United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
- -" "5. "SS1: -'
Clean Watersheds
Needs Survey 2012
Report to Congress
EPA-830-R-15005 I November 2015
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Cover photos, counter-clockwise from the top:
Solar array constructed at City of Somerton's wastewater treatment plant, Somerton, Arizona.
Courtesy of Water Infrastructure Finance Authority of Arizona (WIFA).
Secondary clarifiers, Harlan, Kentucky. Courtesy of Kentucky Division of Water.
Waslewaler lagoon built with CWSRF ARRA funding. Village of Fagle Nest, New Mexico.
Courtesy of New Mexico Environment Department, Construction Programs Bureau.
Installing walkways on BTU at Town of Clarkdale Water Reclamation Facility, Clarkdale, Arizona.
Courtesy of Town of Clarkdale.
Influent screw pumps, Barlow, Kentucky. Courtesy of Kentucky Division of Water.
Reclaimed water lines, Cave Creek, Arizona. Courtesy of Water Infrastructure Finance Authority of Arizona (WIFA).
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United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Clean Watersheds Needs Survey 2012
Report to Congress
November 2015
EPA-830-R-15005
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Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
Acknowledgments
The success of the Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 20/2 Report to Congress is the result of the hard
work and dedication of many people. Particular recognition goes to the EPA Regional and State Coordinators
for their active support, perseverance, and continuing effort in the survey. Members of the CWNS 2012
National Workgroup are denoted by an asterisk (*) next to their names.
Region 1 - Karen Mateleska
Connecticut- Dennis Creci
Maine - David Breau*, Corey Lewis, and
Brandy Piers*
Massachusetts - Patrick Rogers*
New Hampshire - Sharon Rivard
Rhode Island -Jay Manning
Vermont-Stephen Coble, Nopdadon Sundarabhaya,
and Lynnette Whitney
Region 2 - Ray Kvalheim
New Jersey- Ketan Patel*
New York-Monica Blount, William Brizzell*,
Jason Denno*, and David Cogolla
Puerto Rico - Elvin Carrasquillo
Virgin Islands - Anita Nibbs
Region 3 - Ramon Albizu and Magdalene
Cunningham
Delaware - Greg Pope*
District of Columbia - Matthew Weber
Maryland - Elaine Dietz
Pennsylvania - Lee Murphy* and Richard Wright*
Virginia-Jeanne Puricelli
West Virginia - Rosalie Brodersen* and
Carrie Grimm*
Region 4 - Sheryl Parsons
Alabama -Michael Barilone, James Dailey, William
Lott, Corynella Price, Stan Shirley, Asia Stephens,
and Aubrey White
Florida - Thomas Montgomery* and Gary Powell
Georgia - Dan Abrams*
Kentucky - Anshu Singh*
Mississippi - Tom Webb*
North Carolina - Kavitha Ambikadevi* and
Mark Hubbard
Tennessee - Derrick Byrd and Felicia Freeman
Region 5 - William Tansey
Illinois - Heidi Allen, Lanina Clark, and Brad Regul
(University of Illinois Springfield Graduate Intern)
Indiana - April Douglas, Amy Henninger, and
Shelley Love
Michigan - Mark Conradi*
Minnesota - Jim Anderson
Ohio - Pejmaan Fallah
Wisconsin - Rebecca Scott and
Samantha Scully-Jordt
Region 6 - Dena Hurst
Arkansas-Jayne Dooley and Dave Fenter
Louisiana-William Bartlett*
New Mexico - Graham Knowles
Oklahoma - Myles Mungle
Texas - Bill Allen, Rosario Flores, Jennifer Luce, and
Alan Williams*
Region 7 - Rao Surampalli
Iowa - Satya Chennupati and James Oppelt
Kansas - Michelle Black
Missouri - Doug Garrett*, Ted Koenig, Terry Nelson,
and Pat Smith
Nebraska - Susan Hoppel
Region 8 - Bob Brobst, Brian Friel, and
Craig Jorgensen
Colorado - Michael Beck, Scott Garncarz*, Lisa Pine,
Dan Simpson, Gary Soldano, Matthew Stearns,
and Erick Worker*
Montana - Michele Marsh
North Dakota - Bob Brobst, Brian Friel, and
Craig Jorgensen
South Dakota -Jim Anderson
Utah - Paul Krauth
Wyoming- Bob Brobst, Brian Friel, and
Craig Jorgensen
Region 9 - Abimbola Odusoga
American Samoa - Brad Rea
Arizona - Melanie Ford* and Stuart Peckham
California - Zane Atkins, Melky Calderon,
Joshua Fegurgur, Wennilyn Fua, Sandeep
Kals, Robert Pontureri, Joseph Quilatan, and
Crysten Samudio
Guam -Jude Calvo
Hawaii -April Matsumura
Nevada - Adele Basham
Region 10 - Bevin Horn
Alaska - Susan Start
Idaho - Ester Ceja*
Oregon - Angela Parker*
Washington -Sonia Bumpus
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Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
CONTENTS
Introduction 1
Scope and Methods 4
Data Quality Assurance 6
Results: National Needs 6
Changes in Needs Since 2008 11
Trends and Analyses by CWNS 2012 Category 13
Secondary Wastewater Treatment (Category I) 13
Advanced Wastewater Treatment (Category II) 15
Conveyance System Repair (Category III) 16
New Conveyance Systems (Category IV) 17
CSO Correction (Category V) 18
Stormwater Management (Category VI) 19
Recycled Water Distribution (Category X) 21
Urban and Rural Area Needs 23
Small Community Needs 23
Trends in the Nation's Ability to Provide Wastewater Treatment 25
Appendix A: CWNS 2012 Documented Needs by State A-l
Appendix B: CWNS 2008 Documented Needs by State B-l
Appendix C: CWNS 2012 Needs Categories Definitions C-l
Appendix D: Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems (Category XII) D-l
Figures
Figure 1. CWNS 2012 Total Documented Needs 7
Figure 2. Distribution of Total Official Needs by State 8
Figure 3. Distribution of Per Capita Official Needs by State 10
Figure 4. Total Needs Nationwide for the 2004-2012 CWNS by Category 12
Figure 5. Population Served by POTWs for Select Years between 1940 and 2012 and Projected
(if All Needs Are Met) by Treatment Level 26
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Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
Tables
Table 1. CWNS 2012 Total Documented Needs by Category 7
Table 2. CWNS 2004-2012 Total Needs by Survey Year 12
Table 3. Improvements in Treatment Level of the Nation's POTWs 26
Table A-l. CWNS 2012 Documented Needs by Category and State A-l
Table A-2. CWNS 2012 Documented Needs for Stormwater Management by Category and State A-3
Table B-l. CWNS 2008 Documented Needs by Category and State B-l
Table C-l. CWNS 2012 Needs Categories Definitions C-l
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Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
Introduction
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has prepared this Clean Watersheds Needs
Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress, hereinafter referred to as "this Report," in compliance
with Clean Water Act (CWA) section 516(b)(1)(B). This Report—which contains results from
the 16th survey since the CWA was enacted in 1972—estimates the capital investment necessary to
ensure that the nation's publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) meet the water quality objectives
of the CWA.1 Sustainable wastewater infrastructure—including POTWs—is critical to providing
the American public with clean, safe water and ensuring the environmental, economic, and social
sustainability of the communities served.
Nationally, the total documented POTW capital investment needs required to address water
quality or water quality-related public health problems, hereinafter referred to as "documented
needs," totaled $271.0 billion as of January 1, 2012.2 This figure represents the capital needs for
up to a 20-year period as reflected in State and local planning documentation for publicly owned
wastewater conveyance and treatment facilities, combined sewer overflow (CSO) correction, and
stormwater management and is a snapshot in time.
Upgraded wastewater treatment plant to meet NPDES permit requirements. City of Parkersburg, West Virginia.
1 CWA section 212 defines 'treatment works" as 'any devices and systems used in the storage, treatment, recycling, and reclamation of municipal sewage or
industrial wastes of a liquid nature. It also includes sewers, pipes, and other conveyances only if they convey wastewater to a treatment plant. Privately owned
treatment works, federally owned treatment works, and other treatment plants not owned by municipalities are not considered POTWs.' In addition to the definition
contained in subparagraph (A) of CWA section 212, 'treatment works" includes any other method or system for preventing, abating, reducing, storing, treating,
separating, or disposing of municipal waste, including stormwater runoff, or industrial waste, including waste in combined stormwater and sanitary sewer systems.
2 All needs amounts in this Report are shown in January 2012 dollars. Amounts were adjusted using the Engineering News-Record construction cost index.
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Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
While this Report might capture needs over a period of up to 20 years, nearly all needs it includes
are for projects that will be completed within 5 years (i.e., 2012-2017). States do not generally have
documentation for needs over a 20-year time frame. Forty percent of CWNS 2012 needs are docu-
mented using capital improvement plans (CIPs). CIPs include only projects that can be accomplished
within the municipalities' budgets and within a specified number of years (typically 3-5 years).
Between January 1, 2008, and January 1, 2012, documented wastewater infrastructure needs
decreased from $338.1 billion to $271.0 billion, a total reduction of $67.1 billion, or 20 percent.
