Transport Partnership
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Truck Carrier Partner 2.O.15 Tool:
Technical Documentation B|^^
2015 Data Year - United States Version
&EFA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
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Transport Partnership
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Truck Carrier Partner 2.O.15 Tool:
Technical Documentation
2015 Data Year - United States Version
Transportation and Climate Division
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
United States Office ofTransportation and Air Quality
Environmental Protection EPA-420-B-16-002
Agency „„„„
January 2016
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SmartWay2.0.15
Truck Tool Technical Documentation
United States Version
1-7-2016
This document provides detailed background information on the data sources,
calculation methods, and assumptions used within the SmartWay Truck Tool, version
2.0.15. The SmartWay Truck Tool utilizes the most up-to-date emission factors, in
combination with detailed vehicle activity data, to estimate emissions and associated
performance metrics. The primary purpose of the Tool is to help fleets calculate actual
pollutant emissions for specific truck types and applications and track their emissions
performance over time. Shippers can, in turn, use the data that truck carriers report
using these Tools to develop more advanced emissions inventories associated with
their freight activity and to track their emissions performance over time.
The Tool allows the user to evaluate fleet performance in terms of different mass-based
performance metrics for C02, NOx, and PM (PMio and PlVh.s), including:1
• Grams per mile
• Grams per average payload ton-mile
• Grams per thousand cubic foot-miles
• Grams per thousand utilized cubic foot-miles
The Tool can also generate estimates of emissions associated with the total miles,
loaded miles, and revenue miles traveled by a fleet. Fleet performance can then be
assessed at the truck-class and/or fuel-type level, or on an aggregated basis across all
classes and fuels.
The Tool also collects extensive information on fleet operations and truck body types,
allowing detailed segmentation of Partner fleets for more appropriate, equitable
comparisons. For example, fleets that cube-out with low payloads (e.g., those hauling
potato chips) will be able to compare themselves to similar fleets on a simple grams per
mile basis, rather than a mix of fleets that includes fleets that routinely weigh-out.
Similarly, fleets that operate in primarily short-haul, urban environments at relatively low
average speeds will have fundamentally different emission rates and constraints than
1 At this time the Truck Tool does not calculate performance metrics for specialty fleets that track their activity in
terms of hours of use rather than miles traveled or freight hauled (e.g., refuse haulers and utility fleets). Future
modifications may be made to the current Tool to accommodate such fleets.
1
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long-haul fleets operating at highway speeds. By collecting detailed information on fleet
operations (short vs. long, TL vs. LTL, urban vs. highway, etc.), as well as truck class
(2b through 8b) and body type (dry van, reefer, flatbeds, etc.), individual fleets can
compare their performance to other, similar fleets, which can help them to better
manage their emissions performance.
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The SmartWay Truck Tool user provides most vehicle characteristic, operational, and
activity data needed for emissions performance estimation (see Section 3 for more
information). The Tool calculates emissions by multiplying fleet activity data with EPA-
approved emission rate factors that are stored in look-up tables within the Tool.
The Tool contains different types of emission rate factors for different pollutants. C02
factors are expressed in grams of C02 per gallon of fuel2'3 NOx and PM factors are
expressed in grams of pollutant per mile traveled for operating emissions, and in grams
per hour for idle emissions. In general, C02 factors are independent of the truck types,
classes, and operational practices in a fleet. NOx and PM factors, however, vary
depending upon a number of parameters, including:
• Truck class
• Engine model year/emission certification standard
• Vehicle speed
• Vehicle driving pattern (referred to as "drive cycle")
In addition, PM emissions will also vary with the application of PM control retrofits,
including diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC), closed crankcase ventilation (CCV), and
diesel particulate filters ("PM traps" or flow-through filters). In the Tool, PM control
retrofits are assumed to have the same impact on operating and idle emission factors.4
2.1 COi Factors
EPA populated the SmartWay Truck Tool with C02 factors that are based on fuel
consumption. These factors and their sources and are summarized below in Table 1.
2 At this time other greenhouse gases such as methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and black carbon are not included
in the current Truck Tool.
3 The Truck Tool also estimates emissions associated with battery-electric trucks. In this case pollutant emissions
(CO2, NOx and PM) are determined based on the kWhrs used for charging.
4 Future versions of the Tool may account for differences in retrofit effectiveness for running versus idle emissions.
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Table 1. CO2 Factors by Fuel Type*
Gasoline
Diesel
Biodiesel (B100)
Ethanol (E100)
CNG
LNG
LPG
g/gal
8,887
10,180
9,460
5,764
7,030
4,394
5,790
Source5
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
* 100% combustion (oxidation) assumed
Note that the Tool calculates tailpipe emissions from biofuel blends (gasoline/ethanol,
diesel/biodiesel) by applying separate emission factors to the user-specified volume of
each blend component. The Tool then adds the emissions from each blend component
together to determine total C02 emissions. Therefore emission factors for specific blend
ratios are not needed for C02.6
Within the Tool, users may provide their CNG fuel use estimates in terms of gasoline-
equivalent gallons (on a Btu basis), or in standard cubic feet (scf). If CNG consumption
is expressed in scf, the Tool applies a fuel factor expressed in grams per scf (57.8),
based on 983 Btu/scf and 58,819 g C02/mmBtu.7
2.2 NOx and PM Factors
The SmartWay Truck Tool contains NOx, PMio and PlVh.s emission factor outputs for
on-road operation from EPA's MOVES2014a model for gasoline, diesel, and E10 for all
5 i) Final Rule on Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards and Corporate Average Fuel Economy
Standards (75 FR 25324, May 7, 2010). The gasoline factor used in this rule was sourced from the California Air
Resources Board and is based on measurement of carbon from a gasoline test fuel (indolene).
ii) Fuel economy calculations in 40 C.F.R 600.113 available at
http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2004/julqtr/pdf/40cfr600.113-93.pdf.
iii) Tables IV.A.3-2 and 3-3 in A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions, available at
http://www.epa.gov/oms/models/analvsis/biodsl/p02001.pdf
iv) Final Rule on Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases (70 FR 56260, October 30, 2009). Full source
documentation is available on pp. 31-32 in the Technical Support Document, Petroleum Products andNatural Gas
Liquids: Definitions, Emission Factors, Methods and Assumptions, available at
www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/downloads09/documents/SubpartMMProductDefinitions.pdf.
v) Calculations of Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions for the 2005 Gasoline and Diesel Baselines in the Notice of
Availability of Expert Peer Review Record supporting the proposed revisions to the Renewable Fuel Standard
Program (74 FR 41359) available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2005-0161-0925.1 (Spreadsheet "Emission Factors").
vi) Assuming 74,720 Btu/gal lower heating value (http://www.afdc.energv.gov/afdc/fuels/properties.html). and
0.059 g/Btu (from CNG calculation, source v).
vii) Table C-l in the Final Rule on Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases (70 FR 56260, October 30, 2009).
Full source documentation is available in Table A-39 and pg. A-60 of the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas
Emissions and Sinks: 1990- 2007 available at
http://epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/do wnloads/US_GHG_Inv_Annexes_1990-2007.pdf
6 The Tool also estimates the barrels of petroleum required to make the reported gallons of diesel and gasoline based
on national averages: 19 gallons of gasoline and 10 gallons of diesel assumed per barrel of petroleum-see
http://205.254.135.24/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=24&t=10 and http://205.254.135.24/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=327&t=9.
7 See footnote 4. v.
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heavy truck classes (2b - 8b) under national default temperature and fuel conditions, for
model years 1987 through 2016, for the 2016 calendar year (see Appendix A for a full
list of factors). The emission factors are broken out by general drive cycle type (urban
or highway), and average speed range, as discussed below.
Short-duration (less than 15 minutes) idle emission factors for NOx and PM were
developed separately by model year, truck class, and fuel type (diesel and gasoline).
MOVES2014a does not currently provide short duration idle factors in terms of grams
per hour, so MOVES2014a was run using the Project Level scale with a single link and
with an average speed of zero. Runs were performed for typical winter and summer
conditions, taking the average of outputs from those runs to obtain g/hr factors.
MOVES2014a does provide emission factors for long-duration idle for long-haul diesel
trucks. These factors are applied separately to the long-duration idle hour estimates
provided for Class 8b trucks within the Truck Tool.8 Short-duration factors are applied
across the board for the remaining truck class types.
Note that hybrid electric trucks are assumed to have no short-duration idle emissions
(due to assumed engine auto-shut off), although long-duration idle (and regular
exhaust9) emissions are assumed unchanged relative to their conventional vehicle
counterparts. Finally, battery-electric trucks are assumed to have no idle emissions.
The resulting idle factors are presented in Appendix B.
Version 2.0.15 of the Truck Tool also calculates the NOx and PM emissions associated
with use of transportation refrigeration (reefer) units. EPA's NONROAD2008a
emissions model was used to develop emission rates for these units for the 2014
calendar year, following these steps:
• Three A/C refrigeration (reefer) unit standard classification codes (SCCs) were
identified within the NONROAD model - 2265003060 (gasoline); 2268003060
(CNG); and 2270003060 (diesel);
• A national average model run was performed for these three fuel types for 2014;
• Tons per year outputs were converted to grams per year for each horsepower
(hp) bin grouping, for each fuel type, for NOx, PMio and PlVh.s;
• Grams/gallon factors were calculated for each hp bin by dividing grams/year by
gallons/year, for each fuel type, for NOx, PMio and PIvh.s;
• Weighting factors were applied to the gram per gallon factors for each hp bin.
These weighting factors reflected relative emission impacts across the different
8 NOx factors for long-term extended idling are higher than short-duration factors (at least for late model engines),
since engine operation temperatures and loads at idle are generally not high enough to activate late-model emission
controls such as SCR and EGR.
9 While there is evidence that NOx emissions may be decreased through the use of hybrid electric technology, EPA
has not performed emission testing to assess this effect. Therefore hybrid NOx and PM exhaust emission rates are
assumed to equal conventional vehicle equivalents in the current Truck Tool.
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hp bins, accounting for differences in equipment population, hours of use, and
engine load factors. For a given hp bin, the weighting factor is expressed as:
weighting factor = pop x avg hp x hrs/year x engine load factor
• Weighted g/gal factors were summed across hp bins for each fuel type and
pollutant to obtain the final, national fleet-average fuel factors for reefers.
Table 2 provides the NOx and PM fuel factors used in the latest Truck Tool.
Table 2. Weighted Average Reefer Fuel Factors (g/gallon)
Fuel
Diesel
Gasoline
CNG
NOx
62.026
16.369
17.732
PM™
4.044
1.010
0.790
PM2.5
3.922
0.929
0.790
The next section describes the process followed to select the on-road emission factors
from MOVES2014a for use in the Truck Tool. Emission factors in grams per mile were
developed for gasoline, E10, and diesel fuel types for all MOVES source types that
correspond to MOBILES heavy duty vehicle classes, 2b-8b inclusive. The MOVES
source types modeled are shown in the table below. Of these, school buses, refuse
trucks and motor homes represent only a small fraction of total activity.
Table 3. MOVES Source Types Associated with Class 2b - 8b Vehicles
Source Type ID
31
32
43
51
52
53
54
61
62
Source Type Name
Passenger Truck
Light Commercial Truck
School Bus
Refuse Truck
Single Unit Short-haul Truck
Single Unit Long-haul Truck
Motor Home
Combination Short-haul Truck
Combination Long-haul Truck
Separate factors were developed for "Urban" and "Highway/Rural" roadway types.
These factors were apportioned according to MOVES operating mode groups, which
correspond to speed ranges of 0-25 mph, 25-50 mph, and 50+ mph.
Emission factors calculated by the model, output by MOVES source type, were then
converted to a MOBILES vehicle class basis. In this way, the Truck Tool can select
appropriate emission factors for use by:
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• weight class
• model year
• road type (urban vs. highway/rural)
• speed distribution
The following describes the methodology for the emission factor calculation.
Calculation of MOVES emission factors by operating mode
In calculating emission factors, the primary goal is to disaggregate factors by the
percentage of time a given type of vehicle spends operating at certain speeds. The
ranges of speeds analyzed include 0-25 mph, 25-50 mph, and greater than 50 mph.
These speed ranges correspond to MOVES operating modes #11-16, 21-29, and 30-40
inclusive, where each operating mode is defined by both the speed of the vehicle and its
vehicle specific power (VSP). First, for a given source type and model year, the fraction
of emissions attributable to each range of speed was determined. Emissions for a
vehicle can be expressed in Equation 1:
Equation 1
E' = AiEf + A2E2' + A3E3' + AiEi + AeEe
Where:
E' = unconnected10 mass emissions calculated based on operating mode and
emissions contribution by speed bin
Ai-s = the sum of activity fractions (in seconds) over speed range n. (Ai and AB
represent the activity associated with the individual operating modes for idling
and braking, respectively.)
£1-3' = the weighted average emissions over a given speed range n. (Ei and EB
represent the emissions associated with the individual operating modes for
idling and braking, respectively.)
The following figure shows a range of emissions and activity fractions for an example
source type and model year. The operating mode (or VSP bin) are shown on the x-axis.
The dashed red line presents the fraction of vehicle activity associated with a given
operating mode, while the black circles present average HC emissions for each
operating mode.
10 Subsequent adjustment factors are presented in Equation 3 below.
7
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Figure 1. Example Emissions and Activity Fractions by Operating Mode
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0.0027
0.0026
0.0025
0.0024
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For our purposes, An from Equation 1 is obtained by retaining the "opmodefraction2"
table from the MOVESExecution database, which is created by the Operating Mode
Distribution Generator (OMDG) during a MOVES run. This table contains operating
mode fractions by source type, roadway type, average speed bin, and pollutant/process.
The fractions from this table are normalized using average speed distributions from the
"avgspeeddist" table, and the sum of the normalized operating mode fractions in each
speed bin constitutes An.
En' is derived from data obtained from the default MOVES "emissionratebyage" table.
This table contains emission rates by pollutant process, operating mode, and age group
for a wide variety of sourcebinlDs. For this analysis, a MySQL query was used to select
sourcebinlDs corresponding to the source type, fuel type, and calendar year of interest,
and limited our rate selection to the 4-5 year age group. The emissions obtained here
were then converted to a source type basis (from their current sourcebinID basis); this
was done by retaining the "sourcebindistribution" table from the MOVESExecution
database, which is created by the Source Bin Distribution Generator (SBDG) during
each MOVES run, and weighting the activity fractions for each source type and model
year combination in this table with the data from the "emissionratebyage" table
described above. Having finished this mapping, an emission rate is generated, by
source type and model year, for each operating mode (corresponding to the circles in
the figure above). Since En' for each speed range represents the average emissions of
the range weighted by the activity in that range, the weighted average emissions can be
calculated from the 0-25 mph speed bin, E-f, as follows in Equation 2:
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Equation 2
E ^= ^11^11 + R\lTu +^13^13 + ^14^14 +^15^15
1 16
Where:
Rn = The activity fraction for operating mode n, obtained from the "opmodedist2" table
Tn = The emissions for operating mode n.
Other speed bins will use different operating modes in their calculations; the equation
above is merely an example illustrating the calculation method for the first speed bin.
Having calculated an appropriate En' for each speed range for a given source type and
model year, Equation 1 can be used, along with the appropriate activity fraction, to
arrive at a total uncorrected emissions value. In and of itself, this emission factor has
little value in estimating emissions. However, it can be used along with the modeled
emission factor for a particular source type and model year to arrive at an overall
adjustment factor, as shown in Equation 3:
Equation 3
"E7
Where:
E = The modeled emission, obtained from MOVES outputs, for an individual source
type and model year
E'= The uncorrected emissions for an individual source type and model year,
calculated using operating mode distributions and emission factors from the
"emissionratebyage" table
This overall adjustment factor, in turn, can be applied to each individual emissions
component, En', as shown in Equation 4:
Equation 4
En = ZEn'
The adjusted emissions, En, are subsequently used to calculate a total, corrected
emission factor for a given source type and model year combination, as described by
Equation 5:
Equation 5
E = AiEi + A2E2 + AaEa + AiEi + AeEe
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In this way, a representative emission factor is calculated by operating mode/speed
group. This will allow the Truck Tool to adjust the default operating mode percentages
(An) to more accurately represent a user-provided speed profile for the vehicles they are
evaluating. Default operating mode percentages may also be used, as calculated
above.
Conversion of Emission Factors from Source Type to Weight Class Basis
Ultimately, emission factor lookup tables are required for use in the Truck Tool by
weight class, fuel type, and model year. However, modeled output from MOVES is
aggregated by source type. Therefore a post-processing Tool was developed to convert
vehicle emission factors from source types to weight class based on internal MOVES
tables. The conversion methodology used in this Tool is described below.
First, the adjusted emissions and activity output from MOVES are combined, by
pollutantID, by joining the "movesoutput" and "movesactivityoutput" tables by calendar
year, source type, fuel type and model year. The sourcetype and model year for each
record are combined in a new field, sourcetypemodelyearlD.
Next, the emissions and activity output from the first step are combined with the
MOVES "sizeweightfraction" table by joining on the sourcetypemodelyearlD. The
"sizeweightfraction" table contains, for a given combination of source type and model
year, the fraction of vehicles apportioned across weightclasslD. Given the
weightclassID, the portion of emissions and activity attributable to a given range of
vehicle weights is determined, and subsequently, those weights (along with fuel type)
are mapped back to MOBILES vehicle classes, which are based on GVWR. (This is
achieved with a separate lookup table, "MSVehType", which is derived from Appendix B,
Table 3 of the EPA's MOBILE6.2 User's Guide.) For each calendar year,
sourcetypemodelyearlD and pollutantID, the sizeweightfraction is multiplied by the
emissions (in grams) and activity (in miles) to obtain EmissionFrac and ActivityFrac,
respectively.
Finally, the EmissionFrac and ActivityFrac calculated above are summed by yearlD,
pollutantID, fueltypelD, and MOBILES vehicle type (e.g., HDDVSb). This provides total
emissions and activity independent of the MOVES source type or vehicle model year.
Finally, the aggregated emissions are divided by the activity to arrive at g/mi emission
factors, presented in Appendix A.
Modeling E10 Emission Rates
In a MOVES run that uses nationwide defaults for fuel supply, the model includes
dozens of fuel formulations on a by-fuel region basis in its calculations. In addition to
diesel fuels, many counties in the model defaults are characterized by varying market
shares of and E10 and E15 (usually about 97.5% and 2.5%, respectively
In order to isolate Gasoline emission factors, the new Fuels Wizard included in
MOVES2014a was used to alter the ethanol percentage of fuels nationwide to zero.
10
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Thus, separate E10 and gasoline MOVES runs were then performed using the newly
updated information.
Sensitivity Analysis Results
The relative emissions impact of different speed regimes were evaluated for four road
types - urban arterial, urban freeway, rural arterial, and rural freeway. To simplify the
sensitivity analysis, MOVES outputs were generated for diesel long-haul combination
trucks, model year 2012, run for the 2014 calendar year, using national average
defaults (e.g., fuel specifications, temperatures, etc). The results of the analysis are
shown for NOx and PM2.5 below.
Figure 1
1 8 -
1 ft -
1 A -
1.2 -
I 1 -
G)
0.8 -
n ft -
0.4 -
0.2 -
Default NOx Contribution by Speed Bin
E
=
F
Urban Art
• IDLE
DBRAK
D5070
• 2550
D0025
Urban Frwy Rural Art Rural Frwy
Road type
11
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Figure 2
Default PM2.5 Contribution by Speed Bin
Urban Art
Urban Frwy Rural Art
Road type
Rural Frwy
As shown in the above charts, the emissions for urban freeways, rural arterials, and
rural freeways are all heavily dominated by high speed (50 - 70 mph) operation.11 In
addition, actual emission levels are relatively insensitive to road type across these three
types. However, speed distribution appears to have a significant bearing on emissions
for urban arterial operation. Accordingly, the recommendation for Truck Tool application
was to develop fully disaggregated emission factor look up tables (retaining all four road
types), and then weight urban freeway, rural arterial, and rural freeway road type
operations in order to aggregate emission lookup tables within the SmartWay Tool to
reflect "urban" (i.e., urban arterial) and "other" road types. In addition, under this
approach users can choose default speed distributions for these selections, or specify
the percent of operation by major speed range (0 - 25, 25 - 50, 50 - 70). Given the
relative insensitivity to speed for the "other" category, specifying speed distributions
would only be permitted for urban arterial operation.
Under this approach, the user is given the follow input options:
• Specify % Highway/Rural ("other") operation fraction
• Specify % urban operation distribution by speed bin, or select "default speed
distribution"
Data entry is handled through the addition of a popup screen for non-default selections
(see the Truck Tool User Guides for details).
11 This finding is consistent with the 2008 SmartWay Partner data submissions, wherein 87% of Partners selected
the 50+ mph category as the most representative of their non-urban operations.
12
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2.3 Alternative Fuels
NOx and PM emission factors are not available from MOVES2014a for certain
alternative fuels, including biodiesel, E85, natural gas, and LPG. Accordingly, EPA
used adjustment factors from a number of sources described below to estimate NOx
and PM factors for these other fuels.
NOx and PM emission factors for biodiesel were based on the findings from an EPA
study, A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions (EPA420-
P-02-001, October 2002). This study developed regression equations to predict the
percentage change in NOx and PM emission rates relative to conventional diesel fuel,
as a function of biodiesel blend percentage, expressed in the following form:
Equation 6
% change in emissions = {exp[a x (vol% biodiesel)] -1} x 100%
Where:
a = 0.0009794 for NOx, and
a = -0.006384 for PM
Using Equation 6, adjustment factors were developed for biodiesel blends based on the
percentage of the biofuel component,12 and then these adjustment factors were applied
to the appropriate conventional diesel emission factors in Appendix A (see Section 2.2
for the sources of conventional diesel emission factors). Note that the fleet-average
blend value is assumed to be the same for all truck classes, since the biofuel
consumption data is not collected at the truck class level. (This assumption holds for
ethanol consumption data inputs as well.)
For gasoline-ethanol blends, the SmartWay Truck Tool only accepts fuel consumption
estimates for E10 and E85 since, unlike biodiesel where the biofuel fraction can vary
significantly, ethanol is generally blended with gasoline at two discrete levels: 10%
(E10) and 85% (E85). As discussed in Section 2.2 above, NOx and PM factors for E10
were output directly from MOVES2014a. Given the lack of heavy-duty E85 test data,
adjustment factors for E85 were based on emissions estimates for light-duty vehicles
cited by the US DOE Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center.13 These
estimates come from a technical paper published in the Journal of Air & Waste
Management.14 Relative to conventional gas vehicles, the authors of this paper estimate
that vehicles running on E85 provide an average NOx reduction of 54% (based on 73
vehicle tests), and an average PM reduction of 34% (based on 3 vehicle tests). These
adjustment factors are applied to the appropriate gasoline engine emission factors in
Appendix A to develop emission factors for E85.
12 Biodiesel blend percentage is calculated by dividing BlOO-equivalent gallons by total fuel gallons at the fleet level
- see the Track Tool User Guides for details regarding biodiesel use inputs.
13 See http://www.afdc.energv.gov/afdc/vehicles/emissions e85.html. last validated December 22, 2011.
14 http://www.afdc.energv.gov/afdc/pdfs/technical_paper_feb09.pdf.
13
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If the consumption level of E10 is unknown, the Truck Tool user may also specify
national average default blend levels for ethanol. National totals for gasoline use for
2012 were obtained from the Energy Information Administration's (EIA) Annual Energy
Outlook Reference Case for 2013, Table 37 (Transportation Sector Energy Use by Fuel
Type within a Mode). Summing the energy use values for light-duty gasoline vehicles,
commercial light trucks, and freight trucks from the table yields an estimate of 16,040
TBtu (15,315 + 336 + 389) for 2012. National fuel ethanol consumption estimates for
2012 were also obtained from the EIA, totaling 1,064 TBtu (see Table 10.3,
consumption minus denaturant in
http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthlv/pdf/sec10 7.pdf). Assuming 114,100
Btu/gallon of gasoline, and 76,100 Btu/gallon of E100,15 ethanol is estimated to
constitute 9.05% of gasoline fuel consumption in the U.S., on a volumetric basis.16
Emission adjustment factors were used for gaseous fuels (LPG, CNG and LNG) that
were cited by the Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center, Table 2:
NREL/UWV Field Tests of Natural Gas Vehicle Emissions.17. These factors were
developed by the National Renewable Energy Lab and University of West Virginia
based on field studies on natural gas vehicles. For this assessment, it was assumed
that CNG and LNG emissions were identical. In addition, it was also assumed LPG
vehicle emissions would be equal to natural gas vehicle emissions.18 To be
conservative, the smallest emission reduction estimates were selected from Table 2
(86% for PM and 17% for NOx) relative to comparable diesel vehicles. These
adjustment factors are then applied to the diesel emission factors in Appendix A for to
develop emission factors for these fuels.
The same adjustment factors are applied for all model years in the Truck Tool because
model year-specific emissions data do not appear to be available at this time. Note,
however, that the emissions from the combustion of alternative fuels may be different
for older trucks (with minimal emission controls) and newer trucks (with extensive
control systems in place) due to vehicle emission standards.
Emission estimates for battery-electric trucks are based on national average electric
generation mix profiles from USDOE's GREET model, as described in Appendix C.
2.4 PM Control Effectiveness
The Truck Tool applies adjustment factors to the PM emission factors in Appendix A
and B for any pre-2007 diesel truck for which Partners have installed a specific retrofit
15https://www.afdc.energv.gov/afdc/prep/popups/gges.html. last verified 12-22-11.
1616,040 TBtu gasoline x 1012 Btu/TBtu /114,100 Btu/gal= 1.41 x 1011 gallons of gasoline;
1,064 TBtu E100 x 1012 Btu/TBtu / 76,100 Btu/gal = 0.140 x 1011 gallons of E100;
0.140 / (1.41 + 0.140) = 9.05%.
Note this methodology disregards the relatively small volumes of ethanol consumed as E85.
17 http://www.afdc.energv.gov/afdc/vehicles/emissions natural gas.html. last validated 12-22-11.
18 The PM and NOx estimates cited by this source for LPG vehicles were actually slightly lower than for natural gas
vehicles - http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/vehicles/emissions_propane.html. However, based on engineering
judgment it was assumed that LPG PM and NOx emissions would be similar to comparable CNG vehicles.
14
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control device. The following adjustment factors were obtained from EPA OTAQ
(presented as a % reduction in emissions; see Section 3.2 below for details):
• Diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) - 25%
• Closed crankcase ventilation (CCV) - 5%
• Diesel particulate filter (DPF) - 90%
The Tool applies these adjustment factors to pre-2007 PM operating and idle emission
estimates. The Tool also allows for situations where CCVs are applied in combination
with either DOCs or DPFs. In such a case, the reduction effectiveness is calculated
additively. For example, if pre-control operating emissions were 1.0 g/mile for a diesel
truck, and a CCV and DOC were applied, the resulting emission rate would be:
Equation 7
1.0 x [1 - (0.25 + 0.05)] = 0.07 g/mile, post-control
However, the Truck Tool assumes that DOC and DPF application are mutually
exclusive.
15
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3.0
The emission rates and adjustment factors discussed above are combined with
appropriate activity data (provided by the Partners) to calculate mass emissions at the
fleet and/or partner level for C02, NOx and PM, as described below.
3.1 COi
C02 is calculated within the Truck Tool utilizing emission factors expressed in grams per
gallon of fuel, (with the exception of battery-electric trucks), as discussed in Section 2.1
above. The general equation for calculating C02 emissions using reported fuel
consumption values is
Equation 8
Eco2 = ((F - B) xEFF) + (B x EFB)
Where:
£002 = grams CC>2 per year
F = Fossil Fuel (Gallons per year)
B = Biofuel (Gallons per year)
EFp = Fossil Fuel Emissions Factor (g/gal based on fuel type)
= Biofuel Emissions Factor (g/gal based on biofuel type)
Emissions for all pollutants for battery electric trucks are calculated by multiplying the
reported kWhrs used for charging by the associated g/kWhr factor (see Appendix C).
In most instances reefer fuel is aggregated with vehicle fuel inputs in the Truck Tool,
with the reefer fuel type assumed to be the same as the vehicle fuel type. However,
reefer units associated with LPG and electric trucks are assumed to use diesel fuel (by
far the most common type of reefer engine). Accordingly, any reefer fuel use reported
for LPG and electric trucks is included in the total C02 calculation using the diesel fuel
factors in Equation 8.
Fuel Allocator
The Truck Carrier Tool asks users to enter Gallons of Diesel Used by truck class in
order to estimate C02 emissions. This information may be entered directly if available.
However, if the user does not have this information but does know total fuel use and
MPG by truck class, the Truck Tool's Fuel Allocator can be used to apportion fuel use
across truck classes.
In the Fuel Allocator, the user enters total fuel consumption and truck class MPG
estimates. The allocator then calculates the fuel used for each class based on the total
fuel and class MPG. If the total fuel calculated matches the total fuel entered to within
2%, the allocator indicates a "Match". However, instead of writing the exact calculated
value seen in the Fuel Allocator to the Activity screen, the Tool adjusts the class fuel
16
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amounts (and therefore MPG) so the sum matches the Total Fuel entered exactly, and
then writes these values on the Activity screen. That means, the MPG entered into the
Fuel Allocator, and the calculated fuel used seen on the Fuel Allocator, are not
necessarily equal to the MPG and the fuel used that is written to the Activity Screen.
If the user re-opens the Fuel Allocator at this point, the Allocator brings in the MPGs
listed on the Activity Screen, NOT the MPGs the user input into the calculator the first
time (although it doesn't overwrite the saved MPGs entered on the worksheet, if the
user presses Cancel). For remaining calculations in the Tool, the values shown on the
Activity Screen are used. The Allocator values the user entered are saved for the XML
file, but aren't used for further calculations. Separately in the XML, the MPG and fuel
totals that were put onto the Activity Screen are also written.
