Publication No. EPA 402/K-15/001
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Energy Savings Plus Health:
Indoor Air Quality Guidelines for
Multifamily Building Upgrades
December 2015
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
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Preface
How to protect public health, save energy and reduce climate
change impacts — all at the same time
These Energy Savings Plus Health: Indoor Air Quality Guidelines for Multifamily Buildings are part of EPA's
approach to addressing three of our most pressing environmental and public health priorities: reducing asthma and
other health disparities, our reliance on fossil fuels, and climate change impacts.
These guidelines will be a valuable tool in helping to ensure the health, comfort and safety of the many Americans
living in multifamily buildings. More than 80 million Americans, about 25 percent of the U.S. population, live
in multi-unit homes. About one-quarter of these residents live below the poverty line and a large percentage of
residents of affordable housing are children, the elderly or disabled. These groups are the most vulnerable, and
they are disproportionately impacted by diseases like asthma and commonly exposed to serious health risks from
secondhand tobacco smoke, usually at home.
Heating and cooling buildings uses a lot of energy — about 43 percent of all energy use in the United States!
Producing this energy requires us to burn fossil fuels like coal and oil, which contributes to air pollution and
generates large amounts of greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change.
Improving the energy efficiency of buildings usually involves tightening the buildings through air sealing and other
weatherization techniques to reduce the escape of air that we have just spent money to heat or cool. That's a very
good thing. However, as buildings are renovated or repairs are made to save energy or increase comfort, indoor air
quality problems can be created or exacerbated. Indoor pollutants like radon, mold, particles and chemicals from a
variety of sources can build up to unhealthy levels unless pollutant sources, ventilation and moisture are carefully
managed. Pollutants like tobacco smoke can easily migrate from one unit to another in multi-unit buildings, and
lead and asbestos, which may be disturbed during renovations or retrofits, remain serious health risks in older
buildings.
Protecting indoor air quality and occupant health while saving energy and money during building retrofits isn't very
hard to do, but it does require teamwork, planning and commitment from everyone involved in building upgrades.
Most importantly, if we do it right, we'll protect public health, reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and reduce
climate change impacts all at the same time.
The guidance on these pages can help ensure that energy efficiency upgrades and other building renovations
accomplish what they set out to do: provide safe, healthy, comfortable and energy efficient homes for all of us.
Read it. Use it. Together, we can build a better future.
Janet McCabe
Acting Assistant Administrator for the Office of Air and Radiation
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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Table of Contents
Section 1: Introduction
Purpose and Scope 3
How this Guide is Organized 4
Section 2: Assessment Protocols and Recommended Actions
Contaminants and Sources
1.0 Moisture Control and Mold 17
2.0 Asbestos 20
3.0 Lead 22
4.0 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBS) 24
5.0 Radon 25
6.0 Belowground Contaminants (Except Radon) 28
7.0 Garage Air Pollutants 29
8.0 Pests 31
9.0 Tracked-in Pollutants 33
10.0 Building Products/Materials Emissions 34
11.0 Vented Combustion Appliances 36
12.0 Unvented Combustion Appliances 38
13.0 Ozone From Indoor Sources 40
14.0 Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) 41
15.0 Wood Smoke and Other Solid Fuel Emissions 44
Compartmentalization
16.0 Compartmentalization to Prevent Odor or Unwanted Air Transfer 45
Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
17.0 HVAC Equipment 48
18.0 Mechanical Ventilation for Individual Dwelling Units 50
19.0 Mechanical Ventilation for Multiple Dwelling Units Using Central Exhaust 52
20.0 Natural (Not Fan-Powered) Ventilation 54
21.0 Local Exhaust Ventilation 56
Safety
22.0 Building Safety for Occupants 57
23.0 Protecting Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) During Construction 58
24.0 Jobsite Safety 60
Section 3: Appendices
Appendix A: Worker Protection 63
Appendix B: Property Management and Occupant Education 67
Appendix C: Abbreviations and Acronyms 75
Appendix D: References 77
Appendix E: Master Verification Checklist 87
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULT I FAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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Section 1
Introduction
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Section 1: Introduction
Purpose and Scope
Millions of American homes, including dwelling units
in multifamily residential buildings, will be retrofitted
in the coming years to renovate their existing structure,
improve energy efficiency, improve long-term dura-
bility and ensure good indoor air quality (IAQ). Some
upgrade activities, however, might negatively affect
IAQ if the appropriate building assessment is not made
before work begins and issues that can compromise
IAQ are not identified and properly addressed. The
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) devel-
oped this document, Energy Savings Plus Health: In-
door Air Quality Guidelines for Multifamily Residential
Building Upgrades, to provide practical guidance to
ensure healthy indoor environments during multifamily
residential building upgrades, retrofits and renova-
tions (including energy upgrades), and to maintain the
building upgrades after dwelling units are reoccupied.
In 2011, EPA released Healthy Indoor Environment
Protocols for Home Energy Upgrades (EPA document
# 402/K-l 1/003), which applies primarily to existing
single-family homes and, to a much lesser degree,
existing multifamily low-rise residential buildings of
three stories or less. The opportunities and challeng-
es to maintain or improve IAQ while upgrading sin-
gle-family homes often differ from those encountered
in multifamily residential buildings, where spaces,
equipment and decision-making are often shared and,
in the case of leased space, dependent on the building
owner/developer. In addition, some multifamily resi-
dential buildings are classified as mixed-use where the
buildings can contain, for example, retail spaces, park-
ing garages, conference/meeting rooms, offices, health
clubs/aerobic rooms, and beauty/nail salons, in addi-
tion to dwelling units. Mixed-use spaces often present
challenges generally not found in single-family homes,
including different sources of pollutants and activities
that generate a broader range of indoor pollutants.
This Guide applies to multifamily residential buildings
containing at least five residential dwelling units that
share one or more building systems. Each multifam-
ily dwelling unit typically shares at least a floor or
a ceiling and one or more walls with other dwelling
units. Multifamily residential buildings can range from
low-rise to high-rise buildings. A low-rise multifam-
ily residential building is a structure of up to three
stories, a mid-rise multifamily residential building has
four or five stories, and a high-rise multifamily residen-
tial building has six stories or more. This document
provides guidance for conducting multifamily building
assessments and identifying common IAQ and safety
concerns, and can help improve the quality of multi-
family residential building upgrade projects.
Given the unique complexities of multifamily residen-
tial buildings, this Guide differs from EPA's protocols
for single-family homes. For example, the following
issues can be significantly different in, or unique to,
multifamily residential buildings:
• Environmental Tobacco Smoke
• Garage Air Pollutants
• Pests
• Radon
• Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Equip-
ment
• Compartmentalization to Prevent Odor or Unwant-
ed Air Transfer
• Local Exhaust
• Mechanical Ventilation Systems for Individual
Dwelling Units
• Mechanical Ventilation Systems for Multiple Dwell-
ing Units
• Natural (Not Fan-Powered) Ventilation Systems
• Multifamily Building Safety
• Protecting IAQ During Construction
• Operations and Maintenance Staff Training
• Occupant Education
This Guide is intended for use during multifamily
residential building upgrades, renovations and re-
modeling, including energy efficiency upgrades. The
intended audience includes rehabilitation profession-
als, contractors and others involved with renovation
and remodeling efforts, including energy-focused
residential retrofits. The Guide also can be adopted or
used by federal, state, tribal and local weatherization
assistance programs; federally funded housing pro-
grams; industry standards organizations; private sector
home performance organizations; and other contract-
ing organizations. EPA developed this voluntary Guide
in coordination with the U.S. Department of Energy
(DOE) Standard Work Specifications for Multi-Family
Home Energy Upgrades.
Programs and contractors undertaking building up-
grades are encouraged to coordinate their activities
with local health and housing resources for multifam-
ily residential buildings to provide building owners,
property managers and occupants the support they
may need.
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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This document does not do any of the following:
1. Set new EPA regulatory requirements or in any
way modify or supersede existing EPA regulatory
requirements.
2. Provide guidance on diagnosing occupant health
problems or building-related illness.
3. Address emerging issues that have not been linked
to adverse health effects.
4. Make training or training documents unnecessary.
5. Provide detailed implementation guidance on how
to achieve each recommendation in all situations.
6. Identify funding availability or which programmatic
funding sources should be used.
7. Provide guidance for prioritizing building-specific
projects during the upgrade process.
Portions of this Guide summarize certain regulatory
requirements, but the requirements themselves, not
the summaries in this Guide, govern.
Important Basic Considerations for
Protecting IAQ During Building Upgrades
QQ\/Q
Several energy retrofit and building upgrade activities
can cause or aggravate IAQ problems as described in de-
tail throughout this publication; however, these import-
ant basic considerations must always be kept in mind:
• Occupants' and workers' exposure to airborne
contaminants generated during and after building
upgrade activities should be minimized.
Building upgrades can disturb existing contami-
nants known to cause health problems. Some of
these contaminants have specific regulatory require-
ments (e.g., asbestos, lead) that must be followed.
• Reducing air leakage across the building enve-
lope should not be performed without ensuring
that there will be adequate venting of combustion
appliances and outdoor air ventilation to dilute
and remove pollutants from within the building
after the project is completed.
Modifications that increase the airtightness of
a building's envelope increase the potential for
elevated levels of contaminants indoors. Care must
always be taken to ensure that these activities do
not cause improper venting of combustion applianc-
es and increase occupant exposure to combustion
by-products, including carbon monoxide; introduce
increased indoor exposures to other pollutants; or
introduce or exacerbate moisture and mold prob-
lems within the building.
How This Guide Is Organized
This Guide covers 24 priority issues, and each priority
issue includes three sections.
1. Assessment Protocols: Measures to identify and
evaluate potential IAQ and safety concerns in mul-
tifamily residential buildings undergoing upgrade
activities. The assessments should be performed
in all common areas of the building and in as
many dwelling units as possible.
2. Minimum Actions: Critical actions intended to
correct deficiencies identified during the assess-
ments, incorporate minimum IAQ protections, and
ensure that work does not cause or worsen IAQ or
safety problems for occupants or workers (i.e., "Do
No Harm"). EPA recommends these protections for
all building upgrade projects.
Some of the Minimum Actions identified overlap
with regulatory requirements but not all regulatory
requirements are listed; others are recommenda-
tions for additional steps to protect and improve
IAQ during building upgrades. Applicable regulato-
ry requirements must be followed, and the regula-
tions, not the summaries in this Guide, establish
the applicable requirements. Recommended
additional steps are not mandatory from a regula-
tory standpoint.
3. Expanded Actions: Additional actions to promote
healthy indoor environments that can be taken
during many building upgrade projects. EPA rec-
ommends considering these improvements when
feasible and sufficient resources exist.
The Assessment Protocols, Minimum Actions and
Expanded Actions are designed to incorporate good
IAQ practices into a variety of multifamily residential
building upgrade projects. To be effective, the recom-
mended assessments and actions should be built into
the very earliest stages of project conceptualization
and design. Working as a team, building upgrade con-
tractors, building owners and property managers can
use the guidelines to better understand the interrela-
tionships between building upgrades, including energy
efficiency upgrades and IAQ goals. They also can use
the guidelines to identify opportunities to protect and
promote healthy indoor environments during typical
building operations, maintenance and energy man-
agement tasks. Due to the wide variety in multifamily
residential building designs and the magnitude in
scopes of building upgrade projects, there can be vari-
ability in how this Guide is used. For example, a small
project focused only on window upgrades would refer
to a small subset of priority issues in the Guide, while
a larger, more extensive renovation could refer to the
majority of priority issues.
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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These actions often refer to national standards, model
codes and guidelines; however, work must be conduct-
ed in compliance with state and local requirements
as well. All equipment removed should be disposed of
properly to prevent it from being reinstalled or used
elsewhere.
Relevant reference documents for each priority issue
are provided in an abbreviated format. More detailed
information can be found in Appendix D: References.
The following icons are used in this Guide:
Indicates an issue that references
Appendix A: Worker Protection for
recommended actions and additional
resources to minimize health and
safety risks for workers performing
the building upgrades.
Indicates an issue that references Appen-
dix B: Property Management and Occu-
pant Education for additional information
and resources on important property
management and occupant education
considerations related to the building
upgrades. These considerations are important to
ensure that property managers and building occupants
do their part to maintain a healthy indoor environment
before, during and after the building upgrade is
complete.
Examples of multifamily residential building upgrade
projects are identified in Table 1, accompanied by
descriptions of the lAQ/health risks and opportunities
that may be encountered, and the potentially applicable
priority issues of this Guide. The Master Verification
Checklist in Appendix E can be used to track progress
and verify that the applicable assessments, minimum
actions and expanded actions have been performed.
Table 1: Examples of Multifamily Residential Building Upgrade Projects
Examples of Multifamily
Residential Building
Upgrade Projects
Lighting Upgrades
• De-lamping: Removing
unnecessary light bulbs/
fixtures to save energy
• Re-lamping: Replacing
lighting components and
fixtures
• Upgrading ballasts
• Other modifications
or upgrades (e.g.,
occupancy sensors)
ixampies OT
visks and Opportunities I Potentially Applicable Priority Issues
LIGHTING
lAQ/Health Risks:
• Asbestos-containing material, lead paint or
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) may be
disturbed during lighting replacement. PCBs may
be present in older fluorescent light ballasts that
are not labeled "No PCBs" or "electronic."
• Mercury vapor or mercury-containing powder
from broken fluorescent bulbs or improper use of
drum-top crushers may be present.
• Lighting upgrades likely will reduce sensible
heat loads, which may affect moisture removal
performance of HVAC systems.
Opportunities:
• Remove and replace old fixtures containing
hazardous materials with those that contain less
hazardous materials.
• Properly dispose of lamps containing mercury
and fixtures containing PCBs.
2.0 Asbestos
3.0 Lead
4.0 PCBs
10.0 Building Products/Materials
Emissions
17.0 HVAC Equipment
22.0 Building Safety for Occupants
23.0 Protecting IAQ During Construction
24.0 Jobsite Safety
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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Examples of Multifamily
Residential Building
Upgrade Projects
Roof and Ceiling Assemblies
• Repairing or replacing
the roof
• Upgrading roof and
ceiling insulation
• Upgrading moisture
protection
• Upgrading air sealing
xamples of lAQ/Health Risks and Opportunities
BUILDING ENVELOPE
lAQ/Health Risks:
• Asbestos-containing material, lead paint, PCBs or
mold may be disturbed.
• Installing spray polyurethane foam (SPF) may
generate indoor contaminants.
• Moisture may be trapped behind spray foam
insulation when installed under a low pitch
wooden roof deck, creating the potential for
hidden, structural roof damage and mold.
• Moisture may be trapped in insulation installed
adjacent to drainage planes, vapor barriers or roof
membranes.
• Sealing the building envelope may increase
levels of indoor contaminants, including radon,
combustion by-products, moisture and mold, and
volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Adequate
ventilation must be provided to dilute and remove
indoor pollutants. Radon mitigation systems may
become necessary.
Opportunities:
• Control for moisture by selecting moisture-
resistant insulation, properly installing insulation
materials, and ensuring surfaces and assemblies
with condensation potential are properly sealed
and insulated to avoid dew-point conditions.
• Seal unwanted openings and leaks in the
building envelope to reduce air infiltration and
conditions conducive to pest entry.
1.0 Moisture Control and Mold
2.0 Asbestos
3.0 Lead
4.0 PCBs
5.0 Radon
6.0 Belowground Contaminants
7.0 Garage Air Pollutants
8.0 Pests
10.0 Building Products/Materials
Emissions
11.0 Vented Combustion Appliances
12.0 Unvented Combustion Appliances
17.0 HVAC Equipment
18.0 Mechanical Ventilation for
Individual Dwelling Units
19.0 Mechanical Ventilation for Multiple
Dwelling Units Using Central
Exhaust
20.0 Natural (Not Fan-Powered)
Ventilation
21.0 Local Exhaust Ventilation
22.0 Building Safety for Occupants
23.0 Protecting IAQ During Construction
24.0 Jobsite Safety
Wall Assemblies
• Repairing and sealing
wall penetrations
• Upgrading wall insulation
• Replacing windows
• Adding window film
covering
• Repairing windows
• Sealing windows
lAQ/Health Risks:
• Asbestos-containing material, lead paint, PCBs or
mold may be disturbed.
• Installing spray-polyurethane foam may generate
indoor contaminants.
• Sealing the building envelope may increase
levels of indoor contaminants, including radon,
combustion by-products, moisture and mold, and
VOCs. Adequate ventilation must be provided
to dilute and remove indoor pollutants. Radon
mitigation systems may become necessary.
Opportunities:
• Control moisture and condensation potential on
surfaces, install moisture-resistant insulation,
and ensure proper exterior drainage and water
management (e.g., include header and panned
windowsill flashing during window replacement).
• Seal unwanted openings and leaks in the
building envelope to reduce infiltration and
conditions conducive to pest entry.
1.0 Moisture Control and Mold
2.0 Asbestos
3.0 Lead
4.0 PCBs
5.0 Radon
6.0 Belowground Contaminants
7.0 Garage Air Pollutants
8.0 Pests
10.0 Building Products/Materials
Emissions
11.0 Vented Combustion Appliances
12.0 Unvented Combustion Appliances
18.0 Mechanical Ventilation for
Individual Dwelling Units
19.0 Mechanical Ventilation for Multiple
Dwelling Units Using Central
Exhaust
20.0 Natural (Not Fan-Powered)
Ventilation
21.0 Local Exhaust Ventilation
22.0 Building Safety for Occupants
23.0 Protecting IAQ During Construction
24.0 Jobsite Safety
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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Examples of Multifamily
Residential Building
Upgrade Projects
Concrete Floor Sealing
• Repairing and sealing
floor penetrations
• Sealing cracks and joints
in floors
• Applying floor sealer/
paint
Examples of IAQ/Health Risks and Opportunities
IAQ/Health Risks:
• Asbestos-containing material, lead paint, PCBs or
mold may be disturbed.
• Sealing the building envelope may increase
levels of indoor contaminants, including radon,
combustion by-products, moisture and mold, and
VOCs. Adequate ventilation must be provided to
dilute and remove indoor pollutants.
Opportunities:
• Understand and appropriately manage moisture
emission rates and select sealants/adhesives with
low-VOC or no-VOC content/emissions.
• Reduce infiltration and conditions conducive to
pest entry.
• Seal cracks and joints in floors, which may be an
integral part of a radon mitigation system.
1.0 Moisture Control and Mold
2.0 Asbestos
3.0 Lead
4.0 PCBs
5.0 Radon
6.0 Belowground Contaminants
7.0 Garage Air Pollutants
8.0 Pests
10.0 Building Products/Materials
Emissions
11.0 Vented Combustion Appliances
18.0 Mechanical Ventilation for
Individual Dwelling Units
19.0 Mechanical Ventilation for Multiple
Dwelling Units Using Central
Exhaust
20.0 Natural (Not Fan-Powered)
Ventilation
22.0 Building Safety for Occupants
23.0 Protecting IAQ During Construction
24.0 Jobsite Safety
Moisture Barrier for Ground-
Level Slabs, Basement and
Crawlspace Floors
• Adding new moisture
barriers
• Modifying or repairing
existing moisture barriers
IAQ/Health Risks:
• Asbestos-containing material, lead paint, PCBs or
mold may be disturbed.
• Uncovered dirt floor may contribute to excessive
moisture migration into the building.
• Installing carpet or floor tile over concrete floor
that has a persistent condensation or water
pooling problem will likely lead to mold growth.
• An existing moisture barrier also may be an
integral part of a radon mitigation system or other
belowground contaminant mitigation measures
and should not be disturbed.
• Uncovered dirt floors may introduce pest
populations and will promote rodent habitats.
Opportunities:
• Provide sealed moisture barrier over dirt
foundation floors.
• Provide moisture barrier beneath concrete slabs.
• Select sealants/adhesives with low-VOC or no-
VOC content/emissions.
• Select exposed poly films with proper flame and
smoke ratings.
• Incorporate other radon mitigation and
belowground contaminant mitigation measures as
needed.
1.0 Moisture Control and Mold
2.0 Asbestos
3.0 Lead
4.0 PCBs
5.0 Radon
6.0 Belowground Contaminants
8.0 Pests
10.0 Building Products/Materials
Emissions
11.0 Vented Combustion Appliances
22.0 Building Safety for Occupants
23.0 Protecting IAQ During Construction
24.0 Jobsite Safety
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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Examples of Multifamily
Residential Building
Upgrade Projects
xamples of lAQ/Health Risks and Opportunities
HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) SYSTEMS
Ducts, Fan Coils and Unit
Ventilators
• Adding or replacing ducts
• Sealing and insulating air
ducts
• Altering or cleaning fan
coil and unit ventilators
lAQ/Health Risks:
• Asbestos-containing material, lead paint, mold
or other debris may be disturbed during duct
installation, sealing or replacement.
• Improper condensate drainage can present an
opportunity for bacterial or mold growth in units
with cooling coils.
• Humid climates may require additional
dehumidification when the outdoor air supply is
increased.
• Ductwork that is not properly sealed and
insulated can lead to condensation problems if it
passes through unconditioned spaces.
• Improper modifications to HVAC systems can
cause unbalanced flows and pressures that can
lead to increased intrusion of moisture, radon
and other belowground contaminants.
• Excessive moisture promotes pest infestation.
• Ventilation systems may be contaminated with
PCBs if PCBs have migrated via indoor air from
caulk and/or lighting ballasts that contain PCBs.
• Noisy ventilation systems may be turned off
by occupants, which will negatively affect
ventilation.
Opportunities:
• Contain and do not disturb areas of significant
mold contamination until these areas can be
remediated.
• Reduce entry of airborne contaminants into the
building; maintain interior humidity levels.
• Select low-VOC and formaldehyde-free products.
• Provide sealed and energy-efficient ducts.
• Provide proper ventilation; properly balanced
HVAC systems can maintain positive
pressurization indoors to reduce intrusion of
moist air into the building envelope and interior
zones and belowground contaminants and radon
into the building.
1.0 Moisture Control and Mold
2.0 Asbestos
3.0 Lead
4.0 PCBs
5.0 Radon
6.0 Belowground Contaminants
7.0 Garage Air Pollutants
8.0 Pests
10.0 Building Products/Materials
Emissions
11.0 Vented Combustion Appliances
12.0 Unvented Combustion Appliances
13.0 Ozone from Indoor Sources
17.0 HVAC Equipment
18.0 Mechanical Ventilation for
Individual Dwelling Units
19.0 Mechanical Ventilation for Multiple
Dwelling Units Using Central
Exhaust
20.0 Natural (Not Fan-Powered)
Ventilation
21.0 Local Exhaust Ventilation
22.0 Building Safety for Occupants
23.0 Protecting IAQ During Construction
24.0 Jobsite Safety
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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Examples of Multifami
Residential Building
Upgrade Projects
Outdoor Air Ventilation
(upgrades or modifications)
• Outdoor air intakes and
controls
• Filtration of outdoor
ventilation air and make-
up air
• Local exhaust for indoor
areas with strong sources
of pollutants
• Additional
dehumidification, as
needed for humid
climates
lAQ/Health Risks:
• Asbestos-containing material, lead paint or PCBs
may be disturbed during wall, roof or ceiling
penetrations.
• Some locations may have strong outdoor
pollutant sources in the proximity of outdoor air
intakes.
• Smoking near outdoor air ventilation intakes
can increase indoor exposure to environmental
tobacco smoke.
• Humid climates may require additional
dehumidification when the outdoor air supply is
increased.
• Excessive moisture promotes pest infestation.
• Noisy ventilation systems may be turned off
by occupants, which will negatively affect
ventilation.
Opportunities:
• Ensure that outdoor air controls are working
properly, while control I ing for moisture.
• Ensure the proper location of outdoor air intakes.
• Ensure that all occupied spaces are provided with
adequate outdoor air ventilation.
• Ensure any filter status pressure sensors and
switches are calibrated regularly.
1.0 Moisture Control and Mold
2.0 Asbestos
3.0 Lead
4.0 PCBs
5.0 Radon
6.0 Belowground Contaminants
7.0 Garage Air Pollutants
8.0 Pests
10.0 Building Products/Materials
Emissions
11.0 Vented Combustion Appliances
12.0 Unvented Combustion Appliances
14.0 Environmental Tobacco Smoke
17.0 HVAC Equipment
18.0 Mechanical Ventilation for
Individual Dwelling Units
19.0 Mechanical Ventilation for Multiple
Dwelling Units Using Central
Exhaust
20.0 Natural (Not Fan-Powered)
Ventilation
21.0 Local Exhaust Ventilation
22.0 Building Safety for Occupants
23.0 Protecting IAQ During Construction
24.0 Jobsite Safety
Heating and Cooling
Systems
• Boiler replacement
• Steam trap replacement
or maintenance
• Pipe modifications:
Converting from one-
pipe to two-pipe
steam systems OR
Converting from two-pipe
to four-pipe heating and
cool ing systems
• System modifications:
Converting from steam to
hot-water systems
• Control valves:
Maintenance and
additions
• Combustion equipment
replacement
• Air conditioning system
replacement
• Additional
dehumidification, as
needed for humid
climates
lAQ/Health Risks:
• Asbestos-containing material, lead paint, PCBs
or mold may be disturbed during system or
component replacement.
• Improperly vented combustion gases and
occupant exposure to carbon monoxide are
potential risks.
• Moisture or mold may be present when the HVAC
system is turned off for extended periods.
• Poor humidity control during cooling system
operation can result in mold growth and present
opportunities for pest infestations.
• Inadequate humidifier maintenance can lead to
microbiological problems.
Opportunities:
• Properly vent combustion gases and ensure that
mechanical rooms with combustion equipment
have adequate make-up air and ventilation.
• Install and maintain carbon monoxide detection
and warning equipment.
• Ensure that combustion equipment and boilers
are installed correctly and that make-up air
registers are not blocked.
• Ensure that air conditioning systems are properly
sized and controlled to avoid humidity and
moisture issues.
• Ensure that well-maintained humidification
equipment and controls are in place to promote
occupant comfort and health during the heating
season, as needed.
1.0 Moisture Control and Mold
2.0 Asbestos
3.0 Lead
4.0 PCBs
5.0 Radon
6.0 Belowground Contaminants
7.0 Garage Air Pollutants
8.0 Pests
10.0 Building Products/Materials
Emissions
11.0 Vented Combustion Appliances
12.0 Unvented Combustion Appliances
13.0 Ozone from Indoor Sources
17.0 HVAC Equipment
18.0 Mechanical Ventilation for
Individual Dwelling Units
19.0 Mechanical Ventilation for Multiple
Dwelling Units Using Central
Exhaust
20.0 Natural (Not Fan-Powered)
Ventilation
21.0 Local Exhaust Ventilation
22.0 Building Safety for Occupants
23.0 Protecting IAQ During Construction
24.0 Jobsite Safety
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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Examples of Multifamily
Residential Building
xamples of lAQ/Health Risks and Opportunities
HVAC Controls to Monitor/
Maintain IAQ (upgrades or
modifications)
• Temperature and
humidity controls:
Installation, replacement
and/or calibration
• Controls for outdoor air
ventilation and exhaust
airflow rates
• Air filtration pressure
sensors
• Occupancy sensors
lAQ/Health Risks:
• Asbestos-containing material or lead paint may
be disturbed during wall or ceiling penetrations.
• Mercury from removal of old mercury bulb
thermostats may present a risk.
• Sensors that are not regularly calibrated may lead
to IAQ problems.
• Poor humidity control during cooling system
operation can result in mold growth and present
opportunities for pest infestations.
• Inadequate operation and maintenance of
humidifier controls can lead to microbiological
problems.
• Improper HVAC controls can cause unbalanced
flows and pressures that can lead to increased
intrusion of moisture, radon and other
belowground contaminants.
• Improperly vented combustion gases; occupant
exposure to carbon monoxide.
Opportunities:
• Control moisture to avoid mold growth and pest
infestations, and optimize occupant comfort.
• Monitor and maintain outdoor and exhaust airflow
rates.
• Install and maintain carbon monoxide detection
and warning equipment.
• Properly dispose of mercury-containing
thermostats.
1.0 Moisture Control and Mold
2.0 Asbestos
3.0 Lead
5.0 Radon
6.0 Belowground Contaminants
7.0 Garage Air Pollutants
8.0 Pests
10.0 Building Products/Materials
Emissions
11.0 Vented Combustion Appliances
12.0 Unvented Combustion Appliances
17.0 HVAC Equipment
18.0 Mechanical Ventilation for
Individual Dwelling Units
19.0 Mechanical Ventilation for Multiple
Dwelling Units Using Central
Exhaust
20.0 Natural (Not Fan-Powered)
Ventilation
21.0 Local Exhaust Ventilation
22.0 Building Safety for Occupants
23.0 Protecting IAQ During Construction
24.0 Jobsite Safety
Hydronic Systems (upgrades
or modifications)
• Chilled water system
optimization
• Pipe insulation upgrades
(chilled water, hot water,
steam piping)
• Hydronic or steam piping
system changes
• Cooling tower upgrades
lAQ/Health Risks:
• Asbestos-containing material, lead paint or mold
may be disturbed during system or component
replacement.
• Moisture accumulation on cold surfaces can lead
to mold growth and pest infestations.
• Legionella bacteria can grow in stagnant water,
including hot water tanks.
• Poor maintenance of cooling tower may allow
Legionella bacteria to grow, causing potential risk
to maintenance personnel and occupants.
Opportunities:
• Control moisture to prevent mold growth and pest
infestations and optimize occupant comfort.
• Manage building water systems and cooling
towers to minimize bacterial growth.
1.0 Moisture Control and Mold
2.0 Asbestos
3.0 Lead
6.0 Belowground Contaminants
7.0 Garage Air Pollutants
10.0 Building Products/Materials
Emissions
11.0 Vented Combustion Appliances
12.0 Unvented Combustion Appliances
17.0 HVAC Equipment
18.0 Mechanical Ventilation for
Individual Dwelling Units
19.0 Mechanical Ventilation for Multiple
Dwelling Units Using Central
Exhaust
20.0 Natural (Not Fan-Powered)
Ventilation
21.0 Local Exhaust Ventilation
22.0 Building Safety for Occupants
23.0 Protecting IAQ During Construction
24.0 Jobsite Safety
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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Examples of Multifamily
Residential Building
Upgrade Projects
Adhesives and Sealants
• Application of materials
used during energy
upgrades for air sealing
• Application of materials
used for adhering and
fastening components
Examples of IAQ/Health Risks and Opportunities
MATERIALS SELECTION AND REPLACEMENT
IAQ/Health Risks:
• Asbestos-containing material, lead paint or PCBs
may be disturbed when removing previously
installed adhesives or sealants.
• Weatherization and air sealing can reduce air
exchange rates and result in elevated levels of
contaminants indoors if there is inadequate
ventilation.
Opportunities:
• Always select sealants and adhesives for indoor
use with low-VOC or no-VOC content/emissions.
• Select outdoor sealants for long life to keep out
water and, when possible, with low-VOC or
no-VOC content/emissions.
• Ensure adequate outdoor air ventilation after
weatherization and air sealing.