States reported a number of reasons documented needs have declined, including (1) planning
documents containing lower-cost projects due to limited municipal budgets and other factors,
(2) completion of major projects, (3) difficulty for some States in obtaining acceptable documentation
to substantiate the costs of projects needed to address known water quality issues—particularly
for small communities and for stormwater management projects, (4) a change in the CWNS
methodology not to allow the use of CSO cost curves (projections) as an approved type of
documentation, and (5) the decision by some States to limit their level of effort on the survey,
particularly for reporting stormwater management and CSO needs.
However, not all needs categories decreased. Increases were reported in two categories as
communities increasingly focus planning efforts on repairing and replacing the existing conveyance
infrastructure (Category III) and reusing wastewater effluent (Category X).
Construction of aeration basin at Prescott Airport wastewater treatment plant, Prescott, Arizona.
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Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
The Norwich Digester green infrastructure project. Waste gases from the anaerobic digester are used to power
micro-turbines and provide energy to partially power the wastewater treatment plant, Norwich, Connecticut.
Despite the overall decrease, the national needs total of $271.0 billion is extremely large, and
communities are challenged to fund needed improvements. Additional significant capital investments
are needed beyond the $271.0 billion documented in this Report to continue improving our nation's
surface water quality. EPA will continue to work with the States and partners across the water sector
to provide the knowledge and tools required to address these wastewater infrastructure needs and
move us toward a more sustainable future.
Access CWNS 2012 Online
The online companion to this Report is available at www.epa.goi/cwns. It provides the following:
• CWNS 2012 Data Dashboard, which features bar charts, pie graphs, and data tables to answer
frequently asked questions. Also, it provides access to detailed state-, local-, and facility-level reports
of both needs and technical information (e.g., number of facilities, flow, population served, and effluent
level of treatment), facility fact sheets, and downloadable Access databases.
• GIS Mapping Tool, which uses geographic information systems to provide the ability to click on a map to
access state-, local-, and facility-level data.
• Electronic copy of this Report.
• Detailed explanation of the scope and methods used for this Report.
• Electronic access to CWNS 2008, 2004, and 2000 reports and data.
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Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
Aluminum dome covers on the two primary clarifiers at the new wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in
Rhinelander, Wisconsin.
Scope and Methods
This Report is a collaborative effort between the States, District of Columbia, U.S. Territories
(collectively referred to as "the States" for the remainder of this Report), and EPA. From November
2009 through December 2011, the CWNS 2012 National Workgroup provided input on CWNS
methods. (Workgroup members are identified in the acknowledgments section at the beginning of
this Report.) The States collected and entered data on more than 27,000 wastewater facilities and
water quality projects from January through December 2012.
Needs in this Report include the unfunded capital costs of treatment works projects (as defined in
CWA section 212) that:
• Address a water quality or water quality-related public health problem existing as of
January 1, 2012, or expected to occur within the next 20 years for POTWs; and
• Meet the CWNS documentation criteria, which include (1) the description and location of
a water quality or water quality-related public health problem, (2) a site-specific solution to
the problem, and (3) detailed cost information for implementing the solution.
Needs in this Report are summarized using the needs categories defined in Appendix C.
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Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
Consistent with prior surveys, costs for the following projects are
not included in this Report: " ' A more detailed explanation of the scope
and methods used for this Report is available
• Known water quality projects that do not yet have online at www.epa.goi/cwns.
documented solutions or cost estimates. In some
communities, the source of the problem, the proposed
solution, or the cost estimates for the solution are not yet sufficiently documented to meet
the guidelines for inclusion in CWNS 2012.
• Projects for which unofficial cost estimates approximate needs without acceptable
documentation.
• Privately owned wastewater facilities or those that serve privately owned industrial facilities,
military installations, national parks, or other federal facilities.
• Operation and maintenance projects.
• Nonpoint source pollution control projects (previously reported as Category VII).
• Projects on tribal lands and in Alaskan Native Villages. The Indian Health Service (IMS)
conducts a separate survey and prepares a Report to Congress annually under Public Law
86-121. The needs for capital investment in wastewater infrastructure on tribal reservations
and in Alaskan Native Villages are based on the Sanitation Deficiency System within the
IMS Sanitation Tracking and Reporting System (http://wstars.ihs.gov/).
• Projects in South Carolina, America Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands, because
they did not participate in the 2012 CWNS.
Appendix D summarizes Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System (Category XII) needs that met
CWNS documentation requirements but are not defined in CWA section 212.
Secondary clarifier. Otter Creek wastewater treatment plant, Richmond, Kentucky.
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Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
Data Quality Assurance
EPA conducted quality control and quality assurance reviews of the data for this Report to ensure
their precision and accuracy. To meet this objective, EPA followed the Agency's Information
Quality Guidelines and developed a Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) in accordance with
EPA Requirements for Quality Assurance Project Plans (EPA QA/R-5, EPA/240/B-01/003). As part of
the QAPP, EPA developed specific and well-defined standard operating procedures for reviewing
technical and cost data. The QAPP defined processes for monitoring adherence to quality control
procedures and quality assurance requirements.
A team of reviewers used the QAPP's standard operating procedures to review the data that
individual States entered into the CWNS 2012 data entry system. The procedures included
comparing hardcopy and electronic documentation with data entered into the system, as well as
ensuring consistency of technical and cost data.
Results: National Needs
The total documented needs as of January 1, 2012, are $271.0 billion nationwide, as shown by
category in Figure 1 and Table 1. About 75 percent of the nation's needs are for wastewater
infrastructure—treatment plant improvements, conveyance system repairs, new conveyance systems,
and recycled water distribution; about 18 percent are for CSO correction; and about 7 percent are
for stormwater management.
Figure 2 displays the geographic distribution of the total documented needs by State. New York
and California each reported more than $25 billion in needs. Florida, New Jersey, Ohio, and Texas
each have needs in excess of $10 billion. Almost half of the total needs reported (i.e, 44 percent)
are concentrated in the six States reporting needs in excess of $10 billion. Twenty-four States each
reported less than 1 percent of the total needs. Appendix A presents the total documented needs for
all categories by State.
Figure 3 displays per capita needs by State. The District of Columbia ($4,472), Guam ($2,497),
New Jersey ($1,975), Rhode Island ($1,829), West Virginia ($1,756), Maryland ($1,693), New York
($1,609), Missouri ($1,598), and Hawaii ($1,564) reported the largest needs per capita. The District
of Columbia, Guam, Rhode Island, West Virginia, and Hawaii have high per capita needs but do not
rank among the 20 States with the highest total needs shown in Figure 2 due to their relatively small
population.
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Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
Category I
Secondary Wastewater Treatment
$52.4B, 19.3%
Category X
Recycled Water Distribution
$6.1B, 2.2%
Category VI
Stormwater Management
Program
$19.2B, 7.1%
Category V
Combined Sewer Overflow
Correction
$48.0B, 17.7%
Category II
Advanced Wastewater
Treatment
$49.6B, 18.3%
Category III
Conveyance System Repair
$51.2B, 18.9%
Category IV
New Conveyance Systems
$44.5B, 16.4%
Figure 1. CWNS 2012 Total Documented Needs (January 2012 Dollars in Billions).
Table 1. CWNS 2012 Total Documented Needs by Category (January 2012 Dollars
in Billions)
Secondary Wastewater Treatment
52.4
19.3
Advanced Wastewater Treatment
49.6
18.3
Conveyance System Repair
51.2
18.9
IV
New Conveyance Systems
44.5
16.4
Combined Sewer Overflow Correction
48.0
17.7
VI
Stormwater Management Program
19.2
7.1
X Recycled Water Distribution
6.1
2.2
Total
271.0
100.0
Note: Total may not equal sum of the parts due to individual rounding
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Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
Total Documented Needs = $271.0 Billion
Figure 2. Distribution of Total Official Needs by State (January 2012 Dollars in Billions).
>$25B
$5-$25B
$2.5-$5B
$1-$2.5B
<$1B
Did not participate
L^ — - — ' ""
Puerto Rico
U.S. Virgin
Islands
8
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Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
c \^^^ 1
Alaska 1^
Hawaii ^Bk
Northern
Mariana
Islands
and
Tinian
Rota
American
Samoa
y Guam
Range
> $1,500
$1,000-$1,500
$500-$1,000
<$500
Did not participate
National Per Capita Need = $868
Figure 3. Distribution of Per Capita Official Needs by State (January 2012 Dollars/Person).
10
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Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
Changes in Needs Since 2008
Between January 1, 2008, and January 1, 2012, documented wastewater infrastructure needs
decreased from $338.1 billion to $271.0 billion,3 which is a decrease of $67.1 billion, or 20 percent.
Although the data indicate a decrease, the needs remain very large. The largest portions of this
decrease are associated with:
• Secondary Wastewater Treatment (Category I) needs—$15.6 billion, or a 23 percent
decrease—largely because of reduced budgets, projects receiving American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act (ARRA) funding, and inadequate documentation.
• CSO Correction (Category V) needs —$24.1 billion, or a 33 percent decrease—due to CSO
cost curve estimates no longer being an approved document type.4
• Stormwater Management (Category VI) needs—$28.7 billion, or a 60 percent decrease—as
State participation in the survey declined and some cost estimates submitted for CWNS
2008 were not updated and resubmitted for CWNS 2012.
Other decreases include Advanced Wastewater Treatment (Category II) needs—$1.8 billion, or a
4 percent decrease—and New Conveyance Systems (Category IV)—$1.7 billion, or a 4 percent
decrease.
