OLID WASTE
s/tbs tracts from the Jjiterature
1966
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SOLID WA$TE MANAGEMENT
t/lbstracts from the Juiterature 1966
This publication (SW-66.2c) was prepared by the
SCIENCE INFORMATION SERVICES DEPARTMENT,
FRANKLIN INSTITUTE RESEARCH LABORATORIES
under contract no. PH 86-67-182 and PH 86-68-194
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1972
For sale by the Superintendent ol Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C,, 30402 - Price $1.75
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Note; The Federal solid waste management program is unable to
furnish reprints of the cited publications, with the exception of
papers authored by program personnel. If copies of publications
are not available in local libraries, readers should contact the
author(s) or publisher to obtain reprints.
An Environmental Protection Publication
This publication is also in the Public Health Service numbered
series as Public Health Service Publication No. 91-1966, Supple-
ment I; its entry in two government publication series is the
result of a publishing interface reflecting the transfer of the
Federal solid waste management program from the U.S. Public
Health Service to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NO. 53-60514
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THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT BIBLIOGRAPHIC SERIES
1941 - 1971
Since its beginning over a quarter century ago, the
Federal program in solid waste management has had a number
of organizational aegises, as well as several organizational
titles. One constant, though, has been quite visible through-
out the program's development, and that is its unflagging
interest in bibliography.
Collecting past data on a problem by a literature search
is the classic first step used in the scientific method of
problem solving. Thus, in 1941, the first workers in the
Federal program searched the world-wide literature for infor-
mation that had been published on solid wastes. The resultant
bibliography was then published as a service to other workers
in the field and became an annual publication in the Public
Health Service series. This step was taken again in 1965,
following the passage of the Solid Waste Disposal Act, when
the early bibliographies were reprinted and made more widely
available. The literature search was then extended through
1971, and the present bibliography is one of those that will
bring the series up to date.
—SAMUEL HALE, JR.
Deputy Assistant Administrator
for Solid Waste Management
111
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Abstracts from the Literature
1966
The Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 (Public Law 89-272,
Title II) and Its amending legislation, the Resource Recovery
Act of 1970 (Public Law 91-512, Title I), authorize collection,
storage, and retrieval of information relevant to all aspects
of solid waste management.
The literature represented by this bibliography does not
include all the 1966 solid waste literature published; 58 peri-
odical and 51 nonperiodical titles covering both the foreign
and domestic literature were screened for inclusion. No effort
was made to separate strictly technical material from that
which is more general. The bibliography is arranged in cate-
gories corresponding to the various administrative, engineering,
and operational phases of solid waste management. Indices
include subject, corporate author, and geographical location
cited. Addresses of periodical sources are provided.
This project is the result of the combined efforts of the
Solid Waste Information Retrieval System (SWIRS) and the Franklin
Institute Research Laboratories under contracts PH 86-67-182
and PH 86-68-194. Primary SWIRS personnel involved in this
project were John A. Connolly and Sandra E. Stainback.
—THOMAS F. WILLIAMS, Director
Technical Information Staff
Office of Solid Waste Management
v
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CONTENTS
Page
Regulations(including Laws and Ordinances) 1
Finances (including Costs, Fees, Taxes, etc.) 6
Storage (including Methods and Equipment) 9
Collection and Disposal—General. . 15
Collection and Transportation of Refuse. 23
Disposal—General 35
Agricultural Wastes 46
Automobile Disposal . 59
Compos ting. . . 62
Reduction 75
Incineration. 78
Incineration—Europe 97
Industrial Wastes 107
Hazardous Wastes (including Pesticides) 126
Salvaging 128
Sanitary Landfill 146
Street Cleaning. 151
Health and Safety .... 153
Litter 155
Management of Solid Waste Systems . . . 156
Education and Research 171
Addresses of Periodical Publications Cited 175
Author Index 178
Corporate Author Index 182
Geographical Location Index 183
Subject Index 186
VII
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REGULATIONS (including Laws and
Ordinances)
66-0001
Alplanalp, G. H. Specifications and
legal responsibility. In Proceedings; 1966
National Incinerator Conference, New York,
May 1-4, 1966. American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, p.97-104.