3.2 NOx and PM
Unlike C02 emissions which only vary with fuel type, NOx and PM emission rates also
vary substantially depending upon engine model year and/or emission certification level,
vehicle class, drive cycle, speed, and operation mode (running or idle). For this reason,
EPA developed lookup tables in the Truck Tool with emission factors that correspond to
user-supplied inputs regarding their fleet activity. The NOx and PM emission rates
expressed in grams per mile were combined with the appropriate mileage metric (i.e.,
total miles) in order to estimate mass emissions. The general equation for calculating
NOx emissions is as follows:
Equation 9
ENOX = (Mc x ((GPMH x HOC) + (GPMui x UDCi) + (GPMU2 x UDC2) + (GPMus x UDC3) +
(GPMU4 x UDC4))) x TCY/ TCT) + (GPH, xH, x TCY)
Where:
ENOX = grams NOx per year for a given truck class
Me = Miles driven for Truck Class C per year
GRMh = Grams/mi (by truck class & engine yr) for Highway/Rural Driving
HOC = Highway drive cycle % (% of miles under highway/rural driving)
GPMui/2/3/4 = Grams/mi (by truck class & engine yr) for Urban Driving by mode (1
= 0-25 mph; 2 = 25-50 mph; 3 = 50+ mph; 4 = deceleration)
UDCi/2/3/4 = Urban drive cycle % (% of miles under urban driving conditions, by
mode (1,2,3,4))
TCY = Number of trucks for a given Class/Year combination
TCT = Number of trucks total for a given Class
GPHi = Grams per hour (by truck class & engine year) for Idling19
HI = Hours of Idling per year (average per truck per year by class)
19 As discussed in Section 2 above, separate emission factors are applied for Class 8b diesel trucks to differentiate
short- and long-duration idling. In addition, hybrid electric trucks are assumed to have no short-duration idling
emissions, while battery-electric trucks have no idling emissions of any kind.
17
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PM emissions for non-diesel vehicles are calculated using an equation identical to that
for NOx, utilizing PM emission factors. PM emission for diesel vehicles may be
adjusted for PM control effectiveness, as shown below.
Equation 10
EPM = (((Mc x ((GPMH x HOC) + (GPMui x UDCi) + (GPMU2 x UDC2) + (GPMus x UDC3) +
(GPMU4 x UDC4))) x TCY/ TCT) + (GPH, xH, x TCY)) x (1 - ((0.25 x TDOC / TCT) + (0.05 x Tccv /
TCT) + (0.9 x TDPF / TCT)))
Where:
EPM = grams PM per year for a given truck class
TDOC = Number of trucks using Diesel Oxidation Catalysts by class
Tccv = Number of trucks using Closed Crankcase Ventilation by class
TDPF = Number of trucks using Diesel Particulate Filters by class
0.25 = Effectiveness of DOCs (25%) at reducing particulate matter
0.05 = Effectiveness of CCVs (5%) at reducing particulate matter
0.9 = Effectiveness of DPFs (90%) at reducing particulate matter
Note the above calculation methodology assumes that the same highway/urban drive
cycle fractions apply across all model years of a given truck class. Similarly, the
method assumes that estimated idle hours apply equally to all model years of a given
truck class.
The above methodology also utilizes estimates for the fraction of miles traveled
associated with different road types and speed categories, as shown in the equations
above. The Truck Tool user must provide an estimate of the percent of total miles
associated with highway/rural driving for each truck class. The user may also provide
percentages for the miles spent driving in urban conditions (e.g., unrestricted access,
surface roads in well-traveled urban areas), for different speed categories (0-25125-
50 / 50+ mph). This information may be obtained from analysis of truck ECM or
possibly GPS data. If urban speed distribution data is not available, the user may select
to use default distributions, obtained from the MOVES model. The default speed
distributions for urban operation (as defined in Section 2.2 above) varies with vehicle
class and model year. However, the variation over model years is very slight (typically
with a range of 1 to 2 percent for the largest speed category), the percentages were
averaged over all model years for a given speed category/vehicle type combination for
use within the Truck Tool.
Table 4 presents the resulting default urban speed distributions by speed category for
each truck class, for both diesel and gasoline vehicles. Note that the Truck Tool utilizes
the diesel default speed distributions for LPG, LNG, and CNG.
18
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Vehicle Class
Speed Group
Percent
by Class
Diesels
HDDV2b
HDDV3
HDDV4
HDDV5
HDDV6
HDDV7
HDDVSa
HDDVSb
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
35%
38%
13%
15%
41%
36%
12%
11%
42%
35%
12%
11%
42%
35%
12%
11%
42%
35%
12%
10%
42%
35%
12%
10%
44%
35%
12%
9%
45%
34%
12%
8%
Gasoline
Vehicle Class
HDGV2b
HDGV3
HDGV4
HDGV5
HDGV6
HDGV7
HDGVSa
HDGVSb
Speed Group
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
0-25
25-50
50+
Deceleration
Percent
by Class
43%
31%
10%
15%
45%
34%
11%
11%
45%
34%
11%
10%
46%
33%
10%
11%
46%
33%
10%
11%
45%
32%
10%
14%
45%
34%
11%
10%
43%
31%
10%
15%
Table 4. Default Speed Category Distributions by Vehicle Class for Urban
Operation (MOVES2010a basis)20
As seen in the above table, the MOVES model assumes that some fraction of vehicle
operation is associated with "deceleration" events, evaluated independently from other
operation due to their unique emission rate patterns.21 However, it is assumed that
20 These values represent the urban component of driving only. If the user specifies a non-zero percentage for
Highway/Rural driving, the values in the above table are automatically renormalized, so as to make the sum across
urban and highway operation modes equal to 100%.
21 MOVES also assigns some fraction of emissions to idle operation. However, operating fractions and emission
factors associated with idle in MOVES outputs are expressed in grams per mile rather than grams per hour. Thus, in
order to utilize the grams per hour emission factors developed especially for use in the Truck Tool, MOVES outputs
associated with idle operation were removed and the operating mode fractions for the four remaining categories
were renormalized to equal 100%.
19
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most Truck Tool users will not know their fleet's deceleration fraction. As such, the
Truck Tool will adjust any values input by the user to include a deceleration fraction
based on MOVES model percentages. If the user selects the default urban speed
distributions, the Truck Tool will adjust the urban values from Table 4 to account for the
percentage of miles specified for Highway/Rural operation as well. The following
provides an illustrative example for calculating PM emissions for diesels given a specific
set of road type/speed category distributions. NOx emission calculations follow the
same procedure.
20
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User specifies 1 Class 8b diesel, model year 2011, traveling 100,000 mi/yr.
User specifies the following Road type/speed category distributions:
40% highway/rural
30% 0-25 mph
20% 25-50 mph
10% 50+ mph
For highway/rural operation, the lookup value from MOVES is 0.0195 g/mi for PM2.5
For urban operation, the lookup values are as follows:
0-25: 0.031 g/mi
25-50: 0.052 g/mi
50+: 0.012 g/mi
deceleration: 0.002 g/mi
Now the urban speed distribution percentage inputs must to account for deceleration, as follows:
0-25: 30% x sum of default percentages for the three speed bins (but excluding default deceleration fraction) = 30% x (45% + 34% + 12%) = 27.5%
25-50: 20% x sum of default percentages (45% + 34% + 12%) = 18.3%
50+: 10% x sum of default percentages (45% + 34% + 12%) = 9.2%
deceleration: the remaining percentage, which equals 100% - 40% (highway) - 27.5% -18.3% - 9.2% = 5.1%
Now apply these percentage weights to the total mileage, and then multiply by the corresponding emission factors to obtain mass, as follows:
Highway/rural component: 0.40 x 100,000 x 0.0195 = 780 grams
0-25 urban component: 0.275 x 100,000 x 0.031 = 826 grams
25 - 50 urban component: 0.183 x 100,000 x 0.052 = 952 grams
50+ urban component: 0.092 x 100,000 x 0.012 = 110 grams
Deceleration urban component: 0.51 x 100,000 x 0.002 = 10 grams
Therefore total = 2,678 grams of PM2.5 (This value will then be summed with any other model year/vehicle class combinations and converted to short tons.)
21
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As discussed in Section 2.3, the Truck Tool assumes that B100-equivalent biodiesel
volumes are distributed proportionately across all diesel vehicle classes. For example,
if a fleet uses 100 B-100 equivalent gallons of biodiesel, and 1,000 gallons of fuel total,
the Tool assumes that B10 (100 /1,000 = 10%) is the blend used by each truck class.
Accordingly, emission rate adjustment factors are calculated for B10 using Equation 6,
and applied to the diesel emission factors for each vehicle class.
Emission calculations for ethanol blends follow a different methodology, however,
applying discrete emission factors for gasoline and E10 from MOVES (and adjusted
gasoline emission factors for E85) with the specific fuel volume estimates provided by
the user. The following provides an example illustrating how the miles of travel are
apportioned across different blend volumes, in order to estimate mass emissions.
User specifies 1,000 gallons of fuel total, and 10,000 miles of travel total
User inputs:
100 gallons of E10
100 gallons of E85
Therefore there are 800 gallons of pure gasoline (1,000 - 100 -100)
Apportion the 10,000 miles of travel across the different blend levels using gasoline-gallon
equivalent (gge) factors (from https://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/prep/popups/QQes.htmn as
follows:
100 gallons of E10 is equivalent to 100/1.05 = 95 gallons of gasoline*
100 gallons of E85 is equivalent to 100/1.39 = 72 gallons of gasoline
Therefore there are 800 + 95 + 72 = 967 gasoline equivalent gallons of fuel, total.
Applying the energy-equivalent fuel volume ratios to the 10,000 miles of total travel:
gasoline (EO) miles = 10,000 x 800/967 = 8,273 miles
E10 miles = 10,000 x 95/967 = 982 miles
E85 miles = 10,000 x 72/967 = 745 miles
Finally, multiplying these mileage values by the appropriate EO and E10 gram/mile emission
factors from MOVES results in the desired mass emission estimates. Similarly, multiplying the
E85 miles by the E85 emission factors (adjusted from EO factors as discussed in Section 2.3,
provides mass emissions associated with E85).
* E10 gge factor developed from linear interpolation of E100 and gasoline Btu/gallon values
In addition, if national default ethanol blend levels are specified for gasoline fuel use, the
Truck Tool assumes that all ethanol consumed is in an E10 blend. For example,
assuming 1,000 gallons of gasoline are specified by the user, there would be 905
gallons of E10 (1,000 x .905 - see Section 2.3), and 95 (1,000 - 905) gallons of
gasoline. Mass emissions would then be calculated for the gasoline and E10
components of the fuel as in the above example, apportioning total miles across
gasoline and E10 in order to apply the appropriate g/mi factors.
22
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Finally, note that the PM factors output by the MOVES model for use in the Truck Tool
are expressed in terms of PM2.5. The MOVES model assumes a fixed ratio of PMio /
PM2.5 for a given fuel type, as summarized below:
• Gasoline-1.086
• Diesel-1.031
• CNG-1.000
These factors were applied directly to the PM2.5 emission factors to obtain mass
emission and performance metrics for PMio within the Truck Tool. In addition, it was
assumed that LNG and LPG had PM ratios equivalent to the CNG value (1.00). Ethanol
was assumed to have a ratio equal to that for gasoline, while the ratio for biodiesel was
assumed to equal that for diesel.
3.3 Activity Calculations
The Truck Tool requires users to provide specific activity information on fuel
consumption, miles traveled, payload, cargo volume, average used cargo volume %,
road type/speed, and idle hours at the vehicle class level for the emissions performance
assessment (see Section 4.0 below). While the user may provide direct data inputs for
any or all of these activity parameters, the Truck Tool also allows the user to select
default values for payload and volume determination, in the absence of fleet-specific
information. (Direct inputs for payload are highly preferred over the use of calculator
defaults.) The data sources and assumptions used to develop these default values are
discussed below.
Default Payload Distributions
Average payloads can vary widely among fleets, even within a given vehicle class,
depending upon commodity type and body/trailer type. With the exception of LTL and
Package carriers, and Class 8b auto, moving and heavy-bulk carriers (see below), exact
data entries were used from the 2011 Truck Tool submissions to obtain payload
distributions for the 2015 Tool. This data was categorized by fuel type, truck class,
body-type, and SmartWay ranking category. Body-type refers to the categories
presented in the Truck Tool payload calculator (e.g., Step Van, Beverage, Combination
Flatbed, etc.). Ranking category is based on the Fleet Description inputs (e.g.,
Truckload Dry Van, Dray, Mixed, etc.). 1,850 unique records were identified using this
categorization of the 2011 Partner data.
This data was then reviewed and four outliers were identified and removed from the
data set.22 Next, the data was grouped by truck class and body type and examined for
notable differences in payload values across ranking categories. However, with the
exception of certain Class 8 trucks, no truck class/body-type/ranking category
combination had greater than 20 observations. Therefore it was concluded that there
was not an adequately large data set available for establishing ranking-category specific
22 Three Class 2b entries were removed due to suspiciously high payloads (16, 13, and 5 tons). One Class 8b truck
was also removed (1 ton) due to an incongruous text explanation ("none used").
23
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payload distributions for Truck Classes 2b-7. In these cases payload data were
aggregated across all ranking categories for each truck class/body-type combination.
The larger population of Class 8 trucks in the 2011 data set allowed for a differentiation
of payload distributions across ranking categories. Considering both available sample
size and average payloads, the following unique truck class/body-type/SmartWay
ranking category groupings were established.
• Class 8a Dry Van Single body-types: differentiate LTL (9.9 tons average) and
non-LTL (12.4 tons average) categories. No differentiation across categories for
other body-types.
• Class 8b Dry Van Single body-types: differentiate Heavy-bulk (24.1 tons),
LTL/Moving/Package (15.0 tons), Tanker (24 tons), and all other categories (18.5
tons).
• Class 8b Specialty body-types: differentiate Auto Carriers (16.2 tons),
Heavy/Mixed (30.3 tons), Flatbed (21.6 tons), and all other categories (25.6
tons).
• Class 8b Dry Van Double body-types: differentiate TL/Reefer/Mixed (27.7 tons)
and all other categories (19.4 tons)
• Class 8b Other body-types: differentiate Heavy/Flatbed/Mixed (27.4 tons) and all
other categories (21.5 tons).
Based on this data, Table 5 presents the payload averages, standard deviations,
minimum and maximum values by truck class/body-type/and-or ranking category.23
Note that the average values and standard deviations presented below are not weighted
by fleet size.
23 Given the lack of data on non-diesel heavy-duty vehicles, payload ranges are assumed to apply to all fuel types.
24
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Table 5. Average Payload and Standard Deviation (short tons) by Vehicle
Class/Body-Type/Ranking Category (2011 SmartWay Partner Data - Exact
Payload Entries)
Body-Type (Bin Category)
Avg Payload (tons)
Std Dev
Class 2b
Flatbed
Step Van
Walk-In Van
Conventional Van
Other
1.19
1.14
1.05
0.77
0.58
0.69
0.48
0.48
0.41
0.49
Class 3
Step Van
Walk-In Van
Conventional Van
Other
1.65
1.64
1.50
1.08
0.53
0.57
0.83
0.90
Class 4
Flatbed
Step Van
Walk-In Van
Conventional Van
Other
2.68
2.24
1.70
2.27
1.16
1.53
1.19
0.80
0.90
0.76
Class 5
Walk-In Van
Conventional Van
Other
1.99
3.39
2.91
1.08
0.99
1.19
Class 6
Flatbed
Reefer
Walk-In Van
Single-Axle Van
Other
4.67
4.84
4.01
3.78
4.17
1.71
1.80
1.68
1.19
1.48
Class 7
Beverage
Flatbed
Reefer
Tanker
Single-Axle Van
Other- straight truck
Combination Flatbed
6.10
7.05
6.03
7.45
5.53
8.30
5.22
2.22
0.85
1.27
0.92
1.83
4.63
0.41
25
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Body-Type (Bin Category)
Combination Reefer
Dry Van - Single
Other - combo
Avg Payload (tons)
3.58
5.44
5.90
Std Dev
1.01
2.57
1.15
Class 8a
Flatbed
Tanker
Single-Axle Van
Other- straight truck
Beverage
Combination Flatbed
Dry Van - Single (other than LTL)
Other - combo
10.04
12.12
8.09
9.76
12.30
12.51
12.42
12.68
5.88
5.43
3.80
4.08
4.40
1.41
4.66
4.56
Class 8b
Dry Van - Single (Heavy-Bulk)
Dry Van - Single (other bins)
Dry Van - Double (Tanker)
Dry Van - Double (Mixed-TL-Reefer)
Dry Van - Double (Other bins)
Dry Van - Triple
Combination Reefer
Combination Flatbed
Combination Tanker
Chassis
Specialty (Other bins)
Other (Other bins)
Specialty (Auto bin)*
Specialty (Heavy-bulk bin)*
Specialty (Moving bin)*
Specialty (Flatbed bin)
Other (Heavy-Flatbed-Mixed bins)
24.1
18.46
24.06
27.74
19.39
27.10
20.10
22.50
24.90
21.80
25.62
21.50
18.22
29.23
14.57
21.56
27.41
2.98
3.97
2.96
13.33
3.82
3.20
2.82
4.23
2.89
5.28
2.72
8.41
5.29
7.15
2.70
2.58
6.36
* calculated using 2014 calendar year data, for new body type additions to the payload
calculator.
The values above serve as the basis for the default payload ranges provided in the
Truck Tool payload calculator. For most vehicle class/body-type/ranking category
26
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combinations,24 seven default ranges are offered for Partner selection:
• Range 1: from 0 tons to (Average payload - 2 x standard deviation);
• Range 2: from (Average payload - 2 x standard deviation) to (Average
payload - 1 x standard deviation);
• Ranges 3-5: evenly split in three sections, from (Average payload - 1 x
standard deviation) to (Average payload + 1 x standard deviation);
• Range 6: from (Average payload + 1 x standard deviation) to (Average
payload + 2 x standard deviation); and,
• Range 7: from (Average payload + 2 x standard deviation) to (Average
payload + 3 x standard deviation).
Once a particular range is selected, the payload calculator estimates the midpoint of the
range in order to estimate class level average payloads. The estimated midpoint
payload values for each body type are weighted by one of the four allocation methods
specified by the user in the payload calculator: # miles, # trips, % operation, and #
vehicles by body type. The weighted sum is then used as the class level average
payload, which in turn is used directly in determining grams per ton-mile performance
metrics for the fleet.
Payload data based on bills of lading and entered directly into the payload calculator are
validated using the same data described above (see Section 3.4).
LTL and Package Fleet Payloads
For most payload validations in the Tool, ranges are calculated by class and by body
type as described above. LTL and package delivery payload validation ranges were
recently updated, and are calculated simply on a truck class basis, as there is not
enough LTL and Package Delivery Partner information to break payload out by body
type. Therefore each body type in a class is validated using the same range, as shown
in Table 6 below.
24 In a few instances, the calculated lower bound value for Range 2 was less than zero. In these cases the lower
bound value for Range 2 was set to zero and the Payload Calculator indicates Range 1 as "N/A".
27
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Table 6. Payload Validation Ranges (Tons) for LTL and Package Delivery Fleets
Truck Avg # Standard R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7
Class
2B
3
4
5
6
7
8A
8B
All
Payload
0.96
1.57
1.92
2.79
3.72
5.44
9.78
15.79
8.50
Obs
12
19
11
10
70
64
63
110
359
Dev
0.195
0.303
0.679
0.790
0.678
0.981
2.170
3.532
5.862
Min
>0
>0
>0
>0
>0
>0
>0
>0
Min
0.565
0.967
0.562
1.212
2.362
3.481
5.437
8.729
Min
0.761
1.270
1.241
2.002
3.040
4.462
7.607
12.261
Min
0.891
1.472
1.693
2.529
3.492
5.116
9.054
14.615
Min
1.021
1.674
2.146
3.055
3.945
5.770
10.501
16.970
Min
1.151
1.876
2.598
3.582
4.397
6.424
11.948
19.324
Min
1.249
2.027
2.937
3.977
4.736
6.914
13.033
21.090
28
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The lower payload ranges (for "R1" and "R2") were set so as to identify less than 20% of
the observed LTL/package fleets during validation. The middle R3-R5 ranges extend
from one standard deviation less than the average payload to one standard deviation
greater than the average. The upper payload values for "R6" range from the payload
average plus one standard deviation to the average plus 1.5 standard deviations. The
range for "R7" extends above the "R6" maximum value. The maximum R7 range values
are taken directly from the original R7 maximum values described above by class and
by body type.25
Note: Starting with the 2015 Truck Tool fleets with a SmartWay Category designation of
LTL must also provide estimates for the average weight per shipment and the average
number of shipments per truck. These values will be used to help refine the payload
validation ranges for Shippers using LTL carriers.
Default Cargo Volumes26
The Truck Tool also provides a volume calculator to estimate the cubic feet associated
with the common straight truck body types (classes 2b through 7) identified using the
2011 Partner dataset, as well as typical trailer, container, carrier, and tanker sizes, for
combination trucks (classes 8a and b).27 Cargo volumes in cubic feet are relatively
easy to estimate for many combination trucks. Per unit interior volume defaults are
assumed for standard dry vans - no high cubes, reefers, etc.), and containers. Trailer
calculations assume an 8' x 9' cross-section, and the exterior length less 1/2 foot. 20
and 40 foot container dimensions are referenced in many places, such as
http://www. m ussonfreight. com/containers/containers, htm 1.28 Table 7 summarizes the
default volumes assumed for a number of standard trailers, containers, tankers, and
bulk carriers.
Table 7. Default Average Cubic Feet (Class 8a - 8b trucks)
Type
Trailers
Size
28ft
40ft
42ft
45ft
48ft
53ft
Cubic Feet
1,980
2,844
2,988
3,204
3,420
3,780
25 For two body types under Class 7 trucks (Combination Flatbed and Combination Reefer), the original Range 7
max value is less than the new Range 6 max value. (R7 max is 6.45 and 6.61 respectively, while the new R6 max
value for all class 7 body types is 6.914). Therefore, for just these two body types within Class 7, instead of using
the original Range 5 max, we use the Range 5 max that would be calculated from the new table values. This is
calculated as Avg + 2.5 x standard deviation, based on the table above (7.896 in this case). [Note it is Avg + 2.5 x
standard deviation instead of Avg + 3 x standard deviation because of the 1.5 sigma rule for Range 6. Therefore the
Range 5 max value is simply 1 standard deviation larger than the Range 6 max.]
26 The Truck Tool allows users to enter cargo volume in either cubic feet or TEUs, with one TEU assumed equal to
1,360 cubic feet - see http://www.dimensionsinfo.com/20ft-container-size/.
27 Default cargo volumes for Class 7 combination vehicles were not available, and were set equal to the average
volume for Class 8 combination trucks in the 2010 SmartWay database.
28 53 foot containers are assumed to have interior dimensions of 52' 5" x 7' 8" x 7' 10"
29
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Type
Containers
Tankers
Bulk
Carriers
Size
57ft
28x28
48x28
40x40
48x48
28x28x28
20ft
40ft
45ft29
48ft
53ft
Small (3,000 gal)
Medium (5,250 gal)
Large (7,500 gal)
Small (22'x8'1 0.25')
Medium (32'x8'x1 1 ')
Large (42'x8.5'x1 1 .5')
Cubic Feet
4,068
3,960
4,824
5,688
6,840
5,940
1,159
2,347
3,031
3,454
3,148
401
702
1,003
1,804
2,816
4,106
Cargo volume capacity data is often not readily available for straight trucks, however.
Such trucks are highly variable in their configuration and when volume estimates are
found, the data often do not permit cross-referencing with vehicle class. Most highway
infrastructure and operating agencies, including enforcement, are concerned about
weight (e.g., pavement and structure damage), but not cubic capacity. The operating
agencies are also concerned about maximum dimensions, of length, height and width
(for, respectively, turning radii, vertical clearance, and lane width) but the shape of the
box and its relation to the truck superstructure, not these maximums, dictates cubic
capacity. Little public research on the cubic capacity of the box has been done, and
thus little information is published.
A relatively small number of volume estimates were compiled from the 2011 Partner
data (218 unique observations for truck class/body-type combinations). Of these
observations 13 were identified as outliers and removed from the data set (11
observations of less than 100 cu ft; one Class 3 truck at 1,360 cu ft; and one Class 2b
truck at 3,600 cu ft). Given the overall "thinness" of the dataset, those truck class/body-
type combinations with three or more observations were used to estimate average
cargo volumes. The following truck class/body-type combinations had fewer than three
observations in the Partner dataset.
• Class 2b Flatbed
• Class 3 Other
• Class 4 Flatbed, Step Van, Other
• Class 6 Flatbed, Walk-In Van
29 45 and 48 foot container references from http://www.shippingcontainers24.com/dimensions/45-foot/. and
http://www.containertech.com/container-sales/48ft-high-cube-container-domestic/
30
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• Class 7 Flatbed, Tanker
• Class 8a Beverage
For these remaining truck class/body-type combinations available information was
compiled as it relates to cargo volume capacity for the common straight truck body
types.
Without a comprehensive data source, such as the Partner data, other strategies
needed to be employed to develop examples, or ranges, of volume capacity for the
remaining body type/truck class combinations of interest. A literature review and vendor
interviews were performed to determine appropriate values for cargo volume capacity.
The first step in the literature review involved preparing a list of vendors responsible for
designing, manufacturing, or operating all the different truck types identified.
Cubic capacity is also dependent upon a variety of factors and is not uniform for even
the same make and model, as many truck manufactures will design to specifications
based on a client's unique needs for their cargo. For example, a client may request a
manufacturer to design a truck interior to best accommodate the delivery of a certain
size of parcel, and install shelving or otherwise compartmentalize to that end.
Consideration was given to these factors during the review.
The literature review encompassed Internet searches of vendors of the truck types
described above. Sources explored included truck manufacturers, dealers, and fleet
lessors of vehicles such as Budget/U-haul/Enterprise/Ryder/E-Dart). Additionally,
validation searches were performed on websites outlining current truck sales to help
identify the appropriate size/class of the vehicles and applicable specifications. The
following information was collected from these searches for over 40 different vehicles
currently available on the market:
• Length, width, height of the cargo hold
• Reported cargo space (cubic feet)
• Gross Vehicle Weight
• Payload
• Manufacturer
• Make/Model
• Reference website
Outreach to key stakeholders in the commercial vehicle industry was also performed to
further validate the information collected from the literature and resource review.
Contact was made with representatives from Volvo Trucks North America; the American
Transportation Research Institute (ATRI); the Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance
(CVSA); the Truck Manufacturers Association (TMA); Federal Highway Administration
(FHWA) Truck Size and Weight; and a wide variety of trucking manufactures and other
vendors.
31
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The results of this review are combined with the averages from the Partner data and are
provided in Table 8 below for straight trucks, classes 2b through 7. In those instances
where multiple vehicle models were identified for a given body type/vehicle class
combination, simple averages were calculated across models.
Table 8. Estimated Cargo Volumes (cubic feet) for Straight Truck Body Types, by
Vehicle Class
Body- type
Average Cargo Volume (Cubic Feet)
Class 2b
Flatbed*
Step Van
Walk-In Van
Conventional Van
Other
336
479
580
357
303
Class 3
Step Van
Walk-In Van
Conventional Van
Other*
468
706
538
599
Class 4
Flatbed*
Step Van*
Walk-In Van
Conventional Van
Other*
448
700
667
699
830
Class 5
Walk-In Van
Conventional Van
Other
655
1,010
691
Class 6
Flatbed*
Reefer
Walk-In Van*
Single-Axle Van
Other
672
1,146
1,496
1,583
1,257
Class 7
Beverage
Flatbed*
Reefer
Tanker*
1,576
728
1,413
267
32
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Body- type
Single-Axle Van
Other
Average Cargo Volume (Cubic Feet)
1,476
1,486
*From literature/web review
Once a default cargo volume is selected, the volume calculator weights the volume
estimates for each body type by one of the four allocation methods: # miles, # trips, %
operation, and # vehicles by body type. The weighted sum is then used as the class
level average cargo volume, which in turn is used directly in determining grams per
volume-mile performance metrics for the fleet.
A list of websites utilized in the literature review is provided below.
Truck manufacturers:
www.gmc.com
www. Chevrolet, com
www.ford.com
www.freightlinersprinterusa.com
www.silvercrowncoach.com
Fleet operators:
www.uhaul.com
www.pensketruckrental.com
www. budgettruck. com
www. hendersonrentals. co. nz
www.hackneybeverage.com
www.hackneyusa.com
www.fedex.com
www.grummanolson.com
Other sources:
www. usedtruckdepot. com
www. usedtrucks. ryder. com
www.truckingauctions.com
www.truckpaper.com
www.motortrend.com
files.harc.edu/Projects/Transportation/FedExReportTask3.pdf
The detailed findings of the literature/web review are presented in Appendix D.
3.4 Data Validation
The SmartWay Truck Tool has a number of standard logical, range and value checks
that must be passed before Partners can submit their data to EPA. Many of these
checks simply confirm the presence of required data (e.g., total miles for each truck
class selected), or the accuracy of logical relationships (e.g., revenue miles <= total
33
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miles). The list of these basic checks is provided below. Partners will not be able to
finalize their fleet files until all associated errors have been resolved. Also note that
there is an implicit validation check on all numeric fields because the system will not
accept any non-numeric characters (including minus signs) within these fields.
Table 9. Basic Range and Logical Checks - Conditions Resulting in Error or
Warning Messages
Contact
Information
Fleet Description
Fleet Description
Fleet Description
Fleet Description
Fleet Description
Fleet Description
Fleet Description
Fleet Description
Fleet Description
General
Information
General
Information
General
Information
General
Information
Activity
Information
Activity
Information
Activity
Information
Activity
Information
Activity
User must enter at least two distinct contacts
User must include a Partner Name.