Although Conveyance System Repair (Category III) needs increased slightly—$3.8 billion,
or an 8 percent increase, Recycled Water Distribution (Category X) needs increased
significantly—$1.1 billion, or a 21 percent increase—due to the recognition of the positive benefits
of wastewater reuse (see Figure 4 and Table 2).
The States of Colorado, Georgia, Kentucky, and Missouri—each with an increase exceeding
$2.5 billion—had the largest increases. Colorado, Georgia, Kentucky, and New Mexico each
reported needs increases greater than 100 percent. Oklahoma and Missouri also reported large
percentage increases in needs—64 percent and 47 percent, respectively. Illinois, New Jersey, and
Pennsylvania—each with a decrease of more than $10 billion—had the largest decreases in needs
since 2008. Illinois, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Utah reported needs decreases greater
than 50 percent compared to 2008.
3 This figure represents CWNS 2008 total needs inflated to January 2012 dollars. The total needs cited in the 2008 CWNS Report to Congress was $298.1 billion
(in January 2008 dollars). Appendix B presents total 2008 documented needs for all categories by State in January 2012 dollars.
4 Cost curve estimates for the CSO Correction (Category V) have been decreasing as a percentage of the CSO Correction needs from 66 percent in 1996 to 42
percent in 2008. In preparation for the CWNS 2012 data collection, States indicated that there is sufficient documentation to allow for the elimination of the
cost curve. For CWNS 2008, CSO Correction (category V) needs estimated with cost curve accounted for 42 percent of the reported needs, or $30.1 billion in
2012 dollars. The remaining 58 percent, or $42.0 billion, of CSO Correction (category V) needs was documented with long-term control plans or other planning
documents.
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Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
III IV V
Needs Category
VI
Figure 4. Total Needs Nationwide for the 2004-2012 CWNS by Category (January 2012 Dollars in Billions).
Table 2. CWNS 2004-2012 Total Needs by Survey Year (January 2012 Dollars in Billions)
Change 2008 to 2012
Category
number Name 2004 2008 2012 $B Percent of $
1
II
III
IV
V
VI
X
Total
l-ll
III-IV
I-V
Secondary Wastewater Treatment
Advanced Wastewater Treatment
Conveyance System Repair
New Conveyance Systems
Combined Sewer Overflow Correction
Stormwater Management Program
Recycled Water Distribution
Total needs for Categories 1 to X
Treatment Categories 1 and II only
Pipe Repairs and New Pipes Categories III and IV only
Categories 1 to V subtotal
59.9
32.9
42.0
45.8
73.7
28.7
5.8
288.9
92.8
87.8
254.3
68.0
51.4
47.5
46.3
72.1
47.9
5.0
338.1
119.4
93.7
285.2
52.4
49.6
51.2
44.5
48.0
19.2
6.1
271.0
102.0
95.7
245.7
-15.6
-1.8
3.8
-1.7
-24.1
-28.7
1.1
-67.1
-17.4
2.0
-39.5
-23.0
-3.5
8.0
-3.8
-33.4
-60.0
21.1
-19.9
-14.6
2.1
-13.8
Note: Total may not equal sum of the parts due to individual rounding
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Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
Trends and Analyses by CWNS 2012
Category
Figure 4 and Table 2 summarize the changes in needs by category5 from 2004 to 2012.
Secondary Wastewater Treatment (Category I)
— Highlights
Category definition: The capital costs for POTWs to meet secondary treatment standards.
Total needs: $52.4 billion
Change in total needs from 2008: Decrease of $15.6 billion (23 percent)
Number of States reporting needs: 52
States with the highest documented needs: New York ($11.1 billion), California ($7.9 billion),
Texas ($3.3 billion), Illinois ($2.9 billion), and Missouri ($2.1 billion) documented over half
(52 percent) of the needs
States with the largest percent increases since 2008: New Mexico (greater than 1,000 percent),
Arkansas (642 percent), Colorado (258 percent), Delaware (230 percent), Hawaii (164 percent),
Georgia (156 percent), Kentucky (144 percent), Indiana (127 percent), and Puerto Rico
(116 percent)
States with the largest percent decreases since 2008: Nevada (91 percent), Connecticut
(76 percent), Washington (62 percent), and Wyoming (61 percent)
States with the largest per capita needs: Guam ($1,041), Hawaii ($628), and New York ($571)
— Discussion
There are a variety of reasons why Secondary Wastewater Treatment (Category I) needs declined.
States reported that some communities might have adjusted their wastewater infrastructure plans to
match reduced budgets. For example, projects could have been scaled back, delayed, or canceled
resulting in their exclusion from short-term and other submitted planning documents. Without
required supporting documentation, these needs could not be included in CWNS 2012. In addition,
States reported that some decreases were the result of projects receiving funding from the ARRA and
others lacked adequate documentation.
Not all States reported declining needs. Some States indicated that more resources devoted to
data collection and entry and more documentation of needs resulting from unfunded ARRA loan
applications, enforcement actions, and State survey responses resulted in increased needs. States
reported needing $4.1 billion (8 percent of the total Category I needs) to construct new secondary
wastewater treatment facilities.
Appendix C provides detailed descriptions of the categories.
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Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
Oxidation ditch. Otter Creek wastewater treatment plant, Richmond, Kentucky.
r!j!?j"iii/iiiii» r,;»/fn/ji//i/§
Empty aeration basin. New activated sludge WWTP in Rhinelander, Wisconsin, funded through the American
Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA).
14
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Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
Advanced Wastewater Treatment (Category II)
— Highlights
Category definition: The capital costs for treatment plants to attain a level of treatment that is
more stringent than secondary treatment.
Total needs: $49.6 billion
Change in total needs from 2008: Decrease of $1.8 billion (4 percent)
Number of States reporting needs: 49
States with the highest documented needs: Florida ($11.3 billion), New Jersey ($5.1 billion),
Arizona ($3.3 billion), California ($2.6 billion), New York ($2.2 billion), and North Carolina
($2.1 billion) documented over half (54 percent) of the needs
States with the largest percent increases since 2008: Georgia (greater than 1,000 percent),
Oklahoma (greater than 1,000 percent), Tennessee (667 percent), New Hampshire
(276 percent), Kentucky (168 percent), West Virginia (146 percent), Missouri (142 percent), and
Wisconsin (111 percent)
States with the largest percent decreases since 2008: Wyoming (100 percent), Utah
(94 percent), Michigan (90 percent), and Puerto Rico (86 percent)
States with the largest per capita needs: Nevada ($627), Florida ($590), New Jersey ($571), and
Arizona ($505)
— Discussion
Needs for Category II decreased 4 percent compared to 2008 needs. Wastewater treatment facilities
continue to be required to upgrade their level of treatment to meet the water quality requirements in
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits and Total Maximum Daily Loads.
States indicated that nitrogen and phosphorus limits for wastewater discharges and enforcement
actions are resulting in increased
needs. Advanced treatment needs
constituted a higher percentage of
wastewater treatment plant needs
in 2012 (49 percent) than in 2008
and 2004 (43 percent and 35
percent, respectively). In addition,
needs to construct new advanced
wastewater treatment facilities
total $5.0 billion (10 percent of the
Category II needs). At the same
time, some States reported that
they documented no or fewer
needs, because some documented
projects might have been scaled
back or canceled due to limited
municipal budgets.
Membrane bioreactor wastewater treatment plant (built using Clean Water State
Revolving Fund (CWSRF) ARRA funding), Ruidoso, New Mexico.
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Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
Conveyance System Repair (Category III)
— Highlights
Category definition: The capital costs to rehabilitate and replace conveyance systems.
Total needs: $51.2 billion
Change in total needs from 2008: Increase of $3.8 billion (8 percent)
Number of States reporting needs: 53
States with the highest documented needs: California ($6.5 billion), New York ($5.2 billion),
Ohio ($3.3 billion), Texas ($3.0 billion), Maryland ($2.5 billion), Virginia ($1.9 billion), Kentucky
($1.8 billion), Florida ($1.7 billion), and Wisconsin ($1.6 billion) documented over half (54
percent) of the needs
States with the largest percent increases since 2008: Georgia (greater than 1,000 percent),
Kentucky (848 percent), Colorado (682 percent), Maryland (131 percent), and South Dakota
(93 percent)
States with the largest percent decreases since 2008: Utah (75 percent), Montana (58 percent),
and Connecticut (46 percent)
States with the largest per capita needs: Guam ($918), District of Columbia ($916), Hawaii
($568), Maryland ($425), and Kentucky ($412)
— Discussion
As the nation's conveyance systems age, needs for repairing
and rehabilitating them continue to increase. Conveyance
System Repair (Category III) needs total $51.2 billion, which
is 54 percent of the total reported conveyance system needs
(Categories III and IV combined). This figure compares with 51
percent, 48 percent, and 46 percent for CWNS 2008, 2004, and
2000, respectively. The pattern of increasing Category III needs
shows that communities are increasingly planning to ensure the
structural integrity of the nation's existing conveyance system
infrastructure, correct infiltration and inflow (I/I) problems, and
correct problems related to sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs).
Needs for projects to reinforce and reconstruct structurally
deteriorating sanitary or combined sewers (Category III-B) total
$42.1 billion (82 percent). An additional $9.2 billion (18 percent)
is needed to correct I/I problems (Category III-A), including
projects to control the penetration of water into sanitary or
combined sewers from the ground, drains, storm sewers, and
other improper entries.
Sliplining sewer installation as part of the
Kalanianaole Sewer Rehabilitation, Big Island,
Hawaii.
