studies represented more than 3,000 individual CDD loads or samples
collected at 55 different waste management facilities with the sample size representing
approximately 8 million tons of disposed CDD. The results of the five studies were used to calculate
the weighted composition of disposed CDD. The composition data from the study reports consisted
of 191 unique individual material categories that were organized into 10 major material categories.
The total weighted disposal amount of each major material category across all studies was summed
and divided by the total disposed CDD weight represented by all of the studies to calculate the
weighted average composition of each of the 10 material categories. Rgure 6-1 presents the
weighted composition of disposed CDD based on results reported in the five studies that were
summarized in Table 6-1. The predominant material categories that are being sent to disposal
facilities include wood, roofing, and concrete, which comprise slightly more than 50% of all disposed
CDD. The remaining 50% includes a mix of various other building materials, including generalized
"other" categories that include items such as paper, carpet, plastic, rock, and brick.
Other
Materials
15%
Organics
1%
Wood
20%
Metal
3%
Gypsum
8%
Fines
8%
AsphaltJ other LConcrete
Aggregates
9%
Roofing
18%
5%
13%
Rgure 6-1. Weighted Average Composition of Disposed CDD Based on Results of Five Large-Scale CDD
Waste Composition Studies
6.2 CDD Composition at Processing Facilities
The US EPA searched for available sources of material composition diverted by CDD processing
facilities. While large-scale composition studies like those evaluated in Ssction 6.1 were limited, the
US EPA identified four states (Florida, Massachusetts, Washington, and Nevada) that have
requirements to report the quantity of different CDD components that are diverted from disposal.
Thus, these data were used as a basis to calculate a weighted average CDD composition at CDD
processing facilities for the US.
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The weighted average composition of different CDD constituents was estimated based on the
processed CDD quantities for these states for 2012 except Massachusetts, which relied upon 2011
data (2012 data were not available). 3milar to the CDD disposal composition estimate, material
categories for the four states differed slightly, so materials were grouped data into the following
categories:
• Aggregate - A separated breakout of asphalt, concrete, and brick quantities was not available
in each of the state-re ported data, so these materials were lumped into the "aggregate"
category
• Wood (includes wood used for energy recovery)
• Organics (includes LCD used for energy recovery)
• Fines
• Roofing and shingles debris
• Gypsum
• Metal (includes ferrous and non-ferrous metal)
• Other (includes mked CDD, plastic, paper, carpet and carpet pad, and textiles, and very small
quantities of other materials)
The resulting estimated CDD composition at CDD processing facilities is presented in Rgure6-2.
Wood
13%
Organics
9%
Shingles/
Roofing
1%
Gypsum
1%
Metal
1%
Aggregate
62%
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Rgure 6-2. Weighted Average Composition of ODD Received at Recessing Facilities in Florida
(2012), Massachusetts (2011), Nevada (2012), and Washington (2012)
The data were further examined to attempt to understand the potential relative breakdown of
materials that comprise the " aggregate" category shown in Rgure 6-2. Both Rorida and Nevada
were found to track the quantities of asphalt and concrete separately, while Massachusetts reports
asphalt, concrete, and brick combined together. Washington reports asphalt and concrete as a
combined figure. The Rorida and Nevada data show that a very large proportion of the general
" aggregate" category is comprised of concrete. These data were combined and applied to the
Massachusetts and Washington data to create a revised estimated weighted average CDD
composition in the US The results are shown in Rgure 6-3.
Organics
9% Shingles/ Gypsum
Roofing
1%
Other
aggregates
Other 0%
5%
Asphalt
6%
Concrete
56%
Rgure 6-3. Weighted Average Composition of CDD Received at Processing Facilities with Estimated
Breakout of Concrete and Asphalt included
The data in Rgure 6-3 show that, upon segregation of asphalt and concrete, that concrete comprises
more than half of materials received by CDD processing facilities, while asphalt comprises a relatively
small fraction. This information shows that the approach described in Section 5, which suggested
that the use of the NAPA RAP recycled amounts would not result in substantial double-counting with
the recycled amounts described in Section 4, is appropriate; NAPA specifically reported recycling of
73 million tons of RAP in 2011, whereas the amount recycled by CDD recycling facility is estimated
to be 3.1 million tons.
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7. Data and Methodology Notes and Limitations
The methodology developed in this project relied upon available information as reported by states at
the time of the analysis. As discussed, additional states may have facility data that are collected but
were not necessarily available on the regulatory agency's website. Future efforts that include a survey
component could yield additional data that could be used to make the methodology more robust.
However, as described in previous sections, the statistical analysis conducted with the data collected
in this effort showed positive correlations with dozens of data points across multiple states and across
multiple years.
A summary table of the specific data collection requirements for each of the methodology's
components is provided in Appendix F. This section was developed to highlight other key points and
limitations of the data that were used in this methodology.
7.1 Estimate of ODD Concrete
Concrete is a component of mked CDD, and thus will be captured as part of the generation and
composition estimation methodology provided. As previously discussed, however, a large amount
of concrete is recycled/beneficially used by facilities that are not typically required to track or report
management data. Examples of these facilities include both portable and mobile crushing plants that
process concrete and lesser amounts of similar debris (e.g., brick, asphalt pavement) from large
building, road and bridge demolition and renovation activities. As Section 6 showed, concrete
comprises more than half of the composition (by weight) of materials at CDD processing facilities. 1
is likely that concrete from these other sources results in concrete being an even larger component
of the overall CDD stream.
As part of the overall goal of the project -to use reported data to produce a CDD generation estimate
- an original target was the development of a methodology that would allow an estimate of the
mass of concrete processed at crushing plants similar to that approach used for RAP. Thus the US
EPA identified different resources that reported the quantity of concrete recycled in the US and
examined these resources to assess whether the presented information would allow an estimate of
the amount of concrete recycled.
First, the US EPA's examination of state regulations found a significant fraction of states (specifically,
states representing approximately 94% of the US population as of 2013) have an exemption in their
solid waste management rules for source-segregated clean debris or some analogous term. Clean
concrete was frequently found to be an enumerated material that meets the definition of source-
segregated clean debris, and as a result these materials are often not required to be managed at
permitted or registered solid waste management facilities. Thus, the fact that concrete would
generally be expected to meet the definition of source-segregated clean debris indicates that the
population of facilities and companies handling the material would likely have no requirement to
quantify and report the quantities managed on a routine basis.
US EPA (2003) indicates that the amount of waste concrete generated annually in the US is 200
million tons, but the source of this data point was a personal communication and not derived from
on-the-ground data. Thus, using this estimate is not considered appropriate for this methodology.
The American Portland Cement Association (2009) cites USGS (2000) for the amount of waste
concrete recycled; USGS (2000) used the estimate furnished by the Construction Materials Recycling
Association (CDRA), which reported 100 million tons of concrete aggregate recycled annually. CDRA
does not provide a basis of its estimate. For these reasons, these numbers are not used in the
proposed methodology.
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The USGS has surveyed sand and gravel producers and construction and demolition companies for
several years and reports a quantity of concrete aggregate sold and used in the US(USGS2013). The
US concrete recycling estimate for the year 2011 was approximately 15.2 million tons. This figure
was significantly lower than the other previously-reported estimates of concrete recycling figures.
Thus, the USGS was contacted to better understand the information that went into the reported
estimate. A voluntary survey form is sent out to sand and gravel companies (approximately 10,000
companies) and construction and demolition companies (approximately 700 companies). The
response rate for the sand and gravel companies was about 50%, while the response rate for the
construction and demolition companies was 20%. The USGS only reports quantities that are
provided in survey responses (i.e., the 15.2 million tons figure was the sum of all reported tons of
recycled concrete from survey responses).
The USGS data represents the best available " bottom-up" data set corresponding to recycled
quantities of concrete. However, these data are subject to substantial limitations, including the
following:
• The survey response rate was low for the construction and demolition companies. Personal
communication with USGS found that the list of companies surveyed has not been updated
in several years, and many companies have likely closed down and new companies could have
been formed that were not captured in the survey. The USGS indicated that a comprehensive
update of the survey list would be beneficial to obtaining a more representative and relevant
recycled concrete estimate.
• The EHWA (2011) pointed out that accounting for all of the recycled concrete is difficult
because a common practice in recycling concrete aggregate is to reuse the material on the
same project. Thus, the survey responses are limited only to those companies that stockpiled,
marketed, and sold recycled concrete to other entities or projects - material used by the
demolished concrete generator or onsite would generally not be quantified.
• The surveymaynot capture quantities of concrete that are disposed of in locations otherthan
a permitted or registered landfill. Because of its typical clean debris status, some states may
allow concrete to be disposed of or "used" in other ways (e.g., lake fills).
The figure reported by the USGS is likely an underestimate - perhaps a significant underestimate -
of the amount of concrete aggregate recycled annually in the US. As a result of the limitations
described above, and in the absence of a more comprehensive entity or facility survey such as that
conducted by NAPA, a separate estimate for concrete generation and management could not be
created. In our methodology, concrete disposal could be estimated by multiplying the fraction of
concrete in disposed CDD (as presented in Section 6.1) with the estimate of total CDD disposal
quantity (as described in Section 3). The total amount of concrete diverted from disposal could be
estimated by multiplying the fraction of concrete in diverted or processed CDD (as presented in
Section 6.2) with the estimate of the total CDD diverted from disposal (as described in Section 4).
However, this approach would also result in an underestimate since the total reported and
extrapolated amountsthat would serve asthe basisfor the estimate overwhelmingly exclude concrete
recycled or beneficially used on-site and in facilities not required to report quantities to state
environmental agencies.
7.2 Estimate of Land Clearing Debris
LCD, similar to RAP and concrete, is a material that is often not specifically defined as CDD or is
otherwise exempted from solid waste regulations. The US EPA found that states representing
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approximately 65% of the US population (as of 2013) either did not include LCD in the definition of
CDD or exempted LCD from solid waste regulations altogether. Thus, the majority of the US does
not recognize LCD as CDD, but given that some states do, attempts were made to quantify LCD
generation to assess whether a reasonable separate methodology could be used in conjunction with
the other methods described in SsctionsS, 4, and 5.
A frequently-cited study conducted by Wiltsee (1998) estimated urban waste wood for a few
different generation sources (MSW, industrial sources, and construction and demolition sources) on
a per-capita basis based on surveys conducted in 30 metropolitan areas in the US One of the
categories of materials examined by Wiltsee (1998) was CDD wood, which included LCD as a
component. However, the LCD estimate was not separated from the estimate of non-LCD wood.
The study was clear in indicating that of the different wood categories evaluated, the one with the
greatest error and uncertainty was the estimate of CDD wood, which was estimated (weighted
average basis) to be 0.076 tons/person-year.
A key takeaway point from Wiltsee (1998) was that most land clearing contractors surveyed across
the country manage LCD by burning the wood at the point of generation (e.g., using an air curtain
incinerator) rather than taking the wood to a processor or a disposal facility. Furthermore, data gaps
disallowed the development of "...even rough estimates of the amounts of wood generated
by...land clearing companies" (Wltsee 1998). The US EPA conducted an analysis of qualitative
responses written by Wltsee (1998) regarding management of LCD and found that of 19
metropolitan areas that had response by LCD contractors, 12 areas showed the predominant
management method of LCD was an activity that would not allow the material quantity to be
counted (i.e., burned or ground at the point of generation).
Other potential resources were examined to estimate a LCD generation quantity in the US Hansen
et al. (2013) recently published data on new high-resolution imagery that estimates the amount of
forest cover loss and gain in the US However, the data currently does not tie in forest loss with
specific activities like land clearing (note that other activities such as industrial harvesting and
silvicultural operations could also be a reason for forest loss). Smilar limitations were identified in
other related publications associated with estimates of forest loss(e.g., Nowakand Greenfield (2009),
Drummond and Loveland (2010), and Nowak et al. (2013)).
An examination of state rules confirmed findings of Wiltsee (1998) and others by indicating multiple
management options that are available for LCD other than management at a permitted or registered
disposal or processing facility. For example, Fiile62-256, Rorida Administrative Code allowsfor open
burning of LCD in temporary air curtain incinerators or open piles. In Ohio, open burning of LCD is
allowed as long as the atmospheric conditions are appropriate, a visibility hazard is not created, an
air curtain incinerator (or equivalent system) is used to curb air contaminant release, and the fire is
located a sufficient distance away from inhabited off-property buildings.
Given the observations above and the limitations to accurately quantifying LCD based on typical
management techniques of LCD by land clearing contractors, a separate methodology and estimate
for LCD is not feasible. Thus, if the quantity of LCD generated and disposed or processed is desired,
using the methods and information presented in SBCtions 3, 4, and 6 may be appropriate, though
some disaggregation of data provided in state reports of CDD composition may be required to isolate
LCD from other CDD wood. The US FJPA acknowledges that the generation of LCD likely exceeds
that which would be estimated using the methodology described herein.
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7.3 Specific Weight of ODD Used in Reported State Estimates
Though the distribution was not quantified in this project, typical practice at CDD disposal and
processing facilities includes recording incoming material quantities based on volume rather than by
weight. This is in contrast to MSW, where most disposal and processing facilities weigh incoming
materials. In the case where only volumes are recorded at CDD management facilities, states often
require quantities to be reported by weight (i.e., tons) rather than volume, since (for example) many
state recycling goals are based on the weight of material rather than volume. Therefore, a conversion
factor is typically applied to report the weight of CDD managed. The US EPA conducted a brief
evaluation to assess the variety of conversion factors used in different states.
Table 7-1. Examples of CDD Specific Weight Amounts Published in State Rules or Guidance
Documents
State
Rorida
Kansas
Minnesota
New York
CDD Specific
Weight
(Ib/yd3)
484
1,800
500
1,250
460
1,500
Notes
This is used in CDD reporting for facilities to convert volume to
weight, which was based on a study of as-received CDD materials
Clean rubble only
Mixed CDD with small amounts of clean rubble
Mixed CDD with appreciable amounts of clean rubble
2007 study found the value of 460 Ib/yd3, but previous to this
study, the conversion factor used in the state was 1 , 1 00 Ib/yd3
This is used in CDD reporting for facilities to convert volume to
weight
The information shown in Table 7-1 highlights that there can be some differences in conversion
factors used by facilities (or by the state) when converting raw materials acceptance information to
a weight basis, with an approximate factor of three difference between New York and the other
three states. In addition to a variable specific weight, some states report volumetric data as received
(e.g., Michigan reports CDD quantities in terms of yd3).
Except for Michigan disposal data (which was multiplied by a 0.24 tons/cubic yard conversion factor)
the data that were collected by individual states for use in the estimates presented in Section 3 and
Section 4 were not normalized or otherwise transformed to a common specific weight unit.
7.4 The Use of Volume as the Quantity Unit Collected at the Facility Level
As described in Section 7.3, CDD management facilities often collect incoming material quantity data
in terms of a volume, typically yd3. This practice can result in over- or under-estimation of actual CDD
material quantities. Two waysthat volume estimations can impact overall material quantity estimates
are described below.
First, the estimate of the volume of material in an incoming load is necessarily based on a visual
approximation. Incoming loads may be judged to be half full, three-quarters full, or some other
amount, and recorded as such. While the operator at the receiving gate conducting these volume
estimates would be expected to provide accurate estimations (particularly since many CDD facilities
charge tipping fees based on the received volume of material), this can result in some amount of
error. The amount of potential error was not quantified, but it bears mentioning that consistent
under- or over-approximations of received CDD volumes could aggregate over time and skew
reported data one way or another.
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A second way that volume-based material quantity estimates could impact reported CDD quantities
managed lies in the way that the facility may charge incoming loads to accept the materials.
Specifically, the policy at the facility could be to charge by container size. So in contrast to that
described in the previous paragraph, a facility may have a policy that an incoming load in a 20 yd3
container will be charged (and thus recorded in the facility's material acceptance log) as 20 yd3 of
material, regardless of how full the container is. The degree that this is practiced at CDD
management facilities was not quantified, but has been the policy at CDD management facilities that
the US EPA has worked with in the past.
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8. References
ACPA (2009). Recycling Concrete Pavements, Engineering Bulletin EB043, American Portland
Cement Association.
CCG (2006). Targeted Statewide Waste Characterization Study: Detailed Characterization of
Construction and Demolition Waste. A repot for California Integrated Waste Management
Board, June 2006.
CCG (2008). Construction & Demolition Waste Composition Study FINAL Report. Seattle Public
Utilities. July 2008.
CCG (2009). King County Waste Monitoring Program. 2007/2008 Construction and Demolition
Materials Characterization Study. February 2009.
COM (2009). Illinois Commodity/Waste Generation and Characterization Study. Contracted by Illinois
Recycling Association. May 2009.
Cochran, K. and Townsend, T. (2010). Estimating Construction and Demolition Debris Generation
Using a Materials Flow Analysis Approach. Waste Management. 30(11):2247-2254.
Drummond, M. and Love land, T. (2010). Land-Use Pressure and a Transition to Forest-Cover Loss in
the Eastern United States. B'oscience, Vol. 60 No. 4, April 2010.
EHWA (2011). Wherefore Art Tnou Aggregate Resources for Highways? Public Roads,
September/October 2011, Vol 75, No 2. FHWA-HRT-11-006.
Hansen, M.; Potapov, P.; Moore, R; Handier, M.; Turubanova, S.; Tyukavina, A.; Thau, D.; Stehman,
S.; Goetz, S.; Loveland, T; Kommareddy, A.; Egorov, A.; Chini, L; Justice, C.; Townshend, J.
(2013). High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change. Science, 342,
850(2013); doi: 10.1126/science.1244693.
NAPA (2013). Information Series 138: 2nd Annual Asphalt Pavement Industry Survey on Reclaimed
Asphalt Pavement, Reclaimed Asphalt Shingles, and Warm -Mix Asphalt Usage: 2009 - 2011.
April2013.
Nowak, D.; and Greenfield, E. (2009). Evaluating the National Land Cover Database Tree Canopy
and Impervious Cover Estimates Across the Conterminous United States: A Comparison with
Photo-Interpreted Estimates. Environmental Management, 46:378-390, doi:
10.1007/s00267-010-9536-9.
Nowak, D.; Greenfield, E; Hoehn, R; and Lapoint, E. (2013). Carbon Storage and Sequestration by
Trees in Urban and Community Areas of the United States. Environmental Pollution, 178
(2013)229-236.
RW. Beck, CCG, IWCS (2010). Statewide Construction and Demolition Debris Characterization
Study. Georgia Department of Natural Re sources, Sustainability Division. June 2010.
US EPA (1998). Characterization of Building-Related Construction and Demolition Debris in the
United States. United States Environmental Protection US EPA. June 1998.
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US EPA (2009). Estimating 2003 Building-Related Construction and Demolition Materials Amounts.
EPA530-R-09-002. United Sates Environmental Protection US EPA. March 2009.
US EPA (2003). Background Document for Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for Clay Brick
Reuse and Concrete Recycling. EPA530-R-03-017, November 7, 2013.
US EPA (2013). What is the difference between a recycling rate and a waste diversion rate?.
http://bit.ly/1wCeSB9. Accessed 31 December 2014.
US EPA (2013). Data Gap Analysis and Damage Case Studies: Risk Analyses from Construction and
Demolition Debris Landfills and Recycling Facilities. Draft Report.
USGS(2000). Recycled Aggregates -Profitable Resource Conservation. FS-181-99.
USGS(2013). 2011 Minerals Yearbook -Sand and Gravel, Construction [Advance Release]. May
2013.
United States Census Bureau (2014). Building Permits Survey Definitions. http://1 .usa.gov/1f UxHZS
Accessed 10 January 2014.
United States Census Bureau (2014). Building Permits Survey: How the Data are Collected.
http://1 .usa.aov/1 biX2Q5. Accessed 10 January 2014.
Van Haaren, R (2010). The State of Garbage in America: 17th Nationwide Survey of MSW
Management in the U.S Biocycle. October 2010.
WBJ(2012). Directory of Waste Processing and Disposal 3tes2012.
Wltsee, G. (1998). Urban Wood Waste Resource Assessment, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory NREL/SR-570-25918, November 1998.
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Appendix A
State CDD Regulatory Summary
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents 39
1. State CDD Management and Regulation Summaries 1
. 1 Alabama 1
.2 Alaska 3
.3 Arizona 4
.4 Arkansas 6
.5 California 7
.6 Colorado 10
.7 Connecticut 12
.8 Delaware 14
.9 Florida 16
.10 Georgia 18
.11 Hawaii 20
.12 Idaho 21
.13 Illinois 22
. 14 Indiana 24
. 15 bwa 26
.16 Kansas 28
.17 Kentucky 30
.18 Louisiana 32
.19 Maine 34
.20 Maryland 36
.21 Massachusetts 38
.22 Michigan 40
.23 Minnesota 42
.24 Mississippi 44
.25 Missouri 46
.26 Montana 48
.27 Nebraska 50
.28 Nevada 52
.29 New Hampshire 54
.30 New Jersey 56
.31 New Mexico 58
.32 New York 60
.33 North Carolina 63
.34 North Dakota 65
.35 Ohio 67
.36 Oklahoma 69
.37 Oregon 71
.38 Pennsylvania 73
.39 Rhode Island 75
.40 South Carolina 77
.41 South Dakota 79
.42 Tennessee 80
.43 Texas 81
.44 Utah 83
.45 Vermont 85
.46 Virginia 87
.47 Washington 90
.48 West Virginia 92
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1.49 Wisconsin 94
1.50 Wyoming 96
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1. State CDD Management and Regulation Summaries
Descriptions of the data quality categories are discussed in detail in section 3.2. Review of that
section will help in understanding the state level data presented in this Appendix.
1.1 Alabama
Definition
The Alabama Department of Environmental Management Administrative (ADEM) (Land Division -
Solid Waste Program, Division 13) (ADEM Admin. Code r. 335-13-l-.03(28)) defines CDD debris as:
" waste building materials, packaging, and rubble resulting from construction, remodeling, repair, or
demolition operations on houses, commercial buildings, and other structures. Such wastes include,
but are not limited to, masonry materials, sheet rock, roofing waste, insulation (not including
asbestos), scrap metal, and wood products. Uncontaminated concrete, soil, brick, waste asphalt
paving, ash resulting from the combustion of untreated wood, rock, and similar materials are
excluded from this definition."
Although the state regulations do not specifically address land clearing debris management, the
typical components of land clearing debris (e.g., soil, rock, stumps, limbs, and leaves) are excluded
from the definition of rubbish and by an extension from the definition of solid waste.
Exemptions
The state regulations, as reproduced above, specfically exclude uncontaminated concrete, brick,
waste asphalt paving, and ash resulting from the combustion of untreated wood.
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. Construction/demolition - inert landfill units (C/DLF) - can receive construction/demolition
waste, and/or rubbish and/or waste treatment (alum) sludge, and foundry waste.
2. M unicipal solid waste landfill units (M SWLF)
3. Industrial landfill units - can receive industrial solid waste and may in addition receive
construction/demolition waste and/or rubbish.
4. Materials Recovery Facility
5. Composting Facility
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
ADEM Code 335-13 prescribes submission of quarterly reports summarizing the daily amount of
waste received by MSWLFs, industrial landfill units, and C/DLFsto ADEM. The Solid Waste and
Recyclable Materials Management Act of 2008 established a statewide solid waste disposal fee
($1/ton or $0.25/cubic yard) for all solid waste disposed in Alabama landfills. ADEM prepares a
biennial report summarizing amounts of in- and out-of-state solid waste disposed of in the
different type of landfills in the state.
(http://adem.alabama.gov/programs/land/landforms/SDlidWasteReport10-12.pdf). The report does
not provide the types of waste disposed of at the different types of landfills. For example, the
amount of CDD debris disposed of at MSWLFs and industrial landfills is not provided for 2011 and
2012. Using the amount of waste disposed of only at CDD landfills to estimate total CDD disposal
would underestimate the amount of in-state CDD debris disposed of since a fraction of the total
CDD debris is likely also disposed of at MSWLFs and industrial landfills. Because CDD debris
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disposal data are only tracked at one of the three types of landfill types (i.e., CDD landfills), the
state CDD disposal data quality category is 0.
Although ADEM does not appear to publically report information of the quantities of CDD debris
diverted from disposal, these data should be available with ADEM as M RFs and Composting Facilities
are required to report the quantity and type of materials processed.
(http://www.adem.state.al.us/alEnviroReglaws/files/Division13.pdf)
Resources
1. Alabama Department of Environmental Management, Land Division - Solid Waste Program,
Division 13
http://www.adem.state.al.us/alEnviroReglaws/files/Divisionl3.pdf
2. Alabama Department of Environmental Management, Waste/Remediation Programs Page
http://adem.alabama.gov/programs/land/default.cnt
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1.2 Alaska
Definition
The State regulations (18 AAC 60) do not formally define CDD debris. CDD debris is included in the
definition of inert waste, which is defined as follows:
" solid waste that has a low potential to pollute air or water, and that does not normally attract
wildlife; 'inert waste' includes coal power plant ash, scrap metal, auto fluff, construction and
demolition waste, and pavement rubble; "inert waste" does not include asphalt material that contains
asbestos."
State regulations (18 AAC 60.007) allows the use of wood waste, inert waste, crushed pavement
and other similar solid wastes as fill materials with approval by the Department.
Exemptions
Excluded from the definition of inert waste, and therefore CDD waste, is asphalt material
containing asbestos.
Sevefal constituents of CDD materials are exempt from the requirements of the solid waste rules
unless they are mixed with non-exempt waste or there is an identified threat to health or the
environment. Such excluded materials include:
1. Land clearing waste, including excavated dirt, rock, soil, butt ends, and stumps
2. Tree limbs and other foliage or woody debris, sometimes referred to as" slash" in a timber
harvest area
3. Bricks, mortar, and Fbrtland cement type concrete, including reinforcing steel that cannot
be easily removed
4. Crumb rubber used in asphalt paving
5. Wood waste generated in less than 10 cubic yards yearly (or more if certain conditions are
met)
6. Crushed asphalt pavement used in a building pad or parking area as road base, or
pavement; or as a material to construct a containment berm for a tank farm
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. Inert waste monofills
2. M unicipal solid waste landfills (Class I, II, & III) -
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
The state regulations do not specify routine reporting of amount of CDD debris received by disposal
facilities to the state-therefore, the state's CDD disposal data quality category isO.
Resources
1. Department of Environmental Conservation , Solid Waste Management Regulations
http://dec.alaska.gov/commish/regulations/pdfs/18%20AAC%2060.pdf
2. Division of Environmental Health Solid Waste Rogram
https://dec. alaska.gov/eh/sw/index. htm
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1.3 Arizona
Definition
The Arizona Revised Statues (ARS §49-701 (5)) define construction debris as:
"solid waste derived from the construction, repair, or remodeling of buildings or other structures."