If entered, SCACs must be between 2 and 4 characters in length, and at least one
character must be a letter. Multiple SCACs must be separated by commas.
If entered, MCNs must be between 6 and 7 digits.
If entered, DOT numbers must be 7 digits or less.
User must select a Fleet Type.
User must indicate operational control over at least 95% of the fleet. (If Partner does
not have at least 95% operational control, Truck Tool may not be used for the fleet.)
The Operation Category totals must add up to 100%.
The Body Type totals must add up to 100%.
Warnings are issued for any of the following Operation Type/Body Type
combinations. NOTE: This validation will only be invoked if there is a single selection
made for either Operation or Body Type - otherwise combinations can't be
determined with certainty. LTL/Chassis; LTL/Moving; LTL/Heavy; LTL/Specialized;
Dray/Flatbed; Dray/Moving; Dray/Utility; Package/Flatbed; Package/Chassis;
Package/Heavy; Package/Auto; Package/Moving; Package/Utility;
Package/Specialized.
User must designate the operations split between U.S. and Canadian operations.
User must designate the Short-haul vs. Long-haul split.
User must select at least one fuel type.
User must designate the percentage of truckloads that utilize 100% of available cargo
capacity.
All fields are required, so no field can be left blank. (If appropriate, a zero can be
placed in certain fields.)
For all numeric fields except Empty Miles, Biofuel gallons, and Idle Hours, the value
must be greater than zero. (An explanation must be provided for zero Empty Miles
and idle hours).
For mileage and gallons fields, enter exact rather than rounded values, (warning)
For Revenue Miles, the amount cannot exceed the number of Total Miles Driven.
For Revenue Miles, if the Data Source Detail "Equal to total miles" is selected on the
34
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Information
Activity
Information
Activity
Information
Activity
Information
Activity
Information
Activity
Information
Activity
Information
Activity
Information
Activity
Information
Activity
Information
Activity
Information
Activity
Information
Activity
Information
Activity
Information
Model Year & Class
Model Year & Class
PM Reduction
PM Reduction
PM Reduction
Payload & Volume
Calculators
Payload & Volume
Data Sources screen, the amount must equal the Total Miles Driven.
For Revenue Miles, if the Data Source Detail "Total miles less empty miles" is
selected on the Data Sources screen, the amount must equal the Total Miles Driven
minus Empty Miles Driven.
For Empty Miles, the amount must be less than the number of Total Miles.
For Empty Miles, if the Data Source Detail "Total miles less revenue miles " is
selected on the Data Sources screen, the amount must equal the Total Miles Driven
minus Revenue Miles Driven.
On the Biofuel Blend Worksheet, the total gallons of biofuel cannot exceed the
amount entered for Total Fuel on the Activity Information screen.
For Average used cargo volume, the value cannot exceed 100%.
For Average Used Cargo Volume Percent, the value must be less than 100% if user
indicated that the fleet is 100% Less-Than-Truckload (LTL). (By definition, LTL fleets
cannot have 100% average used cargo volume.)
The implicit commodity density derived from the payload, volume, and average used
cargo volume inputs must be between 0.001 and 0.65 tons/cubic foot.30
For Idle Hours, the value cannot exceed 8,760.
For Idle Hours, values significantly outside the expected range must be explained.
If company no idle policy is specified under on the Data Sources screen, then a
warning is displayed if idle hours/yr are > 200.
MPG must be greater than zero.
MPG that is significantly outside the expected range for the given truck class (based
on a lookup table) must be explained.
Reefer fuel inputs for each fuel type must be less than the total vehicle fuel volume
input.
Total truck count for each fleet cannot be zero.
Total truck counts for each selected truck class (those with a check mark) cannot be
zero.
The number of trucks using any particular PM reduction strategy cannot be greater
than the number of trucks for the given class and model year.
The sum of the trucks using either DOC or Particulate Matter Traps cannot be greater
than the number of trucks for the given class and model year.
If user indicates that the company uses PM reduction equipment, there must be at
least one truck included on the PM Reduction sub-tab.
User must provide a preferred allocation method for the information entered on the
calculators.
The sum of the total miles or total trucks entered in the calculator must equal the
30 The upper bound density range was based on gold (~0.6 tons/cubic foot) and the lower bound range on potato
chips (-0.003 tons/cubic foot) - see http://www.aqua-calc.com/paqe/density-table/substance/Snacks-coma-
and-blank-potato-blank-chips-coma-and-blank-white-coma-and-blank-restructured-coma-and-blank-
baked.
35
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Calculators
Payload & Volume
Calculators
Payload & Volume
Calculators
Payload & Volume
Calculators
Payload & Volume
Calculators
Payload & Volume
Calculators
Payload & Volume
Calculators
Payload & Volume
Calculators
Payload & Volume
Calculators
Payload & Volume
Calculators
Payload & Volume
Calculators
Payload & Volume
Calculators
Payload & Volume
Calculators
number entered on the Activity Information screen.
The calculated average cannot be equal to zero.
For percentages, the total must equal 100%.
For each body type for which some information has been entered, all of the visible
field must be completed (including the explanation field if shown).
Zero is not a valid value for any payload or volume.
Values that are significantly outside the expected range for the given body type and
class must be explained.
The body types indicated in the Volume Calculator must agree with those used in the
Payload Calculator.
Ensure consistency between body-type selections in the Fleet Description section
with those from the Payload and Volume Calculators. For example, if 100% is
specified for Dry Van under Fleet Description, only Dry Vans (single, double, triple)
may be selected within the calculators. See Table 9.
If "# of Vehicles in this class" is selected for both the Payload and Volume calculators
for a given truck class, the number of trucks entered into each calculator must agree.
If "# of Vehicles in this class" is selected for either the Payload or Volume calculator,
the number of body-types selected cannot exceed the number of vehicles specified.
If "# of miles in this class" is selected for both the Payload and Volume calculators for
a given truck class, the number of miles entered into each calculator must agree.
If "# of Trips done by this class" is selected for both the Payload and Volume
calculators for a given truck class, the number of trips entered into each calculator
must agree.
Ensure consistency between the body-type selections in the Class 8a/b payload
calculator and the corresponding Volume calculator - i.e., issue warnings for any
type of dry van, reefer or beverage selected in the payload calculator but no Trailers
specified in volume calculator.
Validations have been added to the Truck Tool to ensure the selections in the 8a/8b
volume calculator are consistent with the selections in the payload calculator for those
classes:
RED errors (must address):
- If the user has values for 8a body type "Beverage" or "Dry Van - Single" in the
Payload calculator, they must have a value in the "Trailed section of the volume
calculator.
- If the user has values for 8b body type "Dry Van - Single" or "Dry Van - Double"
or "Dry Van - Triple" in the Payload calculator, they must have a value in the
"Trailer" section of the volume calculator.
YELLOW warnings (comments/changes not mandatory):
- If the user has values for 8a body type "Flatbed" or "Combination Flatbed" in the
Payload calculator, they must have a "Flatbed" checkbox checked in the "Trailer"
section of the volume calculator.
36
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- If the user has values for 8a body type "Single-Axle Van" or "Dry Van - Single" in
the Payload calculator, they must have a "Box" checkbox checked in the "Trailer"
section of the volume calculator.
- If the user has values for 8a body type "Beverage" in the Payload calculator, they
must have a "Box" or "Reefer" checkbox checked in the "Trailer" section of the
volume calculator.
- If the user has values for 8a body type "Tanker" in the Payload calculator, they
must have a value in the "Tanker" section of the volume calculator.
- If the user has values for 8a body type "Other (straight truck)" or "Other (combo)"
in the Payload calculator, they must have a value in the "Bulk", "Auto Carrier", or
"Other" section of the volume calculator.
- If the user has values for 8b body type "Dry Van - Single" or "Dry Van - Double"
or "Dry Van - Triple" in the Payload calculator, they must have a "Box" checkbox
checked in the "Trailer" section of the volume calculator.
- If the user has values for 8b body type "Combination Reefer" in the Payload
calculator, they must have a "Reefer" checkbox checked in the "Trailer" section of
the volume calculator.
- If the user has values for 8b body type "Combination Flatbed" in the Payload
calculator, they must have a "Flatbed" checkbox checked in the "Trailer" section
of the volume calculator.
- If the user has values for 8b body type "Combination Tanker" in the Payload
calculator, they must have a value in the "Tanker" section of the volume
calculator.
- If the user has values for 8b body type "Chassis" in the Payload calculator, they
must have a value in the "Chassis" section of the volume calculator.
- If the user has values for 8b body type "Specialty" or "Other" in the Payload
calculator, they must have a value in the "Bulk", "Auto Carrier", or "Other" section
of the volume calculator.
As noted in Table 9 above, a warning is issued if an inconsistency is identified between
body-types specified within the Fleet Description Section and those within the
Payload/Volume Calculators. Warning conditions (associated with 100% body-type
entries under Fleet Description) are presented in Table 10 below.
37
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Table 10. Consistent Body-Types Resulting in No Warning Messages
Acceptable selections -
Body Type
(100%)
Dry Van
Refrigerated
Flatbed
Tanker
Chassis
Hvy-Bulk
Auto Carrier
Moving
Spec Hauler
Utility
2b
all except
flatbed
other
flatbed
other
N/A
N/A
N/A
all except
flatbed
other
all
3
all
other
other
other
N/A
N/A
N/A
all
other
all
4
all except
flatbed
other
flatbed
other
N/A
N/A
N/A
all except
flatbed
other
all
5
all
other
other
other
N/A
N/A
N/A
all
other
all
6
walk-in, single
axle van
reefer, other
flatbed
other
N/A
N/A
N/A
all except
reefer, flatbed
other
all except
reefer
7
single axle van,
dry van single
reefer,
beverage,
combination
reefer, other
flatbed,
combination
flatbed
tanker
other
other
other
single axle van,
dry van-single,
other
other
flatbed,
combination
flatbed, other
8a
single axle van,
dry van single
beverage,
other
flatbed,
combination
flatbed
tanker
other
other
other
single axle van,
dry van-single,
other
other
flatbed,
combination
flatbed, other
8b
dry van (single,
double, triple)
combination
reefer, other
combination
flatbed
combination
tanker
chassis
other
other
dry van single,
specialty, other
specialty
combination
flatbed,
specialty, other
38
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Additional, rigorous validation checks of key data inputs are also needed to ensure the
overall quality of the performance metrics calculated by the Truck Tool. Validation
checks serve three purposes to this end. First, unusually high or low values can be
identified and flagged for the user's attention before finalizing inputs. For example, a
user may misplace a decimal, inadvertently add an extra zero, or utilize the wrong units
(e.g. reporting pounds instead of tons for payload) upon data entry. By comparing
these data entries to reliable industry averages and distributions, these values can be
flagged allowing users to quickly correct such errors.
Second, under certain circumstances Partners may operate their fleets under atypical
conditions, resulting in extreme (outlier) data values. For example, permitted heavy-
haul operations may routinely exceed industry-average payload values by 10 or more
tons. By flagging such data entries Partners have the opportunity to provide additional
information regarding their unique operating conditions through use of the Truck Tool
comment fields.
Finally, independent criteria can be established to ensure that data inputs are never
allowed to exceed certain physically-constrained absolute limits. For example, a truck
cannot exceed roughly 500,000 miles per year, even with dual drivers and minimal
maintenance time, simply due to the available hours per year and highway speed limits.
Data values above these absolute maximum levels are not allowed by the Truck Tool,
and users are required to modify the associated inputs before proceeding.
The following presents the updates to the Truck Tool validation ranges for all
parameters but payload and volume, which are discussed above. Validation ranges are
of three types:
1. "Yellow" values indicating that the input or derived performance value is notably
lower/higher than the expected value. Partners may enter an explanation
backing up such entries, but this is not mandatory.
2. "Red" values indicating that the input or derived performance value differs greatly
from the expected value. In this case the partner must enter text explaining why
this value is accurate. Once entered, the value will change from "Red" to
"Orange" on the data entry screen.
3. "Absolute errors" exceed values deemed physically possible and must be
changed in order to be accepted by the tool.
Reefer Fuel Validation
507 diesel fleets designated as "Reefer" for the 2013 calendar year were evaluated to
determine the distribution of the fraction of reefer fuel consumption to total fuel
consumption. Ten of these observations were dropped from the analysis data set,
having either 0 gallons of reefer fuel entered, or reefer fuel consumption was greater
than total consumption.31 As shown in Figure 3 below, the distribution for the remaining
reefer fleets was highly skewed toward low fractions (reefer consumption / total
31 Additional validation rules have been implemented, so such data entries are no longer possible.
39
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consumption). For this reason EPA simply used 5% increments for the Range 1 and 2
validation values, but used the average plus 1 to 2 standard deviations for Range 4, and
> 2 standard deviations for Range 5. The resulting values are shown in Table 11 below.
Figure 3
# Obervations vs Fraction of Fuel
used by Reefers
200
150
100
50
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Table 11. Reefer Fuel Consumption Validation Ranges
Comments
Set to include ~5% of obs
Set to include ~5% of obs
Max value set at average + 1 sigma
between 1 and 2 sigma from average
2+ sigma from avg
Range 1A
Range 2
Range 3
Range 4
RangeS*
Min
>0
0.18%
1.45%
24.25%
36.90%
Max
0.18%
1.45%
24.25%
36.90%
<100%
%of
Obs
4.8%
5.2%
81.1%
4.8%
4.0%
A Note - reefer fuel consumption cannot = 0 - absolute error
* Note - reefer fuel consumption cannot = 100% - absolute error
Basis - all diesel reefer fleets, 2013 reporting year
The percentages shown above are multiplied by the total fuel value entered on the
Activity screen to determine the Reefer fuel validation ranges for a given fleet. If the
percentage designated as "Reefer" in the Body Types section of the Truck Tool is less
than 100%, then the fuel validation ranges are scaled downward by the reported
percentage.
Data Processing
Except as noted above, the validation range recommendations are based upon a
distributional analysis performed on the 2011 Truck Partner input and performance
40
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data. Fleet level data was input into SAS and grouped by truck class, bin category, and
fuel type combinations. If a particular combination had less than 20 fleets, it was
aggregated to the next "higher" level until at least 20 fleets were included. This process
resulted in 26 groupings, as shown in Table 12. Note these groupings are mutually
exclusive - e.g. "Class 6_Mixed" (Group 6) includes all Class 6 vehicles with the
exception of TL/Dry Van, LTL/Dry Van, Moving, Package, (Groups 5, 7, 8, and 9).
Table 12. Truck Fleet Groupings Used for Distributional Analysis
Group #
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Name
2B Mixed
3 Mixed
4 Mixed
5 Mixed
6 LTL/Dry Van Diesel
6 Mixed
6_Moving
6_Package_Diesel
6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
7 LTL/Dry Van Diesel
7 Mixed
7_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
8A_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
8A Mixed
8A_Refrigerated_Diesel
8A TL/Dry Van Diesel
8B AutoCarrier Diesel
8B Dray Diesel
8B Flatbed Diesel
8B Heavy/Bulk Diesel
8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
8B Mixed
8B_Refrigerated_Diesel
8B Specialized Diesel
8B TL/Dry Van Diesel
8B Tanker Diesel
Sum
# Fleets
90
67
59
49
52
98
24
29
29
56
129
31
57
164
24
70
22
84
150
29
95
463
408
61
719
74
3,133
ERG then performed a distributional assessment for each of the above groupings for
the following parameters.
• Miles per vehicle
• Miles per gallon
Revenue Miles (as a percent of
total miles)
41
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• Empty Miles (as a percent of total
miles)
• Percent Biofuel
• Percent Average Used Cargo
Volume
• Percent Miles Traveled, Urban
• Percent Miles Traveled, Highway
• Average Idle Hours per year
ERG then identified suspected outliers and erroneous data entry values for each
parameter/group combination, based on the criteria presented in Table 13.
Table 13. Outlier Definition
Metric
Miles per Vehicle
MPG
Percent Revenue Miles
Percent Empty Miles
Percent Biofuel
Percent Average Used
Cargo Volume
Percent Urban Operation
Percent Highway Operation
Average Idle Hours
Unreasonably Low
Mean - 3*Std.dev
0
<40
0
0
0
0
0
0
Unreasonably High
Mean + 3*std.dev
Mean + 3*std.dev
100
>60
>20
100
100
100
Mean + 3*std.dev
Using these criteria ERG identified 49 values, which were subsequently dropped from
the data set in order to develop "yellow" and "red" validation ranges for generalized
distributions. The dropped values are shown below in Table 14.
Table 14. Values Flagged as Outliers
Group
1
1
3
7
9
10
12
14
14
15
16
18
20
20
Value
121,133
121,108
86,827
111,401
124,685
115,287
118,006
166,342
143,660
184,305
113,448
157,713
185,244
186,529
Mean
30,058
30,058
25,894
31,584
33,782
38,540
37,498
38,957
38,957
45,563
38,336
54,525
54,430
54,430
Parameter
Mi/Veh
Mi/Veh
Mi/Veh
Mi/Veh
Mi/Veh
Mi/Veh
Mi/Veh
Mi/Veh
Mi/Veh
Mi/Veh
Mi/Veh
Mi/Veh
Mi/Veh
Mi/Veh
42
-------
Group
32
32
32
3
4
19
20
20
32
32
32
1
1
3
7
8
8
10
10
12
14
14
14
15
16
16
18
19
19
20
20
20
32
32
33
Value
228,151
209,269
205,840
18.9
30
8
8.7
9
7.8
7.9
7.9
1,560
1,785
1,267
1,462
1,825
1,680
1,500
1,505
1,615
1,835
1,825
2,077
1,440
1,400
1,505
2,574
2,071
2,050
2,100
2,000
1,986
3,024
3,410
2,816
Mean
94,557
94,557
94,557
10.0
11.5
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.0
6.0
6.0
345
345
328
441
414
414
473
473
350
494
494
494
346
430
430
694
443
443
525
525
525
918
918
853
Parameter
Mi/Veh
Mi/Veh
Mi/Veh
MPG
MPG
MPG
MPG
MPG
MPG
MPG
MPG
Avg Idle hrs/yr
Avg Idle hrs/yr
Avg Idle hrs/yr
Avg Idle hrs/yr
Avg Idle hrs/yr
Avg Idle hrs/yr
Avg Idle hrs/yr
Avg Idle hrs/yr
Avg Idle hrs/yr
Avg Idle hrs/yr
Avg Idle hrs/yr
Avg Idle hrs/yr
Avg Idle hrs/yr
Avg Idle hrs/yr
Avg Idle hrs/yr
Avg Idle hrs/yr
Avg Idle hrs/yr
Avg Idle hrs/yr
Avg Idle hrs/yr
Avg Idle hrs/yr
Avg Idle hrs/yr
Avg Idle hrs/yr
Avg Idle hrs/yr
Avg Idle hrs/yr
43
-------
Once values were defined as outliers and excluded from the data set, the mean and
standard deviation of the distribution for each truck fleet grouping were then re-
calculated for each metric. Each fleet was treated equally in the distributional
assessment, independent of the number of vehicles in the fleet. Histograms presenting
the distributions for each truck fleet grouping/metric combination are available
electronically from SmartWay.
For groupings with large numbers of fleets (e.g., Class 8b diesel TL/Dry Van,
Refrigerated, and Mixed), the data for miles per vehicle and MPG appear normally
distributed. Examples for Class 8b TL/Dry Van Diesel fleets are shown in Figures 4 and
5.
44
-------
Figure 4. Annual Miles Per Vehicle Distribution, Class 8b TL/Dry Van Diesel Fleets
Miles Per Vehicle
Any Outlyers Have Been Removed
Group ID Number=25 TruckClass_BinCatsgory_FuelType=8B_TL/DryVan_DSL Number in Group=719
60-
50-
40-
C
CQ
(~
!
CD 30"
^2
E
3
Z
20-
10-
o-
nil
ii
Ml in
20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000 180000 200000
Bin Value
/pro) 1/EPA_TmckToolVal/validate.sas 04OCT12 11:58
45
-------
Figure 5. Miles per Gallon Distribution, Class 8b TL/Dry Van Diesel Fleets
Miles Per Gallon
Any Outlyers Have Been Removed
Group ID Number=25 TmckClass_BinCategory_FuelType=8B_TL/DryVan_DSL Number in Group=719
130-
120-
110-
100-
90-
.^ 80-
m
-— 70-
I6''
3
Z 50-
40-
30-
20-
10-
o-
1 I Illlll
,11
1
1
Ilil
III
345
Bin Value
/proj l/EPA_TnjckToolValA/aliaate sas 04OCT12 11:58
Other fleet group/metric combinations displayed sharp drop offs at certain discrete
levels. For example, % Revenue Miles were seldom less than 50% of total miles, and
conversely, % Empty Miles were seldom greater than 50% of total miles. % Biofuel also
displayed a discrete maximum value with no fleets using blends higher than 20%
biodiesel.32 Finally, % Urban and % Highway Operation data showed no clear
distributions, with values ranging from 0 % to 100 %.
Based on this preliminary assessment, red and yellow flag areas were defined for each
fleet group/metric combination as shown in Table 15.
32 As such, a yellow warning is issued for any biodiesel blend > 20%, with no red warning.
46
-------
Table 15. "Red" and "Yellow" Flag Criteria
Metric
Miles per Vehicle
MPG
% Revenue Miles
% Empty Miles
% Biofuel
% Average Used Cargo
Volume
% Urban Operation
% Highway Operation
Average Idle Hours
Low Red Flag
Mean - 2StDA
Mean - 2StD
variableAA
1
None
Mean - 2StD
None
None
Mean - 2StDA
Low Yellow Flag
Mean-1.5StDA
Mean-1 .5StD
variableAA
5
None
Mean-1 .5StD
None
None
Mean-1 .5StDA
High Yellow Flag
Mean+1 .5StD
Mean+1 .5StD
None
variableAA
None
variable*
None
None
Mean+1 .5StD
High Red Flag
Mean+2StD
Mean+2StD
None
variableAA
None
variable*
None
None
Mean+2StD
A If the calculated values are < 0 for a particular fleet category/metric combination, an
alternate cutoff is applied based on expert judgment.
* Cutoffs developed based on expert judgment.
AA Values selected in consultation with SmartWay support staff.
For six of the metrics,33 yellow flag criteria were set at ± 1.5 times the standard
deviation (StD), and the red flag criteria at ± 2.0 times the standard deviation of the
distribution for each truck fleet grouping. In most cases these criteria result in roughly
10-15% of the values for these metrics being flagged as either red or yellow for partner
attention (although the flag rates associated with % Revenue and % Empty Miles is
substantially higher). Selecting cutoffs at this level of stringency is intended to identify
likely input errors without unduly burdening the large majority of Truck Tool users with
unnecessary data checks and text explanations. Tables 16-21 present the actual yellow
and red flag values for each fleet group/metric combination, given the decision criteria
presented in Table 15. Tables 22-27 present the number of observations that would be
flagged with yellow and red warnings for these combinations.
33 Standard deviations are only used on the low end to determine red/yellow cutoffs for the % Average Used Cargo
Volume metric, due to a number of carriers utilizing 100% of available space. Upper end cutoffs are based on
expert judgment for LTL categories.
47
-------
Table 16. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Annual Miles per Vehicle
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Name
2B Mixed
3 Mixed
4 Mixed
5 Mixed
6 LTL/DryVan Diesel
6 Mixed
6_Moving
6 Package Diesel
6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
7 LTL/DryVan Diesel
7 Mixed
7 TL/DryVan Diesel
8A LTL/DryVan Diesel
8A Mixed
8A Refrigerated Diesel
8A TL/DryVan Diesel
8B AutoCarrier Diesel
8B Dray Diesel
8B Flatbed Diesel
8B Heavy/Bulk Diesel
8B LTL/DryVan Diesel
8B Mixed
8B Refrigerated Diesel
8B Specialized Diesel
8B TL/DryVan Diesel
8B Tanker Diesel
Low Red
2,000
6,000
2,000
2,000
3,000
5,000
3,000
7,376
5,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
4,000
4,000
10,000
4,000
39,712
4,000
34,715
7,717
16,801
12,171
38,363
1,705
27,591
32,467
Low Yellow
4,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
9,000
10,000
8,000
14,188
10,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
10,000
8,000
20,000
7,433
49,944
12,344
47,250
23,515
30,898
29,882
55,515
23,589
44,207
44,793
Mean
28,884
30,479
27,133
29,922
32,000
35,838
33,908
34,622
33,738
43,040
36,778
31,764
49,990
52,847
66,376
74,532
80,640
56,782
84,858
70,909
73,188
83,016
106,968
89,242
94,054
81,769
High Yellow
62,834
62,193
55,662
60,351
61,481
68,836
68,107
55,057
69,723
85,533
69,979
65,241
94,443
102,878
120,026
141,631
111,335
101,219
122,465
118,303
115,477
136,150
158,422
154,895
143,902
118,745
High Red
74,151
72,764
65,171
70,494
71,308
79,835
79,506
61,869
81,718
99,697
81,046
76,399
109,260
119,555
137,909
163,997
121,567
116,032
135,001
134,101
129,574
153,861
175,573
176,780
160,518
131,071
48
-------
Table 17. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Miles per Gallon34
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Name
2B Mixed
3 Mixed
4 Mixed
5 Mixed
6 LTL/DryVan Diesel
6 Mixed
6_Moving
6_Package_Diesel
6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
7 LTL/DryVan Diesel
7 Mixed
7_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
8A_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
8A Mixed
8A Refrigerated Diesel
8A_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
8B AutoCarrier Diesel
8B Dray Diesel
8B Flatbed Diesel
8B Heavy/Bulk Diesel
8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
8B Mixed
8B_Refrigerated_Diesel
8B_Specialized_Diesel
8B_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
8B Tanker Diesel
Low Red
4.6
5.0
5.4
4.5
5.7
5.2
5.8
6.1
4.9
5.6
4.5
5.3
5.3
4.4
4.8
5.0
4.2
4.9
4.4
3.4
5.1
4.8
4.8
3.8
5.0
4.8
Low Yellow
6.7
6.3
6.4
5.5
6.3
5.8
6.2
6.7
5.6
6.1
5.2
5.9
5.5
4.8
5.0
5.3
4.5
5.1
4.7
3.8
5.4
5.0
5.1
4.3
5.2
5.0
Mean
12.9
10.2
9.3
8.4
8.0
7.8
7.3
8.7
7.7
7.6
7.3
7.7
6.3
6.2
5.9
6.3
5.2
5.8
5.7
5.0
6.0
5.8
5.7
5.5
5.9
5.8
High Yellow
19.1
14.1
12.2
11.4
9.7
9.7
8.5
10.6
9.8
9.1
9.4
9.4
7.0
7.6
6.7
7.3
5.8
6.5
6.6
6.3
6.7
6.6
6.4
6.8
6.7
6.6
High Red
21.1
15.4
13.1
12.4
10.3
10.3
8.9
11.3
10.5
9.6
10.1
10.0
7.2
8.1
7.0
7.6
6.1
6.7
6.9
6.7
6.9
6.9
6.6
7.2
6.9
6.9
34 Equivalent MPG cutoffs can be found by dividing these values by 1.26 for gasoline and CNG vehicles; dividing
by 1.35 for LPG vehicles; and dividing by 1.52 for LNG vehicles-see "Non-Diesel MPG" section below for
details.
49
-------
Table 18. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
% Revenue Miles
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Name
2B Mixed
3 Mixed
4 Mixed
5 Mixed
6_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
6 Mixed
6_Moving
6_Package_Diesel
6 TL/DryVan Diesel
7_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
7 Mixed
7 TL/DryVan Diesel
8A LTL/DryVan Diesel
8A Mixed
8A Refrigerated Diesel
8A TL/DryVan Diesel
8B AutoCarrier Diesel
8B Dray Diesel
8B Flatbed Diesel
8B Heavy/Bulk Diesel
8B LTL/DryVan Diesel
8B Mixed
8B Refrigerated Diesel
8B Specialized Diesel
8B TL/DryVan Diesel
8B Tanker Diesel
Low Red
55
50
50
50
50
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
50
55
60
50
60
50
60
55
55
45
Low Yellow
60
60
60
60
60
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
60
60
60
60
55
60
65
55
70
60
70
60
65
50
Mean
84.9
84.4
87.8
85.7
89.7
82.8
84.5
95.5
86.1
90.4
83.6
84.4
90.5
82.6
81.8
87.1
70.6
84.9
81.6
65.1
90.3
85.6
87.7
64.5
87.4
66.8
High Yellow
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
High Red
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
50
-------
Table 19. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
% Empty Miles
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Name
2B Mixed
3 Mixed
4 Mixed
5 Mixed
6 LTL/DryVan Diesel
6 Mixed
6_Moving
6 Package Diesel
6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
7 LTL/DryVan Diesel
7 Mixed
7 TL/DryVan Diesel
8A LTL/DryVan Diesel
8A Mixed
8A_Refrigerated_Diesel
8A TL/DryVan Diesel
8B AutoCarrier Diesel
8B Dray Diesel
8B Flatbed Diesel
8B Heavy/Bulk Diesel
8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
8B Mixed
8B_Refrigerated_Diesel
8B Specialized Diesel
8B TL/DryVan Diesel
8B Tanker Diesel
Low Red
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
30
Low Yellow
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
40
Mean
14.3
18.9
13.4
24.0
9.6
19.0
15.0
18.5
12.1
17.0
15.4
4.5
17.1
18.5
12.0
15.5
18.2
21.2
11.3
16.8
20.7
14.2
11.3
32.0
22.4
18.6
High Yellow
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
45
40
40
50
35
45
40
45
45
65
High Red
45
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
50
45
45
60
45
50
45
50
50
75
51
-------
Table 20. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Average Used Cargo Volume %
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Name
2B Mixed
3 Mixed
4 Mixed
5 Mixed
6 LTL/DryVan Diesel
6 Mixed
6_Moving
6_Package_Diesel
6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
7 LTL/DryVan Diesel
7 Mixed
7_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
8A_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
8A Mixed
8A_Refrigerated_Diesel
8A TL/DryVan Diesel
8B AutoCarrier Diesel
8B Dray Diesel
8B Flatbed Diesel
8B Heavy/Bulk Diesel
8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
8B Mixed
8B_Refrigerated_Diesel
8B Specialized Diesel
8B TL/DryVan Diesel
8B Tanker Diesel
Low Red
30
37
37
39
48
46
36
53
40
52
43
49
55
48
40
50
69
55
62
60
58
55
58
61
59
63
Low Yellow
40
47
47
48
54
54
42
60
49
58
51
56
61
56
50
58
75
63
69
67
64
62
65
69
65
69
Mean
69.7
74.8
75.7
77.1
74.0
77.3
59.8
83.1
76.3
77.1
75.0
80.1
79.5
80.5
77.5
81.0
91.4
85.7
87.2
88.4
81.3
82.6
85.0
90.1
85.2
89.1
High YellowA
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
90
N/A
80
N/A
N/A
90
N/A
N/A
90
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
90
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
High RedA
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
95
N/A
90
N/A
N/A
95
N/A
N/A
95
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
95
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
A "N/A" indicates calculated
group/metric combinations.
flag value > 100. Any value < 100 is acceptable for these
Other values based on expert judgment.
