EMISSION FACTOR DOCUMENTATION FOR
AP-42SECTIONl.il
WASTE OIL COMBUSTION
Prepared by:
Edward Aul & Associates, Inc.
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
E. H. Pechan & Associates, Inc.
Rancho Cordova, CA 95742
Contract No. 68-DO-0120
EPA Work Assignment Officer: Michael Hamlin
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Office Of Air And Radiation
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
April 1993
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Mention of trade names
or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES iv
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1-1
CHAPTER 2. INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION 2-1
2.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INDUSTRY 2-1
2.2 PROCESS DESCRIPTION 2-1
2.3 EMISSIONS 2-2
2.3.1 Particulate Matter Emissions 2-2
2.3.2 Sulphur Dioxide Emissions 2-2
2.3.3 Chlorinated Organics Emissions 2-3
2.3.4 Other Organic Emissions 2-3
2.4 CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 2-3
2.4.1 Pretreatment 2-3
2.4.2 Emissions Control 2-4
REFERENCES 2-6
CHAPTER 3. GENERAL DATA REVIEW AND ANALYSIS
PROCEDURES 3-1
3.1 LITERATURE SEARCH AND SCREENING 3-1
3.2 EMISSION DAT A QUALITY RATING SYSTEM 3-2
3.3 PARTICLE SIZE DETERMINATION 3-4
3.4 EMISSION FACTOR QUALITY RATING SYSTEM 3-5
REFERENCES 3-6
CHAPTER 4. POLLUTANT EMISSION FACTOR DEVELOPMENT 4-1
4.1 REVIEW OF SPECIFIC DATA SETS 4-1
4.1.1 Reference 5 4-1
4.1.2 Reference 6 4-2
4.1.3 Reference? 4-3
4.1.4 References 8 and 9 4-3
4.1.5 Reference 10 4-4
4.1.6 Reference 11 4-5
4.2 RESULTS OF DATA ANALYSIS 4-5
4.3 PROTOCOL FOR DATA BASE 4-6
REFERENCES 4-15
CHAPTERS. AP-42SECTIONl.il: WASTE OIL COMBUSTION 5-1
APPENDIX A. EMISSION SOURCE DAT A RATING FORMS A-l
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
APPENDIXB. MARKED-UP 1988 AP-42 SECTION 1.11 B-l
IV
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 2-1
TABLE 4-1
TABLE 4-2
TABLE 4-3
TABLE 4-4
TABLE 4-5
TABLE 4-6
TYPICAL CONCENTRATIONS OF SELECTED
CONTAMINANTS IN WASTE OIL AND IN
DISTILLATE AND RESIDUAL FUEL OILS
CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL BOILERS TESTED
IN REFERENCE 5 TESTS
SUMMARY OF EMISSION FACTORS FOR SPECIATED
METALS FROM WASTE OIL COMBUSTION
SUMMARY OF EMISSION FACTORS FOR Pb AND PM.
SUMMARY OF EMISSION FACTORS SPECIATED
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM SPACE HEATERS
EMISSION FACTORS
SUMMARY OF CO2 AND CO EMISSION DATA
FROM WASTE OIL COMBUSTORS
SUMMARY OF EMISSION FACTORS FORNOX
AND SO, FROM WASTE OIL COMBUSTORS
age
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4-9
4-10
4-11
4-12
4-13
4-14
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1. INTRODUCTION
The document "Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors" (AP-42) has been
published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) since 1972. Supplements to AP-
42 have been routinely published to add new emission source categories and to update existing
emission factors. The AP-42 is routinely updated by EPA to respond to new emission factor
needs of EPA, State, and local air pollution control programs and industry.
An emission factor relates the quantity (weight) of pollutants emitted to a unit of activity
of the source. The uses for the emission factors reported in AP-42 include:
1. Estimates of area-wide emissions;
2. Emission estimates for a specific facility; and
3. Evaluation of emissions relative to ambient air quality.
The purpose of this report is to provide background information from over 12 test reports
to support revision of emission factors for waste oil combustion.
Including the introduction (Chapter 1), this report contains five chapters. Chapter 2 gives
a description of the use of waste oil for combustion in boilers and space heaters. It includes a
characterization of the industry, an overview of the different boiler and space heater types, a
description of emissions, and a description of the technology used to control emissions resulting
from waste oil combustion. Chapter 3 is a review of emissions data collection and analysis
procedures. It describes the literature search, the screening of emission data reports, and the
quality rating system for both emission data and emission factors. It also describes particle size
determination and particle size data analysis methodology. Chapter 4 details pollutant emission
factor development. It includes the review of specific data sets, the
results of data analysis, and the data base protocol. Chapter 5 presents the AP-42 Section 1.11.
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2. INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION
The purpose of this report is to amass and document information about the combustion of
waste oils - information to use in updating Section 1.11 of the latest supplement to AP-42 (1988).
Waste oil includes used crankcase oil from automobiles and trucks, used industrial lubricating
oils (such as metal working oils), and other used industrial oils (such as heat transfer fluids).In
addition to updated emission factors for the criteria pollutants, the new supplement will report,
depending on availability of data, emission factors for certain non-criteria pollutants: speciated
total organic compounds (TOC), speciated toxic metals, ozone depleting gases, and global
warming gases.
2.1 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE INDUSTRY1'2
In 1983, about 8.7 billion liters (2.3 billion gallons) of crankcase oils/industrial
lubricating oils/other industrial oils were sold. These are the precursors for the "waste oil" that
was defined above. Of the 8.7 billion liters (2.3 billion gallons), about one half, or 4.5 billion
liters (1.2 billion gallons), were recovered as waste oil and subsequently reused or disposed of.
Of the 4.5 billion liters (1.2 billion gallons), 56 percent was sold to collectors, reclaimers, or fuel
oil dealers, with the rest managed by the generators.
Burning was the single largest category of used oil utilization. It accounted for almost 2.2
billion liters (590 million gallons) in 1983.
2.2 PROCESS DESCRIPTION3
Used oil can be burned in a variety of combustion systems including industrial boilers,
commercial/institutional boilers, space heaters, asphalt plants, cement and lime kilns, other types
of dryers and calciners, and steel production blast furnaces. Boilers and space heaters consume
the bulk of the waste oil burned. Space heaters are small combustion units [generally less than
70 kW (250,000 Btu/hr) heat input that are common in automobile service stations and
automotive repair shops where supplies of waste crankcase oil are available. Unless otherwise
indicated, kw and MW refer to combustor heat input in this report.