Furthermore, ARS§49-701 (7) defines demolition debris as:
"solid waste derived from the demolition of buildings or other structures."
Land clearing debris is included in the definition of vegetative waste, which is:
"waste derived from plants, including tree limbs and branches, stumps, grass clippings and other
waste plant material. Vegetative waste does not include processed lumber, paper, cardboard and
other manufactured products that are derived from plant material."
Exemptions
The state regulations (ARS §49-701.01(15, 17)) exclude the following CDD debris from state solid
waste regulations:
1. Inert material - includes concrete, asphaltic pavement, brick, rock, gravel, sand, soil, metal (if
used as reinforcement in concrete)
2. Landscaping rubble used to reclaim land
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. CDD landfills - as non-MSW (NMSW) landfills
2. Private landfills - accept permitted wastes generated on-site, maybe CDD debris
3. MSW Landfills
4. Tran sfe r Facility
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
The Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ) requires quarterly reports by the MSW,
CDD/NMSW, and private landfills. These quarterly reports include disposal tonnages which are used
to create Annual Landfill Tonnage Reports available via the ADEQ Solid Waste Management Facilities
Information page (http://www.azdeq.gov/environ/waste/solid/map.html). The report does not
provide types of waste disposed of at the different type of landfills. For example, the amount of CDD
debris disposed of at MSWLF is not identified. Therefore, the state's CDD disposal data quality
category is "not available".
Resources
1. Arizona Revised Statues, Title 49 Chapter 4
http://www.azleg.state.az.us/ArizonaRevisedStatutes.asp?Title=49
2. Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, Solid Waste Management Related Statutes
and Rules
http://www.azdeq.gov/environ/waste/solid/rules.html
3. Arizona Solid Waste Management page
http://www.azdeq.gov/environ/waste/solid/index.html
4. Non-Municipal Solid Waste Landfills, List of Active NMSWL
http://www.azdeq.gov/environ/waste/solid/lc.html
5. Landfill Tonnage Reports
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http://www.azdeq.gov/environ/waste/solid/map.html
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1.4 Arkansas
Definition
The State of Arkansas (Code Ark. R §22.102) defines construction and demolition waste as:
"any and all material and debris that might result from the construction or demolition of any building
or other manmade structure including but not limited to single ana'multif amity dwellings, commercial
buildings, road and highway construction and repair, remodeling and additions to existing structures
and roofing. Materials may include (but are not limited to) dimensional lumber, roofing materials,
bricks, concrete blocks, siding, gypsum (drywall), masonry, metal, cardboard, concrete with and
without rebar, fill materials (including earth, gravel and stone), glass, and any other material that may
be used in any construction project or may be salvaged from any demolition project."
Exemptions
The state regulations exclude the following CDD debris from state solid waste regulations (Code Ark.
R §22.801(e)(l,5)):
1. The composting of less than 50 (fifty) tons or 500 (five hundred) cubic yards per year of
incoming yard waste, silvacultural activities such as tree prunings and land clearing debris,
and agricultural waste or other approved wastes.
a. Assumption: one cubic yard of loose, unshredded yard waste excluding manures
weighs 200 pounds.
2. The recovery and use of chipped, shredded or processed wood waste, excluding yard waste,
for reuse as a mulch, composting material or other beneficial use.
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. Class IV Landfills - wastes include construction and demolition wastes, appliances, furniture,
stumps, limbs, and other bulky wastes
2. Construction and Demolition Recovery Facilities (CDDRF)
3. Class I Landfills - nonhazardous household, commercial, and industrial solid waste
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
Solid Waste Recovery Facilities and Transfer Stations must submit annual reports. Landfills (including
Class I and Class IV) submit annual landfill survey forms
(http://www.adeq.state.ar.us/solwaste/branch_programs/pdfs/survey_forms_landfills.pdf) identifying
the amount of CDD waste, in tons, disposed. However, because this information was not found, the
state's CDD disposal data quality category is 0.
Resources
1. Regulation 22, Arkansas Solid Waste Management Rules
http://www.adeq.state.ar.us/regs/files/reg22_final_08 0426.pdf
2. Arkansas Solid Waste Management
http://www.adeq.state.ar.us/solwaste/
3. Annual Landfill Survey Form
http://www.adeq.state.ar.us/solwaste/branch programs/pdfs/survev forms landfills.pdf
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1.5 California
Definition
The State of California (Cal. Code Regs. tit. 14, §17225.14) defines construction and demolition
waste as:
"nonhazardous waste building materials, packaging and rubble resulting from construction,
remodeling, repair and demolition operations on pavements, houses, commercial buildings and other
structures."
Additionally,
"Inert Debris" means solid waste and recyclable materials that are source separated or separated for
reuse and do not contain hazardous waste (as defined in OCR, Title 22, section 66261.3 et. seq.) or
soluble pollutants at concentrations in excess of applicable water quality. Inert debris may not contain
any putrescible wastes. Gravel, rock, soil, sand and similar materials, whether processed or not, that
have never been used in connection with any structure, development, grading or other similar human
purpose, or that are uncontaminated, are not inert debris. Such materials may be commingled with
inert debris.
1. Type A inert debris includes concrete (including fiberglass or steel reinforcing bar embedded
in the concrete), fully cured asphalt, glass, fiberglass, asphalt or fiberglass roofing shingles,
brick, slag, ceramics, plaster, clay and clay products."
2. " Type B inert debris" is solid waste that is specifically determined to be inert by the applicable
RWQCB, such as treated industrial wastes and de-watered bentonite-based drilling mud, but
excluding Type A inert debris.
Land clearing debris is not specifically include in CDD definition and it not covered in CDD and inert
debris management regulatory requirements.
Exemptions
The following disposal activities do not constitute CDD debris or inert debris operations or facilities
for the purpose of this Article and are not required to meet the requirements set (Cal. Code Regs.
tit. 14, §17388.2):
1. Engineered fill activities which have local permits as required, and are carried out in
conjunction with a construction project (e.g., building and other construction, bridge and
roadway work, development of pathways or riding trails, etc.), and which use
uncontaminated concrete and/or fully cured asphalt which has been reduced in particle size
to 2" or less as part of a recycling activity and concludes within two years from
commencement.
2. Inert debris engineered fill activities which conclude within one year of commencement and
that meet all requirements of section 17388.3 of Title 14, Division 7, Chapters, Article 5.95.
3. The use of fully cured asphalt, uncontaminated concrete (including steel reinforcing rods
embedded in the concrete), crushed glass, brick, ceramics, day and clay products, which may
be mixed with rock and soil, in connection with road building, road repair, airport runway
construction, bridge and roadway work, levee work, flood control work, and all associated
activities by Federal, State and local go vernment public works agencies and their contractors.
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Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD or specific component
of CDD debris:
1. CDD Waste and Inert Debris (GDI) Disposal Facilities - any combination of CDD and inert
debris
2. Inert Debris Engineered Fill Operations
3. Inert Debris Type A Disposal Facilities
4. MSW Disp o sal facilitie s
5. GDI Processing facilities (small, medium, and large volume)
6. Inert Debris Processing facilities
7. Material Production Facility - a facility that primarily handles raw materials to produce a new
product that is a rock product operation (i.e., an "aggregate" operation), a hot mk asphalt
plant, or a concrete, concrete product or a Portland cement product manufacturing facility.
8. CDD Wood Debris Chipping and Processing Facility - a mulch feedstock for purposes of
processing it into CDD mulch
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
CDIdisposal facilities and MSW disposal facilities are required to report the amount of waste disposed
on a quarterly basis (at GDI facilities, tonnage reported is CDD waste). The FacIT facility reporting
system reflects the annual CDD Processing throughput, however, based on the inputs provided by
CalRecycle staff these data are primarily estimated from facility files and permits. Typically, the
capacity is the permitted maximum that the site is allowed to process and the throughputs are
estimated based on a number of sources including the facility's website, Report of Facility
Information, or possibly the city or county's website. In cases where no throughput information was
available, it was estimated as a percentage of capacity (for CDD processors, it was 50%). Data in
FacITare updated annually or as facilities choose. Additionally, the amount of waste disposed per
landfill is reported annually, available on the CalRecycle database
(http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/SWFacilities/Landfills/Tonnages/). These reports do not provide the
types of waste disposed of at different types of landfills. For example, the amount of CDD disposed
of at a MSWLFis not provided. Therefore, the state's CDD disposal data quality category is 0.
The only actual tonnages listed are those for landfills, beneficial reuse, and Alternative Daily Cover
(ADC)/Alternative Intermediate Cover (AIC). CalRecycle completed a Waste Characterization Study in
2008 that may be used for estimating CDD disposal amount to be 16% of the total waste disposed.
GDI recycling centers and inert debris recycling center operators may report their residual percentages
to the CalRecycle Local Enforcement Authority on the "Voluntary Residual Percentage Reporting
Form," CIWMB607 per state regulations (Section 17381.1(b)(l)).
Resources
1. California Disposal Reporting System (landfill, beneficial use, and cover data)
http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/LGCentral/Reports/DRS/
2. California Minimum Standards for Solid Waste Handling and Disposal
http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/Laws/Regulations/Titlel4/ch3a595a.htm
3. CalRecycle Facility Information Toolbox Estimated Facility Capacity and Throughput
http://www.calrecvcle.ca.gov/Facn7Facilitv/CapacitvThroughput.aspx
4. 2008 Waste Characterization Study
http://www.calrecvcle.ca.gov/wastechar/wastestudies.htmtf2008Studv
5. 2006 Targeted Statewide Waste Characterization Study: Detailed Characterization of
Construction and Demolition Waste
http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/Publications/Detail.aspx? Pub licationID= 1185
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6. Landfill Tonnage Reports
http://www.calrecvde.ca.gov/SA/Facilities/Landfills/Tonnages/
7. CalRecyde Construction and Demolition Debris Recycling Information
http://www.calrecvcle.ca.gov/ConDemo/
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1.6 Colorado
Definition
The State of Colorado (6 CCR1007-2 Part 1 §1.2) defines construction and demolition debris as:
"waste that is generated from construction, remodeling, repairs, or demolition of buildings,
pavements, and other structures which includes but is not limited to, lumber, bricks, carpets,
ceramics, sheet rock, metals, drywall, window glass, metal and plastic piping, paint and any other
non-hazardous materials resulting from construction and demolition operations."
Based on the above definition, it does not appear that land clearing debris is included in construction
and demolition debris - it appears that land clearing debris would be considered green waste, which
is given the following definition:
"means any plant material that is either separated at the point of generation, or separated at a
centralized facility. Green waste includes, but is not limited to, yard trimmings, plant wastes from the
food processing industry, untreated wood wastes, paperproducts and' pre-consumer vegetative food
waste."
Exemptions
The state regulations exclude the following CDD debris from Section 8.5 (Industrial recycling
operations) of 6 CCR 1007-2 Part 1 Solid Waste Disposal Sites and Facilities:
1. Concrete and asphalt operations when the material is managed like a commodity by meeting
the following conditions:
a. Material is managed and separated into commodity specific piles processed for reuse.
b. Material is managed in active piles separated by material type or use within the past
year.
c. Incoming loads shall have all non-concrete, non-asphalt and non-rebar material
removed from concrete and asphalt materials within thirty (30) calendar days and
non-concrete, non-asphalt and non-rebar material shall not exceed 10% of the total
material onsite by weight or volume.
2. On-site recycling operations where the processing of recyclable materials occurs on the same
site from where the recyclable materials are generated.
3. Pre-approved Beneficial Uses - the following CDD materials are preapproved for specific
uses:
a. Reclaimed asphalt
b. Reclaimed concrete
c. Reclaimed brick and stone
d. Non-chemically treated wood
e. Glass
f Clean reclaimed porcelain
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. Inert waste landfills - accept CDD waste that is considered inert waste. Inert material is
defined as non-water soluble and non-putrescible solids, which includes materials such as
earth, sand, gravel rock, concrete, masonry, asphalt paving fragments, and other inert solids.
2. MSW Landfills - standard practice for the state is for CDD to be disposed of at MSW landfills.
3. Industrial Recycling Operators - include the recycling of CDD Debris
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4. Material Recovery Facilities
5. Transfer Stations
6. Incinerators
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
A Solid Waste User Fee Form exists for waste disposal sites to complete on a quarterly basis, where
the amount of materials accepted at the facility (organized by method of transport) must be reported
on a volumetric basis.
(http://www.colorado.gov/cs/Satellite/CDPHE-HM/CBON/1251616360987)
Periodic CDD disposal data was not found for the state - only total statewide landfill disposal
statistics, (http://www.Colorado.gov/cs/Satellite/CDPHE-HM/CBON/l251616361671) Therefore, the
state's CDD disposal data quality category is 0.
However, CDD diversion data are currently provided for 2007-2012. This is probably the result of
the completion of the Recycling Facility Annual Reporting Form found in the same location as the
Solid Waste User Fee Form. While the form does not specifically request CDD tonnages diverted, it
does have a "write-in" section where CDD material recovery could be reported.
Resources
1. Colorado Solid Waste Regulations
http://www.colorado.gov/cs/Satellite/CDPHE-Main/CBON/1251607568997
2. Colorado Section 8 Recycling and Beneficial Use Regulations Page
http://www.colorado.gov/cs/Satellite/CDPHE-HM/CBON/1251623305968
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1.7 Connecticut
Definition
The State of Connecticut (COS §22a-208x) defines construction and demolition waste as:
" The waste building materials or packaging resulting from construction, remodeling, repair or
demolition operations on houses, commercial buildings, and other structures, excluding asbestos,
clean fill as defined in regulations adopted under section 22a-209 of the general statutes, or solid
waste containing greater than de minimi's quantities, as determined by the commissioner of
environmental protection, of (A) radioactive material regulated pursuant to section 22a-148 of the
general statutes, (B) hazardous waste as defined in section 22a-115 of the general statutes, and (C)
liquid and semi-liquid materials including but not limited to adhesives, paints, coatings, sealants,
preservatives, strippers, cleaning agents, oils and tars."
The majority of materials from construction and demolition activities are managed as a type of bulky
waste. Bulky waste (as listed in Regulations 22a-209-l) includes:
"landclearing debris and waste resulting directly from demolition activities other than clean fill"
Additionally, processed construction and demolition wood is defined as:
"The wood portion of construction and demolition waste which has been sorted to remove plastics,
plaster, gypsum wall board, asbestos, asphalt shingles, regulated wood fuel as defined in section 22a-
209a and wood which contains creosote or to which pesticides have been applied or which contains
substances defined as hazardous waste under section 22a-115."
Exemptions
The state regulations exclude the following CDD debris from state solid waste regulations:
1. Recycled wood (COS §22a-209a)- Such wood is received for use at a biomass gasification
plant or a resource recovery facility as a regulated wood fuel, used for land application in
accordance with standards, or used for building products or other uses in accordance with
any applicable state or federal standards.
2. Clean fill defined as follows is exempted from the state solid waste regulations (Regulations
22a-209-3):
"Clean fill" means (1) natural soil (2) rock, brick, ceramics, concrete, and asphalt paving
fragments which are virtually inert and pose neither a pollution threat to ground or
surface waters nor a fire hazard and (3) polluted soil as defined in subdivision (45) of
subsection (a) of section 22a- 133k-1 of the Regulations of Connecticut State Agencies
which soil has been treated to reduce the concentration of pollutants to levels which do
not exceed the applicable pollutant mobility criteria and direct exposure criteria
established in sections 22a-133k-1 through 22a-133k-3 of the Regulations of
Connecticut State Agencies and which soil is reused in accordance with RC.SA.
subdivision (3) of subsection (h) of section 22a-133k-2 of such regulations.
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. Bulky waste landfill
2. MSW landfill
3. CDD Waste Processing Facility - volume reduction plant (VRP) for CDD waste
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4. Land clearing/Clean wood Recessing Facility
5. Asphalt Shingle Recycler
6. Bomass gasification plant - processed construction and demolition wood
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
CDD Waste Processing VRPs are required to report the amount of CDD debris processed on a
quarterly basis
(http://www.ct.gov/deep/lib/deep/reduce reuse recycle/forms/c and dvrp report form.pdf).
However, CDD diversion information was not found on the Department of Energy and Environmental
Protection website. Currently, there are solid waste regulatory revisions being considered as of 2008;
there are also forms being developed which could require facilities in bulky waste and MSW landfills
to report CDD tonnages annually. However, because not all facilities appear to separately be
reporting CDD disposal tonnages, the state's CDD disposal data quality category is 0.
Resources
1. Connecticut DEEP Construction and Demolition Waste Page
http://www.ct.gov/deep/cwp/view.asp?a=2718&q=325402&depNav_GID=1645
2. Connecticut DEEP Solid Waste Management Page
http://www.ct.gov/deep/cwp/view.asp?a=2718&q=325464&deepNav_GID=1646
3. Supplement to the General Statues of Connecticut, Solid Waste Management (CGS)
http://www.cga.ct.gov/201 l/pub/chap446d.htm
4. Regulations for Solid Waste Management (RCSA)
http://www.ct.gov/sots/lib/sots/regulations/title_22a/209.pdf
5. Connecticut Solid Waste Data Reports
http://www.ct.gov/deep/cwp/view.asp?a=2714&q=453366&deepNav_GID=1645#In
6. CDD Waste Volume Reduction Plant Quarterly Reporting Form
http://www.ct.gov/deep/lib/deep/reduce reuse re cycle/form s/c and d vrp report form.pdf
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1.8 Delaware
Definition
The State of Delaware (1 Del. Admin. C §501-2) defines construction and demolition waste as:
"the nonhazardous component of dry waste comprised of discarded materials from construction,
restoration and demolition activities and projects. In order to meet this definition, construction and
demolition waste must be free of any commingled municipal solid waste or dry waste from other
sources."
Dry waste is given the following definition:
"any solid waste including, but not limited to construction and demolition waste, plastics, rubber,
lumber, trees, stumps, vegetative matter, asphalt pavement, asphaltic products incidental to
construction/demolition debris, or other materials which have reduced potential for environmental
degradation andI each ate production."
Based on the above definitions, it appears that land clearing debris is included in the definition of
CDD.
Exemptions
The state regulations exclude the following CDD debris from state solid waste regulations:
1. Asphalt shingles - granted a recycling approval, asphalt shingle recycling
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. MSW Landfills - DSWA is currently operating three MSW landfills, one of which historically
has processed CDD to remove metals and wallboard prior to grinding the remainder for use
as an alternative cover.
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
Periodic disposal/diversion reporting forms were not located on DWSA's website.
According to the Delaware Solid Waste Authority (DSWA) 2012 Annual Report, there is a policy in
place in Delaware where CDD waste is not accepted at DSWA transfer stations. CDD waste for
disposal must be delivered to DSWA landfills where it maybe processed. At the DSWA MSW landfills,
CDD waste is processed and sold for reuse, and the remaining residue is used on-site, processed
through the grinder and used as alternative daily cover.
CDD processed for use as alternative cover material at MSW landfills is reported on an annual basis
in tons, but this tonnage is not necessarily representative of the total amount of CDD diversion which
is occurring if some portion of the processed material is marketed. A 2013 annual report discussed
that in 2012 a new CDD MRFcame online which is recovering additional CDD materials. Because it
is not clear from periodic DSWA reports whether all CDD disposal data is being tracked, specifically
with respect to quantities of material being diverted, the state's CDD disposal data quality category
isO.
Resources
1. DSWA Annual Reports
http://www.dswa.com/about_annualreport.asp
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2. Regulations of the Delaware SDlid Waste Authority
http://regulations.delaware.gov/AdminCode/title1/500/501.pdf
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1.9 Florida
Definition
The State of Florida defines construction and demolition debris as:
" discarded materials generally considered to be not water soluble and non-hazardous in nature,
including but not limited to steel, glass, brick, concrete, asphalt material, pipe, gypsum wallboard,
and lumber, from the construction or destruction of a structure as part of a construction or demolition
project or from the renovation of a structure. The term includes rocks, soils, tree remains, trees, and
other vegetative matter that normally results from land clearing or land development operations for
a construction project; dean cardboard, paper, plastic, wood, and metal scraps from a construction
project; yard trash and unpainted, non-treated wood scraps from sources other than construction or
demolition projects; scrap from manufacturing facilities that is the type of material generally used in
construction projects and that would meet the definition of construction and demolition debris if it
were generated as part of a construction or demolition project, including debris from the construction
of manufactured homes and scrap shingles, wallboard, siding concrete, and similar materials from
industrial or commercial facilities and de minimis amounts of other non-hazardous wastes that are
generated at construction or demolition projects, provided such amounts are consistent with best
management practices of the construction and demolition industries. Mixing of construction and
demolition debris with other types of solid waste will cause it to be classified as other than
construction and demolition debris."
Exemptions
The state regulations exclude the following CDD debris from state solid waste regulations:
a) Clean debris which has been segregated from other waste and which is used or stored for
use as fill or raw material; and
b) The collection and processing of soil, rocks, vegetative debris, asphalt, and similar materials
normally associated with and actually from construction and routine maintenance of roads,
when such materials are beneficially used or reused by the generator as part of a road
construction or maintenance project.
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. Class ILandfill: Can also accept other non-hazardous wastes (e.g., municipal solid waste)
2. Class IE Landfill
3. Waste Processing Facility
4. CDD Debris Landfill or
5. Yard Trash Disposal Facility- can accept land clearing debris and unpainted, nontreated wood
scraps and wood pallets that meet the definition of construction and demolition debris.
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
Of the above four classifications, only CDD landfills and waste processing facilities are required to
report the amount of CDD recycled and disposed on an annual basis to the Florida Department of
Fjivironmental Protection (EDEP). The facilities in (3) and (4) are not required to weigh incoming solid
waste, but in order to make data reporting consistent with that which is done for Class I waste,
facilities are required to convert CDD amounts (which is generally collected in terms of cubic yards)
to tons. This is accomplished by using a mass conversion ratio of 0.24 ton/yd3. The state is currently
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in the process of rulemaking to require Class I and Class III facilities that accept CDD debris to report
the amount recycled and disposed of on an annual basis.
FDFP compiles the data reported by these facilities to estimate the amount of CDD disposed and
recycled by the county of origin and provides these to the counties for use in annual recycling report
preparation. However, FDEP deducts 10% from the total disposal amount corresponding to
infrastructure projects (highways and structures) (FDEP refers CDD debris from infrastructure projects
to as non-M$/tf; FOB3 assumes that 10% of the CDD debris disposed of originates from non-MSA/
sector. Further not all beneficial uses of CDD debris are considered recycling. The CDD debris uses
such as borrow pits and lakes filling, general fills, and daily or intermediate cover are considered
disposal
(http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/quick topics/publications/shw/recvding/candd/CDreportinginstruc
tions.pdf). Only the amount of MSW-sector CDD debris that can count towards the County's
recycling rate are reported to the counties.
The counties, typically, add the amount CDD debris accepted by the facilities that are not required to
report the CDD debris data to FDFPto the FDEP-provided CDD debris amounts to estimate the total
disposed and recycled amount of the CDD debris generated within the County. The FDFP summarize
the annual reports submitted by the counties and publishes state-wide amount of non-infrastructure
CDD disposed and recycled. However, this report does not include the disposal and recycling amount
of non-MSA/ CDD tracked by FDFP based on annual reports submitted by CDD landfills and waste
processing facilities. The total amount of CDD debris disposal and recycled (generated within the
state) in the state can be estimated by adding the disposal and recycling amounts of non-MSA/
fraction of CDD debris tracked by FDFP (available from FDFP upon request) to the disposal and
recycling amounts reported in the state-wide annual report, respectively.
The registered yard trash disposal facilities are allowed to accept land clearing debris in the state.
These facilities are not required to report land clearing debris to the state. Although some fraction
of land clearing debris may be reported by counties in their annual reporting, it probably would be
reported as yard waste.
As the state-reported data include CDD debris from most of the facilities (either actual or estimated)
that can accept CDD debris in the state, the CDD disposal data category for the state is a 3.
Resources
1. Annual Report for a Construction and Demolition Debris Facility
http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/quick_topics/forms/documents/62-701/reduction/62-
701.900%287%29.pdf
2. Converting CDD Debris from Volume to Weight
http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/quick topics/publications/shw/recvcling/candd/cdconversio
nformula.pdf
3. Construction and Demolition Debris Recycling and Disposal
http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/quick topics/publications/default.htm
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1.10 Georgia
Definition
Rules and Regulation of the State of Georgia, 391-3-4-.01(14)) define construction and demolition
waste as:
"waste building materials and rubble resulting from construction, remodeling, repair, and demolition
operations on pavements, houses, commercial buildings and other structures. Such waste include,
but are not limited to asbestos containing waste, wood, bricks, metal, concrete, wall board, paper,
cardboard, inert waste landfill material, and other non-putrescible wastes which have a low potential
for groundwater contamination."
Land clearing debris appears to be defined under "yard trimmings" which has the following
definition:
"means leaves, brush, grass, dippings, shrub and tree prunings, discarded Christmas trees, nursery
and greenhouse vegetative residuals, and vegetative matter resulting from landscaping development
and maintenance other than mining, agricultural, and silvacultural operations"
Exemptions
According to 391-34-.04(7)(a):
"Recovered materials and recovered materials processing facilities are excluded from regulation as
solid wastes and solid waste handling facilities. To be considered exempt from regulation, the
material must have a known use, reuse, or recycling potential; must be feasibly used, reused, or
recycled; and must have been diverted or removed from the solid waste stream for sale, use, reuse,
or recycling, whether or not requiring subsequent separation and processing"
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or a specific
component of CDD debris:
1. CDD Waste Landfill
2. Inert Waste Landfill - accepts earth-like CDD materials such as concrete, cured asphalt, rock,
bricks, yard trimmings, stumps, limbs, and leaves.
3. MSW Landfill - accepts CDD waste, yard trimmings
4. Transfer Station
5. Waste-to-Energy Facility
6. Recessing Facility
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
Of the above-mentioned facilities, the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (DNR) appears to
only provide reporting forms for CDD recycling facilities (including requiring the tonnage of specific
CDD materials recovered) and landfill disposal facilities (to complete quarterly reporting of the origin
of and total tonnages received at landfills with municipal solid waste disposal permits (according to
391-3-4-.17)). DNR provides annual total tonnages accepted at CDD landfills (46 total sites as of
2012) and MSW landfills (54 total sites). Annual tonnages received at inert landfills (1021 total sites)
were not found. It does not appear that there is annual tonnage reporting requirements for transfer
stations (391-3-4-.06) or solid waste thermal treatment facilities (391-3-4-.08) as listed in 391-3-4-
.17.
