Endnotes for a Glance at Clean Freight
Shipper Strategies
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
-------
Endnotes for a Glance at Clean Freight
Shipper Strategies
Transportation and Climate Division
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
EPA-420-B-16-041
January 2016
-------
martWay*
MENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY »
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Idle Reduction for Shippers
A Glance at Clean Freight Strategies
ENDNOTES & RESOURCES
(Endnotes)
1 Consumer Reports, August 2014. http://www.consumerreports.0rg/cro/2012/1 1/average-gas-prices/index.htm
2 Ross Somerville, Cummins Western Canada, Idling Myths: How Much is Enough? Presentation at Idle Free B.C. Idling Reduction
and Green Fleets Workshop, March 3, 2006. http://www.idlefreebc.ca/2006Presentations/1 .RossSomervile-ldlingmyths.pdf
Note: Despite the age of the presentation, and changes in diesel engine technology in the interim, the reasons why drivers idle
their engines are valid today.
3 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Standards and Fuel Efficiency Standards for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Engines and Vehicles; Final Rule. Sept. 1 5, 201 1 .
Federal Register, Vol. 76, No. 179, p. 57153
U.S. EPA, Health Assessment Document for Diesel Engine Exhaust. 2002. p. 1 -3 http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/dieselfinal.pdf
5 U.S. Government Accountability Office, Report to the Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Highways and Transit, Committee on
Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives. GAO-1 1 -1 98, January 201 1 .
http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d1 1 198high.pdf
6 U.S EPA and NHTSA, Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards and Fuel Efficiency Standards; Final Rule. Federal Register, Vol. 76,
No. 1 79. p. 571 53 http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/rulemaking/pdf/cafe/2011-20740.pdf
7 U.S. GAO, Report to Ranking Member, GAO-1 1 -1 98, January 201 1 .
An example is on the EPA.gov under Region 2 Air, Motor Vehicles and Diesel-Powered Equipment, "Reducing Diesel Emissions":
http://www.epa.gov/region2/air/aq_mobile.html
9 U.S. EPA, Technical Bulletin: Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Why and How They are Controlled. November 1 999. EPA 456/F-99-006R.
http://www.epa.gov/ttncatc1/dir1 /fnoxdoc.pdf
10 C.S. Sluder, J.M.E. Storey, S.A. Lewis, and L.A. Lewis. Low Temperature Urea Decomposition and SCR Performance. Oak Ridge
National Laboratory. 2004. http://web.ornl.goV/~webworks/cppr/y2001/rpt/1 22009. pdf?origin = publication_detail
1 ] California ARB, Proposed Optional Low NOx Standards for Heavy Duty Engines, Extended Engine Warranties, and Heavy Duty
Zero Emission Vehicles Certification. Public Workshop, March 1 1, 2013.
http://www.arb. ca.gov/msprog/onroad/optionnox/presentations/lownox_ws_031 1 1 3.pdf
12 Consumer Reports, August 201 4
-------
martWay*
MENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY »
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Intermodal f or Shippers
A Glance at Clean Freight Strategies
ENDNOTES & RESOURCES
(Endnotes)
1 Adrien Bailey, "Navigating the Intermodal Landscape," Journal of Commerce, Jan. 27, 2014.
http://www.ioc. com/rail-intermodal/intermodal-shipping/navigating-intermodal-landscape_20 140 127. html Free subscription
required. Bailey's growth estimate of 6.8 percent in 2013 is based on data from the Intermodal Association of North America,
Yusen Logistics, and TTX fleet size data.
2 Adrien Bailey, "Navigating the Intermodal Landscape," JOC. Ibid.
3 Anthony B. Hatch, "1 0 Years After: The Second Intermodal Revolution." January 201 4. p. 8. This is a white paper sponsored
by the Intermodal Association of North America and the American Association of Railroads.
http://www.intermodal.org/information/research/assets/tenyrsafter.pdf
United States Geological Survey, National Map, http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/transportation/a_freightrr.html.