Boilers designed to burn No. 6 (residual) fuel oils or one of the distillate fuel oils can be
used to burn waste oil, with or without modifications for optimizing combustion. As an
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alternative to combustion modification, the properties of the waste oil can be modified by
blending with the fuel oil, to the extent required to accomplish a clean burning fuel mixture.
2.3 EMISSIONS
The emissions from waste oil burning reflect the compositional variations of the waste
oils. A partial list of the inorganic species found in a representative waste oil are compared with
those same species found in distillate and residual oil (see Table 2-1).
2.3.1 Particulate Matter Emissions3
Ash in the waste oil was much higher than ash in the distillate oils and was also higher
than the ash in the residual oils. The waste oil had substantially higher concentrations of most of
the trace elements reported than those concentrations found in the virgin oils. However, because
of the shift to unleaded gasoline, waste crankcase oils contain lower concentrations of lead now
than was the case when the representative waste oil was analyzed in 1983.
Without controls, higher concentrations of ash and trace metals in the waste fuel
extrapolate to higher emission levels of total particulate matter (PM) and trace metals in the flue
gas emissions.
Low efficiency pretreatment steps, such as large particle removal with screens or coarse
filters, are common prefeed procedures at oil-fired boilers. Reductions in total PM emissions are
expected from these techniques but little or no effect will be noticed on the level of small
particles below the size of 10 micrometers (PM-10). Pretreatment steps were usually not well
defined in the references containing emissions data for waste oil combustion.
2.3.2 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions3
Average sulfur concentrations of waste oil, distillate oil, and residual oil were reported in
Table 2-1 as follows:
• Waste oil: 5,000 micrograms per gram
• Distillate oil: 2,400 micrograms per gram
• Residual oil: 10,000 micrograms per gram
These results suggest that uncontrolled SO2 emissions will increase when waste oil is
substituted for a distillate oil but will decrease when residual oil is replaced. As stated above,
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combustors which already burn distillate or residual oils are those most amenable for fuel
substitution with waste oils or with waste oil added to the virgin fuel.
2.3.3 Chlorinated Organic Emissions2'3
Constituent chlorine in the waste oils exceeded the concentration of chlorine in the two
types of virgin oil. High levels of halogenated solvents are often found in waste oil as a result of
inadvertent or deliberate additions of the contaminant solvents with the waste oils. Many
efficient combustors can destroy more than 99.99 percent of the chlorinated solvents present in
the fuel. However, given the wide array of combustor types that burn waste oils, the presence of
these compounds in the emission stream cannot be ruled out. Also, they raise the level of
hydrochloric acid (HC1) in the emission stream.
2.3.4 Other Organic Emissions2'4'5
The flue gases from waste oil combustion need to be monitored for organic compounds
other than chlorinated solvents. At parts per million by weight (ppmw) levels, some of the 170
organic compounds and organic classifications listed as hazardous under Title III of the Clean
Air Act have been found in waste oils. Benzene and toluene were reported at concentrations over
5 percent. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo dioxins (dioxins) have
been detected in waste oil samples. Additionally, these hazardous compounds may be formed in
the combustion process as products of incomplete combustion (PICs).
2.4 CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES
Emissions can be controlled by the pretreatment of the waste oil to remove the pollutant
precursors or with emission controls to remove the air pollutants.
2.4.1 Pretreatment3
Reduction of emission levels is not the only purpose of pretreatment of the waste oil.
Improvement in combustion efficiency and reduction of erosion and corrosion of the combustor
internal surfaces are important considerations. The most common pretreatment scheme uses
sedimentation followed by filtration. Water and large particles are removed without having
much effect on sulfur, nitrogen, or chlorine contents. Other methods of pretreatment involve clay
contacting; demetallization by acid, solvent, or chemical contacting; and thermal processing to
remove residual water and light ends. These latter processes might be attractive as waste
reduction schemes or to recycle the waste oil, but the added costs probably hinder their use as
part of a combustion process.
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Blending of waste oil with a virgin fuel oil is practiced frequently and has the same effect
as some of the other pretreatment processes. However, for the purpose of developing emission
factors, blending by itself was assumed to be in the uncontrolled category.
2.4.2 Emission Controls3'6
Waste oil serves as a substitute fuel for combustors designed to burn distillate or residual
oils. Therefore, the emission controls are usually those in place when waste oil is first burned.
For small boilers and space heaters, all of the sources having acceptable test data for
determining emission factors were uncontrolled.
For an asphalt plant, PM emissions, which included the dust from drying of the aggregate,
were controlled with a fabric filter.
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TABLE 2-1. TYPICAL CONCENTRATIONS OF SELECTED CONTAMINANTS IN WASTE OIL AND IN DISTILLATE AND
RESIDUAL FUEL OILS
(All Concentrations in ug/g)
Waste oil
Contaminant
Ash
Chlorine
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Trace elements
Aluminum
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Iron
Lead
Magnesium
Vanadium
Zinc
Average
concentration
6500
2200
1000
5000
45
12
66
1
6
240
1100"
260
3
800
Concentration
range
1000-12000
1000-6700
100-2800
2700-7500
2-640
1-100
9-160
0.6-2.8
1-37
58-1300
170-2100
5-590
0.1-13
90-1550
Distillate oil
Average
concentration
25
100
300
2400
8
0.8
0.5
0.3
1.3
12
1.8
6.3
1.6
3.6
Concentration
range
-
-
100-600
500-6000
0.3-33
0.1-0.2
0.4-14
0.1-0.9
0.5-2.8
4-79
0.5-4.4
0.8-6.5
0.05-17
0.6-6.4
Residual oil
Average
concentration
2500
12
3500
10000
3.8
0.8
1.3
2.3
1.3
18
3.5
13
160
1.3
Concentration
range
-
3-380
1500-5000
2000-28000
0.3-19
0.02-2.0
0.3-3.4
0.01-0.9
0.1-1.7
2-2200
0.1-8.0
0.8-760
1-110
0.6-35
* Lead levels have decreased since these values were determined in 1982 and 1983.
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REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 2
1. Composition and Management of Used Oil Generated in the United States. PB85-18029.
Franklin Associates Ltd. for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC,
November 1985.