SSOs are releases of raw domestic sewage (and, in some cases, pretreated industrial wastes) from separate
sewer systems before it reaches the wastewater treatment facility. Documented needs to eliminate SSOs total
$32.7 billion (12 percent of total needs). The majority of the SSO needs are for capital improvements to existing
conveyance systems (Category III)—$22.0 billion, or 67 percent of SSO needs. The additional $10.7 billion in
needs that relate to addressing SSOs are $3.0 billion for Secondary Wastewater Treatment (Category I), $0.5 billion
for Advanced Wastewater Treatment (Category II), and $7.2 billion for New Conveyance Systems (Category IV).
16
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Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
New Conveyance Systems (Category IV)
— Highlights
Category definition: The capital costs associated with the installation of new sewer collection
systems, interceptor sewers, and pumping stations.
Total needs: $44.5 billion
Change in total needs from 2008: Decrease of $1.8 billion (4 percent)
Number of States reporting needs: 52
States with the highest documented needs: New York ($5.1 billion), Massachusetts ($2.9 billion),
California ($2.9 billion), Florida ($2.8 billion), Missouri ($2.3 billion), Kentucky ($2.1 billion), and
Texas ($2.1 billion) documented nearly half (45 percent) of the needs
States with the largest percent increases since 2008: New Mexico (greater than 1,000 percent),
Georgia (greater than 1,000 percent), New York (287 percent), Maryland (238 percent), and
Missouri (203 percent)
States with the largest percent decreases since 2008: Michigan (76 percent), Tennessee
(74 percent), and Delaware (72 percent)
States with the largest per capita needs: Rhode Island ($576), Guam ($538), Kentucky ($484),
Puerto Rico ($452), and Massachusetts ($440)
— Discussion
Overall, New Conveyance Systems (Category IV) needs decreased slightly compared to 2008
(4 percent decrease). Some States reported increased needs while others reported decreased needs.
States reporting increased needs cited the need to expand systems to accommodate population
growth, increased documentation of needs from unfunded ARRA loan applications and better
community response, and increased documentation in long-term community plans. States reporting
decreases provided several reasons for the decrease in documented needs. In some cases, small
communities are now planning for more affordable decentralized wastewater treatment systems
instead of connecting to centralized
wastewater treatment plants. In
other cases, the most current project
plans documented a scale-back or
cancellation of a project or projects,
resulting in decreased documented
needs.
More than half of the needs in
this category—$25.8 billion, or 58
percent—are for new collector sewers
to collect and carry wastewater to an
interceptor sewer (Category IV-A). The
remaining $18.7 billion (42 percent) of
documented needs are for constructing
interceptor sewers, pumping stations,
and relief sewers (Category IV-B).
Madison-Woolford Wastewater Collection System project connecting two rural
villages on failing septics to a municipal-owned treatment system, Maryland.
17
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Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
CSO Correction (Category V)
— Highlights
Category definition: The capital cost to prevent or control the periodic discharges of mixed
stormwater and untreated wastewater that occur when the capacity of a sewer system
is exceeded during a wet-weather event. This category includes traditional CSO control
infrastructure (Category V-A) such as collection, storage, and treatment technologies and green
infrastructure (Category V-B) such as upland runoff control techniques.
Total needs: $48.0 billion
Change in total needs from 2008: Decreased by $24.1 billion (33 percent)
Change in documented needs from 2008: Increased by $6.0 billion (14 percent)
Number of States reporting needs: 29
Number of permitted CSO communities for which data were reported: 768
States with the highest documented needs: New Jersey ($8.0 billion), Ohio ($7.5 billion),
New York ($5.1 billion), Missouri ($3.4 billion), and Indiana ($3.2 billion) documented over half
(57 percent) of the needs
States with the largest percent increases since 2008: Tennessee (381 percent), Kentucky
(167 percent), and Vermont (142 percent)
States with the largest percent increase in documented needs since 2008: Pennsylvania (greater
than 1000 percent), Kansas (697 percent), Tennessee (381 percent), Kentucky (167 percent),
Vermont (142 percent), Illinois (141 percent), and Missouri (118 percent)
States with the largest percent decreases since 2008:5 Alabama (100 percent), Delaware
(100 percent), New Mexico (100 percent), and Wisconsin (99 percent)
States with the largest percent decreases in documented needs since 2008: Alabama
(100 percent), Delaware (100 percent), New Mexico (100 percent), Michigan (82 percent), and
Wisconsin (77 percent)
— Discussion
CSO Correction (Category V) needs have decreased by $24.1 billion (33 percent) since 2008.
Consistent with other categories, the 2012 survey's CSO Correction (Category V) needs are based
exclusively on needs documented in planning documents, such as long-term control plans. For all
previous surveys, Category V needs were reported using a combination of needs from planning
documents and cost estimates generated by a cost curve. The decrease in needs is primarily a result
of this change. Comparing only documented needs (excluding cost curve estimates) from 2008, there
is a 14 percent increase in needs from $42.0 billion in 2008 to $48.0 billion in 2012. Historically,
the CWNS move from modeling costs with cost curves to documenting costs with planning
documents when sufficient documentation is available. Cost curve estimates have been decreasing
as a percentage of the CSO Correction (Category V) needs from 66 percent in 1996 to 42 percent
in 2008. In preparation for CWNS 2012 data collection, States indicated that there is sufficient
documentation to allow for the elimination of the cost curve estimates.
For the first time, States were able to separately report capital needs for implementing green
infrastructure projects to abate CSOs, which are included in overall category totals. In 2012, States
6 States with 100 percent decreases reported needs for this category in 2008, but did not report any needs in 2012.
18
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Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
reported $4.2 billion in needs for green infrastructure (Category V-B) for 23 CSO communities.
Over time, greater implementation of green infrastructure practices could allow communities to
downsize certain gray infrastructure components of their CSO control plans. This could provide
some CSO communities with significant cost savings and will achieve additional environmental and
social benefits.
Stormwater Management (Category VI)
— Highlights
Category definition: Capital costs to plan and implement structural and nonstructural measures
to control the runoff water resulting from precipitation (stormwater) in NPDES Phase I, Phase II,
and nontraditional (e.g., universities, prisons, school districts) municipal separate storm sewer
systems (MS4s), as well as unregulated communities.
Total needs: $19.2 billion
Change in total needs from 2008: Decreased by $28.7 billion (60 percent)
Number of States reporting needs: 35
States with the highest documented needs: California ($3.9 billion), Maryland ($3.2 billion), New
York ($2.7 billion), and Texas ($2.6 billion) documented two-thirds (65 percent) of the needs
States with the largest percent increases since 2008: Arkansas (greater than 1,000 percent),
Massachusetts (336 percent), Colorado (333 percent), South Dakota (328 percent),
New Hampshire (271 percent), New York (119 percent), Idaho (115 percent), and Illinois
(109 percent)
States with the largest percent decreases since 2008:7 Georgia, Maine, North Carolina,
Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, and Utah all reported 100 percent decreases; Minnesota
(98 percent), Missouri (98 percent), and New Jersey (96 percent)
— Discussion
Stormwater Management needs (Category VI) needs decreased by $28.7 billion (60 percent) since
2008. The decrease in reported needs is due to several key factors.
First, state participation declined. Seven states reported needs for CWNS 2008 but reported no needs
for CWNS 2012. Those states reported $7.2 billion in CWNS 2008 that is not included in this Report.
Also, EPA placed an increased emphasis on ensuring that the reported stormwater needs have a
stated water quality benefit. As a result, projects characterized as "flood control" without a stated
water quality benefit were not accepted for CWNS 2012. States indicated that this change made it
more difficult to meet EPA's documentation criteria for stormwater in 2012 than in 2008.
Finally, $17.2 billion of New Jersey's needs that were included in the CWNS 2008 Report were not
included in this Report. For CWNS 2008, New Jersey documented almost all (97 percent) of its
stormwater needs by identifying potential projects using mapping and estimating the needs using
costs of comparable bid or completed projects. However, it did not update those cost estimates for
2012 per the documentation requirements.
1 States with 100 percent decreases reported needs for this category in 2008, but did not report any needs in 2012.
19
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Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
Montpelier Mansions Low Impact Development (LID). Green infrastructure stormwater project.
EPA continues to experience challenges in fully documenting Stormwater Management (Category VI)
needs nationwide. Needs in this category remain underreported. Not all States report in this
category; 35 States submitted data (compared to 38 in 2008). Within States that report needs,
data are not submitted for all municipalities. Needs for 1,581 municipal stormwater management
facilities and 603 unregulated facilities are included in this Report. EPA estimates that 7,450
facilities were covered by NPDES MS4 individual or general permits.8 Therefore, data are
reported for only 21 percent of MS4 facilities. States reported that this was due, in part, to
planning documents lacking the explanation of water quality needs and detailed cost estimates
required to meet CWNS documentation critieria.
As in CWNS 2008, needs were reported in the four Stormwater Management subcategories. Almost
half—$8.7 billion, or 45 percent—is for the conveyance of stormwater via pipes, inlets, roadside
ditches, and other similar mechanisms (Category VI-A). About one-third of the stormwater needs
—$6.1 billion, or 32 percent—is for treating stormwater with wet ponds, dry ponds, manufactured
devices, or similar means (Category VI-B). The remaining needs are $2.8 billion (15 percent) for low
impact development and green infrastructure projects (Category VI-C) and $1.5 billion (8 percent)
for general stormwater management activities, such as street sweepers, vacuum trucks, education
program startup costs, and mapping and tracking systems (Category VI-D). A small amount of needs
($5.9 million or 0.03 percent) is not subcategorized and is reported as Stormwater Management
(Category VI).