(http^/www.gaepd.org/Documents/lpb solidwaste.html#swforms)
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However, it appears that inert landfills are required to report the tonnages they are receiving to DNR
(http://www.gaepd.org/Rles PDF/techguide/lpb/swreprtreq.pdf)
Georgia only reports the total quantity of CDD received at CDD landfills and because imports and
exports of CDD are not being tracked, the state's CDD disposal data category is 0.
Resources
1. Rules and Regulations of the State of Georgia
http://rules.sos.state.ga.us/cgi-
bin/page.cgi?g=GEORG1A DEPARTMENT;_OF^NATURAL^RESOURCES/EIWIRONMENTAL PR
OTECTION/SOUD WASTE MANAGEMENT/index.html&d=l
2. Georgia Waste Tonnage Totals by Quarter
http://www.gaepd.org/Documents/lpb solidwaste.html#swforms
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1.11 Hawaii
Definition
Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR) §11-58.1-03 define construction and demolition waste as:
"solid waste, largely inert waste, resulting from the demolition or razing of buildings, of roads, or
other structures, such as concrete, rock, brick, bituminous concrete, wood, and masonry,
composition roofing and roofing paper, steel, plaster, and minor amounts of other metals, such as
copper. Construction and demolition waste does not include cleanup materials contaminated with
hazardous substances, friable asbestos, waste paints, solvents, sealers, adhesives, or similar
materials."
HAR§11-58.1-19 states that CDDwaste also includes land clearing debris from the clearing ofland
for construction.
Exemptions
The state regulations exclude the following CDD debris from state solid waste regulations:
1. Soil, rock, concrete, or other non-decomposable and/or uncontaminated inert materials -
generated onsite and when less than 150 tons per year landfilled on the premises by the
owner or person in control of the premises.
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. CDD Waste landfill - Private CDD waste landfills
2. MSW landfill
3. Tran sfe r Static n s
4. Incinerators
5. CDD Recyclers - material or CDD waste specific recycling facilities
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
While state regulations specify that annual reports including waste acceptance quantities are required
of disposal facilities, no annual tonnage reporting forms or annual reports providing solid waste
disposal/diversion data were found. Therefore, the state's CDD disposal data category is 0.
Resources
1. Hawaii Solid Waste Management Control Rules
http://health.hawaii.gov/shwb/files/2013/06/ll-5811.pdf
2. Hawaii Department of Health Solid Waste Section
http://health.hawaii.gov/shwb/solid-waste/
3. Minimizing Construction & Demolition Waste
http://health.hawaii.gov/shwb/files/2013/07/constdem2013.pdf
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1.12 Idaho
Definition
The State of Haho (Haho Admin. Code r 58.1.06.005.19) does not define construction and
demolition waste specifically. However, certain CDD type wastes are identified in the definition of
inert waste. Inert waste is defined as:
"Noncombustible, nonhazardous, and non-putrescible solid wastes that are likely to retain their
physical and chemical structure and have a de minimi's potential to generate leach ate under expected
conditions of disposal, which includes resistance to biological attack. "Inert waste" includes, but is
not limited to, rock, concrete, cured asphaltic concrete, masonry block, brick, gravel, dirt, inert coal
combustion by-products, inert precipitated calcium carbonate and inert component mixture of wood
or mill yard debris."
Exemptions
Inert waste is exempt from solid waste rules (Idaho Admin. Code r 58.1.06.001.03.b). Therefore, the
state regulations exclude the following CDD debris from state solid waste regulations:
1. Rock
2. Concrete
3. Cured asphaltic concrete
4. Masonry block
5. Brick
6. Gravel
7. Dirt
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. Tier INon-MSW Landfills - disposal for materials not likely to produce leaching including but
not limited to glass, wood, roofing material and paper, ceramics, with capacity less than
2,000 yd3
2. Tier HNon-MSW Landfills - greater than 2,000 yd3
3. Tier IENon-MSW Landfills - regulated similarly to MSW landfills
4. Tier I Processing Facility - including, but not limited to, untreated or unpainted wood, yard
waste, sheet rock, and plant residues, with cumulative waste at one time less than 600 yd3.
5. Tier II Processing Facility- manages greater than 2,000 yd3
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
The state regulations do not appear to require waste management facilities to report disposal and
recycled amounts. Therefore, the state's CDD disposal data category is 0.
Resources
1. Idaho Solid Waste Management Rules
http://adminrules.idaho.gov/rules/current/58/0106.pdf
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1.13 Illinois
Definition
The State of Illinois (Title 35 m. Admin. Code (IAC) Part 807, 810 and Chapter 415 Illinois Compile
Statues (ILCS) 20) does not define construction and demolition debris, however, 35 IAC 1100.103
does define clean construction or demolition debris (CCDD):
"means uncontaminated broken concrete without protruding metal bars, bricks, rock, stone,
reclaimed or other asphalt pavement, or soil generated from construction or demolition activities. For
purposes of this Fart, CCDD may include uncontaminated broken concrete without protruding metal
bars, bricks, rock, stone, or reclaimed or other asphalt pavement that has been painted (painted
CCDD) if the painted CCDD is used as fill material at a CCDD fill operation in accordance with Section
1100. 212. dean construction or demolition debris does not include uncontaminated soil generated
during construction, remodeling, repair, and demolition of utilities, structures, and roads provided
the uncontaminated soil is not commingled with any clean construction or demolition debris or other
waste. For purposes of this Fart, uncontaminated soil may include incidental amounts of stone, rock,
gravel, roots, and other vegetation."
ft does not appear the land clearing debris is included in the definition of CCDD.
Exemptions
Beyond the exemptions included in the definition of CCDD, CCDD used as a fill below grade is not
considered to be a waste as long as:
1. the filled area is not within the setback area of a drinking water well
2. within 30 days of filling, the CDD is covered
(http://www.epa.state.il.us/land/ccdd/index.htmD
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. Clean Construction and Demolition Debris (CCDD) Fill Operations - accept uncontaminated
broken concrete, bricks, rock, stone, reclaimed asphalt pavement, and soil generated from
CDD activities.
2. MSW landfills
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
There is a monthly Clean Construction Demolition Debris form which tracks the daily quantity of
material used for CCDD fill operations (http://www.epa.state.il.us/land/regulatory-programs/permits-
and-management/forms/clean-construction-demo-debris/index.html). There is also a Solid Waste
Management Fee form which all permitted landfills are required to complete on a quarterly basis.
However, this form only requests the total quantity of materials received at the site.
(http://www.epa.state.il.us/land/forms/index.htmltfclean-construction-demo-debris)
Solid waste disposal information is provided in annual landfill capacity reports, but these only provide
total tonnages accepted. Therefore, the state's CDD disposal data category is 0.
Currently, CDD landfills do not exist in Illinois. Although inert waste landfills have provisions written
into the regulations that address and may accept several types of CDD waste (i.e. bricks, masonry,
concrete), there have not been any facilities permitted under the inert waste landfill classification.
Therefore, CDD wastes that are not suitable for a CCDD fill operation are regulated as solid waste
and are disposed of at an MSW landfills.
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CDD Recycling data was not found on Illinois EPA's website -no information was located on annual
tonnages of CCDD fill operations.
Resources
1. Illinois Regulations for CCDD Page
http://www.epa.state.il.us/land/ccdd/index.html
http://www.ipcb.state.il.us/documents/dsweb/Get/Document-54435
2. Annual Landfill Capacity Reports
MljK/Avw^^ - site total tonnage acceptance
(does not appear that CDD is separately tracked)
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1.14 Indiana
Definition
The State of Indiana (329 LA.C. 10-2-37) defines construction/demolition waste as:
"solid waste resulting from the construction, remodeling, repair, or demolition of structures. Such
wastes may include any of the following:
1. Scrap lumber
2. Bricks
3. Concrete
4. Stone
5. Glass
6. Wallboard
1. Roofing
8. Plumbing fixtures
9. Wiring
10. Nonasbestosinsulation
The term does not include the following types of regulated solid waste:
1. Fluorescent light fixtures
2. Appliances
3. Regulated asbestos-containing material as defined in 40 CFR 61
4. Any other waste resulting from construction, remodeling, repair, or demolition of a structure
that, when placed in the land fill, would potentially result in contamination of ground water
or present a risk to human health or the environment."
Bcemptions
Outside of the materials specifically listed as exclusions in the above definition, the state regulations
exclude the following CDD debris from state solid waste landfill disposal regulations (as found in 329
I.A.C 10-3-1):
1. Disposal of only uncontaminatedrocks, bricks, concrete, road demolition waste materials, or
dirt
2. Disposal of uncontaminated and untreated natural growth solid waste, including tree limbs,
stumps, leaves, and grass clippings.
Based on these exemptions, it appears that both the disposal of " dean fill" materials and land
clearing debris or yard waste would be excluded from landfill disposal regulations and, therefore,
from CDD reported quantities.
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. CDD 3tes - construction/demolition waste must not be further shredded, crushed, ground,
pulverized, or otherwise processed after construction/demolition or prior to disposal to a form
unrecognizable as construction/demolition waste.
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2. MS/V Landfills
3. Large and Snail Solid Waste Incinerators
4. Salid Waste Recessing Facilities (which include transfer stations)
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
Quarterly reporting forms for both disposal and processing facilities require specification of the
amount of CDD managed and its state and county of origin. According to Indiana Administrative
Code, 329, Article 11, a transfer station is a solid waste processing facility. While the processing
facility reporting form requires the tonnage and destination of wastes handled by the facility, it does
not request information on the type of material exported - only the total tonnage. The state,
therefore, only tracks the amount of total waste exported but does not appear to track amounts of
CDD exported out of the state. Also, the amount of CDD recycled is not tracked. The forms specify
a conversion factor for MSW to estimate mass quantities based on the waste's density, but they do
not provide conversion factors for CDD debris (considered as non-municipal solid waste in the forms).
(http://www.in.gov/idem/5157.htm#olq_sw)
Annual reports (available from 2000-2008) list the total amount (in-state+imported) of CDD disposed
at both MSW landfills and CDD landfills. Also, information is provided on the total amount of out -
of-state CDD disposed of at CDD landfills. However, the amount of CDD exported out of state is not
reported as transfer stations are required only to track total amount of outgoing waste by destination
and not by waste type. Assuming that the transfer station exported the same fraction of CDD as that
of the total waste, less than 4% of CDD was exported out of the state. Only 2% of the total waste
generated in the state was exported out of state (waste export was less than 10% of the imported
amount).
Indiana CDD disposal is tracked at both MSW and CDD landfills, and quantities of imported CDD can
also be well-approximated from annually reported waste management data. However, because CDD
exports cannot be determined with certainty (though other data suggests that CDD exports would
account for well below a 15% difference from the true CDD disposal tonnage) Indiana CDD disposal
data quality category is a 2. ft should be noted that the last annual report available online was from
2008.
Indiana does not provide information on the quantities of CDD diverted from disposal.
Resources
1. IDEM Summary of Solid Waste Facility Data Reports
http://www.in.gov/idem/5070.htm
2. Indiana Administrative Code, Title 329 (see Article 10 - Solid Waste Land Disposal Facilities)
http://www.in.gov/legislative/iac/title329.html
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1.15 Iowa
Definition
The State of bwa (bwa Admin. Code 567-100.2) defines construction and demolition waste as:
"waste building materials including wood, metals and rubble which result from construction or
demolition of structures. Such waste shall also include trees."
Because the above definition includes trees, it appears that land clearing debris is included in the
definition of CDD.
bwa Admin. Code 567-108 defines fill material as:
"material that is used to raise the elevation of, take up space in, or build up the level of the land, for
the purposes of this chapter, fill materials is not considered subbase for hard-surface road
construction."
Exemptions
Materials which are pre-approved for specific beneficial uses which does not require any further
authorization from the department, in accordance with bwa Admin. Code §567—108.6 and §567—
108.7, include:
1. Asphalt shingles
2. Glass
3. Gypsum and gypsum wallboard
4. Rubble - uncontaminated concrete, brick, asphalt pavement, soil, and rock
5. Wood
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. CDD Waste Disposal Sites - sanitary landfills that accept only CDD wastes
2. MSW Landfill - prohibits yard waste
3. Transfer Station
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
CDD and MSW landfills are required to report the tons of solid waste disposed at the landfill, on a
quarterly basis
(http://www.iowadnr.gov/lnsideDNR/RegulatoryLand/SolidWaste/SolidWastePermitting/Landfills.asp
x).
These reports do not provide the types of waste disposed of at different types of landfills. For
example, the amount of CDD debris disposed of at a MSWLFis not provided. Therefore, the state's
CDD disposal data category is 0.
CDD diversion information was not found.
Resources
1. Solid Waste Data, Landfill Tonnages
http://www.iowadnr.gov/InsideDNR/RegulatoryLand/SolidWaste/TonnageData.aspx
2. bwa Code and Administrative Rules, Chapter 567-114: Sanitary Landfills - CDD Wastes
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http://www.iowadnr.gov/lnsideDNFyRegulatorvLand/S3lidWaste/S3lidWasteFblicyRules.aspx
3. Chapter 567-113: Sanitary Landfills - Groundwater Protection Systems for the Disposal of
Nonhazardous Wastes
https://www.legis.iowa.gov/DOCS'ACO/IAC/UNC/Chapter.567.113.pdf
4. Chapter 567-108: Beneficial Use Determinations
https://www.legis.iowa.gov/DOCS'ACO/IAC/UNC/Chapter.567.108.pdf
5. Chapter 567-106: Transfer Stations
https://www. legis.iowa.gov/docs/ACO/chapter/567.106.pdf
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1.16 Kansas
Definition
The State of Kansas, in Kansas Statues Annotated (KSA), Chapter 65, Article 34 - Solid Waste and
Administrative Regulations, Article 29 - Solid Waste, construction and demolition waste means:
"solid waste resulting from the construction, remodeling, repair and demolition of structures, roads,
sidewalks and utilities; untreated wood and untreated sawdust from any source; treated wood from
construction or demolition projects; small amounts of municipal solid waste generated by the
consumption of food and drinks at construction or demolition sites, including, but not limited to,
cups, bags and bottles; furniture and appliances from which ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbons
have been removed in accordance with the provisions of the federal clean air act; solid waste
consisting of motor vehicle window glass; and solid waste consisting of vegetation from land clearing
and grubbing, utility maintenance, and seasonal or storm-related cleanup. Such wastes include, but
are not limited to, bricks, concrete and other masonry materials, roofing materials, soil, rock, wood,
wood products, wall or floor coverings, plaster, drywall, plumbing fixtures, electrical wiring, electrical
components containing no hazardous materials, nonasbestos insulation and construction related
packaging. Construction and demolition waste shall not include waste material containing friable
asbestos, garbage, furniture and appliances from which ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbons have
not been removed in accordance with the provisions of the federal clean air act, electrical equipment
containing hazardous materials, tires, drums and containers even though such wastes resulted from
construction and demolition activities. Clean rubble that is mixed with other construction and
demolition waste during demolition or transportation shall be considered to be construction and
demolition waste."
Based on the above definition, land clearing debris is considered CDD. ft is also possible that yard
waste, as "vegetation from seasonal cleanup" would also be considered CDD.
Clean rubble is considered construction and demolition waste under the following definition (found
in the same location as the definition for CDD waste) where clean rubble:
"means the following types of construction and demolition waste: concrete and concrete
products including reinforcing steel, asphalt pavement, brick, rock and uncontaminated soil as
defined in rules and regulations adopted by the secretary."
Exemptions
Section 65-3407.(a) appears to suggest that a permit is not required for construction of a clean rubble
disposal facility.
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. CDD Landfills - does not include sites for the exclusive disposal of clean rubble
2. MSW Landfills
3. Monofills - clean rubble maybe disposed of in any monofill
4. On-site disposal of demolition waste - demolition waste can be disposed of at the location
of the previous building or structure
5. Solid Waste Processing Facility (includes transfer stations)
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CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE) reporting forms for both permitted landfills
(which should include monofills according to KSA 65-3401(d)) and transfer stations require
information on the quantity and origin of Kansas-disposed CDD material. In addition, transfer station
forms require information on the tonnage and destination of CDD exported out-of-state. Quantity
information is required in tons, and the landfill reporting form provides a conversion factor for CDD
of 0.25 tons/cubic yard. The permitted landfills should submit the report on monthly or quarterly
basis depending on waste acceptance rate.
(http://www.kdheks.gov/waste/about_swtonnagereporting.html - see links to forms and form
instructions near the bottom of the page)
While the on-site disposal of demolition waste may occur without a permit, this type of waste
management still requires the submission of an application which requests information on the
quantity and location of placed materials. (See SWLF235
http://www.kdheks.gov/waste/forms_swlf.htmi)
KDHE appears to compile the reported data into a publically available database (on KDHE's website),
which provides the total annual tonnage of CDD disposed at Kansas landfills. A 2010 report shows
that the quantity of imported CDD disposed of at Kansas landfills is approximately 5% of the total,
and that CDD exports were far less than 1% of the total.
(http://www.kdheks.gov/waste/reportspublications/stateplanlO.pdf)
While reporting and application forms document the origin/destination and quantity of CDD
materials managed by both transfer station, landfills and on-site disposal of demolition waste,
because the contribution of CDD exports and imports is not clearly presented in the state-provided
solid waste management database, the state's CDD disposal data category is a 2 considering that
imports and exports appear to only slightly (~5% together) be contributing to the overall disposal
quantities.
Kansas does not appear to publish information related to CDD recycling.
Resources
1. Kansas Solid Waste Database
http://publicl.kdhe.state.ks.us/Landfills/Landfills.nsf7Opendatabase
2. Kansas Statues Annotated, Chapter 65, Article 34 - Solid Waste and Administrative
Regulations, Article 29 - Solid Waste
http://www.kdheks.gov/waste/regsstatutes/sw laws.pdf
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1.17 Kentucky
Definition
Kentucky Administrative Regulations (KAR) Title 401 Chapter 47 defines construction/demolition
waste as:
"waste resulting from the construction, remodeling, repair, and demolition of structures and roads,
and for the disposal of uncontaminated solid waste consisting of vegetation resulting from land
clearing and grubbing, utility line maintenance, and seasonal and storm related cleanup."
Furthermore, construction materials are separately defined as:
"nonhazardous nonsoluble material, including but not limited to steel, concrete, brick, asphalt
roofing material, or lumber from a construction or demolition project. Mixture of construction and
demolition debris with any amount of other types of waste may cause it to be classified as other than
construction materials."
Land clearing debris is included in CDD according to the above definition.
Exemptions
Under Kentucky Revised Statues (KRS) 224.1-010, the following CDD debris is excluded from state
solid waste regulations:
1. Sand
2. Soil
3. Rock
4. Gravel
5. Bridge debris
6. Recovered Material
According to the definition of recovered material (located in the same place as the other exemptions
listed above), components of CDD recovered for recycling would be excluded from state solid waste
regulations.
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. CDD Landfills
2. Permit by Rule CDD Landfills
3. Inert Landfills - construction materials, certain putrescible wood product wastes
4. Contained (MSW) Landfills
5. Residual Landfill - as approved only, case by case
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
There do not appear to be any forms that specifically require MSW LF CDD disposal quantity reporting
- only industrial waste reporting. However, CDD landfills and Permit by Rule CDD landfills are
required to quarterly report the CDD amount disposed.
(http://waste.ky.gov/SWB/Pages/FormsandRegs.aspx)
Kentucky Division of Waste Management Annual Reports were available for 2006-2013, but these
did not include CDD disposal information - it appears this information is not available online. Annual
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reports do not provide any details on the amount of CDD diverted from the waste stream. Therefore,
the state's CDD disposal data category is 0.
Resources
1. Kentucky Revised Statues
http://www.Ire.ky.gov/statutes/chapter.aspx? id=42747
2. Kentucky Administrative Regulations - Chapter 47: Solid Waste Facilities
http://www.lrc.ky.gov/kar/title401 .htm
3. Kentucky Division of Waste Management Annual Reports
http://dep.kv.gov/Pages/AnnualReports.aspx
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1.18 Louisiana
Definition
Louisiana Administrative Code (IAC) Title 33, Part YD, Subpart 1 defines construction and demolition
debris as:
"nonhazardous waste generally considered not water-soluble that is produced in the process of
construction, remodeling, repair, renovation, or demolition of structures, including buildings of all
types (both residential and nonresidential). Solid waste that is not ODD debris (even if resulting from
the construction, remodeling, repair, renovation, or demolition of structures) includes, but is not
limited to, regulated asbestos-containing material (RACM) as defined in LAC 33:111.5151.8, white
goods, creosote-treated lumber, and any other item not an integral part of the structure."
Based on the above definition, it appears that land clearing debris is not included in the definition of
CDD since it is "not an integral part of the structure".
Land clearing debris is included under the definition of yard waste, which is:
"vegetative matter resulting from landscaping, maintenance, or land-clearing operations, including
trees and shrubbery, leaves and limbs, stumps, grass clippings, and flowers."
Exemptions
The state regulations (LAC Title 33, Part VD, Subpart 1, Section 303) exclude the following CDD
debris, when processed or disposed in an environmentally sound manner, from being subject to
permitting requirements and processing or disposal standards:
1. Brick, stone, concrete, asphaltic roadbeds
2. Woodwastes beneficially used in accordance with an approved BMP plan.
3. Solid wastes reused in a manner protective of human health and the environment
ft should be noted that this section of the regulations also excludes wastes resulting from land-
clearing and disposed of on the site where generated.
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. Type IE Facilities - facilities (landfills, separation facility, composting facility) for disposing or
processing of CDD debris, wood waste, and composting organic material
2. Type II Facilities - facilities for disposing residential and/or commercial solid waste
3. CDD debris disposal facilities that receive only in-site generated debris - are exempt from
permitting
4. Beneficial Use Facilities
5. Transfer Station (Non-processing)
6. Incinerators
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
According to LAC Title 33, Part YD, Subpart 1, Section 303(F)(l)(d) all disposal and processing facilities
must submit an annual report. An annual report form for disposal and beneficial use facilities was
found which requires the tonnage of CDD waste accepted (there is also a blank for specifying waste
type in the beneficial use form)
http://www.deq.louisiana.gov/portal/DIVlSIONSAVastePermits/SolidWastePermits.aspx
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Salid Waste Capacity Reports for 2009 and 2011 were found which have total CDD disposal
information for the year (including the amount received by both CDD and municipal landfills), but it
does not look like historic or updated CDD disposal information is regularly provided anywhere on
the DEQ website and is not readily available. Therefore, the state's CDD disposal data category is 0.
CDD diversion information was not found on Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality's
website.
Resources
1. Louisiana Administrative Code
http://www.deq.louisiana.gOv/portal/Portals/0/planning/regs/title33/33V07.pdf
2. 2011 Solid Waste Capacity Report
http://www.deq.louisiana.gOv/portal/Portals/0/permits/sw/CapacityReport2011 .docx
3. 2009 Solid Waste Capacity Report
http://www.deq.louisiana.gOv/portal/portals/0/news/pdf/2009SolidWasteCapacityReport.pdf
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1.19 Maine
Definition
The State of Maine defines construction or demolition debris in Solid Waste Management Rules
Chapter 400 as:
"solid waste resulting from construction, remodeling, repair, and demolition of structures, ft
includes but is not limited to: building materials, discarded furniture, asphalt, wall board, pipes, and
metal conduits, ft excludes: partially filled containers of glues, tars, solvents, resins, paints, or
caulking compounds; friable asbestos; and other special wastes."
Although land clearing debris (definition reproduced below) is not included in CDD definition is
regulated by state solid waste regulations:
"Land clearing debris means solid wastes resulting from the clearing of land and consisting solely of
brush, stumps, soil material, and rocks."
Exemptions
ti addition to the exemptions specifically mentioned in the definition, it appears that land clearing
debris and other vegetative wastes are excluded from the definition since it focuses on structural
wastes. The use of CDD constituents as inert fill appear to be exempt from solid waste regulations.
Although the state regulates the beneficial use of solid waste, the following beneficial use activities
are exempt from regulation under this chapter:
A. The beneficial use of chipped wood from trees, brush, and other plant material generated
from land clearing or timber harvesting activities provided that the material is used for fill
on the same parcel of land or right-of-way where the waste is generated and the total
affected area is less than one (1) acre, or used for fuel, mulch or erosion control.
B. The beneficial use of inert fill as fill, drainage material in construction projects or as a raw
material in cement, concrete or asphalt production.
C. The beneficial use of processed cured asphalt and soil material in paving material
production, and road and parking lot construction and maintenance.
D. The beneficial use of oil-contaminated soil material that has been stabilized with emulsified
asphalt as a substitute for virgin aggregate in the production of asphalt pavement.
E The combustion or processing of secondary materials generated exclusively at a facility in
that facility's lime kiln, cement kiln, bark and hogged fuel boiler, biomass or con ventional
fuel boiler, Kraft reco very boiler or sulfite process reco very boiler, and the combustion of
wood wastes from land clearing or wood waste from wood products facilities at these
facilities.
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. Construction/Demolition Landfills - there are two categories: small (less than 6 acres in size)
or large (greater than 6 acres in size)
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2. MSW Landfills
3. Land Clearing Debris & Wood Waste Landfills
4. Transfer Stations
5. Solid Waste Processing/Com post ing Facilities
6. Solid Waste Incineration Facilities
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
According to Maine Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) reporting forms, licensed transfer
stations and landfill facilities (including MSW, CDD, LCD and Wood Waste landfills), processing
facilities, and incineration facilities are all required to report the origin and (as applicable) destination
of tonnages of CDD materials accepted/handled. According to Maine Solid Waste Management
Rules, Chapter 400, all solid waste facilities must be licensed by DEP.
In addition, the state regulations require municipalities to report annually on their municipal solid
waste management and recycling systems to the Maine DEP (38 MRSA §2133.7). In the DEP-licensed
transfer station and landfill annual report form instructions, some CDD-type volume-to-weight
conversion densities are listed including 0.625 tons/cubic yard for demolition debris, 0.2 tons/cubic
yard for mixed bulky waste and 0.175 tons/cubic yard for wood waste.
(http://www.maine.gov/dep/waste/solidwaste/applicationforms/index.html)
The Waste Generation and Disposal Capacity Report for Calendar Year 2011, provides the Maine-
generated quantities of mixed CDD landfilled in-state, processed/disposed out-of-state, CDD
processing residue, and beneficial use of processed CDD as fuel chip (pdf page 11). While the report
is mainly focused on MSW disposal, information is also included for 19 non-MSW land disposal
facilities (pdf pg 15).
Considering the level of CDD reporting detail required in licensed solid waste management facility
and municipality reporting forms and the thorough level of detail included in the solid waste report
suggests a data quality category of 3 for Maine CDD disposal data.
In the 2011 report, Maine provides state-generated CDD diversion data only in terms of processed
CDD as fuel chip. However, previous reports provide the quantity of "CDD, other wastes recycled"
which, based off other data provided in a Solid Waste Generation and Disposal Capacity Report from
2009 (see Table A, pdf page 17) appears to mostly be comprised of CDD-type wastes.