2. Waste Oil: Technology. Economics, and Environmental Health and Safety
Considerations. Mueller Associates, Inc. for U.S. Department of Energy, Office of
Environmental Analysis, January 1987.
3. Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42: Section 1.11. Waste Oil Combustion. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1987.
4. The Fate of Hazardous and Nonhazardous Wastes in Used Oil Disposal and Recycling.
DOE/BC/10375-6, U.S. Department of Energy, Bartlesville, OK, October 1983.
5. The Clean Air Act: Title III. Public Law 101-549, November 15, 1990.
6. "Waste Oil Combustion at a Batch Asphalt Plant: Trial Burn Sampling and Analysis",
Arthur D. Little, Inc, Cambridge, MA, For Presentation at the 76th Annual Meeting of the
Air Pollution Control Association, June 19-24, 1983.
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3. GENERAL DATA REVIEW AND ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
3.1 LITERATURE SEARCH AND SCREENING
The first step of this investigation involved a search of available literature relating to
criteria and noncriteria pollutant emissions associated with the combustion of waste oil. This
search included the following sources:
• AP-42 background files;
• Files and dockets maintained by the Emission Standards Division of Office of Air
Quality, Planning and Standards (OAQPS) for relevant New Source Performance
Standards (NSPSs) and National Emission Standards on Hazardous Air Pollutants
(NESHAPs);
• "Locating and Estimating" reports available through EPA's Clearinghouse for
Inventories and Emission Factors (CHIEF) web site;
• Particulate matter less than ten microns in diameter (PM-10) "gap filling"
documents in the OAQPS library;
• Publications available through EPA's Control Technology Center;
• Reports and project summaries from EPA's Office of Research and Development;
• Control Techniques Guideline documents generated by the Emission Standards
Division of OAQPS;
• Information in the Air Facility System (AFS) of EPA's Aerometric Information
Retrieval System (AIRS);
• Handbook of Emission Factors, Parts I and II, Ministry of Health and
Environmental Protection, The Netherlands;
• EPA's CHIEF and National Air Toxics Information Clearinghouse (NATICH);
EPA databases, including SPECIATE, XATEF, and TSAR;
• Various EPA contractor reports; and
• In-house files maintained by EPA contractors.
To reduce the large amount of literature collected to a final group of reference pertinent to
this report, the following general criteria were used:
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1. Emissions data must be from a primary reference:
a. Source testing must be from a referenced study that does not reiterate information from
previous studies.
b. The document must constitute the original source of test data. For example, a
technical paper was not included if the original study was contained in the previous document. If
the exact source of the data could not be determined, the document was eliminated.
2. The referenced study must contain test results based on more than one test run.
3. The report must contain sufficient data to evaluate the testing procedures and source
operating conditions (e.g., one-page reports were generally rejected).
A final set of reference materials was compiled after a thorough review of the pertinent
reports, documents, and information according to these criteria.
3.2 EMISSION DATA QUALITY RATING SYSTEM1
As part of the analysis of the emission data, the quantity and quality of the information
contained in the final set of reference documents were evaluated. The following data were
always excluded from consideration.
1. Test series averages reported in units that cannot be converted to the selected reporting
units;
2. Test series representing incompatible test methods (i.e., comparison of EPA method 5
front-half with EPA method 5 front- and back-half);
3. Test series of controlled emissions for which the control device is not specified;
4. Test series in which the source process is not clearly identified and described; and
5. Test series in which it is not clear whether the emissions were measured before or after
the control device.
Data sets that were not excluded were assigned a quality rating. The rating system used
that specified by the OAQPS for the preparation of AP-42 sections. The data were rated as
follows:
A—Multiple tests performed on the same source using sound methodology and reported in
enough detail for adequate validation. These tests do not necessarily conform to the
methodology specified in either the inhalable particulate (IP) protocol documents or the EPA
reference test methods, although these documents and methods were certainly used as a guide for
the methodology actually used.
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B—Tests that were performed by a generally sound methodology but lack enough detail
for adequate validation.
C—Tests that were based on an untested or new methodology or that lacked a significant
amount of background data.
D~Tests that were based on a generally unacceptable method but may provide an order-
of-magnitude value for the source.
The following criteria were used to evaluate source test reports for sound methodology
and adaquate detail:
1. Source operation. The manner in which the source was operated is well documented
in the report. The source was operating within typical parameters during the test.
2. Sampling procedures. The sampling procedures conformed to a generally acceptable
methodology. If actual procedures deviated from accepted methods, the deviations are well
documented. When this occurred, an evaluation was made of the extent such alternative
procedures could influence the test results.
3. Sampling and process data. Adequate sampling and process data are documented in
this report. Many variations can occur unnoticed and without warning during testing. Such
variations can include wide deviations in sampling results. If a large spread between test results
cannot be explained by information contained in the test report, the data are suspect and were
given a lower rating.
4. Analysis and calculations. The test reports contain original raw data sheets. The
nomenclature and equations used were compared to those (if any) specified by EPA to establish
equivalency. The depth of review of the calculations was dictated by the reviewer's confidence
in the ability and conscientiousness of the tester, which in turn was based on factors such as
consistency of results and completeness of other areas of the test report.
3.3 PARTICLE SIZE DETERMINATION
There is no one method which is universally accepted for the determination of particle
size. A number of different techniques can be used which measure the size of particles according
to their basic physical properties. Since there is no "standard" method for particle size analysis, a
certain degree of subjective evaluation was used to determine if a test series was performed using
a sound methodology for particle sizing.
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For pollution studies, the most common types of particle sizing instruments are cyclones
and cascade impactors. Traditionally, cyclones have been used as a preseparator ahead of a
cascade impactor to remove the larger particles. These cyclones are of the standard reverse-flow
design whereby the flue gas enters the cyclone through a tangential inlet and forms a vortex flow
pattern. Particles move outward toward the cyclone wall with a velocity that is determined by the
geometry and flow rate in the cyclone and by their size. Large particles reach the wall and are
collected. A series of cyclones with progressively decreasing cut-points can be used to obtain
particle size distributions.
