v>EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
EPA-420-B-16-024
March 2016
Locomotives: Exhaust Emission Standards
Federal a
Duty-Cycle b
Line-haul
Switch
Tier
TierO
TieM
Tier 2
TierS
Tier 4
TierO
TieM
Tier 2
TierS
Tier 4
Year0
1973-
1992d'e
1993-
2004 d> e
2005-
2011 d
2012-
2014 f
2015+s
1973-
2001
2002-
2004 h
2005-
2010 h
2011-
2014
2015+
HC1
(g/hp-hr)
1.00
0.55
0.30
0.30
0.14
2.10
1.20
0.60
0.60
0.14'
NOx
(g/bhp-hr)
9.5 [ABT]
7.4 [ABT]
5.5 [ABT]
5.5 [ABT]
1.3 [ABT]
11. 8 [ABT]
11.0 [ABT]
8.1 [ABT]
5.0 [ABT]
1.3' [ABT]
PM
(g/bhp-hr)
0.22 [ABT]
0.22 [ABT]
0.1 Ok [ABT]
0.10 [ABT]
0.03 [ABT]
0.26 [ABT]
0.26 [ABT]
0.13 '[ABT]
0.10 [ABT]
0.03 [ABT]
CO
(g/bhp-hr)
5.0
2.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
8.0
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
Smoke
(percentage) m
30/40/50
25/40/50
20/40/50
20/40/50
-
30/40/50
25/40/50
20/40/50
20/40/50
-
Minimum Useful Life
(hours / years / miles) n
(7.5 xhp)/ 10/750,000°
(7.5 xhp)/ 10/750,000°
(7.5xhp)/10/-
(7.5xhp)/10/-
(7.5xhp)/10/-
(7.5xhp)/10/-
(7.5 xhp)/ 10/750,000°
(7.5xhp)/10/-
(7.5xhp)/10/-
(7.5xhp)/10/-
(7.5xhp)/10/-
Warranty Period (hours /
years / miles) n
1/3* Useful Life
Notes:
a These standards apply to locomotives that are propelled by engines with total
rated horsepower (hp) of 750 kilowatts (kW) (1006 hp) or more, unless the owner
chooses to have the equipment certified to meet the requirements of locomotives.
This does not include vehicles propelled by engines with total rated horsepower of
less than 750 kW (1006 hp); see the requirements in 40 Code of Federal Regula-
tions (CFR) Parts 86, 89 and 1039. The test procedures specify chassis-based
testing of locomotives. These test procedures include certification testing, produc-
tion line testing, and in-use testing using the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) when
the locomotive has reached between
50-70 percent of its useful life.
b Line-haul locomotives are powered by an engine with a maximum rated power (or
a combination of engines having a total rated power) greater than 2300 hp. Switch
locomotives are powered by an engine with a maximum rated power (or a combina-
tion of engines having a total rated power) of 2300 hp or less.
c The Tier 0 standards apply to locomotives manufactured after 1972 when they are
manufactured or remanufactured. Note that interim standards may apply for Tier
0 or Tier 1 locomotives remanufactured in 2008 or 2009, or for Tier 2 locomotives
manufactured or remanufactured in 2008-2012.
d Line-haul locomotives subject to the Tier 0 through Tier 2 emission standards must
also meet switch standards of the same tier.
e The Tier 0 standards apply for 1993-2001 locomotives not originally manufactured
with a separate loop intake air cooling system
f Tier 3 line-haul locomotives must also meet Tier 2 switch
standards.
g Manufacturers using credits may elect to meet a combined nitrogen oxides (NOx)
plus hydrocarbon (HC) standard of 1.4 grams per brakehorsepower-hour (g/bhp-hr)
instead of the otherwise applicable Tier 4 NOx and HC standards.
Continued
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Tier 1 and Tier 2 switch locomotives must also meet line-haul standards of the
same tier.
The numerical emission standards for HC must be met based on the following
types of hydrocarbon emissions for locomotives powered by the following fuels: (1)
alcohol: total hydrocarbon equivalent (THCE) emissions for Tier 3 and earlier loco-
motives, and non-methane hydrocarbon equivalent (NMHCE) for Tier 4; (2) natural
gas and liquefied petroleum gas: non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) emissions;
and (3) diesel: total hydrocarbon (THC) emissions for Tier 3 and earlier locomo-
tives, and NMHC for Tier 4.
Manufacturers may elect to meet a combined NOx+HC standard of 1.4 g/bhp-hr
instead of the otherwise applicable Tier 4 NOx and HC standards.
The line-haul particulate matter (PM) standard for newly remanufactured Tier 2
locomotives is 0.20 g/bhp-hr until January 1, 2013, except as specified in 40 CFR
Part 1033.150(a).
The switch PM standard for new Tier 2 locomotives is 0.24
g/bhp-hr until January 1, 2013, except as specified in 40 CFR Part 1033.150(a).
m The smoke opacity standards apply only for locomotives certified to one or more
PM standards or Family Emission Limits (FEL) greater than 0.05 g/bhp-hr. Percent-
ages apply to smoke opacity at steady state/30-second peak/3-second peak, as
measured continuously during testing.
n Useful life and warranty period are expressed in megawatt-hours (mw-hr), years, or
miles, whichever comes first. Manufacturers are required to certify to longer useful
lives if their locomotives are designed to last longer between overhauls than the
minimum useful life value.
o For locomotives originally manufactured before January 1, 2000, and not equipped
with mw-hr meters.
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Citations:
40 CFR 1033.101 = Emission Standards and Useful Life
40 CFR 1033.120 = Warranty Requirements
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