2.0 Asbestos
3.0 Lead
4.0 PCBs
10.0 Building Products/Materials
Emissions
22.0 Building Safety for Occupants
23.0 Protecting IAQ During Construction
24.0 Jobsite Safety
Carpet and Flooring
• Replacing existing carpet
• Installing new carpet over
uncarpeted areas
• Replacing or repairing
existing floor tiles
• Installing new flooring
over existing floor
surfaces
IAQ/Health Risks:
• Asbestos-containing material (many floor tiles
in older buildings were made of asbestos), lead
paint, mold or large quantities of dust may be
disturbed.
• Carpet and flooring may be contaminated with
PCBs if PCBs have migrated via indoor air from
caulk and/or lighting ballasts that contain PCBs.
Opportunities:
• Isolate the work area to reduce dust migration
caused by carpet and flooring removal.
• Select low-VOC materials, including carpets,
resilient flooring, adhesives and sealants.
1.0 Moisture Control and Mold
2.0 Asbestos
3.0 Lead
4.0 PCBs
9.0 Tracked-ln Pollutants
10.0 Building Products/Materials
Emissions
22.0 Building Safety for Occupants
23.0 Protecting IAQ During Construction
24.0 Jobsite Safety
Painting
• Removing old
deteriorated paint
(scraping and sanding)
• Repainting existing
surfaces
• Painting new surfaces
IAQ/Health Risks:
• Asbestos-containing material, lead paint or PCBs
may be disturbed.
• Indoor surfaces may be contaminated with PCBs
if PCBs have migrated via indoor air from caulk
and/or lighting ballasts that contain PCBs.
Opportunities:
• Select paint with low-VOC or no-VOC content/
emissions and do not conduct dry sanding
without rigorous containment.
2.0 Asbestos
3.0 Lead
4.0 PCBs
10.0 Building Products/Materials
Emissions
22.0 Building Safety for Occupants
23.0 Protecting IAQ During Construction
24.0 Jobsite Safety
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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Examples of Multifamily
Residential Building
^rejects
Suspended Ceilings
• Repairing or replacing
existing ceiling tiles
• Installing new ceilings
xamples of lAQ/Health Risks and Opportunities
lAQ/Health Risks:
• Asbestos-containing material (including
vermiculite insulation), fiberglass, mineral wool
or other insulation materials may be disturbed.
• Ceiling tiles may be contaminated with lead paint
or lead paint particles.
• Removal of ceiling tiles may expose pest
infestations.
• Ceiling tiles may have water damage and/or mold
growth.
• Ceiling materials may be contaminated with
PCBs if PCBs have migrated from older, leaking
lighting ballasts that contain PCBs.
Opportunities:
• Select low-emission materials, such as
formaldehyde-free ceiling tiles.
1.0 Moisture Control and Mold
2.0 Asbestos
3.0 Lead
4.0 PCBs
8.0 Pests
10.0 Building Products/Materials
Emissions
22.0 Building Safety for Occupants
23.0 Protecting IAQ During Construction
24.0 Jobsite Safety
Systems Operation and
Maintenance
• Check control systems
and devices for evidence
of improper operation on
a regular schedule (e.g.,
semiannually) and take
corrective actions
• Calibrate and periodically
recalibrate sensors (e.g.,
temperature, humidity)
• Perform cooling unit
drain pan maintenance
• Replace filters
• Clean supply diffusers,
return registers and
outside air intakes
• Keep unit ventilators and
other duct openings clear
of obstructions
• Perform regular system
operational checks
• Check occupancy sensors
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
lAQ/Health Risks:
• Asbestos-containing material, lead paint, PCBs or
mold may be disturbed.
• Deferred maintenance can lead to system
degradation and IAQ problems.
• Improperly maintained and uncalibrated sensors
can lead to poor system performance and IAQ
problems.
• Poor air filtration and maintenance can lead to
clogged coils and a need for expensive cleaning
that can be avoided with proper maintenance.
• Inadequate drain pan design or maintenance can
lead to microbial contamination.
• Inadequately maintained combustion equipment
can result in improperly vented combustion gases
and occupant exposure to carbon monoxide.
Opportunities:
• Ensure the proper operation and venting of
combustion appliances.
• Install and maintain carbon monoxide detection
and warning equipment.
• Control for moisture by maintaining humidity
levels.
• Ensure that particle removal filtration systems are
operating properly.
• Repair or adjust drain pans to drain completely.
• Ensure that occupancy sensors are operating
properly.
• Implement a scheduled inspection and
calibration/recalibration program (e.g.,
semiannually) for measurement sensors, paying
special attention to the systems that are intended
to supply outdoor air ventilation.
1.0 Moisture Control and Mold
2.0 Asbestos
3.0 Lead
5.0 Radon
6.0 Belowground Contaminants
7.0 Garage Air Pollutants
8.0 Pests
10.0 Building Products/Materials
Emissions
11.0 Vented Combustion Appliances
12.0 Unvented Combustion Appliances
13.0 Ozone From Indoor Sources
17.0 HVAC Equipment
18.0 Mechanical Ventilation for
Individual Dwelling Units
19.0 Mechanical Ventilation for Multiple
Dwelling Units Using Central
Exhaust
20.0 Natural (Not Fan-Powered)
Ventilation
21.0 Local Exhaust Ventilation
22.0 Building Safety for Occupants
23.0 Protecting IAQ During Construction
24.0 Jobsite Safety
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
-------
Examples of Multifamily
Residential Building
Upgrade Projects
Building Operations and
Maintenance
• Deep extraction steam or
hot water carpet cleaning
• Pest control
• Custodial operations
Examples of IAQ/Health Risks and Opportunities
IAQ/Health Risks:
• Asbestos-containing material, lead paint, PCBs or
mold may be disturbed.
• Cleaning chemicals and pesticides may aggravate
allergies and asthma.
• Mold and moisture problems may occur if carpets
do not dry quickly after spills or carpet cleaning.
• Smoking near outdoor air ventilation intakes
can increase indoor exposure to environmental
tobacco smoke.
• Vehicle idling near outdoor air intakes can
increase indoor exposure to vehicle exhaust
contaminants.
Opportunities:
• Minimize chemical exposure to occupants and
staff by using the least toxic materials.
• Reduce cleaning product use through better use
of cleaning equipment and cleaning process
improvements.
• Minimize exposure to pesticides through
integrated pest management tactics.
• Always plan for thorough drying of carpets if
steam or wet methods are used, especially during
humid weather.
• Provide walk-off mats to reduce track-in of
pollutants.
• Ensure that the building has a policy on tobacco
use.
• Periodically retest areas of the building that have
been mitigated for radon.
1.0 Moisture Control and Mold
2.0 Asbestos
3.0 Lead
4.0 PCBs
5.0 Radon
6.0 Belowground Contaminants
7.0 Garage Air Pollutants
8.0 Pests
9.0 Tracked-ln Pollutants
10.0 Building Products/Materials
Emissions
11.0 Vented Combustion Appliances
12.0 Unvented Combustion Appliances
13.0 Ozone from Indoor Sources
14.0 Environmental Tobacco Smoke
17.0 HVAC Equipment
22.0 Building Safety for Occupants
23.0 Protecting IAQ During Construction
24.0 Jobsite Safety
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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Section 2
Assessment Protocols and
Recommended Actions
-------
Contaminants and Sources
Section 2: Assessment Protocols
and Recommended Actions
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
AP 1.1 Inspect for Moisture
Problems and Document Results
Inspect the interior and exterior
of the building and the building's
mechanical systems for evidence
of moisture problems. Examples
of moisture and mold problems
include the following:
• Water damage or stains (e.g., on
walls, ceilings or floor coverings)
• Foundation cracks that leak
water
• Signs of seepage or wicking
(e.g., efflorescence, peeling
paint, delaminating materials)
• Visible mold growth
• Mold growth in ductwork and
plenums
• Wet or damp spots
• Musty odor
• Groundwater, surface water and
rainwater intrusion
• Plumbing leaks
• Leakage though penetrations
in the building envelope (e.g.,
utility entry points)
• Condensation or moisture
damage on and around windows
• Other condensation (consider
surface temperature, relative
humidity and dew point
temperature when evaluating
the potential for condensation
problems)
Document the extent and location
of the problems and the proposed
repairs.
PRIORITY ISSUE 1.0 MOISTURE CONTROL AND MOLD
) MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
MA 1.1 Repair Moisture Problems
Repair moisture problems identified during the
assessments (e.g., plumbing leaks; rain leaks,
including leaks around windows and flashing; roof
leaks; foundation leaks). It is important to correct a
moisture problem at its source.
MA 1.2 Conduct Required Mold Remediation
'fXConduct any required mold remediation
following professional guidance, such as EPA's Mold
Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings
guide and Institute of Inspection, Cleaning and
Restoration Certification (IICRC) Mold Remediation
Standard S520. Do not disturb mold growth without
following professional guidelines.
MA 1.3 Address Standing Water Problems
Address standing water problems (e.g., surface
water pooling near the foundation, water that does
not drain from flat roofs and gutters). Ensure that
there is adequate slope and drainage away from
the building. Correct standing water problems near
foundations and crawlspaces before insulating and
weatherizing.
MA 1.4 Manage Rainwater
Manage rainwater in assemblies that are included in
the scope of work (e.g., using drainage planes and
flashings). Ensure that there is adequate slope and
drainage away from the building, particularly for
downspouts that carry rainwater from the roof.
MA 1.5 Ensure Proper HVAC Condensate Drainage
Ensure that condensate collects in drain pans
under cooling coils and exits via a deep seal trap.
Standing water will accumulate if the drain pan
system has not been designed to drain completely
under all operating conditions (sloped toward the
drain and properly trapped). It is important to verify
that condensate lines are properly trapped and
charged with liquid.
EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
EA 1.1 Retrofit Crawlspaces
Where permitted by building
codes, retrofit crawlspaces so
that they are sealed, insulated,
ventilated with conditioned
air, properly drained and
waterproofed (see EPA's
Moisture Control Guidance for
Building Design, Construction
and Maintenance, and the 2012
International Building Code,
Section 1203.3.2). Install a
high capacity, energy-efficient
dehumidifier in the crawlspace if
the climate conditions warrant.
EA 1.2 Perform Additional Mold
Remediation Activities
Perform additional activities,
beyond those required for the
building upgrade project, to
remediate any observed mold
growth. Follow EPA or other
professional guidance.
See Appendix A: Worker Protection
Appendix B: Property Management and Occupant Education
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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PRIORITY ISSUE 1.0 MOISTURE CONTROL AND MOLD (continued)
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
EXPANDED
ACTIONS
(EA)
Notes:
(1) Be aware of all rainwater drainage
systems to ensure that all are
functioning properly. In some older
brick buildings, gutters may be found
between brick and drywall/plaster.
(2) If the assessments reveal that an
atmospherically vented combustion
device is causing an indoor humidity
problem, it should be repaired
in accordance with the guidance
provided in Priority Issue 11.0 Vented
Combustion Appliances.
(3) Conduct assessments for all common
areas and as many dwelling units as
possible that are associated with the
building upgrade.
AP 1.2 Determine Whether Mold
Remediation is Required
Determine whether the project requires
mold remediation and additional moisture
control measures (e.g., as determined
during a Weatherization Assistance
Program audit). Remember to identify
the sources of moisture problems.
Isolate and contain areas of significant
mold contamination until these areas
can be remediated (see MA 1.2; see
EPA Mold Remediation in Schools and
Commercial Buildings guide and IICRC
Mold Remediation Standard S520 for
additional information).
AP 1.3 Identify Moisture Problems to
Address/Repair Before Building Upgrades
Document which moisture problems will
be addressed as part of the building
upgrade project and which must be
repaired by the building owner, property
manager, or another contractor before the
building upgrades are performed.
£9. The assessments also may reveal
moisture problems that fall outside the
scope of work for the upgrade project
(e.g., condensation or insulation
problems) that should be communicated
to the building owner or property
manager.
MA 1.6 Prevent Condensation in the Building Enclosure
Air seal the enclosure and manage air pressure relationships.
Note:
Air sealing the interface between the ceiling and attic also prevents
ice dams on roofs in cold, snowy climates.
Manage water vapor flow and condensing surface temperatures to
avoid dew point conditions within the thermal envelope, on interior
walls, or on other surfaces inside the building where the surface
temperature is expected to fall below the surrounding dew point
temperature. This is achieved by selection of materials with an ap-
propriate combination of thermal insulation and vapor permeability.
Strictly follow all building codes for vapor retarder placement.
Ensure that all piping, valves and ductwork with condensation
potential are adequately insulated to reduce moisture problems.
Perform a quality control review of insulation after it is installed to
ensure that all surfaces are covered with airtight, vapor-imperme-
able insulation, including surfaces that will pass through uncondi-
tioned spaces.
Control indoor humidity sources:
• Ensure existing bath and kitchen exhaust fans are operating
properly and vented directly to the outdoors.
• Ensure clothes dryers exhaust directly to the outdoors (in both
dwelling units and common laundry rooms). Condensing clothes
dryers piped to a drain are exempt.
• Cover earthen floors in basements and crawlspaces with sealed
vapor barriers and seal sump covers.
• Ensure proper crawlspace ventilation that meets applicable
building codes (e.g., ventilation openings through founda-
tion walls per the 2012 International Building Code, Sec-
tion 1203.3).
• Ensure proper attic ventilation that meets applicable building
codes (e.g., cross ventilation per the 2012 International Build-
ing Code Section 1203.2).
MA 1.7 Use HVAC Systems to Manage Moisture
Use HVAC systems to manage moisture inside the building:
• Ensure proper sizing when specifying new or replacement air
conditioning systems. Base calculations on post-upgrade project
conditions. Use the Air Conditioning Contractors of America
(ACCA) Manual J for low-rise residential applications, ACCA
Manual N for commercial applications, the ASHRAE Load
Calculation Applications Manual, ASHRAE Standard 183, or
ASHRAE Handbooks for HVAC load calculations. Use ACCA
Manual S or ASHRAE Handbooks for equipment selection.
• If it is not possible to maintain the indoor relative humidity
below 60%, evaluate whether the air conditioning system has
an oversized design-sensible capacity or an undersized design-
latent capacity.
Appendix B: Property Management and Occupant Education
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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ASSESSMENT
PROTOCOLS (AP)
AP 1.4 Identify
Moisture Problems
That May Prevent
Other Building
Upgrades
If there are
significant
moisture problems
that cannot be
addressed, do not
install building
upgrades that
will reduce the
building's air
infiltration rate.
Instances where this
may be the case
include buildings
that have significant
condensation
or humidity
problems, such as
condensation on
multiple windows,
condensation in
attics, or significant
moisture or mold
problems that are
beyond the scope of
the remedies under
Minimum Actions.
PRIORITY ISSUE 1.0 MOISTURE CONTROL AND MOLD (continued)
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
• Install dehumidifiers in humid climates to avoid moisture problems if
individual air conditioning systems serving each dwelling unit cannot
effectively control relative humidity below 60% under partial cooling load
conditions.
• Remove unvented combustion space heaters.
MA 1.8 Use Nonporous Materials in Moisture Prone Areas
Use moisture-resistant materials in areas likely to become wetted frequently. If
possible, use seamless and slip-resistant materials.
Note:
Floor-covering manufacturers specify the maximum water vapor emission rate
of concrete over which coverings such as tile and carpet can be installed.
Installing a covering on concrete that exceeds the maximum emission rate may
cause the covering to fail, promote mold growth, and void the manufacturer's
warranty. It is recommended that the water vapor emission rate of a floor be
measured before coverings are installed (even when the installation occurs long
after the building was constructed).
MA 1.9 Control Moisture During Roofing Modifications
Take precautions to control moisture during roofing modifications. For example:
• Protect open roof areas from rain during construction.
• Design and construct roofing systems and flashing details to ensure proper
moisture barriers.
• Repair roof leaks before air sealing or insulating the attic.
MA 1.10 Protect On-Site Materials From Moisture
Protect materials on-site from moisture damage. Do not install materials that
show visible signs of biological growth resulting from the presence of moisture.
Store and install all building products, systems and components in strict
accordance with the manufacturers' printed instructions.
EXPANDED
ACTIONS (EA)
References for Priority Issue 1.0 Moisture Control and Mold:
ACCA: Manual J Residential Load Calculation
ACCA: Manual N Commercial Load Calculation
ACCA: Manual S Residential Equipment Selection
ASHRAE/ACCA Standard 183-2007 (RA 2014)
ASHRAE: Load Calculation Applications Manual
ASHRAE: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals
ASHRAE: ASHRAE Handbook - HVAC Systems and Equipment
CDC-NIOSH: Dampness and Mold Assessment Tool
DOE: Standard Work Specifications for Multi-Family Home Energy Upgrades
EPA: Moisture Control Guidance for Building Design, Construction and Maintenance
EPA: Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings
IICRC: S520 Standard and Reference Guide for Professional Mold Remediation
International Code Council: International Building Code, 2012 Edition, Chapter 12 Sections 1203.2 and 1203.3
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULT I FAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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PRIORITY ISSUE 2.0 ASBESTOS
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
AP 2.1 Determine Potential Asbestos Hazards
Consider the age of the structure; older multifam-
ily residential buildings in particular may have
asbestos insulation or other asbestos-containing
material (ACM). Although the production and use
of asbestos has declined, some building materials
may still contain asbestos.
Check to see if any replacement materials you
intend to install might contain asbestos by reading
the product labels, calling the manufacturer or
asking the retailer to provide you with the Material
Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for the product(s) in
question.
Complete all assessments for ACM prior to initiat-
ing building upgrade tasks that have the potential
to disturb ACM (e.g., blower door testing that often
is performed during weatherization upgrades, see
MA 2.4).
Notes:
Possible sources of asbestos include the following:
• Insulation in attics and attic-like spaces
(e.g., vermiculite)
• Wall insulation (e.g., vermiculite, insulation
blocks)
• Hot water and steam pipes coated with as-
bestos material or covered with an asbestos
blanket or tape
• Oil and coal furnaces and door gaskets with
asbestos insulation
• Vinyl flooring (including 9"-by-9" or 12"-by-
12" floor tiles, vinyl sheet flooring, and the
mastics and other adhesives used to secure the
flooring)
• Cement sheet, millboard, and paper used
as insulation around furnaces and wood- or
coal-burning appliances
• Soundproofing or decorative surface materials
sprayed on walls or ceilings, including popcorn
ceilings
• Patching, joint compounds and textured paints
on walls and ceilings
• Roofing, shingles and siding (including cement
or adhesives)
• Artificial ashes and embers (used in gas-fired
fireplaces)
• Transite (cement and asbestos) pipe in water
distribution and drainage systems, HVAC
ducts, combustion vents or transite flues
MA 2.1 Address ACM During Building Upgrades
and Use Accredited Personnel for Abatement or
Repair
Suspected ACM in good condition can be
managed in place, but take caution not to disturb
it. If suspected ACM is damaged (e.g., unravel-
ing, frayed or breaking apart), immediately isolate
the area(s) and consult a trained and accredited
asbestos professional to determine what corrective
measures should be taken. Trained and accredited
asbestos professionals must separate the work
area in question from occupied portions of the
building using appropriate containment practices.
For suspected ACM that must be disturbed as part
of the project, contact an accredited and properly
trained asbestos professional for abatement or
repair, in accordance with federal, state and local
requirements. Only a trained and accredited asbes-
tos professional may abate, repair or remove ACM.
Contact your state asbestos regulatory agency for
information on how to find an accredited asbestos
professional.
Note:
Typically, trained and accredited professionals can
repair asbestos by -
• Sealing or Encapsulating: Treating the material
with a sealant that binds the asbestos fibers
together or coats the material so fibers are not
released. Pipe, furnace and boiler insulation
often can be repaired in this manner.
• Covering or Enclosing: Placing a protective
layer over or around the ACM to prevent release
of fibers. Exposed insulated piping may be
covered with a protective wrap or jacket.
• Removing: Removing ACM may be advanta-
geous when performing building upgrades or
making major changes to a building that will
disturb ACM or if ACM is damaged extensively
and cannot be otherwise repaired (by covering,
enclosing, sealing or encapsulating).
MA 2.2 Precautions for Working Around ACM
When working around ACM, do not:
• Dust, sweep or vacuum ACM debris.
• Saw, sand, scrape or drill holes in the material.
• Use abrasive pads or brushes to strip materi-
als.
EXPANDED
ACTIONS (EA)
This cell is
intentionally blank.
See Appendix A: Worker Protection
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
• Plaster that is old enough to
potentially contain asbestos
The EPA vermiculite website refer-
enced below includes photos to aid
in the identification of vermiculite
insulation.
AP 2.2 Contact a Trained and
Accredited Asbestos Professional if
Unsure Whether Material Contains
Asbestos
Generally, it is not possible to tell if
a material contains asbestos unless
it is labeled. The only way to be sure
whether a material contains asbestos
is to have it tested by a qualified
laboratory. EPA recommends testing
suspect materials only if they are
damaged (fraying, crumbling) or if
a planned building upgrade would
disturb the suspect material. If
unsure whether material contains
asbestos, contact a trained and
accredited asbestos professional to
assess, sample and test the material,
as needed. Notify the building owner
and/or property manager of any ACM
identified during the assessments.
PRIORITY ISSUE 2.0 ASBESTOS (continued)
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
MA 2.3 Ensure Insulation is Asbestos-Free Before Disturbing
Do not remove or disturb insulation that looks like vermiculite
(e.g., attic or wall insulation). Because confirming whether ver-
miculite contains asbestos by testing is unreliable, EPA recom-
mends assuming it contains asbestos and managing accordingly.
Specifically, EPA recommends the following precautions:
• Leave vermiculite insulation undisturbed in attics or walls.
• Do not store boxes or other items in an attic if it contains
vermiculite insulation.
• Hire a professional asbestos contractor if there are plans to
remodel or conduct renovations that would disturb vermicu-
lite in attics or walls to make sure that the material is safely
handled and/or removed.
MA 2.4 Conduct Asbestos Abatement Before Blower Door Test-
ing and Air Duct Testing
Any asbestos abatement or repair work should be completed by
properly trained and accredited professionals prior to blower door
testing and air duct testing. Exercise appropriate caution when
conducting blower door testing where friable asbestos or vermic-
ulite attic insulation is present to avoid drawing asbestos fibers
into the living space (i.e., use positively pressurized blower door
testing and do not blow air on or over friable asbestos materials).
Do not conduct air leakage tests (e.g., duct blaster tests) on
ductwork that contains asbestos insulation.
Note:
\ppropriate identification of ACM is necessary to ensure the
continued safety of the occupants and the safety of workers, who
may not be aware of asbestos hazards. If ACM may be disturbed
during a planned project, a properly trained and accredited
asbestos professional should conduct an initial assessment to
determine potential worker exposures and required exposure
controls.
Asbestos awareness training is recommended for building
upgrade workers, especially work planners and crew chiefs.
EXPANDED
ACTIONS (EA)
This cell is
intentionally blank.
References for Priority Issue 2.0 Asbestos:
Building Performance Institute (BPI): Technical Standards for the Heating Professional
EPA: Asbestos
EPA: Asbestos in the Home: A Homeowner's Guide
EPA: Asbestos NESHAP
EPA: Monitoring Asbestos-Containing Material (ACM)
EPA: Protect Your Family from Asbestos-Contaminated Vermiculite Insulation
EPA: State Asbestos Contacts
National Institute of Standards and Technology (MIST): National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP) Asbestos Fiber Analysis LAP
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): Asbestos
OSHA: Asbestos, Construction
See Appendix A: Worker Protection
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULT I FAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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'RIORITY ISSUE 3.0 LEAD
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
AP 3.1 Determine Whether There is
Lead-Based Paint
Assume there is lead-based paint in
multifamily residential buildings built
before 1978 unless testing shows
otherwise. Recognize, however, that
lead-based paint may be present in any
building.
Note:
EPA's Lead Renovation, Repair and
Painting Rule (RRP Rule) requires that
firms performing renovation, repair and
painting projects that disturb lead-
based paint in homes built before 1978
(including many of the projects envi-
sioned in this document) have their firm
certified by EPA (or an EPA-authorized
state), use certified renovators who
are trained by EPA-accredited training
providers, and follow specific lead-safe
work practices.
If unsure whether there is lead-based
paint, consider one of the following
options:
• Hire an RRP-certified contractor to
test for lead using an EPA-recog-
nized test kit (available at hardware
stores). The certified contractor
has been directed to follow spe-
cific instructions to get accurate
results. Note that testing performed
by uncertified people, including
landlords or property managers, is
not sufficient. To learn more about
EPA-recognized test kits, visit the
EPA Lead Test Kits Web page.
• Hire a certified professional to check
for lead-based paint. A certified in-
spector or risk assessor can conduct
an inspection to determine whether
a home or a portion of a home has
lead-based paint and where it is
located.
• For help finding a certified risk as-
sessor, inspector or RRP contractor,
call the National Lead Information
Center at 1-800-424-LEAD (5323).
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
MA 3.1 Comply with EPA's Lead RRP
Rule if Disturbing More Than 6 Square
Feet of Interior or 20 Square Feet of
Exterior Painted Surfaces
Among the rule's key elements are the
following:
• Use a trained and certified renovator
employed by a lead-safe certified
firm.
• Follow lead-safe work practices.
• Contain the work area to avoid occu-
pant exposure.
• Minimize lead dust and leave no
dust or debris behind.
• Achieve visual post-cleaning criteria.
• Comply with state and local lead-re-
lated regulations, which may be
applicable to lead hazard reduction
activities and may require additional
certified personnel.
Note:
This is not a complete summary
of the regulatory requirements. The in-
tent of this Guide is to promote the most
health-protective steps that are feasible
and practical. The minimum action
recommended in this Guide is to comply
with whatever the most current version
of the RRP Program Rule prescribes and
with all local and state regulations that
may apply.
MA 3.2 Inform Maintenance Staff
on Requirements for Lead-Safe Work
Practices
Inform maintenance staff that if they
will be disturbing lead paint, they must
be trained and certified under EPA's
RRP program for lead-safe work practic-
es. This includes ensuring the informa-
tion distribution requirements of EPA's
RRP program are met. See Small Entity
Compliance Guide to Renovate Right:
EPA's Lead-Based Paint Renovation,
Repair, and Painting Program.
EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
EA 3.1 Comply with Expanded Re-
quirements Including HUD's Lead-Safe
Rehabilitation Practices and EPA Lead
Hazard Standards
• Follow the U.S. Department of Hous-
ing and Urban Development (HUD)
lead-safe rehabilitation practices. In
addition to EPA's RRP Rule, these
HUD practices include:
o Lowered thresholds for interior
painted surface area, from 6
square feet to 2 square feet.
o Requirements for repair of
painted surfaces that are dis-
turbed when using lead-safe work
practices.
. JH Nr Ensure that EPA lead hazard
standards are met, including re-
quirements for no deteriorated paint
and for meeting lead dust clearance
testing standards. Dust testing must
be done by an EPA- or state-certified
inspector or risk assessor. If the job
affects an outdoor area, ensure that
EPA soil hazard standards also are
met.
Note:
Lead dust clearance testing includes
measuring for lead dust on floors,
windowsills and window troughs. See
EPA Hazard Standards for Lead in Paint,
Dust and Soil (TSCA Section 403).
EA 3.2 Replace Windows Containing
Lead-Based Paint
Replace windows that test positive for
lead-based paint, complying with EPA's
RRP Rule and other regulations that
may be applicable to lead hazard reduc-
tion activities.
See Appendix A: Worker Protection
Appendix B: Property Management and Occupant Education
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
• Notify the building owner and/or
property manager of any lead-based
paint identified during the assess-
ments.
Note: The lead-safe work practices (see
Minimum Actions and Expanded Ac-
tions) apply unless paint is tested and
found NOT to be lead-based.
AP 3.2 Determine Area of Paint That
Will be Disturbed
Determine whether any suspected lead-
based paint will be disturbed by the
project and, if so, the size of the lead-
based paint area that will be
disturbed.
PRIORITY ISSUE 3.0 LEAD (continued)
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
EA 3.3 Ensure All Paint Used in the
Future Is Lead-Free
Some coatings are exempt from
lead-containing paint regulations.
These include coatings for industrial
equipment and those used for building
and equipment maintenance coatings.
Recommend the building owner and
property manager ensure that all future
paint applications in the building are
lead-free. See the Consumer Product
Safety Commission's (CPSC) Lead in
Paint: Overview and Product-Specific
FAQs.
References for Priority Issue 3.0 Lead:
CPSC: Lead in Paint: Overview and Product-Specific FAQs
EPA: Lead Test Kits
EPA: Hazard Standards for Lead in Paint, Dust and Soil (TSCA Section 403)
EPA: Lead
EPA: Lead: Details on Certification Requirements for Firms
EPA: Locate an RRP Training Class or Provider in Your Area
EPA: Locate Certified Inspection, Risk Assessment, and Abatement Firms
EPA: Renovation, Repair and Painting Program
EPA: Small Entity Compliance Guide To Renovate Right: EPA's Lead-Based Paint Renovation, Repair, and Painting Program
EPA: Steps to Lead Safe Renovation, Repair and Painting
HUD: The Lead-Safe Housing Rule
OSHA: Lead
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULT I FAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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PRIORITY ISSUE 4.0 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBS)
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
AP 4.1 Determine Whether Fluo-
rescent Light Ballasts Containing
PCBs Are Present
Some multifamily residential build-
ings may contain fluorescent light
fixtures with ballasts manufactured
before 1979 that contain PCBs.
Ballasts manufactured between
July 1, 1978 and July 1, 1998
that do not contain PCBs were
required to be labeled "No PCBs."
Newer fluorescent lighting typically
uses electronic ballasts that do
not contain PCBs and should be
clearly marked as electronic.
If fluorescent light ballasts do not
have the statement "No PCBs"
or are not marked as electronic,
assume that the ballasts contain
PCBs or contact the manufacturer
to determine whether the ballasts
contain PCBs. If the manufacturer
is not sure whether the ballasts
contain PCBs, assume that they
do.
AP 4.2 Assess Caulk That Will Be
Disturbed
Assess whether caulk will be
disturbed during the building up-
grade activities. Consider the age
of the structure, since buildings
built or renovated between 1950
and 1979 may be more likely to
contain PCBs in caulk. Typical
locations include around windows,
door frames, masonry columns and
other masonry materials.
Note:
PCBs were not added to caulk after
1979; however, caulk containing
PCBs manufactured before 1979
could have been used in buildings
after that time.
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
MA 4.1 Replace PCB-Containing Fluorescent Light Ballasts
Whether PCBs are confirmed or assumed to be present, new lighting
fixtures can be used to replace the existing fixtures. PCB-contain-
ing fluorescent light ballasts that are leaking must be replaced and
properly disposed of pursuant to EPA regulations, as described
in 40 CFR Part 761 Subpart D. Any oil and stains leaked from
PCB-containing ballasts also must be properly cleaned up or dis-
posed of in accordance with the PCB decontamination or disposal
regulations. EPA recommends that non-leaking PCB-containing flu-
orescent light ballasts also be replaced because of their increased
likelihood to fail and leak and because of the increased energy
efficiency of new ballasts.
MA 4.2 Address Caulk Potentially Containing PCBs When It
Will be Disturbed During Building Upgrades
If PCBs are potentially present in caulk and the caulk will be dis-
turbed during the building upgrades (e.g., window or door replace-
ment, improved weatherization sealing), take steps to minimize
exposure. For more information, goto Polychlorinated Biphenyls
(PCBs) in Building Materials.