Cascade impactors used for the determination of particle size in process streams consist
of a series of plates or stages containing either small holes or slits with the size of the openings
decreasing from one plate to the next. In each stage of an impactor, the gas stream passes
through the orifice or slit to form a jet that is directed toward an impaction plate. For each stage,
there is a characteristic particle diameter that has a 50 percent probability of impaction. This
characteristic diameter is called the cut-point (D50) of the stage. Typically, commercial
instruments have six to eight impaction stages with a backup filter to collect those particles
which are either too small to be collected by the last stage or which are re-entrained off the
various impaction surfaces by the moving gas stream.
3.4 EMISSION FACTOR QUALITY RATING SYSTEM
The quality of the emission factors developed from analysis of the test data was rated
utilizing the following criteria:
A—Excellent: Developed only from A-rated test data taken from many randomly chosen
facilities in the industry population. The source category is specific enough so that variability
within the source category population may be minimized.
B—Above average: Developed only from A-rated test data from a reasonable number of
facilities. Although no specific bias is evident, it is not clear if the facilities tested represent a
random sample of the industries. As in the A-rating, the source category is specific enough so
that variability within the source category population may be minimized.
C—Average: Developed only from A- and B-rated test data from a reasonable number of
facilities. Although no specific bias is evident, it is not clear if the facilities tested represent a
random sample of the industry. As in the A-rating, the source category is specific enough so that
variability within the source category population may be minimized.
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D—Below average: The emission factor was developed only from A- and B-rated test
data from a small number of facilities, and there is reason to suspect that these facilities do not
represent a random sample of the industry. There also may be evidence of variability within the
source category population. Limitations on the use of the emission factor are noted in the
emission factor table.
E—Poor: The emission factor was developed from C- and D-rated test data, and there is
reason to suspect that the facilities tested do not represent a random sample of the industry.
There also may be evidence of variability within the source category population. Limitations on
the use of these factors are always noted.
The use of these criteria is somewhat subjective and depends to an extent on the
individual reviewer. Details of the rating of each candidate emission factor are provided in
Chapter 4 of this report.
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REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 3
1. Technical Procedures for Developing AP-42 Emission Factors and Preparing AP-42
Sections (Draft). Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, March 1992.
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4. POLLUTANT EMISSION FACTOR DEVELOPMENT
This chapter describes the test data and methodology used to develop pollutant emission
factors for external combustion processes using waste oil as the fuel.
4.1 REVIEW OF SPECIFIC DATA SETS
A total of 12 references reporting emissions data were documented and reviewed during
the literature search. Reports of waste oil emissions published since the last AP-42 revision
(1988) were, in large part, not applicable to emission factor determinations. The references used
to determine the emission factors for the criteria pollutants in the earlier AP-42 also contained
data applicable to the development of non-criteria emission factors which are to be incorporated
in this updated AP-42. Non-criteria pollutant data are available for several organic species, for
toxic metal species, and for carbon dioxide (CO2).
The original group of 12 documents was reduced to a final set of 8 documents containing
useful data for calculating emission factors. For the four documents not used, the reasons for
rejection were:
• Reference 1: Not a primary reference;
• Reference 2: Not a primary reference;
• Reference 3: Summary report, and no primary reference was listed; and
• Reference 4: Used spiked diesel fuel for simulation of a waste fuel.
In the subsections to follow, emission measurements qualifying for emission factor
determinations are described for each reference.
4.1.1 Reference 5
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The sampling and analysis program was designed to characterize the organic and
inorganic emissions from six small boilers firing waste oil. The tested units represented a
cross-section of small boiler types, firing techniques, and capacities (Table 4-1).
Emissions were not controlled. A 15,000 liter (4,000 gallon) supply of waste oil was
obtained from a licensed vendor and used as a base stock. The base stock was spiked with four
volatile organic compounds and four semi-volatile compounds. Five of the six boilers burned
only waste oil. The cast iron boiler burned a 50:50 mixture of waste oil and No. 2 oil.
Metals and total PM emissions were collected by EPA Method 5, with an impinger train
modified to collect hydrochloric acid (HC1). Particle size fractions were collected with a
Andersen high capacity impactor at four of the six sites. Oxygen, CO2, and carbon monoxide
(CO) were analyzed.
The 1988 AP-42 Section 1.11 used these results to determine emission factors for
particulate matter, particulate matter less than ten microns in diameter (PM-10), lead, carbon
monoxide, and HC1. The same results are incorporated into the emission factor determinations
for the updated AP-42 section. The data resulting from this test program were of good quality
and were well documented. A rating of A was assigned to the data.
4.1.2 Reference 6
Seven sampling and analysis test runs were made to evaluate emissions as functions of
different types of waste oil when blended with base stocks of No. 2 fuel oil or of No. 6 fuel oil.
Blends were as follows:
• 15-25 percent industrial waste oil in No. 2 oil;
• 8 percent crankcase oil in No. 2 oil;
• 9.72 percent crankcase oil in No. 6 oil;
• 60.4 percent crankcase oil in No. 6 oil;
• 20.8 percent reprocessed oil in No. 6 oil;
• 100 percent reprocessed oil; and
• 20.6 percent industrial waste oil in No. 6 oil.
Tests were conducted on three source categories, but no design details were available.
For seven sets of tests, heat input was in the range of 0.5 - 5.7 MW (1.8 - 19.5 million Btu/hr).
No emission controls were used.
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Pollutants of interest were lead, filterable PM, SO2, and nitrogen oxides (NOX). Data
were sufficient to determine emission factors for PM, SO2, NOX, and CO2.
The investigators used EPA methods to determine PM, SO2, and NOX, and CO2. Details
are lacking, but based on the statements that EPA methods were used, a data quality rating of B
was assigned.
4.1.3 Reference 7
The boiler tested was rated at 5.9 MW (20 million Btu/hr). Waste crankcase oil was
heated to lower the viscosity and thus facilitate particle settling. The waste oil was fed through
basket-type filters with magnetic inserts for the removal of iron.
The test program consisted of two test series to measure emissions at 150 liters/hr (40
gallons/hr) feed rate (about 25 percent of rated capacity) and 300 liters/hr (80 gallons/hr). Each
test series included sets of three trials. Measurement goals were the determination of PM and
lead emissions. PM was measured using EPA Method 5, using 0.05 N nitric acid in the
impingers for the collection of the lead. Lead was analyzed by atomic absorption. Carbon
dioxide and the other fixed gases were determined by Orsat analysis. Waste oil was sampled just
ahead of the burner. The oil samples were composited to obtain one sample.
Since EPA methods were employed, a rating of A was assigned to these data.