52
-------
Table 21. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Annual Average Idle Hours per Truck
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Name
2B Mixed
3 Mixed
4 Mixed
5 Mixed
6 LTL/DryVan Diesel
6 Mixed
6_Moving
6_Package_Diesel
6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
7 LTL/DryVan Diesel
7 Mixed
7_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
8A_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
8A Mixed
8A_Refrigerated_Diesel
8A TL/DryVan Diesel
8B AutoCarrier Diesel
8B Dray Diesel
8B Flatbed Diesel
8B Heavy/Bulk Diesel
8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
8B Mixed
8B_Refrigerated_Diesel
8B Specialized Diesel
8B TL/DryVan Diesel
8B Tanker Diesel
Low Red
50
40
50
50
50
50
20
10
20
70
60
20
50
40
100
40
300
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Low Yellow
100
100
100
100
80
80
40
20
50
100
100
70
100
100
200
80
400
200
200
200
200
200
200
220
200
150
Mean
323
371
364
420
311
425
275
305
514
326
413
288
384
574
713
629
1,154
672
911
601
518
782
843
760
912
826
High Yellow
693
778
695
808
574
875
519
741
1,217
578
825
523
762
1,268
1,538
1,391
2,278
1,377
1,735
1,102
1,048
1,636
1,705
1,613
1,786
1,745
High Red
817
914
806
937
662
1,025
601
887
1,451
662
963
601
888
1,499
1,813
1,645
2,653
1,612
2,010
1,270
1,225
1,921
1,993
1,897
2,077
2,051
53
-------
Table 22. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Annual Miles per Vehicle
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Name
2B Mixed
3 Mixed
4 Mixed
5 Mixed
6 LTL/DryVan Diesel
6 Mixed
6_Moving
6_Package_Diesel
6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
7 LTL/DryVan Diesel
7 Mixed
7_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
8A_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
8A Mixed
8A_Refrigerated_Diesel
8A TL/DryVan Diesel
8B AutoCarrier Diesel
8B Dray Diesel
8B Flatbed Diesel
8B Heavy/Bulk Diesel
8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
8B Mixed
8B_Refrigerated_Diesel
8B_Specialized_Diesel
8B TL/DryVan Diesel
8B Tanker Diesel
Sum
# Low Red
4
6
1
3
0
6
1
0
2
1
4
2
0
4
0
1
1
0
4
0
2
4
14
0
19
2
81
2.6%
# Low Yellow
3
2
5
0
0
5
1
0
2
2
1
0
1
3
1
1
1
2
7
2
2
27
19
3
31
2
123
3.9%
# High Yellow
7
1
2
1
3
4
0
0
1
0
3
1
1
11
1
6
0
4
6
3
5
20
10
2
20
3
115
3.7%
# High Red
2
4
3
2
3
3
1
2
1
4
5
0
4
3
0
1
0
4
3
0
3
13
11
4
22
2
100
3.2%
54
-------
Table 23. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Miles per Gallon
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Name
2B Mixed
3 Mixed
4 Mixed
5 Mixed
6 LTL/DryVan Diesel
6 Mixed
6_Moving
6_Package_Diesel
6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
7 LTL/DryVan Diesel
7 Mixed
7_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
8A_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
8A Mixed
8A_Refrigerated_Diesel
8A TL/DryVan Diesel
8B AutoCarrier Diesel
8B Dray Diesel
8B Flatbed Diesel
8B Heavy/Bulk Diesel
8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
8B Mixed
8B_Refrigerated_Diesel
8B Specialized Diesel
8B TL/DryVan Diesel
8B Tanker Diesel
Sum
# Low Red
1
0
3
0
0
4
0
1
1
2
3
0
1
3
0
2
0
3
2
1
3
15
13
3
22
3
86
2.7%
# Low Yellow
2
3
0
2
4
0
0
1
0
4
2
2
5
5
2
1
0
4
4
3
2
15
10
1
14
2
88
2.8%
# High Yellow
4
1
0
1
3
5
3
1
1
0
3
1
0
4
0
2
0
5
3
2
0
7
29
1
20
2
99
3.2%
# High Red
3
2
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
8
2
2
1
0
1
0
2
7
5
0
21
1
63
2.0%
55
-------
Table 24. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Revenue Miles
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Name
2B Mixed
3 Mixed
4 Mixed
5 Mixed
6 LTL/DryVan Diesel
6 Mixed
6_Moving
6_Package_Diesel
6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
7 LTL/DryVan Diesel
7 Mixed
7_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
8A_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
8A Mixed
8A_Refrigerated_Diesel
8A TL/DryVan Diesel
8B AutoCarrier Diesel
8B Dray Diesel
8B Flatbed Diesel
8B Heavy/Bulk Diesel
8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
8B Mixed
8B_Refrigerated_Diesel
8B Specialized Diesel
8B TL/DryVan Diesel
8B Tanker Diesel
Sum
# Low Red
6
1
0
0
0
7
1
0
2
2
11
2
1
16
2
4
1
7
4
1
2
1
13
25
10
1
120
3.8%
# Low Yellow
3
5
2
1
1
9
2
1
2
3
9
2
0
4
1
1
2
6
8
7
5
19
14
5
21
5
138
4.4%
# High Yellow
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0
0.0%
# High Red
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0
0.0%
56
-------
Table 25. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Empty Miles
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Name
2B Mixed
3 Mixed
4 Mixed
5 Mixed
6 LTL/DryVan Diesel
6 Mixed
6_Moving
6_Package_Diesel
6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
7 LTL/DryVan Diesel
7 Mixed
7_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
8A_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
8A Mixed
8A_Refrigerated_Diesel
8A TL/DryVan Diesel
8B AutoCarrier Diesel
8B Dray Diesel
8B Flatbed Diesel
8B Heavy/Bulk Diesel
8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
8B Mixed
8B_Refrigerated_Diesel
8B Specialized Diesel
8B TL/DryVan Diesel
8B Tanker Diesel
Sum
# Low Red
21
19
18
13
14
23
6
18
7
15
26
8
16
27
3
13
1
12
6
1
10
60
27
2
43
4
413
13.2%
# Low Yellow
14
4
8
1
12
10
0
4
5
12
15
2
11
17
1
6
1
13
5
1
24
59
51
2
103
0
381
12.2%
# High Yellow
3
5
2
1
1
9
0
0
2
1
1
1
0
2
1
2
2
7
1
0
3
15
7
5
9
0
80
2.6%
# High Red
6
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
11
3
1
18
3
4
0
16
3
0
1
1
11
0
3
0
84
2.7%
57
-------
Table 26. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Average Used Cargo Volume %
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Name
2B Mixed
3 Mixed
4 Mixed
5 Mixed
6 LTL/DryVan Diesel
6 Mixed
6_Moving
6_Package_Diesel
6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
7 LTL/DryVan Diesel
7 Mixed
7_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
8A_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
8A Mixed
8A_Refrigerated_Diesel
8A TL/DryVan Diesel
8B AutoCarrier Diesel
8B Dray Diesel
8B Flatbed Diesel
8B Heavy/Bulk Diesel
8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
8B Mixed
8B_Refrigerated_Diesel
8B Specialized Diesel
8B TL/DryVan Diesel
8B Tanker Diesel
Sum
# Low Red
2
2
2
0
1
5
0
1
0
3
3
0
3
6
1
1
2
7
7
3
5
28
22
4
35
6
149
4.8%
# Low Yellow
4
4
1
5
4
3
0
3
1
2
14
2
4
9
2
7
0
5
9
0
4
12
10
2
30
1
138
4.4%
# High Yellow
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
3
N/A
3
N/A
N/A
4
N/A
N/A
10
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
5
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
25
0.8%
# High Red
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
3
N/A
0
N/A
N/A
6
N/A
N/A
5
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
11
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
25
0.8%
58
-------
Table 27. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Average Annual Idle Hours per Truck
Group #
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Name
2B Mixed
3 Mixed
4 Mixed
5 Mixed
6_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
6 Mixed
6_Moving
6_Package_Diesel
6 TL/DryVan Diesel
7_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
7 Mixed
7 TL/DryVan Diesel
8A LTL/DryVan Diesel
8A Mixed
8A Refrigerated Diesel
8A TL/DryVan Diesel
8B AutoCarrier Diesel
8B Dray Diesel
8B Flatbed Diesel
8B Heavy/Bulk Diesel
8B LTL/DryVan Diesel
8B Mixed
8B Refrigerated Diesel
8B Specialized Diesel
8B TL/DryVan Diesel
8B Tanker Diesel
Sum
# Low Red
3
2
0
1
0
6
0
1
1
0
2
1
0
3
0
1
1
1
0
0
3
15
8
0
8
2
59
1.9%
# Low Yellow
4
7
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
4
2
1
5
3
2
4
0
5
1
1
6
10
15
2
6
1
90
2.9%
# High Yellow
2
7
3
2
3
3
1
2
0
2
1
3
1
3
1
4
1
9
15
1
3
21
29
0
72
7
196
6.3%
# High Red
5
2
4
1
3
6
0
1
2
2
8
0
3
13
2
5
1
2
6
2
7
31
21
6
23
3
159
5.1%
Absolute errors were also developed for each fleet category/metric combination.
Cutoffs for absolute errors are intended to prevent users from inadvertently entering
data with incorrect units and typos. For this reason we have defined absolute errors to
ensure an adequate "safety" interval between the highest values observed in the
cleaned (no outlier) dataset. The recommended values for absolute errors and their
associated justifications are discussed below for each metric.
Annual Miles per Vehicle
The maximum number of miles a vehicle can accumulate in a year are constrained by
truck highway speed limits (typically 65 mph or less) and the number of hours in a
59
-------
year.35 Excluding engine down-time associated with maintenance and repairs, the
absolute maximum annual mileage possible for a truck is estimated to be ~500,000
miles per year. This estimate is more than twice the highest observed value of 228,151
miles per year (for Class 8b TL/Dry Van diesels). Therefore 500,000 miles per year
value is set as the absolute maximum for all vehicle classes. Values greater than 0 and
less than 500,000 are permissible.
Miles per Gallon
The maximum and minimum miles per gallon from the dataset (prior to cleaning) are
presented in Table 28.
Table 28. Maximum and Minimum Miles per Gallon
Group #
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Name
2B Mixed
3 Mixed
4 Mixed
5 Mixed
6 LTL/DryVan Diesel
6 Mixed
6_Moving
6_Package_Diesel
6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
7 LTL/DryVan Diesel
7 Mixed
7_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
8A_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
8A Mixed
8A_Refrigerated_Diesel
8A TL/Dry Van Diesel
8B AutoCarrier Diesel
8B Dray Diesel
8B Flatbed Diesel
8B Heavy/Bulk Diesel
8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
8B Mixed
8B_Refrigerated_Diesel
8B Specialized Diesel
8B TL/Dry Van Diesel
8B Tanker Diesel
Min
2.0
5.4
5.0
4.8
5.7
4.2
6.4
5.7
4.4
5.6
1.2
5.8
4.9
2.8
4.9
4.4
4.5
4.7
0.6
3.4
4.4
3.0
4.3
2.8
3.1
3.8
Mean
12.9
10.2
9.3
8.4
8.0
7.8
7.3
8.7
7.7
7.6
7.3
7.7
6.3
6.2
5.9
6.3
5.2
5.8
5.7
5.0
6.0
5.8
5.7
5.5
5.9
5.8
Max
21.6
30. 036
14.9
13.7
10.3
10.4
8.9
10.8
11.6
9.8
11.9
10.8
8.0
9.0
7.1
8.3
6.3
6.6
7.0
6.4
7.1
7.3
7.1
6.8
7.9
7.0
35 While DOT regulations limit drivers' daily hours, some companies utilize driver teams to maximize on-road time.
36 Value for a hybrid electric truck. Hybrids are subject to separate validation ranges for the 2015 version of the
Truck Tool as discussed below. The maximum value for non-hybrid Class 3 diesel trucks was 14.4 mpg.
60
-------
[Note: Unlike the other parameters discussed above, miles per gallon values are
derived from other inputs (total miles and gallons). Therefore any changes to address
absolute limits on MPG (as well as red and yellow warnings) must be handled through
updates to one or both of these primary inputs.]
As seen from the above table, fuel efficiency estimates can be very low (<1.0) and for
this reason no absolute lower bound is used for miles per gallon. To establish absolute
upper bounds for miles per gallon estimates the results from the PERE modeling
analysis previously developed for the 2010 Truck Model were used. Background on the
PERE modeling exercise is provided in Appendix E.
Absolute maximum miles per gallon estimates were developed for conventional diesel
trucks using the PERE model, and are shown in Table 29 by truck class.
Table 29. Maximum Diesel Miles per Gallon Estimates (PERE Model Basis)
Class
2b
3
4
5
6
7
8a
8b
Maximum MPG
25.0
23.3
20.2
18.7
18.0
14.5
11.2
11.2
Note that the maximum MPG estimates obtained from the PERE model are all
substantially higher than the maximum value observed for non-hybrid diesel trucks in
the 2011 Truck Tool data.
Non-Diesel MPG
The 2011 data submissions from SmartWay Truck partners did not include enough
information on non-diesel trucks in order to develop a robust distribution of mpg values
specific to non-diesels for validation purposes. Accordingly, engineering judgment was
used to adjust the diesel mpg values for other fuel types, accounting for general, relative
vehicle and/or fuel efficiency differences. First, a ratio was developed for adjusting
diesel mpg values to comparable gasoline mpg values, based upon simulated modeling
performed by Argonne National Laboratory.37 The Argonne data for gas and diesel
trucks was based on PSAT simulations of a typical pickup in the Class 2b or Class 3
range. The fuel consumption was reported for the same truck equipped with
37
Delorme, A. et. al., Impact of Advanced Technologies on Medium-Duty Trucks Fuel Efficiency, Argonne National
Laboratory, 2010-01-1929.
61
-------
both gasoline and diesel engines over the various EPA emissions and fuel economy
driving cycles. Using this data, a combined fuel economy was calculated using the
method from EPA's pre-2008 combined 2-cycle fuel economy using the FTP and
Highway cycles as given in 40 CFR Part 600. This method uses a weighted harmonic
average of the two values, with the FTP weighted at 55% and the Highway weighted at
45%.
The difference in the calculated combined fuel economies for the gas- and diesel-
powered model results showed that the diesel had a 25.9% greater fuel economy
than gasoline. These results are a direct volumetric comparison rather than in terms of
gasoline-equivalent gallons. As such, the diesel mpg values shown in Table 28 above
can be divided by 1.259 to obtain comparable mpg ranges for gasoline vehicles. Since
CNG vehicle fuel consumption is reported in terms of gasoline-equivalent gallons, the
mpg validation ranges for CNG vehicles can be set equal to those for comparable
gasoline vehicles.
Validation ranges for LPG and LNG vehicles can be developed from the gasoline
ranges, dividing the gasoline values by the appropriate gasoline gallon-equivalent factor
for these fuels (1.35 for LPG and 1.52 for LNG),38 thereby adjusting mpg values for
volumetric energy density. Table 30 presents the corresponding upper bound MPG
values for non-diesel vehicles by truck class.
Table 30. Maximum Miles per Gallon Estimates - Non-Diesel Vehicles
Class
2b
3
4
5
6
7
8a
8b
Gasoline/CNG
19.9
18.5
16.0
14.9
14.3
11.5
8.9
8.9
LPG
18.5
17.3
15.0
13.9
13.3
10.7
8.3
8.3
LNG
16.4
15.3
13.3
12.3
11.8
9.5
7.4
7.4
Hybrid MPG
EPA's Physical Emission Rate Estimator (PERE) model was used in order to establish
estimates of the fuel economy benefit of hybridization of medium- and heavy-duty
trucks. The details of the modeling are presented in Appendix E.
However, the in-use fuel economy of hybrid vehicles is highly dependent upon drive
cycle. Specifically the expected hybrid truck fuel economy will vary depending upon the
38
https://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/prep/popups/gges.html
62
-------
relative fraction of highway versus urban driving. Therefore the MPG ranges used for
validation of hybrid fuel economy are calculated using the following steps.
Step 1 - Weight the following GALLON PER MILE (Not MPG) values based on
the Highway/Urban split.
Gal/Mi - Urban
Group #
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Name
2B Mixed
3 Mixed
4 Mixed
5 Mixed
6_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
6 Mixed
6_Moving
6_Package_Diesel
6 TL/DryVan Diesel
7_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
7 Mixed
7 TL/DryVan Diesel
8A LTL/DryVan Diesel
8A Mixed
8A Refrigerated Diesel
8A TL/DryVan Diesel
8B AutoCarrier Diesel
8B Dray Diesel
8B Flatbed Diesel
8B Heavy/Bulk Diesel
8B LTL/DryVan Diesel
8B Mixed
8B Refrigerated Diesel
8B Specialized Diesel
8B TL/DryVan Diesel
8B Tanker Diesel
Low Red
0.2641
0.2340
0.2090
0.2599
0.1951
0.2200
0.1906
0.1788
0.2350
0.1968
0.2506
0.2131
0.2184
0.2747
0.2502
0.2477
0.2980
0.2434
0.2912
0.3768
0.2383
0.2597
0.2656
0.3389
0.2534
0.2596
Low Yellow
0.1813
0.1857
0.1763
0.2127
0.1765
0.1972
0.1783
0.1628
0.2056
0.1806
0.2169
0.1915
0.2104
0.2519
0.2402
0.2337
0.2781
0.2338
0.2727
0.3371
0.2250
0.2493
0.2500
0.2995
0.2436
0.2492
Mean
0.0942
0.1147
0.1213
0.1392
0.1390
0.1467
0.1514
0.1254
0.1495
0.1450
0.1545
0.1467
0.1837
0.1950
0.2036
0.1966
0.2407
0.2056
0.2248
0.2562
0.2025
0.2149
0.2236
0.2342
0.2147
0.2149
High Yellow
0.0636
0.0830
0.0925
0.1026
0.1147
0.1179
0.1301
0.1029
0.1175
0.1211
0.1200
0.1202
0.1653
0.1591
0.1793
0.1697
0.2158
0.1835
0.1942
0.2033
0.1814
0.1889
0.1992
0.1894
0.1891
0.1888
High Red
0.0576
0.0760
0.0861
0.0943
0.1080
0.1111
0.1242
0.0965
0.1097
0.1148
0.1117
0.1130
0.1607
0.1492
0.1716
0.1630
0.2052
0.1780
0.1857
0.1912
0.1761
0.1807
0.1931
0.1789
0.1836
0.1806
Gal/Mi - Highway
Group #
1
2
Name
2B Mixed
3 Mixed
Low Red
0.1759
0.1594
Low Yellow
0.1208
0.1265
Mean
0.0627
0.0781
High Yellow
0.0424
0.0565
High Red
0.0383
0.0518
63
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Gal/Mi - Highway
Group #
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Name
4 Mixed
5 Mixed
6_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
6 Mixed
6_Moving
6_Package_Diesel
6 TL/DryVan Diesel
7_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
7 Mixed
7 TL/DryVan Diesel
8A LTL/DryVan Diesel
8A Mixed
8A Refrigerated Diesel
8A TL/DryVan Diesel
8B AutoCarrier Diesel
8B Dray Diesel
8B Flatbed Diesel
8B Heavy/Bulk Diesel
8B LTL/DryVan Diesel
8B Mixed
8B Refrigerated Diesel
8B Specialized Diesel
8B TL/DryVan Diesel
8B Tanker Diesel
Low Red
0.1482
0.1805
0.1470
0.1657
0.1436
0.1347
0.1770
0.1513
0.1928
0.1640
0.1558
0.1960
0.1785
0.1767
0.2126
0.1736
0.2078
0.2688
0.1700
0.1853
0.1894
0.2418
0.1807
0.1852
Low Yellow
0.1250
0.1477
0.1330
0.1486
0.1343
0.1226
0.1549
0.1389
0.1668
0.1473
0.1501
0.1796
0.1714
0.1667
0.1984
0.1668
0.1945
0.2405
0.1605
0.1779
0.1783
0.2137
0.1738
0.1778
Mean
0.0860
0.0967
0.1047
0.1105
0.1141
0.0944
0.1127
0.1115
0.1188
0.1128
0.1310
0.1391
0.1452
0.1402
0.1717
0.1467
0.1604
0.1828
0.1445
0.1533
0.1595
0.1670
0.1532
0.1533
High Yellow
0.0656
0.0713
0.0864
0.0889
0.0980
0.0775
0.0885
0.0931
0.0923
0.0924
0.1179
0.1135
0.1279
0.1210
0.1539
0.1309
0.1385
0.1450
0.1294
0.1347
0.1421
0.1351
0.1349
0.1347
High Red
0.0611
0.0655
0.0813
0.0837
0.0936
0.0727
0.0826
0.0883
0.0859
0.0869
0.1147
0.1065
0.1224
0.1163
0.1464
0.1270
0.1325
0.1364
0.1256
0.1289
0.1378
0.1276
0.1310
0.1288
Example - Truck Class 2b has 40% urban, 60% highway. The Low Red
Gallon/Mile value is therefore 0.2641 x 0.40 + 0.1759 x 0.60 = 0.2112
Step 2: Convert the weighted gallon per mile values back to MPG
Example: 0.2112 gal/mi = 4.74 MPG
Step 3: Use these final, weighted, converted MPG values for validation.
Electric Truck Efficiency
Mi/kWhr estimates for battery electric trucks were developed based on available data
sources and engineering judgment. The average value for Class 2b trucks was
assumed to equal the mi/kWhr value estimates for large SUVs in EPA's MARKAL model
64
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(3.01). The values for Class 4 and 6 electric trucks (1.43 and 1.00 respectively) were
taken from Calstart's E-Truck Task Force Business Case Calculator. Values for Class 3
and 5 trucks were based on simple averages of the Class 2b, 4, and 6 values. Given
the lack of available data for the heavier truck classes, values for Class 7 (0.75), Class
8a (0.5) and Class 8b (0.4) were based on engineering judgment.
Once average mi/kWhr estimates were derived, "red" and "yellow" ranges were
established based on simple multiplicative factors applied to the averages - Low red
from 0 to 0.5 x average; low yellow from 0.5 x average to 0.75 x average; high yellow
from 1.25 x average to 1.5 x average; and high red from 1.5 x average to 10 x average
(absolute max).
Percent Revenue Miles
Revenue miles were frequently equal to total miles in the dataset. Accordingly, no
absolute upper (or lower) bound was set for this field, beyond requiring all values to be
>0and < 100.
Percent Empty Miles
Empty miles were occasionally equal to 0 in the dataset. Accordingly, no absolute lower
(or upper) bound was set for this field, beyond requiring all values to be > 0 and < 100.
Percent Biodiesel
While the maximum observed blend level for biodiesel was 20 percent, B100 use is
possible. Therefore no absolute upper (or lower) bound was set for this field, beyond
requiring all values to be > 0 and < 100.
Average Payload
The maximum and minimum payloads from the dataset (prior to cleaning) are presented
in Table 31.
Table 31. Maximum and Minimum Observed Payloads (Short Tons)
Group #
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Name
2B Mixed
3 Mixed
4 Mixed
5 Mixed
6_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
6 Mixed
6_Moving
6_Package_Diesel
6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
Min
0.1
0.1
0.5
1.3
0.9
0.9
2.5
2.0
0.9
Mean
1.0
1.7
2.4
3.1
4.6
4.5
3.6
4.2
4.1
Max
1.939
3.0
4.0
5.3
6.3
6.5
4.9
6.0
6.9
39 Three extreme outliers for Class 2b trucks were dropped for the purposes of establishing maximum upper bounds:
16.0, 13.0 and 5.0 tons.
65
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Group #
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Name
7_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
7 Mixed
7_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
8A_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
8A Mixed
8A Refrigerated Diesel
8A TL/DryVan Diesel
8B AutoCarrier Diesel
8B Dray Diesel
8B Flatbed Diesel
8B Heavy/Bulk Diesel
8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
8B Mixed
8B Refrigerated Diesel
8B Specialized Diesel
8B TL/DryVan Diesel
8B Tanker Diesel
Min
1.8
1.1
4.5
6.0
1.9
6.3
3.8
9.3
15.0
14.8
20.0
7.8
7.5
13.2
7.3
6.5
17.5
Mean
6.0
6.0
6.4
10.6
11.3
13.3
11.4
19.6
20.5
23.2
27.6
18.2
20.3
20.9
24.4
18.9
24.6
Max
8.7
20.0
12.7
15.0
24.0
21.0
20.0
24.5
24.5
33.3
40.0
27.9
33.1
27.5
37.0
50.0
34.6
Based on a review of previous out of range values, unit conversion problems are the
most common source of data entry errors for payload. One type of error results from
data being entered in pounds instead of short tons, resulting in overestimates by a
factor of 2,000. Such errors should be easy to prevent using a reasonable upper bound
ton level. Another possible source of error could be reporting metric or long tons
instead of short tons, although detecting these errors will be extremely difficult, due to
the small difference in units (roughly 10 percent difference). Finally, note that standard
payload limitations can be waived by obtaining permits for heavy loads, or by avoiding
over-the-road operation.40 Accordingly, the absolute upper bound payload levels were
set equal to 3 times the maximum observed values shown in Table 31.
However, no absolute lower-bound payload value was set, to allow for light package
and specialty deliveries. Therefore the only low end constraint is the requirement that
payloads be > 0.
Average Volume
The maximum and minimum observed volumes from the dataset (prior to cleaning) are
presented in Table 32.
40 One Smart Way Truck Partner indicated unusually high payloads for their Class 2b truck fleet, but noted they only
use their trucks in terminal operations.
66
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Table 32. Maximum and Minimum Observed Volumes (cubic feet)
Group #
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Name
2B Mixed
3 Mixed
4 Mixed
5 Mixed
6_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
6 Mixed
6_Moving
6 Package Diesel
6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
7_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
7 Mixed
7_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
8A LTL/DryVan Diesel
8A Mixed
8A Refrigerated Diesel
8A_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
8B AutoCarrier Diesel
8B Dray Diesel
8B Flatbed Diesel
8B_Heavy/Bulk_Diesel
8B LTL/DryVan Diesel
8B Mixed
8B Refrigerated Diesel
8B_Specialized_Diesel
8B_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
8B Tanker Diesel
Min
1
1
54
141
693
336
141
300
693
693
267
728
1,000
1
1
1,454
2,844
1,516
2,341
1,000
2,205
1,991
3,171
450
1,159
702
Mean
343
498
659
1,215
1,375
1,324
1,382
1,398
1,255
1,687
1,601
1,581
3,272
2,862
2,759
3,410
4,424
2,387
3,485
3,114
3,615
3,565
3,721
2,604
3,740
1,210
Max
1,000
940
1,185
1,894
1,115
878
1,894
1,800
1,52141
3,765
3,521
3,521
3,852
6,302
3,780
3,848
8,350
3,892
5,000
4,824
4,925
4,896
4,068
5,843
6,316
4,004
Maximum volumes are extremely difficult to define given the presence of non-uniform
body styles, oversized loads, etc. Accordingly a simple upper bound was set at 3 times
the maximum observed values shown above.
However, no absolute lower-bound volume value was set, to allow for small package
and specialty deliveries. Therefore the only low end constraint is the requirement that
volumes be > 0.
Average Used Cargo Volume %
Average used cargo volume % was frequently equal to 100 in the dataset. Accordingly,
no upper bound was set for this field. In addition, no absolute lower-bound was set for
41 One Class 6 LTL fleet with an extreme outlier volume of 12,000 cubic feet was dropped for the purposes of this
analysis.
67
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utilization either, to allow for small package and LTL/specialty deliveries. The only
requirement is that all values be > 0 and < 100.
The new Truck Tool adds a new Data Source option for Dray carriers allows them to
select an industry average used cargo volume % factor, since these carriers may not
know how their containers are loaded. To calculate the industry average value the
following calculation steps were performed:
1) All truck carriers with a Dray Operation tag were identified from the 2012 Truck Tool
submittals -109 dray carriers with 20,774 trucks. 75.9% of these trucks had a Chassis
Body Type tag, 23.2% had a Dry Van tag, and 0.9% had a Mixed tag. No other body
type tags were reported for dray carriers. Essentially all of these trucks were Class 8b
diesels.
2) All non-dray carriers with Chassis, Dry Van, and Mixed Body Type tags were
selected, and the average used cargo volume % was calculated for Body Type tag,
weighted by the number of trucks. (This approach assumes that none of the average
used cargo volume % values reported for Dray carriers were reliable, regardless of their
Data Source selection.) There were 229,349 trucks in this data set. The weighted
average used cargo volume % values for non-dray carriers were as follows.