The change in incinerator specifications with
related changes in legal responsibility are
reviewed. Potential liability of the
contractor, manufacturer, and professional is
demonstrated by reference to specific cases.
Public competitive bidding and the use of
patented equipment are discussed in depth.
If plans and specifications are definite and
if the contractor performs as specified,
normally he will not be held to a specified
performance, that is, he can't be required
to perform in a specific manner and also
be held for the end result. Competitive
bidding statutes are to protect the public,
Alternative proposals may be requested by
the engineer to obtain a very favorable bid
for his client. Legal liability of the
manufacturer is commonly referred to as
the law of products liability and the three
theories of liability are: negligence,
warranty or contract, and strict liability
in tort. The engineer's potential liability
to his client, the contractor, and other
third persons is reviewed.
66-0002
Advisory board helps Illinois draft modern
landfill rules. Refuse Removal Journal,
9(4):12-13, 53, Apr. 1966
The stringent regulations, created by the
State of Illinois, governing the proper
operation of sanitary landfills, are
detailed. Under the regulations, the
Health Department will supervise the
operation and maintenance of all refuse
disposal sites and facilities, except where
there is a county, or other local health
department, to enforce regulations.
Neither a private nor a public organization
may conduct refuse disposal operations
without first registering the project with
the department. A large role in the
development of the rules and regulations
was played by the Illinois Refuse Disposal
Advisory Board. The standards to which
a landfill site must adhere are outlined,
including registration of plans, site
approval, site improvement, and fire
protection. The operating requirements
specify site access, dumping area,
ufiloading, equipment, spreading and
compacting of refuse, cover material,
deposition of liquids and hazardous
materials, and vector control. Salvage
operations are not recommended in
conjunction with a sanitary landfill. In
the event that salvage operations are
carried out, specific conditions are
applied. Activities prohibited in
conjunction with, or upon the site of, a
sanitary landfill are listed.
66-0003
American Public Works Association.
Provisions of typical refuse collection
ordinances and regulations. In Refuse
collection practice. 3d ed. Chicago, Public
Administration Service, 1966. p.409-447.
Typical provisions in municipal ordinances or
regulations governing the preparation,
storage, and collection of refuse are
presented as a guide to officials in
developing suitable local laws or in revising
existing ordinances. Ordinances are not
reproduced in their entirety, instead,
several different clauses are given under each
topic to indicate the treatment for widely
different circumstances or situations. The
subject matter covered by the refuse
ordinances are grouped under the following
headings: definitions, responsibility for
the administration of refuse removal,
pre-collection practices, collection
practices, control of contract collection,
control of private collectors, financing, and
penalties for violation. The ordinances
quoted have proved satisfactory in the
communities named.
66-0004
American Public Works Association.
Ordinance provisions for refuse disposal. In
Municipal refuse disposal, 2d ed. Chicago,
Public Administration Service, 1966.
p.400-424.
Typical provisions in municipal ordinances
for regulating the disposal of refuse are
presented in part with the aim of guiding
local officials in developing a new ordinance
or revising an old one. The subjects
ordinarily covered by disposal provisions
were grouped under the following headings:
definitions, responsibility for refuse
disposal, management of disposal facilities
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Regulations
(designation of authorized sites and
facilities, who may use disposal sites,
responsibility of site users, salvage),
control of kinds of refuse disposed of at
municipal facilities (separation of refuse,
hazardous refuse, dead animals), control of
private disposal sites, on-site disposal,
air pollution controls, financing, and
penalties for violations (severability).
66-0005
American Public Works Association.
Ordinance, specifications, proposal, and
contract for refuse collection and disposal,
Seattle, Washington, 1958 through 1962. In
Municipal refuse disposal. 2d ed. Chicago,
Public Administration Service, 1966.
p.425-458.
This appendix gives the full wording of the
ordinance, proposal, specifications, and
contract for garbage, rubbish, certain trade
waste collection operations, maintenance of
the various disposal sites, and the provj.cHug
and placing of earth cover at the various
disposal sites in the City of Seattle. The
special specifications contain 61 items.
Another section is devoted to the instruction
of bidders.
66-0006
American Public Works Association. Rules
and regulations, grants for solid waste
disposal projects. In Municipal refuse
disposal. 2d ed. Chicago, Public
Administration Service, 1966. p.495-503.
