EMISSION FACTOR DOCUMENTATION FOR
AP-42 SECTION 1.8
BAGASSE COMBUSTION IN SUGAR MILLS
Prepared by:
Edward Aul & Associates, Inc.
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
E. H. Pechan & Associates, Inc.
Rancho Cordova, CA 95742
Contract No. 68-DO-0120
EPA Work Assignment Officer: Michael Hamlin
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Office Of Air And Radiation
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
April 1993
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Mention of
trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES v
LIST OF TABLES v
CHAPTER! INTRODUCTION 1-1
CHAPTER2. INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION 2-1
2.1 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE INDUSTRY 2-1
2.2 PROCESS DESCRIPTION 2-1
2.2.1 Harvesting Methods 2-2
2.2.2 Cleaning and Milling 2-2
2.2.3 Fuel Characteristics 2-3
2.2.4 Boiler Types 2-3
2.3 EMISSIONS 2-4
2.3.1 Combustion Theory 2-4
2.3.2 Boiler Operating Procedures 2-5
2.4 CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 2-6
CHAPTERS. GENERAL DATA REVIEW AND ANALYSIS PROCEDURES 3-1
3.1 LITERATURE SEARCH AND SCREENING 3-1
3.2 EMISSION DATA QUALITY RATING SYSTEM 3-2
3.3 PARTICLE SIZE DETERMINATION 3-4
3.4 EMISSION FACTOR QUALITY RATING SYSTEM 3-5
CHAPTER 4. POLLUTANT EMISSION FACTOR DEVELOPMENT 4-1
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4.1 REVIEW OF SPECIFIC DATA SETS 4-1
4.1.1 References 1 through 7 4-2
4.1.2 Reference 8 4-2
4.1.3 Reference 9 4-3
4.1.4 Reference 12 4-3
4.2 RESULTS OF DATAANALYSIS 4-3
4.2.1 Total Participate Matter Emissions Data 4-4
4.2.2 Particle Size Data 4-5
4.2.3 Nitrogen Oxides Data 4-5
4.2.4 Carbon Dioxide Data 4-5
4.2.5 Polycyclic Organic Matter Data 4-5
4.3 PROTOCOL FOR DATA BASE 4-6
4.3.1 Engineering Methodology 4-6
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
CHAPTERS. AP-42 SECTION 1.8: BAGASSE COMBUSTION IN
SUGAR MILLS 5-1
APPENDIXA. 1977 BACKGROUND REPORT A-1
APPENDIX B. EMISSION SOURCE DATA RATING FORMS B-1
APPENDIX C. MARKED-UP 1977 AP-42 SECTION 1.8 C-1
IV
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1 Typical Sugar Cane Mill Process Diagram 2-9
(Figure Missing 3/17/99)
Figure 2-2 Typical Spreader Stoker Boiler Used
For Bagasse Combustion 2-11
(Figure Missing 3/17/99)
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 2-1 TYPICAL FLORIDA MILL BAGASSE COMPOSITION 2-11
TABLE 4-1 SUMMARY OF EMISSION FACTORS FOR
PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) AND PARTICULATE
MATTER LESS THAN 10 MICRONS (PM-10)
FROM BAGASSE COMBUSTORS 4-8
TABLE 4-2 SUMMARY OF CARBON DIOXIDE (C02), NITROGEN
OXIDES (NOX), AND POLYCYCLIC ORGANIC
MATTER (POM) FROM BAGASSE COMBUSTORS 4-9
TABLE 4-3 SUMMARY OF BAGASSE COMBUSTION EMISSION 4-10
TABLE 4-4 LIST OF CONVERSION FACTORS 4-11
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1. INTRODUCTION
The document "Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors" (AP-42) has been
published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) since 1972.
Supplements to AP-42 have been routinely published to add new emission source
categories and to update existing emission factors. AP-42 is routinely updated by
EPA to respond to new emission factor needs of EPA, State, and local air pollution
control programs and industry.
An emission factor relates the quantity (weight) of pollutants emitted to a unit of
activity of the source. The uses for the emission factors reported in AP-42 include:
1. Estimates of area-wide emissions;
2. Emission estimates for a specific facility; and
3. Evaluation of emissions relative to ambient air quality.
The purpose of this report is to provide background information from over 12 test
reports to support revision of emission factors for bagasse combustion in sugar
mills.
Including the introduction (Chapter 1), this report contains five chapters. Chapter
2 gives a description of the use of boilers for bagasse combustion in the sugar cane
industry. It includes a characterization of the industry, an overview of the different
process types, a description of emissions, and a description of the technology used
to control emissions resulting from bagasse-fired boilers. Chapter 3 is a review of
emissions data collection and analysis procedures. It describes the literature search,
the screening of emission data reports, and the quality rating system for both
emission data and emission factors. It also describes particle size determination
and particle size data analysis methodology. Chapter 4 details pollutant emission
factor development. It includes the review of specific data sets, the results of data
analysis, and the data base protocol. Chapter 5 presents the AP-42 Section 1.8.
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2. INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION
Bagasse is a solid waste product associated with sugar mills. Previously,
bagasse was burned as means of solid waste disposal. However, as the cost of fuel
oil, natural gas, and electricity have increased, the definition of bagasse has
changed from refuse to a fuel. Currently, most bagasse is burned as a fuel, not as
the incineration of refuse.1 In at least one mill, bagasse is sent to an adjacent
chemical production plant for use in making furfural; the bagasse residue is returned
as fuel for generating steam for both facilities.2
2.1 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE INDUSTRY1'2'3
As of 1980, there were approximately 185 bagasse-fired boilers operating in
Florida, Louisiana, Texas, and Hawaii. Bagasse boilers ranged in capacity from
approximately 4.4 to 230 MW (15 to 800 million Btu/hr) heat input, or approximately
3,400 to 210,000 kg/hr (7,500 to 460,000 Ib/hr) steam output. Between 1982 and
1990, new capacity was expected to be installed at an average rate of four to five
bagasse-fired boilers per year, due primarily to growth in boiler capacity expected in
Florida and to the replacement of older boilers with new ones in other areas.
The U.S. sugar cane industry is located in the tropical and subtropical regions
of Florida, Texas, Louisiana, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The sugar cane growing
season is approximately 6 months in Louisiana, 12 months in Florida and Texas,
and about 2 years in Hawaii. Except in Hawaii, where raw sugar production takes
place year round, sugar mills operate seasonally, from 2 to 5 months per year.
2.2 PROCESS DESCRIPTION1'2'3'4
Sugar cane is a large grass that has a bamboo-like stalk, grows 2.5 to 4.5
meters (8 to 15 feet) high, and contains a large amount of sucrose in the stalk.
Different varieties occur throughout the tropical and semitropical regions of the
world; they are the results of diverse soil conditions, climates, and modes of
cultivation.
2.2.1 Harvesting Methods
Only the stalk contains sufficient sucrose for processing into sugar. All other
parts of the sugar cane (i.e., leaves, top growth and roots) are termed "trash". The
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objective of harvesting is to deliver the sugar cane to the mill with a minimum of
"trash" or other extraneous material. The cane is normally burned in the field to
remove a major portion of the "trash" and to control insects and rodents. Cane
burning is especially prevalent in areas where labor is expensive. The stalk is not
injured by burning but the rate of deterioration is increased.
Three general methods of harvesting are most common:
1. Hand Cutting: Involves laborers who cut the cane close to the ground
and then top it just above the highest colored joint and thus remove
much of the unburned trash.
2. Machine Cutting: Attempts to do the same type of bottom and top
cutting as by hand but normally leaves more "trash" on the stalk and
gathers more mud and dirt.
3. Mechanical Raking: A labor-saving harvesting method that pushes
down the cane rather than cutting it. Trash, dirt, mud, rocks and scrap
metal are carried to the mill along with the cane.
Variations in the above procedures are the rule, not the exception.
Therefore, the cane that is delivered to a particular mill will vary in "trash" and dirt
content depending on which plantation the cane is grown and the weather
conditions. State-to-state variations in the "trash" and dirt content of delivered cane
are large. The general practice in Florida is hand or machine cutting, with many
plantations cutting the stalks into 30- to 45-centimeter (12- to 18-inch) pieces.
Louisiana uses machine cutting almost entirely. Hawaii uses mostly mechanical
raking. Thus, the cane as delivered to the mills in Hawaii normally contains much
more trash, dirt, rocks, mud, and scrap metal than the cane delivered to the mills in
Florida.
2.2.2 Cleaning and Milling
The cane is transported to the mill as soon as possible after harvesting to
prevent loss of sugar content. After delivery to the mill, the cane is prepared prior to
extraction of the juice. This preparation varies from mill to mill but usually involves
washing the cane to remove the "trash" and dirt, chopping, then crushing. Mills that
normally handle dirty cane tend to wash the incoming cane much more than other
mills. Some mills have large electromagnets to remove scrap metal that is
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inadvertently brought into the plant with the cane. In general, the mills in Hawaii
wash their cane through an involved series of sprays and baths while also
separating out large objects. The mills in Florida, where hand-cutting is normally
used, may spray only a small amount of water to wash the mud off during the rainy
season. Labor-saving harvesting methods tend to result in more capital
expenditures and more water usage for washing. Figure 2-1 shows a typical
process diagram for a sugar cane mill. The milling portion of the plant consists of
up to seven individual mills, each of which has three grooved rolls. Juice is
extracted by passing the chopped and crushed cane through the series of mills.
About 90 to 95 percent of the available sucrose is extracted from the cane. The
remaining cane is called "bagasse" and consists of matted cellulose fibers and fine
particles. It is normally used in the boilers for fuel, but it may be used to produce
other products such as paper, wallboard, and furfural.
2.2.3 Fuel Characteristics
Bagasse is a fuel of varying composition, consistency, and heating value.
These characteristics depend on the climate, type of soil upon which the cane is
grown, variety of cane, harvesting method, amount of cane washing, and the
efficiency of the milling plant. In general, bagasse has a heating value between
1,600 and 2,200 kcal/kg (3,000 and 4,000 Btu/lb) on a wet, as-fired basis. Most
bagasse has a moisture content between 45 and 55 percent by weight. The lower
bagasse moisture contents are generally found in Hawaii. The sulfur and nitrogen
contents of bagasse are generally near or below 0.1 weight percent with ash
contents generally less than 2 weight percent, as fired. Table 2-1 shows a typical
bagasse composition for a Florida sugar mill.
2.2.4 Boiler Types
Fuel cells, horseshoe boilers, and spreader stoker boilers are used to
combust bagasse. Horseshoe boilers and fuel cells differ in the shapes of their
furnace area but in other respects are similar in design and operation. In these
boilers (most common among older plants), bagasse is gravity-fed through chutes
and piles up on a refractory hearth. Primary and overfire combustion air flows
through ports in the furnace walls; burning begins on the surface pile. Many of
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these units have dumping hearths that permit ash removal while the unit is
operating.
In more-recently built sugar mills, bagasse is burned in spreader stoker
boilers. Bagasse feed to these boilers enters the furnace through a fuel chute and
is spread pneumatically or mechanically across the furnace, where part of the fuel
burns while in suspension. Simultaneously, large pieces of fuel are spread in a thin,
even bed on a stationary or moving grate. The flame over the grate radiates heat
back to the fuel to aid combustion. The combustion area of the furnace is lined with
heat exchange tubes (waterwalls). Figure 2-2 shows a schematic of a
representative bagasse-fired spreader stoker boiler with a steam generating
capacity of approximately 52,000 kg/hr (115,000 Ib/hr).