8 A permit program established under section 402 of the CWAthat controls water pollution by regulating point sources that discharge pollutants into waters of the
United States (see www.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/municipal).
20
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Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
This category includes both regulated and unregulated stormwater management needs. NPDES
Phase I MS4s9 account for $10.1 billion (52 percent) of the total Stormwater Management (Category
VI) needs, and NPDES Phase II MS4s10 account for $6.7 billion (35 percent) of the needs.
Nontraditional NPDES MS4s11 and nationally unregulated communities account for $0.2 billion
(1 percent) and $2.2 billion (11 percent) of the needs, respectively.
Recycled Water Distribution (Category X)
— Highlights
Category definition: The capital costs associated with the conveyance of wastewater reused after
removal of waste contributed by humans to the reuse site (i.e., "recycled water") and additional
treatment processes needed to increase the level of treatment to allow reuse.
Total needs: $6.1 billion
Change in total needs from 2008: Increase of $1.1 billion (21 percent)
Number of States reporting needs: 25
States with the highest documented needs: California ($2.2 billion) and Florida ($2.1 billion)
documented over two-thirds (70 percent) of needs
States with the largest percent increases since 2008: New Mexico (greater than 1,000 percent),
Maryland (959 percent), Oregon (668 percent), Alabama (280 percent), Colorado (249 percent),
and Arizona (146 percent)
States with the largest percent decreases since 2008: Louisiana (93 percent), Tennessee
(92 percent), and Texas (82 percent)
— Discussion
Increasingly, States and communities are finding that wastewater reuse has positive benefits, such
as managing nutrients in treated wastewater,
reducing energy consumption, and augmenting
water supplies. As a result, the Recycled Water
Distribution (Category X) needs increased
significantly (21 percent) since 2008, and the
number of States reporting needs increased
from 20 to 25. Some States reported that
wastewater reuse projects are integral to plans
to prepare for drought. Other States reported
that projects will support water conservation
efforts and allow for the elimination of ocean
discharges.
Agricultural reuse in Alamo, Nevada.
9 Phase I permits are required for medium and large MS4s (that serve populations of 100,000-249,999 and 250,000 or more, respectively) in incorporated places
or counties with populations of 100,000 or more.
10 Phase II permits are required for small MS4s (that serve populations of 99,999 or less) in urbanized areas, as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau, and small
MS4s outside an urbanized area that are designated by NPDES permitting authorities.
11 An MS4 regulated under the NPDES permit program and owned by nonmunicipal, public entities (e.g., universities, departments of transportation, prisons, and
school districts).
21
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Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
Urban and Rural Area Needs
Data from CWNS 2012 and information on urbanized areas from the U.S. Census Bureau were
used to determine the breakdown of needs in urban and rural areas in the United States. The U.S.
Census Bureau defines an "urbanized area" as "a large central place and adjacent densely settled
census blocks (1,000 people per square mile for geographic core of block groups or blocks, or 500
for adjacent block groups and blocks) that together have a total population of at least 2,500 for urban
clusters or at least 50,000 for urbanized areas."
The breakdown of urban and rural total documented needs is $203.2 billion (75 percent) and
$67.8 billion (25 percent), respectively. Total urban needs for wastewater treatment (Categories I
through V) equal $185.0 billion (75 percent). Total rural needs for these categories equal $60.7
billion (25 percent, or about one third as much).
For urban areas, the majority of the needs (61 percent) are in the following three categories:
CSO Correction (Category V) at $45.6 billion, Secondary Wastewater Treatment (Category I) at
$39.7 billion, and Conveyance System Repair (Category III) at $39.0 billion. For rural areas, the
majority of the needs (68 percent) are in the following three categories: New Conveyance Systems
(Category IV) at $17.1 billion, Advanced Wastewater Treatment (Category II) at $16.4 billion, and
Secondary Wastewater Treatment (Category I) at $12.6 billion. Capital costs for secondary treatment
are important nationwide because needs are significant in both urban and rural areas. Needs to
address CSOs are proportionally greater in urban areas than in rural areas, but needs to install new
conveyance systems represent a greater proportion of the needs in rural areas.
Small Community Needs
This Report defines small communities as communities with populations of fewer than 10,000
people. Those communities sometimes lack the capacity to plan for needed capital improvements.
As a result, EPA gives small communities additional flexibility to document needs and costs. For
example, cost curves are available for States to estimate needed capital costs for wastewater
treatment plants and sanitary sewer systems when other documentation for cost estimates is not
available.
States estimate the small community needs total at $32.9 billion, representing 12 percent of the
$271.0 billion total documented needs. Wastewater treatment needs include $7.7 billion for
Secondary Treatment (Category I), $6.1 billion for Advanced Treatment (Category II), and $0.9 billion
for CSO Correction (Category V). Conveyance System Repair (Category III) and New Conveyance
Systems (Category IV) needs for small communities are $6.6 billion and $11.3 billion, respectively.
New York ($2.4 billion), Pennsylvania ($2.1 billion), Kentucky ($2.0 billion), Texas ($1.6 billion), and
Alabama ($1.6 billion) account for approximately 30 percent of the small community needs. Seven
additional States—Arizona, Florida, Illinois, Massachusetts, Ohio, West Virginia, and Wisconsin—
report between $1.0 billion and $1.5 billion in small community needs. With a few exceptions, the
majority of publicly owned facilities in each State serve small communities. In four States—Iowa,
22
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Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
New activated sludge WWTP in the small community of Rhinelander, Wisconsin. Facility employs biological
phosphorous removal.
Montana, Nebraska, and North Dakota, 95 percent or more of the facilities serve small communities.
In 19 additional States, small community facilities constitute 80 to 95 percent of the publicly owned
facilities.
Almost 80 percent of centralized wastewater treatment and collection facilities (or 11,571 facilities)
serve small communities. Those facilities serve only 7 percent (22.2 million people) of the U.S.
population.
Most wastewater treatment plants projected to be constructed (614 out of 746) will serve small
communities. The majority (63 percent) will serve populations of fewer than 1,000 people. These
614 new treatment plants will provide service to approximately 1.1 million people at an estimated
need of $5.5 billion.
23
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Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
Construction of new 4.1 million gallons per day (MGD) treatment plant to meet Chesapeake Bay limit
discharges and to satisfy a West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection (WVDEP) order to
comply with EPA CSO Control Strategy, town of Moorefield, West Virginia.
Directional drilling to connect lakefront homes in Bolton, Connecticut, to municipal sewers in the
adjoining town of Manchester, Connecticut.
24
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Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
Trends in the Nation's Ability to Provide
Wastewater Treatment
As of January 1, 2012, 14,748 publicly owned wastewater treatment plants were serving 238.2
million Americans, or 76 percent of the population. Since the passage of the CWA, the number of
people provided with advanced wastewater treatment increased dramatically from 7.8 million people
in 1972 to 127.7 million people in 2012 (Figure 5). Moreover, the population served by less-than-
secondary treatment decreased from almost 60 million in 1972 to 4.1 million in 2012.
Table 3 presents the current status of the level of treatment based on data presented in this Report
and past surveys. In comparison to 2008, an additional 11.8 million people now receive centralized
collection and wastewater treatment. POTWs that provide secondary or more advanced levels of
treatment have increased capacity to meet population growth. They currently serve 234.1 million
people (or 75 percent of the U.S. population) compared to 222.6 million people (or 73 percent of
the population) in 2008. The population served by less-than-secondary treatment increased from
3.8 million to 4.1 million. Nearly all of those people are served by facilities with CWA section 301 (h)
waivers.12 There are now 2,281 nondischarging facilities serving 16.0 million people, or 5 percent of
the U.S. population.13
Figure 5 and Table 3 show projected improvements from 2012 through 2032 in wastewater
treatment infrastructure if the wastewater treatment (Categories I and II) needs specified in this
Report are met. The number of nondischarging facilities and facilities that provide secondary or more
advanced treatment is projected
to increase by 4 percent from
14,691 to 15,242. The population
being served by those facilities
is projected to increase by 24
percent (56.2 million people).
The number of facilities
that provide less-than-secondary
treatment is projected to decline
from 34 to 23 facilities, but
the populations served by
these facilities are projected to
increase from 4.1 million to 4.5
million people. Overall, it is
projected that a total of 1 5,280
operational facilities will serve
a future population of 294.9
r Manhole sealing to correct I/I problems and comply with a WVDEP order, town
million people, or 79 percent of 0fHartford, West Virginia. '
the U.S. population.
12 CWA section 301(h) provides an opportunity fora facility that discharges to marine waters to obtain a waiver from the Act's secondary treatment requirements
provided that the facility can show compliance with a number of stringent criteria intended to ensure that the less-than-secondary discharge will not adversely
affect the marine environment.
13 'Nondischarging" refers to facilities that do not discharge effluent to surface waters but instead reuse it for beneficial purposes (e.g., spray irrigation, ground
water recharge).
25
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Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
£ 300
o
=| 250
^H No Discharge
I I Advanced
I'••' '•! secondary
I I Less Than Secondary
^B Raw
n
1940
1950
"iii|iii|iii|ii"i>i>|iHi"i•• i
1962 1968 1972 1978 1982 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 Projected
Year
Source: U.S. Public Health Service and EPA Clean Watersheds Needs Surveys
Figure 5. Population Served by POTWs for Select Years between 1940 and 2012 and Projected (if All Needs Are
Met) by Treatment Level.