5 American Association of Railroads, The Environmental Benefits of Moving Freight By Rail, April 2014.
https://www.aar.org/BackgroundPapers/Environmental%20Benefits%20oP/o20Moving%20Freighf/o20by%20Rail.pdf
6 Cristian Facanha and Jeff Ang-Olson, "Policies to Reduce GHG Emissions from Freight Movements," ICF International
workshop presentation, slide 15. https://www. fhwa.dot.gov/policy/otps/innovation/issuel /policies. htm
7 James Kruse et. al., A Modal Comparison of Domestic Freight Transportation Effects on the General Public. 2007. Prepared by
the Texas Transportation Institute for U.S Maritime Administration and National Waterways Foundation, p. 38.
8 Ibid.
9 International Association of North America, Intermodal Fact Sheet, http://www.intermodal.org/information/factsheet.php
10 James Kruse et. al., A Modal Comparison of Domestic Freight Transportation Effects on the General Public. 2007. Prepared by
the Texas Transportation Institute for U.S Maritime Administration and National Waterways Foundation, p. 38.
http://d2dtl5nnlpfrOr.cloudfront.net/tti.tamu.edu/documents/TTI-2012-5.pdf
11 Baxter International, "Sustainability Report, Product Transport," 2013.
http://sustainability.baxter.com/product-responsibility/product-transport.html#intermodal-transport
12 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency presentation to the National Retail Federation, June 18, 2014. Slide 32.
http://www.epa.gov/otaq/smartway/about/documents/webinars/SW-nrf-06-1 8-1 4 -webinar.pdf
13 Jason Mathers, Elena Craft, Marcelo Norsworthy, and Christina Wolfe, The Green Freight Handbook. The Environmental
Defense Fund, http://business.edf.org/proiects/green-freight-handbook/.
14 Ibid.
15 A. Craig, et. al. Estimating the CO2 Intensity of Intermodal Freight
Transportation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, August 201 2. p. 4
https://esd.mit.edu/WPS/2012/esd-wp-201 2-24.pdf Note: This paper states
that while modal shift from road to rail is one of a number of proposed
strategies for reducing emissions, and intermodal transport offers shippers an
attractive alternative to truckload service, little data is available to shippers to
calculate the potential savings.
16 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, SmartWay Transport
Partnership: Driving Data Integrity in Transportation Supply Chains,
http://www.epa.gov/smartway/forpartners/documents/
dataaualitv/420b1 3005.pdf.
-------
SmartWay*
MENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY »
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Load Optimization for Shippers
A Glance at Clean Freight Strategies
EPA-420-F-16-007
ENDNOTES & RESOURCES
(Endnotes)
1 A IMS is business management software that enables companies to manage transportation operations, including carrier
procurement and route optimization. Common IMS suppliers include TMW Systems, McLeod Software, and Precision. These
companies are mentioned for illustration only and it does not constitute an endorsement.IMS software can reduce fuel costs
between five and 1 5 percent.
http://www.chemlogix.com/pdf/Planning_Optimization.pdf
http://www.topseng.com/MaxLoad_Case_Study.html
2 Global Commerce Initiative and Capgemini, 201 6: Future Supply Chain, May 2008. p. 9.
http://www.capgemini.com/resources/future_supply_chain_201 6
3 Commonwealth Supply Chain Advisors, Implementing Best Practices in Supply Chain Management, July 201 1. p. 3.
http://www.commonwealth-sca.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Transportation-Best-Practices-Report-Web.pdf
William Cassidy, Seeking Space, Creating Capacity, Journal of Commerce, Oct. 24, 201 1.
http://www.ioc.com/logistics-economy/seeking-space-creating-capacity
5 Jason Mathers, Elena Craft, Marcelo Norsworthy, and Christina Wolfe, The Green Freight Handbook. The Environmental
Defense Fund.