Chassis 90.5%
Dry Van 84.8%
Mixed 85.4%
3) The weighted average used cargo volume % values from Step 2 were combined with
the body type percentage distribution from Step 1 to obtain a single, industry average
for used cargo volume % value for use by Dray carriers of 89.13%. This estimate
applies for all truck classes and fuel types, as the data set is very thin for anything other
than class 8b diesels. Note that this value will only be used if a Dray Carrier selects the
"Industry Average" button on the Activity screen or the default selection on the Data
Source screen. Also note that the default option is only available to carriers that
specified a non-zero Dray operations percentage in the Fleet Description section -
otherwise the Industry Average button will not appear.
Percent Urban/Highway Miles
There is no clear distributional pattern associated with these data fields, with values
frequently ranging from 0 to 100. Therefore no lower or upper bound values are set.
Average Annual Idle Hours per Truck
The maximum and minimum observed idle hours from the dataset (prior to cleaning) are
presented in Table 33.
68
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Table 33. Maximum and Minimum Observed Idle Hours per Truck
Group #
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Name
2B Mixed
3 Mixed
4 Mixed
5 Mixed
6 LTL/DryVan Diesel
6 Mixed
6_Moving
6_Package_Diesel
6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
7 LTL/DryVan Diesel
7 Mixed
7_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
8A_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
8A Mixed
8A_Refrigerated_Diesel
8A TL/DryVan Diesel
8B AutoCarrier Diesel
8B Dray Diesel
8B Flatbed Diesel
8B Heavy/Bulk Diesel
8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
8B Mixed
8B_Refrigerated_Diesel
8B_Specialized_Diesel
8B TL/DryVan Diesel
8B Tanker Diesel
Min
0
20
50
30
0
2
22
8
0
75
55
3
61
0
130
25
240
78
100
161
61
0
41
140
17
54
Mean
323
371
364
420
311
425
275
305
514
326
413
288
384
574
713
629
1,154
672
911
601
518
782
843
760
912
826
Max
1,785
1,267
1,524
1,462
720
1,825
576
1,196
1,820
1,440
2,077
598
2,071
2,574
2,000
2,016
3,380
2,080
2,100
1,401
1,675
2,475
2,349
2,200
3,410
2,816
Absolute bounds on idle hours are based on simple operational constraints: a truck can
idle no more than 24 hours per day, 7 days a week, or 8,760 hours per year. Zero
hours are also acceptable values with explanations.
69
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The Truck Tool allows the user to calculate their emissions performance using a
number of different metrics, at different levels of aggregation. Available performance
metrics include:
• Grams per mile
• Grams per Payload Ton-Mile
• Grams per Thousand Cubic Foot-Miles
• Grams per Thousand Utilized Cubic Foot-Miles
The Internal Metrics report within the Truck Tool presents the results of 36 calculations
(4x4x3 = 48), which represent the following four calculations for each of the three
pollutants (C02, NOx, PMio and PM2.s) and for each of three different mileage types
(total, payload, and loaded). Note that all capitalized fields represent fields in the user
interface:
1. g/mile: £ E / M
where E = Emissions, M = Miles Driven
2. g/avg payload ton-mile: X E / (M x AP)
where E = Emissions, M = Miles Driven, AP = Average Payload
3. g/avg cubic foot volume: X E / (M x ACV)
where E = Emissions, M = Miles Driven, ACV = Average Cargo Volume
4. g/avg utilized cubic foot: £ E / (M x ACV) / CU
where E = Emissions, M = Miles Driven, ACV = Average Cargo Volume,
CU = % Cube Utilization
For all four calculations:
Emissions = grams of pollutant (as specified above)
Miles Driven = Total Miles, Payload Miles, or Loaded Miles (Total Miles minus
Empty Miles)
As shown in the equations above, summations are performed for the different metrics.
Each of the metrics is automatically aggregated across model years (for NOx and PM)
for all reporting purposes. Additional aggregation may be reported across truck
classes, fuel types, divisions, and at the company level, as specified by the user.
70
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Appendix A: MOVES2014a-based NOx/PIVh.s Emission Factors (g/mi)
-------
Year&
Class
1987-2b
1987-3
1987-4
1987-5
1987-6
1987-7
1987-8a
1987-8b
1988-2b
1988-3
1988-4
1988-5
1988-6
1988-7
1988-8a
1988-8b
1989-2b
1989-3
1989-4
1989-5
1989-6
1989-7
1989-8a
1989-8b
1990-2b
1990-3
1990-4
1990-5
1990-6
1990-7
1990-8a
1990-8b
1991-2b
1991-3
1991-4
1991-5
1991-6
1991-7
1991-8a
1991-8b
1992-2b
1992-3
1992-4
Diesel
NOx
Decel
2.054
2.054
2.062
2.056
2.031
1.953
1.878
1.788
1.725
2.040
2.059
2.025
2.020
1.984
1.901
1.787
1.938
2.042
2.059
2.034
2.009
2.019
1.926
1.779
1.300
1.589
1.587
1.582
1.548
1.545
1.452
1.358
1.318
1.457
1.397
1.472
1.429
1.396
1.315
1.240
1.226
1.407
1.457
Diesel
NOx
Oto25
29.723
29.731
30.029
29.847
30.632
33.247
35.624
37.993
26.478
30.186
29.924
30.844
30.943
32.224
34.963
37.835
30.946
29.548
29.899
30.498
31.406
31.145
34.397
38.112
19.972
22.862
22.982
23.217
24.367
24.491
27.525
29.812
17.679
21.072
23.077
20.082
22.107
23.290
25.951
27.603
15.981
20.594
21.068
Diesel
NOx
25 to 50
37.726
37.783
38.176
38.169
40.246
46.874
53.545
59.476
32.440
38.939
37.966
40.594
40.971
44.361
52.011
58.970
41.279
37.422
37.909
39.851
42.468
41.961
51.102
59.796
24.681
29.089
29.138
29.778
32.840
33.226
41.540
47.184
21.840
27.290
32.316
25.725
30.070
33.348
41.193
44.794
19.482
26.427
27.120
Diesel
NOx
50 +
18.449
18.516
19.603
19.124
21.933
31.328
40.543
49.106
16.516
20.215
19.228
22.610
23.039
27.785
38.323
48.431
24.643
18.313
19.149
21.523
25.058
24.293
36.826
49.567
12.926
14.637
14.310
15.222
19.429
19.958
31.509
39.701
11.603
13.284
20.351
13.457
17.120
21.628
32.228
37.659
10.822
12.948
13.058
Diesel
NOx
Highway
17.094
17.148
18.723
17.773
19.880
26.382
31.448
35.488
15.613
18.544
18.212
20.542
20.723
24.110
30.271
35.163
21.944
17.013
18.123
19.658
22.195
21.679
29.443
35.658
12.039
13.524
13.302
14.098
17.186
17.577
24.380
28.135
10.767
12.356
17.592
12.643
15.370
18.485
24.139
26.553
10.025
12.078
12.163
Diesel
PM2.5
Decel
0.0244
0.0243
0.0281
0.0252
0.0234
0.0205
0.0171
0.0137
0.0212
0.0249
0.0274
0.0245
0.0239
0.0224
0.0182
0.0136
0.0225
0.0255
0.0274
0.0249
0.0235
0.0238
0.0191
0.0132
0.0208
0.0257
0.0261
0.0259
0.0235
0.0233
0.0175
0.0126
0.0311
0.0242
0.0209
0.0311
0.0226
0.0206
0.0150
0.0115
0.0294
0.0234
0.0241
Diesel
PM2.5
Oto25
1.2711
1.2722
1.0992
1.2356
1.3420
1.5502
1.7787
2.0099
0.8082
0.9102
0.9609
0.9267
0.9162
0.9289
0.9441
0.9601
0.9059
0.9071
0.9601
0.9252
0.9266
0.9263
0.9500
0.9664
0.8038
0.9245
0.9347
0.9416
0.9409
0.9439
0.9694
0.9891
0.6625
0.8159
0.8435
0.7715
0.8308
0.8489
0.8878
0.9066
0.5792
0.7917
0.8140
Diesel
PM2.5
25 to 50
2.2732
2.2772
1.7449
2.1686
2.4574
2.9831
3.5902
4.1852
1.1087
1.3377
1.3160
1.3878
1.3974
1.4973
1.7213
1.9275
1.4020
1.2921
1.3138
1.3656
1.4420
1.4276
1.6968
1.9539
1.0871
1.3190
1.3093
1.3339
1.4495
1.4641
1.7811
1.9990
0.7254
0.8847
1.2173
0.8192
1.0639
1.2643
1.7720
2.0524
0.6388
0.8552
0.8814
Diesel
PM2.5
50 +
2.1385
2.1406
1.8929
2.0914
2.2482
2.5652
2.9327
3.3206
0.9246
1.0662
1.1938
1.1014
1.0747
1.0951
1.1110
1.1317
1.0608
1.0658
1.1919
1.0990
1.0938
1.0957
1.1232
1.1407
0.9227
1.0854
1.1040
1.1199
1.1022
1.1088
1.1402
1.1667
0.6133
0.6771
0.8484
0.6780
0.7694
0.8744
1.1316
1.2743
0.5580
0.6592
0.6765
Diesel
PM2.5
Highway
1.1757
1.1779
0.9826
1.1469
1.2929
1.5839
1.8508
2.0986
0.5780
0.6520
0.6753
0.6755
0.6722
0.7047
0.7596
0.8041
0.6778
0.6389
0.6745
0.6685
0.6895
0.6857
0.7567
0.8109
0.5749
0.6498
0.6515
0.6632
0.6944
0.6997
0.7801
0.8258
0.3913
0.4469
0.6058
0.4329
0.5376
0.6269
0.8002
0.8860
0.3571
0.4381
0.4450
A-l
-------
Year&
Class
1992-5
1992-6
1992-7
1992-8a
1992-8b
1993-2b
1993-3
1993-4
1993-5
1993-6
1993-7
1993-8a
1993-8b
1994-2b
1994-3
1994-4
1994-5
1994-6
1994-7
1994-8a
1994-8b
1995-2b
1995-3
1995-4
1995-5
1995-6
1995-7
1995-8a
1995-8b
1996-2b
1996-3
1996-4
1996-5
1996-6
1996-7
1996-8a
1996-8b
1997-2b
1997-3
1997-4
1997-5
1997-6
1997-7
Diesel
NOx
Decel
1.460
1.422
1.401
1.302
1.236
1.402
1.438
1.444
1.457
1.428
1.419
1.307
1.238
1.167
1.381
1.457
1.459
1.438
1.404
1.300
1.242
1.316
1.448
1.444
1.444
1.429
1.410
1.307
1.247
1.314
1.458
1.445
1.437
1.426
1.397
1.304
1.247
1.167
1.426
1.469
1.466
1.454
1.442
Diesel
NOx
Oto25
21.224
22.370
23.147
26.203
27.679
18.862
20.559
21.454
21.084
22.134
22.495
26.096
27.683
17.786
19.702
21.074
21.212
21.947
23.119
26.369
27.610
16.247
20.882
21.088
21.695
22.176
22.900
26.259
27.557
16.798
21.076
21.803
22.049
22.646
23.635
26.584
27.803
13.586
20.850
21.263
21.557
21.867
22.377
Diesel
NOx
25 to 50
27.620
30.696
32.840
41.384
44.951
23.403
26.252
28.091
27.254
30.015
31.214
41.237
44.976
22.134
24.987
27.140
27.705
29.828
33.032
42.197
44.798
19.716
26.984
27.377
28.881
30.327
32.423
41.903
44.687
20.133
27.083
28.675
29.609
31.251
34.142
42.306
44.871
15.766
26.810
27.199
28.007
28.891
30.515
Diesel
NOx
50 +
13.853
17.973
20.962
32.697
37.903
11.935
12.806
14.494
13.325
17.135
18.694
32.448
37.936
11.674
12.627
13.075
13.879
16.713
21.099
33.671
37.672
10.954
13.255
13.926
15.502
17.395
20.245
33.258
37.501
10.952
13.354
15.404
16.940
18.893
22.826
34.131
38.087
9.141
14.016
13.210
14.448
15.548
17.714
Diesel
NOx
Highway
13.020
15.958
18.141
24.405
26.653
11.178
11.971
13.358
12.455
15.440
16.517
24.280
26.673
10.937
11.808
12.175
12.964
15.137
18.135
24.824
26.569
10.160
12.316
12.881
14.249
15.557
17.548
24.652
26.508
10.248
12.385
14.038
15.437
16.676
19.193
25.027
26.725
8.574
12.970
12.265
13.475
14.167
15.795
Diesel
PM2.5
Decel
0.0252
0.0220
0.0211
0.0147
0.0114
0.0297
0.0252
0.0236
0.0246
0.0227
0.0219
0.0148
0.0114
0.0324
0.0394
0.0423
0.0432
0.0401
0.0357
0.0228
0.0180
0.0385
0.0423
0.0419
0.0418
0.0393
0.0368
0.0235
0.0183
0.0395
0.0418
0.0402
0.0405
0.0376
0.0339
0.0224
0.0178
0.0355
0.0412
0.0430
0.0438
0.0412
0.0393
Diesel
PM2.5
Oto25
0.8226
0.8345
0.8482
0.8911
0.9112
0.7132
0.7914
0.8190
0.8160
0.8303
0.8353
0.8877
0.9095
1.0305
1.1615
1.2313
1.2692
1.2204
1.1600
1.0222
0.9727
1.0551
1.2463
1.2370
1.2585
1.2158
1.1836
1.0238
0.9657
1.0738
1.2197
1.2029
1.2309
1.1747
1.1360
1.0059
0.9656
0.9495
1.2259
1.2723
1.3022
1.2454
1.2173
Diesel
PM2.5
25 to 50
0.8526
1.1012
1.2190
1.7956
2.0420
0.7767
0.8540
0.9465
0.8703
1.0568
1.1399
1.7977
2.0562
0.9701
1.1506
1.2324
1.2604
1.4033
1.6220
2.2410
2.4363
0.9932
1.2370
1.2692
1.3437
1.4426
1.5822
2.2271
2.4345
1.0399
1.2448
1.3438
1.4037
1.5174
1.7045
2.2695
2.4604
0.8721
1.2602
1.2397
1.2827
1.3505
1.4582
Diesel
PM2.5
50 +
0.6760
0.7908
0.8559
1.1459
1.2739
0.6397
0.6657
0.7110
0.6763
0.7699
0.8097
1.1435
1.2786
0.6783
0.7888
0.8404
0.8929
0.8995
0.9268
1.0374
1.0690
0.7124
0.8492
0.8555
0.9048
0.8989
0.9249
1.0316
1.0616
0.7334
0.8385
0.8608
0.9196
0.9011
0.9386
1.0323
1.0699
0.6396
0.8481
0.8613
0.9221
0.8846
0.9012
Diesel
PM2.5
Highway
0.4440
0.5537
0.6116
0.8111
0.8817
0.4109
0.4378
0.4813
0.4455
0.5385
0.5742
0.8120
0.8867
0.4837
0.5394
0.5638
0.5873
0.6284
0.6882
0.8255
0.8615
0.4780
0.5674
0.5791
0.6134
0.6363
0.6770
0.8217
0.8593
0.4932
0.5671
0.6018
0.6369
0.6578
0.7086
0.8289
0.8650
0.4258
0.5773
0.5692
0.6015
0.6074
0.6399
A-2
-------
Year&
Class
1997-8a
1997-8b
1998-2b
1998-3
1998-4
1998-5
1998-6
1998-7
1998-8a
1998-8b
1999-2b
1999-3
1999-4
1999-5
1999-6
1999-7
1999-8a
1999-8b
2000-2b
2000-3
2000-4
2000-5
2000-6
2000-7
2000-8a
2000-8b
2001 -2b
2001-3
2001-4
2001-5
2001-6
2001-7
2001 -8a
2001-8b
2002-2b
2002-3
2002-4
2002-5
2002-6
2002-7
2002-8a
2002-8b
2003-2b
Diesel
NOx
Decel
1.333
1.265
0.979
1.688
1.730
1.732
1.730
1.712
1.565
1.469
0.913
0.930
0.929
0.930
0.925
0.930
0.946
0.931
0.853
0.925
0.930
0.932
0.926
0.929
0.936
0.932
0.913
0.934
0.931
0.932
0.925
0.928
0.937
0.928
0.896
0.902
0.905
0.905
0.902
0.904
0.926
0.920
0.417
Diesel
NOx
Oto25
26.015
27.647
9.316
18.203
18.539
18.592
18.576
19.063
22.539
24.124
7.286
11.384
11.617
11.655
11.672
12.138
17.975
20.220
7.912
11.472
11.677
11.725
11.652
12.670
17.269
20.188
6.051
11.378
11.654
11.686
12.095
12.117
18.487
20.118
5.977
10.700
11.137
11.137
11.142
12.064
17.133
19.925
4.168
Diesel
NOx
25 to 50
40.458
44.312
10.784
22.931
23.524
23.610
23.716
24.941
34.787
38.386
8.214
12.444
12.750
12.875
12.961
13.934
24.412
27.838
8.656
12.568
12.920
13.082
12.947
14.699
22.905
27.758
7.150
12.473
12.800
12.905
13.645
13.752
25.022
27.692
7.044
11.668
12.227
12.227
12.323
13.804
22.905
27.453
5.670
Diesel
NOx
50 +
31.515
37.195
7.613
13.800
14.086
14.329
14.379
16.397
31.915
38.045
6.340
8.905
9.078
9.214
9.438
10.534
23.274
27.787
6.611
8.974
9.240
9.419
9.376
11.474
21.517
27.693
5.574
8.951
9.104
9.218
10.279
10.335
24.162
27.617
5.523
8.514
8.830
8.830
9.039
10.810
21.670
27.389
4.532
Diesel
NOx
Highway
23.871
26.396
6.632
11.415
11.586
11.871
11.834
13.439
22.317
24.891
4.925
7.018
7.128
7.241
7.470
8.375
16.442
18.554
5.287
7.068
7.261
7.409
7.407
9.172
15.581
18.527
4.161
7.069
7.148
7.244
8.230
8.228
16.905
18.456
4.116
6.725
6.915
6.915
7.129
8.670
15.635
18.316
3.193
Diesel
PM2.5
Decel
0.0256
0.0189
0.0305
0.0405
0.0411
0.0425
0.0412
0.0400
0.0246
0.0176
0.0370
0.0430
0.0434
0.0432
0.0435
0.0420
0.0245
0.0172
0.0348
0.0427
0.0431
0.0429
0.0434
0.0407
0.0270
0.0175
0.0373
0.0428
0.0432
0.0431
0.0425
0.0421
0.0230
0.0174
0.0373
0.0443
0.0456
0.0456
0.0458
0.0434
0.0276
0.0179
0.0315
Diesel
PM2.5
Oto25
1.0284
0.9549
0.2648
0.4678
0.4755
0.4649
0.4745
0.4890
0.6376
0.6957
0.2849
0.4502
0.4596
0.4609
0.4595
0.4738
0.6430
0.7050
0.3071
0.4536
0.4617
0.4632
0.4594
0.4893
0.6209
0.7044
0.2421
0.4501
0.4608
0.4620
0.4716
0.4727
0.6559
0.7010
0.2409
0.4271
0.4444
0.4444
0.4426
0.4695
0.6163
0.6939
0.2120
Diesel
PM2.5
25 to 50
2.1412
2.4172
0.3408
0.6647
0.6807
0.6575
0.6839
0.7441
1.3180
1.5341
0.3648
0.6196
0.6380
0.6452
0.6475
0.7058
1.3455
1.5659
0.3893
0.6272
0.6479
0.6569
0.6468
0.7548
1.2539
1.5624
0.3168
0.6230
0.6417
0.6478
0.6902
0.6962
1.3861
1.5531
0.3127
0.5677
0.5984
0.5984
0.6010
0.6931
1.2481
1.5314
0.2730
Diesel
PM2.5
50 +
1.0014
1.0460
0.3774
0.5717
0.5806
0.5944
0.5860
0.6057
0.7308
0.7852
0.4366
0.5855
0.5950
0.5964
0.6051
0.6136
0.7431
0.7936
0.4352
0.5862
0.5956
0.5973
0.6028
0.6217
0.7244
0.7933
0.4119
0.5837
0.5937
0.5948
0.6135
0.6110
0.7528
0.7907
0.4161
0.5890
0.6094
0.6094
0.6178
0.6321
0.7323
0.7889
0.3561
Diesel
PM2.5
Highway
0.8018
0.8532
0.2058
0.3203
0.3244
0.3232
0.3271
0.3524
0.5116
0.5598
0.2216
0.3139
0.3186
0.3209
0.3252
0.3440
0.5188
0.5680
0.2328
0.3153
0.3211
0.3240
0.3237
0.3620
0.5000
0.5679
0.1949
0.3146
0.3190
0.3210
0.3419
0.3413
0.5298
0.5645
0.1946
0.3044
0.3132
0.3132
0.3169
0.3506
0.5003
0.5596
0.1705
A-3
-------
Year&
Class
2003-3
2003-4
2003-5
2003-6
2003-7
2003-8a
2003-8b
2004-2b
2004-3
2004-4
2004-5
2004-6
2004-7
2004-8a
2004-8b
2005-2b
2005-3
2005-4
2005-5
2005-6
2005-7
2005-8a
2005-8b
2006-2b
2006-3
2006-4
2006-5
2006-6
2006-7
2006-8a
2006-8b
2007-2b
2007-3
2007-4
2007-5
2007-6
2007-7
2007-8a
2007-8b
2008-2b
2008-3
2008-4
2008-5
Diesel
NOx
Decel
1.287
1.415
1.415
1.412
1.397
1.318
1.245
0.421
1.295
1.411
1.411
1.409
1.395
1.318
1.242
0.375
1.239
1.418
1.418
1.415
1.397
1.314
1.243
0.391
1.240
1.416
1.416
1.414
1.398
1.317
1.244
0.620
0.588
0.585
0.585
0.585
0.546
0.350
0.255
0.655
0.646
0.646
0.646
Diesel
NOx
Oto25
9.269
9.715
9.715
9.756
10.071
11.696
12.556
4.195
9.303
9.711
9.711
9.750
10.029
11.605
12.529
3.715
9.081
9.716
9.716
9.760
10.102
11.738
12.556
3.848
9.091
9.715
9.715
9.757
10.077
11.692
12.548
2.516
5.226
5.473
5.473
5.507
6.046
8.308
9.269
2.265
4.750
5.091
5.091
Diesel
NOx
25 to 50
9.440
9.874
9.874
9.966
10.490
13.621
14.981
5.434
9.451
9.872
9.872
9.957
10.422
13.446
14.935
5.301
9.240
9.873
9.873
9.970
10.540
13.695
14.982
5.561
9.274
9.873
9.873
9.964
10.498
13.607
14.965
2.963
5.312
5.592
5.592
5.669
6.383
9.762
10.988
2.845
4.821
5.192
5.192
Diesel
NOx
50 +
7.185
7.462
7.462
7.579
8.127
11.343
12.859
4.299
7.215
7.494
7.494
7.599
8.085
11.192
12.834
4.162
7.019
7.436
7.436
7.552
8.156
11.423
12.869
4.351
7.053
7.449
7.449
7.554
8.120
11.330
12.846
2.188
4.104
4.313
4.313
4.379
4.956
7.650
8.670
2.064
3.743
4.031
4.031
Diesel
NOx
Highway
5.254
5.407
5.407
5.516
6.037
8.223
9.011
3.071
5.268
5.419
5.419
5.518
5.983
8.136
8.998
2.854
5.162
5.396
5.396
5.502
6.070
8.267
9.015
2.954
5.175
5.402
5.402
5.498
6.033
8.216
9.005
1.621
2.970
3.071
3.071
3.147
3.719
5.616
6.189
1.478
2.727
2.875
2.875
Diesel
PM2.5
Decel
0.0393
0.0405
0.0405
0.0407
0.0383
0.0240
0.0158
0.0318
0.0399
0.0411
0.0411
0.0412
0.0391
0.0252
0.0163
0.0338
0.0389
0.0401
0.0401
0.0401
0.0376
0.0235
0.0159
0.0364
0.0395
0.0403
0.0403
0.0403
0.0380
0.0239
0.0159
0.0049
0.0025
0.0021
0.0021
0.0021
0.0020
0.0018
0.0016
0.0053
0.0027
0.0021
0.0021
Diesel
PM2.5
Oto25
0.3897
0.4051
0.4051
0.4040
0.4308
0.5664
0.6320
0.2171
0.3877
0.4012
0.4012
0.4007
0.4239
0.5531
0.6237
0.2105
0.3872
0.4080
0.4080
0.4083
0.4359
0.5680
0.6289
0.2222
0.3870
0.4065
0.4065
0.4073
0.4334
0.5653
0.6300
0.0132
0.0172
0.0176
0.0176
0.0177
0.0194
0.0266
0.0297
0.0131
0.0160
0.0165
0.0165
Diesel
PM2.5
25 to 50
0.5232
0.5509
0.5509
0.5547
0.6471
1.1606
1.3996
0.2778
0.5165
0.5405
0.5405
0.5452
0.6256
1.1149
1.3729
0.2772
0.5208
0.5587
0.5587
0.5659
0.6626
1.1675
1.3905
0.2944
0.5195
0.5547
0.5547
0.5625
0.6538
1.1565
1.3931
0.0167
0.0201
0.0205
0.0205
0.0208
0.0247
0.0429
0.0498
0.0165
0.0179
0.0182
0.0182
Diesel
PM2.5
50 +
0.5273
0.5459
0.5459
0.5532
0.5687
0.6657
0.7155
0.3626
0.5326
0.5494
0.5494
0.5555
0.5688
0.6589
0.7108
0.3716
0.5206
0.5430
0.5430
0.5489
0.5667
0.6657
0.7135
0.3975
0.5252
0.5445
0.5445
0.5496
0.5665
0.6640
0.7139
0.0169
0.0162
0.0161
0.0161
0.0163
0.0174
0.0228
0.0249
0.0174
0.0164
0.0162
0.0162
Diesel
PM2.5
Highway
0.2762
0.2840
0.2840
0.2878
0.3217
0.4593
0.5095
0.1739
0.2757
0.2826
0.2826
0.2861
0.3157
0.4486
0.5030
0.1710
0.2747
0.2850
0.2850
0.2893
0.3249
0.4598
0.5069
0.1807
0.2750
0.2845
0.2845
0.2886
0.3224
0.4578
0.5078
0.0102
0.0106
0.0106
0.0106
0.0108
0.0125
0.0182
0.0200
0.0102
0.0101
0.0101
0.0101
A-4
-------
Year&
Class
2008-6
2008-7
2008-8a
2008-8b
2009-2b
2009-3
2009-4
2009-5
2009-6
2009-7
2009-8a
2009-8b
2010-2b
2010-3
2010-4
2010-5
2010-6
2010-7
2010-8a
2010-8b
2011-2b
2011-3
2011-4
2011-5
2011-6
2011-7
2011-8a
2011-8b
2012-2b
2012-3
2012-4
2012-5
2012-6
2012-7
2012-8a
2012-8b
2013-2b
2013-3
2013-4
2013-5
2013-6
2013-7
2013-8a
Diesel
NOx
Decel
0.645
0.625
0.453
0.285
0.506
0.556
0.569
0.569
0.573
0.531
0.333
0.246
0.208
0.237
0.245
0.245
0.245
0.242
0.230
0.220
0.265
0.242
0.238
0.238
0.237
0.236
0.228
0.218
0.265
0.242
0.238
0.238
0.237
0.236
0.230
0.218
0.170
0.150
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.145
Diesel
NOx
Oto25
5.113
5.380
7.359
9.008
2.090
5.213
5.574
5.574
5.590
6.170
8.464
9.363
0.726
1.555
1.673
1.673
1.683
1.753
2.074
2.218
0.859
1.533
1.629
1.629
1.637
1.696
2.017
2.197
0.887
1.551
1.628
1.628
1.637
1.674
1.957
2.171
0.568
0.960
1.003
1.003
1.008
1.034
1.237
Diesel
NOx
25 to 50
5.235
5.581
8.438
10.637
2.459
5.264
5.698
5.698
5.760
6.528
9.963
11.100
0.953
1.577
1.699
1.699
1.720
1.834
2.429
2.647
1.137
1.571
1.656
1.656
1.672
1.765
2.343
2.619
1.152
1.585
1.653
1.653
1.671
1.728
2.253
2.575
0.738
0.982
1.019
1.019
1.029
1.067
1.425
Diesel
NOx
50 +
4.068
4.347
6.621
8.411
1.835
4.072
4.388
4.388
4.445
5.062
7.788
8.737
0.725
1.185
1.266
1.266
1.293
1.412
2.025
2.270
0.833
1.186
1.248
1.248
1.268
1.364
1.949
2.247
0.846
1.196
1.246
1.246
1.266
1.325
1.852
2.203
0.542
0.742
0.769
0.769
0.781
0.819
1.172
Diesel
NOx
Highway
2.917
3.205
4.996
6.047
1.369
2.969
3.123
3.123
3.199
3.807
5.704
6.237
0.517
0.880
0.924
0.924
0.948
1.060
1.465
1.591
0.575
0.870
0.905
0.905
0.923
1.015
1.421
1.577
0.588
0.876
0.904
0.904
0.922
0.980
1.362
1.556
0.375
0.541
0.557
0.557
0.568
0.606
0.864
Diesel
PM2.5
Decel
0.0021
0.0021
0.0019
0.0016
0.0040
0.0024
0.0021
0.0021
0.0021
0.0020
0.0018
0.0016
0.0033
0.0022
0.0019
0.0019
0.0019
0.0019
0.0017
0.0015
0.0042
0.0023
0.0019
0.0019
0.0019
0.0019
0.0017
0.0015
0.0042
0.0023
0.0019
0.0019
0.0019
0.0019
0.0017
0.0015
0.0025
0.0013
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
0.0010
Diesel
PM2.5
Oto25
0.0165
0.0174
0.0236
0.0288
0.0114
0.0172
0.0179
0.0179
0.0179
0.0198
0.0271
0.0300
0.0094
0.0154
0.0162
0.0162
0.0162
0.0178
0.0251
0.0282
0.0108
0.0148
0.0154
0.0154
0.0154
0.0167
0.0239
0.0277
0.0110
0.0149
0.0154
0.0154
0.0155
0.0163
0.0225
0.0270
0.0066
0.0088
0.0090
0.0090
0.0091
0.0096
0.0136
Diesel
PM2.5
25 to 50
0.0184
0.0203
0.0356
0.0477
0.0153
0.0204
0.0211
0.0211
0.0213
0.0256
0.0441
0.0505
0.0133
0.0181
0.0190
0.0190
0.0191
0.0227
0.0405
0.0474
0.0140
0.0170
0.0176
0.0176
0.0178
0.0207
0.0378
0.0463
0.0141
0.0171
0.0176
0.0176
0.0179
0.0197
0.0348
0.0446
0.0085
0.0101
0.0103
0.0103
0.0105
0.0116
0.0211
Diesel
PM2.5
50 +
0.0163
0.0168
0.0210
0.0244
0.0152
0.0160
0.0161
0.0161
0.0163
0.0175
0.0231
0.0251
0.0131
0.0145
0.0148
0.0148
0.0150
0.0160
0.0214
0.0236
0.0144
0.0145
0.0145
0.0145
0.0146
0.0155
0.0206
0.0233
0.0145
0.0145
0.0145
0.0145
0.0146
0.0151
0.0197
0.0227
0.0087
0.0086
0.0085
0.0085
0.0086
0.0089
0.0119
Diesel
PM2.5
Highway
0.0102
0.0111
0.0164
0.0195
0.0093
0.0106
0.0107
0.0107
0.0109
0.0128
0.0186
0.0202
0.0081
0.0096
0.0098
0.0098
0.0099
0.0116
0.0172
0.0190
0.0085
0.0092
0.0093
0.0093
0.0095
0.0108
0.0165
0.0187
0.0086
0.0093
0.0093
0.0093
0.0095
0.0103
0.0155
0.0182
0.0052
0.0055
0.0055
0.0055
0.0056
0.0061
0.0095
A-5
-------
Year&
Class
2013-8b
2014-2b
2014-3
2014-4
2014-5
2014-6
2014-7
2014-8a
2014-8b
2015-2b
2015-3
2015-4
2015-5
2015-6
2015-7
2015-8a
2015-8b
2016-2b
2016-3
2016-4
2016-5
2016-6
2016-7
2016-8a
2016-8b
Diesel
NOx
Decel
0.140
0.170
0.149