Resources
1. Maine DEP Reports to the Legislature
http://www.maine.gov/dep/legislative/reports.html
2. Maine Solid Waste Management Rules
http://www.maine.gov/dep/waste/rules/index.html
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1.20 Maryland
Definition
The Code of Maryland Regulations (COMAE) 26.04.07.13 separately defines acceptable
construction debris and demolition debris as the following:
"Acceptable construction debris is structural building materials including cement, concrete, bricks
(excluding refractory type), lumber, plaster and plasterboard, insulation, shingles, floor, wall and
ceiling tile, pipes, glass, wires, carpet, wallpaper, roofing, felt, or other structural fabrics. Paper or
cardboard packaging, spacing, or building materials, provided that they do not exceed 10 percent
by volume of the waste, maybe accepted at the rubble landfill. Paint containers, caulk containers,
or glaze containers are acceptable, provided that they are empty, and any residual material which is
dried before acceptance at the rubble fill, and further provided that this waste category does not
exceed 1 percent by volume of the waste accepted at the rubble landfill.
Acceptable demolition debris associated with the razing of buildings, roads, bridges, and other
structures includes structural steel, concrete, bricks (excluding refractory type), lumber, plaster and
plasterboard, insulation material, cement, shingles and roofing material, floor and wall tile, asphalt,
pipes and wires, and other items physically attached to the structure, including appliances if they
have been or will be compacted to their smallest practical volume."
Exemptions
The same regulations also provide a list of unacceptable construction debris and demolition debris:
" Unacceptable construction debris includes commercial, domestic, or industrial wastes or
byproducts, paint, tar or tar containers, caulking compounds, glazing compounds, paint thinner or
other solvents or their containers, creosote or other preservatives or their containers, tile, paneling,
or carpet cement or other adhesives, and other solid waste which may contain an unacceptable
waste or substance as may be determined by the approving authority to be unacceptable.
Unacceptable demolition debris includes industrial waste or byproducts, any waste materials
contained within a structure or on the grounds of the structure being demolished that are not
physically part of the structure, or which are comprised of or contain materials that pose an undue
risk to public health or the environment."
Although land clearing debris (LCD) is specifically not included in the definition of acceptable CDD,
it is separately defined to include earthen material (such as clays, sands, gravels, and silts), topsoil,
tree stumps, root mats, brush and limbs, logs, vegetation and rock.
The state regulations exempt" filling operations which consist solely of the importation of clean
earthen fill containing rock, concrete, non-refractory brick, and asphalt created as a result of
construction excavation activities, mining, or regrading projects" from solid waste permitting
requirements under certain specific conditions (COMAR26.04.07.04(C)(5)).
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. Rubble Landfills
2. MS/V Landfills
3. Salid Waste Recessing Facilities
4. Salid Waste Transfer Sations
5. Non-hazardous Industrial Waste Landfills
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6. Incinerator or Waste to Energy Facility
7. Land Clearing Debris Landfill (may only accept LCD)
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
All permitted solid waste acceptance facilities are required to complete an annual report detailing
the quantity, origin, and (as applicable) destination and management of CDD received at their
facility. The form specifically lists that yard waste and wood waste is not included in the CDD
tracking category. Rather than providing guidance for conversion from volumetric to mass-based
quantities, the form requests the conversion factor used if quantities are recorded in volumes.
(http://www.mde.state .md.us/program s/Land/SolidWaste/AnnualTonnageReports/Pages/Programs/L
andPrograms/Solid Waste/tonnage reports/index.aspx)
CDD management information is provided annually (and currently available in 2000-2012 reports).
The 2012 Solid Waste Management and Diversion Report (for 2011 data) reiterates that all permitted
waste acceptance facilities are required to provide waste acceptance information including tons of
CDD managed by the facility (see pdf page 9). The report provides total CDD tonnage managed at
permitted Maryland facilities and includes amounts imported and exported. As the disposal and
recycling amounts of imported and exported CDD are not provided, the disposal and recycling
amounts of state-generated CDD could not be calculated. However, based on the quantity of CDD
imported as provided in the report (see pdf page 23), it appears that even if all imported CDD was
included in the disposal number, the amount disposed would be overestimated by about 15%. Based
on the first footnote of Table 3 and the column titles in figure 3 (and data presented in Tables 1, 3
and 13), it appears that the reported values do include exported CDD.
While the state's annual reporting form requires all permitted waste management facilities to list the
quantity and origin of CDD accepted, because the disposal tonnages reported appear to include up
to a 15% disposal overestimate of state-generated CDD due to inclusion of imported CDD, the
category level of Maryland CDD disposal data is a 2.
Although recycling amount may include imported CDD, the methodology for recycling amount
estimation is based on estimation of recycled amount per processing facility and, therefore, the
inclusion of imported amount does not impact the estimation.
LCD amounts are separately provided in the annual reports. As clean debris filling operations are
exempted from solid waste regulations, the CDD amount used in filling operation probably are not
tracked and reported to the state.
Resources
1. COMARTitle 26, Subtitle 4, Chapter 7 - Solid Waste Management
http://www.dsd.state.md.us/comar/Subtitle Search.aspx?search=26.04.07.*
2. Maryland Solid Waste Management and Diversion Reports
http://www.mde.state.md.us/programs/Land/RecyclingandOperationsprogram/Publications/
Pages/Program s/LandPrograms/Re cycling/pub lications/index.aspx
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1.21 Massachusetts
Definition
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts defines construction and demolition waste in 310 Code of
Massachusetts (CMR) 19.006 as:
"the waste building materials and rubble resulting from the construction, remodeling, repair or
demolition of buildings, pavements, roads or other structures. Construction and demolition waste
includes but is not limited to, concrete, bricks, asphalt pavement, masonry, plaster, gypsum
wallboard, metal, lumber and wood."
Exemptions
While the above definition includes no specific exemptions, it does not include land clearing debris.
The state bans disposal, incineration, and transfer for disposal of asphalt pavement, brick, concrete,
clean gypsum wallbaord and wood.
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. CDD Processing Facilities-processed prior to reuse, transport to a solid waste disposal facility,
or other recovery facility.
2. Tran sfe r Static n
3. Landfills - CDD fines and residuals as cover, as well as disposed following waste processing
(not banned materials)
4. Combustion Facilities - CDD may be disposed of as fuel following waste processing
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) requires landfills and combustion
facilities, handling facilities/transfer stations and CDD facilities (i.e., CDD processors and transfer
stations) to annually report the amount and origin of materials accepted. In addition, handling
facilities/transfer stations and CDD facilities are required to report the destination of materials
handled. The instructions for filling out the landfill and combustion facility form lists a volume to
weight conversion factor of 0.25 tons/cubic yard.
(http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/massdep/recycle/approvals/solid-waste-applications-and-
forms.html#8')
ft should be noted that there are no active CDD landfills in Massachusetts.
(http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/massdep/recycle/solid/landfills-transfer-stations-and-compost-
sites.html)
MassDEP provides annual Solid Waste Data Updates (currently available for 2005-2011) which
provides CDD management information. Reports organize CDD management data in terms of
generation, disposal, recycling and other diversion. The amount of different CDD constituents
recycled are also tracked. The reports detail the amount of CDD wood used as fuel and track the
quantities of imported and exported CDD. Due to the complete tracking of CDD at all facilities which
may handle the material, and because both the import and export of CDD are documented and
reported by MassDEP, the state's CDD disposal data category is a 3.
Resources
1. MassDEP Solid Waste Master Plan Progress Reports
http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/massdep/recvcle/reports/solid-waste-master-plan.html
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2. MassDEP 310 Code of Massachusetts Regulations Chapter 19 - Solid Waste Management
http://www.mass.gov/eea/docs/dep/service/regulations/310cmrl9.pdf
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1.22 Michigan
Definition
The State of Michigan defines construction and demolition waste in Michigan Administrative Code
(MAC), R299.4101 as:
"waste building materials, packaging, and rubble that results from construction, remodeling, repair,
and demolition operations on houses, commercial or industrial buildings, and other structures.
Construction and demolition waste includes trees and stumps which are more than 4 feet in length
and2 inches in diameter and which are removed from property during construction, maintenance,
or repair. Construction and demolition waste does not include any of the following, even if it results
from the construction, remodeling, repair, and demolition of structures:
(i) A sbestos waste
(ii) Household waste
(Hi) Corrugated containerboard
(iv) Appliances
(v) Drums and containers
(vi) Any aboveground or underground tank and associated piping, except septic tanks
(vii) Solid waste that results from any processing technique which renders individual waste
components unrecognizable, such as pulverizing or shredding, unless the type and origin of
such waste is known not to contain the wastes listed in (i) to (vi) of this subdivision."
ft should be noted that the above definition includes at least a portion of land clearing debris.
Exemptions
Besides those exemptions listed in the definition, the state (MAC R299.4114) conditionally exempts
requirement of a construction permit or operating license for the use of inert material on land. Inert
Materials are defined to include rock, land clearing debris buried at the site of generation, excavated
soil, construction brick, masonry, pavement, broken concrete (used as fill, riprap, slope stabilization,
or other construction).
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. Type IE- includes CDD Landfill and Industrial Waste Landfill
2. Type II- Municipal Solid Waste Landfills
3. Tran sfe r Facility
4. Processing Plant
5. Incinerator
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
Section 11507a(l) of Part 115, Solid Waste Management, of the Natural Resources and
Environmental Protection Act (1994 PA 451) requires all landfills in Michigan to annually submit a
report to the state and the county and municipality in which the landfill is located that contains
information on the amount of solid waste received by the landfill during the year itemized, to the
extent possible, by county, state, or country of origin and the amount of remaining disposal capacity
at the landfill.
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There is one form provided for reporting the origin and annual tonnages received at Type II and Type
III disposal facilities - annual reporting forms/requirements for transfer facilities, processing plants
and incinerators were not located in Michigan Statues, MAC, or on Michigan Department of
Environmental Qualitys (MDEQ) website. This form specifically requests the tonnage of CDD
materials accepted. It is not dear within this form what conversion factor Michigan DEQ used to
convert tons to cubic yards for CDD.
CDD disposal information was reported separately from industrial waste starting in 2010 - each of
the annual reports provides the volume (in cubic yards) of state-generated CDD which was disposed
of in the state. As imported waste constituted over 20% of the total waste disposed of at the landfills
in M ichigan, it appears that the lower tipping fee in the state promotes waste imports into the state.
However, information of CDD exports is not provided. Based on import amounts tracked by Indiana
and Wisconsin, it appears less than 1% of the Michigan total waste was exported to these two states.
While the annual reports provide information of the total volume of state-generated CDD disposed
at Michigan landfills, insufficient information is provided in order to estimate the amount of CDD
exported from the state. As a result, the state's CDD disposal data category is a 1.
CDD recycling information for the state was not available on M DEQ's website.
Resources
1. Annual Reports of Solid Waste Landfilled in Michigan
http://www.michigan.gOv/deq/0.4561.7-135-3312-47581-.00.html
2. Michigan Statues, Natural Re sources and Environmental Protection Act, Act 451 of 1994, Part
115 - Solid Waste Management
http://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/mcl/pdf/mcl-451-1994-ii-3-l 15.pdf
3. MAC R299 - Solid Waste Management
http://www7.dleg.state.mi.us/orr/Files/AdminCode/920 2008-028EO AdminCode.pdf
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1.23 Minnesota
Definition
The State of Minnesota separately defines construction debris and demolition debris. Construction
debris is defined under Minnesota Statues (MS) Chapter 115A.03 as:
"waste building materials, packaging, and rubble resulting from construction, remodeling, repair,
and demolition of buildings and roads."
Demolition debris is defined under Minnesota Administrative Rules (MAR) Chapter 7035 as:
"solid waste resulting from the demolition of buildings, roads, and other structures including
concrete, brick, bituminous concrete, untreated wood, masonry, glass, trees, rock, and plastic
building parts. Demolition debris does not include asbestos wastes."
It does not appear that land clearing debris is included in the definition of construction debris.
Exemptions
MAR 7035 excludes the following from the definition of solid waste:
1. earthen fill, boulders and rock
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. Type II Disposal Facility - (includes sanitary landfills)
2. Type III Disposal Facility - accepts non-hazardous source-specific industrial process waste or
construction debris (includes demolition landfills)
3. Transfer Facilities
4. Resource Recovery Facilities
5. Yard Waste Compost Facilities
Construction debris is not explicitly excluded from the definition of mixed municipal solid waste
(Minnesota Satutes 115A.03 Subdivision 21).
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
According to MAR 7035.2585, all solid waste management facilities are required to report the
quantity of each type of waste handled at the facility. It is unknown whether CDD amounts are
specifically requested in annual reporting forms - solid waste management facility annual report
forms are not available on the M innesota Fbllution Control Agency (M FCA) website because the state
is transitioning to electronic reporting using RE-TRAC. However, there is an informational page
discussing that the information required by RE-TRAC will be similar to the previous year's annual
reporting requirements and will include reporting information on waste types, volumes, management
methods and (where applicable) final destination.
http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/waste/waste-permits-and-rules/waste-permits-and-
forms/solid-waste-permit-application-forms.html#annual
According to the requirements of MAR, CDD disposal data quality could only be rated up to a 1 (as
regulations explicitly requiring waste origin and destination information were not located). However,
considering the information provided in the Re-TRAC informational page, it is possible that actual
disposal data may have a higher data quality category if CDD imports and exports are also being
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quantified. Total CDD disposal information is not published in biennial &>lid Waste Policy Reports.
Currently, because CDD disposal data is not available for review, the state's CDD disposal data
category is 0.
CDD recycling data are not provided in the MFCA Recycling and MSA/ Disposal searchable database
- it is possible that resource recovery facilities are not required to report the quantity of CDD materials
diverted.
Resources
1. Minnesota Solid Waste Rules
http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/waste/waste-permits-and-rules/waste-
rules/m innesota-rules-for-hazardous-waste-solid-waste-and-tanks.html
2. Minnesota Waste Management Statues
https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=l 15 A
3. MPCA Solid Waste Policy Reports
http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/waste/waste-and-cleanup/waste-management/solid-
waste/integrated-solid -waste -management/solid-waste-policv-reports/index.html
4. Minnesota Recycling and MSW Disposal Data
http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/data/score/recvcling-and-solid-waste-data.html
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1.24 Mississippi
Definition
Mississippi Administrative Code (MAC) does not define construction and demolition waste. However,
it does define "rubbish" which appears to include CDD- CDD is specifically mentioned as acceptable
waste in Class IRubbish Sites. 11 MAC Part 4, Chapter 1, Rule 1.1 (C)(89) defines rubbish as:
"nonputrescible solid wastes (excluding ashes) consisting of both combustible and noncombustible
wastes. Combustible rubbish includes paper, rags, cartons, wood, furniture, rubber, plastics, yard
trimmings, leaves and similar material. Noncombustible rubbish includes glass, crockery, metal cans,
metal furniture and like material which will not burn at ordinary incinerator temperatures (not less
than 1600 degrees F)."
Land clearing debris and yard waste appears to be included in the definition of rubbish. These
vegetative wastes are both included in the state's definition of yard waste, which is:
"the leaves, grass cuttings, weeds, garden waste, tree limbs, and other vegetative wastes generated
at residential, commercial, institutional, governmental, or industrial properties."
Exemptions
The state regulations exclude the following CDD debris from state solid waste regulations (See Rule
1.1 (R):
1. Rubbish that is legitimately used, reused, recycled or reclaimed, except for rubbish wastes
which is composted or which, due to its chemical or physical constituency, would result in an
endangerment to the environment or the public health, safety, or welfare.
2. Beneficial uses of solid wastes that have been determined by the Department to have physical
and chemical qualities that make the wastes suitable for use as a replacement material for
other raw materials or products. The Commission may adopt additional guidance or
standards to evaluate such wastes for beneficial use.
3. Beneficial fill projects involving an area occupying less than one acre in size and for a duration
of less than 120 days.
4. Solid wastes which do not constitute an endangerment to the environment or the public
health, safety or welfare and which are disposed of on the same property on which wastes
are generated.
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. Class IRubbish Site - see below for accepted wastes
2. Class II Rubbish Site - see below for accepted wastes
3. MSW Landfills
4. Processing Facilities
5. Tran sfe r Static n s
6. Vegetative Debris and Untreated Wood Composting Facilities
7. Commercial Waste Incinerators
According to MAC 11-4-1-1.6(6), and (C):
Class IRubbish Site may receive the following wastes for disposal:
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(1) construction and demolition debris, such aswood, metal, etc.
(2) brick, mortar, concrete, stone, and asphalt
(3) cardboard boxes
(4) natural vegetation, such as tree limbs, stumps, and leaves.
(5) appliances (other than refrigerators and air conditioners) which have had the
motor removed
(6) furniture
(7) plastic, glass, crockery, and metal, except containers
(8) sawdust, wood shavings, and wood chips
(9) other similar wastes specifically approved by the Department.
Class II Rubbish 3te may receive the following wastes for disposal:
(1) natural vegetation, such as tree limbs, stumps, and leaves
(2) brick, mortar, concrete, stone, and asphalt
(3) other similar rubbish specifically approved by the Department.
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) reporting forms for each of the facilities listed
above were discovered except for Commerical Waste Incinerators - based on a review of the Calendar
Year 2012 Status Report on Solid Waste Management Facilities and Activities, it does not appear that
the quantity of waste materials managed by incineration is currently tracked. The rubbish landfills
reporting form requires information on the origin and quantity of rubbish waste. MSW landfills,
processing facilities and transfer stations are not required to separately report the amount of rubbish
waste they accept. Vegetative Debris and Untreated Wood Composting Facilities are required to
report the quantity and origin of materials they receive.
(http://www.deq.state.ms.us/Mdeq.nsf/page/SW SolidWasteFacilitiesReportingProgram?OpenDocu
ment)
While DEQ does not track the amount of Rubbish going into MSW LFs (19 total sites as of 2012),
they do track the amount of out-of-state waste going into their Rubbish LFs (121 total sites as of
2012). Annual reports providing this information were located for 1997-2012. CDD exports (and
total waste exports) are not being tracked and cannot be estimated, and because not all Mississippi
disposal facilities which can accept CDD materials are tracking disposal data, the Mississippi CDD
disposal data category is 0.
Mississippi CDD diversion data was not found on DEQ's website. Since processing facilities are not
required to separately report the amount of CDD handled, it does not appear that CDD diversion
data are being tracked by DEQ.
Resources
1. Solid Waste Facilities Reporting Files
http://www.deq.state.ms.us/Mdeq.nsf/page/SW SolidWasteFacilitiesReportingProgram?OpenDo
cument
2. MississippiNonhazardous Solid Waste Management Rules
http://www.deq.state.ms.us/mdeq.nsf/pdf/legal_llMiss.Admin.CodeR.4Ch.l./$File/ll%20Mis
s.%20Admin.%20Code%20Pt.%204%20Ch.%201..pdf?OpenElement
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1.25 Missouri
Definition
Missouri Revised Statues (MRS) 260.200 defines construction and demolition waste as:
"waste materials from the construction and demolition of residential, industrial, or commercial
structures, but shall not include materials defined as clean fill under this section."
Clean fill is defined as the following:
" uncontaminated soil, rock, sand, gravel, concrete, asphaltic concrete, cinderblocks, brick, minimal
amounts of wood and metal, and inert solids as appro ved by rule or pot icy of the department for fill,
reclamation or other beneficial use"
10 CSR 80-4.010(2)(A) explicitly states what materials may be accepted at a CDD landfill:
demolition wastes, construction wastes, brush, wood wastes, cut, chipped, or shredded tires, inert
plastics, soil, rock, concrete, sand, gravel, asphaltic concrete, cinder block and bricks.
ft appears that "brush" may include land clearing debris.
Exemptions
Outside of materials used for clean fill, there appear to be no additional CDD materials exempted
from solid waste regulations.
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. Demolition Landfills - demolition wastes, construction materials, brush, wood wastes, soil,
rock, concrete, and inert solids
2. Sanitary (MSW) Landfill - demolition and construction wastes, brush and wood wastes, soil,
rock, concrete, relatively inert solids
3. Processing Facility (includes transfer stations and incinerators)
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
According to reporting forms, only demolition landfills are specifically required to list the amount of
CDD materials they accept onsite, where waste is categorized based on "general" and "heavy" in
the form -the volume-to-weight conversion factors for each of these categories are 0.33 and 1.0
tons/cubic yard, (http://www.dnr.mo.gov/forms/ - see Solid Waste section, Tonnage Fee Reporting)
After reviewing forms and regulations, it does not look like Missouri is required to track the CDD
tonnages disposed of at their MSW LFs (22 sites). While Demolition LFs are reporting the tonnages
they receive, there are only two of these sites. Also, transfer stations are only reporting the total
tonnage handled. Therefore, the state's CDD disposal data category is 0.
CDD diversion information was not found.
Resources
1. Missouri Code of State Regulations
http://www.sos.mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/10csr/10csr.asptflO-80
2. Missouri Revised Statues - Chapter 260 - Environmental Control
http://www.moga.mo.gov/statutes/c260.htm
3. Waste Tonnage Reports
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http://www.dnr.mo.gov/env/afl/mp/pubs-report ^tonnage, htm
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1.26 Montana
Definition
The Administrative Rules of Montana (ARM) 17.50.502(6) defines construction and demolition waste
as:
"the waste building materials, packaging, and rubble resulting from construction, remodeling, repair,
and demolition operations on pavements, houses, commercial buildings, and other structures, once
municipal, household, commercial, and industrial wastes have been removed."
Clean fill is defined as:
"soil, dirt, sand, gravel, rocks, and rebar-free concrete, em placed'free of'charge to the person placing
the fill, in order to adjust or create topographic irregularities for agricultural or construction
purposes."
In Montana, materials are grouped into waste groups. Group Dlwastes include wood waste and inert
waste including unpainted brick, dirt, rock, concrete, brush, and untreated and unpainted lumber.
Group IVwastes include construction and demolition wastes, and asphalt.
Exemptions
Clean fill is not regulated under ARM 17.50.
According to Montana Code Annotated (MCA) 75-10-203, "slash and forest debris regulated under
laws administered by the department of natural resources and conservation" is excluded from the
definition of solid waste.
Managing Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. Class II Landfills - can accept Group n(MSW), Group IE and Group IV wastes
2. Class IE Landfills - can accept Group IE wastes
3. Class IV Landfills - can accept Group IE and Group IV wastes
Of the above three classifications, all facilities are required to report the amount of waste disposed
on an annual basis. Facilities may report as annual tonnage or volume, using a conversion of 0.35
tons/yd3 for compacted yd3 or 0.15 tons/yd3 foruncompacted yd3. Waste amounts reported for Class
IV landfills can be considered fully CDD debris.
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
While no annual reporting forms were located, annual license renewal applications for Class B, Hand
IV landfills require total disposal and out-of-state waste tonnage acceptance information.
(http://deq.mt.gov/solidwaste/lanfills.mcpx)
Therefore, while Class IE and Class IV tonnages could be considered CDD, Class n landfills are not
separately tracking the quantity of CDD which they dispose. Therefore, the state's CDD disposal data
category is 0.
Montana does not separately report the quantity of CDD or individual waste groups
disposed/diverted in their Recycling and Waste Diversion Summaries.
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Resources
1. Title 75, Chapter 10 - Waste and litter Control
http://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca_toc/75_10.htm
2. Administrative Rules of Montana (see Sub-chapter 5)
http://deq.mt.gov/SolidWaste/LawsRules.mcpx
3. 2010 - 2012 Recycling and Waste Diversion Summaries
http://deq.mt.gov/solidwaste/default.mcpx
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1.27 Nebraska
Definition
The State of Nebraska (132 Neb. Admin. Code, ch. 1, §021) defines construction and demolition
waste as:
"waste which results from land clearing, the demolition of buildings, roads or other structures,
including, but not limited to, fill materials, wood (including painted and treated wood), land clearing
debris other than yard waste, wall coverings (including wallpaper, paneling and tile), drywall, plaster,
non-asbestos insulation, roofing shingles and other roof coverings, plumbing fixtures, glass, plastic,
carpeting, electrical wiring, pipe and metals. Such waste shall also include the above listed types of
waste that result from construction projects. Construction and demolition waste shall not include
friable asbestos waste, special waste, liquid waste, hazardous waste and waste that contains
polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), putrescible waste, household waste, industrial solid waste,
corrugated cardboard, appliances, tires, drums, and fuel tanks."
Based on the above definition, land clearing debris is included in the definition of CDD.
Exemptions
The state regulations exclude the following CDD debris from state solid waste regulation permit
requirements (132 Neb. Admin. Code, ch. 2, §002.01):
1. The use of fill for the purpose of erosion control, erosion repair, channel stabilization,
landscaping, roadbed preparation or other land improvement;
2. The disposal or use of trees and bush
3. The deposition of on-farm building demolition waste generated by an individual and disposed
on location if such location is agricultural in nature
Based on the above exemptions, it appears that some types of structural fill would be exempt from
permitting requirements.
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. CDD Waste Disposal Are a
2. MSW landfill
3. Solid Waste Transfer Station
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
Annual reporting forms for solid waste disposal and management facilities were not found on
Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality's website. The state regulations do not appear to
require facilities to report CDD disposal and recycled amounts. Therefore, the state's CDD disposal
data category is 0.
Resources
1. NDEQ Integrated Solid Waste Management Regulations
http://www.deq.state.ne.us/RuleAndRnsf/pages/132-TOC
2. Construction and Demolition Waste in Nebraska
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http://www.deq.state.ne.us/Rjblica.nsf/Of7156e3c162d76f86256873005953ad/89eOf5616
38367de86257538005487f7! Open Document
3. List of Permitted CDD Waste Landfills
http://www.deq.state.ne.us/lntLi st.nsf/Web%20List! Open View&aart=1&Count=125&B
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1.28 Nevada
Definition
Nevada includes CDD as a part of the definition for industrial solid waste, which according to
Nevada Administrative Code (NAC) 444.585, includes the following:
'"Industrial solid waste' means solid waste derived from industrial or manufacturing processes,
including, but not limited to, the solid waste generated by the...
(p) Construction, refurbishing or demolition of buildings or other structures."
Exemptions
No CDD or CDD material exemptions from solid waste, industrial waste, or exclusions based on
beneficial use were identified in NAC or Nevada Revised Statues (NRS).