4.1.4 Reference 8. 9
The test program characterized emissions from two small space heaters, one rated at 35
kW (120,000 Btu/hr) and the other rated at 75 kW (250,000 Btu/hr). The smaller heater
vaporized the waste oil in a pot burner, which accumulated much of the ash in the residue of the
pot burner. The larger heater utilized air atomization as a firing technique, which entrained the
ash particles in the flue gas stream. Filtered, but otherwise untreated, waste crankcase oil was
fired at both heaters.
Two types of waste oil were tested in each heater. An automobile waste crankcase oil
(automotive) was obtained from a service station. The other waste crankcase oil (truck) came
from a diesel truck fleet. Ultimate and proximate analyses were obtained for the two oils.
Emissions data included concentrations of PM, selected metal species, and effluent gases
(SO2, NOX, CO, and unburned hydrocarbons). PM was collected with a Modified EPA Method 5
sampling train (modified to collect volatile organic compounds with a XAD-2 resin trap). Metal
species were collected in a Source Assessment Sampling System (SASS) and analyzed by
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inductively coupled argon plasma (ICAP). Gases were analyzed with continuous analyzers as
follows:
Gas Method
Oxygen Paramagnetic
Carbon dioxide Nondispersive infrared
Carbon monoxide Nondispersive infrared
Nitric oxide Chemiluminescence
Nitrogen dioxide Chemiluminescence
Hydrocarbons Flame ionization
Although the SASS method is not an EPA reference method, all others are, and are presented in
considerable detail. An A data quality rating was assigned.
4.1.5 Reference 10
Combustion equipment for this test program included a small institutional boiler
described in subsection 4.1.3. and two space heating units described in subsection 4.1.4.
A composite waste oil was prepared using 4 waste oils in a combination that would be
representative of 14 waste oils obtained from 14 collectors/recyclers. The composite was spiked
with three organic compounds at levels of about 90 ppm each and polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) at a level of 40 ppm. An automobile waste crankcase oil (No. 14) was the other oil used
in the test program.
Emissions data were collected for metal and organic species. The EPA Modified Method
5 train, modified to collect organics with a XAD-2 resin trap, was used to collect the metal
species. A SASS train was also employed for collection of the metals and for obtaining PM-10
data. The metals were analyzed by ICAP. Semivolatile organic compounds were extracted from
the combined particulate fractions of the SASS train and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass
spectrometry (GC/MS) Method 625 for semivolatile organic compounds.
The data amenable to emission factor determination were PM and metal species by EPA
Modified Method 5 and organic species collected by the SASS train. A data quality rating of A
4-14
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was assigned for the small boiler and the atomizing burner space heater categories and a rating of
B was assigned to the vaporizing burner space heater.
4.1.6 Reference 11
The waste oil, 100 percent of the fuel used, was burned to dry and heat aggregate in a
rotary kiln prior to mixing the aggregate with asphalt in a batch asphalt plant. The off gas from
the kiln contained entrained aggregate and moisture combined with the products of combustion
of the waste oil and its impurities. A fabric filter was used to control particulate emissions.
A reprocessed waste oil was used that had been spiked with enough trichloroethylene for
a waste oil chlorine content of about one percent. The investigators of Reference 3 report an
average of only 0.3 percent chlorine for the 24 waste oils analyzed for that study. Therefore, HC1
emissions exceeded normal expectations. Three sampling runs were completed and the results
averaged. EPA Method 5 was used to sample for PM, metals species and HC1. Chlorinated
organic species were trapped on Tenax adsorbent. Metals were analyzed by ICAP or atomic
absorption and the trichloroethylene was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
(GC/MS).
Emission factors were determined for total PM, a limited number of metals including
lead, the spiked organic compound, and HC1. Sound methodology was used in this test program
but description of methods and documentation of test results was limited in the report. Results of
the three sampling runs were reported as averages. A rating of B was assigned to the data.
4.2 RESULTS OF DATA ANALYSIS
Data analysis had as its objectives the calculation of emission factors for criteria and
non-criteria air emissions from burning a waste oil in external combustion devices. The emission
factors were reported as kilograms of pollutant per cubic meter of waste oil (or pounds of
pollutant per 1000 gallons of waste oil).
Two major factors contributed to the variability of the data: (1) end uses for the
combustion of the waste oil, and (2) characteristics of the waste oil used in the tests. Possible
external combustion end uses for waste oil include industrial boilers, commercial/institutional
boilers, space heaters, asphalt plants, cement and lime kilns, other types of dryers and calciners,
and steel production blast furnaces.
Useful data were found for small boilers, space heaters, and a batch asphalt plant. These
end users vary a great deal in heat input and type of firing. The heat input rate varied from 30
4-15
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kW (100,000 Btu/hour) for the space heaters to 15 MW (50 million Btu/hour) for the asphalt
plant. Waste automotive oils (crankcase oil) dominate the total supply of waste oil, but industrial
oils add a host of different physical properties and contaminants to the various mixtures that are
burned. Thus, waste oil may vary substantially in its composition despite efforts by suppliers to
blend away the variations. In some cases the waste oil is mixed with distillate oil.
4.3 PROTOCOL FOR DATA BASE
Using the criteria discussed in Section 3.2, four reports were rejected. The remaining 8
reports having A or B data quality ratings and representing 28 source tests were thoroughly
reviewed to establish a data base for the following classes of pollutants: PM and lead, speciated
metals, total and speciated organic carbon, gaseous products of combustion - CO, CO2, SO2,
NOX), and other gases (HC1).
Excepting the batch asphalt plant, all sources were classified as uncontrolled. The
sources usually employed some pretreatment to remove large particles, along with magnetizing to
remove iron particles. Reference 9 reported that one of the waste oils that was burned was a
reprocessed oil.
Generally, the analysis took one of five forms:
1. Acceptance of reported emission factor.
2. Calculation, using reported time-based rates for pollutant and waste oil.
3. Calculation, using reported concentrations of pollutant in flue gas of volume
percent, ppmv, or weight per volume ratio, and using reported time-based rates for
flue gas and waste oil.
4. Use F-factor and heating value of waste oil to determine stoichiometric volume of
flue gas per volume of waste oil. Convert stoichiometric volume to total volume
by adding reported excess air. Use reported concentrations of pollutant as in
method 3 above.