MA 4.3 Properly Dispose of PCB-Containing Light Ballasts,
Caulk and Other Materials
When removing PCB-containing light ballasts, caulk and other
materials contaminated by PCBs, specific notification, packing,
reporting, storage, transportation and disposal requirements apply,
see 40 CFR Part 761. Ensure that waste management also meets
local and state requirements. Document and store copies of all
test results. Include documentation of all sampling locations and
disposal measures, including disposal companies used and final
destination of waste materials.
EPA Regional PCB Coordinators are a resource for all PCB issues.
Note:
Fluorescent light bulbs contain small amounts of mercury. Ensure
that the bulbs are handled properly to avoid breakage and the
release of contaminants. More information on fluorescent bulb
disposal requirements may be obtained from your state solid and
hazardous waste agencies. See Priority Issue 23.0 Protecting IAQ
During Construction for more information on limiting exposure to
mercury.
-XPANDED
ACTIONS (EA)
This cell is
intentionally
blank.
References for Priority Issue 4.0 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs):
EPA: Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Building Materials
EPA: PCB-Containing Fluorescent Light Ballasts (FLBs) in School Buildings
EPA: Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
EPA: Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Manufacturing, Processing, Distribution in Commerce, And Use Prohibitions, 40 CFR Part 761
Subpart D—Storage and Disposal
EPA: Recycling Mercury-Containing Light Bulbs (Lamps)
EPA: Regional PCB Contacts
EPA: Steps to Safe Renovation and Abatement of Buildings That Have PCB-Containing Caulk
See Appendix A: Worker Protection
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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'RIORITY ISSUE 5.0 RADON
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
AP 5.1 Select a Radon-Testing Profes-
sional
Qualified measurement professionals
are individuals who have demonstrat-
ed a minimum degree of appropriate
technical knowledge and skills specif-
ic to radon testing in large buildings
(1) as required by a state licensing or
certification program, as applicable,
or (2) as established in certification
requirements of the National Radon Pro-
ficiency Program or the National Radon
Safety Board.
Those who wish to perform their own
radon testing may learn more about ob-
taining a radon test kit at EPA's Where
Can I Get a Radon Test Kit? website.
AP 5.2 Test Either (1) Both Pre- and
Post-Upgrade Work or (2) Only Post-Up-
grade Work
Follow sampling guidance in American
Association of Radon Scientists & Tech-
nologists (AARST) Protocol for Conduct-
ing Radon and Radon Decay Product
Measurements in Multifamily Buildings,
MAMF-2012, summarized below.
• Sample all dwelling units in contact
with the ground.
• Sample all common areas and office
spaces in contact with the ground.
• Sample nonresidential rooms or
areas (e.g., utility rooms, storage
rooms, and maintenance rooms) in
contact with the ground that:
o Can be occupied with little or no
modification.
o Are occupied more than 4 hours
a day.
o Have air communication with
areas that can be occupied (e.g.,
via pathways such as stairwells,
air-handling equipment, elevator
shafts).
• Sample 10% of dwelling units on
each higher floor or, if 10% is less
than one unit, sample at least one
dwelling unit on each higher floor.
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
MA 5.1 Take Precautionary Measures
Before Completing Energy Efficiency
Upgrade Activities
Before completing upgrade activities,
take precautionary measures listed
in the first column of Table 2: Radon
Testing Options and Reduction Strate-
gies, depending on pre-work radon test
results.
MA 5.2 Follow Minimum Actions in
Table 2 According To Post-Work Radon
Test Results
After work is complete, follow the
appropriate Minimum Actions outlined
in Table 2: Radon Testing Options and
Reduction Strategies, depending on
post-work radon test results. If more
than one sample was taken in a dwelling
unit or nonresidential room, average the
results for that specific location. Do not
average results across dwelling units or
building levels.
When the pre-work radon level is > 2
pCi/L, complete precautionary founda-
tion air sealing strategies:
• Cover exposed earthen floors in
basements and crawlspaces accord-
ing to Section 1.2 of EPA's Indoor
airPLUS Construction Specifica-
tions.
• Air seal sumps (e.g., install an
airtight sump cover) in such a way
that water can drain from above and
below the sump cover.
• Install airtight drain fittings (e.g.,
trap or flange system) in foundation
floor drains.
• Seal and caulk penetrations, open-
ings or cracks in below-grade walls
and floors that contact the ground
with a sealant that meets the re-
quirements of ASTM C920-14a.
Note:
These foundation air sealing strategies
also are important elements of radon
mitigation according to AARST Radon
Mitigation Standards for Multifamily
Buildings, RMS-MF2014.
EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
EA 5.1 Follow Expanded Actions Listed
in Table 2 According To Post-Work Ra-
don Test Results
See Table 2: Radon Testing Options
and Reduction Strategies for Expanded
Actions to reduce radon exposure.
• Mitigate according to AARST Radon
Mitigation Standards for Multifamily
Buildings, RMS-MF2014.
• If the post-work radon level is
between 2 and 4 pCi/L, the building
owner and/or property manager may
refer to EPA's Citizen's Guide to
Radon.
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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PRIORITY ISSUE 5.0 RADON
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
Note:
Testing on every floor is necessary
to (1) assess whether radon from a
ground-contact source is travelling up-
wards through the building via a chase,
shaft or other pathway; and (2) assess
whether there are building materials
that emit radon. In higher floors where
only one dwelling unit is tested, it can
be useful to test a dwelling unit adja-
cent to potential radon pathways such
as a stairwell or elevator shaft.
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
If radon levels increase from less than
4 pCi/L to 4 pCi/L or higher, complete
radon mitigation consistent with AARST
Radon Mitigation Standards for Mul-
tifamily Buildings, RMS-MF 2014.
Long-term (90-day) samples should be
used to confirm post-upgrade results.
Follow the same mitigation approach if
no pre-work levels were taken and the
post-work radon level is > 4 pCi/L.
MA 5.3 Notify the Building Owner/Prop-
erty Manager About Radon-Reduction
Measures
Notify the building owner and/or prop-
erty manager about the test results and
radon-reduction measures that were
implemented. Inform the building owner
and/or property manager that the radon
testing protocols were completed to en-
sure that the building upgrade work did
not introduce indoor radon problems,
but the protocols did not necessarily
mitigate a prior radon problem in the
building. Advise the building owner and/
or property manager to perform periodic
retesting in areas of the building that
have been mitigated for radon. Encour-
age the building owner and/or property
manager to provide occupants with
information about radon testing results
and mitigation/risk-reduction measures.
Owners should consult EPA's A Citizen's
Guide to Radon for more information
about radon risk and mitigation strate-
gies.
EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULT I FAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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Table 2: Radon Testing Options and Reduction Strategies1
Pre-Work
Test Result and
Precautionary Measures
< 2 pCi/L
Consider precautionary
radon-reduction actions as
part of building upgrade
work, especially covering
exposed earth, air sealing
open sumps, and ensuring
floor drains have traps and
that the traps are not dry.
Post-Work
Test Result
< 2 pCi/L
> 2 and
< 4 pCi/L
>4pCi/L
Minimum Actions
No further minimum action.
Expanded Actions
Complete foundation air sealing
strategies.
Mitigate in accordance with AARST
Radon Mitigation Standards for
Multifamily Buildings, RMS-MF 2014.
For post-work radon levels between 2 and
4 pCi/L, refer the building owner/property
manager to EPA's A Citizen's Guide to
Radon and Consumer's Guide to Radon
Reduction and/or mitigate in accordance
with AARST Radon Mitigation Standards
for Multifamily Buildings, RMS-MF 2014.
> 2 and < 4 pCi/L
Take precautionary
radon-reduction actions:
complete foundation air
sealing strategies as part of
building upgrade work.
< 4 pCi/L
and NOT
higher than
pre-work
level.
No further minimum action.
For post-work radon levels between 2 and
4 pCi/L, refer building owner/property
manager to EPA's A Citizen's Guide to
Radon and Consumer's Guide to Radon
Reduction and/or mitigate in accordance
with AARST Radon Mitigation Standards
for Multifamily Buildings, RMS-MF 2014.
< 4 pCi/L
AND higher
than pre-
work level.
Verify that foundation air sealing
strategies were completed appropriately
and correct deficiencies.
For post-work radon levels between 2 and
4 pCi/L, refer building owner/property
manager to EPA's A Citizen's Guide to
Radon and Consumer's Guide to Radon
Reduction and/or mitigate in accordance
with AARST Radon Mitigation Standards
for Multifamily Buildings, RMS-MF 2014.
>4pCi/L
Mitigate in accordance with AARST
Radon Mitigation Standards for
Multifamily Buildings, RMS-MF 2014.
> 4 pCi/L
Complete all foundation air
sealing strategies as part of
building upgrade work.
< 4 pCi/L
No further minimum action.
For post-work radon levels between 2 and
4 pCi/L, refer building owner/property
manager to EPA's A Citizen's Guide to
Radon and Consumer's Guide to Radon
Reduction and/or mitigate in accordance
with AARST Radon Mitigation Standards
for Multifamily Buildings, RMS-MF 2014.
>4pCi/L
Refer building owner to EPA's
A Citizen's Guide to Radon and
recommend radon mitigation in
accordance with AARST Radon
Mitigation Standards for Multifamily
Buildings, RMS-MF 2014.
Mitigate in accordance with AARST Radon
Mitigation Standards for Multifamily
Buildings, RMS-MF 2014.
No Pre-Work Test
Consider precautionary
radon-reduction actions as
part of building upgrade
work, especially covering
exposed earth, air sealing
open sumps, and ensuring
floor drains have traps and
that the traps are not dry.
< 4 pCi/L
No further minimum action.
For post-work radon levels between 2 and
4 pCi/L, refer building owner/property
manager to EPA's A Citizen's Guide to
Radon and Consumer's Guide to Radon
Reduction and/or mitigate in accordance
with AARST Radon Mitigation Standards
for Multifamily Buildings, RMS-MF 2014.
>4pCi/L
Mitigate in accordance with AARST
Radon Mitigation Standards for
Multifamily Buildings, RMS-MF 2014.
References for Priority Issue 5.0 Radon:
AARST: Protocol for Conducting Radon and Radon Decay Product Measurements in Multifamily Buildings, ANSI/AARST MAMF-2012
AARST: Radon Mitigation Standards for Multifamily Buildings, RMS-MF 2014
ASTM: C920-14a Standard Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants
EPA: A Citizen's Guide to Radon
EPA: Consumer's Guide to Radon Reduction
EPA: Indoor airPLUS Construction Specifications
EPA: Map of Radon Zones Including State Radon Information and Contacts
EPA: Where Can I Get a Radon Test Kit?
1. Note: If the building upgrade involves installation of insulation that moves the thermal boundary to the roof, making the attic a conditioned space, take
precautions to ensure that any active radon mitigation system does not result in radon levels that are equal to or greater than 4 pd/L in the attic.
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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PRIORITY ISSUE 6.0 BELOWGROUND CONTAMINANTS (EXCEPT RADON)
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
AP 6.1 Evaluate Potential Sources and Odors
Perform a walkthrough inspection and visually
evaluate potential sources and check for
gasoline, sewer gas, or fuel oil odors. Pay
particular attention to ground-contact spaces,
mechanical rooms, and areas with drain,
waste and vent piping.
AP 6.2 Evaluate the Sewer Vent System
Visually evaluate the integrity of the sewer
vent system (e.g., ensure drain traps have
water in them, inspect drain lines for breaks
or leaks, check for apparent blockages),
particularly if there is sewer gas odor in the
building (e.g., during the initial assessment or
a fan depressurization test).
AP 6.3 Take Proper Actions if the Odor
Source Cannot be Identified
If an odor is detected but its source cannot
be identified, and the building is in a known
area of contamination, notify local or state
authorities and/or pursue additional assess-
ments before continuing project work.
AP 6.4 Conduct Further Assessment if
Contamination is Suspected
If soil or groundwater contamination is
suspected on or near the building site (e.g.,
former industrial site), volatile contaminants
or breakdown products may pose an IAQ
risk through soil gas intrusion. In such
cases, EPA recommends further assessment
before air sealing. Consult your state or
tribal voluntary Brownfields cleanup program
or environmental regulatory agency for
information on the risks of vapor intrusion in
your area. ASTM E2600 describes a tiered
approach for screening properties for vapor
intrusion and Table X5.1 of the standard
provides a list of state vapor-intrusion
guidance websites.
Note:
A records search of the property and
surrounding areas may provide information
regarding past uses and spill reports.
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
MA 6.1 Repair Unattached Sewer Vent System
Components
Repair or replace failed or unattached sewer
vent system components before proceeding with
building upgrade projects.
MA 6.2 Address Drain Traps Prone to Drying Out
If the assessments reveal sewer gas odors from
drain traps that are dry because of infrequent
use, develop a maintenance plan to periodically
add water to the traps to maintain a seal against
sewer gases. Consider installing inline drain trap
seals on floor drains prone to drying out.
Note:
Because of their continuous usage, drain traps
in sinks, toilets and drinking fountains seldom
are a problem. Usually it is a floor drain in an
obscure location, such as a mechanical room
or a maintenance closet. Dry drain traps in
mechanical rooms are especially problematic
because mechanical rooms often contain
heating, cooling and ventilation systems that
can quickly spread the gases and odors to other
parts of the building. Unitary equipment (e.g.,
heat pumps) can have dry drain traps, which
often results in the undesirable odors being
limited to one room.
MA 6.3 Mitigate Soil Gas Vapor Intrusion
If soil gas vapor intrusion is confirmed during
the assessments, mitigate in compliance with
state or local standards. Table X5.1 of ASTM
E2600 provides a list of state vapor intrusion
guidance websites. If there are no state or local
standards for your area, follow the EPA guidance
referenced below for vapor intrusion evaluation
and mitigation.
Note:
The causes or sources of contaminants must
be identified and corrected before air sealing or
other building upgrade actions are performed to
ensure the problem is not exacerbated.
EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
EA 6.1 Install Floor Drain
Seals to Untrapped Floor
Drains
If there are untrapped
floor drains, install inline
floor drain seals to provide
protection against sewer
gases.
EA 6.2 Install Automatic
Drain Trap Primers
Install automatic drain
trap primers, available
from several major
manufacturers, in drain
traps that are susceptible
to drying out to ensure that
a small amount of water
is periodically delivered to
the trap.
EA 6.3 Take Proper
Measures for Brownfields
Sites During New
Construction or Building
Expansion
Projects located on
Brownfields sites (as
classified by a federal,
state or local government
agency) involving
new construction or
expansion of a ground-
level foundation should
include features to
prevent migration of
soil-gas contaminants
into occupied spaces, as
described in the ASHRAE
Indoor Air Quality Guide,
Strategy 3.4.
References for Priority Issue 6.0 Belowground Contaminants (Except Radon):
ASHRAE: Indoor Air Quality Guide, Strategy 3.4
ASTM: E2600-10 Standard Guide for Vapor Encroachment Screening on Property Involved
Real Estate Transactions
EPA: Building Air Quality Action Plan, Step 2: Develop an IAQ Profile of Your Building, Part 2: Conduct a Walkthrough
EPA: Engineering Issue. Indoor Vapor Intrusion Mitigation Approaches
EPA: IAQ Design Tools for Schools. Preventing the Entry of Pollutants from Outside the Building. Drain Traps
EPA: Technical Guide for Assessing and Mitigating the Vapor Intrusion Pathway from Subsurface Vapor Sources to Indoor Air
EPA: Vapor Intrusion
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULT I FAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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PRIORITY ISSUE 7.0 GARAGE AIR POLLUTANTS
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
AP 7.1 Identify Location and Configura-
tion of Attached Garages
Identify whether the building has any
attached garages. Underground or
tucked-under garages, with or without
openings to the outdoors, should be
considered as attached garages. An
attached carport not open to the outside
on at least two sides also should be
considered an attached garage.
AP 7.2 Check for HVAC Systems Inside
Garage
Identify whether HVAC components
(such as air-handling equipment and
ductwork) serving occupied spaces are
inside the envelope of the attached
garage(s).
AP 7.3 Locate Air Leaks
Using ASTM El 186-03 (2009), identify
all air leaks between the attached ga-
rage(s) and occupied spaces that share
a surface with the garage.
AP 7.4 Determine Presence of Combus-
tion Engines
Identify whether any combustion en-
gines other than automobiles and trucks
are operated in the attached garage(s).
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
MA 7.1 Eliminate or Minimize Unwant-
ed Air Transfer to Dwelling Units Via
Mechanical Equipment and Ductwork
Do not install in a garage new HVAC
equipment or ductwork that serves occu-
pied spaces.
For existing air-handling equipment and
ductwork that serves occupied spaces
and is located in a garage:
• Air seal all ductwork and fittings.
Seal seams, plenums and ductwork
with tape and mastic systems that
meet the applicable requirements
of UL 181A or UL 181B, or gasket
systems.
• Seal gaps around ductwork, pipes
and cables that penetrate the
common walls, floors and ceilings
separating occupied spaces from
garages.
• Because existing air handler cabi-
nets are likely to have high leakage
rates, seal access panel edges with
tape to allow future servicing and
permanently seal all other cabinet
openings.
• Disconnect and remove supply
diffusers and return grilles in the
garage that connect to ductwork
and air handlers serving occupied
spaces; close with end caps and air
seal the gaps.
• If the air handler is part of a natural
or induced draft furnace, replace
the furnace with a power vent or
sealed combustion appliance or
provide all combustion air from the
outdoors according to ANSI Z223.lt
NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code
or the 2012 International Fuel Gas
Code. In low-rise buildings, place
combustion air openings in a vented
attic, where possible.
Note:
Cold climate combustion air louvers
directed to the outdoors may require
interlocked mechanical dampers to
prevent pipe freezing.
EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
EA 7.1 Remove Air-Handling Equipment
from Garages
Relocate air-handling equipment that
serves occupied spaces from the garage
to an area within conditioned space.
EA 7.2 Perform Additional Efforts to
Compartmentalize Garages from Occu-
pied Spaces
• Where concrete block or other
air-permeable material is in place
between a garage and conditioned
space, provide an air barrier mem-
brane or coating on the garage side
of common surfaces to occupied
space.
• Construct a vestibule at doorways
leading from the garage into the
occupied portions of the building
and exhaust vent the vestibule to
the outdoors.
• Enhance the effectiveness of the
garage exhaust system. Consider
designing the garage exhaust system
so that a portion of the exhaust is
used to depressurize common walls,
floors, and ceilings that separate the
garage from occupied space.
Note:
When sealing, the air barrier assembly
must have been evaluated by the Air
Barrier Association of America (ABAA)
and installed according to manufacturer
specifications. Fire rated assemblies
must be sealed using approved fire-rated
materials. The fire rating requirements
supersede the ABAA evaluation require-
ment.
EA 7.3 Recommend Removal of Com-
bustion Engine-Operated Equipment
inside the Garage
Advise the building owner or proper-
ty manager to remove all combustion
engine-operated equipment (except
automobiles and trucks) from inside the
garage, where feasible.
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULT I FAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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ASSESSMENT
PROTOCOLS
(AP)
PRIORITY ISSUE 7.0 GARAGE AIR POLLUTANTS (continued)
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
EXPANDED
ACTIONS (EA)
MA 7.2 Compartmentalize Garage from Occupied Spaces:
Isolate the garage from adjacent occupied spaces. For large openings, use sealed
gypsum wall board in conformance with the 2012 International Building Code
requirements for fire and smoke separation (i.e., at least ¥2" thick on the walls and at
least 54" thick on the ceiling separating the garage and the occupied spaces above).
Tightly seal all penetrations, including electrical, plumbing and duct penetrations
through common walls, floors and ceilings separating occupied spaces from garages.
• In occupied conditioned spaces above the garage, seal all connecting floor and
ceiling joist bays.
• In occupied conditioned spaces next to the garage, apply weather stripping to all
doors, and seal all cracks at or between the mud sill, rim joists, subfloors and/or the
bottom of gypsum board.
• Ensure a carbon monoxide alarm is installed in every room that shares a floor, ceiling
or wall with the garage.
If possible, include a vestibule that provides an airlock between the garage and adjacent
occupiable spaces, or provide self-closing gasketed doors with deck-to-deck partitions or
a hard lid ceiling.
Note:
When air sealing, the air barrier assembly must have been evaluated by the ABAA and
installed according to manufacturer specifications. Fire-rated assemblies must be sealed
using approved fire-rated materials. The fire rating requirements supersede the ABAA
evaluation requirement.
Provide an exhaust fan in the garage, vented directly to the outdoors. The exhaust rate
shall be at least 0.75 cubic feet per minute (cfm) per square foot of garage floor area,
with no air recirculation, provided continuously. Add gaskets to any doors or ports that
allow access for exhaust fan servicing.
Exception:
Garages that meet the requirements for open parking garages, as defined by
2012 International Building Code, Section 406.5.2 Openings.
Advise the building owner or property manager that the use of engine-operated
equipment other than automobiles or trucks in the garage may generate pollutants that
can negatively affect occupied spaces.
References for Priority Issue 7.0 Garage Air Pollutants:
ABAA: Air Barrier Materials, Components, Assemblies & Systems
ANSI Z223.1/NFPA 54: National Fuel Gas Code
ASTM E1186-03 (2009): Standard Practices for Air Leakage Site Detection in Building Envelopes and Air Barrier Systems
DOE: Standard Work Specifications for Multi-Family Home Energy Upgrades, Sections 3.1501.2, 3.1502.1 and 3.1502.2
International Code Council: International Building Code, 2012 Edition, Section 406.5.2
International Code Council: International Fuel Gas Code, 2012 Edition
UL: Fire-Resistance and Smoke Protection
UL 181A: Standard for Closure Systems for Use With Rigid Air Ducts
UL 181B: Standard for Closure Systems for Use With Flexible Air Ducts and Air Connectors
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULT I FAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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PRIORITY ISSUE 8.0 PESTS
ASSESSMENT
PROTOCOLS (AP)
AP8.1 Identify Potential
Pests and Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) Resources
Identify pests likely to
colonize the building based
on project location. Identify
and acquire resources to
assist with implementing IPM
(e.g., state/county extension,
publications and online
resources, nongovernmental
organizations, pest
management professionals
with expertise in IPM),
including the proper
identification of pests.
AP 8.2 Identify Evidence of
Pests
Identify evidence of pests
(e.g., rodents, squirrels,
termites, birds, bats,
cockroaches) in common
areas and dwelling units.
Note the location and identify
pest-contaminated materials.
Determine whether pesticides
(rodenticides, insecticides,
fungicides) presently are being
used. See Minimum Action
8.1 for minimum actions to
address pest infestations.
Notes:
(1) Areas that have a
significant potential for
pest infestations include
attics, basements,
crawlspaces, and around
chimneys, mechanical
stacks and plumbing
cleanouts.
(2) Termites and some other
types of pest infestations
often are an indication
of moisture problems.
See Priority Issue 1.0
Moisture Control and Mold
for diagnosing moisture
problems.
AP 8.3 Assess Whether the
Building Has an IPM Plan
Consult with building
management to determine
whether the building has
an IPM plan or other pest
management plan and the
degree to which the plan is
being followed.
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
MA 8.1 Mitigate Pest Infestations
• If there is indication of current or past infestations within the
building, seek assistance from a professional who ensures IPM
practices with their pest management services (some examples may
include GreenPro, Green Shield, or equivalently trained IPM
professionals).
Do not begin work in pest-infested zones until infested materials
are properly removed. In some cases, professional assistance may
be needed to remove infested materials.
Note-
Many states require pest management professionals to be licensed.
MA 8.2 Reduce Potential for Pest Entry
Block, seal and eliminate pest entry points around the building
envelope. Examples include gaps around doors and windows,
between the foundation and the upper portion of the building, and
around utility pipes, conduits or wires.
MA 8.3 Patch Openings to Eliminate Rodent Pathways
In areas with evidence of rodent infestation, patch and seal exterior
holes that are larger than Vi" by /4" with pest-resistant materials
(e.g., copper mesh, hardware cloth, sheet metal, concrete) before
applying weatherization materials that may be susceptible to
gnawing by rodents (e.g., caulk or foam).
MA 8.4 Block Pest Movement Through Building
Reduce risk of pest dispersal throughout the building by sealing
and blocking passageways that pests can use to move freely to
obtain food, water and harborage. This includes gaps around floor
and ceiling joists; penetrations in walls, floors and ceilings; and
openings around shafts and chutes.
MA 8.5 Protect Outdoor Air Intakes and Exhausts
Protect air intakes from bird and pest entry (e.g., cover openings
with corrosion-resistant ^"-screen or galvanized mesh). Similarly,
protect exhaust vents from rodent, bird and pest entry (e.g., cover
openings with louvers). Avoid creating conditions that can clog
exhaust vents.
Advise the property manager to regularly inspect, clean and repair
screens or louvers over air intakes and exhausts (e.g., at least semi-
annually or when replacing HVAC filters). Make sure that rooftop air
handlers, including exhaust fans, are air sealed to their roof curbs
to prevent pest entry.
MA 8.6 Do Not Disturb Existing Pest Protections
Do not disturb or eliminate any building-related materials that are
in place to exclude pests. If temporary disruption is necessary for
a project, provide appropriate protection from pest entry while the
pest barriers are removed.
MA 8.7 Keep Vegetation and Clutter Away From Building and
Mechanical Systems Components
Remove clutter, eliminate woodpiles and waste near the building,
and remove any bushes, trees or other vegetation within 2 feet of
the structure. Keep vegetation away from outdoor air intakes and
outdoor mechanical equipment. Do not pile soil or mulch against
the building's exterior walls.
EXPANDED
ACTIONS (EA)
EA8.1 Create an IPM
Plan
Mlf there is no IPM
plan for the
building, work with the
building owner and/or
property manager to
develop and implement
one. Use the HUD,
National Center for
Healthy Housing
(NCHH)and Local
Initiatives Support
Corporation (LISC)
resources listed below
when developing the
plan. Use pamphlets
and active engagement
(e.g., information
sessions, peer-to-peer
education) to teach
property managers and
occupants about IPM.
Refer to Appendix B for
more information about
property management
and occupant
education on IPM.
EA 8.2 Use Scalable
Garbage Containers
Outside
Ensure exterior garbage
cans and dumpsters
are scalable and
sanitized regularly.
Appendix B: Property Management and Occupant Education
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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References for Priority Issue 8.0 Pests:
ASHRAE: Indoor Air Quality Guide, Strategy 3.6
CDC: Rodents
EPA: Introduction to Integrated Pest Management, Principles of IPM
Green Shield: Green Shield Certified
HUD: HUD's Guidance on Integrated Pest Management
LISC: Green & Healthy Property Management: A Guide for Multifamily Buildings
National Pest Management Association: Green Pro Certified
NCHH: Integrated Pest Management: A Guide for Affordable Housing
NCHH: Integrated Pest Management in Multifamily Housing
San Francisco Department of the Environment: Pest Prevention by Design Guidelines
U.S. Department of Agriculture: Cooperative Extension System Offices
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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PRIORITY ISSUE 9.0 TRACKED-IN POLLUTANTS
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
AP 9.1 Inspect Floor Surfaces at
Building Common Entrances
Inspect all building common entrances
for walk-off mats or entry mat systems.
Note accumulation of dirt or moisture
on interior floors near building entrances
that might indicate need for walk-off
mats or entryway floor-cleaning systems.
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
MA 9.1 Provide Walk-Off Mats
Provide walk-off mats to trap dirt
and moisture at all building common
entrances. The mats need to be long
enough to allow at least five full steps
for people entering the building (a
minimum of 10 feet long). Walk-off
mats should be regularly vacuumed and
cleaned according to manufacturer's
printed instructions. Mats should have
anti-slip backings or other means to
reduce sliding and tripping hazards.
Mats should not be placed over carpeted
areas and should have an impervious,
readily cleanable surface beneath them.
Note:
Mats should be periodically moved and
allowed to dry. Mats in high-traffic areas
and over vinyl flooring should be moved
and allowed to dry frequently during
wet weather conditions (e.g., on a daily
basis).
EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
EA 9.1 Install Permanent Entryway
Systems
Install permanent entryway systems
at all regularly used building common
entrances to capture dirt and moisture,
as described in ASHRAE Standard
189.1-2014, Section 8.3.1.5 or EPA's
IAQ Design Tools for Schools, Entry Mat
Barriers. The entryway system should:
• Provide a scraper surface, an
absorption surface and a finishing
surface, in sequence in the direction
of travel into the building.
• Be as wide as the entry doors.
• Have anti-slip backings or other
locking mechanisms to reduce sliding
and tripping hazards.
• Be designed for regular cleaning to
remove accumulated dirt.
• Not be installed over an existing
walk-off mat or other entryway
system.
References for Priority Issue 9.0 Tracked-ln Pollutants:
ASHRAE: Indoor Air Quality Guide, Strategy 3.5
ASHRAE Standard 189.1-2014, Section 8.3.1.5
EPA: IAQ Design Tools for Schools, Entry Mat Barriers
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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PRIORITY ISSUE 10.0 BUILDING PRODUCTS/MATERIALS EMISSIONS
ASSESSMENT
PROTOCOLS (AP)
AP 10.1 Review Content and Emissions
Documentation for New Products
Review information on the chemical
content and emissions for products
being considered for purchase and
installation during the building
upgrade project to determine whether
they contain potentially hazardous
compounds. Many of these products and
materials (e.g., plywood, particleboard,
pressed wood, insulation, paints,
sealants, cleaning supplies) can contain
volatile organic compounds VOCs or
other hazardous compounds to which
exposure should be minimized or
eliminated during and after the upgrade
project.
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
MA 10.1 Select Least Toxic Materials
EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
When installing new products
and materials, use the least toxic
product or material feasible to do
the job effectively. For example, use
products and materials that indicate
they have (or are certified as having)
low-VOC content or low-VOC emissions
and follow manufacturers' printed
instructions for use.
Where possible, specify products
and materials that meet independent
certification and testing protocols, such
as the following:
• California Department of Public
Health, Standard Method for the
Testing and Evaluation of Volatile
Organic Chemical Emissions from
Indoor Sources using Environmental
Chambers (Emission Testing Method
for California Specification 01350)
• Carpet and Rug Institute Green
Label Plus program criteria, or
equivalent standards for carpet
• Collaborative for High Performance
Schools High Performance Products
Database
• Green Seal Standard GS-11
• GREENGUARD Gold Certification
Program
• Master Painters Institute Green
Performance Standards X-Green,
GPS-1 or GPS-2
• Resilient Floor Covering Institute,
FloorScore®
• Scientific Certification Systems,
SCS-10.2-2007, Indoor Advantage
Gold
• Insulation products that contain
no added formaldehyde and are
moisture resistant.
MA 10.2 Use Low-Emitting Wood and
Composite-Wood Products
When installing structural plywood or
pressed or composite wood products,
select those that are certified compliant
with California Title 7 Airborne Toxics
Control Measures (ATCM) to reduce
EA 10.1 Air Out New Materials
Where possible, air out new materials in
a well-ventilated, clean and dry space
prior to installation. Off-site opening of
wrapped or tightly packaged materials to
facilitate this conditioning step also is
acceptable.
EA 10.2 Seal Composite Wood Products
Seal composite wood products (e.g.,
particleboard and pressed wood) that
are not compliant with California
Title 17 ATCM or that do not meet
Section 6.1 of EPA's Indoor airPLUS
Construction Specifications with
a sealant intended to reduce VOC
emissions. Seal all exposed surfaces
and holes, as appropriate. Check with
vendors for recommendations on sealing
their engineered wood products.