2.3 EMISSIONS
2.3.1 Combustion Theory1
The complete combustion of bagasse can be thought of as occurring
in two stages: primary and secondary combustion. Primary combustion refers to the
physical and chemical changes occurring on the fuel bed. It consists of drying,
devolatilization, ignition, and burning of the bagasse. Secondary combustion refers
to the oxidation of the gases and particulate matter released by primary combustion.
Secondary combustion is aided by high temperature, sufficient air and turbulence in
the gas stream. The turbulence must be intense and last long enough to ensure
adequate mixing at elevated temperatures.
Time, temperature, turbulence, and air require a delicate balance for
complete combustion. A disturbance in one or more of these variables can reduce
combustion efficiency and result in measurable increases in emissions of carbon
monoxide (CO) and other organic compounds (i.e., the products of incomplete
combustion). As a class, these organic compound emissions are generally
measured either as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or total organic compounds
(TOCs).
2.3.2 Boiler Operating Procedures2
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Boiler operating procedures can influence uncontrolled emissions from
bagasse-fired boilers. First, like other waste-fired boilers, bagasse boilers may use
auxiliary fuels for start-up. Because fuel oil is usually the start-up fuel, the initial
sulfur dioxide (S02) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) emissions are higher than when
bagasse alone is fired. The duration of startup is typically up to 8 hours. During this
period, particulate matter (PM) emissions may increase due to poor combustion
conditions in the boiler while it is cold. In most areas, bagasse boilers are started up
once at the start of the harvest season and are not shut down until the end of the
season, unless it is absolutely necessary.
In Hawaii, the boilers are operated differently in that they are shut down on
weekends unless they are cogenerating electricity. For economic reasons,
cogeneration boilers typically operate continuously nearly year round. Also,
bagasse-fired boilers in Hawaii are generally more efficient than in other areas due
to lower fuel moisture contents, larger boiler sizes, and the placement of the stoker
feed system higher above the grate to increase suspension burning.
Second, most bagasse boilers may cofire an auxiliary fuel (normally fuel oil or
natural gas) at times to produce the total energy needed for the facility to sustain
good combustion with wet bagasse. As is the case during startup, combined oil and
bagasse firing will increase S02 and NOX emissions. Auxiliary fuel is used whenever
additional heat input is required. If the supply of bagasse to the boiler is interrupted,
auxiliary fuel will be used to provide up to 100 percent of the heat input of the boiler.
During these periods, S02 and NOX emissions will increase. Facilities burning
bagasse normally attempt to keep auxiliary fuel use to a minimum for economic
reasons. Typically, less than 15 percent of the total annual fuel heat input into the
boiler comes from fossil fuels. Bagasse-fired boilers in Hawaii which cogenerate
electricity generally fire the largest amounts of fossil fuels because they are
operated outside of the harvest season.
If boilers are undersized, soil brought in with the cane can become physically
entrained by the high velocity of the combustion gases.1 Soil characteristics such as
particle size can affect the magnitude of PM emissions from the boiler.
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operation can also influence the bagasse ash content by not properly washing and
preparing the cane.
2.4 CONTROL TECHNOLOGY1'2'3
The primary emissions of concern for bagasse-fired boilers are particulates.
Currently, there are four basic control devices used to reduce particulate emissions:
(1) mechanical collectors (or cyclones), (2) wet scrubbers, (3) fabric filters, and (4)
electrostatic precipitators. Before 1970, few bagasse-fired boilers were controlled
with devices other than mechanical collectors. With the passage of more stringent
air emission standards, wet scrubbers have become more common in Texas,
Louisiana, and Florida.
Mechanical collectors, or cyclones, use centrifugal separation to remove PM
from flue gas streams. At the entrance of the cyclone, a spin is imparted to the
particle-laden gas. This spin creates a centrifugal force which causes the PM to
move away from the axis of rotation and towards the walls of the cyclone. Particles
which contact the walls of the cyclone tube are directed to a dust collection hopper
where they are deposited.
In a typical single cyclone, the gas enters tangentially to initiate the spinning
motion. In a multitube cyclone (or multiclone), the gas approaches the entrance
axially and has the spin imparted by a stationary "spin" vane that is in its path. This
allows the use of many small, higher efficiency cyclone tubes operating parallel to
the gas flow stream, with a common inlet and outlet header.
One variation of the multitube cyclone is to place two similar mechanical
collectors in series. This system is often referred to as a dual or double mechanical
collector. The collection efficiency of the dual mechanical collector is theoretically
improved over that of a single mechanical collector.
Mechanical collectors have been reported to have PM collection efficiencies
of 20 to 60 percent. Particulate emissions from bagasse-fired boilers are considered
to be abrasive and can cause erosion within the mechanical collector. Such erosion
reduces PM collection efficiency over time unless corrective maintenance
procedures are employed.
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A wet scrubber is a collection device which uses an aqueous stream or slurry
to remove particulate and/or gaseous pollutants. There are three basic mechanisms
involved with collecting particulate matter in wet scrubbers: interception, inertial
impaction, and diffusion of particles on droplets. The interception and inertial
impaction effects dominate at large particle diameters; the diffusion effects dominate
at small particle diameters.
Wet scrubbers are usually classified by energy consumption (in terms of gas-
phase pressure drop). Low-energy scrubbers, represented by spray chambers and
towers, have pressure drops of less than 1 kPa (5 inches of water). Medium-energy
scrubbers such as impingement scrubbers have pressure drops of 1 to 4 kPa (5 to
15 inches of water). High-energy scrubbers such as high- pressure-drop venturi
scrubbers have pressure drops exceeding 15 inches of water. Greater removals of
PM are usually achieved with higher-energy scrubbers.
Currently the most widely used wet scrubbers for bagasse-fired boilers are
impingement and venturi scrubbers. An impingement scrubber (also known as an
orifice, self-induced spray, or entrainment scrubber) features a shell that retains
liquid so that gas introduced to the scrubber impinges on and skims over the liquid
surface to reach the gas exit duct. Atomized liquid is entrained by the gas and acts
as a particle collecting and mass transfer surface. Particle collection results from
inertial impaction caused by both the gas impinging on the liquid surface and by the
gas flowing around the atomized drops.
In a typical venturi scrubber, the particle-laden gas first contacts the liquor
stream in the core and throat of the venturi section. The gas and liquid streams
then pass through the annular orifice formed by the core and throat, atomizing the
liquid into droplets which are impacted by particles in the gas stream. Impaction
results mainly from the high differential velocity between the gas stream and the
atomized droplets. The droplets are then removed from the gas stream by
centrifugal action in a cyclone separator and (if present) a mist eliminator section.
Wet scrubbers have reported PM collection efficiencies of 90 percent or
greater. Operational problems can occur with wet scrubbers due to clogged spray
nozzles, sludge deposits, dirty recirculation water, improper water levels, and
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unusually low pressure drops. The spray impingement scrubber is in greater use
due to lower energy requirements and less operating and maintenance problems.
Gaseous emissions (e.g., S02, NOX, CO, and organics) may also be
absorbed to a significant extent in a wet scrubber. In addition, alkali compounds are
sometimes utilized in the scrubber to prevent low pH conditions. If carbon dioxide-
generating compounds (such as sodium carbonate or calcium carbonate) are used,
carbon dioxide (C02) emissions will increase.
Fabric filtration is not currently being used to a significant extent for
controlling PM emissions from bagasse-fired boilers in the U. S. The relative cost
and the fire danger is generally given as the reason for not using fabric filtration.
Relative costs are also the primary reason why electrostatic precipitators are
not being applied to bagasse-fired boilers in the U.S. to a significant extent.
Electrostatic precipitators are being applied successfully to both wood waste
combustion and municipal waste incineration. The similarities between bagasse
combustion, wood waste combustion, and municipal waste incineration suggest that
the application of electrostatic precipitators is possible.
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TABLE 2-1. TYPICAL FLORIDA MILL BAGASSE COMPOSITION5
Parameter
Weight Percent,
As Fired
Proximate Analysis
Moisture
Ash
Volatile Matter
Fixed Carbon
58.7
0.8
35.8
4.7
Ultimate Analysis
Carbon
Hydrogen
Sulfur
Ash
Nitrogen
Oxygen (By Difference)
19.2
2.6
<0.1
0.8
0.15
77.1
Heating Value
7,620 kJ/kg
(3,280 Btu/lb)
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REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 2
1. Potential Control Strategies for Bagasse Fired Boilers, EPA Contract No. 68-
02-0627, Engineering-Science, Inc., Arcadia, CA, May 1978.
2. Background Document: Bagasse Combustion in Sugar Mills, EPA-450/3-77-
077, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
January 1977.
3. Nonfossil Fuel Fired Industrial Boilers - Background Information, EPA-450/3-
82-007, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
March 1982.
4. A Technology Assessment of Solar Energy Systems: Direct Combustion of
Wood and Other Biomass in Industrial Boilers, ANL/EES-TM-189, Angonne
National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, December 1981.
5. Emission Test Report For the Talisman Sugar Corporation, Belle Glade,
Florida, EPA Contract No. 68-02-1406, Engineering-Science, Inc., McLean,
VA, January 1976.
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(Figure Missing 3/17/99)
Figure 2-2. Typical Spreader Stoker Boiler Used For Bagasse
Combustion3
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(Figure Missing 3/17/99)
Figure 2-1. Typical Sugar Cane Mill Process Diagram1
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3. GENERAL DATA REVIEW AND ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
3.1 LITERATURE SEARCH AND SCREENING
The first step of this investigation involved a search of available literature relating
to criteria and noncriteria pollutant emissions associated with bagasse combustion
in sugar mills. This search included the following sources:
• AP-42 background files,
• Files and dockets maintained by the Emission Standards Division of
OAQPS for relevant NSPSs and NESHAPs,
• "Locating and Estimating" reports available through EPA's
Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emission Factors (CHIEF) web
site,
PM-10 "gap filling" documents in the OAQPS library,
• Publications available through EPA's Control Technology Center,
• Reports and project summaries from EPA's Office of Research and
Development,
• Control Techniques Guideline documents generated by the Emission
Standards Division of OAQPS,
• Information in the Air Facility System (AFS) of EPA's Aerometric
Information Retrieval System (AIRS),
• Handbook of Emission Factors, Parts I and II, Ministry of Health and
Environmental Protection, The Netherlands,
• EPA's CHIEF and National Air Toxics Information Clearinghouse
(NATICH),
EPA databases, including SPECIATE, XATEF, and TSAR,
• Various EPA contractor reports, and
• In-house files maintained the Contractor.
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To reduce the large amount of literature collected to a final group of references
pertinent to this report, the following general criteria were used:
1. Emissions data must be from a primary reference:
a. Source testing must be from a referenced study that does not reiterate
information from previous studies.
b. The document must constitute the original source of test data. For example,
a technical paper was not included if the original study was contained in the
previous document. If the exact source of the data could not be determined, the
document was eliminated.
2. The referenced study must contain test results based on more than one test
run.
3. The report must contain sufficient data to evaluate the testing procedures and
source operating conditions (e.g., one-page reports were generally rejected).
A final set of reference materials was compiled after a thorough review of the
pertinent reports, documents, and information according to these criteria.
3.2 EMISSION DATA QUALITY RATING SYSTEM1
As part of the Contractor's analysis of the emission data, the quantity and quality
of the information contained in the final set of reference documents were evaluated.