Full wording of the Title 42 (Public Health)
of the Federal Register, Vol. 31, No. 61, of
March 30, 1966, Part 59--Grants for Solid
Waste Disposal Projects is included. The
text covers the following items:
applicability, definitions, funds available
for grants, application for grants, grant
limitations, grant conditions, approval of
projects (Federal Financial aid, criteria),
grant awards, supplemental and continuation
grants, payments, other conditions,
termination of grant award, termination date
(final accounting), accounting for grant
payments, accounting for equipment, materials
or supplies, final settlement, studies and
investigations (muncipal and regional),
determining the desirability of study and
investigation projects, studies and
investigations of national value,
demonstrations, determining the desirability
of demonstration projects, state and
interstate planning, single State agency, and
coordination with planning.
66-0007
American Public Works Association.
St. Louis County, Missouri, Refuse Disposal
Ordinance. In Municipal refuse disposal.
2d ed. Chicago, Public Administration
Service, 1966. p.459-465.
The full wording of an Ordinance to regulate
and control the disposal and dumping of
garbage, refuse, and other trash in
St. Louis County outside the incorporated
cities Is given. Provisions are included
for enforcement of the ordinance and
penalties for its violation.
66-0008
Avery, W. H. State concerns and
responsibilities. In Proceedings; Solid
Wastes Symposium, Lawrence, Kans., Mar. 2,
1966. Kansas City, Mo., U.S. Public Health
Service. p.21-22.
The remarks of the Governor of Kansas pointed
out the continuing interest of the League of
Kansas Municipalities in improving municipal
refuse handling. Studies were made in 1946,
1950, and 1964 surveying the refuse practices
in Kansas cities. Present data indicate that
some enabling legislation may be needed to
encourage inter-city or inter-county
cooperation. Even present statutory
statements regarding the increasing littering
of highways and country roads may be found
inadequate.
66-0009
Black, R. J. Implementing the
Solid Waste Disposal Act. Presented
at the Tenth Annual Technical Meeting,
New England Section, Air Pollution Control
Association, Hartford, Conn., Apr.
21 , 1966. 7 p.
Traditionally, the solution of environmental
problems has involved going beyond the
confines of the populated community. Most
solid-waste disposal has followed this
pattern by the practice of hauling most of
the refuse a minimum distance beyond the
city limits and dumping it. The remainder
is even more cheaply managed by burning
it at the point of origin. The single new
concept has been the development of the
waste-food grinder and its general
acceptance by the public. The ultimate
dependence upon land creates a major
problem because the necessary hauling
distance always becomes greater as convenient
disposal sites are filled, and eventually,
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0005-0014
for the larger cities, sites must be acquired
in neighboring political jurisdictions.
Congress has designed the Solid Waste
Disposal Act to satisfy two basic purposes:
to initiate and accelerate a national
research and development program for new
and improved methods of proper and economic
solid-waste disposal; and to provide
technical and financial assistance to State
and local governments and interstate
agencies in the planning, development, and
conduct of solid-waste disposal programs.
To carry out these new activities, the Solid
Waste Disposal Act authorized the
appropriation of more than $92 million over
the four fiscal years of 1966 to 1969. In
implementing the Act, the Office of Solid
Wastes has already awarded 24 Research
Grants and four Graduate Training Grants.
Five provisions of the regulations governing
the award of grants are discussed.
66-0010
Challenge of today's image. Refuse Removal
Journal, 9(6):16, June 1966.
The federal grand jury investigation of
racketeering and violence in the private
refuse industry has tarnished the sanitation
industry's name. Sanitation men must stay
alert to the fact they are performing a
necessary public health service, and for this
reason, they should try to cultivate and
promote a good public impression. First
class service, clean and operable equipment,
participation in community affairs, and
educating the public about local solid
waste handling problems are all part of
this good public impression.
66-0011
Court allows state to reject low bid.
Refuse Removal Journal, 9(10):34, Oct. 1966.
The New Jersey Supreme Court has ruled that
the state may use discretion in the selection
of most responsible bidder for the award of
public contracts. The division of purchase and
property of the Treasury Department may hold
informal conferences if a dissatisfied bidder
requests a hearing. The court added that
the bidder must not be ignored or treated as
a minor consideration and that each bid must
be weighed carefully.