EA 10.3 Investigate and Correct
Contaminant Source Problems After
Building Modifications
If odors or complaints indicate VOCs
or other airborne contaminants after
work has been completed, remove
any potential sources (e.g., art/craft
materials, fiberglass that may contain
formaldehyde) from the room or area.
If removal is not feasible, consider
installing local exhaust ventilation
for sources that are limited to a
specific room or area, at least on a
temporary basis until the off gassing
has subsided. If these actions do not
solve the problem (e.g., persistent
odors, occupant complaints), hiring an
environmental professional and testing
may be necessary.
EA 10.4 Post-Construction Flush-Out
or Post-Construction Baseline IAQ
Monitoring Per ASHRAE Standard
189.1
After construction is completed, meet
the requirements of ASHRAE Standard
189.1-2014, Section 10.3.1.4(b) for
either a flush out or Post-Construction
baseline IAQ monitoring before
occupancy resumes in the renovated
building/spaces.
A flush-out period longer than specified
in ASHRAE Standard 189.1-2014 can
See Appendix A: Worker Protection
Appendix B: Property Management and Occupant Education
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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PRIORITY ISSUE 10.0 BUILDING PRODUCTS/MATERIALS EMISSIONS (continued)
ASSESSMENT
PROTOCOLS (AP)
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
formaldehyde emissions. If California Title 17 ATCM
compliant materials are not available, use wood
products that meet Section 6.1 of EPA's Indoor airPLUS
Construction Specifications or composite wood products
that contain no added formaldehyde.
Notes:
(1) California Title 17 ATCM regulations require reduced
formaldehyde emissions from composite wood products
and finished goods that contain composite wood
products sold, offered for sale, supplied, used or
manufactured for sale in California.
(2) Title VI of TSCA sets national formaldehyde emission
standards for composite wood products that are
identical to California's Phase II emission standards.
EPA currently is developing the regulations to
implement these standards nationally.
MA 10.3 Post-Construction Flush-Out With Outdoor Air
After construction is completed, ventilate the renovated
building/spaces with the design outdoor air ventilation rates
before occupancy resumes. Ensure that HVAC systems are
operational and capable of adequately controlling indoor
humidity levels during the flush out. Do not conduct a
"bake-out" in an attempt to reduce VOC emissions after
the building is occupied, because it may cause VOCs to
be absorbed by other interior materials and may damage
building components.
If possible, follow the post-construction flush-out
requirements specified in ASHRAE Standard 189.1-2014,
Section 10.3.1.4(b), which requires a total number of air
changes corresponding to the ventilation system operating
at its design outdoor airflow rate continuously, 24 hours per
day for 14 days. A longer flush-out period can be used if
there are concerns or complaints about IAQ after the initial
flush out. Additional, periodic flush out also may be needed
for spaces that have intermittent or infrequent occupancy
and are not ventilated for extended periods.
MA 10.4 Limit VOC Absorption During Construction
Follow guidance outlined in Minimum Action 23.4 to
protect absorptive materials during construction.
EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
be used if there are concerns or
complaints about IAQ after the initial
flush out. Additional, periodic flush out
also may be needed for spaces that have
intermittent or infrequent occupancy
and are not ventilated for extended
periods.
EA 10.5 Promote Transparency of
Chemical Constituents in Products and
Materials
STo promote transparency of
chemical constituents associated
with the manufacture of a product and
substances residing in the final product,
require products that have submitted
their complete chemical inventory to a
third party for verification. Make the
verification/certification by the third
party publicly available.
References for Priority Issue 10.0 Building Products/Materials Emissions:
ASHRAE: Indoor Air Quality Guide, Strategies 5.1 and 5.2
ASHRAE Standard 189.1-2014, Sections 10.3.1.4 and 10.3.1.4(b)
California Department of Public Health: Standard Method for the Testing and Evaluation of Volatile Organic Chemical Emissions from Indoor
Sources using Environmental Chambers (Emission Testing Method for California Specification 01350)
California Title 17 ATCM to Reduce Formaldehyde Emissions from Composite Wood Products
Carpet and Rug Institute: Green Label Plus
Collaborative for High Performance Schools: High Performance Products Database
EPA: Formaldehyde Emission Standards for Composite Wood Products
EPA: Volatile Organic Compounds' Impact on Indoor Air Quality
EPA: Indoor airPLUS Construction Specifications
Green Seal: Green Seal Standard for Paints and Coatings, GS-11
Master Painters Institute: MPI Green Performance Standards GPS-1-12 or GPS-2-12 or Extreme Green
Resilient Floor Covering Institute: FloorScore®
Scientific Certification Systems: SCS-EC10.2-2007, Environmental Certification Program, Indoor Air Quality Performance
TSCA Title VI: Formaldehyde Standards for Composite Wood Products
UL Environment: GREENGUARD Gold Certification Program
E9
HH Appendix B: Property Management and Occupant Education
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULT I FAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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PRIORITY ISSUE 11.0 VENTED COMBUSTION APPLIANCES
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
EXPANDED
ACTIONS (EL
AP 11.1 Complete a Combustion Safety
Inspection
Complete a safety inspection of all
vented combustion equipment in
the building (e.g., furnaces, boilers,
water heaters). The inspection shall
include observations for applicable
code requirements including proper
clearances, condition of venting,
assessment of the potential for back-
drafting, integrity of fuel lines, safety
of electrical connections and condition
of the appliance itself. Document
deficiencies and proposed repairs.
• For gas-fired appliances and
equipment, make this assessment
using applicable installation
standards, including the National
Fuel Gas Code, ANSI Z223.1/NFPA
54, the applicable ANSI Z21 gas-
fired appliance safety standards, and
manufacturer's printed instructions.
Determine whether gas-fired
appliance installations comply with
Section 9.3 "Air for Combustion
and Ventilation" of ANSI Z223.1/
NFPA 54 for proper venting,
including influences of other
building ventilation and exhausting
equipment.
• For oil-fired appliances and
equipment, make this assessment
using applicable installation
standards, including the Standard
for the Installation of Oil-Burning
Equipment, ANSI/NFPA 31, the
applicable ANSI/UL oil-fired
appliance safety standard, and
manufacturer's printed instructions.
• Performance test vented combustion
appliances to ensure proper draft
under worstcase depressurization.
• Identify combustion appliances that
have pilot burners.
• Determine whether carbon monoxide
(CO) detection and warning
equipment is installed in dwelling
units and other locations within the
building (e.g., mechanical rooms
with combustion equipment).
MA 11.1 Correct Deficiencies and
Ensure Proper Operation of Combustion
Equipment
Correct all deficiencies identified during
the assessments and ensure compliance
with applicable codes and standards.
Test combustion equipment for proper
draft and venting under worst-case
conditions before and after building
upgrade measures that affect envelope
leakage and airflows (e.g., air sealing,
insulation and the addition or upgrade
of exhaust fans). Repair, remove, or
replace combustion equipment and
address other issues or deficiencies as
needed to meet the applicable codes
and standards.
Note:
All equipment removals should include
proper disposal so that hazardous units
are not reinstalled or used elsewhere.
Address depressurization and potential
back drafting problems (e.g., with
combustion make-up air, fan interlocks,
transfer grilles, jumper ducts, louvered
doors, door undercuts, duct leakage
repair), or adjust the exhaust equipment
causing the problems provided it
does not conflict with the specific
exhaust requirements for spaces
served by the exhaust equipment.
Ensure that combustion appliances
are installed with sufficient access for
proper maintenance and are operating
in compliance with the original
manufacturer's printed specifications.
MA 11.2 Ensure Proper Exhaust
Locations
Ensure combustion exhaust is captured
as close to the combustion source as
possible, exhausted directly outdoors,
and not vented into other indoor
spaces such as attics, crawlspaces or
basements.
MA 11.3 Ensure Adequate Make-Up Air
Ensure that vented appliances have
sufficient make-up air to replace vented
air and maintain normal operating
conditions.
EA 11.1 Install Power Vented or Sealed
Combustion Equipment
If replacing combustion equipment
located in occupied or conditioned
spaces as part of the building upgrade,
recommend power-vented or sealed-
combustion equipment. Install new
combustion equipment in accordance
with ACCA Standard 5.
EA 11.2 Upgrade Combustion
Appliances
Consider replacing older, lower
efficiency appliances that have
pilot burners with higher efficiency
appliances incorporating electronic
ignition.
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULT I FAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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PRIORITY ISSUE 11.0 VENTED COMBUSTION APPLIANCES (continued)
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
EXPANDED
ACTIONS (EA)
MA 11.4 Ensure Proper Boiler Operation
Ensure that boiler-firing adjustments are working
properly so that soot is not dispelled out of the
atmospheric dampers into boiler rooms. Confirm
that boilers do not release black smoke through the
chimney for more than a very brief period.
MA 11.5 Ensure CO Detection and Warning
Equipment is Installed
£9. Ensure CO detection and warning equipment is
installed and located according to NFPA 720 and any
applicable local or state requirements.
References for Priority Issue 11.0 Vented Combustion Appliances:
ACCA: Standard 5 QI-2015, HVAC Quality Installation Specification
ANSI Z223.1/NFPA 54: National Fuel Gas Code
ANSI Z21 Series Standards for Residential Gas-Fired Appliances
DOE: Standard Work Specifications for Multi-Family Home Energy Upgrades, Section 5.3102.2, Venting Sealed Combustion Appliances
DOE: Standard Work Specifications for Multi-Family Home Energy Upgrades, Section 5, Heating and Cooling
NFPA 31: Standard for Installation of Oil-Burning Equipment
NFPA 211: Standard for Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents, and Solid Fuel-Burning Appliances
NFPA 720: Standard for the Installation of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Detection and Warning Equipment
Appendix B: Property Management and Occupant Education
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULT I FAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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PRIORITY ISSUE 12.0 UNVENTED COMBUSTION APPLIANCES
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
AP 12.1 Identify Unvented Combustion
Appliances and Applicable Regulations
Identify any unvented gas or kerosene
space heaters or vent-free combustion
appliances (e.g., ovens, cooktops,
fireplaces).
Determine whether any local or state
regulations prohibiting these devices
apply.
Check locations of unvented gas or
kerosene space heaters and assess the
potential for the unvented heaters to
influence the thermostat that controls
the primary heat source (e.g., the
central heating system). Assess the
potential for the space heaters to
override the operation of the primary
heat source.
Determine whether CO detection
and warning equipment is installed
in dwelling units with unvented
combustion appliances.
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
MA 12.1 Ensure Adequate Exhaust and
Ventilation in Kitchens Equipped with
Gas Cooking Appliances
Ensure ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013
requirements, and any applicable
building code requirements, for local
exhaust and outdoor air ventilation
are met for kitchens equipped with
gas cooking appliances. Ensure that
kitchen exhaust fans vent directly to
the outdoors. See Priority Issue 21.0
Local Exhaust Ventilation for additional
guidance.
MA 12.2 Remove Unvented Combustion
Space Heaters
With the occupants' permission, remove
any unvented gas or kerosene space
heaters that do not conform to local
or state regulations. If the heaters are
used as the primary source of heat for
a space, replace them with electric
or vented, code-compliant heating
systems.
Note:
All equipment removals should include
proper disposal so that hazardous units
are not reinstalled or used elsewhere.
With the occupants' permission, remove
other unvented heaters, except when
used as a secondary heat source and it
can be confirmed that the unit is listed
to ANSI Z21.11.2. Heaters that are
not listed to ANSI Z21.11.2 should be
removed prior to the building upgrade,
if feasible, but may remain until a
replacement heating system is in place.
If occupants object to these
recommendations:
• Provide occupants with information
about the hazards of improperly
operating unvented space heaters
or vent-free appliances including,
for example the manufacturers'
written instructions and CPSC's
Carbon Monoxide Questions
and Answers and EPA's Carbon
Monoxide's Impact on Indoor
Air Quality. The manufacturers'
instructions may specify open
windows during operation because
use of the device requires adequate
or additional ventilation to remove
products of combustion such as
CO, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide,
particulate matter and water vapor.
EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
This cell is intentionally blank.
Appendix B: Property Management and Occupant Education
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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PRIORITY ISSUE 12.0 UNVENTED COMBUSTION APPLIANCES (continued)
ASSESSMENT
PROTOCOLS (AP)
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
• Suggest occupants replace gas-fired unvented space heaters not
listed to ANSI Z21.11.2 with a vented appliance or, at a minimum,
consider upgrading the heater to a new model consistent with ANSI
Z21.11.2.
• Inform occupants if any unvented combustion space heaters or vent-
free gas fireplaces appear to be oversized for their application.
Note:
The proper size of a space heater depends on a room's dimensions and
its heat loss characteristics. A 5,000 BTU/hour space heater often can
be a suitable size for a room with a floor area of 150 square feet.
MA 12.3 Advise Occupants on Proper Operation and Maintenance
Advise occupants to always consult and follow the manufacturer's
printed instructions for proper operation and maintenance. If the
manufacturer's instructions are not available, advise or assist occupants
in obtaining replacement instructions.
Note:
The Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) can
be a source of information to obtain manufacturers' instructions for
unvented combustion appliances.
Advise occupants that unvented space heaters should not be used in
a manner that influences the thermostat controlling the primary heat
source, thereby causing the space heater to operate in place of the
primary heat source.
MA 12.4 Ensure CO Detection and Warning Equipment is Installed
• Ensure CO detection and warning equipment is installed and
located according to NFPA 720 and any applicable local or state
requirements.
EXPANDED
ACTIONS (EA)
This cell is intentionally
blank.
References for Priority Issue 12.0 Unvented Combustion Appliances:
AHRI
ANSI Z21.11.2-2013: Gas-Fired Room Heaters, Volume II, Unvented Room Heaters
ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013: Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise Residential Buildings
CPSC: Carbon Monoxide Questions and Answers
DOE: Standard Work Specifications for Multi-Family Home Energy Upgrades, Section 2.0202.1, Unvented Space Heaters
EPA: Carbon Monoxide's Impact on Indoor Air Quality
NFPA 720: Standard for the Installation of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Detection and Warning Equipment
Appendix B: Property Management and Occupant Education
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULT I FAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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PRIORITY ISSUE 13.0 OZONE FROM INDOOR SOURCES
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
AP 13.1 Determine the Presence of
Ozone-Producing Equipment
In every dwelling unit where an audit
and/or upgrade will occur, determine
whether any air-cleaning devices de-
signed to intentionally produce ozone
(i.e., ozone generators) are present.
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
MA 13.1 Avoid Air-Cleaning Equipment
that Intentionally Produces Ozone
Do not install air-cleaning devices
designed to produce ozone (i.e., ozone
generators).
Recommend removal of air-cleaning
devices designed to produce ozone
intentionally, if present.
EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
This cell is intentionally blank.
References for Priority Issue 13.0 Ozone from Indoor Sources:
California EPA Air Resources Board (GARB): Hazardous Ozone-Generating "Air Purifiers"
EPA: Ozone Generators that are Sold as Air Cleaners
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULT I FAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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PRIORITY ISSUE 14.0 ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE (ETS)
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
AP 14.1 Determine Whether There is a
Smoke-Free Policy
Determine whether the building has a
smoke-free policy prohibiting smoking in
common areas and residential dwelling
units.
AP 14.2 Determine Whether There is an
Exterior Smoking Policy
Determine whether the building
has an exterior smoking policy that
prohibits smoking within a specified
distance (e.g., 10, 20 or 25 feet) of the
building's operable windows, outdoor air
intakes and entryways.
AP 14.3 Identify Occupants' Smoking-
Related Concerns
Determine whether there has been a
pattern of complaints from occupants
about smoking odors or other smoking-
related concerns.
AP 14.4 Assess Whether
Compartmentalization is a Possible ETS
Control Strategy
Identify spaces in the building with
strong ETS sources that can be
isolated using Compartmentalization
techniques. The intent is to reduce ETS
migration by maintaining airtightness,
controlling pressure differences, and
limiting uncontrolled airflow and cross
contamination among spaces.
• Identify the ETS migration pathways
due to pressure differences within
the building and across the building
envelope, which can be caused by a
variety of factors (e.g., thermal stack
effect, mechanical ventilation if not
properly designed and maintained,
inadequate air balance, operation of
combustion appliances).
• Make visual observations or use
infrared thermography, chemical
smoke, and/or pressure testing
to identify all penetrations at the
perimeter of the space/dwelling unit
that can be air sealed to reduce ETS
transfer. ASTM El 186-03 (2009)
Standard Practices for Air Leakage
Site Detection in Building Envelopes
and Air Barrier Systems can be used
to guide the air sealing assessment
work.
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
MA 14.1 Actions to Take if There is
a Smoke-Free Policy and a History of
Complaints
£9. If there is a pattern of complaints
and the building has an interior and/or
exterior smoke-free policy, discuss
occupant education, signage and
implementation methods with the
building owner and/or property manager.
Review the policies and revise as
necessary. If feasible, increase the
distances of exterior smoking areas from
operable windows, outdoor air intakes
and building entrances.
MA 14.2 Actions to Take if There is Not
a Smoke-Free Policy
If there is a pattern of complaints and
the building does not have an interior
and exterior smoke-free policy, take the
appropriate actions, when feasible, in
the following order, for the most effective
ETS control strategy: (1) Source Control,
(2) Ventilation and Air-Pressure Control,
and (3) Air Sealing.
1. Source Control
• £9. Propose developing and
implementing a smoke-free policy to
the building management. See
Appendix B: Property Management
and Occupant Education for
guidance on implementing a
smoke-free policy.
Note:
Eliminating ETS through a building-wide
smoke-free policy is the most effective,
and cost efficient, method of controlling
ETS. There is no safe level of ETS
exposure and no engineering technique
can eliminate ETS infiltration. This
guidance recognizes that eliminating
smoking in all multifamily residential
buildings is not immediately possible.
Therefore, alternative techniques for
reducing exposure also are discussed.
• Propose including an exterior
smoking policy that prohibits
smoking within a specified distance
(e.g., 10, 20 or 25 feet) from
the building's operable windows,
entryways and outdoor air intakes.
EA 14.1 Additional Actions if There is a
History of Complaints and a Smoke-Free
Policy is Not Feasible
If there is a pattern of ETS-related
complaints and a smoke-free policy is
not feasible:
• Follow the Expanded Actions
guidance in Priority Issues 18.0
through 21.0, as applicable to the
type of ventilation system.
• Provide air sealing in separating
walls, floors and ceilings such that
dwelling units demonstrate less
than 0.3 cfm leakage per square
foot of enclosure area (i.e., sum
of all wall, ceiling and floor areas)
at 50 Pascals pressure difference,
or as low a pressure difference as
possible, during a blower door test
conducted according to either ASTM
E779-10 Standard Test Method
for Determining Air Leakage Rate
by Fan Pressurization or ASTM
E1827-11 Standard Test Methods
for Determining Airtightness of
Buildings Using an Orifice Blower
Door. The test shall be conducted as
if the dwelling unit tested is exposed
to outdoor air on all sides, top,
and bottom by opening doors and
windows in adjacent dwelling units.
Notes:
(1) A progressive sampling strategy,
as defined in Chapter 4 of the
Residential Manual for Compliance
with California's 2001 Energy
Efficiency Standards, can be
employed in performing the blower
door test.
(2) The activities above are intended to
further reduce, but not eliminate,
ETS migration.
(3) When air sealing, the air barrier
assembly must have been evaluated
by the Air Barrier Association of
America (ABAA) and installed
according to the manufacturer's
specifications. Fire-rated assemblies
must be sealed using approved
fire-rated materials. The fire rating
requirements supersede the ABAA
evaluation requirement.
Appendix B: Property Management and Occupant Education
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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PRIORITY ISSUE 14.0 ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE (ETS) (continued)
ASSESSMENT
PROTOCOLS (AP)
Inspect and identify
all joints, seams
and leaks in the
ventilation duct
system than can be
sealed.
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
Consider following ASHRAE Standard 189.1-2014, which specifies a 25-foot
minimum separation distance for exterior smoking areas.
• Propose identifying dwelling units where smoking is not allowed, and physically
locate these units as far as possible from units where smoking is allowed. Wind-
or temperature-induced stack effect and window operation can have a large
impact on air transfer between units on different floors. If possible, locate the
smoking units higher in the building where there often is more air exfiltration
to the outdoors, which also will make the other compartmentalization strategies
more effective (see Priority Issue 16.0).
2. Ventilation and Air-Pressure Control
• Follow the Minimum Actions in Priority Issues 18.0 through 21.0, as applicable
to the type of ventilation system.
• For dwelling units served by a central exhaust ventilation system, balance
airflows for each unit by sealing duct/shaft leaks and installing air balancing
devices (such as constant airflow regulators or orifice plates) at the exhaust
points in each dwelling unit. When flows are the same from adjacent dwelling
units with similar leakage characteristics, there is less potential for air and odor
transfer between units.
• If possible, increase outdoor air supply ventilation rates to non-smoking dwelling
units to pressurize the units and reduce infiltration.
3. Air Sea I ins
EXPANDED
ACTIONS (EA)
Air sealing may be performed in smoking units, non-smoking units or both. Some
air leakage pathways are very difficult to access in existing buildings. It often takes
successive rounds of air sealing to reduce migration of ETS, and it is very difficult
to eliminate all leakage between dwelling units.
• Identify potential areas of uncontrolled ETS leakage from adjacent units via
visual inspection, infrared thermography, chemical smoke and/or pressure
testing. ASTM El 186-03 (2009) Standard Practices for Air Leakage Site
Detection in Building Envelopes and Air Barrier Systems can be used to guide
the air sealing assessment work.
• Reduce ETS transfer between adjacent units by sealing vertical shafts, joints
and penetrations in adjoining walls, ceilings and floors.
o Find and seal the largest openings first, for example: joints around plumbing
penetrations, joints around ventilation openings, lighting penetrations,
openings behind baseboard heaters, electrical outlets, etc.
o To track progress during sealing, a blower door depressurization test of
airflow at a pressure difference of 50 Pascals can be used. Note that exhaust
duct systems should be temporarily sealed off during the blower door
depressurization test.
• Apply weather-stripping to all doors between dwelling units and common
hallways to minimize air leakage into the hallways. If the existing ventilation
system relies on make-up air provided to dwelling units by pressurized corridors,
do not weather-strip unit entry doors and restore or repair the make-up air
system as needed.
• If make-up air is not provided by pressurized corridor systems, provide outdoor
make-up air to each unit (e.g., trickle vents) and do not install pressurized
corridor make-up air systems.
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULT I FAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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PRIORITY ISSUE 14.0 ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE (ETS) (continued)
ASSESSMENT
PROTOCOLS (AP)
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
EXPANDED
ACTIONS (EA)
Notes:
(1) The activities above are intended to reduce ETS migration but will not
eliminate it.
(2) The above air sealing strategies are intended to help reduce the exposure of
occupants in non-smoking units adjacent to smokers' units. These actions are
unlikely to reduce the risks of ETS to occupants living in the smokers' units.
(3) When air sealing, the air barrier assembly must have been evaluated by the Air
Barrier Association of America (ABAA) and installed according to manufacturer
specifications. Fire-rated assemblies must be sealed using approved fire-
rated materials. The fire rating requirements supersede the ABAA evaluation
requirements.
(4) Also refer to Priority Issue 16.0 Compartmentalization to Prevent Odor or
Unwanted Air Transfer.
References for Priority Issue 14.0 Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS):
ABAA: Air Barrier Materials, Components, Assemblies & Systems
ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013: Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise Residential Buildings
ASHRAE Standard 189.1-2014: Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings
ASTM E779-10: Standard Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate by Fan Pressurization
ASTM E1186-03 (2009): Standard Practices for Air Leakage Site Detection in Building Envelopes and Air Barrier Systems
ASTM E1827-11: Standard Test Methods for Determining Airtightness of Buildings Using an Orifice Blower Door
California Energy Commission: Residential Manual for Compliance with California's 2001 Energy Efficiency Standards, Chapter 4 Compliance
Through Quality Construction
MNCEE: Reduction of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Transfer in Minnesota Multifamily Buildings Using Air Sealing and Ventilation Treatments
NCHH: Improving Ventilation in Existing or New Buildings with Central Roof Exhaust
NCHH: Improving Ventilation in Multi-Family Buildings That Do Not Have Fan-Powered Ventilation
NCHH: Improving Ventilation in New and Existing Multi-Family Buildings with Individual Unit Ventilation Systems
UL: Fire-Resistance and Smoke Protection
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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PRIORITY ISSUE 15.0 WOOD SMOKE AND OTHER SOLID FUEL EMISSIONS
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
AP 15.1 Determine Whether Wood- or Coal-Burning Appliances Are
Present
Determine whether there are wood- or coal-burning appliances (e.g.,
wood stove or furnace, wood pellet stove, fireplace) in the building. If a
building policy on wood- and coal-burning devices exists, review it for
compatibility with the Minimum Actions in this section.
AP 15.2 Assess Proper Size and Operation of Wood- or Coal-Burning
Appliances
Assess what the proper size of any wood- or coal-burning appliances
will be after the building upgrade is complete. If the current unit is
oversized, recommend replacement with a properly sized, EPA-certified
appliance.
AP 15.3 Determine Evidence of Wood Smoke Emissions
If wood- or coal-burning appliances are present, use any of the following
practices to determine whether there is evidence of wood smoke
emissions affecting the building:
• Look for evidence of soot on the walls or ceiling or creosote staining
near the flue pipe.
• Determine whether a strong odor of wood smoke can be identified
within common areas or dwelling units.
• Ask occupants whether they regularly (i.e., daily) smell wood smoke
indoors during the heating season.
AP 15.4 Assess Appliance Safety
Assess appliance safety by considering:
• Appliance condition, especially leaks, cracks or faulty flue
connections.
• Proper distances of appliance and flue from combustible materials
(minimum clearances) and/or proper protection of combustibles.
• Proper size and materials of floor protection.
• Proper venting system according to Priority Issue 11.0 Vented
Combustion Appliances.
AP 15.5 Determine Whether Wood-Burning Appliances Are EPA-Certified
Determine whether any wood-burning appliances are EPA-certified (i.e.,
more energy efficient and cleaner burning). An EPA-certified wood heater
can be identified by a permanent metal label affixed to the back or side
of the wood heater.
AP 15.6 Determine Whether Hydronic Heating Equipment Is Present
Determine whether an outdoor wood- or coal-fired appliance is generating
hydronic heat. If the wood- or coal-burning appliance is operating during
the assessment, observe the opacity of the smoke leaving the chimney.
Note: One hundred percent opacity means nothing can be seen through
the smoke. At 20 percent opacity, there is very little smoke and you can
see almost completely through it. Smoke with opacity of more than
20 percent is an indication that unseasoned wood is being burned,
a non-EPA-approved stove is in use or the heater is operating poorly.
Ensure trash and vegetation are not being burned in the units. Refer to
the EPA Burn Wise website for additional information.
MA 15.1 Ensure Proper
Operation of Wood- or
Coal-Burning Appliances
Correct any problems
identified during the
assessments. If evidence
of soot, wood smoke, or
other health or safety
concerns is apparent,
work with a certified
fireplace or chimney
safety professional to
identify and correct the
problems.
If a new appliance is
installed during the
upgrade, ensure it is
properly sized for the post
upgrade heating load.
Ensure any new wood-
burning appliances are
EPA-certified.
MA 15.2 Recommend
Periodic Inspection and
Maintenance of the
Chimney and Appliance
Encourage the building
owner or property manager
to have a certified
professional inspect and
maintain the chimney
and wood- or coal-burning
appliance annually.
MA 15.3 Share EPA Burn
Wise Tips
Share EPA's Burn Wise
Tips with the building
owner or property
manager.
EXPANDED ACTIONS
EA 15.1 Install
Properly Sized,
EPA-Certified Wood-
Burning Appliances
Replace non-certified
wood- or coal-
burning appliances
with properly sized
and installed EPA-
certified appliances.
Appliances should be
installed according
to the manufacturer's
written instructions.
Alternatively,
replacement heating
equipment that
does not burn solid
fuels also can be
considered.
References for Priority Issue 15.0 Wood Smoke and Other Solid Fuel Emissions:
EPA: Burn Wise, Consumers- Best Burn Practices
EPA: Burn Wise, Consumers - Choosing Appliances
EPA: Burn Wise, Consumers - Frequent Questions
EPA: Burn Wise Tips
EPA: List of EPA Certified Wood Stoves
EPA: List of Qualified Hydronic Heaters
NFPA 211: Standard for Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents, and Solid Fuel-Burning Appliances
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULT I FAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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Compartmentalization
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
AP 16.1 Determine Building Locations
with Strong Pollutant Sources
Determine which areas or dwelling units
in the building are likely to be sources
of irritating pollutants or noxious odors
or where unwanted air transfer occurs.
Refer to complaint logs and building
owner/property manager reports,
and perform an IAQ walkthrough
inspection. Include common areas and
nonresidential spaces in the building
(e.g., retail spaces, fitness facilities,
beauty and nail salons). To the extent
possible, work with the building owner,
property manager and other occupants
to identify IAQ concerns that arise from
pollutant migration among dwelling
units, common areas and commercial
spaces. Refer to EPA's Building Air
Quality Action Plan for more information
on IAQ walkthrough inspections.
AP 16.2 Assess Spaces for
Compartmentalization
Identify spaces in the building with
strong pollutant sources that could be
isolated using Compartmentalization
techniques, including dwelling units,
common areas, nonresidential spaces
(e.g., conference/meeting rooms,
health club/exercise rooms, retail
spaces, attached garages, combustion
appliance rooms, utility shafts,
elevators, stairwells). The intent is to
reduce pollutant and odor migration by
limiting uncontrolled airflow and cross
contamination among spaces, achieved
by air sealing and controlling pressure
differences.
• Identify the pollutant migration
pathways due to pressure differences
within the building and across the
building envelope, which can be
caused by a variety of factors (e.g.,
thermal stack effect, mechanical
ventilation if not properly designed
and maintained, inadequate air
balance, operation of combustion
appliances).
• Make visual observations or use
infrared thermography, chemical
smoke and/or pressure testing to
identify all penetrations at the
perimeter of the space/dwelling unit
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
MA 16.1 Minimize Pollutant Transfer
Between Spaces
Follow the guidance in the order listed
below for the most effective strategy:
(1) Source Control, (2) Ventilation and
Air Pressure Control, and (3) Air Sealing.
1. Source Control
If pollutant sources and odors were
identified and can be readily addressed
see the relevant priority issues in this
Guide. For example -
• For sewer gases or other pollutants,
see Priority Issue 6.0 Belowground
Contaminants.
• For suspected VOCs, see Priority
Issue 10.0 Building Products/
Materials Emissions.
• For tobacco smoke transfer
control, see Priority Issue 14.0
Environmental Tobacco Smoke
(ETS).
• For contaminants from attached
garages, see Priority Issue 7.0
Garage Air Pollutants.
• For wood smoke, see Priority Issue
15.0 Wood Smoke and Other Solid
Fuel Emissions.
• For emissions from vented
combustion appliances, see Priority
Issue 11.0 Vented Combustion
Appliances.
• For emissions from unvented
combustion appliances, see Priority
Issue 12.0 Unvented Combustion
Appliances.