The following data were always excluded from consideration.
1. Test series averages reported in units that cannot be converted to the
selected reporting units;
2. Test series representing incompatible test methods (i.e., comparison of EPA
method 5 front-half with EPA method 5 front- and back- half);
3. Test series of controlled emissions for which the control device is not
specified;
4. Test series in which the source process is not clearly identified and described;
and
5. Test series in which it is not clear whether the emissions were measured
before or after the control device.
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Data sets that were not excluded were assigned a quality rating. The rating
system used was that specified by the OAQPS for the preparation of AP-42
sections. The data were rated as follows:
A-Multiple tests performed on the same source using sound methodology and
reported in enough detail for adequate validation. These tests do not necessarily
conform to the methodology specified in either the inhalable particulate (IP) protocol
documents or the EPA reference test methods, although these documents and
methods were certainly used as a guide for the methodology actually used.
B-Tests that were performed by a generally sound methodology but lack enough
detail for adequate validation.
C-Tests that were based on an untested or new methodology or that lacked a
significant amount of background data.
D-Tests that were based on a generally unacceptable method but may provide
an order-of-magnitude value for the source.
The following criteria were used to evaluate source test reports for sound
methodology and adaquate detail:
1. Source operation. The manner in which the source was operated is well
documented in the report. The source was operating within typical parameters
during the test.
2. Sampling procedures. The sampling procedures conformed to a generally
acceptable methodology. If actual procedures deviated from accepted methods, the
deviations are well documented. When this occurred, an evaluation was made of
the extent such alternative procedures could influence the test results.
3. Sampling and process data. Adequate sampling and process data are
documented in this report. Many variations can occur unnoticed and without
warning during testing. Such variations can include wide deviations in sampling
results. If a large spread between test results cannot be explained by information
contained in the test report, the data are suspect and are given a lower rating.
4. Analysis and calculations. The test reports contain original raw data sheets.
The nomenclature and equations used were compared to those (if any) specified by
EPA to establish equivalency. The depth of review of the calculations was dictated
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by the reviewer's confidence in the ability and conscientiousness of the tester, which
in turn was based on factors such as consistency of results and completeness of
other areas of the test report.
3.3 PARTICLE SIZE DETERMINATION
There is no one method which is universally accepted for the determination of
particle size. A number of different techniques can be used which measure the size
of particles according to their basic physical properties. Since there is no "standard"
method for particle size analysis, a certain degree of subjective evaluation was used
to determine if a test series was performed using a sound methodology for particle
sizing.
For pollution studies, the most common types of particle sizing instruments are
cyclones and cascade impactors. Traditionally, cyclones have been used as a
preseparator ahead of a cascade impactor to remove the larger particles. These
cyclones are of the standard reverse-flow design whereby the flue gas enters the
cyclone through a tangential inlet and forms a vortex flow pattern. Particles move
outward toward the cyclone wall with a velocity that is determined by the geometry
and flow rate in the cyclone and by their size. Large particles reach the wall and are
collected. A series of cyclones with progressively decreasing cut-points can be
used to obtain particle size distributions.
Cascade impactors used for the determination of particle size in process
streams consist of a series of plates or stages containing either small holes or slits
with the size of the openings decreasing from one plate to the next. In each stage
of an impactor, the gas stream passes through the orifice or slit to form a jet that is
directed toward an impaction plate. For each stage, there is a characteristic particle
diameter that has a 50 percent probability of impaction. This characteristic diameter
is called the cut-point (D50) of the stage. Typically, commercial instruments have six
to eight impaction stages with a backup filter to collect those particles which are
either too small to be collected by the last stage or which are re-entrained off the
various impaction surfaces by the moving gas stream.
3.4 EMISSION FACTOR QUALITY RATING SYSTEM
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The quality of the emission factors developed from analysis of the test data
was rated utilizing the following criteria:
A--Excellent: Developed only from A-rated test data taken from many
randomly chosen facilities in the industry population. The source category is
specific enough so that variability within the source category population may be
minimized.
IB-Above average: Developed only from A-rated test data from a reasonable
number of facilities. Although no specific bias is evident, it is not clear if the facilities
tested represent a random sample of the industries. As in the A-rating, the source
category is specific enough so that variability within the source category population
may be minimized.
C-Average: Developed only from A- and B-rated test data from a reasonable
number of facilities. Although no specific bias is evident, it is not clear if the facilities
tested represent a random sample of the industry. As in the A-rating, the source
category is specific enough so that variability within the source category population
may be minimized.
D--Below average: The emission factor was developed only from A- and B-
rated test data from a small number of facilities, and there is reason to suspect that
these facilities do not represent a random sample of the industry. There also may
be evidence of variability within the source category population. Limitations on the
use of the emission factor are noted in the emission factor table.
E-Poor: The emission factor was developed from C- and D-rated test data,
and there is reason to suspect that the facilities tested do not represent a random
sample of the industry. There also may be evidence of variability within the source
category population. Limitations on the use of these factors are always noted.
The use of these criteria is somewhat subjective and depends to an extent on
the individual reviewer. Details of the rating of each candidate emission factor are
provided in Chapter 4 of this report.
x&ficxiii
-------
REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 3
1. Technical Procedures for Developing AP-42 Emission Factors and Preparing
AP-42 Sections, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, March 1992.
x&sxxiv
-------
4. POLLUTANT EMISSION FACTOR DEVELOPMENT
This chapter describes the test data and methodology used to develop
pollutant emission factors for bagasse combustion in sugar mills.
4.1 REVIEW OF SPECIFIC DATA SETS
A total of 12 references were documented and reviewed during the literature
search. These references are listed at the end of this chapter. The source data for
this revision included emission data from the January 1977 version of AP-42 Section
1.8.
The following efforts were made to ensure that the selection and rating of the
reference documents did not introduce bias in the data. The majority of references
used (75 percent) were compliance test reports. Given the impetus for compliance
testing, these reports would be expected to characterize facilities with various levels
of maintenance, operation, and control. Twenty-five percent of the references used
in this report were classified as research or special study tests. In some cases, it
could be reasoned that such studies would involve testing of facilities with above
average maintenance, operation, and control and would, therefore, not be
representative of the industry. Rather than downgrade the ratings for these
references, each reference was considered on its own merit.
The original group of 12 documents was reduced to a final set of primary
references utilizing the criteria outlined in Chapter 3. Two reference documents
(References 10 and 11) were not used because significant quantities of fuel oil were
co-fired with bagasse during the testing period.
The following is a discussion of the data contained in each of the primary
references used to develop candidate emission factors. Emission factor calculations
were made in terms of weight of pollutant per weight of steam produced. These
terms were selected based on the consideration that most sugar mills monitor the
amount of steam produced by their boilers but do not monitor the amount of
bagasse fired.12 It should be noted that the terms "controlled" and "uncontrolled" in
this discussion are indicative of the location at which the measurements were made
relative to a control device operating to remove a specific pollutant(s). For example,
-------
participate matter emissions measured downstream of a cyclone are considered to
be controlled emissions. However, nitrogen oxides emissions measured at the
same location are considered to be uncontrolled emissions because a cyclone is not
operated to remove nitrogen oxides from a flue gas stream.
A summary of the total particulate matter and particulate matter less than 10
microns (PM-10) emissions data discussed below is contained in Table 4-1. Table
4-2 presents a summary of emissions data for C02, NOX, and polycyclic organic
matter (POM). Table 4-3 summarizes the data presented in Tables 4-1 and 4-2.
4.1.1 References 1 Through 7
References 1 through 7 were PM compliance test performed on eight
different bagasse-fired boilers. Two boilers were tested at the same site in
Reference 1. Data from Boiler No. 3 at this site were not considered for emission
factor development because oil was co-fired with bagasse during the test at a rate of
8 percent of heat input. For Boiler No. 4 at this site, and all other boilers tested in
References 1 through 7, bagasse represented 100 percent of the boiler fuel.
Testing results were presented in these references for PM and C02. These
data were obtained with EPA Method 5 and a continuous emission monitor,
respectively. A rating of A was assigned to the data in each of these tests.
4.1.2 Reference 8
Reference 8 was a test performed by an EPA contractor on three bagasse-
fired boilers at the same site. The objective of the test was to support development
of emission factors for AP-42. Flue gases from Boilers No. 1 and 2 were ducted to
Stack OA; flue gas from Boiler No. 3 were ducted to Stack OB. Separate
measurements were collected for pollutants at each stack, forming two sets of
emissions data.
Testing results were presented for controlled emissions of PM, C02, NOX, and
POM. EPA Method 5 was used to collect PM and POM data; only the quantities
collected in the probe and filter were reported as PM. Samples of POM were
collected on a Tenax plug and then analyzed using a gas chromatograph. EPA
Method 7 was followed for sampling and analyzing for NOX. Data for C02 were
-------
collected with a continuous emission monitor during the PM testing. A rating of A
was assigned to the emissions data from both stacks.
4.1.3 Reference 9
Reference 9 was a test performed by an EPA contractor on a single bagasse-
fired boiler. The test was conducted to gather emissions data from a well-controlled
source that could be used for the development of new source performance
standards. Of the three test runs conducted on the subject boiler, bagasse alone
was fired during Runs 2 and 3. During Run 1 a small amount of oil was also burned
with the bagasse. Only the results from Runs 2 and 3 were used to calculate
emission factors for bagasse combustion.
Controlled emissions data were collected for PM, PM-10, NOX, and C02.
EPA Method 5 was used to collect PM data. Particle size distribution data were
collected with an Anderson sampler. Data for C02 and NOX were collected using
EPA Methods 3 and 5, respectively. A rating of A was assigned to the emissions
data from this test.
4.1.4 Reference 12
Reference 12 was the 1977 Background Document for bagasse combustion
in sugar mills (see Appendix A). This report contained test results for nine bagasse-
fired boilers operating with no PM control equipment. Four of these data sets were
excluded because either the boiler co-fired oil with bagasse or the data were of
questionable quality. The remaining uncontrolled PM data were assigned a B rating
in light of the overall uncontrolled PM emission factor rating of C in this report. The
overall C rating indicates the emission factor was developed from A- and B-rated
data; since the rating was not specified in the report, a conservative rating of B was
assigned.
4.2 RESULTS OF DATA ANALYSIS
Most bagasse boilers have limited monitoring of operating parameters.
Typically, the steam production rate is measured and recorded but the amount of
bagasse fired is not directly measured.2 As a result, the compliance test reports
discussed above generally contain steam production data but not bagasse feedrate
data. In developing pollutant emission factors for bagasse boilers, emission rates
-------
were expressed in terms of Ib pollutant/1000 Ib steam (or g pollutant/kg steam),
consistent with the best available measure of process operating rate.
4.2.1 Total Particulate Matter Emissions Data
An uncontrolled PM emissions factor was determined from the data contained
in Reference 12. For the test data utilized, the boilers ranged in size from 14,000 to
120,000 kg steam/hr (30,000 to 270,000 Ib steam/hr).
Controlled PM emission data were divided into the two categories of cyclone-
controlled and wet scrubber-controlled emissions. Mechanical collector-controlled
data included controlled emissions from both single cyclone and multiple cyclone (or
multiclone) collectors. In the case of mechanical collector-controlled emissions,
References 7 and 8 contained useful data. For both of these references, PM
emissions were reported on a pounds of pollutants per hour basis. Steam flow rates
were also reported on a pounds per hour basis. Emission factors were calculated
by dividing the PM emission rate by the steam flow rate to yield factors expressed in
pounds of PM per 1,000 pounds of steam or grams of PM per kilogram of steam.