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.145
0.143
0.135
0.170
0.149
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.145
0.143
0.135
0.170
0.149
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.145
0.143
0.135
Diesel
NOx
Oto25
1.395
0.569
0.958
1.000
1.000
1.005
1.028
1.212
1.349
0.570
0.958
1.000
1.000
1.005
1.028
1.214
1.349
0.568
0.957
1.000
1.000
1.005
1.028
1.213
1.349
Diesel
NOx
25 to 50
1.654
0.739
0.980
1.016
1.016
1.025
1.061
1.397
1.600
0.739
0.980
1.016
1.016
1.026
1.062
1.399
1.601
0.738
0.980
1.016
1.016
1.025
1.061
1.398
1.601
Diesel
NOx
50 +
1.415
0.542
0.740
0.766
0.766
0.778
0.814
1.148
1.369
0.543
0.740
0.766
0.766
0.778
0.815
1.150
1.370
0.542
0.740
0.766
0.766
0.778
0.815
1.150
1.369
Diesel
NOx
Highway
1.000
0.375
0.539
0.554
0.554
0.565
0.598
0.833
0.947
0.375
0.539
0.554
0.554
0.565
0.599
0.834
0.947
0.374
0.539
0.554
0.554
0.565
0.599
0.834
0.947
Diesel
PM2.5
Decel
0.0010
0.0025
0.0013
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
0.0010
0.0009
0.0025
0.0013
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
0.0010
0.0009
0.0025
0.0013
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
0.0010
0.0009
Diesel
PM2.5
Oto25
0.0167
0.0066
0.0088
0.0090
0.0090
0.0091
0.0096
0.0134
0.0162
0.0066
0.0088
0.0090
0.0090
0.0091
0.0096
0.0134
0.0162
0.0066
0.0088
0.0090
0.0090
0.0091
0.0096
0.0134
0.0162
Diesel
PM2.5
25 to 50
0.0275
0.0085
0.0101
0.0103
0.0103
0.0105
0.0115
0.0208
0.0268
0.0085
0.0101
0.0103
0.0103
0.0105
0.0115
0.0208
0.0268
0.0085
0.0101
0.0103
0.0103
0.0105
0.0115
0.0208
0.0268
Diesel
PM2.5
50 +
0.0140
0.0087
0.0085
0.0085
0.0085
0.0086
0.0089
0.0118
0.0137
0.0087
0.0085
0.0085
0.0085
0.0086
0.0089
0.0118
0.0137
0.0087
0.0085
0.0085
0.0085
0.0086
0.0089
0.0118
0.0137
Diesel
PM2.5
Highway
0.0113
0.0052
0.0054
0.0055
0.0055
0.0056
0.0060
0.0092
0.0108
0.0052
0.0054
0.0055
0.0055
0.0056
0.0060
0.0092
0.0108
0.0052
0.0054
0.0055
0.0055
0.0056
0.0060
0.0092
0.0108
Year&
Class
1987-2b
1987-3
1987-4
1987-5
1987-6
1987-7
1987-8a
1987-8b
1988-2b
1988-3
1988-4
1988-5
1988-6
Gasoline
NOx
Decel
0.200
0.245
0.245
0.244
0.244
0.244
0.240
0.184
0.204
0.245
0.245
0.244
0.244
Gasoline
NOx
Oto25
3.460
8.078
8.083
8.210
8.210
8.210
8.774
13.452
3.818
8.102
8.065
8.278
8.271
Gasoline
NOx
25 to 50
7.050
11.850
11.891
11.719
11.719
11.719
12.458
18.324
7.300
11.867
11.953
11.799
11.790
Gasoline
NOx
50 +
7.256
12.226
12.276
11.939
11.939
11.939
12.696
18.840
7.525
12.236
12.379
12.033
12.024
Gasoline
NOx
Highway
4.611
8.387
8.442
8.071
8.071
8.071
8.822
13.167
4.892
8.393
8.576
8.169
8.160
Gasoline
PM2.5
Decel
0.0028
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0032
0.0027
0.0041
0.0046
0.0047
0.0045
0.0045
Gasoline
PM2.5
Oto25
0.0305
0.0550
0.0551
0.0576
0.0576
0.0576
0.0697
0.1695
0.0527
0.1173
0.1160
0.1225
0.1223
Gasoline
PM2.5
25 to 50
0.0846
0.1112
0.1131
0.1111
0.1111
0.1111
0.1614
0.5752
0.0642
0.0914
0.0927
0.0950
0.0945
Gasoline
PM2.5
50 +
0.0761
0.0940
0.0957
0.0870
0.0870
0.0870
0.1240
0.4344
0.0841
0.1359
0.1424
0.1273
0.1268
Gasoline
PM2.5
Highway
0.0768
0.1839
0.1862
0.1732
0.1732
0.1732
0.2045
0.3818
0.0652
0.1493
0.1580
0.1385
0.1380
A-6
-------
Year&
Class
1988-7
1988-8a
1988-8b
1989-2b
1989-3
1989-4
1989-5
1989-6
1989-7
1989-8a
1989-8b
1990-2b
1990-3
1990-4
1990-5
1990-6
1990-7
1990-8a
1990-8b
1991-2b
1991-3
1991-4
1991-5
1991-6
1991-7
1991-8a
1991-8b
1992-2b
1992-3
1992-4
1992-5
1992-6
1992-7
1992-8a
1992-8b
1993-2b
1993-3
1993-4
1993-5
1993-6
1993-7
1993-8a
1993-8b
Gasoline
NOx
Decel
0.244
0.239
0.184
0.206
0.246
0.246
0.245
0.245
0.245
0.220
0.220
0.133
0.129
0.129
0.129
0.129
0.129
0.118
0.118
0.133
0.129
0.129
0.129
0.129
0.129
0.128
0.128
0.130
0.129
0.129
0.129
0.129
0.129
0.127
0.127
0.129
0.129
0.129
0.130
0.129
0.129
0.129
0.129
Gasoline
NOx
Oto25
8.222
8.908
13.452
4.223
8.030
8.031
8.065
8.065
8.065
13.378
13.378
5.020
6.147
6.206
6.170
6.170
6.170
10.202
10.202
4.391
6.146
6.257
6.138
6.175
6.175
6.561
6.561
4.723
6.154
6.275
6.125
6.176
6.176
6.685
6.685
4.841
6.062
6.082
6.054
6.065
6.065
6.144
6.144
Gasoline
NOx
25 to 50
11.731
12.746
18.324
7.600
11.749
11.897
11.503
11.503
11.503
19.932
19.932
7.787
8.612
8.860
8.468
8.468
8.468
15.355
15.355
7.514
8.629
8.894
8.512
8.477
8.477
9.286
9.286
7.672
8.695
8.995
8.525
8.480
8.480
9.538
9.538
7.680
8.454
8.566
8.444
8.282
8.282
8.450
8.450
Gasoline
NOx
50 +
11.962
12.971
18.840
7.888
12.171
12.336
11.881
11.881
11.881
19.781
19.781
6.473
6.900
7.156
6.699
6.699
6.699
12.353
12.353
6.389
6.921
7.149
6.781
6.701
6.701
7.357
7.357
6.451
6.996
7.259
6.810
6.702
6.702
7.561
7.561
6.471
6.826
6.931
6.820
6.648
6.648
6.782
6.782
Gasoline
NOx
Highway
8.094
9.044
13.167
5.230
8.312
8.525
7.993
7.993
7.993
13.082
13.082
4.742
5.345
5.647
5.120
5.120
5.120
8.827
8.827
4.528
5.371
5.612
5.212
5.123
5.123
5.715
5.715
4.653
5.461
5.749
5.246
5.124
5.124
5.888
5.888
4.685
5.263
5.392
5.258
5.060
5.060
5.187
5.187
Gasoline
PM2.5
Decel
0.0046
0.0045
0.0038
0.0041
0.0046
0.0047
0.0046
0.0046
0.0046
0.0045
0.0045
0.0014
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
0.0013
0.0013
0.0039
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0039
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0039
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
Gasoline
PM2.5
Oto25
0.1211
0.1380
0.2486
0.0585
0.1153
0.1151
0.1167
0.1167
0.1167
0.2496
0.2496
0.0170
0.0200
0.0206
0.0198
0.0198
0.0198
0.0461
0.0461
0.0746
0.1130
0.1153
0.1130
0.1141
0.1141
0.1227
0.1227
0.0816
0.1130
0.1156
0.1126
0.1142
0.1142
0.1254
0.1254
0.0840
0.1113
0.1115
0.1111
0.1120
0.1120
0.1137
0.1137
Gasoline
PM2.5
25 to 50
0.0914
0.1410
0.4355
0.0655
0.0883
0.0905
0.0867
0.0867
0.0867
0.4615
0.4615
0.0473
0.0394
0.0535
0.0352
0.0352
0.0352
0.5350
0.5350
0.0318
0.0383
0.0480
0.0353
0.0356
0.0356
0.0664
0.0664
0.0320
0.0401
0.0510
0.0352
0.0356
0.0356
0.0759
0.0759
0.0315
0.0351
0.0370
0.0344
0.0344
0.0344
0.0407
0.0407
Gasoline
PM2.5
50 +
0.1234
0.1751
0.4976
0.0863
0.1320
0.1402
0.1175
0.1175
0.1175
0.4939
0.4939
0.0835
0.0791
0.0908
0.0722
0.0722
0.0722
0.3995
0.3995
0.0299
0.0309
0.0354
0.0290
0.0284
0.0284
0.0418
0.0418
0.0293
0.0320
0.0370
0.0292
0.0284
0.0284
0.0460
0.0460
0.0284
0.0292
0.0306
0.0290
0.0274
0.0274
0.0301
0.0301
Gasoline
PM2.5
Highway
0.1352
0.1776
0.3580
0.0720
0.1458
0.1557
0.1309
0.1309
0.1309
0.3638
0.3638
0.1287
0.1749
0.1908
0.1649
0.1649
0.1649
0.3981
0.3981
0.0569
0.1011
0.1067
0.0978
0.0963
0.0963
0.1106
0.1106
0.0646
0.1029
0.1096
0.0984
0.0963
0.0963
0.1147
0.1147
0.0683
0.0990
0.1015
0.0989
0.0957
0.0957
0.0987
0.0987
A-7
-------
Year&
Class
1994-2b
1994-3
1994-4
1994-5
1994-6
1994-7
1994-8a
1994-8b
1995-2b
1995-3
1995-4
1995-5
1995-6
1995-7
1995-8a
1995-8b
1996-2b
1996-3
1996-4
1996-5
1996-6
1996-7
1996-8a
1996-8b
1997-2b
1997-3
1997-4
1997-5
1997-6
1997-7
1997-8a
1997-8b
1998-2b
1998-3
1998-4
1998-5
1998-6
1998-7
1998-8a
1998-8b
1999-2b
1999-3
1999-4
Gasoline
NOx
Decel
0.105
0.127
0.127
0.127
0.127
0.127
0.116
0.116
0.109
0.127
0.127
0.127
0.127
0.127
0.116
0.116
0.092
0.127
0.127
0.127
0.127
0.127
0.116
0.116
0.094
0.127
0.127
0.127
0.127
0.127
0.116
0.116
0.100
0.241
0.237
0.247
0.247
0.247
0.212
0.212
0.117
0.247
0.246
Gasoline
NOx
Oto25
4.306
6.053
6.156
5.967
6.059
6.059
10.022
10.022
4.273
6.020
6.024
5.992
6.049
6.049
10.022
10.022
3.076
6.016
6.018
5.973
6.067
6.067
10.022
10.022
2.636
6.045
5.998
5.997
6.069
6.069
10.022
10.022
1.499
3.808
4.004
3.549
3.586
3.586
5.298
5.298
1.689
3.581
3.618
Gasoline
NOx
25 to 50
7.164
8.470
8.788
8.414
8.316
8.316
15.085
15.085
7.112
8.352
8.476
8.373
8.298
8.298
15.084
15.084
4.725
8.407
8.505
8.414
8.329
8.329
15.084
15.084
4.206
8.380
8.469
8.395
8.332
8.332
15.084
15.084
3.180
5.874
6.477
5.166
5.166
5.166
9.136
9.136
3.342
5.207
5.353
Gasoline
NOx
50 +
6.337
6.778
7.080
6.789
6.580
6.580
12.135
12.135
6.290
6.668
6.816
6.719
6.575
6.575
12.135
12.135
4.596
6.731
6.853
6.783
6.583
6.583
12.135
12.135
3.932
6.669
6.826
6.734
6.584
6.584
12.135
12.135
3.447
6.139
6.451
5.810
5.781
5.781
7.686
7.686
3.644
5.820
5.898
Gasoline
NOx
Highway
4.425
5.246
5.583
5.286
5.029
5.029
8.671
8.671
4.395
5.126
5.299
5.191
5.023
5.023
8.671
8.671
3.205
5.202
5.351
5.277
5.033
5.033
8.671
8.671
2.861
5.125
5.324
5.210
5.034
5.034
8.671
8.671
2.105
3.951
4.266
3.601
3.576
3.576
5.014
5.014
2.256
3.609
3.694
Gasoline
PM2.5
Decel
0.0021
0.0026
0.0026
0.0026
0.0026
0.0026
0.0023
0.0023
0.0023
0.0027
0.0027
0.0027
0.0027
0.0027
0.0025
0.0025
0.0030
0.0032
0.0032
0.0032
0.0032
0.0032
0.0029
0.0029
0.0010
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0010
0.0010
0.0013
0.0016
0.0015
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
0.0013
0.0013
0.0004
0.0005
0.0005
Gasoline
PM2.5
Oto25
0.0158
0.0225
0.0230
0.0217
0.0228
0.0228
0.0506
0.0506
0.0218
0.0312
0.0311
0.0309
0.0315
0.0315
0.0561
0.0561
0.0171
0.0252
0.0253
0.0251
0.0253
0.0253
0.0418
0.0418
0.0092
0.0129
0.0128
0.0128
0.0129
0.0129
0.0270
0.0270
0.0098
0.0203
0.0227
0.0175
0.0176
0.0176
0.0365
0.0365
0.0055
0.0096
0.0098
Gasoline
PM2.5
25 to 50
0.0492
0.0848
0.0914
0.0830
0.0820
0.0820
0.2321
0.2321
0.0305
0.0285
0.0318
0.0278
0.0284
0.0284
0.3331
0.3331
0.0464
0.0421
0.0457
0.0405
0.0415
0.0415
0.4210
0.4210
0.0285
0.0265
0.0266
0.0253
0.0264
0.0264
0.2327
0.2327
0.0260
0.0479
0.0712
0.0200
0.0204
0.0204
0.1767
0.1767
0.0235
0.0128
0.0202
Gasoline
PM2.5
50 +
0.1240
0.1867
0.2021
0.1878
0.1762
0.1762
0.4497
0.4497
0.0372
0.0360
0.0386
0.0364
0.0348
0.0348
0.1760
0.1760
0.0201
0.0189
0.0199
0.0190
0.0180
0.0180
0.0837
0.0837
0.0378
0.0437
0.0464
0.0447
0.0423
0.0423
0.1480
0.1480
0.0269
0.0614
0.0698
0.0524
0.0516
0.0516
0.1036
0.1036
0.0145
0.0181
0.0200
Gasoline
PM2.5
Highway
0.0706
0.1154
0.1296
0.1174
0.1060
0.1060
0.2567
0.2567
0.0684
0.1114
0.1154
0.1126
0.1094
0.1094
0.2124
0.2124
0.0581
0.1105
0.1132
0.1118
0.1074
0.1074
0.1748
0.1748
0.0353
0.0634
0.0669
0.0648
0.0617
0.0617
0.1380
0.1380
0.0285
0.0801
0.0900
0.0695
0.0683
0.0683
0.1121
0.1121
0.0384
0.0915
0.0944
A-8
-------
Year&
Class
1999-5
1999-6
1999-7
1999-8a
1999-8b
2000-2b
2000-3
2000-4
2000-5
2000-6
2000-7
2000-8a
2000-8b
2001 -2b
2001-3
2001-4
2001-5
2001-6
2001-7
2001 -8a
2001-8b
2002-2b
2002-3
2002-4
2002-5
2002-6
2002-7
2002-8a
2002-8b
2003-2b
2003-3
2003-4
2003-5
2003-6
2003-7
2003-8a
2003-8b
2004-2b
2004-3
2004-4
2004-5
2004-6
2004-7
Gasoline
NOx
Decel
0.247
0.247
0.247
0.245
0.245
0.118
0.247
0.247
0.247
0.247
0.248
0.247
0.247
0.090
0.234
0.235
0.235
0.235
0.234
0.234
0.234
0.076
0.234
0.234
0.234
0.234
0.234
0.234
0.234
0.081
0.234
0.234
0.234
0.234
0.234
0.234
0.234
0.063
0.234
0.234
0.234
0.234
0.234
Gasoline
NOx
Oto25
3.536
3.536
3.560
3.682
3.682
1.620
3.542
3.533
3.527
3.527
3.545
3.546
3.546
1.115
3.397
3.377
3.366
3.365
3.404
3.408
3.408
1.058
3.407
3.390
3.380
3.380
3.413
3.415
3.415
1.110
3.407
3.392
3.382
3.381
3.413
3.415
3.415
0.865
3.408
3.395
3.387
3.386
3.413
Gasoline
NOx
25 to 50
5.142
5.143
5.133
5.481
5.481
3.304
5.117
5.126
5.128
5.128
5.114
5.117
5.117
2.400
4.907
4.912
4.906
4.906
4.904
4.916
4.916
2.155
4.916
4.918
4.913
4.913
4.915
4.922
4.922
2.276
4.916
4.918
4.914
4.914
4.915
4.922
4.922
1.516
4.916
4.919
4.914
4.914
4.915
Gasoline
NOx
50 +
5.805
5.806
5.781
5.944
5.944
3.591
5.786
5.799
5.804
5.804
5.781
5.783
5.783
2.637
5.501
5.520
5.524
5.524
5.493
5.499
5.499
2.382
5.498
5.513
5.517
5.518
5.493
5.496
5.496
2.501
5.498
5.512
5.516
5.516
5.493
5.496
5.496
1.694
5.497
5.509
5.513
5.513
5.493
Gasoline
NOx
Highway
3.590
3.591
3.568
3.741
3.741
2.203
3.567
3.579
3.584
3.585
3.562
3.564
3.564
1.680
3.404
3.421
3.424
3.424
3.397
3.404
3.404
1.548
3.405
3.417
3.420
3.421
3.400
3.404
3.404
1.616
3.404
3.416
3.419
3.419
3.400
3.404
3.404
1.158
3.404
3.414
3.416
3.417
3.400
Gasoline
PM2.5
Decel
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0004
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0006
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0003
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0006
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
Gasoline
PM2.5
Oto25
0.0094
0.0094
0.0094
0.0101
0.0101
0.0042
0.0056
0.0056
0.0056
0.0056
0.0057
0.0057
0.0057
0.0039
0.0037
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0037
0.0037
0.0037
0.0062
0.0102
0.0102
0.0101
0.0101
0.0102
0.0102
0.0102
0.0039
0.0068
0.0067
0.0067
0.0067
0.0068
0.0068
0.0068
0.0044
0.0090
0.0090
0.0090
0.0090
0.0090
Gasoline
PM2.5
25 to 50
0.0089
0.0089
0.0090
0.0273
0.0273
0.0218
0.0088
0.0088
0.0087
0.0087
0.0088
0.0090
0.0090
0.0209
0.0094
0.0094
0.0090
0.0090
0.0093
0.0099
0.0099
0.0130
0.0107
0.0107
0.0106
0.0106
0.0107
0.0108
0.0108
0.0143
0.0062
0.0062
0.0061
0.0061
0.0062
0.0064
0.0064
0.0097
0.0079
0.0080
0.0079
0.0079
0.0079
Gasoline
PM2.5
50 +
0.0179
0.0179
0.0172
0.0210
0.0210
0.0190
0.0209
0.0211
0.0212
0.0212
0.0209
0.0209
0.0209
0.0161
0.0572
0.0572
0.0572
0.0572
0.0572
0.0572
0.0572
0.0106
0.0161
0.0163
0.0163
0.0163
0.0161
0.0161
0.0161
0.0102
0.0194
0.0196
0.0196
0.0196
0.0193
0.0194
0.0194
0.0099
0.0209
0.0211
0.0212
0.0212
0.0208
Gasoline
PM2.5
Highway
0.0917
0.0917
0.0901
0.0951
0.0951
0.0327
0.0743
0.0748
0.0751
0.0751
0.0741
0.0742
0.0742
0.0240
0.0853
0.0859
0.0861
0.0862
0.0850
0.0852
0.0852
0.0120
0.0301
0.0304
0.0305
0.0305
0.0300
0.0301
0.0301
0.0146
0.0426
0.0430
0.0432
0.0432
0.0425
0.0426
0.0426
0.0089
0.0225
0.0227
0.0228
0.0228
0.0224
A-9
-------
Year&
Class
2004-8a
2004-8b
2005-2b
2005-3
2005-4
2005-5
2005-6
2005-7
2005-8a
2005-8b
2006-2b
2006-3
2006-4
2006-5
2006-6
2006-7
2006-8a
2006-8b
2007-2b
2007-3
2007-4
2007-5
2007-6
2007-7
2007-8a
2007-8b
2008-2b
2008-3
2008-4
2008-5
2008-6
2008-7
2008-8a
2008-8b
2009-2b
2009-3
2009-4
2009-5
2009-6
2009-7
2009-8a
2009-8b
2010-2b
Gasoline
NOx
Decel
0.234
0.234
0.046
0.234
0.234
0.234
0.234
0.234
0.234
0.234
0.048
0.234
0.234
0.234
0.234
0.234
0.234
0.234
0.034
0.234
0.234
0.234
0.234
0.234
0.234
0.234
0.020
0.070
0.070
0.070
0.070
0.070
0.070
0.070
0.007
0.070
0.070
0.070
0.070
0.070
0.070
0.070
0.006
Gasoline
NOx
Oto25
3.415
3.415
0.523
3.408
3.393
3.384
3.383
3.413
3.415
3.415
0.544
3.410
3.399
3.392
3.391
3.413
3.415
3.415
0.421
3.409
3.396
3.388
3.387
3.413
3.415
3.415
0.214
1.023
1.021
1.019
1.019
1.024
1.024
1.024
0.144
1.023
1.019
1.017
1.017
1.024
1.024
1.024
0.128
Gasoline
NOx
25 to 50
4.922
4.922
1.042
4.916
4.919
4.914
4.914
4.915
4.923
4.923
0.994
4.916
4.919
4.914
4.914
4.915
4.922
4.922
0.763
4.916
4.918
4.914
4.914
4.915
4.921
4.921
0.497
1.475
1.476
1.474
1.474
1.475
1.476
1.476
0.307
1.475
1.475
1.474
1.474
1.475
1.476
1.476
0.280
Gasoline
NOx
50 +
5.496
5.496
1.167
5.498
5.511
5.515
5.515
5.493
5.497
5.497
1.138
5.496
5.506
5.509
5.509
5.493
5.496
5.496
0.892
5.497
5.508
5.512
5.512
5.493
5.496
5.496
0.590
1.649
1.651
1.652
1.652
1.648
1.649
1.649
0.388
1.649
1.652
1.653
1.653
1.648
1.649
1.649
0.361
Gasoline
NOx
Highway
3.404
3.404
0.771
3.404
3.415
3.418
3.418
3.400
3.404
3.404
0.777
3.403
3.412
3.413
3.413
3.400
3.404
3.404
0.617
3.403
3.413
3.416
3.416
3.400
3.403
3.403
0.377
1.021
1.023
1.023
1.023
1.020
1.021
1.021
0.267
1.021
1.023
1.024
1.024
1.020
1.021
1.021
0.248
Gasoline
PM2.5
Decel
0.0007
0.0007
0.0006
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0006
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0005
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0005
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0004
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0004
Gasoline
PM2.5
Oto25
0.0090
0.0090
0.0039
0.0090
0.0090
0.0090
0.0090
0.0090
0.0090
0.0090
0.0041
0.0090
0.0090
0.0090
0.0090
0.0090
0.0090
0.0090
0.0033
0.0074
0.0074
0.0074
0.0074
0.0074
0.0074
0.0074
0.0033
0.0074
0.0074
0.0074
0.0074
0.0074
0.0074
0.0074
0.0029
0.0066
0.0066
0.0066
0.0066
0.0066
0.0066
0.0066
0.0029
Gasoline
PM2.5
25 to 50
0.0080
0.0080
0.0098
0.0079
0.0079
0.0079
0.0079
0.0079
0.0081
0.0081
0.0098
0.0080
0.0080
0.0079
0.0079
0.0079
0.0080
0.0080
0.0080
0.0065
0.0065
0.0065
0.0065
0.0065
0.0066
0.0066
0.0080
0.0065
0.0066
0.0065
0.0065
0.0065
0.0066
0.0066
0.0071
0.0059
0.0058
0.0058
0.0058
0.0058
0.0059
0.0059
0.0071
Gasoline
PM2.5
50 +
0.0209
0.0209
0.0090
0.0209
0.0211
0.0212
0.0212
0.0208
0.0209
0.0209
0.0093
0.0209
0.0210
0.0211
0.0211
0.0208
0.0209
0.0209
0.0074
0.0172
0.0174
0.0174
0.0174
0.0171
0.0172
0.0172
0.0076
0.0172
0.0173
0.0173
0.0173
0.0171
0.0172
0.0172
0.0067
0.0154
0.0155
0.0155
0.0156
0.0153
0.0154
0.0154
0.0066
Gasoline
PM2.5
Highway
0.0224
0.0224
0.0074
0.0225
0.0227
0.0228
0.0228
0.0224
0.0224
0.0224
0.0078
0.0224
0.0226
0.0227
0.0227
0.0224
0.0224
0.0224
0.0061
0.0185
0.0187
0.0187
0.0188
0.0184
0.0185
0.0185
0.0062
0.0185
0.0186
0.0186
0.0186
0.0184
0.0185
0.0185
0.0055
0.0165
0.0167
0.0167
0.0167
0.0165
0.0165
0.0165
0.0054
A-10
-------
Year&
Class
2010-3
2010-4
2010-5
2010-6
2010-7
2010-8a
2010-8b
2011-2b
2011-3
2011-4
2011-5
2011-6
2011-7
2011-8a
2011-8b
2012-2b
2012-3
2012-4
2012-5
2012-6
2012-7
2012-8a
2012-8b
2013-2b
2013-3
2013-4
2013-5
2013-6
2013-7
2013-8a
2013-8b
2014-2b
2014-3
2014-4
2014-5
2014-6
2014-7
2014-8a
2014-8b
2015-2b
2015-3
2015-4
2015-5
Gasoline
NOx
Decel
0.070
0.070
0.070
0.070
0.070
0.070
0.070
0.006
0.057
0.057
0.057
0.057
0.057
0.057
0.057
0.007
0.057
0.057
0.057
0.057
0.057
0.057
0.057
0.006
0.057
0.057
0.057
0.057
0.057
0.057
0.057
0.006
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.006
0.056
0.056
0.056
Gasoline
NOx
Oto25
1.023
1.019
1.017
1.017
1.024
1.024
1.024
0.131
0.823
0.821
0.820
0.820
0.824
0.824
0.824
0.150
0.823
0.822
0.821
0.821
0.824
0.824
0.824
0.130
0.823
0.822
0.821
0.821
0.824
0.824
0.824
0.131
0.822
0.820
0.819
0.819
0.822
0.822
0.822
0.130
0.822
0.820
0.819
Gasoline
NOx
25 to 50
1.475
1.475
1.474
1.474
1.475
1.476
1.476
0.258
1.186
1.187
1.186
1.186
1.186
1.188
1.188
0.277
1.186
1.187
1.186
1.186
1.186
1.188
1.188
0.206
1.186
1.187
1.186
1.186
1.186
1.188
1.188
0.208
1.184
1.184
1.183
1.183
1.184
1.185
1.185
0.208
1.184
1.184
1.183
Gasoline
NOx
50 +
1.649
1.652
1.653
1.653
1.648
1.648
1.648
0.327
1.326
1.328
1.329
1.329
1.326
1.326
1.326
0.350
1.326
1.328
1.328
1.328
1.326
1.326
1.326
0.259
1.326
1.328
1.328
1.328
1.326
1.326
1.326
0.261
1.323
1.325
1.325
1.325
1.323
1.324
1.324
0.261
1.323
1.325
1.325
Gasoline
NOx
Highway
1.021
1.023
1.024
1.024
1.020
1.021
1.021
0.228
0.812
0.814
0.815
0.815
0.812
0.812
0.812
0.246
0.812
0.814
0.814
0.814
0.812
0.812
0.812
0.192
0.812
0.814
0.814
0.814
0.812
0.812
0.812
0.193
0.810
0.812
0.812
0.812
0.810
0.811
0.811
0.193
0.810
0.812
0.812
Gasoline
PM2.5
Decel
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0004
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0004
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0002
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0002
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0002
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
Gasoline
PM2.5
Oto25
0.0066
0.0066
0.0066
0.0066
0.0066
0.0066
0.0066
0.0027
0.0059
0.0059
0.0059
0.0059
0.0059
0.0059
0.0059
0.0028
0.0059
0.0059
0.0059
0.0059
0.0059
0.0059
0.0059
0.0018
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
0.0018
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
0.0018
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
Gasoline
PM2.5
25 to 50
0.0058
0.0058
0.0058
0.0058
0.0058
0.0059
0.0059
0.0064
0.0052
0.0052
0.0052
0.0052
0.0052
0.0053
0.0053
0.0064
0.0052
0.0053
0.0052
0.0052
0.0052
0.0053
0.0053
0.0041
0.0033
0.0034
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0034
0.0034
0.0041
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0034
0.0034
0.0041
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
Gasoline
PM2.5
50 +
0.0154
0.0155
0.0155
0.0156
0.0153
0.0154
0.0154
0.0062
0.0138
0.0138
0.0139
0.0139
0.0137
0.0137
0.0137
0.0064
0.0138
0.0138
0.0138
0.0138
0.0137
0.0137
0.0137
0.0040
0.0088
0.0088
0.0088
0.0088
0.0088
0.0088
0.0088
0.0040
0.0087
0.0088
0.0088
0.0088
0.0087
0.0087
0.0087
0.0040
0.0087
0.0088
0.0088
Gasoline
PM2.5
Highway
0.0165
0.0167
0.0167
0.0167
0.0165
0.0165
0.0165
0.0053
0.0148
0.0149
0.0149
0.0149
0.0148
0.0148
0.0148
0.0056
0.0148
0.0149
0.0149
0.0149
0.0148
0.0148
0.0148
0.0035
0.0094
0.0095
0.0095
0.0095
0.0094
0.0094
0.0094
0.0035
0.0094
0.0094
0.0095
0.0095
0.0094
0.0094
0.0094
0.0035
0.0094
0.0094
0.0095
A-ll
-------
Year&
Class
2015-6
2015-7
2015-8a
2015-8b
2016-2b
2016-3
2016-4
2016-5
2016-6
2016-7
2016-8a
2016-8b
Gasoline
NOx
Decel
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.006
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
Gasoline
NOx
Oto25
0.819
0.822
0.822
0.822
0.128
0.822
0.820
0.819
0.819
0.822
0.822
0.822
Gasoline
NOx
25 to 50
1.183
1.184
1.185
1.185
0.206
1.184
1.184
1.183
1.183
1.184
1.185
1.185
Gasoline
NOx
50 +
1.325
1.323
1.324
1.324
0.259
1.323
1.325
1.325
1.325
1.323
1.324
1.324
Gasoline
NOx
Highway
0.812
0.810
0.811
0.811
0.191
0.810
0.812
0.812
0.812
0.810
0.811
0.811
Gasoline
PM2.5
Decel
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0002
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
Gasoline
PM2.5
Oto25
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
0.0018
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
Gasoline
PM2.5
25 to 50
0.0033
0.0033
0.0034
0.0034
0.0041
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0034
0.0034
Gasoline
PM2.5
50 +
0.0088
0.0087
0.0087
0.0087
0.0040
0.0087
0.0088
0.0088
0.0088
0.0087
0.0087
0.0087
Gasoline
PM2.5
Highway
0.0095
0.0094
0.0094
0.0094
0.0035
0.0094
0.0094
0.0095
0.0095
0.0094
0.0094
0.0094
Note - highlighted
consistent outputs
cells are set equal to the row above (MOVES does not provide
for Class 8b gasoline vehicles; therefore 8bs are set equal to 8as).