http://business.edf.org/proiects/green-freight-handbook/.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
-------
SmartWay*
MENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY »
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Packaging Reduction for Shippers
A Glance at Clean Freight Strategies
EPA-420-F-16-008
ENDNOTES & RESOURCES
(Endnotes)
1 Ronald Sasine, Sustainable Packaging Goes Beyond Size, Treehugger.com, August 20, 201 1
http://www.treehugger.com/corporate-responsibility/sustainable-packaging-goes-beyond-size.html
2 Lisa McTigue Pierce,"2013 Sustainable Packaging Survey: Reduce Gains As Cost Concerns Rise," Packaging Digest,
December 2013. p 14.
http://www.packagingdigest.com/sustainable-packaging/reduce-gains-cost-concerns-rise
3 Product stewardship is a policy that ensures that all those involved in the lifecycle of a product share responsibility for
reducing its health and environmental impacts, with producers bearing primary financial responsibility.
http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/tools/stewardship/products/packaging.htm
Justin Lehrer, "Use Reusables: Fundamentals of Reusable Transport Packaging," Reusable Packaging Association. 2012.
http://www.epa.gov/statelocalclimate/documents/pdf/3-iustin-lehrer-stopwaste.pdf
5 U.S. Packaging and Wrapping, LLC, Consumer Packaging No-No's, March 31, 2014.
http://www.uspackagingandwrapping.com/blog/Consumer-Packaging-No-No-s.html
6 Fetzer Vineyards, "Fetzer Vineyards Converts to Lightweight Glass" 2009.
http://fe1zer.com/assets/client/File/Fe1zer-Lightweight-Bottle-fact-sheet-final.pdf
7 Ibid.
Gunilla Jonson etal., "Packaging Logistics and Retailer Profitability: An IKEA case study," Lund University, 2005. p. 5.
http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOld=541306&fileOld = 626088
9 Claudia Girrbach, Cisco, "EnergyWise Return on Investment with Cisco Unified IP Phones Solution Overview." 2010
http://www.cisco.eom/c/en/us/products/col lateral/col laboration-endpoints/unified-ip-phone-6900-series/solution_overview_
c22-589129.html
-------
SmartWay*
MENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY »
EPA-420-F-16-009
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Route & Network Optimization for Shippers
A Glance at Clean Freight Strategies
ENDNOTES & RESOURCES
(Endnotes)
1 RoadNet, "Case Study: Associated Food Stores Stays Competitive By Reducing Costs to Retailers." 2012.
http://www.roadnet.com/pub/case-studies/Associated-Food-Stores-Stays-Competitive-by-Reducing-Costs-to-Retailers/
2 Calculation based on this online carbon emissions calculator:
http://www.roadnet.com/pages/products/carbon-emissions/index.aspx which is based on U.S. DOE, March 2008 assumptions
3 ERP and IMS are business management software that enable companies to integrate operational processes. Processes
including manufacturing, distribution, sales, and marketing are shared to enable the smooth flow of data across all operations.
Common ERP systems include Oracle, SAP, and Microsoft; common IMS suppliers include TMW Systems, McLeod Software,
and Precision. These companies are mentioned for illustration only and do not constitute an endorsement.
Nikolaus Fries and Zachery Patterson, "Carrier or Mode: The Dilemma of Shipper's Choice in Freight Modeling." 2008
http://www.strc.ch/conferences/2008/2008_Fri es_Patterson_CarrierOrMode.pdf
5 Tina Fitzgerald, Tim Brown, and Elizabeth Stewart, "Subway's Green Journey," Logistics Management, Reed Business
Information, April 2009. http://www.chainalytics.com/wp-content/uploads/201 1/03/2009-04-Subways-Journey-to-Green.pdf
6 Compass, When In Doubt: UPS Avoids Left Turns, July 2012. http://compass.ups.com/UPS-driver-avoid-left-turns/
7 Jason Mathers, Elena Craft, Marcelo Norsworthy, and Christina Wolfe, The Green Freight Handbook. The Environmental
Defense Fund, http://business.edf.org/proiects/green-freight-handbook/.
8 Ibid.
------- |