Table 3. Improvements in Treatment Level of the Nation's POTWs
Population served in millions
(number of facilities)
Less than Secondary*
3.3
(40)
3.8
(30)
4.1
(34)
4.5
(23)
Population
change from
2008-2012
8.2%
Projected
population
change from
2012-2032
11%
Secondary
96.5
(9,221)
92.7
(7,302)
90.4
(7,374)
88.7
(6,670)
-2.4%
-2%
Greater than Secondary
108.5
(4,916)
113.0
(5,072)
127.7
(5,036)
174.9
(6,111)
13.0%
37%
No Discharge
14.6
(2,188)
16.9
(2,251)
16.0
(2,281)
26.7
(2,461)
-5.1
67%
Partial Treatment
(218)
(115)
(23)
(15)
Total
222.8
(16,583)
226.4
(14,770)
238.2
(14,748)
294.9
(15,280)
5.2%
24%
Note:
These facilities provide some treatment to wastewater and discharge their effluents to other facilities for further treatment and discharge. The population
associated with these facilities is omitted from this table to avoid double counting.
a This table contains best available information from States and Territories that did not have the resources to complete the updating of the data or did not
participate in the CWNS 2004 or 2008. In these circumstances, information for this table was taken from previous surveys.
b Includes facilities granted section 301(h) waivers from secondary treatment for discharges to marine waters. As of January 1, 2012, waivers for
36 facilities in the CWNS 2012 database had been granted or were pending.
26
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Appendix A
CWNS 2012 Documented Needs by State
Table A-1. CWNS 2012 Documented Needs by Category and State (January 2012 Dollars in Millions)
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
$3,093
$199
$6,776
$715
$26,238
$4,694
$4,631
$206
$2,798
$18,423
$2,719
$2,167
$1,379
$6,537
$7,162
$2,438
$3,767
$6,245
$4,462
$970
$9,927
$8,353
$2,077
$2,389
$2,035
$9,611
$363
$2,568
$3,076
$1,978
$17,481
$320
$31,439
$5,296
Category of need
$709
$135
$269
$124
$7,863
$1,448
$185
$77
$147
$-
$91
$870
$420
$2,886
$863
$315
$594
$878
$1,657
$213
$997
$786
$690
$756
$303
$2,077
$130
$332
$10
$314
$1,631
$106
$11,148
$257
$512
$-
$3,290
$169
$2,564
$1,258
$924
$52
$185
$11,328
$1,928
$16
$612
$223
$647
$630
$1,001
$417
$109
$11
$1,286
$1,989
$3
$43
$431
$297
$96
$126
$1,718
$367
$5,054
$69
$2,200
$2,134
QKV
$358
$1
$0a
$117
$133
$73
$240
$-
$60
$274
$1
$154
$39
$230
$280
$150
$607
$396
$130
$36
$183
$45
$76
$115
$59
$1,146
$23
$10
$-
$44
$295
$0a
$269
$263
$868
$58
$651
$102
$6,358
$916
$130
$50
$514
$1,418
$280
$633
$106
$890
$425
$652
$384
$1,407
$1,330
$148
$2,309
$1,415
$626
$1,009
$435
$347
$45
$75
$287
$140
$857
$54
$4,900
$483
IFeU
$395
$5
$931
$91
$1,211
$137
$82
$26
$-
$1,034
$34
$59
$100
$255
$676
$129
$33
$1,578
$866
$120
$1,297
$2,861
$21
$109
$451
$48
$44
$16
$120
$120
$579
$62
$4,807
$691
$250
$-
$615
$107
$1,651
$251
$100
$1
$9
$1,768
$377
$358
$80
$332
$862
$135
$552
$540
$209
$67
$319
$58
$28
$332
$355
$2,271
$6
$268
$227
$116
$273
$16
$268
$1,251
$-
$-
$-
$-
$354
$-
$2,970
$-
$1,883
$-
$-
$-
$-
$1,632
$3,180
$368
$547
$565
$-
$375
$345
$977
$305
$-
$-
$3,365
$-
$1,699
$-
$606
$7,996
$-
$2,626
$1
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$2
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$68
$-
$-
$380
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$43
$-
$1
$-
$-
$6
$-
$2,506
$-
Total VI X Total I-V
$-
$-
$42
$6
$3,924
$576
$-
$-
$-
$499
$-
$-
$22
$88
$161
$55
$50
$84
$160
$-
$3,173
$201
$328
$25
$-
$16
$18
$41
$657
$272
$744
$-
$2,715
$-
$1
$-
$978
$-
$2,180
$36
$-
$-
$-
$2,102
$8
$77
$0a
$-
$-
$2
$0a
$-
$2
$-
$19
$22
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$57
$-
$48
$13
$-
$216
$3,092
$199
$5,756
$709
$20,133
$4,082
$4,631
$206
$2,798
$15,822
$2,711
$2,090
$1,356
$6,450
$7,001
$2,381
$3,717
$6,161
$4,300
$970
$6,735
$8,129
$1,749
$2,364
$2,035
$9,594
$344
$2,527
$2,361
$1,707
$16,690
$307
$28,724
$5,080
A-1
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Appendix A: CWNS 2012 Documented Needs by State
Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
Table A-1. CWNS 2012 Documented Needs by Category and State (January 2012 Dollars in Millions) (continued)
Ri^^H
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
American Samoa
Guam
N. Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
Total US
H
$219
$14,587
$2,411
$3,888
$6,950
$1,922
NR
$166
$1,729
$11,829
$842
$154
$6,528
$4,072
$3,258
$6,329
$91
NR
$399
NR
$3,021
$38
$270,964
Category of need
$100
$1,279
$331
$1,357
$1,230
$154
NR
$31
$222
$3,255
$211
$68
$1,024
$738
$358
$1,853
$18
NR
$166
NR
$679
$0a
$52,357
II III-A III-B IV-A IV-B
$2
$369
$1,065
$336
$767
$179
NR
$40
$221
$867
$144
$25
$1,628
$529
$205
$1,426
$-
NR
$-
NR
$121
$-
$49,608
$12
$173
$116
$117
$485
$24
NR
$7
$290
$499
$-
$1
$774
$69
$27
$332
$-
NR
$9
NR
$424
$0a
$9,165
$60
$3,129
$244
$775
$724
$85
NR
$44
$229
$2,493
$29
$12
$1,124
$676
$553
$1,257
$50
NR
$138
NR
$111
$38
$42,071
$17
$551
$480
$348
$769
$416
NR
$0a
$42
$1,030
$224
$34
$663
$343
$331
$265
$1
NR
$82
NR
$1,244
$-
$25,828
$-
$723
$174
$228
$148
$189
NR
$15
$20
$1,037
$208
$9
$513
$62
$221
$631
$12
NR
$4
NR
$418
$-
$18,663
$-
$7,431
$-
$106
$1,759
$817
NR
$-
$522
$-
$-
$5
$695
$1,265
$1,426
$5
$-
NR
$-
NR
$24
$-
$43,848
•BnT •BBF
$-
$44
$-
$27
$1,068
$-
NR
$-
$-
$-
$-
$0a
$-
$7
$1
$0a
$-
NR
$-
NR
$-
$-
$4,154
$26
$889
$-
$553
$-
$58
NR
$29
$182
$2,585
$-
$-
$80
$221
$135
$560
$10
NR
$-
NR
$-
$-
$19,186
$3
$-
$-
$40
$-
$-
NR
$-
$1
$64
$26
$-
$26
$163
$-
$-
$0a
NR
$-
NR
$-
$-
$6,085
$190
$13,698
$2,411
$3,296
$6,950
$1,863
NR
$137
$1,546
$9,180
$816
$154
$6,422
$3,688
$3,123
$5,769
$81
NR
$399
NR
$3,021
$38
$245,693
Categories
I Secondary wastewater treatment
II Advanced wastewater treatment
III-A Infiltration/inflow (I/I correction)
III-B Replacement/rehabilitation of sewers
IV-A New collector sewers and appurtenances
IV-B New interceptor sewers and appurtenances
V-A Combined sewer overflow (CSO) traditional infrastructure
V-B Combined sewer overflow (CSO) green infrastructure
VI Stormwater management
(see Table B-2 for totals by
subcategory)
X Recycled water distribution
Notes:
NR = not reported. South Carolina, American Samoa, and N. Marianna Islands did not participate in the CWNS 2012.
'Estimate is less than $0.5 million.