• For cooking odors, see Priority Issue
21.0 Local Exhaust Ventilation.
2. Ventilation and Air Pressure Control
• Follow the Minimum Actions
in Priority Issues 18.0 through
21.0, as applicable to the type of
ventilation system.
• If an existing ventilation system
relies on central exhaust, repair or
replace any balancing devices at
each exhaust point, as needed.
• Provide dedicated pathways for
make-up ventilation air in dwelling
units, as required under the
EA 16.1 Expanded Ventilation and Air
Pressure Control
Follow the Expanded Actions guidance
in Priority Issues 18.0 through 21.0,
as applicable to the type of ventilation
system. Reduce excess negative
pressures inside the dwelling units
resulting from unbalanced exhaust
systems.
If the existing ventilation exhaust system
relies on a central exhaust, specify and
install a new balancing device at each
exhaust point with a minimum operating
pressure to help ensure that required
airflow and system performance are not
significantly affected by stack effect.
EA 16.2 Expanded Air Sealing for
Dwelling Units
If the building is undergoing
extensive rehabilitation, extend
Compartmentalization efforts to all
dwelling units. Provide air sealing in
all separating walls, floors and ceilings
to achieve Compartmentalization
within each dwelling unit, with an
airtightness of 0.3 cfm per square foot
of enclosure area (i.e., sum of all wall,
ceiling and floor areas) at 50 Pascals
pressure difference, or as low a pressure
difference as possible, during a blower
door test conducted according to either
ASTM E779-10 Standard Test Method
for Determining Air Leakage Rate by
Fan Pressurization or ASTM E1827-11
Standard Test Methods for Determining
Airtightness of Buildings Using an
Orifice Blower Door. The test shall be
conducted as if the dwelling unit were
exposed to outdoor air on all sides and
on top and bottom by opening doors
and windows in adjacent dwelling units.
Refer to ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013,
Section 8 for multifamily buildings.
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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PRIORITY ISSUE 16.0 COMPARTMENTALIZATION TO PREVENT ODOR OR UNWANTED AIR TRANSFER (contim
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
that can be air sealed to
reduce transfer as part of
the building upgrade. ASTM
El 186-03 (2009) Standard
Practices for Air Leakage
Site Detection in Building
Envelopes and Air Barrier
Systems can be used to guide
the air sealing assessment
work.
• Inspect and identify all
joints, seams and leaks in the
ventilation duct system that
can be sealed.
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
Minimum Actions of the sections referenced above. If necessary,
provide mechanically supplied make-up air to spaces with
mechanical exhaust to prevent excess negative pressure. The
total net exhaust flow of the two largest exhaust appliances
(including kitchen fan and clothes dryer) shall be limited to
15 cfm per 100 square feet of occupiable floor area when in
operation at full capacity, or compensating outdoor airflow must
be provided.
Note:
Effective compartmentalization can be difficult to achieve with a
central exhaust ventilation system because the system experiences
significant pressure fluctuations due to seasonal conditions affecting
the stack effect pressures within the building.
• If the existing ventilation system relies on make-up air provided
from pressurized corridors to each dwelling unit via leaks
around entry doors (e.g., door undercuts and doors that are not
weather-stripped), then the compartmentalization principle can
be compromised by air drawn from neighboring spaces. Prevent
unwanted air transfer and cross contamination from adjacent
spaces by implementing compartmentalization air sealing as
described below.
3. Air Sealing
3a. Air Sealing - General
EXPANDED
ACTIONS (EA)
• Where leakage of odors or unwanted air transfer between
adjacent areas has been identified, reduce the transfer by using
sealants or caulking to create a continuous air barrier. Seal all
penetrations in the adjoining surfaces including joints between
walls, ceilings and floors; electrical outlets and switches; wiring,
plumbing and duct penetrations; and chase ways.
• Seal openings between mechanical rooms and occupied spaces:
o Air seal ventilation ductwork.
o Provide tight-fitting windows and self-closing doors fitted with
gaskets in the spaces that are likely to be sources of irritating
or noxious odors.
o Seal the enclosure at receiving areas or docks.
o Make as airtight a connection as practical between the
bottom of the trash chute and the compactor and dumpster
assembly. Limit makeup air provided to trash rooms to below
exhaust airflows to maintain a negative pressure relative to
adjacent spaces, which will reduce odor and pollutant release
to upper floors during corridor trash door use.
o Provide all combustion air and makeup air for equipment in
the mechanical room from the outdoors.
3b. Air Sealing- Dwelling Units
• Where leakage of odors or unwanted air transfer between
adjacent dwelling units has been identified, and the dwelling
unit compartmentalization can be accomplished as part of the
building upgrade project, all penetrations between adjoining
dwelling units and where fire walls are located must be air
sealed with suitable air sealing or fire stop materials. Where
possible, air sealing shall be directed to openings in interior
surfaces without tightening the exterior. According to the 2012
International Building code, walls
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULT I FAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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ASSESSMENT
PROTOCOLS (AP)
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
separating dwelling units in the same building, walls separating sleeping
units in the same building, shall be treated as fire partitions.
• If new ventilation systems are being installed, avoid pressurizing corridors
or depressurizing dwelling units more than 5 Pascals below the pressure in
adjacent units.
• If common hallways are intentionally pressurized with respect to the dwelling
units, then doors in the dwelling units leading to the common hallways
need not be weather-stripped, provided that dwelling units are at a negative
pressure relative to the hallways of 1 Pascal or greater when the doors
between the hallway dwelling unit are closed.
Notes:
(1) Compartmentalization is intended to reduce odors due to unwanted air
transfer, but it does not eliminate them.
(2) Compartmentalization activities must consider ventilation system design
and operating characteristics to reduce driving forces for unintended airflow
between dwelling units.
(3) When air sealing, the air barrier assembly must have been evaluated by
the Air Barrier Association of America (ABAA) and installed according to
manufacturer's specifications. Fire-rated assemblies must be sealed using
approved fire-rated materials. The fire rating requirements supersede the
ABAA evaluation requirement.
EXPANDED
ACTIONS (EA)
References for Priority Issue 16.0 Compartmentalization to Control Odor or Unwanted
Air Transfer:
ABAA: Air Barrier Materials, Components, Assemblies & Systems
ASHRAE: Standard 62.2-2013 - Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise Residential Buildings
ASTM E779-10: Standard Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate by Fan Pressurization
ASTM E1186-03 (2009): Standard Practices for Air Leakage Site Detection in Building Envelopes and Air Barrier Systems
ASTM E1827-11: Standard Test Methods for Determining Airtightness of Buildings Using an Orifice Blower Door
DOE: Standard Work Specifications for Multi-Family Home Energy Upgrades, Section 3: Air Sealing
EPA: Building Air Quality Action Plan, Step 2: Develop an IAQ Profile of Your Building, Part 2: Conduct a Walkthrough
International Code Council: International Building Code, 2012 Edition
UL: Fire-Resistance and Smoke Protection
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULT I FAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
PRIORITY ISSUE 17.0 HVAC EQUIPMENT
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
AP 17.1 Evaluate the Condition of
Existing HVAC Systems and Components
Evaluate the condition of existing HVAC
systems and their components (e.g.,
furnaces, boilers, cooling equipment, air
handlers, exhaust air systems, make-up
air systems, heat pumps and ductwork)
in accordance with minimum inspection
standards of ASHRAE/ACCA
Standard 180, or other equivalent
industry standards.
Refer to Priority Issues 18.0 through
20.0 for outdoor air ventilation, as
applicable to the type of ventilation
system, and Priority Issue 21.0 Local
Exhaust Ventilation for additional
guidance.
AP 17.2 Determine Appropriate HVAC
System Sizing
Determine whether the existing HVAC
systems are sized properly. Refer to
the Air Conditioning Contractors of
America (ACCA) Manual J for low-rise
residential applications, ACCA Manual
N for commercial applications, the
ASHRAE Load Calculation Applications
Manual, ASHRAE Standard 183, or
ASHRAE Handbooks for HVAC load
calculations. Refer to ACCA Manual S
or ASHRAE Handbooks for equipment
selection. If HVAC system replacements
or modifications are anticipated, base
heating/cooling load and equipment
sizing calculations on post-upgrade
conditions.
MA 17.1 Implement Corrective Actions
for Proper HVAC Operation
Based on the results of the system
assessment (e.g., equipment condition,
size and feasibility of corrective
actions), repair, modify or recommend
installing new HVAC equipment to
ensure it can provide the needed
ventilation, temperature and humidity
control. The ability to modify and adjust
the existing HVAC equipment may be
limited by its initial design. Review the
original equipment specifications and
seek outside engineering assistance as
needed.
If maintenance, cleaning or repairs are
needed to restore the HVAC system
to proper functioning, perform in
accordance with ASHRAE Standard 180,
ACCA Standard 6, ASHRAE Handbooks,
or equivalent standards and guidelines.
Refer to Priority Issues 18.0 through
20.0 for outdoor air ventilation, as
applicable to the type of ventilation
system, and Priority Issue 21.0 Local
Exhaust Ventilation for additional
guidance.
MA 17.2 Properly Size and Install New
HVAC Equipment
If replacing equipment, base equipment
sizing calculations on the post-upgrade
heating and cooling load calculations.
Use ACCA Manual J for low-rise
residential applications, ACCA Manual
N for commercial applications, the
ASHRAE Load Calculation Applications
Manual, ASHRAE Standard 183, or
ASHRAE Handbooks for HVAC load
calculations. Use ACCA Manual S or
ASHRAE Handbooks for equipment
selection.
Install new equipment in accordance
with ACCA Standard 5 and verify
installation in accordance with ACCA
Standard 9, ASHRAE Handbooks, or
equivalent standards and guidelines.
EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
EA 17.1 Install Higher Efficiency Filters
in HVAC Systems
For new HVAC systems, install filters
with the highest MERV rating that the
equipment is capable of physically
accommodating and for which there is
adequate fan capacity to overcome the
filters' pressure drop.
For existing systems, check with the
manufacturer to determine whether
filters with higher MERV ratings can be
installed. Install filters with the highest
MERV rating that can be accommodated
by the equipment.
EA 17.2 Provide Additional HVAC
Training to Building Operations and
Maintenance Staff
Conduct follow-up training (e.g., 6
months or 1 year after the initial
training). This will reinforce staff
skills and knowledge and provide an
opportunity for staff to ask questions
after they become familiar with the
upgraded building and systems.
Recommend building operations and
maintenance staff attend a Building
Operator Certification (BOC) course or
other comparable training regarding
HVAC, IAQ and energy use.
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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ASSESSMENT
PROTOCOLS
(AP)
PRIORITY ISSUE 17.0 HVAC EQUIPMENT (continued)
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
EXPANDED
ACTIONS (EA)
MA 17.3 Ensure There is Adequate Air Filtration
For HVAC equipment that serves dwelling units, ensure new HVAC systems have air
filtration with a minimum MERV 6 rating, located upstream of thermal conditioning
equipment, as stated in ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013.
If nonresidential spaces are included in the scope of work, ensure new HVAC systems
have air filtration with a minimum MERV 8 rating, located upstream of all cooling coils
or other devices with wetted surfaces, as stated in ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013.
For existing HVAC systems, check with the manufacturers to determine whether filters
with these MERV ratings can be accommodated by the equipment and, if not, install
filters with the highest MERV rating that can be accommodated.
There shall be no air bypass around filters, and no air cleaners designed to
intentionally produce ozone shall be installed.
MA 17.4 Control Bacterial Growth in HVAC Systems and Mechanical Equipment
Follow ASHRAE Standard 188-2015 or OSHA Technical Manual, Section III: Chapter
7 Legionnaires' Disease to protect against bacterial growth in building water systems
(e.g., cooling towers, evaporative condensers, humidifiers, hot and cold water systems,
fire sprinkler systems, ice machines, eyewash stations, safety showers).
MA 17.5 Train Building Staff on HVAC Operations and Maintenance
After the upgrade, building staff should be trained on the operations and maintenance
of the HVAC systems including the outdoor air ventilation strategy (see Priority Issues
18.0 through 20.0, as applicable); temperature, humidity and other HVAC controls;
measuring and adjusting airflows; preventative maintenance; and troubleshooting
problems. The training should include any needed seasonal adjustments, air filter
change-out schedules, control system set point adjustments, and other maintenance
and operational requirements for mechanical equipment. An operations and
maintenance manual should be provided to the building staff.
£9. Discuss with the building owner or property manager the need to educate
occupants about the basic operation of ventilation, heating and cooling systems in
dwelling units. This should include any maintenance (e.g., air filter change-out) and
adjustments that are the occupants' responsibility.
References for Priority Issue 17.0 HVAC Equipment:
ACCA: Manual J Residential Load Calculation
ACCA: Manual N Commercial Load Calculation
ACCA: Manual S Residential Equipment Selection
ACCA: ANSI/ACCA Standard 5 QI-2015. HVAC Quality Installation Specification
ACCA: ANSI/ACCA Standard 6 QR-2015, Restoring the Cleanliness of HVAC Systems
ACCA: ANSI/ACCA Standard 9 Qlvp-2011, HVAC Quality Installation Verification Protocols
American Technical Publishers and the International Union of Operating Engineers: Indoor Air Quality Solutions for Stationary Engineers
ASHRAE/ACCA Standard 180-2012, Standard Practice for Inspection and Maintenance of Commercial Building HVAC Systems
ASHRAE/ACCA Standard 183-2007 (RA 2014), Peak Cooling and Heating Load Calculations in Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings
ASHRAE Standard 188-2015, Legionellosis: Risk Management for Building Water Systems
ASHRAE: Handbook-Fundamentals
ASHRAE: Handbook-HVAC Systems and Equipment
ASHRAE: Load Calculation Applications Manual
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, Section 5.8
ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013: Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise Residential Buildings Section 6.7
DOE: Standard Work Specifications for Multi-Family Home Energy Upgrades, Sections 2.0702.2 and 2.0702.4, and Section 5: Heating and Cooling
EPA: Residential Air Cleaners (Second Edition) A Summary of Available Information
OSHA: OSHA Technical Manual, Section III: Chapter 7 Legionnaires' Disease
E9
HH Appendix B: Property Management and Occupant Education
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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PRIORITY ISSUE 18.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION FOR INDIVIDUAL DWELLING UNITS
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
AP 18.1 Determine Whether Dwelling
Units Have Individual Mechanical
Ventilation Systems
Individual mechanical ventilation
systems in dwelling units include the
following configurations:
• Occupant-controlled bath and/or
kitchen exhaust fans in a dwelling
unit. Can also include operable
windows in a dwelling unit, in
combination with the exhaust fans.
• Continuously operating bath and/or
kitchen exhaust fans in a dwelling
unit (with or without operable
windows), or other exhaust fan(s)
provided in a dwelling unit for
mechanical ventilation.
• Outdoor air ventilation supplied via a
dwelling unit's space conditioning air
handler.
For other dwelling unit ventilation
configurations, refer to Priority Issue
19.0 Mechanical Ventilation for Multiple
Dwelling Units Using Central Exhaust
or Priority Issue 20.0 Natural (Not Fan-
Powered) Ventilation.
AP 18.2 Determine Whether Dwelling
Unit Mechanical Ventilation Systems
Meet ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013
Requirements
Determine whether the mechanical
ventilation systems in dwelling units
meet ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013
requirements (including Appendix A
for existing buildings and Section 8 for
multifamily buildings). This includes:
• Dwelling unit ventilation rate.
• Bath and kitchen exhaust fan airflow
rates.
• Proper location of exhaust
discharges.
Conduct the assessment in as many
dwelling units as possible. If a sample
of dwelling units is assessed, be sure
to include any units for which there are
indoor air quality complaints.
AP 18.3 Determine Whether Common
Corridors and Nonresidential Spaces
Meet Ventilation Requirements
Determine the amount of outdoor
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
SMA 18.1 Repair and Upgrade
Dwelling Unit Mechanical
Ventilation Systems As Needed
If dwelling units are served by individual
mechanical ventilation systems:
• Ensure a continuous or intermittent
operating schedule in the dwelling
unit to meet ASHRAE Standard
62.2-2013 ventilation requirements.
Ensure controls are operating
properly.
• If ventilation air is provided integral
to the space conditioning system,
the system shall be configured to
provide the required ventilation
regardless of the heating or cooling
demand in the dwelling unit.
• If each dwelling unit has dedicated
mechanical exhaust for outdoor air
ventilation:
o Adjust, repair, or replace existing
exhaust ducts and fans serving
the dwelling unit as needed to
meet ASHRAE Standard 62.2-
2013 requirements (including
Appendix A and Section 8).
o Remove blockages in exhaust
grilles, ductwork and components
(e.g., constant airflow regulators).
o Ensure ducts for all exhaust fans
terminate outside the building.
o Air seal exhaust ventilation
ductwork with approved materials
to prevent duct leakage within
building cavities.
o Advise the building owner or
property manager to implement
a preventative maintenance plan
to inspect exhaust grilles in all
dwelling units at least once per
year.
• Ensure outdoor air intakes that
are part of ventilation systems
for dwelling units are located a
minimum distance of 10 feet from
contaminant sources including
plumbing stacks, vents, exhaust
hood discharges or vehicle exhaust
(see ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013).
EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
EA 18.1 Install Balanced Ventilation
Systems With Energy Recovery in
Dwelling Units
To provide balanced ventilation and
reduce the heating and cooling costs
associated with outdoor air ventilation
consider installing energy recovery
equipment when the exhaust airflows
from the dwelling unit can be readily
combined to flow through an energy
recovery device to pre-condition the
incoming outdoor ventilation air.
EA 18.2 Meet Outdoor Air Filtration and
Air-Cleaning Requirements of ASHRAE
Standard 189.1, As Applicable to
Nonresidential Spaces
For nonresidential spaces that are
included in the scope of service, in
geographic locations where the outdoor
air exceeds the national standards
for particulate matter (PM25, PM10)
or ozone, ensure that the outdoor air
filtration and air-cleaning requirements
of ASHRAE Standard 189.1-2014,
Section 8.3.1.3 are met for mechanical
ventilation systems:
• Particulate-matter filters or air-
cleaning devices with a MERV of at
least 8 shall be used in areas where
the National Ambient Air Quality
Standard for PM10 is exceeded.
• Particulate-matter filters or air-
cleaning devices with a MERV
of at least 13 shall be used in
areas where the National Ambient
Air Quality Standard for PM25 is
exceeded.
• Air-cleaning devices to remove
ozone must be provided and used in
areas that are in "nonattainment"
with the National Ambient Air
Quality Standard for ozone. The
ozone removal efficiency of the
system shall be at least 40%.
Appendix B: Property Management and Occupant Education
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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PRIORITY ISSUE 18.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION FOR INDIVIDUAL DWELLING UNITS (continued)
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
air ventilation provided to common
corridors and whether this meets the
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013 minimum
requirement of 0.06 cfm per square foot
of floor area.
If nonresidential spaces (e.g., exercise
rooms, lobbies, mailrooms, commercial/
retail spaces) are included in the
scope of service, determine whether
the ventilation in these spaces meets
the requirements of ASHRAE Standard
62.1-2013.
AP 18.4 Identify and Assess Outdoor Air
Intakes
Identify the location of outdoor air
intakes for all ventilation systems and
assess their distances from outdoor
pollutant sources (e.g., vehicle exhaust,
plumbing vents, exhaust discharges).
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
MA 18.2 Repair, Adjust and Upgrade
Ventilation Systems in Common
Corridors and Nonresidential Spaces As
Needed
Ensure common corridors in the
building meet the ASHRAE Standard
62.1-2013 minimum outdoor air
ventilation rate requirement of 0.06 cfm
per square foot of floor area.
If included in the scope of service,
ensure nonresidential spaces in
the building meet the ventilation
requirements of ASHRAE
Standard 62.1-2013.
If it is not possible to achieve the
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013
minimum outdoor air ventilation rates,
adjust systems to provide the maximum
amount of outdoor air ventilation
possible.
EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
References for Priority Issue 18.0 Mechanical Ventilation for Individual Dwelling Units:
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013 -Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013 -Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise Residential Buildings
ASHRAE Standard 189.1-2014, Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings, Section 8.3.1.3 Filtration and Air Cleaner Requirement
EPA: National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NCHH: Improving Ventilation in New and Existing Multi-Family Buildings With Individual Unit Ventilation Systems
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULT I FAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
AP 19.1 Determine Whether Dwelling
Units Are Served by Central Mechanical
Exhaust Ventilation Systems
Central exhaust ventilation systems
serving multiple dwelling units is a
configuration where the building has
one or more central exhaust fans, each
of which serves multiple dwelling units.
Ventilation is provided to dwelling units
via outdoor make-up air induced by the
central exhaust fans.
Note:
A central HVAC air handler supplying
outdoor air directly to multiple
dwelling units is uncommon in existing
multifamily residential buildings. This
document does not include guidance for
this configuration.
For other dwelling unit ventilation
configurations, refer to Priority Issue
18.0 Mechanical Ventilation for
Individual Dwelling Units or 20.0
Natural (Not Fan-Powered) Ventilation.
AP 19.2 Determine Whether Central
Mechanical Exhaust Ventilation Systems
Meet ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013
Requirements
Determine whether the ventilation in
each dwelling unit meets ASHRAE
Standard 62.2-2013 requirements
(including Appendix A for existing
buildings and Section 8 for multifamily
buildings). This includes:
• Dwelling unit ventilation rate.
• Bath and kitchen exhaust fan airflow
rates.
• Proper location of exhaust
discharges.
Conduct the assessment in as many
dwelling units as possible. If a sample
of dwelling units is assessed, be sure
to include any units for which there are
indoor air quality complaints.
AP 19.3 Determine Whether Common
Corridors and Nonresidential Spaces
Meet Ventilation Requirements
Determine the amount of outdoor
air ventilation provided to common
corridors and whether this meets the
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013 minimum
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
£9. MA 19.1 Repair and Upgrade
Central Mechanical Exhaust Ventilation
Systems As Needed
If dwelling units are served by central
mechanical exhaust systems:
• Adjust, repair, or replace the
ventilation systems so each dwelling
unit served by the central exhaust
system meets the requirements
of ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013
for existing buildings (including
Appendix A and Section 8),
including:
o Adjust, repair or replace the
central fans, ductwork and
fittings to meet ASHRAE
Standard 62.2-2013
requirements for whole-building
ventilation for all dwelling units
served.
o Ensure that each dwelling unit
receives the required exhaust
airflow by:
- Removing blockages in exhaust
ductwork.
- Air sealing exhaust air
ductwork using approved
materials. Ensure the roof
curb connection, the lateral
connections, and the sheetrock/
plaster connections behind the
exhaust grilles are sealed.
- Installing air-regulating exhaust
dampers at each exhaust
grille (typically proprietary
flow-limiting devices or orifice
plates).
• If possible, adjust the exhaust
system to provide continuous
operation, and meet the ASHRAE
Standard 62.2-2013 whole-building
ventilation rate requirement for each
dwelling unit. Intermittent operation
should be avoided unless each
unit is provided with a backdraft
damper or motorized damper at each
exhaust point.
EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
EA 19.1 Air Seal Exhaust Ventilation
Shaft
Air seal the central exhaust system's
ventilation shaft with a spray seal
system (aerosol or fluid applied). This
allows sealing of the leakage area
associated with non-accessible duct
joints to provide pressure control and
improve the capability to balance
exhaust airflows among dwelling units.
Ensure that the ductwork sealing
required under Minimum Actions (roof
curb connections, lateral connections
and connections behind exhaust grilles)
has been completed before air sealing
the ventilation shaft.
EA 19.2 Meet Outdoor Air Filtration and
Air-Cleaning Requirements of ASHRAE
Standard 189.1, As Applicable to
Nonresidential Spaces
If nonresidential spaces are included
in the scope of service, in geographic
locations where the outdoor air exceeds
the national standards for particulate
matter (PM25, PM10) or ozone, ensure
that the outdoor air filtration and
air-cleaning requirements of ASHRAE
Standard 189.1-2014, Section 8.3.1.3
are met for mechanical ventilation
systems:
• Particulate-matter filters or air-
cleaning devices with a MERV of at
least 8 shall be used in areas where
the National Ambient Air Quality
Standard for PM10 is exceeded.
• Particulate-matter filters or air-
cleaning devices with a MERV
of at least 13 shall be used in
areas where the National Ambient
Air Quality Standard for PM25 is
exceeded.
• Air-cleaning devices to remove
ozone must be provided and used in
areas that are in "nonattainment"
with the National Ambient Air
Quality Standard for ozone. The
ozone removal efficiency of the
system shall be at least 40%.
Appendix B: Property Management and Occupant Education
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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PRIORITY ISSUE 19.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION FOR MULTIPLE DWELLING UNITS USING
CENTRAL EXHAUST (continued)
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
requirement of 0.06 cfm per square foot
of floor area.
If nonresidential spaces (e.g., exercise
rooms, lobbies, mailrooms, commercial/
retail spaces) are included in the
scope of service, determine whether
the ventilation in these spaces meets
the requirements of ASHRAE Standard
62.1-2013.
AP 19.4 Identify and Assess Outdoor Air
Intakes
Identify the location of outdoor air
intakes and assess their distances from
outdoor pollutant sources (e.g., vehicle
exhaust, plumbing vents, exhaust
discharges).
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
• Compartmentalize to reduce make-up air coming from
adjacent units. Refer to Priority Issue 16.0.
o If make-up air is provided by pressurized corridors, do
not apply weather stripping to unit entry doors; restore
or repair make-up air system as needed.
o If make-up air is not provided by pressurized corridor
systems, provide outdoor make-up air in each dwelling
unit (e.g., trickle vents) and do not install pressurized
corridor make-up air systems.
o Advise the building owner or property manager to
implement a preventative maintenance plan to inspect
exhaust grilles in all dwelling units at least once per
year.
• Ensure outdoor air intakes that are part of ventilation
systems for dwelling units are located a minimum
distance of 10 feet from contaminant sources including
plumbing stacks, vents, exhaust hood discharges or
vehicle exhaust (see ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013).
• If mechanical exhaust systems serve several areas, ensure
the backdraft dampers are installed as required by local
codes and ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013.
MA 19.2 Repair, Adjust and Upgrade Ventilation Systems in
Common Corridors and Nonresidential Spaces As Needed
Ensure common corridors in the building meet the ASHRAE
Standard 62.1-2013 minimum outdoor air ventilation rate
requirement of 0.06 cfm per square foot of floor area.
If included in the scope of service, ensure nonresidential
spaces in the building meet the ventilation requirements of
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013.
If it is not possible to achieve the ASHRAE Standard 62.1-
2013 minimum outdoor air ventilation rates, adjust systems
to provide the maximum amount of outdoor air ventilation
possible.
EXPANDED
ACTIONS (EA)
References for Priority Issue 19.0 Mechanical Ventilation for Multiple Dwelling Units Using
Central Exhaust:
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013 -Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013 -Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise Residential Buildings
ASHRAE Standard 189.1-2014, Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings, Section 8.3.1.3 Filtration and Air Cleaner
Requirement
EPA: National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NCHH: Improving Ventilation in Existing or New Buildings With Central Roof Exhaust
New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA): Improving Central Exhaust Systems for Multifamily Buildings
Appendix B: Property Management and Occupant Education
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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PRIORITY ISSUE 20.0 NATURAL (NOT FAN-POWERED) VENTILATION
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
AP 20.1 Determine Whether Dwelling
Units Are Served By Natural Ventilation
(Not Fan-Powered) Systems
Natural ventilation is a configuration
where outdoor air ventilation is
provided to dwelling units without using
mechanical fans, and includes passive
rooftop hoods, passive exhaust shafts
and exhaust grilles that serve one or
more dwelling units.
For other dwelling unit ventilation
configurations, refer to Priority Issue
18.0 Mechanical Ventilation for
Individual Dwelling Units or Priority
Issue 19.0 Mechanical Ventilation for
Multiple Dwelling Units Using Central
Exhaust.
AP 20.2 Determine Whether ASHRAE
Standard 62.2-2013 Mechanical
Ventilation Exceptions Are Met
Determine whether the dwelling units
and/or building meet the exceptions
to the whole-building mechanical
ventilation requirement in ASHRAE
Standard 62.2-2013, Section 4.1.1.
AP 20.3 Determine Whether Common
Corridors and Nonresidential Spaces
Meet Ventilation Requirements
Determine the amount of outdoor
air ventilation provided to common
corridors and whether this meets the
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013 minimum
requirement of 0.06 cfm per square foot
of floor area.
If nonresidential spaces (e.g., exercise
rooms, lobbies, mailrooms, and
commercial/retail spaces) are included
in the scope of service, determine
whether the ventilation in these spaces
meets the requirements of ASHRAE
Standard 62.1-2013.
AP 20.4 Identify and Assess Openings
for Outdoor Air Ventilation
Identify the location of openings for
outdoor air ventilation and assess their
distances from outdoor pollutant sources
(e.g., vehicle exhaust, plumbing vents,
exhaust discharges).
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
£9. MA 20.1 Repair and Upgrade
Natural Ventilation Systems As Needed
If the dwelling unit is served by
natural ventilation and does not meet
the exceptions to the whole-building
mechanical ventilation requirement in
ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013, Section
4.1.1, or does not perform as intended,
convert the natural ventilation system to
a fan-powered system:
• In dwelling units that have no fan-
powered space conditioning systems,
install a low-noise (1 sone or less)
exhaust fan ducted directly to the
outdoors for each bathroom and
kitchen. Ensure that each exhaust
fan meets the local exhaust (e.g.,
kitchen or bath) requirements of
ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013
and at least one exhaust fan (or
a system including multiple fans)
meets ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013
requirements for whole-building
ventilation (per the Standard's
Appendix A and Section 8).
• In dwelling units equipped with
fan-powered air handlers for space
conditioning equipment, where
possible:
o Provide ducted, filtered outdoor
air to the return side of the
HVAC unit and install a timer to
ensure the operating schedule
and outdoor air ventilation rate
meet ASHRAE Standard 62.2-
2013 intermittent ventilation
requirements. The system shall
be capable of providing the
required ventilation regardless of
the heating or cooling demand in
the dwelling unit.
o Install a low-noise (1 sone
or less) exhaust fan ducted
directly to the outdoors in
each bathroom and kitchen,
meeting the requirements of
ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013.
If providing central fan-powered
mechanical exhaust ventilation
systems as part of the building
upgrade, refer to Priority Issue
19.0 Mechanical Ventilation for
Multiple Dwelling Units Using
Central Exhaust.
EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
EA 20.1 Include Requirements for
Advanced Passive Ventilation Systems
If a passive ventilation system is desired
in lieu of a mechanical system, the
passive system must be designed and
approved by a licensed engineer taking
into account expected stack effect,
wind, and local terrain and shielding.
Implement all air sealing measures
described in Minimum Action 19.1 and
Expanded Action 19.1 for the central
ventilation shaft(s) to ensure airflow is
from the dwelling units and not from
shaft leakage.
The ventilation rate for each dwelling
unit must be sufficient to achieve the
goal of an ASHRAE Standard 62.2-
2013 mechanical ventilation rate,
specifically that the annual average
ventilation rate shall not be less than if
a mechanical system had been installed
in accordance with ASHRAE Standard
62.2-2013.