Year&
Class
1987-2b
1987-3
1987-4
1987-5
1987-6
1987-7
1987-8a
1987-8b
1988-2b
1988-3
1988-4
1988-5
1988-6
1988-7
1988-8a
1988-8b
1989-2b
1989-3
1989-4
1989-5
1989-6
1989-7
1989-8a
1989-8b
1990-2b
E10
NOx
Decel
0.217
0.266
0.266
0.265
0.265
0.265
0.260
0.199
0.221
0.266
0.266
0.265
0.265
0.265
0.259
0.199
0.224
0.267
0.267
0.266
0.266
0.266
0.239
0.239
0.145
E10
NOx
Oto25
3.756
8.769
8.775
8.913
8.913
8.913
9.526
14.604
4.145
8.796
8.755
8.987
8.979
8.926
9.671
14.604
4.584
8.718
8.718
8.755
8.755
8.755
14.524
14.524
5.450
E10
NOx
25 to 50
7.654
12.864
12.909
12.722
12.722
12.722
13.524
19.893
7.925
12.883
12.977
12.809
12.800
12.735
13.838
19.893
8.251
12.755
12.915
12.488
12.488
12.488
21.639
21.639
8.454
E10
NOx
50 +
7.877
13.273
13.327
12.962
12.962
12.962
13.783
20.453
8.170
13.283
13.439
13.064
13.054
12.986
14.082
20.453
8.563
13.213
13.392
12.899
12.899
12.899
21.475
21.475
7.027
E10 NOx
Highway
5.006
9.105
9.165
8.762
8.762
8.762
9.577
14.294
5.311
9.112
9.311
8.869
8.858
8.787
9.818
14.294
5.678
9.024
9.255
8.677
8.677
8.677
14.202
14.202
5.148
E10
PM2.5
Decel
0.0028
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0032
0.0027
0.0041
0.0046
0.0047
0.0045
0.0045
0.0046
0.0045
0.0038
0.0041
0.0046
0.0047
0.0046
0.0046
0.0046
0.0045
0.0045
0.0014
E10
PM2.5
Oto25
0.0305
0.0550
0.0551
0.0576
0.0576
0.0576
0.0697
0.1695
0.0527
0.1173
0.1160
0.1225
0.1223
0.1211
0.1380
0.2486
0.0585
0.1153
0.1151
0.1167
0.1167
0.1167
0.2496
0.2496
0.0170
E10
PM2.5
25 to 50
0.0846
0.1112
0.1131
0.1111
0.1111
0.1111
0.1614
0.5752
0.0642
0.0914
0.0927
0.0950
0.0945
0.0914
0.1410
0.4355
0.0655
0.0883
0.0905
0.0867
0.0867
0.0867
0.4615
0.4615
0.0473
E10
PM2.5
50 +
0.0761
0.0940
0.0957
0.0870
0.0870
0.0870
0.1240
0.4344
0.0841
0.1359
0.1424
0.1273
0.1268
0.1234
0.1751
0.4976
0.0863
0.1320
0.1402
0.1175
0.1175
0.1175
0.4939
0.4939
0.0835
E10
PM2.5
Highway
0.0768
0.1839
0.1862
0.1732
0.1732
0.1732
0.2045
0.3818
0.0652
0.1493
0.1580
0.1385
0.1380
0.1352
0.1776
0.3580
0.0720
0.1458
0.1557
0.1309
0.1309
0.1309
0.3638
0.3638
0.1287
A-12
-------
Year&
Class
1990-3
1990-4
1990-5
1990-6
1990-7
1990-8a
1990-8b
1991-2b
1991-3
1991-4
1991-5
1991-6
1991-7
1991-8a
1991-8b
1992-2b
1992-3
1992-4
1992-5
1992-6
1992-7
1992-8a
1992-8b
1993-2b
1993-3
1993-4
1993-5
1993-6
1993-7
1993-8a
1993-8b
1994-2b
1994-3
1994-4
1994-5
1994-6
1994-7
1994-8a
1994-8b
1995-2b
1995-3
1995-4
1995-5
E10
NOx
Decel
0.140
0.140
0.140
0.140
0.140
0.128
0.128
0.145
0.140
0.140
0.140
0.140
0.140
0.139
0.139
0.141
0.140
0.140
0.140
0.140
0.140
0.138
0.138
0.140
0.141
0.141
0.141
0.140
0.140
0.140
0.140
0.114
0.138
0.137
0.138
0.137
0.137
0.126
0.126
0.118
0.138
0.138
0.138
E10
NOx
Oto25
6.674
6.738
6.698
6.698
6.698
11.075
11.075
4.767
6.672
6.793
6.663
6.704
6.704
7.123
7.123
5.127
6.681
6.813
6.650
6.705
6.705
7.258
7.258
5.256
6.581
6.603
6.572
6.584
6.584
6.670
6.670
4.674
6.571
6.683
6.478
6.578
6.578
10.880
10.880
4.638
6.535
6.540
6.505
E10
NOx
25 to 50
9.349
9.619
9.193
9.193
9.193
16.670
16.670
8.157
9.368
9.656
9.241
9.203
9.203
10.082
10.082
8.329
9.439
9.765
9.255
9.206
9.206
10.355
10.355
8.337
9.178
9.300
9.167
8.991
8.991
9.173
9.173
7.777
9.195
9.541
9.134
9.028
9.028
16.376
16.376
7.721
9.067
9.202
9.090
E10
NOx
50 +
7.491
7.769
7.272
7.272
7.272
13.410
13.410
6.936
7.514
7.762
7.362
7.275
7.275
7.987
7.987
7.003
7.595
7.880
7.393
7.276
7.276
8.208
8.208
7.025
7.410
7.525
7.404
7.217
7.217
7.363
7.363
6.879
7.358
7.687
7.371
7.143
7.143
13.174
13.174
6.829
7.239
7.400
7.295
E10 NOx
Highway
5.802
6.131
5.558
5.558
5.558
9.583
9.583
4.916
5.831
6.093
5.658
5.562
5.562
6.205
6.205
5.051
5.929
6.241
5.696
5.562
5.562
6.392
6.392
5.087
5.713
5.853
5.708
5.494
5.494
5.631
5.631
4.804
5.695
6.061
5.739
5.459
5.459
9.414
9.414
4.772
5.565
5.753
5.636
E10
PM2.5
Decel
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
0.0013
0.0013
0.0039
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0039
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0039
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0021
0.0026
0.0026
0.0026
0.0026
0.0026
0.0023
0.0023
0.0023
0.0027
0.0027
0.0027
E10
PM2.5
Oto25
0.0200
0.0206
0.0198
0.0198
0.0198
0.0461
0.0461
0.0746
0.1130
0.1153
0.1130
0.1141
0.1141
0.1227
0.1227
0.0816
0.1130
0.1156
0.1126
0.1142
0.1142
0.1254
0.1254
0.0840
0.1113
0.1115
0.1111
0.1120
0.1120
0.1137
0.1137
0.0158
0.0225
0.0230
0.0217
0.0228
0.0228
0.0506
0.0506
0.0218
0.0312
0.0311
0.0309
E10
PM2.5
25 to 50
0.0394
0.0535
0.0352
0.0352
0.0352
0.5350
0.5350
0.0318
0.0383
0.0480
0.0353
0.0356
0.0356
0.0664
0.0664
0.0320
0.0401
0.0510
0.0352
0.0356
0.0356
0.0759
0.0759
0.0315
0.0351
0.0370
0.0344
0.0344
0.0344
0.0407
0.0407
0.0492
0.0848
0.0914
0.0830
0.0820
0.0820
0.2321
0.2321
0.0305
0.0285
0.0318
0.0278
E10
PM2.5
50 +
0.0791
0.0908
0.0722
0.0722
0.0722
0.3995
0.3995
0.0299
0.0309
0.0354
0.0290
0.0284
0.0284
0.0418
0.0418
0.0293
0.0320
0.0370
0.0292
0.0284
0.0284
0.0460
0.0460
0.0284
0.0292
0.0306
0.0290
0.0274
0.0274
0.0301
0.0301
0.1240
0.1867
0.2021
0.1878
0.1762
0.1762
0.4497
0.4497
0.0372
0.0360
0.0386
0.0364
E10
PM2.5
Highway
0.1749
0.1908
0.1649
0.1649
0.1649
0.3981
0.3981
0.0569
0.1011
0.1067
0.0978
0.0963
0.0963
0.1106
0.1106
0.0646
0.1029
0.1096
0.0984
0.0963
0.0963
0.1147
0.1147
0.0683
0.0990
0.1015
0.0989
0.0957
0.0957
0.0987
0.0987
0.0706
0.1154
0.1296
0.1174
0.1060
0.1060
0.2567
0.2567
0.0684
0.1114
0.1154
0.1126
A-13
-------
Year&
Class
1995-6
1995-7
1995-8a
1995-8b
1996-2b
1996-3
1996-4
1996-5
1996-6
1996-7
1996-8a
1996-8b
1997-2b
1997-3
1997-4
1997-5
1997-6
1997-7
1997-8a
1997-8b
1998-2b
1998-3
1998-4
1998-5
1998-6
1998-7
1998-8a
1998-8b
1999-2b
1999-3
1999-4
1999-5
1999-6
1999-7
1999-8a
1999-8b
2000-2b
2000-3
2000-4
2000-5
2000-6
2000-7
2000-8a
E10
NOx
Decel
0.138
0.138
0.126
0.126
0.100
0.138
0.138
0.138
0.137
0.137
0.126
0.126
0.102
0.138
0.138
0.138
0.137
0.137
0.126
0.126
0.108
0.262
0.257
0.268
0.268
0.268
0.231
0.231
0.127
0.268
0.267
0.268
0.268
0.268
0.265
0.265
0.128
0.269
0.269
0.269
0.269
0.269
0.269
E10
NOx
Oto25
6.567
6.567
10.880
10.880
3.340
6.531
6.533
6.484
6.586
6.586
10.880
10.880
2.862
6.563
6.512
6.510
6.588
6.588
10.880
10.880
1.628
4.134
4.347
3.853
3.893
3.893
5.752
5.752
1.834
3.887
3.927
3.839
3.839
3.865
3.998
3.998
1.759
3.845
3.835
3.829
3.829
3.849
3.850
E10
NOx
25 to 50
9.009
9.009
16.376
16.376
5.129
9.127
9.233
9.134
9.042
9.042
16.376
16.376
4.566
9.098
9.194
9.113
9.046
9.046
16.376
16.376
3.452
6.377
7.031
5.608
5.608
5.608
9.919
9.919
3.628
5.653
5.811
5.583
5.583
5.573
5.950
5.950
3.587
5.556
5.565
5.567
5.567
5.552
5.556
E10
NOx
50 +
7.138
7.138
13.174
13.174
4.990
7.308
7.440
7.364
7.147
7.147
13.174
13.174
4.269
7.240
7.411
7.311
7.148
7.148
13.174
13.174
3.742
6.665
7.003
6.307
6.276
6.276
8.344
8.344
3.956
6.318
6.403
6.302
6.303
6.276
6.453
6.453
3.898
6.281
6.295
6.301
6.301
6.276
6.278
E10 NOx
Highway
5.453
5.453
9.414
9.414
3.480
5.647
5.809
5.729
5.464
5.464
9.414
9.414
3.106
5.564
5.780
5.657
5.465
5.465
9.414
9.414
2.286
4.290
4.631
3.909
3.883
3.883
5.444
5.444
2.450
3.918
4.011
3.898
3.898
3.873
4.061
4.061
2.392
3.872
3.886
3.891
3.892
3.868
3.869
E10
PM2.5
Decel
0.0027
0.0027
0.0025
0.0025
0.0030
0.0032
0.0032
0.0032
0.0032
0.0032
0.0029
0.0029
0.0010
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0010
0.0010
0.0013
0.0016
0.0015
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
0.0013
0.0013
0.0004
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0004
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
E10
PM2.5
Oto25
0.0315
0.0315
0.0561
0.0561
0.0171
0.0252
0.0253
0.0251
0.0253
0.0253
0.0418
0.0418
0.0092
0.0129
0.0128
0.0128
0.0129
0.0129
0.0270
0.0270
0.0098
0.0203
0.0227
0.0175
0.0176
0.0176
0.0365
0.0365
0.0055
0.0096
0.0098
0.0094
0.0094
0.0094
0.0101
0.0101
0.0042
0.0056
0.0056
0.0056
0.0056
0.0057
0.0057
E10
PM2.5
25 to 50
0.0284
0.0284
0.3331
0.3331
0.0464
0.0421
0.0457
0.0405
0.0415
0.0415
0.4210
0.4210
0.0285
0.0265
0.0266
0.0253
0.0264
0.0264
0.2327
0.2327
0.0260
0.0479
0.0712
0.0200
0.0204
0.0204
0.1767
0.1767
0.0235
0.0128
0.0202
0.0089
0.0089
0.0090
0.0273
0.0273
0.0218
0.0088
0.0088
0.0087
0.0087
0.0088
0.0090
E10
PM2.5
50 +
0.0348
0.0348
0.1760
0.1760
0.0201
0.0189
0.0199
0.0190
0.0180
0.0180
0.0837
0.0837
0.0378
0.0437
0.0464
0.0447
0.0423
0.0423
0.1480
0.1480
0.0269
0.0614
0.0698
0.0524
0.0516
0.0516
0.1036
0.1036
0.0145
0.0181
0.0200
0.0179
0.0179
0.0172
0.0210
0.0210
0.0190
0.0209
0.0211
0.0212
0.0212
0.0209
0.0209
E10
PM2.5
Highway
0.1094
0.1094
0.2124
0.2124
0.0581
0.1105
0.1132
0.1118
0.1074
0.1074
0.1748
0.1748
0.0353
0.0634
0.0669
0.0648
0.0617
0.0617
0.1380
0.1380
0.0285
0.0801
0.0900
0.0695
0.0683
0.0683
0.1121
0.1121
0.0384
0.0915
0.0944
0.0917
0.0917
0.0901
0.0951
0.0951
0.0327
0.0743
0.0748
0.0751
0.0751
0.0741
0.0742
A-14
-------
Year&
Class
2000-8b
2001 -2b
2001-3
2001-4
2001-5
2001-6
2001-7
2001 -8a
2001-8b
2002-2b
2002-3
2002-4
2002-5
2002-6
2002-7
2002-8a
2002-8b
2003-2b
2003-3
2003-4
2003-5
2003-6
2003-7
2003-8a
2003-8b
2004-2b
2004-3
2004-4
2004-5
2004-6
2004-7
2004-8a
2004-8b
2005-2b
2005-3
2005-4
2005-5
2005-6
2005-7
2005-8a
2005-8b
2006-2b
2006-3
E10
NOx
Decel
0.269
0.096
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.081
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.086
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.067
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.049
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.051
0.251
E10
NOx
Oto25
3.850
1.193
3.635
3.615
3.603
3.602
3.643
3.648
3.648
1.132
3.646
3.628
3.618
3.617
3.653
3.655
3.655
1.188
3.647
3.630
3.620
3.619
3.653
3.655
3.655
0.925
3.648
3.634
3.624
3.624
3.653
3.655
3.655
0.560
3.647
3.632
3.622
3.621
3.653
3.655
3.655
0.583
3.649
E10
NOx
25 to 50
5.556
2.568
5.251
5.257
5.251
5.251
5.248
5.262
5.262
2.307
5.262
5.263
5.259
5.259
5.261
5.268
5.268
2.436
5.262
5.264
5.259
5.259
5.261
5.268
5.268
1.622
5.262
5.264
5.259
5.259
5.261
5.268
5.268
1.115
5.262
5.264
5.259
5.259
5.261
5.269
5.269
1.064
5.262
E10
NOx
50 +
6.278
2.823
5.887
5.907
5.912
5.912
5.879
5.885
5.885
2.549
5.885
5.900
5.905
5.906
5.879
5.882
5.882
2.677
5.884
5.899
5.904
5.904
5.879
5.883
5.883
1.813
5.884
5.897
5.900
5.900
5.879
5.883
5.883
1.248
5.884
5.898
5.902
5.903
5.879
5.883
5.883
1.218
5.883
E10 NOx
Highway
3.869
1.798
3.643
3.661
3.664
3.665
3.636
3.643
3.643
1.656
3.644
3.657
3.661
3.661
3.639
3.643
3.643
1.729
3.644
3.656
3.659
3.660
3.639
3.643
3.643
1.239
3.643
3.654
3.656
3.657
3.639
3.643
3.643
0.826
3.643
3.656
3.658
3.658
3.639
3.643
3.643
0.831
3.642
E10
PM2.5
Decel
0.0005
0.0002
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0007
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0003
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0006
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0006
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0006
0.0007
E10
PM2.5
Oto25
0.0057
0.0042
0.0040
0.0040
0.0039
0.0039
0.0040
0.0040
0.0040
0.0068
0.0111
0.0110
0.0110
0.0110
0.0111
0.0111
0.0111
0.0043
0.0073
0.0073
0.0073
0.0073
0.0073
0.0074
0.0074
0.0048
0.0098
0.0098
0.0097
0.0097
0.0098
0.0098
0.0098
0.0043
0.0098
0.0098
0.0097
0.0097
0.0098
0.0098
0.0098
0.0044
0.0098
E10
PM2.5
25 to 50
0.0090
0.0226
0.0102
0.0102
0.0098
0.0098
0.0101
0.0107
0.0107
0.0142
0.0116
0.0116
0.0115
0.0115
0.0116
0.0117
0.0117
0.0155
0.0068
0.0068
0.0066
0.0066
0.0067
0.0070
0.0070
0.0105
0.0086
0.0086
0.0085
0.0085
0.0086
0.0087
0.0087
0.0106
0.0086
0.0086
0.0085
0.0085
0.0086
0.0087
0.0087
0.0107
0.0086
E10
PM2.5
50 +
0.0209
0.0175
0.0621
0.0621
0.0621
0.0621
0.0621
0.0621
0.0621
0.0115
0.0175
0.0177
0.0177
0.0177
0.0175
0.0175
0.0175
0.0111
0.0210
0.0212
0.0213
0.0213
0.0210
0.0210
0.0210
0.0108
0.0227
0.0229
0.0230
0.0230
0.0226
0.0227
0.0227
0.0098
0.0227
0.0229
0.0230
0.0230
0.0226
0.0227
0.0227
0.0101
0.0227
E10
PM2.5
Highway
0.0742
0.0261
0.0926
0.0933
0.0935
0.0935
0.0923
0.0924
0.0924
0.0130
0.0327
0.0330
0.0331
0.0331
0.0326
0.0327
0.0327
0.0159
0.0463
0.0467
0.0469
0.0469
0.0462
0.0462
0.0462
0.0096
0.0244
0.0246
0.0247
0.0247
0.0243
0.0244
0.0244
0.0080
0.0244
0.0247
0.0248
0.0248
0.0243
0.0244
0.0244
0.0084
0.0244
A-15
-------
Year&
Class
2006-4
2006-5
2006-6
2006-7
2006-8a
2006-8b
2007-2b
2007-3
2007-4
2007-5
2007-6
2007-7
2007-8a
2007-8b
2008-2b
2008-3
2008-4
2008-5
2008-6
2008-7
2008-8a
2008-8b
2009-2b
2009-3
2009-4
2009-5
2009-6
2009-7
2009-8a
2009-8b
2010-2b
2010-3
2010-4
2010-5
2010-6
2010-7
2010-8a
2010-8b
2011-2b
2011-3
2011-4
2011-5
2011-6
E10
NOx
Decel
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.037
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.021
0.075
0.075
0.075
0.075
0.075
0.075
0.075
0.008
0.075
0.075
0.075
0.075
0.075
0.075
0.075
0.007
0.075
0.075
0.075
0.075
0.075
0.075
0.075
0.007
0.061
0.061
0.061
0.061
E10
NOx
Oto25
3.638
3.630
3.629
3.653
3.655
3.655
0.451
3.648
3.634
3.626
3.625
3.653
3.655
3.655
0.229
1.095
1.092
1.090
1.090
1.096
1.096
1.096
0.154
1.095
1.091
1.089
1.088
1.096
1.096
1.096
0.136
1.095
1.091
1.089
1.088
1.096
1.096
1.096
0.140
0.881
0.879
0.877
0.877
E10
NOx
25 to 50
5.265
5.259
5.259
5.261
5.268
5.268
0.816
5.262
5.264
5.259
5.259
5.261
5.267
5.267
0.532
1.579
1.579
1.578
1.578
1.578
1.580
1.580
0.329
1.578
1.579
1.578
1.578
1.578
1.580
1.580
0.300
1.578
1.579
1.578
1.578
1.578
1.579
1.579
0.276
1.270
1.270
1.270
1.270
E10
NOx
50 +
5.893
5.896
5.896
5.879
5.883
5.883
0.955
5.883
5.896
5.899
5.900
5.879
5.882
5.882
0.631
1.765
1.767
1.768
1.768
1.764
1.765
1.765
0.416
1.765
1.768
1.769
1.769
1.764
1.764
1.764
0.386
1.765
1.768
1.769
1.769
1.764
1.764
1.764
0.350
1.419
1.422
1.422
1.422
E10 NOx
Highway
3.651
3.653
3.653
3.639
3.643
3.643
0.660
3.643
3.653
3.656
3.656
3.639
3.642
3.642
0.404
1.092
1.095
1.095
1.095
1.092
1.093
1.093
0.286
1.093
1.095
1.096
1.096
1.092
1.092
1.092
0.266
1.093
1.095
1.096
1.096
1.092
1.092
1.092
0.244
0.869
0.872
0.872
0.872
E10
PM2.5
Decel
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0005
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0005
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0006
0.0006
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0006
0.0006
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0004
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
E10
PM2.5
Oto25
0.0098
0.0097
0.0097
0.0098
0.0098
0.0098
0.0035
0.0080
0.0080
0.0080
0.0080
0.0080
0.0080
0.0080
0.0036
0.0080
0.0080
0.0080
0.0080
0.0080
0.0080
0.0080
0.0032
0.0072
0.0072
0.0072
0.0072
0.0072
0.0072
0.0072
0.0031
0.0072
0.0072
0.0072
0.0072
0.0072
0.0072
0.0072
0.0030
0.0064
0.0064
0.0064
0.0064
E10
PM2.5
25 to 50
0.0086
0.0086
0.0086
0.0086
0.0087
0.0087
0.0087
0.0071
0.0071
0.0070
0.0070
0.0071
0.0072
0.0072
0.0087
0.0071
0.0071
0.0071
0.0071
0.0071
0.0072
0.0072
0.0077
0.0064
0.0063
0.0063
0.0063
0.0064
0.0064
0.0064
0.0077
0.0064
0.0063
0.0063
0.0063
0.0064
0.0064
0.0064
0.0070
0.0057
0.0057
0.0056
0.0056
E10
PM2.5
50 +
0.0228
0.0229
0.0229
0.0226
0.0227
0.0227
0.0081
0.0187
0.0188
0.0189
0.0189
0.0186
0.0186
0.0186
0.0082
0.0187
0.0188
0.0188
0.0188
0.0186
0.0187
0.0187
0.0073
0.0167
0.0168
0.0169
0.0169
0.0167
0.0167
0.0167
0.0071
0.0167
0.0168
0.0169
0.0169
0.0167
0.0167
0.0167
0.0067
0.0149
0.0150
0.0151
0.0151
E10
PM2.5
Highway
0.0246
0.0247
0.0247
0.0243
0.0243
0.0243
0.0066
0.0201
0.0203
0.0203
0.0204
0.0200
0.0200
0.0200
0.0068
0.0201
0.0202
0.0202
0.0202
0.0200
0.0200
0.0200
0.0060
0.0180
0.0181
0.0182
0.0182
0.0179
0.0179
0.0179
0.0058
0.0180
0.0181
0.0182
0.0182
0.0179
0.0179
0.0179
0.0057
0.0161
0.0162
0.0162
0.0162
A-16
-------
Year&
Class
2011-7
2011-8a
2011-8b
2012-2b
2012-3
2012-4
2012-5
2012-6
2012-7
2012-8a
2012-8b
2013-2b
2013-3
2013-4
2013-5
2013-6
2013-7
2013-8a
2013-8b
2014-2b
2014-3
2014-4
2014-5
2014-6
2014-7
2014-8a
2014-8b
2015-2b
2015-3
2015-4
2015-5
2015-6
2015-7
2015-8a
2015-8b
2016-2b
2016-3
2016-4
2016-5
2016-6
2016-7
2016-8a
2016-8b
E10
NOx
Decel
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.007
0.060
0.061
0.061
0.061
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.006
0.060
0.061
0.061
0.061
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.006
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.006
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.006
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.060
E10
NOx
Oto25
0.881
0.882
0.882
0.160
0.881
0.880
0.878
0.878
0.881
0.882
0.882
0.139
0.881
0.880
0.878
0.878
0.881
0.882
0.882
0.140
0.879
0.878
0.876
0.876
0.880
0.880
0.880
0.139
0.879
0.878
0.876
0.876
0.880
0.880
0.880
0.137
0.879
0.878
0.876
0.876
0.880
0.880
0.880
E10
NOx
25 to 50
1.269
1.271
1.271
0.296
1.270
1.271
1.270
1.270
1.269
1.271
1.271
0.221
1.270
1.271
1.270
1.270
1.269
1.271
1.271
0.223
1.267
1.268
1.266
1.266
1.267
1.269
1.269
0.222
1.267
1.268
1.266
1.266
1.267
1.269
1.269
0.220
1.267
1.268
1.266
1.266
1.267
1.269
1.269
E10
NOx
50 +
1.419
1.420
1.420
0.374
1.419
1.421
1.421
1.421
1.419
1.420
1.420
0.277
1.419
1.421
1.421
1.421
1.419
1.420
1.420
0.280
1.416
1.418
1.418
1.418
1.416
1.417
1.417
0.279
1.416
1.418
1.418
1.418
1.416
1.417
1.417
0.277
1.416
1.418
1.418
1.418
1.416
1.417
1.417
E10 NOx
Highway
0.869
0.869
0.869
0.264
0.869
0.871
0.871
0.871
0.869
0.869
0.869
0.205
0.869
0.871
0.871
0.871
0.869
0.869
0.869
0.207
0.867
0.869
0.869
0.869
0.867
0.868
0.868
0.207
0.867
0.869
0.869
0.869
0.867
0.868
0.868
0.204
0.867
0.869
0.869
0.869
0.867
0.868
0.868
E10
PM2.5
Decel
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0004
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
E10
PM2.5
Oto25
0.0064
0.0064
0.0064
0.0031
0.0064
0.0064
0.0064
0.0064
0.0064
0.0064
0.0064
0.0019
0.0041
0.0041
0.0041
0.0041
0.0041
0.0041
0.0041
0.0019
0.0041
0.0041
0.0041
0.0041
0.0041
0.0041
0.0041
0.0019
0.0041
0.0041
0.0041
0.0041
0.0041
0.0041
0.0041
0.0019
0.0041
0.0041
0.0041
0.0041
0.0041
0.0041
0.0041
E10
PM2.5
25 to 50
0.0057
0.0057
0.0057
0.0069
0.0057
0.0057
0.0057
0.0057
0.0057
0.0057
0.0057
0.0044
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0037
0.0037
0.0044
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0044
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0044
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
E10
PM2.5
50 +
0.0149
0.0149
0.0149
0.0069
0.0149
0.0150
0.0150
0.0150
0.0149
0.0149
0.0149
0.0044
0.0095
0.0096
0.0096
0.0096
0.0095
0.0095
0.0095
0.0044
0.0095
0.0095
0.0095
0.0095
0.0095
0.0095
0.0095
0.0044
0.0095
0.0095
0.0095
0.0095
0.0095
0.0095
0.0095
0.0044
0.0095
0.0095
0.0095
0.0095
0.0095
0.0095
0.0095
E10
PM2.5
Highway
0.0160
0.0160
0.0160
0.0060
0.0160
0.0161
0.0162
0.0162
0.0160
0.0160
0.0160
0.0038
0.0102
0.0103
0.0103
0.0103
0.0102
0.0102
0.0102
0.0038
0.0102
0.0102
0.0103
0.0103
0.0102
0.0102
0.0102
0.0038
0.0102
0.0102
0.0103
0.0103
0.0102
0.0102
0.0102
0.0038
0.0102
0.0102
0.0103
0.0103
0.0102
0.0102
0.0102
A-17
-------
Note - highlighted cells are set equal to the row above (MOVES does not provide
consistent outputs for Class 8b gasoline vehicles; therefore 8bs are set equal to 8as).