Similar conversion calculations were executed for the other emission factors
discussed in this section.
Test averages for Reference 9 were based on the results of two runs (as
discussed above); test results for both stacks in Reference 8 were based on three
runs. The three boilers tested in these references were all spreader stoker units and
ranged in size from 110,000 to 130,000 kg steam/hr (240,000 to 280,000 Ib
steam/hr).
References 1,2,3, 4, 5, 6, and 9 contained useful data for boilers equipped
with wet scrubbers. Of the seven boilers tested, two were horseshoe boilers and the
remainder were spreader stoker boilers. These boilers ranged in size from 57,000
to 142,000 kg steam/hr (125,000 to 312,000 Ib steam/hr).
Wet scrubber-controlled emission factors were calculated manually and with
a computer spreadsheet program from data expressed in other terms. In most
cases, it was necessary to convert from emission data expressed in Ib PM/million
Btu to Ib PM/1,000 Ib steam, or gram PM/kg steam, using the conversion factors
-------
discussed in Section 4.3.1. A summary of all available PM emission factors is
shown in Table 4-1.
4.2.2 Particle Size Data
Only a controlled PM-10 emission factor could be determined from the data
contained in the reference documents described above. Reference 9 contained
useful particle size distribution data collected downstream of a wet scrubber
operating on a 70,000 kg steam/hr (150,000 Ib steam/hr) spreader stoker boiler.
The emission factor shown in Table 4-1 corresponds to the fraction of total PM
collected below an average 10.55 micron particle size.
4.2.3 Nitrogen Oxides Data
Data for determining an uncontrolled NOX emission factor were taken from
References 8 and 9. These data were collected on three spreader stoker boiler
ranging in size from 70,000 to 130,000 kg steam/hr (150,000 to 280,000 Ib
steam/hr). Although PM emissions from these boilers were controlled by
mechanical collectors and wet scrubbers, no specific control systems for reducing
NOX emissions were reported to be in operation.
The emission factors were determined from the test data by manual and
spreadsheet calculations. Table 4-2 presents a summary of NOX emission factors,
as well as emission factors for C02 and POM.
4.2.4 Carbon Dioxide Data
References 1 through 9 were used to develop an uncontrolled emission factor
for C02. Of the 10 boilers tested, two were horseshoe boilers and the remainder
were spreader stoker boilers. These boilers ranged in size from 57,000 to 142,000
kg steam/hr (125,000 to 312,000 Ib steam/hr). Although PM emissions from these
boilers were controlled by mechanical collectors and wet scrubbers, no specific
control systems for reducing C02 emissions were reported to be in operation.
4.2.5 Polvcvclic Organic Matter Data
References 8 and 9 were used for the development of an uncontrolled
emission factor for POM. These test data included two spreader stoker boiler
operating at 110,000 to 130,000 kg steam/hr (240,000 and 280,000 Ib steam/hr).
Although PM emissions from these boilers were controlled by mechanical collectors
-------
and wet scrubbers, no specific control systems for reducing POM emissions were
reported to be in operation. However, a portion of the total POM emissions may
have been in the form of POM condensed on PM. In this case, PM emission
controls may have provided some reduction of POM emissions.
4.3 PROTOCOL FOR DATA BASE
4.3.1 Engineering Methodology
Using the criteria discussed in Section 3.2, two reports representing two
source tests were rejected. The remaining nine reports representing 10 source tests
were thoroughly reviewed to establish a data base for the pollutants discussed
above.
Data rating forms (see Appendix B) were created to facilitate the evaluation of
exclusion criteria, methodology/detail criteria, and data rating criteria. These forms
were completed for each reference to document the rationale for either excluding
the reference from emission factor development consideration or for including the
reference and assigning ratings to relevant source test data.
The emission data from source test reports were averaged as the arithmetic
mean of different sampling runs prior to inclusion in the data base. Test programs at
most facilities consisted of three sampling runs conducted during distinct time
periods under normal operating conditions for the systems tested.
Due to the variety of formats used to report units of measure at different
bagasse-fired boilers, the emission data required some processing to standardize
the units of measure prior to calculation of emission factors. Average emission
factors were then calculated in terms of g/kg of steam or lb/1,000 Ib steam for all
pollutants based on the arithmetic average of collected data. The list of conversion
factors used in the test data processing are included in Table 4-4.
In many cases it was necessary to convert data expressed in terms of Ib
pollutant/million Btu or ppmv to Ib pollutant/1,000 Ib steam. Based on the
information contained in References 1 through 9, this conversion was made using
an average bagasse heating value of 3,500 Btu/lb (wet, as fired) and an average
steam/feed ratio of 2 Ib steam produced per pound of bagasse fired. In addition, an
-------
F-Factor of 9,230 dscf/million Btu at 0 percent oxygen (02) was utilized.13 This
factor was adjusted to other 02 flue gas concentrations using the equation
F = 9,230 dscf/106 Btu [20.9/(20.9-%02d)]
where %02d is the flue gas 02 content measured on a dry basis. Emission data
expressed as Ib pollutant/1,000 Ib steam are equivalent to data expressed as gram
pollutant/kg steam.
Determinations of emission factors were made only when steam production
rates were documented or derivable from plant records.
Quality control and quality assurance procedures were used to assure that
the data base accurately reflected the reported test data. Each data rating form was
checked by a second Contractor staff member to assure accurate documentation of
reference exclusion or emission data rating criteria. In addition, manual and
spreadsheet calculations were spot checked by a second Contractor staff member
to assure accurate documentation of reported emission and process data prior to
calculation of overall average emission factors. After emission tables were
generated, a final comparison was made between randomly selected test reports,
their associated data rating forms, and the produced emission table to assure the
quality of the data acquisition and associated calculations.
-------
REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 4
1. Particulate Emissions Test Report: Atlantic Sugar Association, Air Quality
Consultants, Inc., December 20, 1978.
2. Compliance Stack Test: Gulf and Western Food Products: Report No. 238-S,
South Florida Environmental Services, Inc., February 1980.
3. Compliance Stack Test: Gulf and Western Food Products: Report No. 221-S,
South Florida Environmental Services, Inc., January 1980.
4. Compliance Stack Test: United States Sugar Corporation: Report No. 250-S,
South Florida Environmental Services, Inc., February 1980.
5. Compliance Stack Test: Osceola Farms Company: Report No. 215-S, South
Florida Environmental Services, Inc., December 1979.
6. Source Emissions Survey of Davies Hamakua Sugar Company: Report No.
79-34, Mullins Environmental Testing Company, May 1979.
7. Stack Emissions Survey: Honokaa Sugar Company, Kennedy Engineers,
Inc., January 19, 1979.
8. Stationary Source Testing of Bagasse Fired Boilers at the Hawaiian
Commercial and Sugar Company: Puunene, Maui, Hawaii, EPA Contract No.
68-02-1403, Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City, MO, February 1976.
9. Emission Test Report: U.S. Sugar Company, Bryant, Florida, EPA Contract
No. 68-02-2818, Monsanto Research Corporation, Dayton, OH, May 1980.
10. Source Emission Test Report For Rilev Stoker Corporation: Particulate
Emissions From the Bagasse Fired Boilers at Aguirre, Fajardo and Mercedita,
Puerto Rico, Galson Technical Services, East Syracuse, NY, July 1976.
11. Emission Test Report For the Talisman Sugar Corporation, Belle Glade,
Florida, EPA Contract No. 68-02-1406, Engineering-Science, Inc., McLean,
VA, January 1976.
12. Background Document: Bagasse Combustion in Sugar Mills, EPA-450/3-77-
077, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
January 1977.
13. Nonfossil Fuel Fired Industrial Boilers - Background Information, EPA-450/3-
82-007, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
March 1982.
-------
TABLE 4-1. SUMMARY OF EMISSION FACTORS FOR PARTICULATE MATTER
(PM) AND PARTICULATE MATTER LESS THAN 10 MICRONS (PM-10) FROM BAGASSE COMBUSTORS
Source category/reference/rating
Uncontrolled
12,b
12,b
12,b
12,b
12,b
Controlled
Mechanical collector
PM,
g/kg steam OR
lb/1000 Ib steam
PM-10,
g/kg steam OR
lb/1000 Ib steam
7.7
6.4
1.8
1.5
2.2
1,a
8,a
8, a
Wet scrubber
1,a
2,a
3, a
4, a
5,a
6,a
9, a
0.50
4.09
1.82
0.46
0.47
0.41
0.25
0.49
0.15
0.36 0.34
XXXIII
-------
TABLE 4-2. SUMMARY OF CARBON DIOXIDE (C02), NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX), AND POLYCYCLIC ORGANIC
MATTER (POM) FROM BAGASSE COMBUSTORS
C02, NOX, POM,
Source category/ g/kg steam OR g/kg steam or g/kg steam or
reference/rating lb/1000 Ib steam lb/1000 Ib steam lb/1000 Ib steam
After PM control
device
1,a 375
2,a 367
3,a 397
4,a 400
5,a 373
6,a 392
7,a 372
8,a 476 0.43 3.1E-4
8,a 421 0.12 1.9E-4
9,a 303 0.57
XXXIV
-------
TABLE 4-3. SUMMARY OF BAGASSE COMBUSTION EMISSION DATA
Pollutant/source
Particulate matter
Uncontrolled
Controlled
Mechanical collector
Wet Scrubber
PM-10
Controlled
Wet Scrubber
Carbon dioxide
Uncontrolled3
Nitroqen oxides
Uncontrolled3
Polvcvclic orqanic matter
Uncontrolled3
No. of Emission factor
data Data range,
points ratings g/kg steam
5 b 1.5-7.7
3 a 0.50-4.09
7 a 0.15-0.49
1 a NA
10 a 303-476
3 a 0.12-0.43
2 a 1.9E-4-3.1E-4
Average
emission
factor,
g/kg steam
3.9
2.1
0.4
0.34
390
0.3
2.5E-4
Emission Reference
factor rating Number
C 12
D 7,8
B 1,2.
5,6;
D 9
A 1,2.
5,6;
C 8,9
D 8
,3,4,
,9
,3,4,
,7,8,9
Measurements taken downstream of PM control systems.
xxxv
-------
TABLE 4-4. LIST OF CONVERSION FACTORS
Multiply
mg/dscm
m2
acm/min
m/s
kg/h
kPa
Ipm
kg/Mg
By
4.37E-4
10.764
35.31
3.281
2.205
4.0
0.264
2.0
Temperature conversion equations
F= (9/5)*C+32
C= (5/9)*(F-32)
To obtain
gr/dscf
ft2
acfm
ft/s
Ib/h
in. of H2O
gal/min
Ib/ton
-------
REPORT ON REVISIONS TO
5TH EDITION AP-42
Section 1.8
Bagasse Combustion In Sugar Mills
Prepared for:
Contract No. 68-D2-0160, Work Assignment 50
EPA Work Assignment Officer: Roy Huntley
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Office of Air and Radiation
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
Prepared by:
Eastern Research Group
Post Office Box 2010
Morrisville, North Carolina 27560
December 1996
-------
Table of Contents
Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1
2.0 REVISIONS 2-1
2.1 Particulate Matter, PM 2-1
2.2 Particulate Matter Less Than 10 MICROS, PM-10 2-5
2.3 Nitrogen Oxides, NOX 2-5
2.4 Carbon Dioxide, CO2 2-5
2.5 Polycyclic Organic Matter, POM 2-5
3.0 REFERENCES 3-1
4.0 REVISED SECTION 1.8 4-1
5.0 EMISSION FACTOR DOCUMENTATION, APRIL 1993 5-1
Appendix A: Supporting Information
7997\92\04\Suplemnt.B\Reports\Chptr01\01-08.001 (3-17-99) XXXV111
-------
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This report supplements the Emission Factor (EMF) Documentation for AP-42
Section 1.8, Bagasse Combustion In Sugar Mills, dated April 1993. The EMF describes the
source and rationale for the material in the most recent updates to the 4th Edition, while this
report provides documentation for the updates written in both Supplements A and B to the
5th Edition.