EA 20.2 Meet Outdoor Air Filtration and
Air-Cleaning Requirements of ASHRAE
Standard 189.1, As Applicable to
Nonresidential Spaces
If nonresidential spaces are included
in the scope of service, in geographic
locations where the outdoor air exceeds
the national standards for particulate
matter (PM25, PM10) or ozone, ensure
that the outdoor air filtration and
air-cleaning requirements of ASHRAE
Standard 189.1-2014, Section 8.3.1.3
are met for mechanical ventilation
systems:
• Particulate-matter filters or air-
cleaning devices with a MERV of at
least 8 shall be used in areas where
the National Ambient Air Quality
Standard for PM10 is exceeded.
• Particulate-matter filters or air-
cleaning devices with a MERV
of at least 13 shall be used in
areas where the National Ambient
Air Quality Standard for PM25 is
exceeded.
Appendix B: Property Management and Occupant Education
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULT I FAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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PRIORITY ISSUE 20.0 NATURAL (NOT FAN-POWERED) VENTILATION (continued)
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
• Ensure ventilation openings
for introducing outdoor air into
dwelling units are located a
minimum distance of 10 feet from
contaminant sources including
plumbing stacks, vents, exhaust
hood discharges or vehicle exhaust
(see ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013).
MA 20.2 Repair, Adjust and Upgrade
Ventilation Systems in Common
Corridors and Nonresidential Spaces As
Needed
Ensure common corridors in the
building meet the ASHRAE Standard
62.1-2013 minimum outdoor air
ventilation rate requirement of 0.06 cfm
per square foot of floor area.
If included in the scope of service,
ensure nonresidential spaces in
the building meet the ventilation
requirements of ASHRAE Standard
62.1-2013.
If it is not possible to achieve the
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013
minimum outdoor air ventilation rates,
adjust systems to provide the maximum
amount of outdoor air ventilation
possible.
EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
• Air-cleaning devices that remove
ozone must be provided and used in
areas that are in "nonattainment"
with the National Ambient Air
Quality Standard for ozone. The
ozone removal efficiency of the
system shall be at least 40%.
References for Priority Issue 20.0 Natural (Not Fan-Powered) Ventilation:
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013 -Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013 -Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise Residential Buildings
ASHRAE Standard 189.1-2014, Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings, Section 8.3.1.3 Filtration and Air Cleaner
Requirement
EPA: National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NCHH: Improving Ventilation in Existing or New Buildings With Central Roof Exhaust
NCHH: Improving Ventilation in Multi-Family Buildings That Do Not Have Fan-Powered Ventilation
NYSERDA: Improving Central Exhaust Systems for Multifamily Buildings
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PRIORITY ISSUE 21.0 LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
AP 21.1 Identify Contaminant Sources
That Require Exhaust Ventilation
Identify rooms or areas with localized
contaminant sources that require
exhaust ventilation such as bathrooms,
kitchens, garages and other spaces
with strong pollutant sources. To the
extent possible, include nonresidential
spaces in the building (e.g., retail
spaces, fitness facilities, beauty
and nail salons), which may require
collaboration with the building owner,
property manager, and other tenants and
occupants within the building.
AP 21.2 Assess Dwelling Units for Local
Exhaust and Compliance with ASHRAE
Standard 62.2-2013
Determine whether dwelling units in the
building have local exhaust ventilation,
particularly in kitchens and bathrooms.
Determine whether the dwelling
units comply with the local exhaust
requirements for kitchens and
bathrooms of ASHRAE Standard
62.2-2013, including the standard's
Appendix A for existing buildings,
as applicable. Determine kitchen
and bathroom exhaust flow rates and
whether exhaust is vented directly to the
outdoors.
AP 21.3 Assess Clothes Dryer Exhausts
Determine whether clothes dryers
exhaust directly to the outdoors.
Condensing dryers piped to a drain are
exempt. Inspect or verify that clothes
dryer exhaust duct(s) do not discharge
into crawlspaces or attics or within
walls. Inspect clothes dryer vents for
restrictions and lint buildup.
AP 21.4 Determine Whether Spaces
Outside Dwelling Units Comply With
Applicable Local Exhaust Requirements
Determine whether spaces outside
dwelling units in the building comply
with the exhaust requirements of
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013, Table
6.5, as applicable. To the extent
possible, include nonresidential spaces
in the building (e.g., retail spaces,
fitness facilities, beauty and nail salons,
parking garages), which may require
collaboration with the building owner,
property manager and other tenants.
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
MA 21.1 Install, Repair or Replace Local Exhaust
Ventilation in Dwelling Units
If ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013 requirements
for kitchen and bathroom exhausts are not met,
install, repair or replace local exhaust ventilation
in dwelling units to meet the requirements.
Ensure ducts are sized and installed properly and
exhausted directly to the outdoors.
In dwelling units where local exhaust ventilation
is deficient and cannot be corrected with exhaust
fans, increase the whole-building ventilation
airflow that applies to the dwelling unit to
compensate using the alternative compliance
method (Appendix A of Standard 62.2-2013).
Ensure that, if provided, kitchen and bath
exhaust fans are operational, vented directly
to the outdoors, and meet the continuous
or intermittent exhaust rate requirements of
ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013.
• Advise building management and occupants
about the need to use exhaust fans in
kitchens and bathrooms during activities that
generate pollutants and moisture (e.g., cooking
and showering).
MA 21.2 Ensure Proper Venting of Clothes Dryers
Ensure that all clothes dryers exhaust directly
to the outdoors and cannot be readily diverted
indoors by occupants. Condensing dryers piped to
a drain are exempt.
MA 21.3 Meet Exhaust Requirements for Spaces
Outside Dwelling Units
Install, repair or replace exhaust ventilation
in spaces outside dwelling units to meet the
minimum exhaust rates specified in ASHRAE
Standard 62.1-2013, Table 6.5. This may
include, for example, janitor closets, trash
storage areas, laundry facilities and parking
garages.
To the extent possible, work with the building
owner, property manager and other building
tenants to ensure retail and other nonresidential
spaces have exhaust ventilation that meets the
applicable requirements of ASHRAE Standard
62.1-2013, Table 6.5.
MA 21.4 Implement Minimum Actions for
Compartmentalization to Supplement Exhaust
Ventilation
Follow the Minimum Actions under Priority
Issue 16.0 Compartmentalization to enhance
the effectiveness of exhaust ventilation and
reduce odor migration and unwanted airflow from
adjacent spaces.
EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
EA 21.1 Upgrade Kitchen and
Bath Exhausts
Ensure kitchen and bath
exhausts meet requirements
of ASHRAE Standard 62.2-
2013, without the need to use
the alternative compliance
path (Appendix A of ASHRAE
Standard 62.2-2013).
EA 21.2 Use Strategies in
Bathrooms to Control Local
Exhaust Fan
Use one or more of the
following strategies in
bathrooms to control the use of
the local exhaust fan:
• An occupancy/motion
sensor.
• An automatic humidistat
controller.
• An automatic timer
to operate the fan for
20 minutes or more after
an occupant leaves the
room.
• A continuously operating
exhaust fan.
EA21.3 Install Additional
Local Exhaust Ventilation
For spaces outside dwelling
units with strong, localized
pollutant sources (e.g., arts
and crafts rooms, exercise
rooms, cleaning supply
closets), consider installing
dedicated local exhaust
ventilation.
EA 21.4 Implement
Expanded Actions for
Compartmentalization
to Supplement Exhaust
Ventilation
Follow the Expanded Actions
under Priority Issue 16.0
to further enhance the
effectiveness of exhaust
ventilation and reduce odor
migration and unwanted airflow
from adjacent spaces.
References for Priority Issue 21.0 Local Exhaust Ventilation:
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013 - Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013 - Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise Residential Buildings
^H
ffa Appendix B: Property Management and Occupant Education
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SAFETY
PRIORITY ISSUE 22.0 BUILDING SAFETY FOR OCCUPANTS
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
AP 22.1 Assess Building Safety
Document safety hazards that are
observed during the building IAQ
walkthrough, energy audit or other
inspections. Immediately inform
the building owner and property
manager of any urgent and life-
threatening conditions.
AP 22.2 Assess Smoke and CO
Alarms
Determine whether there are working
smoke alarms and CO alarms
installed in dwelling units and other
locations in the building.
AP 22.3 Identify Prevalence and
Storage of Harmful Chemicals
Identify products containing
hazardous chemicals (e.g., strong
cleaners, hazardous materials,
pesticides) that are stored in
accessible locations.
AP 22.4 Identify Fire Extinguisher
Locations
Check whether there are working
fire extinguishers in dwelling units
and appropriate common areas.
Work with the building owner or
property manager to assess whether
fire extinguisher placement meets
applicable codes.
AP 22.5 Assess Water Heater
Temperature Settings
Determine whether water heater
temperature settings are within the
allowable limits of the local and
state codes.
AP 22.6 Assess Whether Knob-and-
Tube Electrical Wiring Is Present
Assess whether knob-and-tube
electrical wiring is present in the
building and whether it is located
in areas impacted by the building
upgrades.
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
MA 22.1 Correct Safety Hazards Identified During
Assessments
Immediately correct urgent and life-threatening safety
risks. Correct other safety hazards during the building
upgrade activities.
MA 22.2 Correct Deficiencies in Smoke and CO
Alarms
M Replace non-functioning smoke and CO alarms.
If smoke alarms or CO alarms are not present,
install new alarms consistent with local code
requirements; if local code requirements do not exist,
install smoke alarms and CO alarms in every dwelling
unit consistent with CPSC guidance and located
according to NFPA 720. If new batteries are used,
consider installing 10-year lithium batteries. Provide
client education on appropriate response to alarm
activation.
Note:
It is recommended that CO alarms have a digital
display and provide peak level readings.
MA 22.3 Recommend Appropriate Storage of
Hazardous Chemicals
Recommend appropriate and controlled storage of
products containing hazardous chemicals (e.g., strong
cleaners, hazardous materials, pesticides).
MA 22.4 Provide Adequate Fire Extinguishers
Work with the building owner or property manager to
ensure there are fire extinguishers installed according
to applicable code requirements.
MA 22.5 Adjust Water Heater Temperatures
Ensure that water heater set points do not exceed
allowable limits of local and state codes. Otherwise,
ensure that water heater set points do not exceed
120°F to prevent scalding.
MA 22.6 Follow Precautions When Knob-and-Tube
Electrical Wiring Is Present
Follow the precautions outlined in DOE Standard
Work Specifications for Single-Family Home Energy
Upgrades, Section 2.0601.1, for knob-and-tube
electrical wiring. This includes requirements that
live knob-and-tube wiring shall not be covered or
surrounded, and that exposed knob-and-tube wiring
shall be replaced with new appropriate wiring, as
required by the National Electrical Code or authority
having jurisdiction.
EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
EA22.1 Install CO Alarms
Capable of Detecting and
Storing Low Levels
Install CO alarms that can
detect and store peak CO
levels of less than 30 parts
per million in dwelling units.
EA 22.2 Install Fall
Prevention Measures
Install grab bars and handrails
for fall prevention. Install
guards to prevent falls as
stated in the NCHH-American
Public Health Association
(APHA) National Healthy
Housing Standard, Section
3.7. For housing with small
children, recommend that
occupants install child safety
gates at the top and bottom
of stairs inside the dwelling
unit.
EA 22.3 Install Light Switches
in Stairwells
Recommend installation of
light switches at the top and
bottom of all stairwells.
EA 22.4 Consider Step
Lighting
Consider installation of safety
lighting on or near steps.
Consider energy-efficient LED
lighting.
EA 22.5 Repair
Malfunctioning Doors,
Windows, Roofs and Floors
Repair malfunctioning doors,
windows, roofs and floors.
EA 22.6 Ensure Safety of
Electrical Systems
Have qualified personnel
ensure that electrical systems
are in accordance with
applicable codes.
References for Priority Issue 22.0 Multifamily
Building Safety:
CDC: Check for Safety: A Home Fall Prevention Checklist for Older
Adults
CPSC: Carbon Monoxide Questions and Answers
Appendix B: Property Management and Occupant Education
DOE: Standard Work Specifications for Single-Family Home Energy
Upgrades, Section 2.0601.1
EPA: Safer Choice
NCHH-APHA: National Healthy Housing Standard, Section 3.7
NFPA 720: Standard for the Installation of Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Detection and Warning Equipment
UL 2034: Standard for Single and Multiple Station Carbon Monoxide
Alarms
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PRIORITY ISSUE 23.0 PROTECTING INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ) DURING CONSTRUCTION
ASSESSMENT
PROTOCOLS (AP)
AP 23.1 Assess Occupan-
cy During Construction
Periods
Determine the nature of
building occupancy during
the construction periods.
Identify areas of the build-
ing that will be occupied.
Identify any special needs
of the building occupants
(e.g., children, elderly, dis-
abled). Identify occupant
complaints or concerns.
AP 23.2 Identify Construc-
tion Contaminants and
Pathways
Identify potential IAQ
contaminant sources from
building upgrades (e.g.,
activities, materials and
equipment that have the
potential to cause IAQ
problems) and pathways
through which contami-
nants could affect the air
quality for the building
occupants (e.g., adjacent
areas, return ducts, stair-
wells).
AP 23.3 Identify Risk of
Mercury Exposure
Identify the extent to
which mercury exposure is
a risk during the building
upgrade.
Mercury exposure is a
risk in a building where
broken mercury-containing
products and devices such
as thermometers, thermo-
stats, compact fluorescent
lamp (CFL) bulbs, and
fluorescent lamps are
identified—especially
when a designated place
for proper disposal of such
material is not available.
If the upgrade involves
installing or replacing
mercury-containing prod-
ucts such as thermostats,
thermometers, fluorescent
lamps and CFL bulbs, mer-
cury is a potential risk as
part of the upgrade.
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
MA 23.1 Minimize Occupant and Worker Exposures During
Construction
When conducting activities that may result in exposure to airborne
contaminants (e.g., cutting or grinding materials, painting, installing
insulation) comply with local laws and adhere to the Sheet Metal
and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association (SMACNA)
Indoor Air Quality Guidelines for Occupied Buildings Under Con-
struction. Minimize occupant and worker exposure to VOCs, particles
and other airborne contaminants using the following procedures:
• Restrict building occupants and workers without the personal
protective equipment needed for the work being performed from
construction areas.
• Separate construction areas from occupied portions of the build-
ing using appropriate containment and ventilation practices. En-
sure that work areas are properly isolated (e.g., by constructing a
sealed, rigid-wall air barrier with a lockable door separating the
work area from occupants or isolating smaller work areas with a
plastic sheeting air barrier). Ensure that work areas are ventilated
with exhaust to the outdoors to protect workers and occupants.
Contaminants should be captured as close as possible to the
emissions source. Work areas should be under negative pressure
relative to surrounding spaces. Ensure that construction contami-
nants exhausted to the outdoors do not re-enter the building.
Note:
If negative pressurization in the work areas is not possible, consider
an exhausted double wall buffer zone to separate work areas from
surrounding areas.
• Ensure fire egress requirements from occupied portions of the
building are maintained when isolating work areas.
• Do not conduct dry sanding without implementing containment
measures for the dust generated.
• Establish vehicle staging areas for loading and unloading mate-
rials and equipment at least 100 feet from outdoor air intakes,
operable windows and entryways to the building.
• Clean the area thoroughly and frequently, and before re-entry of
unprotected workers or occupants to ensure removal of any dust
that may contain pollutants. Use sealed HEPA-rated vacuums.
• Follow all manufacturers' printed instructions, which may indi-
cate the need to evacuate building occupants and other unpro-
tected individuals from work areas during and for some period
after the use of a product.
• Ensure sufficient ventilation and cure time to protect occupants
before re-entry into the work area.
• Create specific plans to contain particulate matter during demo-
lition activities.
• Limit the impact of airborne contaminants released by roof-
ing materials during installation (e.g., hot mop asphalt, seam
sealing on ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), polyvinyl
chloride or modified bitumen roofing). Establish isolation barri-
ers and keep roofing materials away from outdoor air intakes.
• Promptly respond to any occupant complaints or concerns.
EXPANDED
ACTIONS (EA)
EA23.1 Consider Ad-
ditional Protections As
Appropriate
Consider implementing
the following options:
• Require rigid-wall air
barriers with sealed,
lockable entries be-
tween work areas and
occupied spaces and
provide negative pres-
surization to contain
contaminants.
• Create a buffer zone
around work sites.
• Restrict construction
activities to hours of
reduced occupancy
when feasible.
• Conduct temporary air
cleaning.
• Stage construction
activities in controlla-
ble sizes.
• Control pressuriza-
tion and the indoor
environment with
temporary HVAC
equipment.
• Vacate the entire
building, when fea-
sible.
EA 23.2 Replace Mercu-
ry-Containing Products
and Materials, Where
Possible
Encourage replacement
of mercury-containing
products and devices
(excluding fluorescent
lights and CFL bulbs)
with products that do not
contain mercury.
See Appendix A: Worker Protection
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PRIORITY ISSUE 23.0 PROTECTING INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ) DURING CONSTRUCTION (continued)
ASSESSMENT
PROTOCOLS
(AP)
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
MA 23.2 Protect HVAC Systems
Protect HVAC systems from contaminants during work activities.
• Seal openings in existing ducts located in work areas to avoid infiltration of dust
and debris.
• New HVAC equipment, ducts, diffusers and return registers should be stored in
a clean, dry place and should be covered to prevent dust accumulation.
• If operating an HVAC system that interfaces with work areas, ensure the system
does not pull return air from the work areas and install air filters with a MERV 8
rating or higher during construction activities.
• Visually inspect ductwork after construction activities have been completed and
clean internal surfaces as needed to remove dust and debris.
• Ensure all filters that were used during work activities have been removed and
new filters are properly installed before operating the HVAC system during occu-
pancy.
MA 23.3 Handle Mercury Properly
If mercury is identified, determine whether the building has a mercury spill re-
sponse plan and provide guidance to the property manager and occupants on how
to perform proper clean up. Refer to EPA guidance on clean up.
Take particular care not to break any mercury-containing materials during upgrade
activities. If an accidental spill occurs, refer to EPA guidance on clean up. Properly
dispose of fluorescent lighting and CFL bulbs that may be part of energy upgrade
activities.
MA 23.4 Protect Highly Absorptive Materials
Protect any existing absorptive materials (e.g., fabrics, furnishings, carpets) by fully
covering with plastic sheeting. Fully secure all edges of sheeting to protect materi-
als from airborne contaminants and emissions caused by construction.
Schedule the installation of new absorbent materials after major dust and pollut-
ant-generating activities have been completed. Ensure that materials have not been
exposed to moisture and are dry before installation.
MA 23.5 Safely Install Spray Foam Insulation
Employ safe work practices to avoid exposure to SPF insulation. Follow the
manufacturers' printed instructions for vacating building occupants, and other
unprotected individuals not involved in the application of the SPF products, from
the premises during and for some period after SPF application. Require and confirm
SPF to be installed in strict accordance with manufacturer's printed requirements.
Note:
The curing time (complete reaction) of SPF insulation varies depending on the type
of product, application technique, temperature, humidity and other factors. While
the SPF is curing, it still contains unreacted chemicals, which include isocyanates
and proprietary chemicals. Manufacturers estimate that it can take approximately 1
to 3 days after application tor the two-component high-pressure "professional" SPF
system to cure fully and approximately 8 to 24 hours for the one-component foam
to cure. Exposure to isocyanates may cause skin, eye and lung irritation, asthma,
and sensitization. Exposures to isocyanates should be minimized. See EPA's Spray
Polyurethane Foam Web page for more information.
EXPANDED
ACTIONS (EA)
References for Priority Issue 23.0 Protecting Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) During Construction:
American Chemistry Council: Spray Polyurethane Foam Health and Safety
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013 -Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, Section 7.1.4.2
EPA: Building Air Quality Action Plan, Step 8: Establish Procedures for Responding to IAQ Complaints
EPA: Mercury Releases and Spills
EPA: Spray Polyurethane Foam (SPF) Home Insulation and How to Use it More Safely
SMACNA: IAQ Guidelines for Occupied Buildings Under Construction
See Appendix A: Worker Protection
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ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
AP 24.1 Evaluate Risks
Evaluate worker health and safety
concerns that could be encountered
during the building upgrade. Refer
to Appendix A: Worker Protection for
recommended evaluation measures and
actions.
PRIORITY ISSUE 24.0 JOBSITE SAFET,
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
MA 24.1 Ensure Worker Protection
/ait\
X=y See Appendix A: Worker Protection
for recommended actions to protect
worker health and safety, and available
resources.
EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
This cell is intentionally blank.
See Appendix A: Worker Protection
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Section 3
Appendices
-------
This appendix contains information to help those per-
forming and supervising the building upgrade assess
the risks to workers; it recommends actions to mini-
mize risks to workers' health and safety and identifies
resources for additional information. Worker protection
is especially important in older buildings. Areas un-
dergoing construction may contain remnants of legacy
contaminants, such as lead and asbestos. Although
these materials often are not considered harmful if left
undisturbed or covered, they can become a concern
when disturbed. Therefore, it is essential that the
contractors review available information about the exis-
tence of such materials before beginning any modifica-
tions to the building. In some situations, only certified
personnel can perform certain activities outlined in
this Guide.
By law, employers and supervisors are required to
provide workers with a workplace that is free from
recognized hazards that can cause or are likely to
cause death or serious physical harm, as required in
Section 5(a)(l) of the Occupational Safety and Health
Act of 1970. Employers and supervisors must ensure
the following:
1. Work site operations are conducted in compliance
with OSHA regulatory requirements. OSHA regulato-
ry requirements identify the following construction
hazards to be addressed:
• Asbestos-Containing Materials:
29CFR Part 1926.1101
• Chemical Hazards:
29 CFR Part 1910.1200 and 29 CFR Part
1926.59
• Confined Spaces in Construction:
29 CFR Part 1926, Subpart AA
• Electrical:
29 CFR Part 1926, Subpart K
• Falls:
29 CFR Part 1926.501
• Ladders:
29 CFR Part 1926.1053
• Lead:
29 CFR Part 1926.62 and 40 CFR 745
• Personal Protective Equipment:
29 CFR Part 1926.28
Appendix A: Worker Protection
2. Workers are trained in the hazards of their job and
the methods to protect themselves.
3. Workers are provided the protective equipment
needed to reduce site exposures. Employers are re-
quired to perform a Personal Protective Equipment
Hazard Assessment for each employee.
Table Al provides a list of recommended assessments
and actions for worker safety concerns. Project con-
tract documents (drawings or specifications) and site
plans should include precautions to address these
issues. Table Al also includes measures an employer
needs to take to evaluate existing and potential health
concerns and recommended actions to ensure work-
er safety. Assistance with developing these worker
protection plans often is available from state or federal
training programs. OSHA offers training courses and
educational programs to help broaden worker and
employer knowledge on the recognition, avoidance,
and prevention of safety and health hazards in their
workplaces. OSHA also offers training and educational
materials that help businesses train their workers and
comply with the Occupational Safety and Health Act
(see http://www.osha.gov/dte/index.html).
When known pollutants are being produced or dis-
turbed during retrofit activities, follow appropriate
standards - including OSHA, National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and EPA
standards - to minimize worker and occupant expo-
sure. The document "IAQ Guidelines for Occupied
Buildings Under Construction" published by the Sheet
Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Asso-
ciation (SMACNA) also can be used as a best-practices
manual for maintaining IAQ in occupied buildings un-
dergoing renovation or construction. The SMACNA doc-
ument covers how to manage sources of air pollutants,
control measures, quality control and documentation,
and communication with occupants.
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Table A1: Recommended Assessments and Actions for Worker Safety Concerns
ASBESTO!
Assessments
Determine whether workers will
be exposed to asbestos-containing
material (ACM). Because of the
widespread prior use of ACM,
construction and renovation
activities in older buildings may
expose workers to this hazard.
• Building upgrade activities may expose workers to ACM and require compliance with
the OSHA rule at 29 CFR Part 1926.1101, which specifies the required protection
measures.
• See OSHA's website on asbestos for additional information and resources.
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Assessments
Determine whether workers will
be exposed to chemical hazards.
Based on 29 CFR Part 1926.59,
a chemical hazard is a chemical
that is either a physical hazard
(e.g., explosive, flammable) or
a health hazard (e.g., acute or
chronic health effects may occur).
Comply with the OSHA rule at 29 CFR Part 1910.1200, which includes the following
requirements (not an exhaustive list):
o that chemical content information be made available for all chemicals in use;
o that containers be properly labeled; and
o that workers handling chemicals be properly trained.
Use chemicals that are best in class for the particular application in terms of having
low toxic content and/or low contaminant emissions. Examples include paints,
adhesives, sealants and coatings that meet the emissions criteria of California
Department of Public Health Specification 01350.
Proper health and safety precautions should be employed by workers that use or may
come in contact with pesticides or chemical contaminants in building materials,
subsoils or vapors.
For pesticides, comply with EPA's Agricultural Worker Protection Standard (includes
all amendments as of October 3, 1997).
See OSHA's website on hazard communication for additional information and
resources.
1NFINEDSPA
Determine whether workers will
be exposed to confined-space
hazards.
Comply with the OSHA rule at 29 CFR Part 1926, Subpart AA Confined Spaces in
Construction.
See OSHA's website on confined spaces for additional resources on confined space
hazards.
Ensure the workspace is cleaned regularly and has adequate ventilation and exhaust
and that construction is phased properly to protect workers and occupants from
construction activities that are considered high risk, as outlined in SMACNA "IAQ
Guidelines for Occupied Buildings Under Construction," 2nd Edition.
See OSHA's Protect Yourself: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Quick Card for additional
information on sources of CO and recommended actions for preventing CO exposure.
See Priority Issue 10.0 Building Products/Materials Emissions and EPA's Safer Choice
website for more information on selecting less toxic products and materials that can
be used in confined spaces.
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Assessment
Determine whether the work will
generate dust. Use best practice
measures to manage and control
air contaminants in areas of work.
Educate workers about dust containment procedures and how to control dust and
debris created by equipment used in construction activities.
Use work methods that minimize dust and prevent dust from spreading to other areas
of the building.
Isolate areas where work is being performed (e.g., sealed with plastic sheeting) to
contain any dust that is generated during construction activities.
Turn off forced-air, central heating and air conditioning systems (including local,
window air conditioning units) while work that generates dust is under way.
Collect and remove all construction dust and debris.
Conduct a careful cleanup routinely and at the end of the project.
See OSHA's websites on wood dust and combustible dust for additional information
and resources.
See EPA's RRP Program Rule requirements at 40 CFR Part 745 for recommended
actions to prevent, contain and clean up lead dust.
Assessment
Determine whether workers will be
exposed to electrical hazards.
Follow OSHA rule 29 CFR Part 1926 Subpart K requirements for protecting workers
from electrical hazards (not an exhaustive list):
o Employers must make sure that all non-double-insulated electric equipment is
equipped with a grounding conductor (three-wire type).
o Worn or frayed electric cords must not be used.
o Employers must provide either ground-fault circuit interrupters or an assured
equipment grounding conductor program (which includes the regular testing of all
equipment grounding conductors) to protect employees from ground faults.
See OSHA's Electrical Incidents E-Tool for additional information on electrical safety.
Assessment
Determine whether workers will be
required to work at heights of
6 feet or more.
If work is required at heights of 6 feet or more, protect workers with guardrails or by
properly securing to prevent falls.
See OSHA rule at 29 CFR Part 1926.501 for additional information on requirements.
See OSHA's Web page on fall protection and OSHA's Falls E-Tool for additional
information on protecting workers from fall hazards.
Assessment
Determine whether workers will be
using ladders.
Follow OSHA rule at 29 CFR Part 1926.1053, which includes the following
requirements (not an exhaustive list):
o Portable ladders must be able to support at least four times the maximum
intended load.
o Ladders that must lean against a wall are to be positioned at a 4:1 angle.
o Ladders are to be kept free of oil, grease, wet paint and other slipping hazards.
o The area around the top and bottom of a ladder must be kept clear.
o Ladders must not be tied or fastened together to provide longer sections.
o Metal ladders must not be used while working on electrical equipment or electrical
wiring.
See the OSHA rule at 29 CFR Part 1926.1053 for additional information on
requirements.
See OSHA's publication Stairways and Ladders: A Guide to OSHA Rules for additional
resources on ladder safety.
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULT I FAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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\ssessment~
Determine whether building
upgrade activities will expose
workers to lead dust (for example,
from lead paint used in buildings
constructed before 1978),
according to the Assessment
Protocols outlined in Priority Issue
If the facility was built before 1978, the existing paint is assumed to contain lead,
unless EPA-approved testing methods show otherwise, and building upgrade activities
must comply with EPA's RRP Program Rule requirements at 40 CFR Part 745 and the
OSHA rule at 29 CFR Part 1926.62.
See OSHA's publication Lead in Construction for information on OSHA requirements
to protect construction workers from lead hazards.
Determine whether workers will be
exposed to mold.
• All suspected moldy areas should be remediated by properly trained individuals.
Moisture problems need to be identified and fixed or mold will return. If mold is
expected to be disturbed during activities, immediately bring this to the attention
of the site manager. Refer to OSHA's A Brief Guide to Mold in the Workplace;
NIOSH's Recommendations for the Cleaning and Remediation of Flood-Contaminated
HVAC Systems; EPA's Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings;
the American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists' Bioaerosols:
Assessment and Control; the American Industrial Hygiene Association's Recognition,
Evaluation, and Control of Indoor Mold; or the Institute of Inspection, Cleaning and
Restoration Certification's S520 Standard and Reference Guide for Professional Mold
Remediation.
• See EPA's Molds and Moisture website for additional information on mold
remediation.
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs)
Assessments
Determine whether workers may
be handling PCB-containing
or PCB-contaminated building
materials, including fluorescent
light ballasts and caulk.
See EPA's PCB-Containing Fluorescent Light Ballasts Web page for information
on proper maintenance, removal and disposal of PCB-containing fluorescent light
ballasts. If leaking ballasts are discovered, wear protective clothing including
chemical-resistant (nitrile) gloves, boots and disposable overalls.
See EPA's Steps to Safe Renovation and Abatement of Buildings That Have PCB
Containing Caulk website for information on this topic. Work practices to help ensure
worker and occupant safety include employing protective measures (both interior and
exterior), complying with occupational protective regulations, communicating with
building occupants/third parties, setting up the work area to prevent the spread of
dust, using appropriate tools that minimize the generation of dust/heat, and leaving
the work area clean.
.AY POLYURETHANE FOAM (S.
Determine whether workers will
be using SPF, which may contain
chemicals such as isocyanates
(e.g., methylene diphenyl
diisocyanate), amines, flame
retardants and other additives.
There are three main types of
SPF products (two-component
high pressure, two-component
low pressure and one-component
foam), each of which has different
applications. Determine which
of the three main types of SPF
products will be used.
• Applicators, crews and building occupants in the work area are required to use
protective equipment to prevent exposure to isocyanates and other SPF chemicals.
Protective equipment requirements vary depending on the type of SPF product.
• Review label and product information for ingredients, hazards, directions, safe work
practices and precautions.
• Ensure health and safety training is completed and safe work practices are followed to
prevent eye, skin and inhalation exposures during and after SPF installation.
• Exercise caution when determining a safe re-entry time for unprotected occupants and
workers based on the manufacturer's printed recommendation. If occupants or workers
experience breathing problems or other adverse health effects from SPF application,
seek immediate medical attention.