5. Accept emission factors reported in preceding AP-42.
One of the five methods described above was chosen, based on the data available in a
particular reference, and an emission factor was calculated or chosen for a given sampling run.
The procedure was repeated for each sampling run, or for averaged sets of replicate sampling
runs, until a data base is amassed for each source category.
4-16
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In addition to unit conversions, Methods 3 and 4 above required some preprocessing to:
Convert from volume to weight of pollutant, using molecular weight,
Correct flue gas from stoichiometric amounts to total amounts by adding excess
air:
Total dscf = dscffstoichiometric) x %O2
1 . 4.79 x %Q2
where %O2 is percent excess oxygen in flue gas.
If the fuel was a mixture of a waste oil and a virgin fuel oil, such as No. 2 or No. 6 oil, the
emission factor was based on the blended oil.
Emission factors for some of the pollutants were corrected to a feed pollutant
concentration basis. The calculated emission factor was divided by the weight percent of
pollutant precursor in the feed, for example weight percent sulfur for the pollutant SO2; the
reported emission factor includes the pollutant precursor as a multiplier. For example, if the
measured emissions were 21 Ibs SO2/1000 gallons of oil and sulfur in the oil was 0.17 weight
percent:
Reported EF = (21.3/0.17) = 125S,
where S is weight percent sulfur in fuel, and EF has units of pounds of SO2/1000 gallons of oil
per weight percent of sulfur.
Quality control and quality assurance procedures were used to assure that the data base
accurately reflected the reported test data. Each data rating form was checked by a second
reviewer to assure accurate documentation of reference exclusion or emission data rating criteria.
In addition, manual and spreadsheet calculations were spot checked by a second reviewer to
assure accurate documentation of reported emission and process data prior to calculation of
overall average emission factors. After emission tables were generated, a final comparison was
made between randomly selected test reports, their associated data rating forms, and the
produced emission table to assure the quality of the data acquisition and associated calculations.
4-17
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TABLE 4-1. CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL BOILERS TESTED IN REFERENCE 5
TESTS
Method of i
Boiler type
Cast iron" Mechanical
Horizontal return tube Rotary cup
Scotch firetube, 3 pass Air
Scotch firetube, 4 pass Rotary cup
Scotch firetube, 3 pass Air
Scotch firetube, 4 pass Air
itomization Rated heat input capacity, kW
(106 Btu/hr)
145 (0.5)
700 (2.4)
790 (2.7)
1,000 (3.4)
1,200 (4.2)
3,600(12.5)
Heat input during test, kW
(106 Btu/hr)
125 (0.43)
850 (2.9)
500(1.7)
560(1.9)
760 (2.6)
910(3.1)
"Burned 50:50 mixture of waste oil and No. 2 oil; all others burned 100 percent waste oil.
4-18
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TABLE 4-2. SUMMARY OF EMISSION FACTORS FOR SPECIATED METALS FROM WASTE OIL COMBUSTION3
(kg pollutant/cubic meter oil)
Source category/
reference/rating Sb A
Small boilers
is Be Cd
10,a BDL 1.3E-02 BDL 1.1E-03
Batch asphalt plant
ll,b 7.4E-05 2.6E-05
Space heaters:
Vaporizing burner
8,a
8,a
BDL
2.2E-05
10,a 4.8E-05 4.8E-05 BDL BDL
10,a 3.2E-05 5.6E-04 BDL 4.8E-05
Atomizing burner
10,b 5.3E-04 9.2E-03 1.7E-04 8.6E-04
10,b 5.4E-04 5.2E-03 2.5E-04 8.0E-04
8,a
8,a
2.3E-03
1.6E-03
Cr
2.4E-03
9.8E-04
4.3E-04
9.1E-02
9.6E-05
8.3E-04
3.4E-03
6.0E-03
4.6E-03
7.3E-02
Co M
n Ni S
e P
2.5E-05 8.2E-03 1.3E-03 BDL
4.3E-04
1.2E-03
2.3E-02
4.6E-04
4.2E-03
4.3E-03
BDL 4.8E-05 8.0E-05 BDL
1.1E-03 4.8E-04 4.0E-04 BDL
6.6E-05 1.1E-02 7.9E-04 BDL
l.OE-03 1.3E-03 3.6E-03 BDL
3.4E-04
1.1E-03
2.3E-02
5.2E-02
BDL = Below detection limit
"All sources were uncontrolled except batch asphalt plant, which was controlled by a fabric filter.
4-19
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TABLE 4-3. SUMMARY OF EMISSION FACTORS FOR Pb AND PM FROM WASTE
OIL-FIRED COMBUSTORS3
Source category/ reference/rating
Pb,
kg/m3
lb/1000 gal
PM,
kg/m3
lb/1000 gal
Small boilers
5,a
5,a
5,a
5,a
5,a
5,a
10,a
6,a
5,a
7,b
Space heaters:
Atomizing burner
10,a
10,a
8,a
10,b
10,b
10,a
10,a
10,a
10,a
10,a
8,a
Vaporizing burner
10,a
10,a
8,a
8,a
Batch asphalt plant
1.6E+00
4.6E-01
8.5E-01
1.3E+00
6.8E-01
2.1E+00
4.6E-03
9.2E-03
4.0E-03
3.5E-02
1.1E-03
1.3E+01
3.8E+00
7.05E+00
1.1E+01
5.7E+00
1.76E+01
3.8E-02
7.7E-02
3.37E-02
2.89E-01
9.4E-03
7.9 A
8.6A
8.4A
6.7A
7.9 A
8.7A
4.8A
8.0A
66A
72A
70A
56A
66A
73A
40A
67A
9.4A
7.4A
6.8A
78A
62A
57A
0.53A
0.14A
0.34A
0.03A
4.4A
1.2A
2.8A
0.27A
A = Ash content of fuel, weight percent.
"All sources were uncontrolled except batch asphalt plant, which was controlled by a fabric filter.
4-20
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TABLE 4-4. SUMMARY OF EMISSION FACTORS FOR SPECIATED ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS FROM SPACE HEATERS3
(kg pollutant/cubic meter oil)
Pollutant
Source category/reference/rating
Vaporizing
burner
10,b
Phenol 2.9E-04
Dichlorobenzene l.OE-07
Naphthalene 3.0E-03
Phenanthrene/ anthracene 2. 5E-03
Atomizing
burner
10,a
3.3E-06
9.2E-06
2.2E-05
Vaporizing
burner
10,b
2.3E-06
3.3E-06
Atomizing
burner
10,a
1.3E-05
2.0E-06
Dibutylphthalate
Butylbenzylpthalate
Bis-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate
Pyrene
Benz(a)anthracene/ chrysene
Benzo(a)pyrene
6.1E-05
3.2E-04
1.7E-03
4.8E-04
4.8E-04
4.9E-06
3.1E-06
1.2E-06
1.9E-04
5.3E-06
8.0E-07
"Space heaters were uncontrolled.