Section 1.8 of AP-42 was reviewed by internal peer reviewers to identify technical
inadequacies and areas where state-of-the-art technological advances need to be incorporated.
Based on this review, text has been updated or modified to address any technical
inadequacies or provide clarification. Additionally, emission factors were checked for
accuracy with information in the EMF Document and new emission factors generated if
recent test data were available.
If discrepancies were found when checking the factors with the information in the
EMF Document, the appropriate reference materials were then checked. In some cases, the
factors could not be verified with the information in the EMF Document or from the
reference materials, in which case the factors were not changed.
Four sections follow this introduction. Section 2 of this report documents the
revisions and the basis for the changes. Section 3 presents the references for the changes
documented in this report. Section 4 presents the revised AP-42 Section 1.8, and Section 5
contains the EMF documentation dated April 1993.
7997\92\04\Suplemnt.B\Reports\Chptr01\01-08.001 (3-17-99)
1-1
-------
2.0 REVISIONS
This section documents the revisions made to Section 1.8 of the 5th Edition of AP-42.
At the request of EPA, the metric units were removed.
2.1 Particulate Matter. PM
The uncontrolled and controlled (with mechanical collector) PM emission factors
were checked against Table 4-1 of the EMF Document and no mathematical errors were
detected. Therefore, no changes were made to these emission factors.
Approximately 75 particulate test reports from various sugar mills (each dated early
1990's) were reviewed and 53 contained data for bagasse boilers controlled with wet
scrubbers. The remaining test reports did not specify a control device; however, the PM
emissions were low, indicating some type of control. For this reason, data was not used from
any reports not specifying a control device. There were typically 3 test runs conducted by
EPA Method 5, making a total of 165 data points. These were combined with the 7 data
points from the existing AP-42 Document, making a total of 172 data points.
The existing emission factor was 1.6 Ib/ton bagasse with an overall rating or "B". By
combining the new data, the emission factor is 1.4 Ib/ton bagasse with an overall rating of
"A". Table 1 presents the average PM emission factor for each location. Operating
parameters and detailed test data for each test site are given in Appendix A.
7997\92\04\Suplemnt.B\Reports\Chptr01\01-08.001 (3-17-99)
2-1
-------
Table 1. Summary of PM Emission Factors for Bagasse Boilers
08/12/96
Entry No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Electronic
Filename
ref!8_4
ref!8_5
ref!8_6
ref!8_7
ref!8_8
ref!8_9
ref!8_10
ref!8_12
ref!8_15
ref!8_17
ref 18_21
ref 18_22
ref 18_23
ref 18_24
ref 18_24
ref!8_29
ref!8_30
ref!8_31
ref!8_33
ref!8_34
ref!8_35
ref 18_36
ref 18_37
ref 18_38
ref 18_39
ref 18_40
ref 18_41
ref 18_42
ref 18 43
No. of
Boilers
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Fuel
Type
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
sec
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
Control
Device 1
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
No. of
Test
Runs
o
J
o
J
3
3
o
J
o
J
3
3
o
J
o
J
3
3
o
J
o
J
3
3
o
J
o
J
3
3
o
J
o
J
3
3
o
J
o
J
3
3
o
J
Average PM
(Ib/lOOOlb
Steam)
0.36
0.39
0.37
0.27
0.28
0.31
0.25
0.25
0.13
0.22
0.42
0.28
0.24
0.32
0.23
0.50
0.39
0.41
0.34
0.24
0.26
0.33
0.52
0.40
0.42
0.39
0.34
0.37
0.35
(Ib/ton
Bagasse)
1.45
1.55
1.48
1.08
1.10
1.24
0.99
0.75
0.52
0.87
1.68
1.11
0.98
1.27
0.91
2.00
1.55
1.64
1.37
0.95
1.06
1.32
2.09
1.61
1.69
1.56
1.36
1.47
1.39
7997\92\04\Suplemnt.B\Reports\Chptr01\01-08.001 (3-17-99)
2-2
-------
Table 1. (Continued)
08/12/96
Entry No.
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
Electronic
Filename
ref 18_44
ref 18_45
ref 18_46
ref 18_47
ref 18_48
ref 18_49
ref 18_50
ref 18_51
ref 18_52
ref 18_56
ref 18_32
ref!8_l
ref!8_2
ref!8_3
ref!8_ll
ref!8_13
ref!8_14
ref!8_16
ref!8_18
ref!8_19
ref!8_20
ref 18_21
No. of
Boilers
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Fuel
Type
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
sec
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
Control
Device 1
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Wet Scrubber
Twin Wet
Scrubbers
Twin Wet
Scrubbers
Twin Wet
Scrubbers
Twin Wet
Scrubbers
Twin Wet
Scrubbers
Twin Wet
Scrubbers
Twin Wet
Scrubbers
Twin Wet
Scrubbers
Twin Wet
Scrubbers
Twin Wet
Scrubbers
Twin Wet
Scrubbers
No. of
Test
Runs
3
o
J
o
J
3
3
o
J
o
J
3
3
o
6
o
5
6
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Average PM
(Ib/lOOOlb
Steam)
0.47
0.38
0.25
0.39
0.32
0.38
0.31
0.24
0.30
0.23
0.26
0.39
0.53
0.52
0.32
0.35
0.38
0.52
0.27
0.3
0.37
0.43
(Ib/ton
Bagasse)
1.88
1.53
1.01
1.55
1.29
1.50
1.24
0.94
1.19
0.94
1.02
1.55
2.13
2.08
1.29
1.41
1.53
2.07
1.07
1.21
1.48
1.7
7997\92\04\Suplemnt.B\Reports\Chptr01\01-08.001 (3-17-99)
-------
Table 1. (Continued)
08/12/96
Entry No.
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
Electronic
Filename
ref 18_26
ref 18_27
ref 18_28
Table 4-1
Table 4-1
Table 4-1
Table 4-1
Table 4-1
Table 4-1
Table 4-1
No. of
Boilers
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Fuel
Type
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
bagasse
sec
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
10201101
Control
Device 1
Twin Wet
Scrubbers
Twin Wet
Scrubbers
Twin Wet
Scrubbers
Wet Scrubbers
Wet Scrubbers
Wet Scrubbers
Wet Scrubbers
Wet Scrubbers
Wet Scrubbers
Wet Scrubbers
No. of
Test
Runs
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Average:
High:
Low:
Std. Dev.:
No. of Points:
Average PM
(Ib/lOOOlb
Steam)
0.29
0.51
0.35
0.46
0.47
0.41
0.25
0.49
0.15
0.36
0.35
0.53
0.13
0.09
172
(Ib/ton
Bagasse)
1.15
2.05
1.39
1.84
1.88
1.64
1
1.96
0.6
1.44
1.39
2.13
0.52
0.38
7997\92\04\Suplemnt.B\Reports\Chptr01\01-08.001 (3-17-99)
2-4
-------
2.2 Paniculate Matter Less Than 10 MICROS. PM-10
The PM-10 emission factors were checked against Table 4-1 of the EMF Document
and remain the same as in the 7/93 version of AP-42.
2.3 Nitrogen Oxides. NO..
The NOX emission factor was checked against Table 4-2 of the EMF Document and
remains the same as in the 7/93 version of AP-42.
2.4 Carbon Dioxide. CO2
The CO2 emission factor was checked against Table 4-2 of the EMF Document and
remains the same as version 7/93 AP-42.
2.5 Polycyclic Organic Matter. POM
The POM emission factors were checked against Table 4-2 of the EMF Document
and remain the same as in the 7/93 version of AP-42.
7997\92\04\Suplemnt.B\Reports\Chptr01\01-08.001 (3-17-99)
2-5
-------
3.0 REFERENCES
1. Source Test Report For Paniculate Emissions Twin Impingement Wet Scrubber
Number 6 Boiler, Talisman Sugar Corporation South Bay, Florida,
February 1 and 4, 1991.
2. Source Test Report For Paniculate Emissions Twin Impingement Wet Scrubber
Number 5 Boiler, Talisman Sugar Corporation South Bay, Florida, February 5, 1991.
3. Source Test Report For Paniculate Emissions Twin Impingement Wet Scrubber
Number 4 Boiler, Talisman Sugar Corporation South Bay, Florida,
February 11, 1991.
4. Source Test Report For Paniculate Emissions Impingement Wet Scrubber Number 3
Boiler, Atlantic Sugar Association, Belle Glade, Florida, November 27, 1990.
5. Source Test Report For Paniculate Emissions Impingement Wet Scrubber Number 4
Boiler, Atlantic Sugar Association, Belle Glade, Florida, November 29, 1990.
6. Source Test Report Number 3 Boiler Impingement Wet Scrubber Paniculate
Emissions, Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida, Belle Glade, Florida,
December 6, 1990.
7. Source Test Report Number 4 Boiler Impingement Wet Scrubber Paniculate
Emissions, Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida, Belle Glade, Florida,
December 11, 1990.
8. Source Test Report For Paniculate Emissions Impingement Wet Scrubber Number 5
Boiler, United States Sugar Cane Corporation, Bryant, Florida, January 13, 1991.
9. Source Test Report For Paniculate Emissions Impingement Wet Scrubber Number 1
Boiler, United States Sugar Corporation, Bryant, Florida, January 8, 1991.
10. Source Test Report For Paniculate Emissions Impingement Wet Scrubber Number 3
Boiler, United States sugar Corporation, Bryant, Florida, January 24, 1991.
11. Source Test Report Number 5 Boiler Impingement Wet Scrubbers Paniculate
Emissions, Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida, Belle Glade, Florida,
Decembers, 1990.
12. Source Test Report Number 8 Boiler Impingement Wet Scrubber Paniculate
Emissions, Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida, Belle Glade, Florida,
December 12, 1990.
7997\92\04\Suplemnt.B\Reports\Chptr01\01-08.001 (3-17-99)
5-1
-------
13. Source Test Report For Paniculate Emissions Twin Impingement Wet Scrubbers
Number 1 Boiler, Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida, Belle Glade, Florida,
November 19, 1990.
14. Source Test Report For Particulate Emissions Twin Impingement Wet Scrubbers
Number 2 Boiler, Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida, Belle Glade, Florida,
November 28, 1990.
15. Source Test Report For Particulate Emissions Impingement Wet Scrubber Number 2
Boiler, U. S. Sugar Corporation, Bryant, Florida, January 23, 1991.
16. Source Test Report For Particulate Emissions Twin Impingement Wet Scrubber
Boiler Number 4, Talisman Sugar Corporation, South Bay, Florida, December 9,
1991.