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or a specific
component of CDD debris:
1. Class I Sites (MSW IPs)
2. Class H Site s (<2 0 TPD MSW IPs)
3. Class IE Sites (Industrial Solid Waste)
According to Nevada regulations, transfer stations and material recovery facilities do not require a
permit, only an approval, (http://ndep.nv.gov/bwm/swpermit.htm)
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
According to Nevada Division of Environmental Protection (NDEP) facility reporting forms, Class land
Class II sites are required to track the quantity of CDD received, but Class IE sites must fill in a blank
for the type of waste(s) received and then provide individual quantities. The origin of CDD is not
tracked for Class land nfacilities. Reporting requirements/forms for transfer stations were not found
in Nevada Administrative Code (444.666), NRS or anywhere on NDEP's website. The conversion
factor to adjust disposed quantities from cubic yards is 0.55 tons/cubic yard
(http://ndep.nv.gov/bwm/forms.htm)
A material recovery facility recycling annual reporting form was found which requests the amounts
of CDD materials (in tons) recycled by the facility (http://nevadarecycles.nv.gov/Resources/Data/ - see
Form B). NAC 444A. 135 specifies that all recycling centers located in municipalities with NDEP-
approved recycling programs (i.e., counties with population of more than 45,000) must annually
report recycled quantities to the municipality in which they are located on an NDEP-approved form.
In addition, counties and health district with a population of more than 45,000 are also required to
provide an annual report documenting recycled amount of different waste including CDD; provisions
are specified to avoid double-counting of CDD amounts recycled. The five counties that submit this
annual report represent over 90% of the state population.
Biennially-reported industrial and special waste disposed of in Nevada is provided for 2008-2011. The
reports mention that CDD typically makes up about 90% of the waste in the industrial and special
waste category - reported industrial and special waste disposal tonnages were multiplied by 0.9 to
adjust for this consideration.
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While it appears that all Nevada disposal facilities which can accept CDD are tracking quantity data,
because of the unknown contribution of export and imports to the reported Nevada-disposed CDD
tonnages, the state's CDD disposal data category is a 1. Only MSA/ imported amounts are reported
in the biennial report.
Recycled CDD quantities by individual CDD constituents for Nevada are available for 2012 in a table
provided in the same location as the biennial reports. Although recycling amount may include
imported CDD, the methodology for recycling amount estimation is based on estimation of recycled
amount per processing facility and, therefore, the inclusion of imported amount does not impact the
estimation.
Resources
1. NDEP Biennial Recycling and Waste Reduction Reports
http://nevadarecycles.nv.gov/Resources/Data/
2. Nevada Administrative Code Chapter 444 - Sanitation
http://www.leg.state.nv.us/NAC/NAC-444.htmltfNAC444Sec666
3. Nevada Revised Statues Chapter 444 - Sanitation
http://www.leg.state.nv.us/nrs/nrs-444.htmltfNRS444Sec440
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1.29 New Hampshire
Definition
The state of New Hampshire defines CDD debris and inert construction and demolition debris
within Chapter Env-Sw 100 of the New Hampshire Code of Administrative Rules as follows:
Env-Sw 102.42 "Construction and demolition debris" means non-putrescible waste building
materials and rubble which is solid waste resulting from the construction, remodeling, repair or
demolition of structures or roads. The term includes, but is not limited to, bricks, concrete and
other masonry materials, wood, wallcoverings, plaster, dry wall, plumbing, fixtures, non-asbestos
insulation or roofing shingles, asphaltic pavement, glass, plastics that are not sealed in a manner
that conceals other wastes and electrical wiring and components, incidental to any of the above
and containing no hazardous liquid or metals. The term does not include asbestos waste, garbage,
corrugated container board, electrical fixtures containing hazardous liquids such as fluorescent light
ballasts or transformers, furniture, appliances, tires, drums and containers, and fuel tanks.
Env-Sw 103.26 states "Inert construction and demolition debris" means construction and
demolition debris which is comprised of materials that do not degrade, combust or generate
leach ate.
Exemptions
The state regulations exclude the following CDD debris from state solid waste regulations:
1. Waste-derived products which are certified for distribution and use pursuant to Env-Sw 1500
and actively managed. Env-Sw 104.61 "Waste-derived product" means a material or item
which is produced, in whole or in part, using materials or items which are recovered or
diverted from the solid waste stream."
2. Cut or uprooted tree stumps buried on-site, with certain restrictions
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or a specific
component of CDD debris:
1. Construction and demolition debris (CDD) landfills.
2. MSW landfills
3. Tran sfe r Static n
4. Incinerator
5. Processing/Treatment Facility
6. Recycling Facility
On-site Asphalt and Masonry Debris Landfills and Off-site Stump Dumps contain CDD type materials,
however these facilities are exempt from permitting requirements. Permits are also not required for
managing virgin wood by above ground methods not including composting; and to collect, store,
transfer, process, treat, or dispose of waste concrete, cement, brick, other inert masonry materials or
bituminous concrete if specific conditions are met.
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
Within the state solid waste rules (Env-Sw) CDD landfills (Env-Sw 806.10) are required to file quarterly
and annual reports. Quarterly reports require the quantity and type of waste accepted (in tons) by
the facility daily with monthly and quarterly totals reported (Env-Sw 806.08(g)
http://l.usa.gov/L9Dxge ). Annual reporting forms were found for operating landfills and transfer
stations which request information on the origin, quantity and (if applicable) destination of CDD
handled including whether it was shipped out-of-state.
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(http://des.nh.gov/organization/divisions^aste/swmb/css/index. htm)
Additional information was found on the Environmental Services Farms/Application webpage
(http://1.usa.gov/Mg7dsV) including a Volume to Weight Conversion Tab/ewith CDD and dean fill
materials listed. The following conversion factors were provided: concrete 860 Ib/yd3; asphalt paving
773 Ib/yd3; brick, ceramic, porcelain 860 Ib/yd3; roofing 731 Ib/yd3; wood 169 Ib/yd3.
At the Solid Waste Facility Permitting website under the Publications section there is a heading for
an Annual Report to the Legislature (http://1.usa.gov/1lmsu4h ). It is unclear if these reports have
continued to be produced however because the most recent version of this report found has 2007
data. This single 2008 report describes solid waste generation within New Hampshire and provides
CDD waste for 2003-2007 with the 2007 mass totals of CDD managed (http://1 .usa.gov/Mvxowo).
Because CDD appears to be tracked at all permitted landfill disposal facilities which may accept CDD,
and because it appears CDD imports and exports are also tracked at transfer facilities, New Hampshire
CDD disposal data quality, if available, would likely be categorized as a 3. However, because this
data was not found (except for 2007) and is not readily available, the state's CDD disposal data
category is currently 0.
CDD recycling/diversion information was not found, and CDD is not one of the categories of materials
that is specifically listed on Recycling Annual Report Forms. It appears that this form is specifically
designed for MSW recycling facilities.
Resources
1. Department of Environmental Services Rules/Regulatory website http://Lusa.gov/ljJrHbR
2. Solid Waste Rules http://bit.lv/liaU9Ai
3. Department of Environmental Services http://l.usa.gov/lhR2DvO
4. New Hampshire Solid Waste Report to the legislature 2007
http://des.nh.gov/organization/commissioner/pip/publications/wmd/documents/r-wmd-08-
3.pdf
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1.30 New Jersey
Definition
New Jersey Administrative Code (NJAC) 7:26-1.4 defines construction and demolition waste (Type
13C)as:
"waste building material and rubble resulting from construction, remodeling, repair, and demolition
operations on houses, commercial buildings, pavements, and other structures. This includes wastes
such as treated and untreated wood scrap, tree parts, tree stumps and brush, concrete, asphalt,
bricks, blocks and other masonry, plaster and wallboard, roofing materials, corrugated cardboard
and miscellaneous paper, ferrous and non-ferrous metal, plastic scrap, dirt, carpets and padding;
glass (window and door), non-asbestos building insulation, and other miscellaneous materials."
Based on the above definition, land clearing debris is included in the definition of CDD. Bulky waste
(Type 13) is also defined as including items such as:
"tree trunks, auto bodies, demolition or construction materials, appliances, furniture, and drums."
The term Clean Fill is also used, meaning:
"uncontaminated nonwater-soluble, nondecomposable, inert solid such as rock, soil, gravel,
concrete, glass and/or clay or ceramic products and does not include processed or unprocessed mixed
construction and demolition debris, including, but not limited to, wallboard, plastic, wood or metal.
The non-water soluble, nondecomposable inert products generated from an approved Class B
recycling facility are considered dean fill."
Exemptions
The definition for beneficial use appears to apply to the use of clean fill or land clearing debris, as
provided in NJAC 7:26A-1.1, where the beneficial use of a material is not considered disposal or
recycling:
"the use or reuse of a material, which would otherwise become solid waste, as landfill cover,
aggregate substitute, fuel substitute or fill material or the use or reuse in a manufacturing process to
make a product or as an effective substitute for a commercial product. Beneficial use of a material
shall not constitute recycling or disposal."
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or a specific
component of CDD debris:
1. Tran sfe r Static n s
2. Mate rial J3e co ve ry Facilitie s
3. Class I (MSW) Sanitary Landfills
4. Class IE (Bulky and Vegetative Waste) Sanitary Landfills
5. hcinerator/fesource Recovery Facility
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
NJAC 7:26 - 2.13(e) requires all solid waste facilities to provide a monthly report detailing the CDD
amounts received, and (if applicable) disposed and recovered. The form also requires specification of
the origin of CDD and the destination of disposed CDD. Therefore, it appears that CDD disposal is
being tracked for every facility which may accept CDD.
http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/resource/forms.htm
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Also, because the origin and final disposal destination of all CDD is also tracked, it appears that all
CDD imports and exports are also being tracked by the state. Therefore, according to data tracking
requirements as presented in both regulations and annual reporting forms, it appears that CDD
disposal data quality may be a 3 on the data quality index. However, because this information was
not found in any reports and is not readily available, the state's CDD disposal data category is 0.
Class B Recycling Facilities are required to annually report the quantity of individual CDD materials
recovered including ID 17 (trees, tree parts, brush and stumps), ID 22 (asphalt, concrete, asphalt
roofing and brick and block) and ID 30 (wood scrap) materials. Therefore, recycling tonnage data
quality should be high.
Resources
1. New Jersey Administrative Code - Title 7, Chapter 26 - Solid Waste
http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/resource/rules.html
2. New Jersey Generation, Disposal and fecycling Statistics
http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recvcling/stats.htm
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1.31 New Mexico
Definition
The Solid Waste Act of New Mexico Statues Annotated (NMSA) 1978 74-9-3 defines construction
and demolition debris as
"materials generallyconsidered'to be not water soluble and nonhazardous in nature, including, but
not limited to, steel, glass, brick, concrete, asphalt roofing materials, pipe, gypsum wallboard and
lumber from the construction or destruction of a structure as part of a construction or demolition
project, and includes rocks, soil, tree remains, trees and other vegetative matter that normally results
from land clearing or land development operations for a construction project, but if construction
and demolition debris is mixed with any other types of solid waste, whether or not originating from
the construction project, it loses its classification as construction and demolition debris."
In addition, most of the constituents that are included in the definition of clean fill (definition
reproduced below) are typical constituents of CDD.
"dean fill means broken concrete, brick, rock, stone, glass, reclaimed asphalt pavement, or soil that
is uncontaminated, meaning the fill has not been mixed with any waste other than the foregoing
and has not been subjected to any known spill or release of chemical contaminants, including
petroleum product, nor treated to remediate such contamination; reinforcement materials which
are an integral part, such as rebar, maybe included as dean fill; dean fill must be free of other solid
waste, to include land clearing debris, construction and demolition debris, municipal solid waste,
radioactive waste, hazardous waste or spedal waste."
Exemptions
The only exemptions specifically included in the legislated definition include CDD which is mixed with
other types of solid waste, ft should be noted that land clearing debris is included in the definition.
The clean fill management facilities are not classified as solid waste facilities.
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. Construction and Demolition Landfill: A landfill that receives only CDD debris in quantities
equal to or less than 50 tpd on a monthly average.
2. Municipal landfills: Any landfill that receives more than 50 tpd monthly average of CDD
debris waste in any month is defined as a municipal landfill. CDD debris is also disposed
with MSW in municipal landfills.
3. Recycling facility: a facility that collects, transfers, or processes recyclable materials for
recycling, but does not include a composting facility.
4. Composting facility: a facility, other than a transformation facility, that is capable of
providing biological stabilization of organic material.
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
The Solid Waste Management Rules in New Mexico Administrative Code (NMAC) 20.9.5.16
requires the owners and operators of solid waste facilities to submit an annual report which details
the type, quantity, origin and disposition of materials. There is a common annual reporting form for
landfill, recycling, composting and transfer/convenience center facilities to report the tonnage of
CDD and clean fill. The waste origin (in-state or out-of-state), how it was managed on-site and off-
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site; and which facility the waste was sent to is recorded. Numerous volume-to-weight conversion
factors are provided. However, a conversion factor for mixed CDD is not provided.
(http://www.nmenv.state.nm.us/swb/Annual Report sandFbrms. htm).
Annual reports provide CDD generation tonnage data under a section titled " solid waste generation
and management in New Mexico". Furthermore, CDD tonnagesfor out-of-state waste are separately
provided. As all facilities which manage CDD are required to report the origin (if applicable) and
destination of CDD, the state appears to track imported and exported CDD amounts. Although the
CDD disposal and recycled amounts are not provided in the annual report, the state appears to
compile this information. The US EPA did not contact the state to confirm the availability of the
statewide CDD disposal and recycling data. As the clean fill management facilities are not classified
as solid waste facilities, these facilities probably are not required to report the amount of dean fill
managed. The clean fill amount compiled by the state (based on annual reports by solid waste
facilities annual reports) may not represent the entire amount generated and managed in the state.
Considering that all CDD disposal and management facilities are required to report CDD disposal and
recycling quantities and the origin and destination of CDD, the data category of New Mexico CDD
management information is tracked at a high level of detail and the CDD disposal category would be
a 3 if disposal information was separately provided. However, CDD disposal information currently
cannot be disaggregated as presented in annual reports. Therefore, the state's CDD disposal data
category is currently 0.
Resources
1. Solid Waste Act and Solid Waste Management Rules
http://www.nmenv.state.nm.us/swb/CurrentRules.htrn
2. Recent Solid Waste Facility Annual Reports Sent to the legislature
http://www.nmenv.state.nm.us/swb/AnnuaUfeportsandForms.htm
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1.32 New York
Definition
The state of New York defines CDD debris in Regulations, Chapter IV, Subchapter B, Part 360-
1.2(b)(38) as (http://www.dec.nv.gov/regs/4415.html# 14635):
"uncontaminated solid waste resulting from the construction, remodeling, repair, and demolition
of utilities, structures and roads; and uncontaminated solid waste resulting from land clearing. Such
waste includes, but is not limited to bricks, concrete and other masonry materials, soil, rock, wood
(including painted, treated and coated wood and wood products), land clearing debris, wall
coverings, plaster, drywall, plumbing fixtures, nonasbestos insulation, roofing shingles and other
roof coverings, asphaltic pavement, glass, plastics that are not sealed in a manner that conceals
other wastes, empty buckets 10 gal or less in size and having no more than 1 in. of residue
remaining on the bottom, electrical wiring and components containing no hazardous liquids, pipe,
and metals that are incidental to any of the above. Land clearing debris is vegetative matter, soil,
and rock resulting from activities such as land clearing and grubbing, utility line maintenance or
seasonal or storm-related cleanup such as trees, stumps, brush and leaves and including wood
chips generated from these materials."
According to the definition of CDD, it appears that land clearing debris and yard waste (as
"seasonal cleanup") are considered CDD materials.
The state provides the definition of land clearing debris as:
"means vegetative matter, soil and rock resulting from activities such as land clearing and
grubbing, utility line maintenance or seasonal or storm-related cleanup such as trees, stumps, brush
and leaves and including wood chips generated from these materials. Land clearing debris does not
include yard waste which has been collected at the curbside"
In Long Island, the definition of clean fill is:
"means material consisting of concrete, steel, wood, sand, dirt, soil, glass, construction and
demolition debris, and other recognizable inert material designated by the department."
Exemptions
State Regulations, Chapter IV- Quality Services, 360 - Construction and Demolition Debris
Landfills, states under Section 7.1 that (http://www.dec.ny.gov/regs/2491.html):
"(b) Exemptions.
(1) The following facilities are exempt from the permit requirements of this Fart provided the
facilities operate only between the hours of sunrise and sunset, and (if the allowable waste
comes from an off-site source) no fee or other form of consideration is required for the
privilege of using the facility for disposal purposes:
(i) A site at which only the following CDD debris is placed: recognizable
uncontaminated concrete and concrete products (including steel or fiberglass
reinforcing rods that are embedded in the concrete), asphalt pavement, brick, glass,
soil and rock.
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(ii) A landfill for the disposal of trees, stumps, yard waste and wood chips generated
from these materials is exempt when origin and disposal of such waste occur on
properties under the same ownership or control.
(Hi) A ODD debris landfill is exempt if it meets the requirements of section 809 of the
Adirondack Park Agency Act and is under the jurisdiction of, and constructed and
operated pursuant to, a permit issued by the A dirondack Park Agency....
(2) A landfill that falls under the jurisdiction and is located on the property of either the New
York State Thruway Authority (TA) or the New York State Department of Transportation
(DOT) is exempt from regulation under this Fart if it meets the specifications contained in a
memorandum of understanding executed by the TA and the department or the DOT and the
department. Until such memoranda are executed, the TA and DOT must comply with the
requirements of this Fart."
The state of New York provides the following exclusions from the definition of CDD debris in
Regulations 360-1.2(b)(38) (http://www.dec.nv.gov/regs/4415.htmltf14635):
" Solid waste that is not CDD debris (even if resulting from the construction, remodeling, repair and
demolition of utilities, structures and roads and land clearing) includes, but is not limited to
asbestos waste, garbage, corrugated container board, electrical fixtures containing hazardous
liquids such as fluorescent light ballasts or transformers, fluorescent lights, carpeting, furniture,
appliances, tires, drums, containers greater than ten gallons in size, any containers having more
than one inch of residue remaining on the bottom and fuel tanks. Specifically excluded from the
definition of construction and demolition debris is solid waste (including what otherwise would be
construction and demolition debris) resulting from any processing technique, other than that
employed at a department-approved CDD debris processing facility, that renders individual waste
components unrecognizable, such as pulverizing or shredding. Also, waste contained in an illegal
disposal site may be considered CDD debris if the department determines that such waste is similar
in nature and content to CDD debris".
State Regulation 360-1.2(a)(4)(vii) excludes the following from the definition of solid waste
(http://www.dec.nv.gov/regs/4415.htmltf14635):
" discarded materials that the department has determined are being beneficially used..."
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. Land Clearing Debris Landfill (regulated under CDD Landfill section)
2. CDD Landfill
3. Source-separated organics waste processing facilities: accepts yard waste
4. CDD Processing Facility
5. Transfer Station
6. Municipal Waste Combustion Facility
7. Municipal Solid Waste Landfill
8. Long Island Landfill
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CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
According to Regulations Chapter IV, Subchapter B, Part 360, all landfills (except those exempt as
listed above), transfer stations, CDD processing facilities, and incineration facilities are required to
submit an annual report detailing operating information of the facility. While specific rules
regarding annual reporting by Source Separated Organics Processing Facilities were not found, an
annual submission form was located as discussed below.
Facilities that process and dispose of CDD debris are required to fill out and submit an annual
report form. Forms specify a volume-to-weight conversion factor of 0.75 tons/yd3 to allow facilities
that do not use scales to report data in terms of tons.
Annual reporting forms were found for the following facility types which may accept some portion
of CDD:
1. CDD Landfill
2. CDD Processing Facility
3. Land Clearing Debris Landfill
4. Municipal Waste Combustion Facility
5. Transfer Station
6. Source Separated Organics Processing Facility (yard waste)
7. Long Island Landfill
8. Landfill (Municipal Solid Waste, Industrial or Ash)
All of the forms for these facilities request information regarding the origin, quantity and (if
applicable) destination of CDD which arrive at/leave their facility.
http://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/52706.html
ft appears the state extensively tracks CDD disposal and recycling amount for all the facilities that
may receive CDD. As the historical data are not readily available on New York Department of
Conservation's website, the data were not used for correlations. However, because of the
extensive tracking of CDD at all sites which may accept CDD for disposal, and because it appears
that all CDD imports and exports are also tracked, New York would be a 3 on the CDD disposal
data category list if CDD disposal information was readily available. However, because this data is
not currently available, the state's CDD disposal data category is currently 0.
Regularly updated CDD diversion information was not found on New York Department of
Environmental Conservation's website.
Resources
1. New York Regulations Chapter IV- Quality Services
http://www.dec.ny.gov/regs/2491.html
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1.33 North Carolina
Definition
h the state of North Carolina, as defined within the North Carolina Administrative Code 15 A
NCAC 13B.0532(8), CDD solid waste
"means solid waste generated solely from the construction, remodeling, repair, or demolition
operations on pavement and buildings or structures. CDD waste does not include municipal and
industrial wastes that maybe generated by the on-going operations at buildings or structures."
Exemptions
The state regulations exclude the following CDD debris from requiring a solid waste permit when
managed appropriately as:
1. Inert debris as beneficial fill limited to concrete, brick, concrete block, uncontaminated soil,
rock and gravel
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or a specific
component of CDD debris:
1. Construction and demolition debris landfill (CDDLF)
2. Land clearing and inert debris landfill (LCID): these facilities can be permitted or not require
a permit depending on the size, quantity of materials accepted, and other provisions. These
facilities accept land clearing waste, concrete, brick, concrete block, uncontaminated soil,
gravel and rock, untreated and unpainted wood, and yard trash.
3. Municipal solid waste landfill facility (MSWLF): it is unclear if CDD can be accepted,
however there were no provisions suggesting that CDD cannot be accepted.
4. Treatment and processing facilities (if permit includes CDD debris as a managed waste)
5. Transfer facilities (if permit includes CDD debris as a managed waste)
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
ft is prescribed by G.S. 130A-309.09D(b) (North Carolina General Statutes http://bit.lv/le7Y2qu')
that privately owned solid waste management facilities annually report to the Department the
previous year's amount by weight of the solid waste that was received at the facility and disposed
of in a landfill, incinerated, or converted to fuel. There are annual reporting forms for each type of
solid waste management facility (Local Government and Solid Waste Facility Reporting
http://bit.ly/1 jJfEvb). Forms for incineration facilities and processing facilities request information on
additional waste related activities and the types of materials accepted at a facility as part of
recycling/reuse collection (e.g., concrete/rubble/asphalt, glass, other metal, gypsum/drywall).
Weights are to be reported by county and state of origin. Annual data are compiled by the Division
of Waste Management and posted online within folders by fiscal year. Tip fees for each county are
reported based on facility primary waste type and are also available (Solid Waste Management
Annual Reports http://bit.ly/LoSU5a). However, because it does not appear that annual reporting
forms require all landfill facilities (e.g. MSWLF, LCD) to separately track CDD disposal amounts, the
state's CDD disposal data category is 0.
Resources
1. Solid Waste Management Rules website http://bit.ly/lbyexql
2. Solid Waste Section website http://bit.ly/ldNVEv
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3. North Carolina General Salutes http://bit.lv/1e7Y2qu
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1.34 North Dakota
Definition
In the state of North Dakota CDD is not defined, however within North Dakota Administrative
Code Solid Waste Management and land Protection NDAC §33-20-01.1-03(26), inert waste:
"means nonputrescible solid waste which will not generally contaminate water or form a
contaminated leachate. Inert waste does not serve as food for vectors. Inert waste includes, but is
not limited to: construction and demolition material such as metal, wood, bricks, masonry and
cement concrete; asphalt concrete; metal; tree branches; bottom ash from coal fired boilers; and
waste coal fines from air pollution control equipment."
Exemptions
CDD wastes were not found to be explicitly excluded from the solid waste regulations. However,
regulation of the beneficial use or reuse of materials, substances, energy, or other products derived
from a resource recovery activity does not apply under the Solid Waste Management and Land
Protection Article (33-20-01.1-02.I.e. http://l.usa.gov/lmDMjoy Thus, it is possible for a CDD
waste to be excluded from solid waste regulations if it was to be used beneficially.
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or a specific
component of CDD debris:
1. Inert waste landfills (these facilities can be standard or permitted by rule)
2. Municipal Solid Waste Landfills
3. Tran sfe r Static n s
4. Wood Processing Recycling Facility
5. Incinerators
Permit by rule facilities (NDAC §33-20-02.1-02) are described as facilities for inert waste serving
municipalities with fewerthan 1,000 people, contingent on the restrictions outlined in the section.
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
Within the state rules 33-20-04.1-04 (General Performance Standards http://l.usa.gov/ljJcOpM).
recordkeeping and reporting of non-permitted by rule solid waste management facilities is
prescribed and would apply to inert waste landfills as well as municipal waste landfills. Annually,
the quantity of each category of solid waste, reported in tons or volume, must be submitted (33-
20-04.1-04.3.c.). Forms for annual reporting for inert waste landfills and municipal solid waste
landfills were located along with a form for beneficial use applications and an application for
Department of Transportation inert waste beneficial use projects (http://bit.ly/1 aF5 PA Inert Waste
Landfill Annual Report; Guideline 4, Guideline 4A; Beneficial Use Application; Department of
Transportation Projects Inert Waste Beneficial Use Application). Reports compiling waste quantity
data from these sources were not located. However, because it does not appear that annual
reporting forms are tracking and because regulations do not dictate the tracking of either the
origin or (if applicable) destination of CDD accepted at CDD management facilities, the highest
CDD disposal data quality index score that the state could receive would be a 1. Because CDD
disposal quantities are not readily available, the state's CDD disposal data category is currently 0.
CDD recycling information was also not available on the North Dakota Department of Health Waste
Management website.
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Resources
1. Solid Waste Management and Land Protection http://l .usa.gov/lb7HzNj
2. Chapter 33-20-05.1 Inert Waste Landfills http://l .usa.gov/ld7R2DT
3. Division of Waste Management http://bit.lv/ljO5SB
4. North Dakota Century Code - Chapter 23-29. Solid Waste Management and Land Protection
http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t23.html
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1.35 Ohio
Definition
Ohio Administrative Code (OAC) 3745-400-01 defines construction and demolition debris as:
those materials resulting from the alteration, construction, destruction, rehabilitation, or repair of
any manmade physical structure, including, without limitation, houses, buildings, industrial or
commercial facilities, or roadways. "Construction and demolition debris" does not include materials
identified or listed as solid wastes, infectious wastes, or hazardous wastes pursuant to Chapter
3734. of the Revised Code and rules adopted under it; or materials from mining operation,
nontoxic fly ash, spent nontoxic foundry sand, and slag, or reinforced or nonreinforced concrete,
asphalt, building or paving brick or paving stone that is stored for a period of less than two years
for recycling into a usable construction material.