A-2
-------
Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
Appendix A: CWNS 2012 Documented Needs by State
Table A-2. CWNS 2012 Documented Needs for Stormwater Management by Category and State
(January 2012 Dollars in Millions)
Category of need
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
,,
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$oa
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$oa
$-
$-
VI-A
$-
$-
$40
$-
$1,064
$494
$-
$-
$-
$210
$-
$-
$21
$78
$24
$12
$40
$5
$138
$-
$2
$9
$-
$11
$-
$11
$13
$37
$148
$134
$437
$-
$2,534
$-
$26
VI-B VI-C VI-D Total
$-
$-
$-
$-
$1,685
$61
$-
$-
$-
$249
$-
$-
$1
$1
$48
$37
$9
$6
$22
$-
$1,783
$193
$-
$8
$-
$-
$5
$2
$254
$39
$58
$-
$104
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$5
$85
$17
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$0a
$1
$2
$5
$2
$54
$-
$-
$1,389
$-
$286
$5
$-
$-
$-
$1
$254
$57
$201
$-
$40
$-
$-
$-
$-
$2
$1
$1,090
$4
$-
$-
$-
$40
$-
$-
$0a
$8
$87
$1
$-
$19
$0a
$-
$-
$-
$42
$1
$-
$6
$-
$2
$-
$41
$47
$-
$37
$-
$-
$-
$-
$42
$6
$3,924
$576
$-
$-
$-
$499
$-
$-
$22
$88
$161
$55
$50
$84
$160
$-
$3,173
$201
$328
$25
$-
$16
$18
$41
$657
$272
$744
$-
$2,715
$-
$26
A-3
-------
Appendix A: CWNS 2012 Documented Needs by State
Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
Table A-2. CWNS 2012 Documented Needs for Stormwater Management by Category and State
(January 2012 Dollars in Millions) (continued)
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
American Samoa
Guam
N. Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
Total US
Category of need
$-
$-
$-
$-
$5
NR
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
NR
$-
NR
$-
$-
$6
VI-A VI-B VI-C VI-D Total
$3
$-
$348
$-
$3
NR
$29
$166
$2,509
$-
$-
$-
$125
$11
$19
$5
NR
$-
NR
$-
$-
$8,705
$886
$-
$73
$-
$23
NR
$-
$7
$72
$-
$-
$80
$40
$-
$399
$5
NR
$-
NR
$-
$-
$6,150
$-
$-
$125
$-
$20
NR
$-
$4
$-
$-
$-
$-
$43
$124
$88
$0a
NR
$-
NR
$-
$-
$2,807
$0a
$-
$7
$-
$7
NR
$-
$5
$5
$-
$-
$-
$12
$-
$54
$-
NR
$-
NR
$-
$-
$1,518
$889
$-
$553
$-
$58
NR
$29
$182
$2,585
$-
$-
$80
$221
$135
$560
$10
NR
$-
NR
$-
$-
$19,186
Categories
VI-A Conveyance infrastructure
VI-B Treatment systems
VI-C Green infrastructure
VI-D General stormwater management
Notes:
NR = not reported. South Carolina, American Samoa, and N. Marianna Islands did not participate in the CWNS 2012.
'Estimate is less than $0.5 million.
A-4
-------
Appendix B
CWNS 2008 Documented Needs by State
Table B-1. CWNS 2008 Documented Needs by Category and State (January 2012 Dollars in Millions)
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
$5,019
NR
$5,932
$534
$33,927
$1,671
$4,052
$252
$2,886
$22,193
$101
$1,994
$1,563
$19,852
$8,076
$3,889
$3,683
$2,402
$4,574
$1,170
$9,605
$9,018
$4,212
$4,662
$1,609
$6,521
$665
$3,654
$3,303
$1,417
$36,872
$117
$33,704
$7,430
mcent category or need
-38
NA
14
34
-23
181
14
-18
-3
-17
2,599
9
-12
-67
-11
-37
2
160
-2
-17
3
-7
-51
-49
27
47
-46
-30
-7
40
-53
174
-7
-29
$759
NR
$406
$17
$13,805
$404
$768
$23
$196
$-
$36
$329
$497
$4,638
$380
$265
$864
$360
$1,478
$341
$1,212
$826
$983
$892
$166
$1,216
$308
$755
$115
$510
$2,075
$5
$17,897
$213
$980
NR
$2,196
$148
$4,655
$802
$508
$62
$548
$10,623
$42
$57
$659
$412
$542
$1,823
$719
$156
$92
$28
$2,049
$2,138
$27
$157
$228
$123
$55
$457
$1,998
$98
$5,070
$76
$1,410
$2,671
$325
NR
$8
$81
$63
$4
$623
$1
$-
$153
$-
$35
$35
$125
$24
$100
$428
$42
$1,197
$56
$197
$22
$48
$171
$83
$1,375
$25
$14
$-
$45
$356
$-
$174
$431
$1,667
NR
$511
$73
$6,211
$123
$57
$41
$-
$1,734
$2
$610
$121
$1,562
$407
$414
$285
$149
$1,087
$132
$882
$1,261
$836
$1,340
$428
$487
$135
$70
$218
$183
$1,076
$33
$4,133
$592
B
$545
NR
$768
$115
$984
$135
$147
$87
$-
$3,417
$12
$113
$136
$432
$574
$94
$40
$549
$445
$193
$175
$2,305
$60
$121
$425
$133
$66
$22
$216
$54
$932
$1
$1,045
$1,198
B
$741
NR
$1,123
$100
$1,733
$59
$217
$9
$-
$2,073
$1
$621
$104
$305
$257
$305
$650
$793
$114
$42
$304
$72
$142
$862
$278
$631
$50
$761
$98
$136
$253
$-
$266
$1,943
•
$1
NR
$-
$-
$265
$-
$1,733
$29
$2,143
$-
$-
$-
$-
$12,337
$5,718
$849
$592
$354
$-
$348
$525
$2,318
$1,763
$-
$-
$1,916
$-
$1,495
$-
$319
$9,274
$1
$7,540
$4
irnFikiH
$-
NR
$522
$0a
$4,275
$133
$-
$-
$-
$2,833
$9
$-
$10
$42
$174
$39
$104
$-
$138
$30
$4,259
$46
$351
$1,120
$-
$641
$27
$80
$584
$73
$17,724
$-
$1,238
$99
•
$0a
NR
$398
$-
$1,935
$10
$-
$-
$-
$1,359
$-
$229
$0a
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$24
$-
$2
$29
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$73
$-
$113
$1
$-
$278
B_l'liU_ljM_Hl
$5,019
NR
$5,011
$534
$27,716
$1,527
$4,052
$252
$2,886
$18,000
$92
$1,765
$1,552
$19,810
$7,902
$3,850
$3,579
$2,402
$4,412
$1,140
$5,345
$8,943
$3,860
$3,542
$1,609
$5,880
$638
$3,573
$2,646
$1,343
$19,036
$116
$32,466
$7,053
B-1
-------
Appendix B: CWNS 2008 Documented Needs by State
Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
Table B-1. CWNS 2008 Documented Needs by Category and State (January 2012 Dollars in Millions) (continued)
Percent
Change
Category of need
State Total 2012 1
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
American Samoa
Guam
N. Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
Total US
NR
$16,130
$1,473
$4,285
$20,348
NR
$642
$121
$1,548
$13,089
$3,333
$245
$7,767
$5,970
$3,419
$7,215
$177
NR
$414
$23
$5,391
NR
$338,147
NA
-10
64
-9
-66
NA
NA
38
12
-10
-75
-37
-16
-32
-5
-12
-49
NR
-4
NA
-44
NA
-20
NR
$1,477
$317
$1,768
$1,041
NR
$149
$-
$503
$2,921
$342
$70
$1,726
$1,942
$385
$2,066
$46
NR
$147
$2
$314
NR
$67,956
NR
$288
$64
$475
$446
NR
$305
$54
$29
$1,455
$2,212
$66
$2,047
$736
$84
$677
$8
NR
$-
$-
$872
NR
$51,425
NR
$779
$1
$75
$396
NR
$5
$-
$219
$376
$0a
$2
$415
$108
$41
$283
$-
NR
$0a
$-
$345
NR
$9,285
NR
$2,494
$464
$554
$647
NR
$29
$26
$227
$1,470
$118
$11
$1,619
$790
$439
$2,117
$48
NR
$190
$17
$56
NR
$38,175
NR
$953
$96
$339
$908
NR
$54
$19
$140
$948
$149
$86
$832
$1,050
$403
$364
$26
NR
$77
$5
$2,240
NR
$24,226
NR
$713
$265
$221
$183
NR
$68
$14
$94
$2,005
$460
$9
$431
$149
$271
$567
$6
NR
$-
$-
$1,537
NR
$22,035
NR
$8,525
$-
$484
$9,921
NR
$-
$-
$109
$-
$-
$2
$698
$663
$1,664
$467
$-
NR
$-
$-
$26
NR
$72,084
Total VI X Total I-V
NR
$901
$267
$365
$6,806
NR
$33
$7
$217
$3,568
$0a
$-
$-
$374
$133
$673
$42
NR
$-
$-
$-
NR
$47,937
NR
$-
$-
$5
$-
NR
$-
$-
$10
$346
$50
$-
$-
$159
$-
$-
$1
NR
$-
$-
$-
NR
$5,025
NR
$15,229
$1,206
$3,915
$13,542
NR
$609
$114
$1,321
$9,175
$3,282
$245
$7,767
$5,438
$3,286
$6,542
$134
NR
$414
$23
$5,391
NR
$285,185
Categories
I Secondarywastewatertreatment
II Advanced wastewatertreatment
III-A Infiltration/inflow correction
III-B Sewer replacement/rehabilitation
IV-A New collector sewers and appurtenances
IV-B New interceptor sewers and appurtenances
V Combined sewer overflow correction
VI Stormwater management
X Recycled water distribution
Notes:
NR = not reported. Alaska, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands did not participate in the CWNS 2004.
NA = not available in 2008. Alaska, North Dakota, Rhode Island, American Samoa, and the Virgin Islands did not participate in the CWNS 2008.
a Estimate is less than $0.5 million.