17. Source Test Report For Particulate Emissions Impingement Wet Scrubber Boiler
Number 8, Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida Airport Road, Belle Glade,
Florida, November 27, 1991.
18. Source Test Report For Particulate Emissions Twin Impingement Wet Scrubbers
Boiler Number 7, Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida, Belle Glade, Florida,
November 14, 1991.
19. Source Test Report For Particulate Emissions Twin Impingement Wet Scrubbers
Boiler Number 2, Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida, Belle Glade, Florida,
November 15, 1991.
20. Source Test Report For Particulate Emissions Twin Impingement Wet Scrubbers
Boiler Number 6, Talisman Sugar Corporation, South Bay, Florida, December 11,
1991.
21. Source Test Report For Particulate Emissions Boilers 3 and 4, Atlantic Sugar
Association, Belle Glade, Florida, November 20 and 21, 1991.
22. Source Test Report For Particulate And Volatile Organic Compound Emissions,
Nominal 10% Soil Feed Impingement Wet Scrubber Boiler Number 7, Bryant,
Florida, December 19, 1991.
23. Source Test Report For Particulate Emissions Impingement Wet Scrubber Boiler
Number 5, Bryant, Florida, March 5, 1992.
24. Source Test Report For Particulate And Volatile Organic Compound Emissions,
Nominal 10% Soil Feed Impingement Wet Scrubber Boiler Number 3, Bryant,
Florida, December 17, 1991.
7997\92\04\Suplemnt.B\Reports\Chptr01\01-08.001 (3-17-99)
5-2
-------
25. Source Test Report For Paniculate Emissions Impingement Wet Scrubber Boiler
Number 4, November 26, 1991.
26. Source Test Report For Paniculate Emissions Twin Impingement Wet Scrubbers
Boiler Number 5, November 20, 1991.
27. Source Test Report For Paniculate Emissions Twin Impingement Wet Scrubber
Boiler Number 5, Talisman Sugar Corporation, South Bay, Florida, December 10,
1991.
28. Source Test Report For Paniculate Emissions Twin Impingement Wet Scrubbers
Boiler Number 3, November 21, 1991.
29. Atlantic Sugar Association Compliance Paniculate Emissions Test Report Boiler #2,
Belle Glade, Florida Facility, February 1, 1991.
30. Osceola Farms Company Compliance Paniculate Emissions Test Report Boiler #2,
Pahokee, Florida Facility, February 7, 1991.
31. Particulate Emissions Compliance Test Report Boiler #7, Atlantic Sugar Association,
Belle Glade, Florida Facility, December 11, 1990.
32. Paniculate Emissions Testing Atlantic Sugar Association Boiler #7, Belle Glade,
Florida Facility, December 16, 1991.
33. Paniculate Emissions Compliance Test Report Boiler #5, Atlantic Sugar Association.,
Belle Glade, Florida Facility, January 8, 1992.
34. Atlantic Sugar Association Paniculate Emissions Test Report Boiler #5,
January 10, 1991.
3 5. Okeelanta Corporation Compliance Paniculate Emissions Test Report Boiler #72,
South Bay Florida Facility, December 17, 1991.
36. Paniculate Emissions Testing Atlantic Sugar Association Boiler #2, Belle Glade,
Florida Facility, December 12, 1991.
37. Okeelanta Corporation Compliance Paniculate Emissions Test Report Boiler #77,
South Bay Florida Facility, January 21 & 22, 1992.
3 8. Okeelanta Corporation Compliance Paniculate Emissions Test Report Boiler #70,
South Bay Florida Facility, January 29, 30 & 31, 1992.
7997\92\04\Suplemnt.B\Reports\Chptr01\01-08.001 (3-17-99)
-------
39. Okeelanta Corporation Compliance Particulate Emissions Test Report Boiler #6,
South Bay Florida Facility, January 24, 1992.
40. Okeelanta Corporation Compliance Paniculate Emissions Test Report Boiler #14,
South Bay Florida Facility, January 10 & 13, 1992.
41. Okeelanta Corporation Compliance P articulate Emissions Test Report Boiler #15,
South Bay Florida Facility, January 8, 1992.
42. Okeelanta Corporation Compliance P articulate Emissions Test Report Boiler #4,
South Bay Florida Facility, December 11 & 12, 1991.
43. Okeelanta Corporation Compliance P articulate Emissions Test Report Boiler #5,
South Bay Florida Facility, December 12 & 13, 1991.
44. Okeelanta Corporation P articulate Emissions Test Report Boiler #5,
December 12, 1990.
45. Okeelanta Corporation Paniculate Emissions Test Report Boiler #6,
December 13 and 14, 1990.
46. Okeelanta Corporation P articulate Emissions Test Report Boiler #10,
January 29 and 30, 1991.
47. Okeelanta Corporation Paniculate Emissions Test Report Boiler #4,
December 10 and 11, 1990.
48. Okeelanta Corporation Paniculate Emissions Test Report Boiler #11,
December 6 and 7, 1990.
49. Paniculate Emissions Testing Okeelanta Corporation Boiler #12, January 31 &
February 1, 1991.
50. Okeelanta Corporation Paniculate Emissions Test Report Boiler #14,
February 4 and 5, 1991.
51. Okeelanta Corporation Paniculate Emissions Test Report Boiler #15,
Februarys, 1991.
52. Stack Test For Total Gaseous Non-Methane Organic Compounds Report 13 71-S
Boiler No. 5 -Bryant, United States Sugar Corporation, February 15, 1990.
52. Atlantic Sugar Association Compliance Emission Test Program, Unit No. 5, Belle
Glade, FL, Eastmount Engineering, January 1992.
7997\92\04\Suplemnt.B\Reports\Chptr01\01-08.001 (3-17-99)
5-4
-------
4.0 REVISED SECTION 1.8
This section contains the revised section 1.8 of AP-42, 5th Edition. The electronic
version can be located on the EPA TTN at http://134.67.104.12/html/chief/fsnpub.htm.
7997\92\04\Suplemnt.B\Reports\Chptr01\01-08.001 (3-17-99)
4-1
-------
5.0 EMISSION FACTOR DOCUMENTATION, APRIL 1993
This section contains the complete Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42
Section 1.8, Bagasse Combustion in Sugar Mills, dated April 1993. The electronic version
can be located on the EPA TTN at http://134.67.104.12/html/chief/fbgdocs.htm
7997\92\04\Suplemnt.B\Reports\Chptr01\01-08.001 (3-17-99)
5-1
-------
Appendix A: Supporting Information
-------
~~$
^D
^
^
§
O
4^
CO
t
cT
bd
£
1
1
1
o
o
co
o
o
U)
^1
M3
^5
>
AP-42 Emission Factor Updates
Chapter 1.8: Bagasse Fired Boilers
Research by: Edward Skompski July 19, 1995
QC by:
Revised by:
Report: Source Test Report for Particulate Emissions of Twin Impingement
Wet Scrubbers on the number 6 Boiler Talisman Sugar Corporation
Air Consulting and Engineering, February 1991
ref!8 I.wk4
Test Run Number
Particulate Emissions
Test Data"
Emission Rate (Ib/hr)
" (Ib/MMbtu)
Steam Production (lb/hr)d
Cone. (Ib/lOOOlb steam)b
Cone. (Ib/ton bagasse)0
1
2
3
February 1
108.36
0.234
235625
0.46
1.84
96.66
0.206
236875
0.41
1.63
98.32
0.208
241250
0.41
1.63
4
5
Data Rating: Control Devices: Twin Wet Scrubbers
"Data from Table 1 on page 3.
"•Calculation: (Concentration (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*1000 = (lb/1000 Ib
steam)
'Calculation: (Cone. (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*2(lbstm/lbbag)*20001b/ton bag
dSteam data from Appendix E.
'Fuel data from AP-42, chapter 1.8 documentation.
6
February 4
88.138
0.174
258750
0.34
1.36
91.236
0.183
255625
0.36
1.43
86.942
0.18
247753
0.35
1.40
Average
94.943
0.198
245980
0.39
1.55
Test Fuel Data'
Bagasse Fuel
Data
Conversion
(Ibsteam/lb bag)
2
-------
OS
£,
to
<
a"
6"
0
I
1
00
<
£>•
1
AP-42 Emission Factor Updates
Chapter 1.8: Bagasse Fired Boilers
Research by: Edward Skompski July 19, 1995
QCby:
Revised by:
Report: Source Test Report for Particulate Emissions of Twin
Impingement Wet Scrubbers on the number 6 Boiler Talisman
Sugar Corporation Air Consulting and Engineering,
February 1991
ref!82.wk4
Test Run Number
Particulate Emissions
Test Data"
Emission Rate (Ib/hr)
" (Ib/MMbtu)
Steam Production (lb/hr)d
Cone. (Ib/lOOOlb steam)b
Cone. (Ib/ton bagasse)0
1
2
3
February 5
60.335
0.233
133810
0.45
1.80
78.835
0.305
133700
0.59
2.36
72.433
0.289
130600
0.55
2.22
Average
70.534
0.276
132703
0.53
2.13
Data Rating: Control Devices: Twin Wet Scrubbers
"Data from Table 1 on page 3 .
"•Calculation: (Concentration (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*1000 = (lb/1000 Ib
steam)
'Calculation: (Cone. (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*2(lbstm/lbbag)*20001b/ton bag
dSteam data from Appendix E.
'Fuel data from AP-42, chapter 1.8 documentation.
Test Fuel Data'
Bagasse Fuel
Data
Conversion
(Ibsteam/lb bag)
2
-------
OS
£,
to
<
a"
6"
0
I
1
00
<
OJ
AP-42 Emission Factor Updates
Chapter 1.8: Bagasse Fired Boilers
Research by: Edward Skompski July 19, 1995
QCby:
Revised by:
Report: Source Test Report for Particulate Emissions of Twin
Impingement Wet Scrubbers on the number 6 Boiler Talisman
Sugar Corporation Air Consulting and Engineering,
February 1991
ref!83.wk4
Test Run Number
Particulate Emissions
Test Data"
Emission Rate (Ib/hr)
" (Ib/MMbtu)
Steam Production (lb/hr)d
Cone. (Ib/lOOOlb steam)b
Cone. (Ib/ton bagasse)0
1
2
4
February 1 1
62.79
0.265
122060
0.51
2.06
63.84
0.259
126440
0.50
2.02
67.01
0.289
123440
0.54
2.17
Data Rating: Control Devices: Twin Wet Scrubbers
"Data from Table 1 on page 3 .
"•Calculation: (Concentration (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*1000 = (lb/1000 Ib
steam)
'Calculation: (Cone. (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*2(lbstm/lbbag)*20001b/ton bag
dSteam data from Appendix E.
'Fuel data from AP-42, chapter 1.8 documentation.
Test Fuel Data'
Bagasse Fuel
Data
Conversion
(Ibsteam/lb bag)
2
Note: Run three invalid and not used in calculations
Average
64.55
0.271
123980
0.52
2.08
-------
OS
£,
to
<
a"
6"
0
I
1
00
<
AP-42 Emission Factor Updates
Chapter 1.8: Bagasse Fired Boilers
Research by: Edward Skompski July 19, 1995
QCby:
Revised by:
Report: Source Test Report for Particulate Emissions of Twin
Impingement Wet Scrubbers on the number 6 Boiler Talisman
Sugar Corporation Air Consulting and Engineering,
February 1991
ref!84.wk4
Test Run Number
Particulate Emissions
Test Data"
Emission Rate (Ib/hr)
" (Ib/MMbtu)
Steam Production (lb/hr)d
Cone. (Ib/lOOOlb steam)b
Cone. (Ib/ton bagasse)0
1
2
3
November 27, 1990
47.46
0.198
121200
0.39
1.57
41.72
0.176
119700
0.35
1.39
42.39
0.176
122000
0.35
1.39
Average
43.86
0.183
120967
0.36
1.45
Data Rating: Control Devices: Twin Wet Scrubbers
"Data from Table 1 on page 3 .