For the purpose of this definition, "materials resulting from the alteration, construction,
rehabilitation, or repair of any manmade physical structure," are those structural and functional
materials comprising the structure and surrounding site improvements, such as brick, concrete and
other masonry materials, stone, glass, wallcoverings, plaster, drywall, framing and finishing
lumber, roofing materials, plumbing fixtures, heating equipment, electrical wiring and components
containing no hazardous fluids or refrigerants, insulation, wall-to-wall carpeting, asphaltic
substances, metals incidental to any of the above, and weathered railroad ties and utility poles.
"Materials resulting from the alteration, construction, rehabilitation, or repair" do not include
materials whose removal has been required prior to demolition, and materials which are otherwise
contained within or exist outside of the structure such as solid wastes, yard wastes, furniture, and
appliances. Also excluded in all cases are liquids including containerized or bulk liquids, fuel tanks,
drums and other closed or filled containers, tires, and batteries."
Clean hard fill is defined as:
"construction and demolition debris which consists only of reinforced or nonreinforced concrete,
asphalt concrete, brick, block, tile, and/or stone which can be reutilized as construction material.
E3rick in clean hard fill includes but is not limited to refractory brick and mortar. Clean hard fill does
not include materials contaminated with hazardous wastes, solid wastes, or infectious wastes."
No definition was found for land clearing debris.
Exemptions
According to OAC 3745-27-03(12), tree stumps disposed of in a licensed CDD disposal facility are
exempted from Solid and Infectious Waste; Industrial Solid Waste Landfill; Residual Solid Waste
Landfill; and Solid Waste, Industrial Waste Treatment, and CDD Facility Licenses OAC chapters.
OAC 3745-400-03 provides the following exclusions from CDD; and from Solid Waste, Industrial
Waste Treatment, and CDD Facility Licenses OAC chapters:
1. Any construction site where construction debris and trees and brush removed in clearing the
construction site are used as fill material on the site where the materials are generated or
removed.
2. Any site where clean hard fill is used, either alone or in conjunction with clean soil, sand,
gravel, or other clean aggregates, in legitimate fill operations.
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Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD or a specific
component of CDD:
1. CDD landfills
2. MSWLFs
3. Incineration facility: CDD were not excluded within the rules but included on annual
operating forms
4. Compost facilities
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
A single landfill annual operations report exists for municipal solid waste, industrial and residual
landfill facilities to track the quantity and origin of CDD materials recieved, but based on a review
of operational regulation for CDD landfills (OAC 3745-400-11), it does not appear that they are
required to submit an annual operations report. CDD landfills are required to complete a CDD
Facility Daily Log of Operations as required per OAC 3745-400-11(B), but there does not appear to
be a regulated schedule for submitting the information requested in the daily logs (or a summary
thereof) to Ohio EPA as is required for sanitary landfill facilities per OAC 3745-27-19(M)(2). A
annual report form for solid waste transfer facilities exists which requests information concerning
CDD origin, disposal destination, and recovered and disposal quantities.
http://www.epa.ohio.gov/dmwm/Home/NonHWForms.aspx
However, because it appears there is no Ohio EPA reporting requirement for tracking CDD disposed
at CDD landfills, Ohio's CDD disposal data category is 0.
While there are reporting requirements for the amount of recyclables recovered/processed at solid
waste transfer facilities, the annual operation report form does not specifically request CDD
amounts, only total recyclables. Furthermore, diversion amounts were not found in periodic Ohio
EPA solid waste management or material recovery facility recycling reports.
Resources
1. Ohio Materials and Waste Management Rules and Laws
http://www.epa.ohio.gov/dmwm/dmwmnonhazrules.aspx
2. Ohio Data, Reports and Studies - Facility Data Reports (Waste Disposal Data)
http://epa.ohio.gov/dmwm/Home/SWMgmtPlanning2.aspx
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1.36 Oklahoma
Definition
Oklahoma Administrative Code (OAC) 252:515 defines construction/demolition waste to mean
waste composed of the following:
asbestos-free waste from construction and/or demolition projects that may include such materials
as metal, concrete, brick, asphalt, glass, roofing materials, limited amounts of packing materials,
sheetrock, or lumber; wood waste that may include such materials as yard waste, lumber, wood
chips, wood shavings, sawdust, plywood, tree limbs, or tree stumps; yard waste that may include
such materials as grass clippings, tree limbs, tree stumps, shrubbery, flowers, or other vegetative
matter resulting from land clearing or landscaping operations; or residential lead-based paint
waste.
According to the above definition, land clearing debris is included in the definition of
construction/demolition waste.
Exemptions
OAC 252:515-3-2 does not require the following CDD material facilties to have a permit:
1. Rock and dirt fills: that receive only uncontaminated rock, dirt, concrete, bricks or solidified
asphalt
2. Yard waste composting facilities operated in accordance with a plan approved by DEQ
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. CDD Landfills: only accepts CDD debris
2. MSW Landfills
3. Composting facilities: accept yard waste (yard waste includes vegetative matter from land
clearing)
4. Roofing material recycling facility: accepts roofing material only
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
Two forms were found which must be completed by all solid waste disposal facilities - a monthly
report form providing total disposal amounts and a quarterly return form providing information on
total state fees collected as a result of total disposal amounts. These forms are required per OAC
252:515-19-33. http://www.deq.state.ok.us/lpdnew/forms/indexswforms.html
However, these forms (and applicable regulations) do not require reporting of CDD tonnages for
disposal facilities - only total tonnages. Therefore, because CDD is not separately tracked at MSW
landfills, the state's CDD disposal data category is currently 0. . DEQ Annual reports were not found
to contain landfill tonnage or CDD recycling information.
Resources
1. Oklahoma DEQ Rules and Regulations
http://www.deq.state.ok.us/mainlinks/deqrules.htm
2. Oklahoma Statues - Title 27A. Environment and Natural Resources
http://www.oklegislature.gov/osstatuestitle.html
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3. Oklahoma DB3 Reports
http://www.deq.state.ok.us/mainlinks/reports.htm
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1.37 Oregon
Definition
h the State of Oregon, as defined within Oregon Administrative Rules (OAR) 340-093-0030(26),
construction and demolition waste
"means solid waste resulting from the construction, repair, or demolition of buildings, roads and
other structures, and debris from the clearing of land, but does not include clean fill when
separated from other construction and demolition wastes and used as fill materials or otherwise
land disposed. Such waste typically consists of materials including concrete, bricks, bituminous
concrete, asphalt paving, untreated or chemically treated wood, glass, masonry, roofing, siding,
plaster; and soils, rock, stumps, boulders, brush and other similar material. This term does not
include industrial solid waste and municipal solid waste generated in residential or commercial
activities associated with construction and demolition activities."
Land clearing debris components (soil, rock, stumps) are included in the CDD definition.
Exemptions
Clean fill as expressed above is excluded from the definition of construction and demolition.
Clean fill as defined within 340-093-0030(18):
"means material consisting of soil, rock, concrete, brick, building block, tile or asphalt paving,
which do not contain contaminants which could adversely impact the waters of the State or public
health. This term does not include putrescible wastes, construction and demolition wastes and
industrial solid wastes."
Within 340-093-0080 inert wastes (if demonstrated to possess the characteristics of clean fill may
be exempt from obtaining a solid waste permit). A disposal site used exclusively for the purpose of
disposal of clean fill is exempted from requiring a permit as described in 340-093-0050(3)(C)
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or a specific
component of CDD debris:
1. CDD landfills: receive only CDD waste (there are few CDD landfills in Oregon)
2. MSW landfills: most CDD goes into the MSW landfill
3. Incinerator: can accept solid waste, CDD falls under the definition of solid waste, CDD was
not specifically prohibited
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
OAR340-094-0040(13) and 340-095-0020(24)
(http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/pages/rules/oars_300/oar_340/340_094.html and
http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/pages/rules/oars_300/oar_340/340_095.html) respectively list
requirements for MSW and non-MSW landfills and prescribe that facilities must maintain records of
daily load quantities, monthly and quarterly accumulations waste received, and that the
Department of Environmental Quality can request this documentation at anytime. As documented
with the Oregon Material Recovery and Waste Generation Rates Reports (an annual report),
disposal data collected for the report is gathered
(http://www.deq.state.or.us/lq/sw/recoverv/materialrecovery.htm) by the Department as part of
assessing facility waste disposal fees. There is an annual reporting form for MSW facilities receiving
less than 1,000 tons per year and a quarterly reporting form for MSW facilities receiving more than
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1,000 tons per year to report the mass of waste the facility has received (volumetric quantities of
waste are to be converted by using a conversion factor listed on the form which is 1.25 tons/yd3 for
rubble, rock, asphalt, etc.). However, residential, commercial and CDD waste are reported together
and therefore individual CDD quantities cannot be distinguished. Therefore, the state's CDD
disposal data category is 0.
Private recyclers and recycling haulers must submit materials recovery forms to the Department
annually (http://www.deq.state.or.us/lq/sw/recovery/materialrecovery.htm ). The form for private
recyclers does not break down the recycled materials so that recycled CDD quantities can be
distinguished. The haulers form however does have a specific column dedicated to documenting
the tons of CDD material collected (http://www.deq.state.or.us/pubs/forms.htmtfmrs ). The results
from these forms are also incorporated into the annual state material recovery and generation rate
report; however the report does not distinguish CDD quantities from other waste types.
Resources
1. Solid Waste General Provisions http://bit.lv/ld7PdXB
2. Oregon Administrative Rules http://bit.lv/lnjPUEX
3. Solid Waste Reports and Guidance Documents http://bit.ly/1 fds2PM
4. Material Recovery and Waste Generation Reporting Forms http://bit.ly/lhN13uE
5. DEQ Land Quality http://l .usa.gov/LsTsHk
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1.38 Pennsylvania
Definition
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania defines construction/demolition waste within Pennsylvania
Code Article Vffl, Chapter 271, Subchapter A, Sec. 271.1, as:
"solid waste resulting from the construction or demolition of buildings and other structures,
including, but not limited to, wood, plaster, metals, asphaltic substances, bricks, block and
unsegregated concrete. The term does not include the following if they are separate from other
waste and are used as clean fill:
(i) Uncontaminated soil, rock, stone, gravel, brick and block, concrete and used asphalt.
(ii) Waste from land clearing, grubbing and excavation, including trees, brush, stumps and
vegetative material."
Clean fill is defined according to the following:
"Uncontaminated, nonwater-soluble, nondecomposable inert solid material used to level an area or
bring the area to grade. The term does not include material placed into or on waters of this
Commonwealth."
Exemptions
Source-segregated debris (e.g., soil, concrete, used asphalt) and land clearing debris if used as clean
fill are excluded from CDD definition.
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. C/D landfills
2. Resource Recovery Facility (includes processing/recycling and waste-to-energy facilities)
3. Municipal Waste Landfills
4. Municipal Waste Transfer Facilities
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
According to the Pennsylvania Code Article VIE- Municipal Waste, 273.312 Municipal Waste Landfills
are required to quarterly report the type, quantity and origin of waste materials received. C/D landfills
are only required to annually report the capacity used - there is no requirement to report the origin
of waste received (277.312). Resource Recovery Facilities must submit a Host Municipality Benefit
Fee Quarterly Report (283.263) which requires information on the tonnage of CDD handled by the
facility - the origin and destination of CDD is not requested in the form
(http://www.elibrary.dep. state, pa. us/dsweb/View/Co lie ction-1067 8). Transfer stations are not
required to report the tonnages of materials handled (279.252). A waste conversion factor of 0.333
tons/cubic yard is provided for conversion from volume to weight-based estimates.
The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) provides in- and out-of-state CDD
acceptance data for each Municipal Waste facility by facility or by county 2003-2012. The total CDD
accepted at all the Municipal Landfills (currently 44 total sites
http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=589660&mode=2) is not provided
- individual tonnages would have to be summed for each year. Tonnage data for C/D landfills
(currently 4 sites) is not provided on DEP's website. As CDD disposal tonnages for C/D Landfills are
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not provided and CDD export information cannot be taken into account, the state's CDD disposal
data category is 0.
CDD recycling data are available for 2006-2012 by county.
Resources
1. Pennsylvania Waste Management Statues and Regulations
http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/communitv/waste management/14069/statut
es_and_regulations/589774
2. Pennsylvania Code Article VIE- Municipal Waste
http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/articleIDVni toe.html
3. Pennsylvania Municipal Waste Report Forms
http://www.elibrary.dep.state.pa.us/dsweb/View/Collection-9023
4. Pennsylvania Municipal Waste Disposal Info
http://www.portal, state.pa.us/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=589667&mode=2
5. Recycling in Pennsylvania
http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt?open=512&objID=14060&PageID=589559&
mode=2
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1.39 Rhode Island
Definition
The Rhode Island Solid Waste Regulations #DEM OWM-SW04-01.3.00 defines CDD debris within
the State of Rhode Island to mean
"non-hazardous solid waste resulting from the construction, remodeling, repair, and demolition of
utilities and structures; and uncontaminated solid waste resulting from land clearing. Such waste
includes, but is not limited to wood (including painted, treated and coated wood and wood
products), land clearing debris, wallcoverings, plaster, drywall, plumbing fixtures, non-asbestos
insulation, roofing shingles and other roofing coverings, glass, plastics that are not sealed in a
manner that conceals other wastes, empty buckets ten gallons or less in size and having no more
than one inch of residue remaining on the bottom, electrical wiring and components containing no
hazardous liquids, and pipe and metals that are incidental to any of the above. Solid waste that is
not CDD debris (even if resulting from the construction, remodeling, repair, and demolition of
utilities, structures, and roads and land clearing) includes, but is not limited to, asbestos waste,
garbage, corrugated container board, electrical fixtures containing hazardous liquids such as
fluorescent light ballasts or transformers, fluorescent lights, carpeting, furniture, appliances, tires,
drums, containers greater than ten gallons in size, any containers having more than one inch of
residue remaining on the bottom, and fuel tanks. Also excluded from the definition of CDD debris
is solid waste resulting from any processing technique that renders individual waste components
unrecognizable, such as pulverizing or shredding, at a facility that processes CDD debris."
Exemptions
The state regulations exclude the following CDD debris from the definition of solid waste:
1. Used asphalt, concrete, or Portland cement concrete
2. Tree stumps
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or a specific
component of CDD debris:
1. CDD Debris Processing Facility
2. Solid Waste Transfer Station
3. Solid Waste Landfill Unit - only two landfills currently operating in the state
4. Incinerator/Resource Recovery Facility
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
CDD debris that is disposed of in Rhode Island is placed in MSWLFs, otherwise the CDD debris is
handled by CDD debris processing facilities, which are regulated by Solid Waste Regulation No. 7:
Facilities that Process Construction and Demolition Debris (http://l.usa.gov/levHIL2). Facilities that
receive less than 50 tons per day of CDD debris are exempt from the requirement to obtain a solid
waste management facility license; instead, they must go through a registration process and
comply with all other applicable requirements and regulations. CDD Debris Processing Facilities are
required to maintain records of amounts of CDD recycled and processed, though the frequency the
State requests/requires filing this documentation and the method by which data are submitted is at
present unclear (e.g., it appears that submittal may occur online). The state regulations do not
appear to require facilities other than CDD Debris Processing Facilities to submit documentation of
disposal or recycled amounts of CDD. Therefore, the state's CDD disposal data category is 0.
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Resources
1. Solid Waste Regulations http://l .usa.gov/lcrqZMt
2. Regulation No. 7 Facilities That Process Construction and Demolition Debris
http://Lusa.gov/1evHlT2
3. Regulation No. 2 Solid Waste Landfills http://Lusa.gov/laFKCS2
4. Office of Waste Management Solid Waste webpage http://Lusa.gov/L73xsC
5. Department of Environmental Management Office of Waste Management
http://Lusa.gov/ldaxZZM
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1.40 South Carolina
Definition
As defined within the South Carolina Code of Laws Title 44, Chapter 96, Article 1, Section 44-96-
40(6), construction and demolition debris means:
"discarded solid wastes resulting from construction, remodeling, repair and demolition of
structures, road building, and land clearing. The wastes include, but are not limited to, bricks,
concrete, and other masonry materials, soil, rock, lumber, road spoils, paving material, and tree and
brush stumps, but does not include solid waste from agricultural or silvicultural operations."
Exemptions
The only exemptions specifically included in the definition include those materials generated as a
result of the agriculture and siUviculutre industries, ft should be noted that land clearing debris is
included in the definition. Although structural fill using CDD constituents such as hardened concrete,
asphaltic concete, brick is regulated by the state, structural fill activity in rights-of-way directly related
to road construction under contract with the S.C. Department of Transportation is exempt from these
regulations.
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. Class 1 Landill- Land Clearing Debris
2. Class 2 Landfill - CDD debris landfill
3. Class 3 Landfill - MSW landfill
4. Structural fills - hardened concrete, clean hardened asphalt, bricks or masonry blocks, and
land clearing debris
5. Solid Waste Processing Facility
6. Solid Waste Transfer Station
7. Solid Waste Incineration and Pyrolysis Facility
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
According to annual reporting forms, landfills are required to report CDD quantities and points of
origin, while the other facilities (including wood chipping facilities, but excluding structural fills) are
required to report the quantity, origin and destination (as applicable) of handled CDD. While the
incineration form does not specifically require an input of CDD tonnages, it does have a blank where
CDD components (if incinerated) could be listed (e.g., demolition wood chips). Reporting forms do
not provide guidance on converting CDD quantities from volume to weight-based estimates.
(http://www.scdhec.gov/environment/lwm/html/solidwaste.htmtfspreadsheets)
Annual reports (available from 2008-2012)provide the total amount of state-generated CDDmaterial
disposed of at CDD landfills as well as the total amount of state-generated CDD material disposed of
at MSW landfills (please see the data in the Fiscal Year 2011 report on pdf page 92). Also, while
total exports of CDD are not provided in the report, total exports of solid waste are provided (see
Fiscal Year 2011 report pdf page 85). Even if all waste exports were nothing but CDD, the state-
generated CDD disposal would only be underestimated by less than 5%. The report does provide the
number of structural fills and the amount deposited at these facilities. The state-approved structural
fills are less than 1 acre in size and have a proposed life of less than 12 months. As the state requires
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registration and specification of the maximum fill volume for these facilities, the state appearsto have
the data to estimate the amount of clean debris deposited at these facilities.
As the total CDD estimate based on the state tracked data appear to be within 5% of the actual
(excluding the amount deposited in structural fill facilities) the state's CDD disposal data category is
a2.
The annual report provides the amount of CDD recycled annually. Although the recycling amount
may include imported CDD, the methodology for the recycling amount estimation is based on an
estimation of recycled amount per processing facility and, therefore, the inclusion of imported
material would not impact the estimation.
Resources
1. Solid Waste Act and Solid Waste Management Rules
http://www.scdhec.gov/environment/lwm/regs/R61-107-19.pdf
http://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t44c096.php
2. South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control - Solid Waste
Management Annual Reports
http://www.scdhec.gov/environment/lwm/recvcle/annual report.htm#solidwastereport
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1.41 South Dakota
Definition
h the State of South Dakota, Admin. R S.D. 74:27:07:01(16) defines construction and demolition
debris as
"waste building materials resulting from construction, remodeling, repair, and demolition operations
on pavements, houses, commercial buildings, and other structures, excluding regulated asbestos-
containing waste material or ash."
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. CDD Debris Disposal Site
2. Restricted Use Site
3. Inert Waste Landfill
4. Solid Waste Incinerators
5. Type I Facility- MSW Landfill that receives more than 150,000 tons of solid waste each year
6. Type DA Facility - MSW Landfill that receives between 25,000 tons and 150,000 tons of solid
waste each year
7. Type IIB Facility - MSW Landfill that receives between 5,000 tons and 24,999 tons of solid
waste each year
8. Type IE Facility- M SW Landfill that receives between 500 tons and 4,999 tons of solid waste
each year
9. Type IVFacility- MSW Landfill that receives less than 500 tons of solid waste each year
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
The state regulations do not appear to require facilities to report disposal and recycled amounts.
Therefore, the state's CDD disposal data category is 0.
Resources
1. Solid Waste Rules http://Lusa.gov/le54H4T
2. Department of Natural Resources Solid Waste http://Lusa.gov/lk2Tcux
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1.42 Tennessee
Definition
In the State of Tennessee, within Tenn. Comp. R &Regs. 0400-11-01-. 01, construction/demolition
wastes
"means wastes, other than special wastes, resulting from construction, remodeling, repair and
demolition of structures and from road building. Such wastes include but are not limited to bricks,
concrete and other masonry materials, soil, rock and lumber, road spoils, rebar, paving material."
Exemptions
The state regulations exclude the following CDD debris from requiring a solid waste permit
http://www.tn.gov/sos/rules/0400/0400-l 1/0400-11-01.201303 18.pdf (0400-11-01-.02):
1. Land clearing debris - as fill on the site of generation, less than one acre [(l)(b)3.(v)]
2. CDD waste - as fill on the site of generation, less than one acre [(l)(b)3 .(vi)]
3. The use of solely natural rock, dirt, stumps, pavement, concrete and rebar, and/or brick
rubble as fill material [(l)(b)3.(xiii)]
4. The processing of landscaping or land clearing wastes or unpainted, unstained, and
untreated wood into mulch [(l)(b)3.(xix)]
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or a specific
component of CDD debris:
1. Class I Disposal Facility - MSW sanitary landfill
2. Class II Disposal Facility - landfill receiving waste generated by one or more industrial or
manufacturing plants
3. Class IE Disposal Facility-landfill for the disposal of CDD waste, farming wastes, landscaping
and land clearing wastes, and shredded automobile tires, and wastes of similar characteristics
4. Class IV Disposal Facility - landfill for the disposal of CDD waste, shredded automobile tires,
and wastes of similar characteristics
5. Solid Waste Processing Facility - Class I wastes
6. Solid Waste Incinerator - Class Iwastes
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
TCA 68-211-862 prescribes that Class I disposal facilities, solid waste processing facilities and solid
waste incinerators are required to report the overall mass of waste received on a quarterly basis
(http://bit.ly/19ZC5ZMI Since waste categories are not distinguished on this form, CDD material
estimates cannot be made from the information provided on the form. Therefore, the state's CDD
disposal data category is 0.
Resources
1. Solid Waste Processing and Disposal Rules http://bit.ly/l9ZALWw
2. Division of Solid Waste Regulations http://l.usa.gov/ldIDspK
3. Quarterly Report for Landfills, Incinerators and Transfer Stations Form CN-1180
http://bit.lv/19ZC5ZM
4. Division of Solid Waste Management http://I.usa.gov/ldayoel
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1.43 Texas
Definition
The State of Texas defines construction or demolition waste within the Texas Administrative Code
Title 30, Part 1, Chapter 330, Subchapter A, Rule §330.3(33) as:
"Waste resulting from construction or demolition projects; includes all materials that are directly or
indirectly the by-products of construction work or that result from demolition of buildings and other
structures, including, but not limited to, paper, cartons, gypsum board, wood, excelsior, rubber, and
plastics."
Although land clearing debris is not specifically included in the definition of CDD, some
constituents of LCD are included in definitions of yard waste and brush (reproduced below)- land
clearing debris could be considered an indirect by-product of construction work.
"Leaves, grass clippings, yard and garden debris, and brush, including clean woody vegetative
material not greater than six inches in diameter, that results from landscaping maintenance and
land-clearing operations. The term does not include stumps, roots, or shrubs with intact root balls."
"Brush—Cuttings or trimmings from trees, shrubs, or lawns and similar materials."
Exemptions
The state regulations exempt the following CDD constituent from state solid waste regulations
under the definition for solid waste:
"Soil, dirt, rock, sand, and other natural or man-made inert solid materials used to fill land if the
object of the fill is to make the land suitable for the construction of surface improvements"
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or a specific
component of CDD debris:
1. Type I Landfill - standard MSW landfill
2. Type IVLandfill - accepts brush, CDD waste, and rubbish
3. Type VFacility- solid waste processing facilities including transfer and incineration facilities
4. Monofills
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
Forms for registered or permitted disposal and processing facilities both require information on the
quantity and origin of CDD materials and yard waste or brush along with amounts diverted and
disposed of. However, the processing form does not track the destination of waste quantities
handled. On the landfill annual reporting form, a conversion factor of 0.2 tons/cubic yard is provided
to convert uncompacted CDD quantities from a volumetric to weight-based amount. Although
monofills are not required to report amount by the type of the waste accepted, these are allowed
primarily to accept demolition waste; there was only one active monofill in the state in 2012.
(http://www.tceq.texas.gov/permitting/waste_permits/waste_planning/wp_annual.html)
The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) analyzes the data provided in these reports
and publishes an annual summary report for the state (currently providing summaries from 2003-
2012) based on these reports. According to the Municipal Solid Waste in Texas: A Year in Review
report (for 2012 data, pdf page 17), Texas has no requirements fortracking the quantity of exported
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solid waste. Considering that total solid waste imports represent less than 3% of all CDD disposed
of in the state and that the mean demolition landfill tipping fee in Louisiana, New Mexico and
Oklahoma is approximately 27%, 65% and 70%, respectively, of Texas's mean demolition landfill
tipping fee (2012 information from the Waste Business Journal), it appears possible that a substantial
fraction of Texas'sCDD is being exported and managed out-of-state.
While all in-state landfills track and report the quantity and origin of CDD they accept for disposal,
due to the unknown quantity of CDD leaving the state, the state's CDD disposal data category is a
1. Texas started providing quantities of diverted CDD in the summary reports starting in 2011.
Resources
1. Annual Summary of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Texas
http://www.tceq.texas.gov/permitting/waste_permits/waste_planning/wp_swasteplan.html
2. Texas Administrative Code, Title 30, Part 1, Chapter 330 - Municipal Solid Waste
http://info.sos.state.tx.us/pls/pub/readtacSext.ViewTAC7tac view=4&ti=30&pt=l&ch=330
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1.44 Utah
Definition
h the State of Utah, within Utah Administrative Code R3 15-3 01-2(17) construction/demolition waste
means:
"solid waste from building materials, packaging, and rubble resulting from construction, remodeling,
repair, abatement, rehabilitation, renovation, and demolition operations on pavements, houses,
commercial buildings, and other structures, including waste from a conditionally exempt small
quantity generator of hazardous waste, as defined by Section R315-2-5, that may be generated by
these operations.
(a) Such waste may include:
(i) concrete, bricks, and other masonry materials;
(ii) soil and rock;
(Hi) waste asphalt;
(iv) rebar contained in concrete; and
(v) untreated wood, and tree stumps.
(b) Construction/demolition waste does not include:
(i) friable asbestos;
(ii) treated wood; or
(Hi) contaminated soils or tanks resulting from remediation or clean-up at any release or spill."