• See OSHA's Green Job Hazards website for additional information on the hazards
associated with SPF.
• See EPA's Spray Polyurethane Foam (SPF) home website for additional information.
• See the American Chemistry Council's Spray Polyurethane Foam Health and Safety
website for additional information.
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Appendix B: Property Management and Occupant Education
Building upgrade activities provide valuable oppor-
tunities for building owners, property managers and
contractors to educate building occupants on IAQ and
safety, which will help occupants maintain healthy
indoor environments after the upgrades are complete.
Building owners, property managers and contractors
are encouraged to provide occupants with training
that reinforces the health protections identified in this
Guide.
Building occupants play a critical role in helping build-
ing owners and property managers maintain healthy
living environments, for example, by reporting moisture
and pest problems, cooperating with pest management
professionals in implementing an integrated pest man-
agement policy, and following any smoke-free housing
policies that exist.
Property managers play a critical role in maintain-
ing multifamily residential properties, making them
healthier living environments for occupants and prop-
erty maintenance staff. After the building upgrade is
completed, property managers, maintenance staff, and
contractors hired by the building owner and/or property
manager can take actions to support the health protec-
tions incorporated by the building upgrades.
The following priority areas are discussed in this ap-
pendix:
• Pest Control
• Moisture Control
• Lead
• Smoke-Free Housing
• Cleaning and Building Products
• Ventilation
• Carbon Monoxide
Minimize pest problems using IPM strategies. These cost-effective strategies prevent and address pest problems
while minimizing harm to people, property and the environment. IPM methods rely on a range of strategies to pre-
vent and control pest issues. IPM strategies generally are more effective than traditional pest control approaches.
Actions
Ensure contracts with pest professionals require these IPM elements:
• IPM Certification: Require all pest professionals to provide proof of IPM certification from a state agency or
third party (e.g., GreenPro, Green Shield or equivalent IPM certification).
• IPM Policy: Pest professionals should be required to include an IPM policy in pest control contract documen-
tation. The IPM policy must include a clear plan of action consistent with the IPM requirements outlined
below.
• Inspections: Pest professionals should conduct initial and periodic inspections of the building's exterior and
interior spaces to identify pest entry points and evidence of pests. A written evaluation of pest control needs
should be provided for approval by the building owner or property manager. The evaluation should identify
problem areas and recommend structural, sanitary or procedural modifications that will reduce pest access
to food, water and shelter (e.g., seal entry points such as openings, cracks and crevices; cover and control
pest access to trash cans/dumpsters/trash chutes).
• Implementation: Pest professionals will work with building owners and property managers to determine when,
how, and by whom the actions identified in the inspections will be undertaken (e.g., safely remove pests,
nests, accumulated excrement and allergens; secure trash storage; effectively seal pest entry and migration
openings; and plan pesticide use [if any]). Pest professionals will implement their portion of the agreed upon
actions.
• Pesticide Use: Pesticide application should be considered only after all other options have been attempted in
response to observed pest problems.
=i> Approved Products: The IPM contract or IPM policy must include a list of approved products. Only
least hazardous or least toxic pesticide products2 should be specified in an IPM contract. Do not apply
any pesticide product that has not been included in the IPM policy or approved in writing by the build-
ing owner or property manager.
- As an example, the San Francisco Department of Environment's pesticide hazards screening list can be used, although it is not comprehensive. Tier III products in
this list are considered least toxic. If a product being considered for application cannot be found on this list, the San Francisco Department of Environment's Guide
to the City of San Francisco's Reduced-Risk Pesticide List can be used to determine the level of toxicity of the chemical in question.
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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>T CONTROL (continue
=» Application by Need: Whenever possible, spot treatments should be used rather than area-wide appli-
cations. Applied pesticides must be beyond the reach of children and pets (e.g., inside sealed cracks
and cavities; in approved, secured bait stations). Employ the least hazardous material, most precise
application technique and minimum quantity of pesticide necessary to achieve control. Ensure applica-
tion of products containing pesticides render the pesticides inaccessible to occupants, visitors, pets (if
allowed) and staff.
=» Specificity: Employ pesticides that are specific to target pests.
=» Prohibited Products: Pesticide sprays (unless an insect growth regulator or needed to address bedbug
infestations), foggers or bombs, and organophosphate or chlorinated hydrocarbons pesticides are not
permitted.
=i> Pesticide Storage: The pest control contractor should not store any pesticide product in the building.
=i> Notification: Pest control contractors should be required to provide written notice to the property
management and occupants of the intention to apply any pesticide, and post signage in the areas
to be treated, all at least 24 hours prior to application. It is recommended that this notice be given
72 hours in advance of the pesticide application so that occupants can prepare their dwelling units
for the application and arrange to be away from the property, if necessary. Rooms of dwelling units
and other areas to be sprayed with insecticides must have signage posted at conspicuous locations
and entries at least 24 hours prior to application.
=» Compliance and Enforcement: Individuals applying pesticides must do so in a manner not only con-
sistent with federal laws, but also consistent with state and local laws. In general, states have primary
authority for compliance monitoring and enforcing against use of pesticides in violation of the labeling
requirements. Additionally, the agency with primary responsibility for pesticides differs from state to
state. Usually it is a state's department of agriculture, but may be a state's environmental agency or
other agency.
• Insect Control: Insecticides are to be applied as "crack and crevice" treatments (i.e., the insecticide is not
visible to a bystander during or after the application process). For cockroaches, baits, gels, growth regulators
and boric acid are preferred.
• Rodent Control: As a rule, rodent control inside and around buildings shall be accomplished with trapping
devices only.
=i> Trapping Devices: Trapping devices shall be out of public view to avoid being disturbed by routine
cleaning. Devices shall be checked on a defined schedule and the pest management contractor shall
be responsible for disposing of all trapped rodents.
=» Bait Boxes: All bait boxes shall be placed out of general view, in locations where they will not be
disturbed by routine operations. Bait boxes shall have lids securely locked or fastened and shall be
secured so they cannot be picked up or moved. Bait boxes shall be labeled with the contractor's busi-
ness name and address, and dated by the contractor's technician at the time of installation and each
servicing.
=» Rodenticides: In exceptional circumstances, when rodenticides are deemed essential, the contractor
shall obtain approval from the building owner or property manager. All rodenticides, regardless of
packaging, shall be placed in locations not accessible to children, pets, wildlife and domestic animals;
or the rodenticides shall be in EPA-approved tamper-resistant bait boxes.
• Occupant Education: Contract documents should include provisions for the pest control professional to provide
on-site occupant education, in conjunction with building owner or property manager.
2. Ensure the building owner, property manager and maintenance staff undertake the following activities:
• Preventative Measures: Maintenance staff will help prevent pest issues by:
=» Providing regular housekeeping in common areas, hallways, stairwells, laundry rooms and mainte-
nance/utility areas.
=» Sealing cracks, holes and crevices to prevent pest entry.
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ST CONTROL (continue
=» Providing an enclosed area for the storage of trash and prompt trash removal service.
=i> Integrating pest exclusion (e.g., sealing holes, cracks and crevices) with energy efficiency and air seal-
ing activities.
Review and Approve Contractor IPM Plan: Building owners/property managers review and approve the IPM plan
submitted by the pest control contractor and work with occupants to undertake appropriate actions.
Occupant Complaints: Maintenance staff respond promptly to pest complaints from occupants. Approximately
10 to 14 days after any action has been taken, the building owner/property manager should follow up to
evaluate the conditions.
Written Notice: Building owners/property managers shall provide advance written notice to occupants, prefera-
bly 72 hours, but not less than 24 hours, prior to pesticide application.
Unit Turnover: Building owners/property managers shall inspect for pest problems at unit turnover and identify
any needed pest control work by maintenance staff and/or pest control professionals to prevent and address
pest issues.
Occupant Education: Building owners/property managers should develop, in conjunction with the IPM contrac-
tor, education and outreach materials to occupants for lease signing, periodic occupant education sessions,
and during pest infestations. To the extent feasible, incorporate the following elements into occupant leases,
and work to ensure occupants understand their responsibilities:
=» Report to management pest sightings and conditions that may attract pests.
=» Do not use foggers, bombs or sprays. A pesticide use policy must be prepared including what, if any,
over-the-counter products are acceptable for use in the building. Illegal pesticides shall be strictly
prohibited (e.g., Miraculous Insecticide Chalk, Tres Pacitos).
=i> Keep dwelling units clean, clutter-free and in sanitary condition according to lease requirements.
=i> Prepare dwelling units for pest management service visits according to instructions provided in ad-
vance.
=i> Participate in monitoring their dwelling unit with traps provided by management, when needed.
Resources for Pest Control:
ASHRAE: Indoor Air Quality Guide: Best Practices for Design, Construction and Commissioning
Boston Public Health Commission: Integrated Pest Management: A Guide for Managers and Owners of Affordable Housing
Enterprise Green Communities: Green Operations & Maintenance Training in a Box
EPA: Introduction to Integrated Pest Management, Principles of IPM
EPA: Pesticides: Controlling Pests
Green Shield: Green Shield Certified
National Pest Management Association: Green Pro Certified
NCHH: Integrated Pest Management in Multifamily Housing
Northeastern IPM Center at Cornell University: Integrated Pest Management: A Guide for Affordable Housing
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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TURE CONT
Incorporate regular checks for moisture problems into ongoing property inspections, work order responses and at
unit turnover to minimize moisture and mold problems. Moisture and mold have been associated with asthma and
other respiratory problems. Excessive moisture also can contribute to pest problems and deteriorated lead-based
paint.
1. Perform the following during annual inspections, at unit turnover (as appropriate) and during work order responses:
• Plumbing
=» Inspect under sinks for leaks.
=» Check toilets for leaks with dye test and replace flapper as needed.
=i> Inspect shower stall, shower faucets and shower diverter valve for leaks. Recommended installation of
showerheads with WaterSense label, rated for less than 2 gallons per minute (gpm).
=» Inspect faucets and aerators for leaks. Install new faucets as needed, with WaterSense label; kitchen
faucets rated for less than 1.5 gpm, bath faucets rated for less than 0.5 gpm.
=» Inspect under dishwashers and washing machines for leaks.
=» Repair all leaks identified.
• Exhaust Ventilation
=» Check for proper operation of kitchen and bathroom exhaust fans, and confirm exterior venting and fan
flows.
=» Verify clothes dryer exhaust vent is intact and vented to the outdoors.
• Exterior Moisture
=» Inspect outside gutters and downspouts to be sure water is moved away from the building and property.
=» Check for standing water near the building, and correct grade and drainage as needed.
• Interior Moisture
=» Inspect for moisture stains, mold or musty odor.
=i> Inspect for standing water.
=i> Inspect for signs of mold or moisture damage.
• Occupant Education
=i> Advise occupants to report immediately any plumbing leaks; window, wall or roof leaks; standing water;
or condensation problems.
=i> Advise occupants about the need to use exhaust fans in kitchens and bathrooms during activities that
generate pollutants and moisture (e.g., cooking and showering).
=» Refer occupants to EPA's A Brief Guide to Mold, Moisture and Your Home.
Resources for Moisture Control:
CDC-NIOSH: Dampness and Mold Assessment Tool
EPA: A Brief Guide to Mold, Moisture and Your Home
NCHH: Healthy Homes Maintenance Checklist
Ensure lead-based paint does not pose a hazard in building operations and maintenance activities.
1. If maintenance staff will be disturbing lead paint, they shall be trained and certified under EPA's Lead Renovation,
Repair and Painting Program for lead-safe work practices.
• Occupant Education: Ensure building occupants are provided with information on lead and renovations as
required under EPA's Lead Renovation, Repair and Painting Program.
Resources for Lead:
EPA: Lead
EPA: The Lead-Safe Certified Guide to Renovate Right
EPA: Renovation, Repair and Painting Program
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IE-FREE HOU
Explore establishing a smoke-free housing policy as part of the building upgrade. Smoking is the single greatest
cause of disease and premature death in the United States affecting smokers, and non-smokers through
secondhand smoke. It also contributes to occupant complaints related to odor and increases the operational cost
of the property.
A detailed list of actions to implement smoke-free housing policies is provided in HUD's Change is in the Air: An
Action Guide for Establishing Smoke-Free Public Housing and Multifamily Properties and Smoke Free Housing:
A Toolkit for Owners/Management Agents of Federally Assisted Public and Multi-family Housing, and the NCHH's
Reasons to Explore Smoke-Free Housing. Several key steps are summarized here:
Work with the building owner or property manager to establish a smoke-free housing policy:
• Conduct an occupant survey of interest in smoke-free housing.
• Pending results of the survey, develop a plan to implement a smoke-free housing policy and establish suitable
areas outside of the building that can be used for smoking. Amend tenant leases to be consistent with smoke-
free policy.
• Occupant Education: Educate occupants on smoking policy in the building. Install signage and provide printed
material for visitors at the main entrances of the building with information about the smoke-free housing
policy.
» Enforce any smoke-free housing policy and related lease restrictions (see text box below).
Sample Smoke-Free Housing Policy
Effective [DATE], the use of all smoking products (cigarettes, cigars, pipes and electronic smoking devices) is prohibited on
[Property Name] property and within 25 feet of the building. This prohibition applies to all indoor and outdoor areas (dwell-
ing units, entry areas, walkways, grassed areas, picnic areas and parking lots at [Property Name] property). This policy
applies to all employees, visitors, residents, subcontractors, volunteers and vendors.
Sample Exception (for existing properties establishing a smoke-free policy)
Current residents who use smoking products that have entered into a lease agreement prior to [DATE] will be permitted to
continue to use tobacco products in their dwelling units for 12 months after the smoke-free policy is in effect. Therefore,
on [DATE], all units will be smoke-free and at that time all smokers will need to adhere to the set policy. This exception
shall not extend to visitors or anyone other than the lease holder/occupant.
Sample Lease Addendum Language
Include in the "Definitions" section of the lease:
Smoking: "Smoking" shall include the inhaling, exhaling, burning or carrying of any lighted cigarette, cigar or other tobacco
product; the emissions produced by electronic smoking devices; and the burning of cannabis or illegal substances.
Include in the restrictions section of the lease:
Smoking: Due to the increased risk of fire and the known health effects of secondhand smoke, smoking is prohibited in-
doors and within 25 feet of the residential building. This restriction applies to both private and common areas and applies
to all owners, tenants, guests and service persons.
Resources for Smoke-Free Housing:
National:
EPA: Secondhand Tobacco Smoke and the Health of Your Family
EPA: Smoke-free Homes
HUD: Change is in the Air: An Action Guide for Establishing Smoke-Free Public
Housing and Multifamily Properties
HUD: Optional Smoke-Free Housing Policy Implementation, Notice H 2010-21
HUD: Smoke-Free Housing: A Toolkit for Owners/Management Agents of Federally
Assisted Public and Multi-family Housing
HUD: Smoke-Free Housing: A Toolkit for Residents of Federally Assisted Public and
Multi-family Housing
NCHH: Reasons to Explore Smoke-Free Housing
TTAC: Tobacco Technical Assistance Consortium
State and Local:
Boston Smoke-Free Homes
Capital District (New York) Tobacco-Free Coalition
Michigan Smoke-Free Apartment
Minnesota Smoke-Free Housing
Smoke-Free Housing Coalition of Maine
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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EANING AND BUILDING PRODUCT
Use housekeeping practices, maintenance practices and related products that minimize the use of harmful or toxic
I chemicals wherever possible.
1. Follow a cleaning plan: For every area in the building that needs to be cleaned, staff should identify:
• Items to be cleaned (e.g., floors, walls, windows, carpets).
• Individual(s) responsible for cleaning each item.
• Frequency with which each item must be cleaned.
• Specific cleaning methods that must be used (e.g., micro-fiber dust mop [no brooms], warm water and mild
detergent in a damp wipe [no sprays], HEPA-filtration vacuums).
• Cleaning materials to be used for each surface.
2. Where possible, require staff and contractors to specify products that meet independent testing and certification
protocols. Examples are provided below; this is not an exhaustive list.
CLEANING SUPPLIES
Cleaners
Green Seal, EPA Safer
Carpet, Carpet Cushion and Entry
Mats
Resilient Flooring
Flooring Adhesives
Cabinets
Choice Label, or ECOLOGO Certified.
Green Label Plus Certified by Carpet and Rug Institute.
Recycle removed carpet: vendor to supply price quote to recycle removed carpet and
components (e.g., 100%, 50% or 30% recycled).
FloorScore® Certified
by Resilient Flooring Covering Association.
No- or low-VOC (less than 50 grams/liter [g/L]) for carpet and flooring tile adhesives.
Urea formaldehyde-free cabinets, certified to be compliant with California Title 17 for
Formaldehyde - Phase 2, if available.
Products produced in registered plants certified under the Kitchen Cabinet Manufactur-
ers Association Environmental Stewardship Certification Program (ESP 05-12).
Interior Paint
Master Painters Institute Green Performance Standards X-Green, GPS-1 or GPS-2.
Green Seal Standard GS-11 certified (e.g., VOC content for flat paints less than 50 g/L,
VOC content for non-flat paints less than 150 g/L).
Resources for Cleaning and Building Products:
Carpet and Rug Institute: Green Label Plus
ECOLOGO: ECOLOGO Product Certification
Enterprise Green Communities: Green Operations & Maintenance Training in a Box
EPA: Safer Choice
Green Seal: Green Seal Standard for Paints and Coatings, GS-11
Kitchen Cabinet Manufacturers Association: Environmental Stewardship Certification Program (ESP 05-12)
Master Painters Institute: Green Performance Standards GPS-1 or GPS-2, X-Green
Resilient Flooring Covering Association: FloorScore®
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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'EMULATION
Confirm ventilation systems are functioning as intended to reduce buildup of moisture and contaminants in
dwelling units and common areas. Moisture can contribute to mold growth and breathing problems such as
asthma. Contaminants from kitchen cooking can contain small particles and nitrogen oxides that also can
adversely affect health.
Perform the following during annual inspections and at unit turnover:
• Inspect bath and kitchen fans to determine whether they are clear of obstructions, operational and moving
air at the correct airflow rates. Ensure that fans are operating as intended (e.g., manually or automatically
controlled intermittent operation, continuous operation).
• Remove any items put up by occupants to block airflows at supply or exhaust grilles. Identify the source(s)
of occupant dissatisfaction that prompted blocking the airflows and take corrective action.
• Replace filters in HVAC systems with new filters at unit turnover, semi-annually or as often as recommended
by manufacturer.
• Conduct a ventilation system assessment to determine whether adequate ventilation rates are being provided
to dwelling units.
• Assess ventilation rates in common areas.
• Occupant Education: Advise occupants about the need to use exhaust fans in kitchens and bathrooms during
activities that generate pollutants and moisture (e.g., cooking and showering). Educate occupants about the
basic operation of ventilation, heating and cooling systems. This should include any maintenance (e.g., air
filter change-out) and adjustments that are the occupants' responsibility.
Resources for Ventilation:
NCHH: Improving Ventilation in Existing or New Buildings With Central Roof Exhaust
NCHH: Improving Ventilation in Multi-Family Buildings That Do Not Have Fan-Powered Ventilation
NCHH: Improving Ventilation in New and Existing Multi-Family Buildings With Individual Unit Ventilation Systems
NYSERDA: Improving Central Exhaust Systems for Multifamily Buildings
Ensure combustion appliances are maintained and operated safely, and occupants are protected against carbon
monoxide.
Conduct regular inspections and preventive maintenance on all combustion appliances. Ensure proper venting of
combustion by-products to the outdoors. Regularly inspect carbon monoxide alarms for proper operation.
1 Occupant Education: Ensure building occupants are provided with information on the hazards of combustion
pollutants including carbon monoxide.
Resources for Carbon Monoxide:
Consumer Product Safety Commission: Carbon Monoxide Questions and Answers
EPA: Carbon Monoxide's Impact on Indoor Air Quality
EPA: Protect Your Family and Yourself from Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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Appendix C: Abbreviations and Acronyms
AARST - American Association of Radon Scientists
and Technologists, Inc.
ABAA - Air Barrier Association of America
ACCA - Air Conditioning Contractors of America
ACGIH - American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists
ACM - asbestos-containing material
AHRI - Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration
Institute
AIHA - American Industrial Hygienists Association
ANSI -American National Standards Institute
AP - Assessment Protocol
APHA-American Public Health Association
ASHRAE - formerly American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers
ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials
ATCM - Airborne Toxic Control Measures
ATP-American Technical Publishers
BOC - Building Operators Certification
BPI - Building Performance Institute
BTU-British Thermal Unit
CARB - California Air Resources Board
CDC - U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
cfm - cubic feet per minute
CFL - compact fluorescent lamp
CFR - Code of Federal Regulations
CO - carbon monoxide
CPSC - Consumer Product Safety Commission
CSA - Canadian Standards Association
DOE - U.S. Department of Energy
DDL - U.S. Department of Labor
EA - Expanded Action
EPA- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EPDM - ethylene propylene diene monomer
ETS - environmental tobacco smoke
FAQs - Frequently Asked Questions
FLBs - Fluorescent Light Ballasts
g/L - grams/liter
gpm - gallons per minute
HEPA - high-efficiency particulate air
HUD - U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development
HVAC - heating, ventilation and air conditioning
IAQ - indoor air quality
IBC - International Building Code
IFGC - International Fuel Gas Code
IICRC - Institute of Inspection, Cleaning and
Restoration Certification
IPM - integrated pest management
IRC - International Residential Code
IUOE - International Union of Operating Engineers
LED - light-emitting diode
LISC - Local Initiatives Support Corporation
MA- Minimum Action
MDI - methylene diphenyl diisocyanate
MERV - minimum efficiency reporting value
MNCEE - Minnesota Center for Energy and
Environment
MPI - Master Painters Institute
MPI GPS - Master Painters Institute Green
Performance Standard
MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
NAAQS - National Ambient Air Quality Standard
NCHH - National Center for Healthy Housing
NESHAP - National Emission Standards for Hazardous
Pollutants
NFGC - National Fuel Gas Code
NFPA- National Fire Protection Association
NIOSH - National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health
NIST - National Institute of Standards and Technology
NVLAP - National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation
Program
NYSERDA - New York State Energy Research and
Development Authority
OSHA-Occupational Safety and Health
Administration
PCBs - polychlorinated biphenyls
pCi/L - picocuries per liter (in air)
PLM - polarized light microscopy
PM25 - Particulate matter < 2.5 micrometers in
diameter
PM10 - Particulate matter < 10 micrometers in
diameter
RRP - renovation, repair and painting
SMACNA - Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning
Contractors' National Association
SPF - spray polyurethane foam
TEM -transmission electron microscopy
TSCA - Toxic Substances Control Act
UL- Underwriters Laboratories
U.S.-United States
USDA - U.S. Department of Agriculture
VOC - volatile organic compound
WAPTAC - Weatherization Assistance Program
Technical Assistance Center
WPS - Worker Protection Standard
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULT I FAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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Appendix D: References
AARST (American Association of Radon Scientists and Technologists, Inc.): Protocol for Conducting Radon and
Radon Decay Product Measurements in Multifamily Buildings, MAMF-2012. 2012.
https://www.aarst.org/bookstore.shtml
AARST: Radon Mitigation Standards for Multifamily Buildings, RMS-MF 2014. 2014.
https://www.aarst.org/bookstore.shtml
ABAA (Air Barrier Association of America): Air Barrier Materials, Components, Assemblies & Systems. 2011.
http://www.airbarrier.org/materials/assem blies_e.php
ACCA (Air Conditioning Contractors of America): ANSI/ACCA Standard 5 QI-2015. HVAC Quality
Installation Specification. 2015. http://www.acca.org/HigherLogic/System/DownloadDocumentFile.
ashx?DocumentFileKey=601fe388-Oeb2-4511-87f9-05edOb3c21ba&forceDialog=0
ACCA: ANSI/ACCA Standard 6 QR-2015. Restoring the Cleanliness of HVAC Systems. 2015.
http://www.acca.org/HigherLogic/System/Down load DocumentFile.ashx?DocumentFileKey=601fe388-Oeb2-4511-
87f9-05edOb3c21ba&forceDialog=0
ACCA: ANSI/ACCA Standard 9 Qlvp-2011. HVAC Quality Installation Verification Protocols. 2011.
https://www.acca.org/HigherLogic/System/DownloadDocumentFile.ashx?DocumentFileKey=0655f3c7-Od90-4b7c-
a421-8696bc31143f
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OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1926: Subpart AA. Confined Spaces in Construction. 2015.
https://www.osha.gov/confinedspaces/i ndex.html
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OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1926.21: Safety Training and Education. Safety and Health Regulations for Construction:
General Safety and Health Provisions.
https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10607
OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1926.21 (b)(6)(i): Subpart C. Safety Training and Education. Safety and Health Regulations
for Construction: General Safety and Health Provisions.
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_id=10607&p_table=STANDARDS
OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1926.28: Subpart C. Personal Protective Equipment. Safety and Health Regulations for
Construction: General Safety and Health Provisions.
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10614
OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1926.59: Subpart D. Hazard Communication. Safety and Health Regulations for Construction:
Occupational Health and Environmental Controls.
https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10633
OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1926.62: Subpart D. Lead. Safety and Health Regulations for Construction: Occupational
Health and Environmental Controls.
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10641
OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1926.501: Subpart M. Duty To Have Fall Protection. Safety and Health Regulations for
Construction, http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_id=10757&p_table=STANDARDS
OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1926.1053: Subpart X. Ladders. Safety and Health Regulations for Construction.
http://www.osha. gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=standards&p_id=10839
OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1926.1101: Asbestos. Safety and Health Regulations for Construction: Toxic and Hazardous
Substances, http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_id=10862&p_table=STANDARDS
OSHA: A Brief Guide to Mold in the Workplace. 2013. http://www.osha.gov/dts/shib/shibl01003.html
OSHA: Asbestos. http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/asbestos/
OSHA: Asbestos, Construction. http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/asbestos/construction.html
OSHA: Combustible Dust. An Explosion Hazard, http://www.osha.gov/dsg/combustibledust/index.html
OSHA: Confined Spaces. http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/confinedspaces/index.html
OSHA: Electrical Incidents e-Tool. http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/construction/electricaLincidents/mainpage.html
OSHA: Fall Protection. http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/fallprotection/index.html
OSHA: Falls e-Tool. http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/construction/falls/mainpage.html
OSHA: Green Job Hazards: Weather Insulating/Sealing, http://www.osha.gov/dep/greenjobs/weather_spf. htm I
OSHA: Hazard Communication, http://www.osha.gov/dsg/hazcom/index.html
OSHA: Lead. http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/lead/index.html
OSHA: Lead in Construction. 2004. https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3142.pdf
OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. Section 5(a)(l).
http://www.osha. gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=OSHACT&p_id=3359
OSHA: OSHA Technical Manual (OTM), Section III: Chapter 7 Legionnaires' Disease. 1999.
https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_iii/otm_i ii_7.htm I
Energy Savings Plus Health I INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR MULT I FAMILY BUILDING UPGRADES
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OSHA: OSHA Training Courses, Materials, and Resources. https://www.osha.gov/dte/index.html
OSHA: Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs). https://www.osha.gov/dsg/annotated-pels/
OSHA: Quick Card. Protect Yourself. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. 2007.
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/3282-10N-05-English-07-18-2007.html
OSHA: Stairways and Ladders: A Guide to OSHA Rules. 2003. http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3124.pdf
OSHA: Wood Dust. http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/wooddust/index.html
Resilient Floor Covering Institute: FloorScore®. http://www.rfci.com/knowledge-center/floorscore/
San Francisco Department of the Environment: Guide to the City of San Francisco's Reduced-Risk Pesticide List.
2007. http://sfenvironment.0rg/sites/default/files/fIiers/files/sfe_th_pesticidetierprotocol.pdf
San Francisco Department of the Environment: Pest Prevention by Design: Authoritative Guidelines for Designing
Pests Out of Structures. 2012. http://www.sfenvironment.org/download/pest-prevention-by-design-guidelines
San Francisco Department of the Environment: Products Screened by the Integrated Pest Management Program,
City and County of San Francisco. 2008.
http://sfenvironment.org/sites/defau lt/files/fliers/files/sfe_th_products_screened_by_sfe_ipm.pdf
Scientific Certification Systems: SCSEC10.2-2007. Environmental Certification Program: Indoor Air Quality
Performance. 2007. http://www.scscertified.com/docs/SCS-EC10.2-2007.pdf
SMACNA (Sheet Metal & Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association): IAQ Guidelines for Occupied
Buildings Under Construction, Second Edition. 2007.
https://isgweb.smacna.org/isgweb/Purchase/ProductDetai I.aspx?Product_code=1072
Smoke Free Housing Coalition of Maine: http://www.smokefreeforme.org/
Tobacco Technical Assistance Consortium: 2015. http://www.ttac.org/
Toxic Substances Control Act Title VI: Formaldehyde Standards for Composite Wood Products. 2010.
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-lllsl660enr/pdf/BILLS-lllsl660enr.pdf
UL: Fire-Resistance and Smoke Protection.
http://ul.com/code-authorities/building-code/fire-resistance-and-smoke-protection/
UL 181A: UL 181A Standard for Closure Systems for Use With Rigid Air Ducts. 2013.
http://ulstandards.ul.com/standard/?id=181A
UL 181B: UL 181B Standard for Closure Systems for Use With Flexible Air Ducts and Air Connectors. 2013.
http://ulstandards.ul.com/standard/?id=181B
UL 2034: UL 2034 Standard for Single and Multiple Station Carbon Monoxide Alarms. 2008.
http://ulstandards.ul.com/standard/?id=2034&edition=3&doctype=ulstd
UL Environment: GREENGUARD Gold Certification.
http://www.greenguard.org/en/man ufacturers/manufacturer_childrenSchools.aspx
USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture): Cooperative Extension System Offices. 2014.
http://nifa.usda.gov/partners-and-extension-map?state=AII&type= Extension
WAPTAC (Weatherization Assistance Program Technical Assistance Center): Multifamily Audits. 2015.
http://waptac.org/Energy-Audits/Multifamily-Audits.aspx
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APPENDIX E: MASTER VERIFICATION CHECKLIST
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Indoor Air Quality Guidelines for Multifamily Residential Building Upgrades
Note: This Verification Checklist is to be used in conjunction with the assessment protocols and recommended actions in Section 2
of Energy Savings Plus Health: Indoor Air Quality Guidelines for Multifamily Residential Building Upgrades.
Building Identification:
City/State/Zip:
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification
Date:
1.0 Moisture Control and Mold
Complete N/A
NOTES
Inspected the interior and exterior of the building and the building's mechanical systems for evidence
of moisture problems, and documented the results.
Determined whether the project requires mold remediation or additional moisture control measures
based on the findings of the moisture inspection described in Assessment Protocol (AP) 1.1.
Identified moisture problems to address/repair before building upgrades.
Assessed for moisture or mold problems that cannot be resolved under the building upgrade project.
Did not start construction projects that would reduce the building's air infiltration rate if there are
unresolved moisture problems.
MA 1.1
MA 1.2
MA 1.3
MA 1.4
MA 1.6
MA 1.7
Repaired moisture problems identified during the assessment including plumbing leaks, rain leaks and
foundation leaks.
Conducted mold remediation following professional guidance, such as EPA's Mold Remediation In
Schools and Commercial Buildings and Institute of Inspection, Cleaning and Restoration Certification
(IICRC) Mold Remediation Standard S520.