"•Calculation: (Concentration (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*1000 = (lb/1000 Ib
steam)
'Calculation: (Cone. (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*2(lbstm/lbbag)*20001b/ton bag
dSteam data from Appendix E.
'Fuel data from AP-42, chapter 1.8 documentation.
Test Fuel Data'
Bagasse Fuel
Data
Conversion
(Ibsteam/lb bag)
2
-------
OS
£,
to
<
a"
6"
0
I
1
00
<
£>•
1
AP-42 Emission Factor Updates
Chapter 1.8: Bagasse Fired Boilers
Research by: Edward Skompski July 19, 1995
QCby:
Revised by:
Report: Source Test Report for Particulate Emissions of Twin
Impingement Wet Scrubbers on the number 6 Boiler Talisman
Sugar Corporation Air Consulting and Engineering,
February 1991
ref!8 5.wk4
Test Run Number
Particulate Emissions
Test Data"
Emission Rate (Ib/hr)
" (Ib/MMbtu)
Steam Production (lb/hr)d
Cone. (Ib/lOOOlb steam)b
Cone. (Ib/ton bagasse)0
1
2
3
November 29, 1990
42.21
0.199
109100
0.39
1.55
44.18
0.196
115600
0.38
1.53
45.67
0.2
117100
0.39
1.56
Average
44.02
0.198
113933
0.39
1.55
Data Rating: Control Devices: Twin Wet Scrubbers
"Data from Table 1 on page 3 .
"•Calculation: (Concentration (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*1000 = (lb/1000 Ib
steam)
'Calculation: (Cone. (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*2(lbstm/lbbag)*20001b/ton bag
dSteam data from Appendix E.
'Fuel data from AP-42, chapter 1.8 documentation.
Test Fuel Data'
Bagasse Fuel
Data
Conversion
(Ibsteam/lb bag)
2
-------
OS
£,
to
<
a"
6"
0
I
1
00
<
Os
AP-42 Emission Factor Updates
Chapter 1.8: Bagasse Fired Boilers
Research by: Edward Skompski July 19, 1995
QCby:
Revised by:
Report: Source Test Report for Particulate Emissions of Twin
Impingement Wet Scrubbers on the number 6 Boiler Talisman
Sugar Corporation Air Consulting and Engineering,
February 1991
ref!86.wk4
Test Run Number
Particulate Emissions
Test Data"
Emission Rate (Ib/hr)
" (Ib/MMbtu)
Steam Production (lb/hr)d
Cone. (Ib/lOOOlb steam)b
Cone. (Ib/ton bagasse)0
1
2
3
December 6, 1990
41.09
0.203
103853
0.40
1.58
36
0.183
103853
0.35
1.39
38.02
0.194
103853
0.37
1.46
Average
38.37
0.193
103853
0.37
1.48
Data Rating: Control Devices: Twin Wet Scrubbers
"Data from Table 1 on page 3 .
"•Calculation: (Concentration (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*1000 = (lb/1000 Ib
steam)
'Calculation: (Cone. (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*2(lbstm/lbbag)*20001b/ton bag
dSteam data from Appendix E.
'Fuel data from AP-42, chapter 1.8 documentation.
Test Fuel Data'
Bagasse Fuel
Data
Conversion
(Ibsteam/lb bag)
2
-------
OS
£,
to
<
a"
6"
0
I
1
00
<
£>•
1
AP-42 Emission Factor Updates
Chapter 1.8: Bagasse Fired Boilers
Research by: Edward Skompski July 19, 1995
QCby:
Revised by:
Report: Source Test Report for Particulate Emissions of Twin
Impingement Wet Scrubbers on the number 6 Boiler Talisman
Sugar Corporation Air Consulting and Engineering,
February 1991
ref!87.wk4
Test Run Number
Particulate Emissions
Test Data"
Emission Rate (Ib/hr)
" (Ib/MMbtu)
Steam Production (lb/hr)d
Cone. (Ib/lOOOlb steam)b
Cone. (Ib/ton bagasse)0
1
2
3
December 11, 1990
61.02
0.152
235511
0.26
1.04
64.03
0.159
235511
0.27
1.09
65.27
0.164
235511
0.28
1.11
Average
63.44
0.158
235511
0.27
1.08
Data Rating: Control Devices: Twin Wet Scrubbers
"Data from Table 1 on page 3 .
"•Calculation: (Concentration (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*1000 = (lb/1000 Ib
steam)
'Calculation: (Cone. (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*2(lbstm/lbbag)*20001b/ton bag
dSteam data from Appendix E.
'Fuel data from AP-42, chapter 1.8 documentation.
Test Fuel Data'
Bagasse Fuel
Data
Conversion
(Ibsteam/lb bag)
2
-------
OS
£,
to
<
a"
6"
0
I
1
00
<
£>•
1
oo
AP-42 Emission Factor Updates
Chapter 1.8: Bagasse Fired Boilers
Research by: Edward Skompski July 19, 1995
QCby:
Revised by:
Report: Source Test Report for Particulate Emissions of Twin
Impingement Wet Scrubbers on the number 6 Boiler Talisman
Sugar Corporation Air Consulting and Engineering,
February 1991
ref!8 8.wk4
Test Run Number
Particulate Emissions
Test Data"
Emission Rate (Ib/hr)
" (Ib/MMbtu)
Steam Production (lb/hr)d
Cone. (Ib/lOOOlb steam)b
Cone. (Ib/ton bagasse)0
1
2
3
January 13, 1991
59.666
0.114
241343
0.25
0.99
72.445
0.137
243971
0.30
1.19
68.833
0.129
243971
0.28
1.13
Average
66.981
0.127
243095
0.28
1.10
Data Rating: Control Devices: Twin Wet Scrubbers
"Data from Table 1 on page 3 .
"•Calculation: (Concentration (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*1000 = (lb/1000 Ib
steam)
'Calculation: (Cone. (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*2(lbstm/lbbag)*20001b/ton bag
dSteam data from Appendix E.
'Fuel data from AP-42, chapter 1.8 documentation.
Test Fuel Data'
Bagasse Fuel
Data
Conversion
(Ibsteam/lb bag)
2
-------
OS
£,
to
<
a"
6"
0
I
1
00
<
AP-42 Emission Factor Updates
Chapter 1.8: Bagasse Fired Boilers
Research by: Edward Skompski July 19, 1995
QCby:
Revised by:
Report: Source Test Report for Particulate Emissions of Twin
Impingement Wet Scrubbers on the number 6 Boiler Talisman
Sugar Corporation Air Consulting and Engineering,
February 1991
ref!89.wk4
Test Run Number
Particulate Emissions
Test Data"
Emission Rate (Ib/hr)
" (Ib/MMbtu)
Steam Production (lb/hr)d
Cone. (Ib/lOOOlb steam)b
Cone. (Ib/ton bagasse)0
1
2
3
January 8, 1991
47.92
0.16
154194
0.31
1.24
42.99
0.145
152927
0.28
1.12
50.1
0.174
148889
0.34
1.35
Average
47.003
0.160
152003
0.31
1.24
Data Rating: Control Devices: Twin Wet Scrubbers
"Data from Table 1 on page 3 .
"•Calculation: (Concentration (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*1000 = (lb/1000 Ib
steam)
'Calculation: (Cone. (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*2(lbstm/lbbag)*20001b/ton bag
dSteam data from Appendix E.
'Fuel data from AP-42, chapter 1.8 documentation.
Test Fuel Data'
Bagasse Fuel
Data
Conversion
(Ibsteam/lb bag)
2
-------
OS
£,
to
<
a"
o"
0
I
1
00
<
£>•
1
o
AP-42 Emission Factor Updates
Chapter 1.8: Bagasse Fired Boilers
Research by: Edward Skompski July 19, 1995
QCby:
Revised by:
Report: Source Test Report for Particulate Emissions of Twin
Impingement Wet Scrubbers on the number 6 Boiler Talisman
Sugar Corporation Air Consulting and Engineering,
February 1991
ref!8 10.wk4
Test Run Number
Particulate Emissions
Test Data"
Emission Rate (Ib/hr)
" (Ib/MMbtu)
Steam Production (lb/hr)d
Cone. (Ib/lOOOlb steam)b
Cone. (Ib/ton bagasse)0
1
2
3
January 24, 1991
45.43
0.156
151667
0.30
1.20
43.54
0.151
149189
0.29
1.17
23.33
0.079
153243
0.15
0.61
Average
37.433
0.129
151366
0.25
0.99
Data Rating: Control Devices: Twin Wet Scrubbers
"Data from Table 1 on page 3 .
"•Calculation: (Concentration (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*1000 = (lb/1000 Ib
steam)
'Calculation: (Cone. (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*2(lbstm/lbbag)*20001b/ton bag
dSteam data from Appendix E.
'Fuel data from AP-42, chapter 1.8 documentation.
Test Fuel Data'
Bagasse Fuel
Data
Conversion
(Ibsteam/lb bag)
2
-------
OS
£,
to
<
a"
6"
0
I
1
00
<
£>•
1
AP-42 Emission Factor Updates
Chapter 1.8: Bagasse Fired Boilers
Research by: John Wescott July 24, 1995
QCby:
Revised by:
Report: Source Test Report, Number 5 Boiler, Impingement Wet Scrubbers,
Particulate Emissions, Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida
ref!8 Il.wk4
Test Run Number
Particulate Emissions
Test Data"
Emission Rate (Ib/hr)
" (Ib/MMbtu)
Steam Production (Ib/hr)
Cone. (Ib/lOOOlb steam)b
Cone. (Ib/ton bagasse)0
1
55.62
0.188
173,611
0.32
1.28
2
3
December 5, 1990
59.69
0.204
172,222
0.35
1.39
49.53
0.176
165,000
0.30
1.20
Average
54.95
0.189
170,278
0.32
1.29
Data Rating: Control Devices: Twin Wet Scrubber
"Data from section 1 .0 on page 3 and Appendix A.
"•Calculation: (Concentration (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*1000 = (lb/1000 Ib steam)
'Calculation: (Cone. (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*2(lbstm/lbbag)*20001b/ton bag
dFuel data from AP-42, chapter 1.8 documentation.
Test Fuel Data1"
Bagasse Fuel
Data
Conversion
(Ibsteam/lb bag)
2
-------
7996-79-07\ap-42rev.bdi\octrev\sectl-8.rev A-12
AP-42 Emission Factor Updates
Chapter 1.8: Bagasse Fired Boilers
Research by: John Wescott July 24, 1995
QC by:
Revised by:
Report: Source Test Report, Number 8 Boiler, Impingement Wet
Scrubber, Particulate Emissions, Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative
of Florida
ref!8 12.wk4
Test Run Number
Particulate Emissions
Test Data"
Emission Rate (Ib/hr)
" (Ib/MMbtu)
Steam Production (Ib/hr)
Cone. (Ib/lOOOlb steam)b
Cone. (Ib/ton bagasse)0
1
2
December 12, 1990
61.34
0.147
245,000
0.25
1.00
60.88
0.149
240,947
0.25
1.01
3
59.08
0.144
240,800
0.25
0.98
4
57.63
0.139
243,478
0.24
0.00
Average
59.73
0.145
242,556
0.25
0.75
Data Rating: Control Devices: Wet Scrubber
"Data from section 1 .0 on page 3 and Appendix A.