According to the above definition, it appears that construction/demolition waste includes land
clearing debris. However, land clearing debris is specifically included in the definition of yard waste
as:
"vegetative matter resulting from landscaping, land maintenance, and land clearing operations
including grass clippings, prunings, and other discarded material generated from yards, gardens,
parks, and similar types of facilities. Yard waste does not include garbage, paper, plastic, processed
wood, sludge, sept age, or manure."
Exemptions
R315-301-4(4) states the following, where R3 15-301 through 320 generally includes non-hazardous
solid waste management regulations:
"When deposition or disposal of the following materials does not cause a hazard to human health
or the en vironment or cause a public nuisance, the requirements of Rules R315-301 through 320 do
not apply to:
(a) inert waste used as fill material;
(c) the disposal of vegetative material generated as a result of land clearing"
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. Class I Facilities - MSW landfill also accepting waste from CESQG
2. Class IIFacilities - MSW landfill also accepting waste from CESQG and less than 20 tons per
day
3. Class IV Landfills - CDD waste, yard waste, inert waste, tires, dead animals, petroleum
contaminated soils
4. Class VFacilities - commercial MSW landfill also accepting waste from CESQG
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5. Class VI Facilities - commercial CDD waste (not containing PCBs), yard waste, inert waste,
tires, dead animals, petroleum contaminated soils, and may be further limited by a permit
6. Solid Waste Transfer Stations
7. Solid Waste Incinerator
8. Compost Facility
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
According to R315-302-2(4), all landfills which can accept CDD and incinerators are required to
provide an annual report detailing the total quantity of waste materials received, ft is interesting to
note that this regulation provides a volume to tonnage conversion factor for CDD as 0.5 tons/cubic
yard. According to annual reporting forms, all landfill disposal facilities are required to report the
quantity and origin of CDD disposed. Likewise, incineration facilities are required to report the origin
and quantity of CDD used. However, transfer stations are only required to report the amount of
CDD handled, and not its origin or destination - which means that it is likely not possible to quantify
Utah CDD imports or exports. http://l.usa.gov/leedVdB
While all disposal facilities which may accept CDD are required to report CDD tonnages and places
of origin, it appears that transfer stations are not keeping track of the origin or destination of CDD
materials. Therefore while landfills maybe keeping track of the origin of wastes, it is not clear whether
or not out-of-state waste received at a landfill by way of an in-state transfer station would count the
waste as in-state or out-of-state. Therefore, Utah CDD disposal data could be given a maximum
CDD disposal data category of 1. However, Utah only provides the previous year's CDD disposal data
(http://Lusa.gov/lx7xlKK) - information on historic CDD disposal was not found and is not readily
available. Therefore, the state's CDD disposal data category is currently 0.
Annual reporting forms for recycling facilities do not specifically request the amount of CDD
recovered/diverted. Furthermore, no annual reports were available which provide CDD diversion
information.
Resources
1. Utah Administrative Code
http://l.usa.gov/lblGKZi
2. Disposal Facilities, Recyclers and Disposal Volumes
http://Lusa.gov/lx7xlKK
3. Solid Waste Program: Disposal Facilities, Recyclers and Disposal Volumes
http://www.hazardouswaste.utah.gov/Solid Waste Section/disposalfacilities.htm
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1.45 Vermont
Definition
The State of Vermont, under Code Vt. R 11P-03 §6-01, defines Construction and Demolition Waste
as:
"For the purpose of these rules, waste derived from the construction or demolition of buildings,
roadways or structures including but not limited to dean wood, treated or painted wood, plaster,
sheetrock, roof ing paper and shingles, insulation, glass, stone, soil, flooring materials, brick, masonry,
mortar, incidental metal, furniture and mattresses. This waste does not include asbestos waste,
regulated hazardous waste, hazardous waste generated by households, hazardous waste from
conditionally exempt generators, or any material banned from landfill disposal under 10 V.SA.
§6621a."
Exemptions
The state regulations exclude the following CDD debris from state solid waste regulations:
1. The disposal of trees, stumps, yard waste, and wood chips generated from these materials,
when the origin and disposal of such waste occurs on property under the same ownership
or control (§6-30l(b)(l)).
2. Solid waste that has been treated or processed in a certified facility provided that the
applicant demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Secretary that after treatment or
processing the solid waste poses no threat to the environment, public health and safety and
does not create a nuisance (§6-301(b)(5)).
ft appears that both land clearing debris and structural fill are conditionally exempt from Vermont
solid waste rules.
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or a specific
component of CDD debris:
1. CDD Waste Landfills - discrete disposal facilities
2. Categorical Disposal Facility - If the facility disposes of stumps, brush, untreated wood,
bituminous concrete, non-recycled glass, concrete, masonry, mortar, porcelain, pottery, tile,
clay pipe, and/or street sweepings
3. MSW landfill - discrete disposal facilities
4. Tran sfe r Static n
5. Recycling Facility
Clean wood will be banned from landfill disposal by July 1, 2016 as part of Vermont's new solid
waste law. Clean wood includes trees, untreated wood, and other natural wood debris such as tree
stumps, brush and limbs, root mats and logs.
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
CDD Waste Landfills and MSW Landfills are required to report the amount of CDD received and
disposed by the facility on a quarterly basis, as stated in §6-703 of Vermont Rule 11P-03. ft is not
clear whether Categorical Disposal Facilities are reporting the quantity and origin of materials received
per §6-309(e)(4). Transfer stations and recycling facilities are required to report the amount and
destination of CDD managed by the facility also on a quarterly basis, as stated in §6-1208(a) of
Vermont Rule 11P-03. The quantity of CDD recycled for recycling facilities are also required to be
reported as per §6-1207(c) and §6-1208(a).
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Annual solid waste diversion and disposal reports were found for 2011 - 1999, which detail the
amount of in- and out-of-state CDD/wood diverted and disposed. Waste management facility
quarterly and annual reporting takes place through the Re-TRAC electronic reporting system.
(http://www.anr.state.vt.us/dec/wastediv/solid/permit.htm)
It should be noted that annual reports provide total tonnages of wood and CDD - regulatory
definitions seem to suggest that " clean wood" and " untreated wood" - both would encompass
land clearing debris materials. Therefore, it appears likely that the CDD/wood category includes both
CDD and land clearing debris. State regulations appear to track the disposal of CDD at every facility
that may accept CDD for disposal except for Categorical Disposal Facilities. B/en though CDD imports
and exports are tracked by the state, Vermont CDD disposal data is categorized as a 0 because it
appears that not all CDD disposal facilities are tracking the quantities of CDD being deposited.
The only CDD diversion information available in annual reports appears to have been determined
using the results of a waste composition study performed which estimated a CDD per capita
estimation for Vermont citizens - state diversion tonnages were estimated by subtracting total state
CDD disposal from the production of this per capita generation rate with the state's population.
Because this diversion data is not the result of periodically updated on-the-ground information, it
was not considered for further analysis.
Resources
1. Solid Waste Management Rules
http://bit.lv/lfk8iuD
2. VTDEC Construction & Demolition website
http://bit.lv/lmSlHln
3. Annual Solid Waste Diversion and Disposal Reports
http://www.anr.state.vt.us/dec/wastediv/solid/DandD.htm
4. Waste Management & Prevention Division
http://bit.lv/leiX6hx
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1.46 Virginia
Definition
The Commonwealth of Virginia separately defines construction waste and demolition waste within
Administrative Code (VAC), 9VAC20-81-10 where:
""Construction waste" means solid waste that is produced or generated during construction,
remodeling, or repair of pavements, houses, commercial buildings, and other structures. Construction
wastes include, but are not limited to lumber, wire, sheet rock, broken brick, shingles, glass, pipes,
concrete, paving materials, and metal and plastics if the metal or plastics are a part of the materials
of construction or empty containers for such materials. Faints, coatings, solvents, asbestos, any liquid,
compressed gases or semi-liquids and garbage are not construction wastes.
"Demolition waste" means that solid waste that is produced by the destruction of structures and
their foundations and includes the same materials as construction wastes."
Although LCD is not specifically included in CDD definition, it is separately defined as "vegetative
waste resulting from land-clearing activities" and included in definition of debris waste as follows:
"Debris waste" means wastes resulting from land-clearing operations. Debris wastes include, but
are not limited to stumps, wood, brush, leaves, soil, and road spoils."
Exemptions
The state regulations exclude the following CDD debris from state solid waste regulations under
the definition for solid waste (provided in 9VAC20-81-95):
1. Wood wastes burned for energy recovery.
2. Clean wood, wood chips, or bark from land clearing, logging operations, utility line clearing
and maintenance operations and wood products manufacturing, when these materials are
placed in commerce for service as mulch, landscaping, animal bedding, erosion control,
habitat mitigation, wetlands restoration, or bulking agent at a compost facility.
3. Nonhazardous, contaminated soil that has been excavated as part of a construction project
and that is used as backfill for the same excavation or excavations containing similar
contaminants at the same site, at concentrations at the same level or higher.
4. Uncontaminated concrete and concrete products, asphalt pavement, brick, glass, soil, and
rock placed in commerce for service as a substitute for conventional aggregate.
5. Clean, ground gypsum wallboard when used as a soil amendment or fertilizer, provided the
conditions in 9VAC20-81-95 are met.
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD or a specific
component of CDD:
1. Construction/Demolition/Debris (CDD) Landfills
2. Sanitary Landfills
3. Waste to Energy/Incineration Facilities
4. Solid Waste Transfer Stations
5. Materials Recovery Facilities
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CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
The owners or operators of all permitted solid waste management facilities that treat, store, or
dispose of solid waste are required to report the amount of solid waste, by weight or volume, received
and managed by the facility annually during the preceding calendar year (9VAC20-81-80); it appears
that transfer stations would not be required to report the quantities to the state. The Virginia
Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) provides a form for all permitted solid waste
management facilities to annually report the origin, (if applicable) amount managed off-site, quantity
and management strategy for solid waste materials received at their facility. CDD is one of the
included waste types for which each facility is asked to provide an accepted quantity. Tonnages for
individual wastes must be categorized according to how they were managed (i.e., whether they were
landfilled, recycled, composted, incinerated, mulched or other). An additional line in the form
requests information regarding off-site management of materials including whether the materials
were recycled or treated/stored/disposed (TSD). However, it should be noted that the form tracks the
quantity of waste managed at an "off-site" location -this location maybe outside of the state. DEQ
allows the form filler to select whether quantities are being reported in cubic yards or tons -
conversion factors for CDD or CDD materials are not provided on the form.
(http://www.deq.virginia.gov/Programs/LandProtectionRevitalization/Forms.aspx - See SWIA form
DEQ 50-25 towards the bottom of the page)
DEQ provides annual reports summarizing state solid waste management (currently available for
calendar year 1997-2012). Data provided in the reports is organized according to the reporting form
categories. The report provide the total amount of CDD disposed of and diverted in the state
(including imports). The total amount of imported CDD is provided though, and appears to comprise
about 20% (for 2011) of the total CDD managed within the state (see 2011 report pdf page 15).
However, the amount of imported CDD according to management strategy are not provided (e.g.,
imported CDD quantities are not separately listed for total disposal or recycled tonnages). Therefore,
it is not possible to estimate the disposed of and recycled amounts of in-state CDD without making
assumptions as to how it was managed. Also, Virginia does not provide information on CDD state
exports - it is not possible to quantify the amount of state-generated CDD leaving the state.
Furthermore, only the total amount of CDD managed (treated, disposed of, and stored) off-site is
provided. Based on the information required on the reporting form, it appears that the state may
have the imported CDD amounts by management strategy and amount exported.
LCD amounts are included in CDD tons in the annual reports. As clean debris filling operations are
exempted from solid waste regulations, the CDD amount used in filling operation probably are not
tracked and reported to the state.
Virginia appears to track the management of CDD at all state solid waste facilities, however, because
of the following reasons the state's CDD disposal data category is a 1:
1. Lack of disposal and diverted amounts of imported CDD, the state-generated CDD disposal
amount may be overestimated (by approximately 35% based on the amounts reported for
2011), and
2. The contribution of CDD exports to the overall quantity of CDD disposed is unknown.
Although recycling amount may include imported CDD, the methodology for recycling amount
estimation is based on estimation of recycled amount per processing facility and, therefore, the
inclusion of imported amount does not impact the estimation.
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Resources
1. VAC Agency 20 - Virginia Waste Management Board, Chapter 81 - Solid Waste Management
Regulations
http://Lusa.gov/MpI5Ra
2. Identification of Solid Waste
http://lis.virg inia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?000+reg+9VAC20-81-95
3. Virginia DEQ Annual Solid Waste Reports
http://www.deq.virginia.gov/Programs/LandProtectionRevitalization/ReportsPublications/Ann
ualSolidWaste Reports, aspx
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1.47 Washington
Definition
While construction or construction and demolition waste is not specifically defined in Washington
Administrative Code (WAC), a definition for demolition waste is provided in WAC Title 173 Chapter
304 Section 100 as:
"solid waste, largely inert waste, resulting from the demolition or razing of buildings, roads and other
man-made structures. Demolition waste consists of, but is not limited to, concrete, brick, bituminous
concrete, wood and masonry, composition roofing and roofing paper, steel, and minor amounts of
other metals like copper. Raster (i. e., sheet rock or plaster board) or any other material, other than
wood, that is likely to produce gases or a leachate during the decomposition process and asbestos
wastes are not considered to be demolition waste for the purposes of this regulation."
Although the regulations are silent on LCD, the annual reporting form for limited purpose landfill
and MSW landfills list LCD.
Exemptions
173-350-200 WAC provides the ability for certain material management strategies to be exempt
from requiring a permit for solid waste handling, though it does not provide examples of materials/
management which may possibly meet this qualification. However, annual reporting forms request
information from beneficial users including the quantity and type of material beneficially used, so it
is likely that these number are reported in reported diversion tonnages.
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. Limited Purpose Landfills (e.g., wood waste, CDD landfills)
2. Inert Waste Landfill
3. MSW Landfill
4. Material Recovery Facility
5. Transfer Station
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
According to the Washington Department of Ecology (WDOE), each of these facilities is required to
complete annual reporting forms including information on the type (specifically mentioning CDD and
components of CDD), quantity (either tons or cubic yards), origin and (if applicable) destination of
handled waste. For most forms, quantities can be submitted in either tons or cubic yards. Some
conversion factors for specific components of CDD can be found appended to the recycling facility
annual reporting form, since this is one of the few forms specifying that material quantities be
reported in tons. (http://www.ecv.wa.gov/programs/swfa/facilities/forms.html)
WDOE-provided CDD material diversion and disposal information is provided in an Excel workbook
which appears to be periodically updated (and which currently provides CDD disposal and diversion
data from 1992-2011). While MSW landfills are currently required to specifically report tonnages of
CDD accepted (this may not have been the case previously), the amount of CDD accepted at MSW
landfills within the workbook was estimated as a percent of the total M SW received. This value was
periodically updated using the results of 3 different waste characterization studies which took place
in 1992, 2003 and 2009 (see footnote 2 in the workbook). Based on WDOE staff information, the
listed tonnages are those exclusively originating from within the state.
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It is interesting to note that tonnages of LCD diverted from disposal count towards the overall CDD
diversion rate even though LCD is separately tracked from CDD on landfill annual report disposal
tracking forms - which suggests that LCD is being included in the amount of CDD being disposed of
in the state.
As the CDD disposal data includes amounts from all the facilities that may accept CDD and includes
CDD in MSA/ loads, the CDD disposal data category is a 3.
CDD diversion information is provided in the same B
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1.48 West Virginia
Definition
The State of West Virginia defines Construction/Demolition Waste within W. Va. Code R §33-1-2.38
as:
"waste building materials, packaging, and grubbing waste resulting from construction, remodeling,
repair, and demolition operations on houses, commercial, and industrial buildings, including, but not
limited to, wood, plaster, bricks, blocks and concrete, and other masonry materials, but does not
include asbestos-containing materials, household furnishings, burnt debris, material containing lead-
based paint, pressure-treated wood, contaminated solid waste, yard waste or waste tires, and other
items listed in subdivision 5.4. a."
§33-1-5.4a outlines the general requirements for the operation of Class D-l and Class D (CDD) Solid
Waste facilities as:
"Only the construction/demolition wastes approved in the facility permit must be accepted.
Prohibited materials include, but are not limited to: putrescible wastes, household wastes, automobile
shredder fluff, industrial wastes, sludge wastes, liquid paint, including lead-based paint or products
coated with lead-based paint, lacquers, solvents, adhesives, cements, sealants, pesticides, aerosols,
resin containers, brake fluid, lubricating oil and oil filters, any automotive fluids or fuels, railroad ties,
pressure treated wood and engineered wood products, metal wastes (such as piping, wiring
appliances, and "white goods"), electrical wastes (such as batteries, mercury-containing switches,
ballasts, transformers and capacitors, fluorescent tubes, and computer equipment) carpet and other
synthetic flooring material, or other items prohibited by the Class D General Permit Groundwater
Protection Ran."
Exemptions
The state regulations exclude the following CDD debris from requiring a solid waste permit:
1. The disposal of trees, stumps, woodchips, and yard waste generated from land clearing,
when generation and disposal occur on the same property and the disposal area is less than
one-half acre, is exempt from the permitting requirements (§3.16.e.2.A.).
2. The legitimate beneficial reuse of clean bituminous (asphaltic) concrete, Portland concrete,
and other clean masonry substances for the purpose of fill, riprap, road surfacing or
roadbase material is exempt from the permitting requirements (§3.16.e.2.D.).
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or a specific
component of CDD debris:
1. Class A Facility - commercial MSW facility handling between 10,000-30,000 tons of solid
waste per month
2. Class B Facility-commercial MSW facility handling a daily average of 100 dailytons, but does
not exceed 10,000 tons per month, for population equal or greater than 40,000. Excludes
CDD facilities
3. Class C Facility - commercial MSW facility handling a daily average of less than 100 daily
tons, for population less than 40,000. Excludes CDD facilities
4. Class D Facility - facility for the disposal of only CDD waste, no greater than 2 acres in size
5. Class D-l Facility - facility for the disposal of only CDD waste
6. Class E So lid Waste Recycling Facility
7. Municipal Solid Waste Landfill
8. Incinerator Facilit
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9. Recycling Facility
10. Transfer Station
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
Landfills and transfer stations are required to report the type, amount and source of solid waste
disposed, by weight in tons, on a monthly basis as outlined in §33-1-4.12.b (as described fortransfer
stations in §33-1-5.2.k.l 1). However, it is not clear what types of waste are categorized in monthly
tonnage reports. The West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection State of the
Environment (Fourth Edition) report, while presenting total waste disposal tonnage, does not provide
waste disposal type details. Therefore, while it is possible that CDD quantities and origin are being
tracked for all disposal facilities, it does not appear that CDD (or other waste) exports are tracked -
the highest CDD disposal data category that the state could receive is a 1. However, as CDD disposal
data is not readily available, the state's CDD disposal data category is currently 0.
State CDD diversion data was not located.
Resources
1. Solid Waste Management Rules http://bit.lv/lfqwZna
2. Municipal Solid Waste Landfills http://bit.lv/lfpHpFD
3. WV Water and Waste Management Page http://bit.lv/LdBrfl
4. WV DEP Water and Waste http://bit.lv/lnqthiX
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1.49 Wisconsin
Definition
As defined within Wisconsin Administrative Code (WAC) NR500.03(50), construction and demolition
waste means:
"solid waste resulting from the construction, demolition or razing of buildings, roads and other
structures. Note: Construction and demolition waste typically consists of concrete, bricks, bituminous
concrete, wood, glass, masonry, roofing, siding and plaster, alone or in combinations. It does not
include waste paints, solvents, sealers, adhesives or similar materials."
While no separate definition for land clearing debris was found in WAC or Wisconsin Statues, yard
waste is defined in Wisconsin Statues 287.01(17) as:
"leaves, grass clippings, yard and garden debris and brush, including dean woody vegetative material
no greater than 6 inches in diameter. This term does not include stumps, roots or shrubs with intact
root balls."
Exemptions
The state regulations exempt the following CDD debris from WAC (NR500.08(l)(b), (2)(a), (2)(e):
1. Riprapping projects using inert solid waste materials approved by the department, or in
submerged shore lands in Lake Michigan, the title to which has been granted by the state to
a municipality.
2. Facilities where only clean soil, brick, building stone, concrete or reinforced concrete not
painted with lead-based paint, broken pavement, and wood not treated or painted with
preservatives or lead-based paint are disposed.
3. Facilities where untreated, unpainted wood wastes including wood chips, bark, and sawdust
are handled and stored properly and used for landscaping or trail surface course purposes in
accordance with generally accepted practices.
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
components of CDD debris:
1. Small CDD Waste Landfills - smaller than 50,000 yd3
2. Intermediate CDD Waste Landfills - 50,000 yd3 to 250,000 yd3
3. Industrial Solid Waste Landfills - CDD landfills larger than 250,000 yd3
4. Municipal Solid Waste Landfills
5. Tran sfe r Facilitie s
6. Processing Facilities
7. Incinerators
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) require landfill operators to submit an annual
report with the quantities, categories and origin of waste received at their facility
(http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/recycling/studies.html- see near bottom of page).
CDD data (presented as material Category 25 in the table) is available for 2009-2012 and is reported
annually for all permitted MSW and industrial landfills. Only 29 of these landfills are reported to
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accept CDD. However, the tonnages from 15 small and 5 intermediate CDD landfill sites are not
included in the annual disposal numbers. The quantity of exported CDD is not reported, though out-
of-state waste is listed separately on the right side of the table. However, the total export of non-
M £W waste (CDD and other industrial waste) in 2011 was less than 1 %.
The data set is incomplete as CDD disposal information is only provided for industrial and MSW
landfills and also because CDD export information is not available. Therefore, the state's CDD disposal
data category is 0.
CDD diversion information was not found on Wisconsin DNRs website.
Resources
1. WAC NR500 - General Solid Waste Management Requirements
http://docs.legis.wi.gov/code/admin_code/nr/5 00/5 00/02
2. Wisconsin Solid and Hazardous Waste Codes and Statues
http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/Waste/Laws.html
3. Wisconsin Statues Chapter 287 - Solid Waste Reduction, Recovery and Recycling
http://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/287
4. Wisconsin DNRLandfill Tonnage Reports
http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/Landfills/Fees.html
5. Landfill listing
http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/Waste/documents/faclists/WisLic_SWLandfills.pdf
http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/Waste/documents/faclists/CDLandfillsIntermed_byFacName.pdf
http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/Waste/documents/faclists/CDLandfillsSmall byFacName.pdf
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1.50 Wyoming
Definition
The State of Wyoming (Solid Waste Rules and Regulations Chapter 1, Sect. l(e)(i)) defines
"construction/demolition waste" as:
"includes but is not limited to stone, wood, concrete, asphaltic concrete, cinder blocks, brick, plaster
and metal."
Exemptions
The state regulations exclude the following CDD debris from state solid waste regulations §l(l)(iii):
1. Clean fill: The disposal of clean fill consisting solely of uncontaminated natural soil and rock,
hardened asphalt rubble, bricks, and concrete rubble in such a manner that does not create
a health hazard, public or private nuisance or detriment to the environment
Management Facilities
The following categories of solid waste management facilities may accept CDD debris or specific
component of CDD debris:
1. Construction/Demolition Landfill
2. Type I Solid Waste Landfill - MSW landfill
3. Type n Solid Waste Landfill - MSW landfill collection less than 20 tons daily, and no evidence
of groundwater contamination
4. Solid Waste Transfer Station
5. Solid Waste Processing Facility
CDD Debris Disposal and Recycling Amounts
The state regulations do not appear to require facilities to report disposal and recycled amounts.
Therefore, the state's CDD disposal data category is 0.
Resources
1. Solid and Hazardous Waste Division page
http://deq.state.wy.us/shwd/
2. Solid waste rules website
http://bit.lv/L2fJuF
3. Solid waste rules and regulations pdf
http://bit.lv/lesicKO
4. Chapter 4 Construction/Demolition Landfill Regulations
http://bit.lv/ln76dpg
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Appendix B
Background on CDD Managed at Permitted
and Registered Disposal Facilities
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Table of Contents
1. Construction and Demolition Debris Managed at Permitted or Registered Disposal
Facilities - Project Background 99
2. References 113
List of Rgures
Rgure B-1. Correlation of Construction Wages and Salaries Versus Construction GDP in the
US, Years 2000 -2012 Data for All Sates 103
Rgure B-2. Correlation of Construction GDP and Total Industry GDP, Years 2000 - 2012 Data
for All Sates 104
Rgure B-3. Correlation Between Total Wages and Salaries and Total Industry GDP, Years 2000
-2012 Data for All Sates 105
Rgure B-4. Correlation Between Construction GDPand Sate Population, Years2005 - 2009
Data for All Sates 106
Rgure B-5. Correlation Between Building Permits and Sate Population, Years 2005 - 2009
Data for All Sates 107
Rgure B-6. Comparison Between Sate Population and CDD Disposed Reported by Rorida,
Years 2003 through 2009 108
Rgure B-7. Comparison of Number of Building Permits Issued and the Quantity of CDD
Disposed in Rorida, Years 2003 through 2009 108
Rgure B-8. Correlation of Building Permits and CDD Disposal Quantity for Bght Sates for the
Year 2008 109
Rgure B-9. Correlation of Building Permits and CDD Disposal Quantity for Seven Sates for
the Year 2009 110
Rgure B-10. Correlation of Building Permits and CDD Disposal Quantity for Sx Sates for the
Year 2010 111
Rgure B-11. Correlation of Building Permits and CDD Disposal Quantity for Seven Sates for
the Year 2011 111
List of Tables
Table B-1. Data Classification System Developed and Assigned to USSates 100
Table B-2. Data Sets Analyzed for Potential CDD Generation Indicators 101
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2. Construction and Demolition Debris Managed at Ftermitted or Registered
Disposal Facilities- Methodology Background
1.51 Overview
Several state environmental agencies (SEAs) collect and track the quantity of material managed at
waste handling facilities in their state. Specific criteria were developed to identify those states that
could be used to extrapolate data to other states where CDD management quantities are not tracked,
routinely reported, or analyzed by the SEAs. The criteria were developed taking into account the
following considerations:
• Does the state require facilities to track the quantity of waste materials handled at permitted
or registered facilities, including CDD?
• Are CDD quantities tracked separately from other waste types?
• Are waste imports and exports tracked?
• Are waste quantity data routinely reported (e.g., annually)?
• Are waste management data readily available through the SEA website or does information
on the SEA website suggest that waste management quantity data are available?
• At facilities that primarily handle wastes other than CDD, are material types tracked such that
the quantity of CDD managed at those facilities can be assessed?
US EPA analyzed SEA websites and related information to examine the available data and compared
the data to the above criteria.