B-2
-------
Appendix C
CWNS 2012 Needs Categories Definitions
Table C-1. CWNS 2012 Needs Categories Definitions
2012
Category
number Category name
I
Secondary
Wastewater
Treatment
scription
This category includes needs and costs necessary to meet the minimum level of treatment that must be
maintained by all treatment facilities, except those facilities granted waivers of secondary treatment for
marine discharges under section 301(h) of the CWA. Secondary treatment typically requires a treatment level
that produces an effluent quality of 30 milligrams per liter (mg/l) of both 5-day biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD6) and total suspended solids. (Secondary treatment levels required for some lagoon systems might be
less stringent.) In addition, the secondary treatment must remove 85 percent of BOD6 and total suspended
solids from the influent wastewater.
Advanced Wastewater
Treatment
This category includes needs and costs necessary to attain a level of treatment that is more stringent than
secondary treatment or produces a significant reduction in nonconventional or toxic pollutants present in the
wastewater treated by a facility. A facility is considered to have advanced wastewater treatment if its permit
includes one or more of the following: biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) less than 20 mg/l, and removal of
nitrogen, phosphorus, ammonia, metal, and synthetic organic compounds.
Conveyance
System Repair: I/I
Correction
This category includes needs and costs for correction of sewer system I/I problems. Infiltration includes
controlling the penetration of water into a sanitary or combined sewer system from the ground through
defective pipes or manholes. Inflow includes controlling the penetration of water into the system from
drains, storm sewers, and other improper entries. It also includes costs for preliminary sewer system
analysis and detailed sewer system evaluation surveys.
Conveyance System
Repair: Sewer
Replacement/
Rehabilitation
This category includes needs and costs for the maintenance, reinforcement, or reconstruction of structurally
deteriorating sanitary or combined sewers. The corrective actions must be necessary to maintain the
structural integrity of the system.
IV-A
New Conveyance
Systems: New
Collector Sewers
and Appurtenances
This category includes the costs of new pipes used to collect and carry wastewater from a sanitary or
industrial wastewater source to an interceptor sewer that will convey the wastewater to a treatment facility.
IV-B
New Conveyance
Systems: New
Interceptor Sewers
and Appurtenances
This category includes needs and costs for constructing new interceptor sewers and pumping stations to
convey wastewater from collection sewer systems to a treatment facility or to another interceptor sewer.
Needs and costs for relief sewers are included in this category.
V-A
CSO Correction-
Traditional
Infrastructure
This category includes needs and costs to prevent or control the periodic discharges of mixed stormwater
and untreated wastewater that occur when the capacity of a sewer system is exceeded during a wet-
weather event. This category includes traditional CSO control infrastructure such as collection, storage, and
treatment technologies. This category does not include needs and costs for overflow control allocated to
flood control or drainage improvement, or the treatment or control of stormwater in separate storm systems.
V-B
CSO Correction-
Green Infrastructure
This category includes needs and costs to prevent or control the periodic discharges of mixed stormwater
and untreated wastewater that occur when the capacity of a sewer system is exceeded during a wet-weather
event. This category includes green infrastructure CSO control infrastructure such as upland runoff control
techniques. This category does not include needs and costs for overflow control allocated to flood control or
drainage improvement, or the treatment or control of stormwater in separate storm systems.
VI
Stormwater
Management
Program (pre-2008
needs only)
This category includes the needs and costs to plan and implement structural and nonstructural measures to
control the runoff water resulting from precipitation (stormwater). It includes controlling stormwater pollution
from diffuse sources by (1) reducing pollutants from runoff from commercial and residential areas served
by the storm sewer, (2) detecting and removing illicit discharges and improper disposal into storm sewers,
(3) monitoring pollutants in runoff from industrial facilities that flow into MS4s, and (4) reducing pollutants
in construction site runoff discharged to municipal separate storm sewers.
Needs and costs can be reported for Phase I, Phase II, and nontraditional (e.g., universities, prisons, school
districts) MS4s. Unregulated communities also can report needs and costs in this category.
Only pre-2008 needs and costs are included in Category VI. Beginning in 2008, stormwater management
program needs and costs are reported in subcategories VI-A through VI-D, described below.
C-1
-------
Appendix C: CWNS 2012 Needs Categories Definitions
Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS) 2012 Report to Congress
Table C-1. CWNS 2012 Needs Categories Definitions (continued)
2012
Category
number Category name
VI-A
Stormwater
Management
Program: Stormwater
Conveyance
Infrastructure
.scription
This category includes the needs and costs to address the stormwater management program activities
associated with the planning, design, and construction of conveying stormwater via pipes, inlets, roadside
ditches, and other similar mechanisms.
VI-B
Stormwater
Management
Program: Stormwater
Treatment Systems
This category includes the needs and costs to address the stormwater management program activities
associated with the planning, design, and construction of treating stormwater with wet ponds, dry ponds,
manufactured devices, and other similar means.
VI-C
Stormwater
Management
Program: Green
Infrastructure
This category includes the needs and costs to address the stormwater management program activities
associated with the planning, design, and construction of low impact development and green infrastructure,
such as bioretention, constructed wetlands, permeable pavement, rain gardens, green roofs, cisterns, rain
barrels, vegetated swales, and restoration of riparian buffers and flood plains. Projects in this category can
be both publicly and privately owned.
VI-D
Stormwater
Management
Program: General
Stormwater
Management
This category includes the needs and costs to address the stormwater management program activities
associated with the planning, design, and construction of treating stormwater with wet ponds, dry ponds,
manufactured devices, and other similar means. This category includes the needs and costs to address the
activities associated with implementing a stormwater management program, such as geographic information
systems and tracking systems, equipment (e.g., street sweepers, vacuum trucks), stormwater education
program startup costs (e.g., setting up a stormwater public education center, building a traveling stormwater
education display), and stormwater management plan development.
Recycled Water
Distribution
This category includes the needs and costs associated with conveyance of treated wastewater that is being
reused (recycled water), including associated rehabilitation/replacement needs. Examples are pipes to
convey treated water from the wastewater facility to the drinking water distribution system or treatment
facility and equipment for application of effluent on publicly owned land. The needs and costs associated
with additional unit processes to increase the level of treatment to potable or less than potable but greater
than that normally associated with surface discharge needs are reported in Category II.
XII
Decentralized
Wastewater
Treatment Systems
This category includes needs and costs associated with the rehabilitation or replacement of on-site
wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) or clustered (community) systems. It also includes the treatment
portion of other decentralized sewage disposal technologies. Costs related to the development and
implementation of on-site management districts are included (but not the costs of ongoing operations of
those districts). Costs also could include the limited collection systems associated with the decentralized
system. Public ownership is not required for decentralized systems.
This category does not include the needs and costs to change a service area from decentralized wastewater
treatment to a publicly owned centralized treatment system. Needs to construct a publicly owned centralized
collection and treatment system should be reported as Secondary Wastewater Treatment (Category 1) and/or
Advanced Wastewater Treatment (Category II) needs. Needs to install sewers to connect the service area to
an existing collection system are reported as New Collector Sewers and Appurtenances (Category IV-A) and
New Interceptor Sewers and Appurtenances (Category IV-B) needs.
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Appendix D
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment
Systems (Category XII)
— Highlights
Category definition: Capital costs associated with the rehabilitation and replacement of OWTS
(septic) and clustered (community) systems.
Total needs: $22.1 billion
Change in total needs from 2008: Decreased by $5.0 billion (19 percent)
Number of States reporting needs: 27
States with the highest needs: Florida ($5.6 billion), Virginia ($3.4 billion), Maryland ($2.4 billion),
New Jersey ($2.1 billion), and Ohio ($2.0 billion) reported over two-thirds (70 percent) of the
needs
States with the largest percent increases since 2008: Michigan (greater than 1,000 percent),
Virginia (greater than 1,000 percent), Pennsylvania (greater than 1,000 percent), Wyoming
(greater than 1,000 percent), New York (178 percent), and Missouri (157 percent)
States with the largest percent decreases since 2008: Georgia, Hawaii, Minnesota, and Vermont
all reported 100 percent decreases
— Discussion
As noted before, these needs meet CWNS documentation requirements but are not defined in CWA
section 516(b)(1)(B). Therefore, the $22.1 billion in needs from this category are not included in the
$271.0 billion total needs.
EPA continues to experience challenges documenting decentralized wastewater system needs. Only
half of the States reported needs in this category. The population served by decentralized wastewater
systems reported in CWNS 2012 is 29.6 million people. This represents approximately 50 percent of
the current U.S. population being served by septic tanks, cesspools, or chemical toilets.14
States continued to use statewide permit databases and community surveys to identify the number of
decentralized systems requiring repair, replacement, and installation. In most cases, cost curves were
then used to estimate costs totaling $14.0 billion, or 63 percent of total needs, to address the needs
identified in 1,290 entries.15 States also could use the cost of previous comparable projects, funding
applications, or any other documentation that met the criteria to document costs. The decentralized
needs in small communities total $6.0 billion (27 percent). The needs for new decentralized systems
for newly constructed homes or businesses total $9.7 billion (44 percent).15
14 Based on data from the 2011 American Housing Survey, U.S. Census Bureau, Housing and Household Division.
15 Entries are for all the decentralized systems in a specified geographic area (e.g., county, town, village, unincorporated areas within a county).
16 Needs for new decentralized systems to address population growth (newly constructed homes or businesses) are not Clean Water State Revolving Fund-eligible.
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