4-21
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TABLE 4-5. SUMMARY OF CO2 AND CO EMISSION DATA FROM WASTE OIL
COMBUSTORS3
CO,
Source category/reference/rating
kg/m3 Ib
Small boilers
6,b 3,800
6,b 3,200
6,b 3,100
6,b 3,050
6,b 2,900
6,b 2,750
6,b 2,200
6,b 2,400
6,b 2,680
6,b 2,600
6,b 1,700
6,b 2,100
6,b 2,350
6,b 2,870
6,b 1,710
10,a 2,150
5,a
Space heaters:
Vaporizing burner
10,a 2,950
10,a 2,500
10,a 2,700
8,a
8,a
8,a
Atomizing burner
10,a 2,920
10,a 2,950
10,a 2,925
8,a
8,a
8,a
CO
/1000 gal kg/m3 lb/1000 gal
31,400 0.6 5
26,400
25,500
25,200
24,200
22,900
18,600
20,100
22,340
21,800
14,000
17,300
19,600
23,900
14,200
17,900
0.6 5
24,500
20,800
22,700
0.19 1.6
0.22 1.8
0.20 1.7
24,300
24,600
24,400
0.28 2.3
0.23 1.9
0.25 2.1
"All sources were uncontrolled.
4-22
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TABLE 4-6. SUMMARY OF EMISSION FACTORS FOR NOX AND SO2 FROM WASTE
OIL COMBUSTORS3
Source category/reference/rating
NOX,
kg/m3
lb/1000 gal
S02,
kg/m3
lb/1000 gal
Small boilers
9,bb
9,b
9,b
9,b
9,b
9,b
9,b
1.48
2.38
3.28
2.15
1.99
2.27
2.51
12.3
19.8
27.3
17.9
16.6
18.9
20.9
15.0Sd
15.7S
15.1S
16.1S
20.5S
21.7S
19.7S
125S
131S
126S
134S
171S
181S
164S
Space heaters:
Vaporizing burner
10,ac
10,a
Atomizing burner
10,a
10,a
1.47
1.28
2.22
1.56
12.2
10.7
18.5
13.0
12.8S
11.3S
14.0S
11.8S
106.4S
93.7S
116.4S
98S
"All sources were uncontrolled.
bData in this reference reported as NO.
°Data in this reference reported as NOX.
dS = weight percent sulfur in fuel.
NO2 not detected, or detected in negligible amounts.
4-23
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REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 4
1. Waste Oil: Technology. Economics, and Environmental Health and Safety
Considerations. Mueller Associates, Inc. for U.S. Department of Energy, Office of
Environmental Analysis, Washington, DC, January 1987.
2. The Burning of Used Oil as a Fuel in Cement Manufacture. National Bureau of
Standards Special Publication 556, Gaithersburg, MD, September 1979.
3. "Combustion of Scrap Oil for Steam Generation", Westinghouse, Proceedings of the
National Waste Processing Conference, Volume 11, 1984.
4. "Emissions from the Combustion of Fuel Oil Containing Chlorinated Aliphatic
Compounds", Texas Air Control Board, Presented at the 78th Annual Meeting of the
Air Pollution Control Association, June 16-21, 1985.
5. Environmental Characterization of Disposal of Waste Oils in Small Combustors.
EPA-600/2-84-150, GCA Technology Division for U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Cincinnati, OH, September 1984.
6. Used Oil Burned as a Fuel. EPA-SW-892, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Solid Waste, Washington, DC, August 1980.
7. "Waste Oil Combustion: an Environmental Case Study", Presented at the 75th Annual
Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, June 1982.
8. "Comparisons of Air Pollutant Emissions from Vaporizing and Air Atomizing Waste
Oil Heaters", Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association. 33(7), p. 683-687, July
1983.
9. Chemical Analysis of Waste Crankcase Oil Combustion Samples. EPA-
600/7-83-026, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
April 1983.
10. The Fate of Hazardous and Nonhazardous Wastes in Used Oil Disposal and
Recycling. DOE/BC/10375-6, U.S. Department of Energy, Bartlesville, OK, October
1983.
11. "Waste Oil Combustion at a Batch Asphalt Plant: Trial Burn Sampling and Analysis",
Arthur D. Little, Inc, Cambridge, MA, Presented at the 76th Annual Meeting of the
Air Pollution Control Association, June 19-24, 1983.
4-10
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5. AP-42 SECTION 1.11: WASTE OIL COMBUSTION
The revision to Section 1.11 of AP-42 is presented in the following pages as it would
appear in the document. A marked-up copy of the 1988 version of this section is included in
Appendix B.
5-11
-------
APPENDIX A
EMISSION SOURCE DATA RATING FORMS
A-12
-------
REPORT ON REVISIONS TO
5th EDITION AP-42
Section 1.11
Waste Oil Combustion
Prepared for:
Contract No. 68-D2-0160, Work Assignment 50
EPA Work Assignment Officer: Roy Huntley
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Office of Air And Radiation
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
Prepared by:
Eastern Research Group
Post Office Box 2010
Morrisville, North Carolina 27560
July 29, 1996
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1
2.0 REVISIONS 2-1
2.1 Particulate Matter, PM 2-1
2.2 Particulate Matter Less Than 10 Microns, PM-10 2-1
2.3 Lead, Pb 2-1
2.4 Nitrogen Oxides, NOX 2-2
2.5 Sulfur Oxides, SOX 2-2
2.6 Carbon Monoxide, CO 2-3
2.7 Total Organic Compounds (TOC) 2-3
2.8 Hydrogen Chloride, HC1 2-3
2.9 Speciated Metals 2-3
2.10 Speciated Organic Compounds 2-4
3.0 REVISED SECTION 1.11 3-1
4.0 EMISSION FACTOR DOCUMENTATION, APRIL 1993 4-1
in
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
This report supplements the Emission Factor (EMF) Documentation for AP-42
Section 1.11, Waste Oil Combustion, dated April 1993. The EMF describes the source and
rationale for the material in the most recent updates to the 4th Edition, while this report
provides documentation for the updates written in both Supplements A and B to the
5th Edition.