1.52 Data Quality
CDD quantity data were identified, gathered, and organized for states where such information was
readily available. The form of the available data varied; in many cases, quantity data were presented
in an annual or biennial solid waste management report that covered state-related activities
associated with waste handling, while in other cases waste handling data were available in
spreadsheets or a simple data output format.
Based on the criteria stated in Section 1.1, US EPA developed a data classification system for states
where data were available. A description of the data classification system is provided in Table B-l.
Ultimately, US EPA created four data classification categories based on the variability in the quantity
and quality of data available from different states. For example, data classification of "3" represented
the highest-quality data designating transparency in CDD managed at CDD facilities, CDD managed
at other types of facilities (e.g., municipal solid waste landfills), and closely-tracked imports and
exports of CDD materials for the state. Tracking imports and exports is critical so that the CDD
management quantity at facilities in the state can be attributed to that state only.
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Table B-2. Data Classification System Developed and Assigned to US States
Data
Category
Brief Description
States
ft appears that all CDD disposal data are tracked and available
for every type of disposal facility that may accept CDD (not
including LCD). CDD import and export data are also being
tracked and are available.
Maine, Massachusetts,
Washington, Florida
ft appears that all CDD disposal data are tracked and available
for every type of disposal facility that may accept CDD (not
including LCD). CDD import and export data are also being
tracked and are available. However, some portion of the CDD
imports or exports may not be tracked/available (e.g.,
imported CDD disposal of at MSW landfills) but other data
(e.g., total imports or exports of solid waste) suggest that the
estimated amounts are within ±15% of the actual state-
generated CDD disposal amount.
Kansas, Maryland,
South Carolina
ft appears that all CDD disposal data are tracked and are
available for every type of disposal facility that may accept
CDD (not including LCD). However, either some portion of
CDD imports and exports may not be tracked/available (e.g.,
imported CDD disposal at MSW landfills) or other data (e.g.,
total imports or export of solid waste) suggest that the
estimated amounts are outside of ±15% of the actual state-
generated CDD amount.
Texas, Virginia, Nevada,
Michigan
Data Not
Available
CDD disposal data are not readily available, is not separately
tracked from other waste types, or is not tracked at all.
The remaining 39 states
US EPA identified several routinely-tracked construction activity indicators for possible use in
extrapolating the state CDD disposal amounts to a nationwide estimate. Table B-2 presents
information on the data sets analyzed to identify a parameter that can used as an indicator of state
CDD disposal data. Of the 18 datasets listed, the following 7 (or individual statistics thereof) were
excluded because their data are not tracked at the state level: New Residential Construction,
Construction Spending, Survey of Residential Alteration and Repairs, Components of Inventory
Change, American Housing Survey, USCB Economic Census - Nationwide Wrecking and Demolition
Contractor Statistics, and the US EIA Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey. Further,
statistics from both Occupation Employment Statistics and the Quarterly Workforce Indicators were
not further analyzed as Construction Wages and Salaries data appeared to be a surrogate for these
statistics. Furthermore, a review of the Statistical Abstract of the United States suggests that most of
statistics reported in the abstract were either not tracked at the state level or provided data already
analyzed (e.g., building permits, construction wages and salaries) or provided data that did not
appear to be related to construction activity (e.g., number of units by the number of bedrooms,
homeownership) (USCB 2014).
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Table B-3. Construction Activity Indicators Analyzed for Potential CDD Disposal Indicators
Title of Data Sst
Total Wages and
Salaries
Construction Wages
and Salaries
Population/Change
in Population
Total GDP
Construction GDP
Median Household
Income
Number of Active
Disposal/CDD
Processing Facilities
Building Permits
New Residential
Construction
Construction
Spending
Description
Wages and salaries for all employees, as
estimated by the Quarterly Census of
Employment and Wages
Wages and salaries for employees of the
construction industry, as estimated by the
Quarterly Census of Employment and
Wages
Population estimates are performed using
the most recent decennial census and
updating using information based on
births, deaths and migration
The market value of goods and services
produced by labor and property for all
industries - GDP is the sum of the
compensation of employees; taxes on
production and import; and gross
operating surplus minus subsidies.
The market value of goods and services
produced by labor and property for the
construction industry
Median household income as determined
by the Annual Social and Economic
Supplement to the Current Population
Survey
Summary of the total number of active
CDD disposal sites and CDD processing
facilities for each state - data was
compiled from state databases and data
requests, direct contact of facilities
provided on Construction and Materials
Recycling Association's website, and on
information from the Waste Business
Journal (2012).
Housing units authorized by building
permits for new residential construction
Starts and completions of new single- and
multi-family housing units
Estimates of the total dollar value of
construction work done in the US
Geography
US, states
US, states
US, state,
county,
city, town,
other sub-
county
US, states
US, states
Sates
Sates
US, states,
metro
areas,
counties,
other
permit-
issuing
places
US, 4
regions
US
Reporting
Frequency
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
N/A
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
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Title of Data Set
Quarterly Workforce
Indicators
Survey of Residential
Alterations and
Repairs
Occupational
Employment
Statistics
Components of
Inventory Change
(CINCH)
American Housing
Survey (AHS)
Statistical Abstract of
the United Sates
USCB Economic
Census- Nationwide
Wrecking and
Demolition
Contractor Statistics
US BA Commercial
Buildings Energy
Consumption Survey
Description
Employment, job creation, separations,
turnover, average monthly earnings
Residential Improvements and Repairs
Provides detailed wage-related and
employment statistics for numerous
construction sub-industries
Changes in the characteristics of housing
stock, including residential units
demolished
Numerous housing statistics such as size
and composition of housing, vacancies,
fuel usage, physical condition, occupant
characteristics, home improvements,
residential units demolished
Compilation of information from other
surveys to provide annual statistics for the
nation. Includes area of single-family
home foundations, total value of
residential construction put in place,
information on major home
improvements
Total annual payroll; number of
establishments; number of paid
employees; total value of sales,
shipments, receipts, revenue or business
done
Provides information on commercial
building floorspace
Geography
Sates,
metro
areas,
counties
US
US, states
(2012
only)
US
us,
regions
(limited)
us,
regions,
states
US
US
Reporting
Frequency
Quarterly
Quarterly/
Annual
(historic)
Annual
Biennial
(historic)
Biennial
Annual
Every 5
Years
(historic)
Every 4
Years
(historic)
Data from the following remaining datasets was compiled and reviewed to identify their potential to
serve as indicators of CDD disposal: Total Wages and Salaries, Construction Wages and Salaries,
Population/Change in Population, Total GDP, Construction GDP, and Building Permits. Using 2000-
2012 data for all states, correlation coefficients were estimated between several of these statistics
which were believed to be representative of very similar/nearly identical data. As Rgure B-1 shows,
the data provided by Construction Wages and Salaries correlate well against Construction GDP.
Smilarly, Rgure B-2 reveals that Construction GDP is well correlated with Total Industry GDP, and
Rgure B-3 shows that Total Wages and Salaries are very well correlated with Total Industry GDP.
Rnally, Rgure B-4 strongly suggests that total state population is very well related to Construction
GDP - 2005 and 2009 data (representative of economic conditions just before and following the
housing market recession). Therefore, for the purpose of identifying a unique representative
indicator of CDD disposal, Total Wages and Salaries, Construction Wages and Salaries, Total Industry
GDP, Construction Industry GDP and Sate Population were all considered to provide very similar or
nearly identical data trends.
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60 -r
0
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Construction GDP (Trillion $)
Rgure B-2. Correlation of Construction Wages and Salaries Versus Construction GDP in the US, Years 2000
2012 Data for All Sates
B-103
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Methodology to Sim ate the Quantity, Com post ion and
Management of ODD Debris in the US
0.10
0.00
0.0
2.5
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Total Industry GDP (Trillion $)
Rgure B-3. Correlation of Construction GDP and Total Industry GDP, Years 2000 - 2012 Data for All States
B-104
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Methodology to Sim ate the Quantity, Com post ion and
Management of ODD Debris in the US
1000
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Total Industry GDP (Trillion $)
Rgure B-4. Correlation Between Total Wages and Salaries and Total Industry GDP, Years 2000 -2012 Data
for All States
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100
r
Q
80 -
60 -
C
o
+: 40
u
3
+•»
vt
C
U 20
• 2005
O 2009
FL
r= 0.9507 (2005)
TX
TX O
= 0.9513 (2009)
0 10000 20000 30000 40000
Population (Thousands of Inhabitants)
Rgure B-5. Correlation Between Construction GDP and State Population, Years 2005 - 2009 Data for All
States
B-106
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Management of ODD Debris in the US
350
10000
20000
30000
40000
Population (Thousands of Inhabitants)
Figure B-6. Correlation Between Building Permits and State Population, Years 2005 - 2009 Data
for All States
A relatively poor correlation was found between building permits and population data, as presented
in Figure B-5. Therefore, building permits and state population seemed to distinctly capture aspects
of construction activity and were separately analyzed to identify the parameter that correlate better
with CDD disposal rates. Further analysis of the CDD disposal and population trend for Florida for
2003-2009 showed that the CDD disposal varied independently of the population. As shown in
Figure B-6; CDD disposal increased from 2003 through 2005 and thereafter declined even though
the population consistently increased throughout this period. Building permit data on the other hand
mimicked the CDD disposal trend, as shown in Figure B-7. The number of building permits issued
by a state is directly related to construction activity (i.e., more building permits will necessarily mean
more construction and as a result more CDD generation and disposal) while state population or
population change is not a direct indicator of the construction activity (e.g., there maybe existing
housing capacity for population growth). Building permits were, therefore, selected for this nation-
wide CDD disposal estimation methodology. Although building permit numbers do not include
renovation and demolition activities, it is the only construction activity indicator, apart from
Construction GDP and Construction industry wages and salary data, that is routinely tracked for each
state in the US.
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13.3
13.6 -
18.4 -
«* 18.2 -
o
= 13.0-
E
c 17.3-
o
«! 17.6-
Q,
£ 17.4 -
17.2 -
17.0 -
16.3
-— Population
ODD Disposal
r 12
- 11
- 10
9
8
-7
- 6
-5
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2003
2009
VI
C.
o
H
c
o
re
H
O
Q-
«
Q
0
Q
O
Figure B-7. Comparison Between State Population and CDD Disposed Reported by Florida, Years
2003 through 2009
0.30
c
re
±! 0.15-
E
0.10 -
0.05 -
0.00
Building Permits
CDD Disposal
12
11
- 10
VI
C
9 2.
- 7
- 5
re
VI
o
Q
Q
O
2003 2004 2005
2006 2007
2008
2009
Figure B-8. Comparison of Number of Building Permits Issued and the Quantity of CDD Disposed
in Florida, Years 2003 through 2009
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Methodology to Estimate the Quantity, Com post ion and
Management of ODD Debris in the US
State CDD disposal quantities from 2008 -2011 were plotted against the total number of building
permits issued by each respective state. While historical CDD disposal data were found and analyzed
back to 2003, the limited number of disposal quantity data points prior to 2008 impaired the ability
to observe data trends. Rgures B-8 through B-11 show that the correlation coefficient of building
permits versus CDD disposal quantity for each year's trend line ranges from 0.82-0.93. (The states
used in the correlations shown in Rgures B-8 through B-11 differ because data from the same states
were not available every year). Strong correlations of annual CDD disposal data with building permit
numbers for 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011 show that building permits are an effective surrogate
parameter to extrapolate the CDD disposal data of high quality to those states that currently do not
track CDD disposal data or do not track CDD disposal from all facilities.
re
*
w 5 -
c
o
£ 3-
o>
W
O
Q.
W
Q
Q
Q
o
2 -
1 -
0 -
2008
1^=0.93
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Building Permits (thousand permits/year)
70
Figure B-9. Correlation of Building Permits and CDD Disposal Quantity for Eight States for the
Year 2008
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Methodology to Estimate the Quantity, Com post ion and
Management of ODD Debris in the US
re
>
(A
5 -
3 4H
c
o
E sJ
0)
(A
O
Q.
(A
Q
Q
Q
o
2 -
1 -
2009
r2=0.92
KS
SC
WA
MD
MA
10 20 30
Building Permits (thousand permits/year)
40
Figure B-10. Correlation of Building Permits and CDD Disposal Quantity for Seven States for the
Year 2009
re
5 -
2 4 -
c
o
E 3-
0)
(A
O
Q.
(A
Q
Q
Q
o
2 -
1 -
2010
r2=0.82
MD
•
MA
0 10 20 30 40
Building Permits (thousand permits/year)
50
B-110
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Methodology to Estimate the Quantity, Com post ion and
Management of ODD Debris in the US
Figure B-11. Correlation of Building Permits and CDD Disposal Quantity for Six States for the Year
2010
re
*
W
C
o
•4-1
C
o
0)
W
O
Q.
W
Q
Q
Q
O
4 -
3 -
2 -
1 -
2011
1^=0.85
SC
WA
KS
MD
10 20 30 40
Building Permits (thousand permits/year)
50
Figure B-12. Correlation of Building Permits and CDD Disposal Quantity for Seven States for the
Year 2011
Based on this analysis, the methodology to estimate CDD disposal will consist of two elements:
1. Amounts disposed at CDD disposal facilities as tracked and reported by states.
2. A calculated CDD disposal quantity for states that do not track CDD disposal amounts. At
the time of this writing, there are 39 states that do not track CDD disposal on a routine basis.
US EPA notes that extrapolating CDD quantities in states that do not routinely collect or report CDD
disposal data should not be equated with the idea that the issuance of a new building permit results
in some fixed quantity of CDD that is disposed. Father, based on an examination of multiple (18)
routinely-published data sets, the building permits figure correlated the best with the known, high-
quality CDD disposal data over 4 years. As described in the report, when calculating the total CDD
materials disposal quantity for the year 2011, the percentage of the estimate consisting of data
tracked and reported by states represents 35 percent of the total disposal estimate. Thus, the
application of this methodology can eliminate the potentially large range or potential error associated
with top-down approaches such as MFA.
ft should be noted that the CDD disposal data tracked does not include CDD arriving at MSW landfills
in commingled loads. Commingled CDD-MSW loads that arrive at MSW landfills are tagged as MSW
loads, and the CDD portion is probably not tracked and reported to the states. There are states that
calculate this portion. For example, the state of Washington uses the MSW disposal amount along
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Management of ODD Debris in the US
with the statewide MSA/ characterization data to estimate CDD disposal amounts at MSA/ landfills.
The CDD data presented in annual reports for Rorida are based on annual reports submitted by all
of Rorida's individual counties. The counties not only add the county-originated CDD amounts
disposed of at CDD landfills (compiled and provided to the Counties by Rorida Department of
Environmental Protection) but also add the fraction of CDD disposed of at MSA/ landfills using either
site-specific or default MSA/ composition data (provided by FDEF) and MSA/ disposal data. This may
be the case with other states with a data quality ranking of 2 and 3. Additional information was not
available in the state reports to confirm this.
1.53 About Building Permits
Since building permits were selected for this nation-wide CDD disposal estimate, a description of
these statistics is presented in greater detail. Although building permit numbers do not include
renovation and demolition activities, it is the only construction activity indicator, apart from
Construction GDP and Construction industry wages and salary data, that is routinely tracked for each
state in the US. According to the US Census Bureau (USCB), a building (or zoning) permit is the
"approval given by a local jurisdiction to proceed on a construction project". Specifically, tracked
permits are for new privately-owned housing units and data is obtained by a voluntary mail survey
on both an annual and monthly basis (where about half of permit issuers are surveyed monthly and
the other half annually). Most respondents are individual permit offices, but also included are
counties and townships (to a lesser extent).
For monthly estimates since 2005, a total of 9,000 permit issuers were selected from a universe of
20,000 places. This number includes all issuers in the 75 metropolitan areas with the greatest number
of (year) 2002-authorized housing units, all issuers in states with less than 50 issuers, and all issuers
with "special" (details not provided) reporting arrangements. Remaining issuers were stratified by
state and ordered within each state by the weighted average of housing units authorized in (years)
2000, 2001 and 2002. Issuers with a "large" (details not provided) weighted average were selected
for monthly surveys, where the remaining issuers were selected at a rate of 1 in 10.
If a report is not received from a selected issuer, data from the Survey of Construction is used to
complete the missing data (which is used to collect information on housing starts, sales and
completions). If the Survey of Construction does not have the necessary information, the statistic is
imputed based on the assumption that the ratio of the current number of building permits issued for
that jurisdiction to the total number of permits issued for that census region is the same for the
current year as it was for the previous year.
USCB states overall that the data is fairly reliable with the following notes:
• Some new residential construction work (likely very small) in building permit jurisdictions is
not recorded.
• Some locality boundary lines are redefined over time, so some data will not be completely
comparable from a geographic standpoint.
ft is noted that "not all areas of the country require a permit for construction", but the USCB
estimates that less than 2% of all US privately-owned housing units falls into this category. These
areas are excluded from the survey.
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EP-C-11-006 Methodology to Estimate ODD Management in the US
3. References
United States Census Bureau, USCB(2014). Statistical Abstracts ofthe United States for 2011-
2012. Section 20: Construction and Housing.
http://www.census.gov/prod/201 lpubs/12statab/construct.pdf. Accessed on 10 January
2014.
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Appendix C
Background on CDD Managed at Permitted
or Registered Processing Facilities
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B=>-C-11-006 Methodology to Estimate ODD Management in the US
Table of Contents
1. Construction and Demolition Debris Managed at Permitted or Registered Processing
Facilities - Project Background 1
2. References 4
List of Tables
Table C-1. Number of 2012 CDD Recessing Facilities in Each Sate 1
Table C-2. Location of CDD Diversion Data for Reporting Sates 3
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4. Construction and Demolition Debris Managed at Permitted or
Registered Processing Facilities - Project Background
The number of active CDD processing facilities as of the year 2012 was used to facilitate the
development of the CDD diversion quantity estimate. The active CDD processing facilities database
was developed using the following sources (noting that the majority of the data came from state-
reported facility inventories): state-reported facility inventories, a trade organization database (WBJ
2012), and companies that are members of the Construction Materials Recycling Association (now
the Construction and Demolition Recycling Association). A total of 512 active CDD processing
facilities were identified.
Table C-l presents a summary of CDD processing facilities in the US - note that the data represent
facilities that nearly exclusively process CDD debris, which was determined by obtaining lists of CDD-
only processing facilities from the states or by filtering data in the WBJ (2012) database to include
only those facilities that listed CDD as the only materials processed. In general, there appear to be a
greater number of facilities in the states located on the east and west coasts of the US. The count
of facilities presented in Table C-l contains some gaps and thus likely underestimates the total
number of CDD processing facilities in the US. Several states exempt certain recycling activities from
regulation under solid waste rules, and as a result, these activities may not be documented at the
state level.
Table C-4. Number of CDD Processing Facilities in Each State (USEPA 2013)
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
Processing Facilities - 2012
1
1
1
0
55
10
32
2
23
7
0
1
1
4
1
2
2
3
2
4
16
7
17
2
3
0
0
0
2
C-1
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EP-O11-006
Methodology to Estimate ODD Management in the US
State
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Processing Facilities - 2012
58
1
81
17
15
41
1
13
3
3
13
11
7
11
0
0
23
10
0
3
2
Historically, CDD diversion quantities have been reported annually for 12 states, as presented in Table
C-2. However, it should be noted that only 10 states provided diversion information used in the
2011 CDD diversion estimate (i.e., Georgia and Nevada do not provide CDD diversion data for 2011).
This table also includes information on the name of the CDD diversion quantity reporting agency,
hyperlinks to access the information, and notes on where diversion information is located and how
quantities were determined. For the purpose of this report, diversion represents all the other CDD
management approaches apart from landfill disposal (e.g., reuse, recycling, compositing, combustion
with and without energy recovery). CDD diversion information included essentially no details on CDD
import/exports - it is possible that significant quantities of CDD diversion amounts were accepted
from out-of-state sources. However, it was assumed that the total diversion quantities reported by
each state were representative of in-state generated material.
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EP-O11-006
Methodology to Estimate ODD Management in the US
Table C-5. Location of CDD Diversion Data for Reporting States
State
MA
FL
ME
WA
MD
TX
VA
NV
PA
GA
NJ
CO
Reporting Agency
Department of
Environmental Protection
Department of
Environmental Protection
Department of
Environmental Protection
Department of Ecology
Department of the
Environment
Commission of
Environmental Quality
Department of
Environmental Quality
Division of Environmental
Protection
Department of
Environmental Protection
Environmental Protection
Division
Department of
Environmental Protection
Department of Public Health
and Environment
Hyperlink
http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies
/massdep/ recycle/red uce/managin
g-construction-demolition-
wastes.html#4
http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/q
uick topics/publications/default. ht
m
http://www.maine.gov/dep/sustain
ability/publications/
http://www.ecy.wa.gov/beyondwas
te/bwprogG BCandD.html
http://www.mde.state.md.us/progr
ams/Land/RecyclingandOperationsp
rogram/Publications/Pages/Progra
ms/LandPrograms/Recycling/public
ations/index.aspxttrecvcling
http://www.tceq.texas.gov/permitti
ng/waste permits/waste planning/
wp swasteplan.html
http://www.deq.virginia.gov/Progra
ms/Land Protection Revitalization/Re
portsPublications/AnnualSolidWast
eReports.aspx
http://nevadarecycles.nv.gov/Resou
rces/Data/
http://www.portal.state.pa.us/port
al/server.pt?open=512&obilD=1406
0&PagelD=589559&mode=2
http://www.gaepd.org/Documents/
Ipb solidwaste.htmlttswforms
http://www.ni.gov/dep/dshw/recvc
ling/stats. htm
http://www.colorado.gov/cs/Satelli
te/CDPHE-
HM/CBON/1251616361671
Notes
Diversion taken as the sum of CDD
Recycling and Other CDD Diversion
See additional information included in
Appendix A for additional details on
diversion in this state.
Information in report
Information in spreadsheet accessible
through hyperlink under one of the plots
on the webpage
Information in report
Information in report
Diversion taken as the sum of Recycled,
Composted, Incinerated and Other
Information included in spreadsheet with
annually reported solid waste tonnages
Diversion taken as the sum of Brush/Tree
Parts, Stumps,
Concrete/ Asphalt/Brick/Block and Wood
Scraps
US EPA had previously analyzed surrogate parameters which could allow an estimate of CDD
diversion similar to the CDD disposal estimate methodology including median household income and
the ratio of CDD processing facilities to total CDD management facilities (i.e. processing and disposal
facilities). However, when plotted against state-re ported diversion data, neither of these parameters
showed a discernable correlation.
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B=>-C-11-006 Methodology to Estimate ODD Management in the US
5. References
USEPA (2013). Data Gap Analysis and Damage Case Studies: Risk Analyses from Construction and
Demolition Debris Landfills and Recycling Facilities. Draft report, October 23, 2013
WBJ(2012). Directory of Waste Processing and Disposal Sites 2012.
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B=>-C-11-006 Methodology to Estimate ODD Management in the US
Appendix D
Alternative RAP Estimate Methodology
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B=>-C-11-006 Methodology to Estimate ODD Management in the US
Table of Contents
Table of Contents 6
1. Alternative RAP Recycled Estimate Methodology 1
2. References 2
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B=>-C-11-006 Methodology to Estimate ODD Management in the US
6. Alternative RAP Recycled Estimate Methodology
h the event that the National Asphalt Pavement Association (NAPA) survey is discontinued in the
future, the US EPA developed a simple RAP recycling estimate methodology. The US EPA identified
a routinely-tracked indicator, capital outlay, published bythe Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
as a factor that would be expected to mirror RAP usage. Certainly, several factors could cause the
amount of RAP to increase or decrease (e.g., modification of state specifications that allow a greater
fraction of RAP to be used in a mix design). To assess the robustness of this approach, the US EPA
calculated a factor relating capital outlay to the quantity of RAP re cycled as reported by NAPA for the
years 2009, 2010, and 2011.
A link to the FHWA data source is provided in the references (FHWA 2014). The capital outlay factor
was calculated by dividing the total capital outlay by the reported RAP recycling quantities for the
aforementioned years. The results showed that the amount of RAP recycled per $1,000 of capital
outlay for years 2009, 2010, and 2011 was 0.90, 0.83, and 0.90.
Although the number of data points is limited, this approach shows that the calculated factors above
show reasonably good agreement. If the NAPA survey is continued for another few years, additional
capital outlay factors can be calculated to further support (or refute) this approach and a new
alternative approach could be proposed at that time, again depending on whether or not NAPA
continues its survey.
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7. References
EHWA (2014). Rinding for Highways and Disposition of Highway-User Revenues, All Units of
Government. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics/2011/hflO.cfm.
Accessed 20 February 2014.
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B=>-C-11-006 Methodology to Estimate ODD Management in the US
Appendix F
Checklist for Data Collection for Future CDD
Generation and Management Estimates
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B=>-C-11-006 Methodology to Estimate ODD Management in the US
Table of Contents
Table of Contents 4
1. Checklist for Data Collection for Routine CDD Estimate Using the IWCS Methodology 5
List of Tables
Table F-1. Checklist of Data Needs for CDD Estimate.
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EP-O11-006
Methodology to Estimate ODD Management in the US
Checklist for Data Collection for Routine CDD Estimate Using the
IWCS Methodology
Table F-l presents a checklist of data needs for the CDD estimate. As appropriate, notes are
provided to guide decision-making in future years.
Table F6. Checklist of Data Needs for CDD Estimate
Bement
1 . Disposal Data for States [M aine,
Kansas, Massachusetts, Maryland,
South Carolina, Washington,
Rorida]
2. Number of Residential Building
Permits
3. MSW Disposal Quantity
4. CDD Diversion Quantity from States
[Maine, Maryland, Virginia, Texas,
Pennsylvania, South Carolina,
Colorado, Massachusetts, Rorida,
Washington, New Jersey
5. Number of CDD Recessing Facilities
in the US
6. Amount of RAP Recycled
Frequency
Annually (1)
Annually
The most recent State of
Garbage in America Survey (2)
Annually (1)
Use the most recent inventory of
facilities (3)
Publication date of NAPA report
Source
State solid waste
webpages
US Census Bureau
website
Bocycle magazine
State solid waste
webpages
Table in this report;
compiled from State
solid waste webpages
NAPA website
Notes
1) It is recommended to update the facility CDD disposal and diversion facility quantity listing of states every
3-5 yearsto have the most recent, relevant state-wide information reflected.
2) As discussed in the report, alternative methodologies that rely upon a separate bottom-up estimate of
MSW disposal quantity or using the US EPA MSW Facts and Rgu res disposal figure maybe used as an
alternative MSW-disposal basis.
3) It is recommended to update the facility inventory every 3-5 yearsto allow for a more robust estimate
that is reflective of recent conditions.
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