"•Calculation: (Concentration (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*1000 = (lb/1000
Ib steam)
'Calculation: (Cone. (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr)) * 2(lbstm/lbbag) *
20001b/ton bag
dFuel data from AP-42, chapter 1.8 documentation.
Test Fuel Data11
Bagasse Fuel Data
Conversion
(Ibsteam/lb bag)
2
-------
OS
£,
to
<
a"
6"
0
I
1
00
<
£>•
1
OJ
AP-42 Emission Factor Updates
Chapter 1.8: Bagasse Fired Boilers
Research by: John Wescott July 24, 1995
QCby:
Revised by:
Report: Source Test Report for Particulate Emissions
Twin Impingement Wet Scrubbers, Number 1 Boiler
Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida
ref!8 13.wk4
Test Run Number
Particulate Emissions
Test Data"
Emission Rate (Ib/hr)
" (Ib/MMbtu)
Steam Production (Ib/hr)
Cone. (Ib/lOOOlb steam)b
Cone. (Ib/ton bagasse)0
1
41.67
0.196
125,064
0.33
1.33
2
3
November 19, 1990
44.07
0.212
122,336
0.36
1.44
44.95
0.224
124,075
0.36
1.45
Average
43.56
0.211
123,825
0.35
1.41
Data Rating: Control Devices: Twin Wet Scrubbers
"Data from section 1.0 on page 3 and Appendix A.
"•Calculation: (Concentration (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*1000 = (lb/1000
Ib steam)
'Calculation: (Cone. (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*2(lbstm/lbbag)*20001b/ton
bag
dFuel data from AP-42, chapter 1.8 documentation.
Test Fuel Data1"
Bagasse Fuel
Data
Conversion
(Ibsteam/lb bag)
2
-------
<]
^o
^o
OS
<]
^o
<]
i
to
<
a"
&
6"
0
I
1
00
3
>
^
AP-42 Emission Factor Updates
Chapter 1.8: Bagasse Fired Boilers
Research by: John Wescott July 24, 1995
QC by:
Revised by:
Report: Source Test Report for Particulate Emissions
Twin Impingement Wet Scrubbers, Number 2 Boiler
Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida
ref!8 14.wk4
Test Run Number
Particulate Emissions
Test Data"
Emission Rate (Ib/hr)
(Ib/MMbtu)
Steam Production (Ib/hr)
Cone. (Ib/lOOOlb steam)b
Cone. (Ib/ton bagasse)0
1
41.89
0.206
119,351
0.35
1.40
2
3
November 28, 1990
53.73
0.258
122,514
0.44
1.75
44.01
0.212
122,182
0.36
1.44
Average
46.54
0.225
121,349
0.38
1.53
Data Rating: Control Devices: Twin Wet Scrubbers
'Data from section 1 .0 on page 3 and Appendix A.
"•Calculation: (Concentration (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*1000 = (lb/1000
Ib steam)
'Calculation: (Cone. (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr)) * 2(lbstm/lbbag) *
20001b/ton bag
•"Fuel data from AP-42, chapter 1.8 documentation.
Test Fuel Data11
Bagasse Fuel Data
Conversion
(Ibsteam/lb bag)
2
-------
<]
^o
^o
OS
<]
^o
<]
i
to
<
a"
&
6"
0
I
1
00
3
>
(^
AP-42 Emission Factor Updates
Chapter 1.8: Bagasse Fired Boilers
Research by: John Wescott July 24, 1995
QC by:
Revised by:
Report: Source Test Report for Particulate Emissions
Impingement Wet Scrubber, Number 2 Boiler
Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida
ref!8 15.wk4
Test Run Number
Particulate Emissions
Test Data"
Emission Rate (Ib/hr)
(Ib/MMbtu)
Steam Production (Ib/hr)
Cone. (Ib/lOOOlb steam)b
Cone. (Ib/ton bagasse)0
1
17.029
0.058
150,380
0.11
0.45
9
3
January 23, 1991
14.067
0.048
148,831
0.09
0.38
27.315
0.093
149,189
0.18
0.73
Average
19.47
0.066
149,467
0.13
0.52
Data Rating: Control Devices: Wet Scrubber
"Data from section 1.0 on page 3 and Appendix A.
"•Calculation: (Concentration (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*1000 = (lb/1000 Ib
steam)
'Calculation: (Cone. (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*2(lbstm/lbbag)*20001b/ton
bag
•"Fuel data from AP-42, chapter 1.8 documentation.
Test Fuel Data11
Bagasse Fuel
Data
Conversion
(Ibsteam/lb bag)
2
-------
OS
£,
to
<
a"
6"
0
I
1
00
<
£>•
1
Os
AP-42 Emission Factor Updates
Chapter 1.8: Bagasse Fired Boilers
Research by: Edward Skompski July 19, 1995
QCby:
Revised by:
Report: Source Test Report for Particulate Emissions of Twin
Impingement Wet Scrubbers on the number 4 Boiler Talisman
Sugar Corporation Air Consulting and Engineering,
December 1991
ref!8 16.wk4
Test Run Number
Particulate Emissions
Test Data"
Emission Rate (Ib/hr)
" (Ib/MMbtu)
Steam Production (lb/hr)d
Cone. (Ib/lOOOlb steam)b
Cone. (Ib/ton bagasse)0
1
2
3
December 9, 1991
60.88
0.265
116688
0.52
2.09
57.38
0.253
113533
0.51
2.02
60.33
0.267
114629
0.53
2.11
Average
59.530
0.262
114950
0.52
2.07
Data Rating: Control Devices: Twin Wet Scrubbers
"Data from Table 1 on page 3 .
"•Calculation: (Concentration (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*1000 = (lb/1000 Ib
steam)
'Calculation: (Cone. (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*2(lbstm/lbbag)*20001b/ton bag
dSteam data from Appendix D.
'Fuel data from AP-42, chapter 1.8 documentation.
Test Fuel Data'
Bagasse Fuel
Data
Conversion
(Ibsteam/lb bag)
2
-------
OS
£,
to
<
a"
6"
0
I
1
00
<
£>•
1
AP-42 Emission Factor Updates
Chapter 1.8: Bagasse Fired Boilers
Research by: Edward Skompski July 20, 1995
QCby:
Revised by:
Report: Source Test Report for Particulate Emissions of Impingement
Wet Scrubber on the number 8 Boiler Sugar Cane Growers
Coop of Florida Air Consulting and Engineering,
November 1991
ref!8 17.wk4
Test Run Number
Particulate Emissions
Test Data"
Emission Rate (Ib/hr)
" (Ib/MMbtu)
Steam Production (lb/hr)d
Cone. (Ib/lOOOlb steam)b
Cone. (Ib/ton bagasse)0
1
2
3
November 27, 1991
62.98
0.138
234545
0.27
1.07
44.5
0.093
243704
0.18
0.73
48.53
0.102
243600
0.20
0.80
Average
52.003
0.111
240616
0.22
0.87
Data Rating: Control Devices: Wet Scrubber
"Data from Table 1 on page 3 .
"•Calculation: (Concentration (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*1000 = (lb/1000 Ib
steam)
'Calculation: (Cone. (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*2(lbstm/lbbag)*20001b/ton bag
dSteam data from Appendix D.
'Fuel data from AP-42, chapter 1.8 documentation.
Test Fuel Data'
Bagasse Fuel
Data
Conversion
(Ibsteam/lb bag)
2
-------
OS
£,
to
<
a"
6"
0
I
1
00
<
£>•
1
oo
AP-42 Emission Factor Updates
Chapter 1.8: Bagasse Fired Boilers
Research by: Edward Skompski July 20, 1995
QCby:
Revised by:
Report: Source Test Report for Particulate Emissions of Twin
Impingement Wet Scrubbers on the number 1 Boiler Sugar
Cane Growers Coop of Florida Air Consulting and Engineering,
December 1991
ref!8 18.wk4
Test Run Number
Particulate Emissions
Test Data"
Emission Rate (Ib/hr)
" (Ib/MMbtu)
Steam Production (lb/hr)d
Cone. (Ib/lOOOlb steam)b
Cone. (Ib/ton bagasse)0
1
2
3
November 14, 1991
30.67
0.153
117818
0.26
1.04
32.25
0.158
120000
0.27
1.08
32.64
0.16
120000
0.27
1.09
Average
31.853
0.157
119273
0.27
1.07
Data Rating: Control Devices: Twin Wet Scrubbers
"Data from Table 1 on page 3 .
"•Calculation: (Concentration (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*1000 = (lb/1000 Ib
steam)
'Calculation: (Cone. (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*2(lbstm/lbbag)*20001b/ton bag
dSteam data from Appendix D.
'Fuel data from AP-42, chapter 1.8 documentation.
Test Fuel Data'
Bagasse Fuel
Data
Conversion
(Ibsteam/lb bag)
2
-------
7996-79-07\ap-42rev.bdi\octrev\sectl-8.rev A-19
AP-42 Emission Factor Updates
Chapter 1.8: Bagasse Fired Boilers
Research by: Edward Skompski July 20, 1995
QCby:
Revised by:
Report: Source Test Report for Particulate Emissions of Twin
Impingeme
nt Wet Scrubbers on the number 2 Boiler Sugar Cane Growers
Coop of Florida Air Consulting and Engineering,
November 1991
ref!8 19.wk4
Test Run Number
Particulate Emissions
Test Data"
Emission Rate (Ib/hr)
" (Ib/MMbtu)
Steam Production (lb/hr)d
Cone. (Ib/lOOOlb steam)b
Cone. (Ib/ton bagasse)0
1
2
3
November 15, 1991
41.32
0.206
119172
0.35
1.39
34.28
0.17
119564
0.29
1.15
33.12
0.164
119564
0.28
1.11
Average
36.240
0.180
119433
0.30
1.21
Data Rating: Control Devices: Twin Wet Scrubbers
"Data from Table 1 on page 3 .
"•Calculation: (Concentration (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*1000 = (lb/1000 Ib
steam)
'Calculation: (Cone. (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*2(lbstm/lbbag)*20001b/ton bag
•"Steam data from Appendix D.
'Fuel data from AP-42, chapter 1.8 documentation.
Test Fuel Data'
Bagasse Fuel
Data
Conversion
(Ibsteam/lb bag)
2
-------
OS
<]
^o
o
a"
a-
\P-42 Emission Factor Updates
lesearch by: Edward Skompski July 20, 1995
2Cby:
'hapter 1.8: Bagasse Fired Boilers
Revised by:
Report: Source Test Report for Participate Emissions of Twin Impingement
Wet Scrubbers on the number 6 Boiler Talisman Sugar
Corporation Air Consulting and Engineering, December 1991
Fest Fuel Data'
)ata Rating:
Control Devices: Twin Wet Scrubbers
Data from Table 1 on page 3.
Calculation: (Concentration (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*1000 = (lb/1000 Ib steam)
Calculation: (Cone. (lb/hr)/Stm(lb/hr))*2(lbstm/lbbag)*20001b/ton bag
Steam data from Appendix D.
Bagasse Fuel Data
to
o
------- |