Section 1.11 of AP-42 was reviewed by internal peer reviewers to identify technical
inadequacies and areas where state-of-the-art technological advances need to be incorporated.
Based on this review, text has been updated or modified to address any technical
inadequacies or provide clarification. Additionally, emission factors were checked for
accuracy with information in the EMF Document and new emission factors generated if
recent test data were available.
If discrepancies were found when checking the factors with the information in the
EMF Document, the appropriate reference materials were then checked. In some cases, the
factors could not be verified with the information in the EMF Document or from the
reference materials, in which case the factors were not changed.
Three sections follow this introduction. Section 2 of this report documents the
revisions and the basis for the changes. Section 3 presents the revised AP-42 Section 1.11,
and Section 4 contains the EMF documentation dated April 1993.
1-1
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2.0 REVISIONS
This section documents the revisions made to Section 1.11 of AP-42. At the request
of EPA, the metric units were removed.
2.1 Particulate Matter. PM
The PM emission factors were checked against information in Table 4-3 of the EMF
Document and the following mathematical errors were corrected:
Source Category
Small Boilers
Space Heaters, Atomizing burners
Previous PM
Emission Factor
lb/1000 gal
61A
64A
Revised PM
Emission Factor
lb/1000 gal
64A
66A
2.2 Particulate Matter Less Than 10 Microns. PM-10
The PM-10 factors remain the same as in the 9/88 version of AP-42.
2.3 Lead. Pb
The Pb emission factors could not be confirmed from information in Table 4-3 of the
EMF Document or from the references. Table 4-3 does not show the factors as a function of
Pb content, nor is the assumed Pb content documented in the EMF Document or in the
references. Footnote "e" in Table 1.11-1 (dated 9/88) states that 0.04 percent Pb in waste oil
was assumed. (This footnote was deleted from the 7/93 version of AP-42.) However, when
0.04 percent is used, the Pb factors still cannot be confirmed from information in Table 4-3 of
2-1
-------
the EMF Document. Therefore, since it was not possible to determine if these factors were
incorrect, they have not been changed.
2.4 Nitrogen Oxides. MX
The NOX factors were found to be in the wrong columns; therefore, all the factors in
the metric unit columns were switched to the English unit columns as shown in the following
table:
Source Category
Small Boilers
Space Heaters, Vaporizing Burners
Space Heaters, Atomizing Burners
Previous NOX
Emission Factor
lb/1000 gal
2.3
1.3
1.9
Revised NOX
Emission Factor
lb/1000 gal
19
11
16
2.5 Sulfur Oxides. SO.,
The SOX factors were found to be in the wrong columns; therefore, all the factors in
the metric unit columns were switched to the English unit columns as shown in the following
table:
Source Category
Small Boilers
Space Heaters, Vaporizing Burners
Space Heaters, Atomizing Burners
Previous SOX
Emission Factor
lb/1000 gal
17.6S
12.0S
12.9S
Revised SOX
Emission Factor
lb/1000 gal
147S
IOCS
107S
2-2
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2.6 Carbon Monoxide. CO
The CO factors were found to be in the wrong columns; therefore, all the factors in
the metric unit columns were switched to the English unit columns as shown in the following
table:
Source Category
Small Boilers
Space Heaters, Vaporizing Burners
Space Heaters, Atomizing Burners
Previous CO
Emission Factor
lb/1000 gal
0.60
0.20
0.25
Revised CO
Emission Factor
lb/1000 gal
5
1.7
2.1
2.7 Total Organic Compounds (TOO
The TOC factors could not be verified as there was no information in the EMF
Document concerning these factors. Additionally, the TOC factors are different from the
9/88 version. These factors have not been changed as we have no basis to make changes.
2.8 Hydrogen Chloride. HC1
The HC1 factors remain the same as the 9/88 version of AP-42.
2.9 Speciated Metals
Factors for speciated metals were checked against Table 4-2 of the EMF Document
and the following corrections were made:
2-3
-------
Compound
Arsenic —
Beryllium —
Cadmium-
Chromium-
Cobalt-
Source Category
Space Heaters: Vaporizing Burners
Space Heaters: Atomizing Burners
Space Heaters: Vaporizing Burners
Space Heaters: Vaporizing Burners
Space Heaters: Vaporizing Burners
Previous
Emission Factor
lb/1000 gal
1.1E-03
3.9E-07
1.5E-04
2.6E-01
5.7E-03
Revised
Emission Factor
lb/1000 gal
2.5E-03
1.8E-03
2.9E-04
1.9E-01
7.6E-03
2.10 Speciated Organic Compounds
Factors for speciated organic compounds were checked against Table 4-4 of the EMF
Document and the following mathematical errors and typographical errors were corrected:
Compound
Di chl orob enze —
Naphthalene —
Naphthalene —
Phenanthrene/ Anthracene
Pyrene —
Pyrene —
Source Category
Space Heaters: Vaporizing Burners
Space Heaters: Vaporizing Burners
Space Heaters: Atomizing Burners
Space Heaters: Vaporizing Burners
Small Boilers
Space Heaters: Atomizing Burners
Previous
Emission
Factor
lb/1000 gal
6.7E-06
1.3E-02
9.4E-05
9.9E-05
7.0E-03
5.1E-05
Revised
Emission
Factor
lb/1000 gal
8.3E-07
1.2E-02
9.2E-04
l.OE-04
7.1E-03
8.3E-06
2-4
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3.0 REVISED SECTION 1.11
This section contains the revised Section 1.11 of AP-42, 5th Edition. The electronic
version can be located on the EPA TTN at http://134.67.104.12/html/chief/fsnpub.htm.
3-1
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4.0 EMISSION FACTOR DOCUMENTATION, APRIL 1993
This section contains the complete Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42
Section 1.11, Waste Oil Combustion, dated April 1993. The electronic version can be
located on the EPA TTN at http://134.67.104.12/html/chief/fbgdocs.htm. The zipped file on
the TTN contains this (1996) background report as well as the 1993 Emission Factor
Documentation.
APPENDIX B
MARKED-UP 1988 AP-42 SECTION 1.11
4-1
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