A-18
-------
Appendix B - NOx and PM Idle Factors - g/hr
(MOVES2014a, 2014 Calendar Year, ULSD)
-------
Short Duration Idle Emission Factors (< 15 minutes per idle event)
Pollutant
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
Fuel
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Model Yr
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
Class 2b
23.905
24.691
25.886
13.200
13.252
13.553
13.748
13.583
13.834
14.008
14.183
29.706
29.859
29.859
30.493
30.493
30.493
30.811
30.811
30.811
30.811
15.600
0.312
0.312
0.245
0.245
0.142
0.142
0.142
0.142
194.959
201.627
211.755
243.086
220.435
225.612
228.977
230.401
Class 3
15.014
15.015
15.015
7.460
7.460
7.460
7.460
7.327
7.327
7.327
7.327
15.182
15.182
15.182
15.245
15.245
15.245
15.245
15.245
15.245
15.245
4.573
4.573
4.573
2.473
2.473
2.473
2.473
2.473
2.473
192.468
192.468
192.468
148.641
139.753
139.753
139.753
139.754
Class 4-5
15.015
15.015
15.015
7.460
7.460
7.460
7.460
7.327
7.327
7.327
7.327
15.182
15.182
15.182
15.245
15.245
15.245
15.245
15.245
15.245
15.245
4.573
4.573
4.573
2.473
2.473
2.473
2.473
2.473
2.473
192.468
192.468
192.468
148.642
139.753
139.754
139.753
139.754
Class 6-7
15.015
15.015
15.015
7.460
7.460
7.460
7.460
7.327
7.327
7.327
7.327
15.182
15.182
15.182
15.245
15.245
15.245
15.245
15.245
15.245
15.245
4.573
4.573
4.573
2.473
2.473
2.473
2.473
2.473
2.473
192.467
192.468
192.467
148.641
139.753
139.754
139.754
139.754
Class 8a/b
15.015
15.014
15.015
7.460
7.460
7.460
7.460
7.327
7.327
7.327
7.327
15.182
15.182
15.182
15.245
15.245
15.245
15.245
15.245
15.245
15.245
4.573
4.573
4.573
2.473
2.473
2.473
2.473
2.473
2.473
192.467
192.468
192.468
148.642
139.753
139.753
139.753
139.753
B-l
-------
Pollutant
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
NOx
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
Fuel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Model Yr
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Class 2b
234.800
237.854
240.907
194.878
195.914
195.914
195.914
195.914
44.534
45.005
45.005
45.005
41.620
41.620
41.837
17.765
17.765
17.765
11.566
11.566
11.566
11.566
0.361
1.118
1.118
0.353
0.392
0.392
0.392
0.128
0.153
0.356
0.283
0.169
0.082
0.036
0.030
0.096
0.056
0.058
Class 3
139.753
139.753
139.753
117.349
96.535
96.535
96.535
96.535
45.811
45.811
45.811
45.811
22.780
22.780
22.780
7.212
7.212
7.212
4.564
4.564
4.564
4.564
0.361
1.118
1.118
0.353
0.392
0.392
0.392
0.128
0.153
0.356
0.283
0.169
0.082
0.036
0.030
0.096
0.056
0.058
Class 4-5
139.753
139.754
139.753
117.349
96.535
96.535
96.535
96.535
45.811
45.811
45.811
45.811
22.780
22.780
22.780
8.088
8.088
8.088
4.564
4.564
4.564
4.564
0.361
1.118
1.118
0.353
0.392
0.392
0.392
0.128
0.153
0.356
0.283
0.169
0.082
0.036
0.030
0.096
0.056
0.058
Class 6-7
139.753
139.753
139.753
117.349
96.535
96.535
96.535
96.535
45.811
45.811
45.811
45.811
22.780
22.780
22.780
8.088
7.498
7.498
4.777
4.777
4.777
4.777
0.361
1.118
1.118
0.353
0.392
0.392
0.392
0.128
0.153
0.356
0.283
0.169
0.082
0.036
0.030
0.096
0.056
0.058
Class 8a/b
139.753
139.753
139.753
117.349
154.804
154.804
154.804
154.804
56.945
56.945
56.945
56.945
53.190
53.190
53.190
10.054
10.054
10.054
6.489
6.489
6.489
6.489
0.361
1.118
1.118
0.353
0.392
0.392
0.392
0.128
0.153
0.356
0.283
0.169
0.082
0.036
0.030
0.096
0.056
0.058
B-2
-------
Pollutant
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
PMio
Fuel
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Gasoline
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Model Yr
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Class 2b
0.058
0.058
0.047
0.047
0.042
0.042
0.038
0.038
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
4.314
4.314
4.314
4.314
3.801
3.801
3.801
7.981
7.981
7.981
7.981
7.506
7.507
7.506
7.506
7.506
6.385
6.385
6.385
6.385
0.552
0.552
0.552
0.461
0.461
0.461
0.276
0.276
Class 3
0.058
0.058
0.047
0.047
0.042
0.042
0.038
0.038
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
4.314
4.314
4.314
4.314
4.314
4.314
4.314
7.459
7.459
7.459
7.459
7.082
7.082
7.082
7.082
7.082
6.385
6.385
6.385
6.385
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.191
0.191
0.191
0.115
0.115
Class 4-5
0.058
0.058
0.047
0.047
0.042
0.042
0.038
0.038
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
4.314
4.314
4.314
4.314
4.314
4.314
4.314
7.459
7.459
7.459
7.459
7.082
7.082
7.082
7.082
7.082
6.385
6.385
6.385
6.385
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.216
0.216
0.216
0.115
0.115
Class 6-7
0.058
0.058
0.047
0.047
0.042
0.042
0.038
0.038
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
4.314
4.314
4.314
4.314
4.314
4.314
4.314
7.459
7.459
7.459
7.459
7.082
7.082
7.082
7.082
7.082
6.385
6.385
6.385
6.385
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.216
0.200
0.200
0.120
0.120
Class 8a/b
0.058
0.058
0.047
0.047
0.042
0.042
0.038
0.038
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
4.291
4.291
4.291
4.291
4.291
4.291
4.291
6.560
6.560
6.560
6.560
6.274
6.274
6.274
6.274
6.274
5.670
5.670
5.670
5.670
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.216
0.216
0.216
0.134
0.134
B-3
-------
Pollutant
PMio
PMio
Fuel
Diesel
Diesel
Model Yr
2015
2016
Class 2b
0.276
0.276
Class 3
0.115
0.115
Class 4-5
0.115
0.115
Class 6-7
0.120
0.120
Class 8a/b
0.134
0.134
Extended Idle Emission Factors - Class 8b Diesels Only
Engine Model Yr
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
NOxg/hr
119.147
119.599
117.933
113.640
240.242
240.636
233.769
239.541
239.103
237.158
239.506
237.408
241.362
241.989
239.294
237.723
239.341
237.077
238.326
239.046
210.121
208.658
211.705
211.265
210.133
210.133
210.132
210.133
210.132
210.132
PMio g/hr
5.013
5.014
5.011
5.002
5.012
5.013
5.006
7.697
7.700
7.712
7.697
7.371
7.349
7.345
7.360
7.369
6.651
6.662
6.656
6.652
0.418
0.418
0.419
0.417
0.416
0.416
0.413
0.413
0.413
0.413
PM2.5 g/hr
4.612
4.613
4.610
4.602
4.611
4.612
4.605
7.081
7.084
7.095
7.081
6.781
6.761
6.757
6.771
6.780
6.119
6.129
6.123
6.120
0.385
0.384
0.385
0.383
0.383
0.383
0.380
0.380
0.380
0.380
B-4
-------
Appendix C - Derivation of National Average g/kW-hr Emission Factors
From Argonne GREET Model Version 1 2011.
http://greet.es.anl.gov/
1. Electric Generation Mix (From Annual Energy Outlook 2010)
Residual oil
Natural gas
Coal
Nuclear power
Biomass
Others
U.S. Mix
1.0%
22.9%
46.4%
20.3%
0.2%
9.2%
Biomass Type assumed = 100% forest residue
Others = Hydro, Wind, Geothermal, Solar PV etc.
2. Electric Transmission and Distribution Loss = 8.0%
3. Power Plant Emissions: in Grams per kWh of Electricity Available at Power Plant Gate
NOx
PM10
PM2.5
CO2
GREET-Calculated Emission Factors
By Fuel-Type Plants (Stationary and Transportation)
Biomass- Biomass-
Coal- Fired: Fired:
Oil-Fired NG-Fired Fired Woody Herbaceous
0.833 0.578 1.058
0.157 0.023 0.100 1 0.135 0.135
0.118 0.023 0.050
834 505 1,083 1,086 1,016
CO2 in burnt biomass from atmosphere -1,086 -1,016
Biomass-
Fired:
Forest
Residue
1.169
0.135
0.067
1,379
-1,379
TOTAL based
on US Mix
0.634
0.054
0.030
627
Assumes no emissions from nuclear power plants or "Others"
4. Power Plant Emissions: Grams per kWh of Electricity Available at User Sites (wall
outlets)
Total power plant gate emissions/(l-electric transmission and distribution loss)
NOx
PM10
PM2.5
CO2
Total delivered based on US
electric generation mix
0.690
0.058
0.033
682
C-l
-------
Appendix D
Cargo Volume Literature Review Summary
-------
Clas
s
2b
2b
2b
2b
2b
2b
2b
2b
3
3
3
3
4
4
Application
Full Size
Pick-up
Full Size
Pick-up
Step Van
Step Van
Utility Van
Utility Van
Utility Van
Stake Truck
Pickup
Step Van
Conventiona
IVan
City
Delivery
Conventiona
IVan
Conventiona
Body
Type
Pick-up
Pick-up
Budget
Cargo
Van
Step Van
Utility/
cargo van
Uhaul 10'
Truck
Budget
10'
Moving
Truck
Stake/
platform
Pick-up
Step Van
Penske
12' Cargo
Van
Budget
16'
Moving
Truck
Uhaul 14'
Truck
Uhaul 17
VIUS
Category
step/walk-
in
step/walk-
in
van (basic
enclosed)
van (basic
enclosed)
van (basic
enclosed)
flatbed/stak
e/ platform
step/walk-
in
van (basic
enclosed)
Manuf
Chevy
Ford
Ford
Freightliner
-Sprinter
Ford
GMC
Supreme
GMC
Freightliner
-Sprinter
Ford
Ford
Model
Silverado
2500HD
F250
2500
Standard
Roof
E350
Sierra 3500
3500
Standard
Roof
Cargo
Space
(cubic
feet)
309
318
237
402
380
336
547
450
800
733
865
Unit
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Max
Payload
3,644
2,900
3,116
3,469
4,239
2,810
3,100
4,566
4,845
2,600
3,400
6,190
5,930
GVW
9,200
9,400
8,600
8,550
9,500
8,600
8,600
10,700
11,030
11,500
14,050
14,050
Notes or
Comments
URL
http://www.chevrolet.com/vehicles/201
0/silverado2500hd/features.do
http : //www. fordfl 5 0 .net/specs/0 5 sd_sp
ecs.pdf
http://www.budgettruck.com/Moving-
Trucks.aspx
http : //www. freightlinersprinterusa. com/
vehicles/cargo-
van/models/specifications.php
http://www.motortrend.com/cars/2008/
ford/e 350/specifications/index.html
http://www.uhaul.com/Reservations/Eq
uipmentDetail . aspx?model=EL
http://www.budgettruck.com/Moving-
Trucks.aspx
http://www.gmc.com/sierra/3500/specs
Standard.] sp
http : //www. freightlinersprinterusa. com/
vehicles/cargo- van/models/3500-high-
roof-170-wb-6-SDecs.DhD
http://www.pensketruckrental.com/com
mercial-truck-rentals/moving-vans/12-
ft.html
http://www.budgettruck.com/Moving-
Trucks.aspx
http://www.uhaul.com/Reservations/Eq
uipmentDetail . aspx?model=EL
http://www.uhaul.com/Reservations/Ea
-------
o
to
Clas
s
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
Application
IVan
Conventiona
IVan
City
Delivery
Large Walk-
In
Large Walk-
In
UPS
Stake Truck
Bucket
Truck
City
Delivery
City
Delivery
Large Walk-
In
Beverage
Single Axle
Van
Stake Truck
Body
Type
Truck
Penske
16'
Economy
Van
Penske
16' Cargo
Van
Walk-in
Walk-in
Walk-in
Stake/plat
form
Bucket
truck
Uhaul 24'
Truck
Uhaul 26'
Truck
Large
Walk-in
Beverage
Budget
24' Truck
24' Stake
Truck
VIUS
Category
flatbed/stak
e/platform
van (basic
enclosed)
van (basic
enclosed)
step/walk-
in
van (basic
enclosed)
flatbed/stak
e/platform
Manuf
Eaton
Hybrid
Grumman
GMC
Hackney
Intemation
al/
Supreme
Model
W700 Step
Van
W700 Step
Van
W4500
6-Bay 52"
Performer
24'
Cargo
Space
(cubic
feet)
826
1,536
700
700
448
1,418
1,611
670
588/case
capacity
= 531 @
120z
cans
1,380
672
Unit
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu.
Ft/cases
cans
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Max
Payload
4,300
5,100
5,720
5,390
6,500
7,400
11,601
12,000
GVW
15,000
16,000
16,000
14,500
18,000
18,000
16,000
21,150
25,500
25,900
Notes or
Comments
URL
uipmentDetail . aspx?model=EL
http://www.pensketruckrental.com/com
mercial-truck-rentals/moving-cargo-
vans/16-ft.html
http://www.pensketruckrental.com/com
mercial-truck-rentals/moving-cargo-
vans/16-ft.html
http://files.harc.edu/Proiects/Transporta
tion/FedExReportTask3 .pdf
http : //files, hare . edu/Proj ects/Transporta
tion/FedExReportTask3 .pdf
http://www.grummanolson.com/index2
.htm
http : //www.usedtrucksdepot. com/brow
se_listdetails.php?manf=GMC&scate=
Stake+Truck&catname=Medium+Duty
+Trucks&main id=208
http://www.uhaul.com/Reservations/Eq
uipmentDetail . aspx?model=EL
http://www.uhaul.com/Reservations/Eq
uipmentDetail . aspx?model=EL
http://news.van.fedex.com/node/7379
http://www.hackneybeverage.com/bod
ycad5.htm
http://www.budgettruck.com/Moving-
Trucks.aspx
http://www.usedtrucks.ryder.com/Vehi
cle/VehicleSearch.aspx?VehicleTypeId
= 1 & VehicleGroupId=5
-------
Clas
s
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
Application
Refrigerated
/Reefer
Landscape
Van
Refuse
Furniture
Beverage
Stake Truck
Refrigerated
/Reefer
Tanker
Truck
Single Axle
Van
Body
Type
24' Kold
King
Refrigera
ted
Van scape
r
Landscap
e Van
Refuse
Truck
Furniture
Truck
Beverage
(delivery
body)
flatbed/st
ake/platfo
rm
28' Kold
King
Refrigera
ted
tank
(fluid)
Freightlin
er Truck
VIUS
Category
reefer
step/walk-
in
flatbed/stak
e/platform
reefer
tank (fluid)
van (basic
enclosed)
Manuf
Supreme
Supreme
Hackney
Supreme
Supreme
Ford
Freightliner
Business
Class (24')
Model
24'
22'
Hackney 10-
Bay-48"
Aluminum
SH20096
28'
F750 XL
Business
Class M2
112
Cargo
Space
(cubic
feet)
1,521
1,496
2,013
12517
case
capacity
= 1,100
12 oz
cans
728
1,774
267
1,552
Unit
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Cu.
Ft/case
cans
Cu. Ft
Cu. Ft
Max
Payload
23,700
2,000-
4000
GAL
GVW
37,733
33,000
26,000
33,000
Notes or
Comments
Note:
typical
step/walk-
ins do not
reach this
size. This is
a speciality
vehicle
Note: front
axle Ibs
12,000/rear
axle 2 1,000
URL
http://www.silvercrowncoach.com/supr
eme.php?page=product&bodv=refriger
ated&product=2 1 §ion=specs
http://www.silvercrowncoach.com/supr
eme.php?page=product&body=landsca
ping&product= 3 0
http://www.hendersonrentals.co.nz/?t=
38
http : //hackneyusa. com/
http://www.usedtrucks.ryder.com/Vehi
cle/VehicleSearch.aspx?VehicleTypeId
= 1 & VehicleGroupId=5
http://www.silvercrowncoach.com/supr
eme.php?page=product&body=refriger
ated&product=2 1 §ion=specs
http : //www. truckingauctions .com/brow
se_listdetails.php?scate=Water%20Tan
k%20Truck&manf=GMC&catname=H
eavy%20Duty%20Trucks
http://www.truckpaper.com/listingsdeta
il/detail.aspx?OHID=2379362
-------
Clas
s
Application
Body
Type
VIUS
Category
Manuf
Model
Cargo
Space
(cubic
feet)
Unit
Max
Payload
GVW
Notes or
Comments
Ibs (each
add'l axle
approx
12,000 Ibs)
URL
-------
Appendix E
PERE Efficiency Modeling Methodology
-------
The PERE model is not specifically designed for modeling heavy duty hybrid trucks,
but as it is a physical model that is primarily dependent upon input values, its use
was considered appropriate for the estimation of the fuel economy effects of truck
hybridization. The model calculates second-by-second fuel consumption for user-
defined drive cycles based on a physical model. The model takes a number of user-
specified parameters, along with some of its own defaults, to perform these
calculations for a variety of vehicle and powertrain types. The assumptions and data
sources for the model inputs that were used are presented below. The defaults for
some parameters, such as hybrid regeneration efficiency and hybrid battery
efficiency, were assumed to remain unchanged when scaling from light-duty to
heavy-duty vehicles.
Many vehicle parameters, such as road load and transmission data, were used from
work already done with the PERE model for the SmartWay program. Many of the
parameters for that previous work were taken from findings of internet searches for
specifications of various trucks in new "as-delivered" condition, prior to the addition
of various vocational or cargo equipment installations that would increase drag and
vehicle weight. To establish the test weights for each truck class in this modeling
effort, the original estimate of minimum weight was averaged with the maximum
possible weight for each truck class. This was done with the intent of modeling an
average or medium payload for each truck class. An important source of information
was an EPA draft document discussing the use of the PERE model by Nam and
Gianelli42. This document contained equations that could be used for estimates of
some of the input parameters, along with information describing the use of the
model.
The two foremost inputs to the model include the vehicle weight and engine size.
Vehicle empty weights and engine sizes were taken from manufacturer supplied
truck specifications where possible. For example, Ford published a .pdf file titled F-
250/F-350/F-450/F-550 Specifications43 that contains base curb weights and engine
sizes for some of their offerings in the light and medium duty market. Another useful
source of manufacturer data was in the Kenworth T170/T270/T370 Body Builders
Manual44. The T170-T370 range consists of medium duty trucks that can be
delivered with a cab-only chassis. The manual describes all of the dimensions
relevant to the builder of a body or cargo area on the rear of the chassis. As such, it
includes curb weights, length and width dimensions, and gross vehicle weight
ratings that were instrumental in creating many of the inputs for the Class 5, 6, and 7
fuel economy models. Where specifications of multiple trucks in a class were found,
values were taken that would result in maximum fuel economy unless they seemed
noticeably atypical of in-use vehicles. Variations in weight and engine size over the
42 Nam, Edward and Gianelli, Robert, Fuel Consumption Modeling of Conventional and Advanced Technology
Vehicles in the Physical Emission Rate Estimator (PERE). US EPA Publication EPA420-P-05-001, February
2005.
43 FordF150.net. F-250/F-350/F-450/F-550 Specifications. Retrieved from
http://www.fordfl50.net/specs/05sd_specs.pdf
44 Kenworth. Kenworth T170/T270/T370 Body Builders Manual. Retrieved from
http://www.kenworth.com/brochures/2009_Hybrid_Body_Builders_Manual.pdf
E-l
-------
ranges found in literature did not have as large an effect on fuel economy as some
of the other inputs to the PERE model. For hybrid modeling, the engine size
reduction due to hybridization ranged from 1 liter for the Class 2b and 3 trucks, up to
4 liters for the Class 8 trucks. This range was chosen based on the nature of hybrid
trucks currently available on the market. Class 2 hybrid trucks on the market typically
have very little engine downsizing from hybridization, however larger trucks were
found to have more engine downsizing.
The number of transmission gears in each truck class was also based on
specifications found on manufacturers' web sites, but there is a wide range of the
number of gears in the different available transmissions. While it is very likely that
the most efficient setup for Class 2b through 4 would be a 6 speed manual
transmission, there are a variety of options for Classes 5 through 8. It is also typical
for a modern Class 8 truck to have 10 gears, so the model input for Class 6 was
taken to be 8 as a representation of typical trucks in that class, and all trucks were
modeled with manual transmissions. The PERE model also requires shift speeds as
an input to the model, and examples of these were not found in literature or internet
searches. ERG has previously logged on-road data from Class 8 trucks with 10-
speed manual transmissions, and this data was analyzed briefly to create an
estimate of typical upshift speeds for this type of truck. Using this speed/gear curve,
two other curves were created by scaling for the 6 and 8 speed trucks modeled in
the study. Unfortunately, the shift speed chart has a very strong effect on the
model's predicted fuel economy, but using carefully scaled shift point curves
hopefully mitigated this source of error. The hybrid trucks were modeled with exactly
the same transmissions as the conventional trucks. The model did not readily
include a provision for changing the transmission characteristics when changing
from conventional to hybrid powertrains. All transmission parameters were kept the
same when making this change with the intent of ensuring the resulting fuel
economy effects were only due to hybridization, not due to transmission effects.
There were three other values regarding the driveline that were input for this study.
The engine efficiency was taken to be 40% over the cycle. The maximum engine
speeds and highway cruise speeds were adjusted together as well, to account for
the larger displacement heavy duty engines turning more slowly than typical Class
2b truck engines. The effects of the engine speed parameters on fuel economy were
fairly small.
The road load estimation required assumptions and calculations as road load curves
are not generally a part of manufacturers' literature. The method of road load
calculation used for this PERE modeling was based on the coefficient of rolling
resistance (Cp), the aerodynamic drag coefficient (Cd), and the vehicle frontal area
(Ap) in a physical equation of the truck's road load, given in Equation 1 from Nam
and Gianelli (2005). Coefficients of drag were based on values in literature, such as
manufacturers' specifications for Class 2b and in a report publication by Argonne
E-2
-------
National Laboratory45. Values for Cd ranged from .45 for the Class 2b and the
smaller medium duty trucks, to .5 for the class 8 long-haul trucks. The heavier
medium duty trucks were assumed to have a Cd of .55 as they were assumed to be
vocational trucks with less streamlined aerodynamics. Frontal area was taken from
manufacturer specifications where available. As given in Nam and Gianelli, the
product of truck height and width was multiplied by a factor of 0.93 to get an
estimate of effective AF. Engineering judgment was applied to the dimensions found
in literature to ensure a representative increase in frontal area from the smaller to
larger trucks. The rolling resistance values were estimated using the trends
observed by both Nam and Gianelli (2005) along with Delorme Karbowski, and
Sharer (2009), ranging from 0.01 for the light and medium duty trucks, down to
0.008 for the class 8 trucks.
The final input to the PERE model was the driving cycle. In order to get a
representative range of fuel economy benefit, two drive cycles were modeled. The
first was the Heavy-Duty Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (HDUDDS), and the
second was the EPA Highway Fuel Economy Test (HwFET). The HDUDDS can be
thought of as a city-type cycle with frequent stops and starts. The HwFET simulates
rural driving with varying speeds but no stops. Even though the HwFET is designed
only for light duty vehicles, it was still used as it was the best representation
available for in-use highway driving.
The key values used as the inputs for the PERE model fuel economy calculations
are given by truck class in Table E-1.
Table E-1. PERE Model Inputs for Fuel Economy Estimation
Class
2b
3
4
5
6
7
8
Modeled Test
Weight, Ibs
7,875
10,000
12,250
14,500
19,500
24,000
52,500
Conventional
Engine Disp.,
L
6.0
6.0
6.4
6.7
6.7
8.3
13
Hybrid
Engine Disp.,
L
5
5
5.4
5.7
5.7
6.3
9
Number of
Gears
6
6
6
6
8
10
10
Effective Gear
Ratio, RPM/mph
35
35
33
33
33
31
30
For modeling hybrid vehicles in the PERE model, the user must adjust the hybrid
threshold for each different vehicle and drive cycle combination. This variable
represents the amount of power demand during acceleration that is required to
45 Delorme, A., Karbowski, D., and Sharer, P. Evaluation of Fuel Consumption Potential of Medium and Heavy
Duty Vehicles through Modeling and Simulation. Argonne National Laboratory, DEPS-BEES-001, October
2009.
E-2
-------
cause the engine to start up to assist the electric motor. The user must adjust this
value such that the amount of energy taken from the battery is approximately equal
to the amount of energy charged back into the battery during regenerative braking. If
this is not done, the fuel economy will be misrepresented due to the battery ending
up with a different state of charge at the end of the cycle compared to the beginning
of the cycle.
For the HwFET cycle in the lower truck classes, there were not enough deceleration
events charge the battery back to its initial charge level, even with the hybrid
threshold variable at its minimum value. This meant that the battery was ending at a
lower level of charge at the end of the cycle than the beginning, which has the effect
of overestimating the trucks actual fuel economy. For this reason, ERG added an
extra calculation to the model in order to account for the net change in battery
power. This calculation used the various efficiencies of the hybrid system to estimate
the fuel required to make up the change in battery charge over the cycle, and add
that number to the modeled fuel consumption. This calculation was needed for the
trucks in Classes 2b through 5
E-4
------- |