Addressed standing water problems. Corrected surface water pooling near the foundation before
insulating basement or crawlspace walls.
Managed rainwater in assemblies included within the scope of work (e.g., drainage planes and
flashings). Ensured there is adequate slope and drainage away from the building.
Ensured proper heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) condensate drainage.
Prevented condensation in the building by air sealing the enclosure, managing water vapor flow,
managing air pressure relationships, ensuring all piping and valves with condensation potential are
adequately insulated, and controlling indoor humidity sources.
Properly sized HVAC systems to manage moisture inside the building. Installed supplemental
dehumidification equipment if needed to avoid indoor moisture problems.
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1.0 Moisture Control and Mold (continued)
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification
Complete N/A
NOTES
Used nonporous construction materials in moisture-prone areas.
Protected open roof areas from rain during construction, and designed and constructed roofing systems
and flashing details to ensure proper moisture barriers. Repaired leaks before air sealing or insulating
the attic.
Protected on-site materials from moisture.
Retrofitted crawlspaces so that they are sealed, insulated, ventilated with conditioned air, properly
drained and waterproofed. Installed a high capacity, energy-efficient dehumidifier in the space (if
climate conditions warranted).
Followed EPA or other professional guidance to perform additional activities to remediate mold growth.
MA 1.9
MA 1.10
EA 1.1
2.0 Asbestos
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification
Complete N/A
NOTES
Determined potential asbestos hazards in the building and identified asbestos-containing materials
(ACM). Completed assessments for ACM prior to initiating building upgrade tasks that have the
potential to disturb ACM.
If unsure whether material contains asbestos, contacted a trained and accredited asbestos professional
to assess, sample, and test the material, as needed. Notified the building owner and/or property
manager of any ACM identified during the assessments.
Addressed ACM during building upgrades and used accredited personnel for abatement or repair.
Immediately isolated the area if suspected ACM was found to be damaged (e.g., unraveling, frayed,
breaking apart). For suspected ACM that must be disturbed as part of the project, contacted an
accredited and properly trained asbestos professional.
Exercised caution to prevent the release of asbestos particles into the air during work activities (e.g.,
no dusting, sweeping or vacuuming ACM debris; no sawing, sanding, scraping or drilling holes into
ACM; no using abrasive pads or brushes to strip ACM).
Did not remove or disturb insulation that appears to be vermiculite.
Conducted asbestos abatement before blower door testing and exercised caution when conducting
blower door testing where friable asbestos or vermiculite attic insulation is present (e.g., used
positively pressurized blower door testing).
MA 2.1
MA 2.2
MA 2.3
MA 2.4
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3.0 Lead
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification | Complete N/A NOTES
• Assumed lead-based paint was used in buildings built before 1978, unless testing shows otherwise.
Recognized that lead-based paint may be present in any building. Tested any suspected surfaces that
will be disturbed during the building upgrade.
1 Determined the area of any lead-based paint that will be disturbed during the planned work.
Complied with EPA's Renovation, Repair and Painting (RRP) Program Rule. Used a Certified Renovator,
1 followed leadsafe work practices, isolated the work area to avoid occupant exposure, minimized lead
dust, left no dust or debris behind, and successfully performed cleaning verification or clearance
testing.
1 Informed maintenance staff that if they will be disturbing lead paint, they must be trained and
certified under EPA's RRP Program for lead-safe work practices.
1 Complied with expanded requirements including the U.S. Housing and Urban Development's (HUD)
lead-safe rehabilitation practices and EPA lead hazard standards for lead dust testing.
Replaced windows that test positive for lead-based paint.
1 Ensured all future paint applications in the building are lead-free.
4.0 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification
Complete N/A
NOTES
Determined whether fluorescent light ballasts containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are present.
Assessed whether caulk will be disturbed during building upgrade activities.
Replaced PCB-containing fluorescent light ballasts that are leaking with new lighting fixtures. Any oil
or stains leaked from PCB-containing ballasts were properly cleaned up or disposed of. Considered
replacement of all PCB-containing light ballasts with new lighting fixtures.
If PCBs were potentially present in caulk that was disturbed during building renovations, took steps
to minimize exposure following EPA's information at the Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Building
Materials Web page.
Adhered to requirements of 40 CFR Part 761 to ensure that any PCB-containing waste was handled
properly. Documented and stored copies of all test results and all disposal measures.
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5.0 Radon
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification | Complete N/A NOTES
1 Selected a radon testing professional from a list of qualified testers obtained from the state radon
1 If there are no state requirements, selected a radon professional who is certified by the National Radon
| Proficiency Program or the National Radon Safety Board.
1 Tested for radon either: (1) both pre- and post-upgrade work, or (2) only post-upgrade work.
1 Followed sampling guidance in American Association of Radon Scientists and Technologists, Inc.
1 (AARST) Protocol for Conducting Radon and Radon Decay Product Measurements in Multifamily
1 Before completing upgrade activities, took precautionary measures listed in the first column of
Table 2. Radon Testing Options and Reduction Strategies.
1 After building upgrade work, followed the appropriate Minimum Actions outlined in Table 2. Radon
Testing Options and Reduction Strategies, depending on post-work radon test results. Mitigated high
radon levels according to AARST Radon Mitigation Standards for Multifamily Buildings, RMS-MF
2014.
Notified the building owner and/or property manager about the radon test results and radon-reduction
1 measures that were implemented. Advised periodic retesting in areas of the building that have been
mitigated for radon.
Followed the appropriate Expanded Actions outlined in Table 2. Radon Testing Options and Reduction
Strategies, depending on post-work radon test results.
6.0 Belowground Contaminants (Except Radon)
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification
Complete N/A
NOTES
Evaluated potential sources and odors (e.g., gasoline, sewer gas or fuel oil).
Evaluated the sewer vent system to confirm that drain traps have water in them and inspected drain
lines for breaks or leaks.
If an odor is detected but its source cannot be identified, and the building is in a known area of
contamination, notified local or state authorities and/or pursued additional assessments before
continuing project work.
Conducted a further assessment if vapor-forming soil or groundwater contamination is suspected
on or near the building site. Consulted state or tribal voluntary Brownfields cleanup programs or
environmental regulatory agencies for information on the risks of vapor intrusion in the area.
Repaired or replaced failed or unattached sewer vent system components before proceeding with
building upgrade projects.
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6.0 Belowground Contaminants (Except Radon) (continued)
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification
MA 6.2
Complete N/A
NOTES
Addressed drain traps prone to drying out by developing a maintenance plan to periodically add water
to the traps, and considered installation of inline drain seals to floor drains prone to drying out.
Mitigated soil gas vapor intrusion in compliance with local or state standards (Table X5.1 of American
Society for Testing and Materials [ASTM] E2600 or EPA guidance).
Installed floor drain seals to untrapped floor drains.
Installed automatic drain trap primers in floor drains that are susceptible to drying out to ensure that a
small amount of water is periodically delivered to the trap and to prevent it from drying out.
Implemented measures to prevent migration of soil-gas contaminants into occupied spaces for new
construction and building expansion projects located on Brownfield sites, as described in ASHRAE
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Guide, Strategy 3.4.
MA 6.3
EA6.2
EA6.3
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification
7.0 Garage Air Pollutants
Complete N/A
NOTES
1 Identified whether the building has any attached garages.
1 Checked for HVAC systems inside any attached garages.
1 Identified air leaks between any attached garages and occupied spaces that share a surface with the
| garages.
1 Identified whether any combustion engines other than automobiles and trucks are operated in attached
| garages.
Eliminated/minimized unwanted air transfer of garage air pollutants to dwelling units via mechanical
1 equipment and ductwork.
Compartmentalized attached garages from occupied spaces by sealing openings and penetrations.
Ensured a carbon monoxide alarm is installed in every room that shares a floor, ceiling or wall with the
garage. Provided an exhaust fan in any attached garage, vented directly to the outdoors.
Relocated air-handling equipment that serves occupied spaces from the garage to an area within
conditioned space.
1 Performed additional efforts to compartmentalize garages from occupied spaces.
Advised the building owner or property manager to remove all combustion engine-operated equipment
(except automobiles and trucks) from inside the garage, where feasible.
AP7.2
AP7.3
AP7.4
MA 7.1
MA 7.2
EA7.1
EA7.3
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8.0 Pests
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification | Complete N/A NOTES
1 Identified potential pests of concern, including any organisms likely to colonize the building based on
1 Identified evidence of pests, and determined whether pesticides are being used in the building to
1 Assessed whether the building already has an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) plan and whether it
| is being followed and sustained.
Mitigated pest infestations; selected an IPM professional for pest management needs.
1 Reduced the potential for pest entry into the building by blocking, sealing and eliminating pest entry
1 points around the building envelope.
1 Patched and sealed openings in areas with evidence of rodent infestation with rodent-resistant
1 materials prior to installing weatherization materials that may be susceptible to gnawing.
Reduced the risk of pest dispersal throughout the building by sealing and blocking interior
passageways.
1 Implemented protections for outdoor air intakes and exhausts to eliminate pest entryways.
Maintained existing pest protections within the building.
Removed clutter, eliminated woodpiles and waste near the building, and removed any bushes, trees or
vegetation closer than two feet from the structure. Kept vegetation away from outdoor air intakes and
outdoor mechanical equipment. Did not pile up soils and mulches against the building's exterior walls.
1 If there is no IPM plan for the building, worked with the building owner and/or property manager to
develop and implement one.
Ensured exterior garbage cans and dumpsters are scalable and sanitized regularly.
9.0 Tracked-ln Pollutants
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification
Complete N/A
NOTES
Inspected all building common entrances for walk-off mats or entry mat systems. Noted conditions of
dirt or moisture accumulation near entrances that might need walk-off mats or entryway floor cleaning
systems.
MA 9.1
EA9.1
Provided walk-off mats to trap dirt and moisture at all building common entrances.
Installed permanent entryway systems at all regularly used building common entrances to capture dirt
and particulates in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 189.1, Section 8.3.1.5, or EPA's IAQ Design
Tools for Schools, Entry Mat Barriers.
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10.0 Building Products/Materials Emissions
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification | Complete N/A NOTES
1 Reviewed content and emissions documentation for products and materials being considered for the
| project to determine whether they contain potentially hazardous compounds.
1 Selected the least toxic products or materials feasible for each application. Used products and
materials that indicate they have (or are certified as having) low-volatile organic compound (VOC)
1 content or low-VOC emissions. Specified products and materials that meet independent certification
1 and testing protocols (see examples listed in MA 10.1).
Selected low-emitting wood and composite-wood products compliant with California Title 17 Airborne
Toxic Control Measures (ATCM).
If California Title 17 ATCM compliant materials are not available, used wood products that meet
1 Section 6.1 of EPA's Indoor airPLUS Construction Specifications.
1 Performed a post-construction building flush-out in the renovated building/spaces before occupancy
resumed.
Followed guidance outlined in MA 23.4 to protect absorptive materials during construction.
1 Aired out new construction materials in a well-ventilated, clean and dry space prior to installation.
Sealed composite wood products with a low-VOC or no-VOC sealant intended to reduce VOC emissions.
1 Investigated and corrected potential contaminant source problems after building modifications.
Performed a post-construction flush out or baseline IAQ monitoring per ASHRAE Standard 189.1,
1 Section 10.3.1.4(b) after construction was completed.
Required products that have submitted their complete chemical inventory to a third party for
1 verification. Made the verification / certification by the third party publicly available.
11.0 Vented Combustion Appliances
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification
Complete N/A
NOTES
Completed a safety inspection of all vented combustion appliances. The inspection shall include
observations for applicable code requirements including proper clearances, condition of venting,
assessment of the potential for back-drafting, integrity of fuel lines, safety of electrical connections
and condition of the appliance itself.
MA 11.1
MA 11.2
Repaired, removed or replaced combustion appliances as needed to correct all deficiencies identified
during the assessments and ensure compliance with applicable codes and standards. Ensured proper
venting after modifications that affected building envelope leakage and airflows.
Ensured that all combustion exhaust is captured as close to the combustion source as possible,
exhausted directly outdoors, and not vented into other indoor spaces such as attics, crawlspaces or
basements.
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11.0 Vented Combustion Appliances (continued)
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification
MA 11.3
Complete N/A
NOTES
Ensured that vented appliances have sufficient makeup air to replace vented air and maintain normal
operating conditions.
Ensured that boiler-firing adjustments are operating properly.
Ensured carbon monoxide (CO) detection and warning equipment is installed and located according to
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 720 and any applicable local or state requirements.
Installed power-vented or sealed-combustion equipment when replacing combustion equipment
located in occupied or conditioned spaces. Installation was performed in accordance with Air
Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA) Standard 5.
Replaced older, lower efficiency appliances that have pilot burners with higher efficiency appliances
incorporating electronic ignition.
MA 11.4
MA 11.5
EA 11.1
EA 11.2
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification
12.0 Unvented Combustion Appliances
Complete N/A
NOTES
Identified unvented combustion appliances and determined whether any local or state regulations
prohibiting these devices apply. Checked locations of unvented gas or kerosene spaces heaters and
assessed the potential for the unvented heaters to influence the thermostat that controls the primary
heat source. Determined whether CO detection and warning equipment was installed in dwelling units
with unvented combustion appliances.
Ensured adequate ventilation and exhaust in spaces with unvented combustion equipment. Ensured
ASHRAE Standard 62.22013 requirements, and any applicable building code requirements, for
local exhaust and outdoor air ventilation are met for kitchens equipped with gas cooking appliances.
Ensured that kitchen exhaust fans vent directly to the outdoors.
With the occupants' permission, removed all unvented combustion space heaters that do not conform
to local or state regulations.
Advised occupants to always consult and follow the manufacturers' printed instructions for proper
operation and maintenance of unvented combustion appliances. Advised occupants that unvented
space heaters should not be used in a manner that influences the thermostat controlling the primary
heat source, thereby causing the space heater to operate in place of the primary heat source.
Ensured CO detection and warning equipment is installed and located according to NFPA 720 and any
applicable local or state requirements.
MA 12.1
MA 12.2
MA 12.3
MA 12.4
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13.0 Ozone from Indoor Sources
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification
Determined whether any air-cleaning or purifying equipment designed to intentionally produce ozone
(e.g., ozone generators) was present.
Complete N/A
NOTES
Did not install any air cleaning equipment designed to intentionally produce ozone. Recommended
removal of existing air cleaning equipment designed to produce ozone intentionally, if present.
14.0 Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS)
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification | Complete | N/A | NOTES
AP 14.1
AP 14.2
AP 14.3
AP 14.4
MA 14.1
MA 14.2
EA 14.1
1 Determined whether the building has a smoke-free policy prohibiting smoking in common areas and
1 residential dwelling units.
1 Determined whether the building has an exterior smoking policy that prohibits smoking within a
1 specified distance (e.g., 10, 20 or 25 feet) of the building's operable windows, outdoor air intakes and
1 entryways.
1 Identified whether there have been occupant complaints or concerns about smoking.
1 Assessed whether space compartmentalization is a possible ETS control strategy.
If there is a pattern of smoking-related complaints and the building has an interior and/or exterior
smoke-free policy, discussed occupant education, signage and implementation methods with building
owner and/or property manager. Reviewed the building smoking policies and revised as necessary.
1 If the building does not have interior and exterior smoke-free policies, took appropriate actions
for ETS control, including (1) source control, (2) ventilation and air-pressure control, and (3) air
1 sealing. Proposed developing and implementing indoor smoke-free and exterior smoking policies, as
1 appropriate.
1 Pursued additional ETS control actions if there is a history of complaints and a smoke-free policy is
not feasible.
15.0 Wood Smoke and Other Solid Fuel Emissions
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification
Complete N/A
NOTES
Determined whether there are wood- or coal-burning appliances in the building. If a building policy on
wood- and coal-burning devices exists, reviewed it for compatibility with the Minimum Actions in this
section.
Assessed what the proper size of any wood- or coal-burning appliances will be after the building
upgrade is complete. If the current unit is oversized, recommended replacement with a properly sized,
EPA-certified appliance.
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15.0 Wood Smoke and Other Solid Fuel Emissions (continued)
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification
If wood- or coal-burning appliances are present, determined whether there is evidence of wood smoke
emissions affecting the building (e.g., evidence of soot on the walls or ceiling, creosote staining near
the flue pipe, a strong odor of wood smoke within common areas or dwelling units).
Complete
NOTES
Assessed wood- or coal-burning appliance safety, including appliance condition, proper distances of
the appliance and flue from combustible materials, adequate floor protection, and proper venting of
combustion by-products.
Determined whether any wood-burning appliances are EPA-certified.
Determined whether an outdoor wood- or coal-fired appliance is generating hydronic heat. If the wood-
or coal-burning appliance is operating during the assessment, observed the opacity of the smoke
leaving the chimney.
MA 15.1
MA 15.2
MA 15.3
EA 15.1
Corrected any problems identified during the assessments, and worked with a certified fireplace or
chimney safety professional as needed. Any new appliances are properly sized and EPA-certified.
Encouraged the building owner or property manager to have a certified professional inspect and
maintain the chimney and wood- or coal-burning appliance annually.
Shared EPA's Burn Wise Tips with the building owner or property manager.
Replaced non-certified wood- or coal-burning appliances with properly sized, EPA-certified appliances;
or replaced them with heating equipment that does not burn solid fuels.
16.0 Compartmentalization to Prevent Odor or Unwanted Air Transfer
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification
Complete
Determined which areas or dwelling units in the building are likely to be sources of irritating pollutants
or noxious odors or where unwanted air transfer occurs. To the extent possible, worked with building
owner, property manager and occupants to identify IAQ concerns that arise from pollutant migration
among dwelling units, common areas and commercial spaces.
Identified spaces in the building with strong pollutant sources that could be isolated using
Compartmentalization techniques. The intent is to limit uncontrolled airflow and cross contamination
among spaces, achieved by air sealing and controlling pressure differences.
MA 16.1
EA 16.1
Minimized pollutant transfer between spaces by implementing: (1) source control, (2) ventilation and
air pressure control, and (3) air sealing. Referred to MA 16.1 for detailed guidance.
Implemented expanded ventilation and air pressure control strategies to reduce contaminant transfer
between spaces.
Implemented expanded air sealing to reduce contaminant transfer between spaces.
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17.0 HVAC Equipment
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification | Complete N/A NOTES
• Conducted an HVAC assessment to evaluate the condition of existing HVAC systems and components
in accordance with minimum inspection standards of ASHRAE/ACCA Standard 180 or other equivalent
• Determined whether the existing HVAC systems are sized properly. If HVAC system replacements or
modifications are anticipated, based heating/cooling load and equipment sizing calculations on post-
Repaired, modified or replaced equipment to ensure that existing HVAC systems operate properly.
1 Properly sized and installed any new HVAC equipment.
Ensured new HVAC systems for dwelling units have air filtration with a minimum MERV (minimum
efficiency reporting value) 6 rating, and new HVAC systems for nonresidential spaces have air filtration
with a minimum MERV 8 rating.
For existing HVAC systems, checked with manufacturers to determine whether filters with these MERV
1 ratings can be accommodated by the equipment and, if not, installed filters with the highest MERV
1 ratings that can be accommodated.
Followed ASHRAE Standard 188-2015 or Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Technical Manual, Section III: Chapter 7 Legionnaires' Disease to protect against bacterial growth in
building water systems.
Trained building staff on operations and maintenance of the HVAC systems after the building upgrade.
1 Increased filter efficiencies in new and existing HVAC systems to the highest MERV ratings possible
based on equipment capabilities.
Developed plans to conduct follow-up HVAC training with building operations and maintenance staff
1 (e.g., 6 months or 1 year after the initial training).
18.0 Mechanical Ventilation for Individual Dwelling Units
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification
Complete N/A
NOTES
Determined whether dwelling units have individual mechanical ventilation systems. For other outdoor
air ventilation configurations, referred to Priority Issues 19.0 and 20.0.
Determined whether dwelling unit mechanical ventilation systems meet ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013
requirements.
Determined whether ventilation provided to corridors and nonresidential spaces, as applicable, meets
the requirements of ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013.
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Assessment Protocol and Action Verification
18.0 Mechanical Ventilation for Individual Dwelling Units (continued)
Complete
NOTES
Identified the locations of outdoor air intakes for all ventilation systems and assessed their distances
from outdoor pollutant sources.
MA 18.1
MA 18.2
Repaired or upgraded dwelling unit mechanical ventilation systems as needed to ensure proper
operation and to meet the requirements of ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013.
Repaired or upgraded ventilation systems serving corridors and nonresidential spaces, as applicable,
to ensure proper operation and to meet the requirements of ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013. If it is not
possible to achieve the ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013 minimum outdoor air ventilation rates, adjusted
systems to provide the maximum amount of outdoor air ventilation possible.
Installed balanced ventilation systems with energy recovery in dwelling units.
EA 18.2
For nonresidential spaces that are included in the scope of service, in locations where the ambient
outdoor air exceeds national standards for particulate matter (PM25, PM10) or ozone, ensured that
the outdoor air filtration and air-cleaning requirements of ASHRAE Standard 189.1-2014 are met for
mechanical ventilation systems.
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification
19.0 Mechanical Ventilation for Multiple Dwelling Units Using Central Exhaust
Complete N/A
NOTES
Determined whether dwelling units are served by central mechanical exhaust ventilation systems. For
other outdoor air ventilation configurations, referred to Priority Issues 18.0 and 20.0.
Determined whether central mechanical exhaust ventilation systems meet ASHRAE Standard 62.2-
2013 requirements in dwelling units.
Determined whether ventilation provided to corridors and nonresidential spaces, as applicable, meets
the requirements of ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013.
Identified the locations of outdoor air intakes for all ventilation systems and assessed their distances
from outdoor pollutant sources.
MA 19.1
MA 19.2
Repaired or upgraded central mechanical exhaust ventilation systems as needed to ensure proper
operation and to meet the requirements of ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013 in dwelling units.
Repaired or upgraded ventilation systems serving corridors and nonresidential spaces, as applicable,
to ensure proper operation and to meet the requirements of ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013. If it is not
possible to achieve the ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013 minimum outdoor air ventilation rates, adjusted
systems to provide the maximum amount of outdoor air ventilation possible.
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Assessment Protocol and Action Verification
19.0 Mechanical Ventilation for Multiple Dwelling Units Using Central Exhaust (continued)
Complete N/A
NOTES
EA 19.1
EA 19.2
Air sealed the central exhaust system's ventilation shaft with a spray seal system (aerosol or fluid
applied). Ensured that the ductwork sealing required under Minimum Actions (roof curb connections,
lateral connections and connections behind exhaust grilles) was completed before air sealing the
ventilation shaft.
For nonresidential spaces that are included in the scope of service, in locations where the ambient
outdoor air exceeds national standards for particulate matter (PM25, PM10) or ozone, ensured that
the outdoor air filtration and air-cleaning requirements of ASHRAE Standard 189.1-2014 are met for
mechanical ventilation systems.
20.0 Natural (Not Fan-Powered) Ventilation
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification
Complete N/A
NOTES
Determined whether dwelling units are served by natural ventilation systems. For other outdoor air
ventilation configurations, referred to Priority Issues 18.0 and 19.0.
Determined whether the dwelling units and/or building meet the exceptions to the whole-building
mechanical ventilation requirement in ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013, Section 4.1.1.
Determined whether ventilation provided to corridors and nonresidential spaces, as applicable, meets
the requirements of ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013.
Identified the locations of outdoor air intakes for all ventilation systems and assessed their distances
from outdoor pollutant sources.
MA 20.1
MA 20.2
EA20.1
EA 20.2
Converted the natural ventilation system to a fan-powered system if the dwelling unit served by natural
ventilation does not meet the exceptions to the whole-building mechanical ventilation requirement in
ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013.
Repaired or upgraded ventilation systems serving corridors and nonresidential spaces, as applicable,
to ensure proper operation and to meet the requirements of ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013. If it is not
possible to achieve the ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013 minimum outdoor air ventilation rates, adjusted
systems to provide the maximum amount of outdoor air ventilation possible.
Included requirements for advanced passive ventilation systems. The ventilation rate for each dwelling
unit must be sufficient to achieve the goal of an ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013 mechanical ventilation
rate (i.e., the annual average ventilation rate shall not be less than if a mechanical system was
installed according to ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013).
For nonresidential spaces that are included in the scope of service, in locations where the ambient
outdoor air exceeds national standards for particulate matter (PM25, PM10) or ozone, ensured that
the outdoor air filtration and air-cleaning requirements of ASHRAE Standard 189.1-2014 are met for
mechanical ventilation systems.
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21.0 Local Exhaust Ventilation
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification | Complete N/A NOTES
| Identified rooms or areas with localized contaminant sources that require exhaust ventilation.
B Determined whether dwelling units have local exhaust ventilation in kitchens and bathrooms, and
whether there is compliance with the requirements for kitchens and bathrooms in ASHRAE Standard
1 Determined whether clothes dryers exhaust directly to the outdoors. Inspected clothes dryer vents for
B Determined whether spaces outside dwelling units comply with exhaust requirements of ASHRAE
Standard 62.1-2013, Table 6.5, as applicable. To the extent possible, included retail and other
nonresidential spaces in the building.
^^^^^^1 Installed, repaired or replaced local exhaust ventilation in dwelling units to meet the requirements
1 of ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013 for kitchen and bathroom exhausts. Advised building management
1 and occupants about the need to use exhaust fans in kitchens and bathrooms during activities that
generate pollutants and moisture (e.g., cooking and showering).
Ensured that all clothes dryers exhaust directly to the outdoors and cannot be readily diverted indoors
1 Installed, repaired or replaced exhaust ventilation in spaces outside dwelling units to meet the
minimum exhaust rates specified in ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013, Table 6.5. To the extent possible,
worked with the building owner, property manager and other building tenants to include retail and
1 Followed the Minimum Actions under Priority Issue 16.0 Compartmentalization to enhance the
1 effectiveness of exhaust ventilation and reduce odor migration and unwanted airflow from adjacent
1 Ensured kitchen and bath exhausts in dwelling units meet requirements of ASHRAE Standard
62.2-2013, without the need to use the Standard's alternative compliance path.
Used one or more strategies in bathrooms to control the use of local exhaust fans (e.g., an occupancy/
motion sensor, an automatic humidistat controller, an automatic timer to operate the fan for
20 minutes or more after an occupant leaves the room, or a continuously operating exhaust fan).
1 Installed additional local exhaust ventilation in spaces outside dwelling units with strong, localized
Followed the Expanded Actions under Priority Issue 16.0 Compartmentalization to enhance the
1 effectiveness of exhaust ventilation and reduce odor migration and unwanted airflow from adjacent
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22.0 Building Safety for Occupants
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification | Complete N/A NOTES
• Documented safety hazards observed during the building IAQ walkthrough, energy audit or other
inspections. Immediately informed the building owner and property manager of any urgent and life-
1 Determined whether there are working smoke alarms and CO alarms installed in dwelling units and
B Identified products containing hazardous chemicals (e.g., strong cleaners, hazardous materials,
pesticides) that are stored in accessible locations.
• Checked whether there are working fire extinguishers in dwelling units and appropriate common areas.
Worked with the building owner or property manager to assess whether fire extinguisher placement
1 Determined whether the water heater temperature settings are within the allowable limits of the local
1 Assessed whether knob-and-tube electrical wiring is present in the building and whether it is located
Hym^ | in areas impacted by the building upgrades.
Immediately corrected urgent and life-threatening safety risks. Corrected other safety hazards during
1 the building upgrade activities.
Replaced non-functioning smoke and CO alarms. If smoke alarms or CO alarms were not present,
installed new alarms consistent with local code requirements; if local code requirements do not exist,
installed smoke alarms and CO alarms in every dwelling unit consistent with Consumer Product Safety
Commission (CPSC) guidance and located according to NFPA 720.
Recommended appropriate storage of hazardous chemicals.
1 Worked with the building owner or property manager to ensure there are fire extinguishers installed
Hjjj^j according to applicable code requirements.
Ensured that water heater set points do not exceed allowable limits of local and state codes.
Otherwise, ensured that water heater set points do not exceed 120°F to prevent scalding.
1 Followed precautions in U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Standard Work Specifications for Single-
Family Home Energy Upgrades for knob-and-tube electrical wiring (e.g., live knob-and-tube wiring shall
not be covered or surrounded, and exposed knobandtube wiring shall be replaced with new appropriate
wiring, as required by the National Electrical Code or authority having jurisdiction).
Installed CO alarms that can detect and store peak CO levels of less than 30 parts per million in
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22.0 Building Safety for Occupants (continued)
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification
Complete N/A
NOTES
Installed fall prevention measures.
Installed light switches at the top and bottom of all stairwells.
1 Installed safety lighting on or near steps.
Repaired malfunctioning doors, windows, roofs and floors.
1 Qualified personnel ensured the safety of electrical systems by confirming they are
with applicable codes.
in conformance
EA 22.4
EA 22.5
ient Protocol and Action Verification
Complete N/A
NOTES
Determined building occupancy patterns during expected construction periods, and identified any
special needs of the building occupants.
Identified potential construction-related contaminants and the pathways through which they could
impact the IAQ experienced by building occupants.
Identified the extent to which mercury exposure is a risk during the building upgrade (e.g., if
the upgrade involves installing or replacing mercury-containing products such as thermostats,
thermometers, fluorescent lamps and compact fluorescent lamp [CFL] bulbs).
Minimized occupant and worker exposures during construction (e.g., adhered to Sheet Metal and Air
Conditioning Contractors' National Association [SMACNA] Indoor Air Quality Guidelines for Occupied
Buildings Under Construction). Properly isolated work areas from occupants. Contained construction
contaminants. Thoroughly cleaned work areas prior to re-entry of occupants. Promptly responded to
any occupant complaints or concerns.
Protected HVAC systems from contaminants during work activities, performed post-construction
inspections. Cleaned to remove dust and debris from ductwork, as needed. Ensured new HVAC filters
were installed prior to occupancy.
If mercury is identified, determined whether the building has a mercury spill response plan. Provided
guidance to the property manager and occupants on how to perform proper clean up following EPA
guidance. Used caution not to break mercury-containing materials during upgrade activities. Properly
disposed of fluorescent lighting and CFL bulbs.
Protected highly absorptive materials from airborne contaminants and emissions caused by
construction.
MA 23.1
MA 23.2
MA 23.3
MA 23.4
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23.0 Protecting IAQ During Construction (continued)
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification
Complete N/A
NOTES
MA 23.5
EA23.1
EA 23.2
Employed safe work practices to avoid exposure to SPF insulation. Followed manufacturers' printed
instructions for vacating building occupants, and other unprotected individuals not involved in the
application of the spray polyurethane foam (SPF) products, from the premises during and for some
period after SPF application.
Considered and implemented additional protections as appropriate and necessary to protect the health
and safety of building occupants.
Replaced mercury-containing products and devices with products that do not contain mercury,
excluding fluorescent lights and CFL bulbs.
24.0 Jobsite Safety
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification
Complete N/A
NOTES
Evaluated worker health and safety concerns that could be encountered during the building upgrade.
Referred to Appendix A: Worker Protection for recommended evaluation measures and actions.
Referred to Appendix A: Worker Protection for recommended actions to protect worker health and
safety, and available resources.
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