66-0012
Court holds city liable for damage. Refuse
Removal Journal, 9(1):42, Jan. 1966.
The city of Hinton, West Virginia, was sued
for damages to a homeowner's property
resulting from negligent operation of the
city dump. Testimony brought out that the
municipality was aware that the dump formed
a hazard due to its unsatisfactory location
on too steep an incline. Cracks appeared
owing to a settling process, and portions of
the disposal site threatened to break off.
During a heavy rain a major portion of the
dump, including much debris, slid down
a hillside in an avalanche and destroyed
the plantiff's property. While the
city contended the destruction was caused by
an act of God, the court held that the
rain was not unusual for the season. It
therefore held the city responsible for the
damage since it was negligent in the
operation of the dump.
66-0013
Elements of an ordinance for refuse disposal.
Public Works, 97 (2):151, Feb. 1966.
The New Jersey Department of Health proposed
a model ordinance covering disposal of refuse
by landfill. A license is required.
Applications for licenses will contain: a
description of the plot of land to be used;
plan of operation; water supply source; type
and capacity of equipment; nuisance and
vermin control; layers of fill and earth cover
proposed; estimated daily or weekly volume
of refuse; drainage plan. Sufficient
auxiliary equipment must be available in
case of a breakdown. A minimum depth of 6
in. of compacted cover of earth, ashes,
cinder, or gravel must be kept on all inactive
faces of the landfill at all times.
Explosive and highly flammable materials and
chemicals shall be excluded from the working
surface area. Fences must be provided to
prevent blowing of paper,and to prevent
unauthorized entry. Excess dust should be
prevented. The Board of Health will inspect,
and penalties are provided for violations.
66-0014
Fire top aide in bribery investigation.
Refuse Removal Journal,'12(9) : 12 , 19, 41,
Dec. 1966.
The scandal of bribery charges rocked the Hew
York City Sanitation Department when an
investigation uncovered a
promotion-for-payoffs system. First Deputy
Commissioner, Vincent A. Starace, in charge
of administration and selection of appointees
for promotion, was fired from his
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Regulations
$17,500-a-year post by Mayor John V". Lindsay.
A foreman, with 23 years in the Department,
was suspended, and a second foreman, with 24
years service, resigned. Employees eligible
for advancement were asked to pay $500 or
$1,000 for higher positions. Mayor Lindsay
cancelled all promotions and demanded
sweeping reorganization of the 14,000-man
Sanitation Department. After the resignation
of Joseph F. Periconi, Samuel J. Rearing, Jr.
was appointed as Sanitation Commissioner, with
a specific directive to reorganize the
scandal-shaken Department.
Act of 1965 pointing out several features
of the Act which served as guidelines for the
selection of proper measures, viz. the
re-cycling of waste materials back into
economy, the level of government at which
waste management operations should be carried
out, organizational and financial innovation,
etc. A few specific actions are described.
Further steps, especially as regards the role
of the involved private enterprise,
agricultural practice problems of management
including personnel and environmental
considerations, are indicated.
66-0015
Gilbertson, W. E. The impact of the Solid
Waste Disposal Act. In Proceedings; Third
National Conference on Air Pollution,
Washington, Dec. 12-14, 1966. Public Health
Service Publication No. 1649. Washington,
U.S. Government Printing Office.
p.285-290.
The most important impact of the Solid
Waste Disposal Act is that it requires
consideration of the fact that land, air,
and water pollution problems are often
indivisible. Research for new data and
for innovations in waste-management
technology; support for state and regional
surveys of waste disposal needs; grants for
education of graduate students to alleviate
shortages of personnel; work on technical
problems, including criteria development
are all provided for in the Act. The ideal
recourse in solid waste disposal is reuse
or recycling, unless it can safely be
deposited on the land as unusable residue.
Work should be directed toward reducing
waste, starting perhaps in packaging where
the need is for less bulk and easier
disposability, Technology to develop new
methods for heat conversion of wastes into
usable carbon, tars and chemical, and also
methods for the economical use of solid
wastes as fuel for waste water purification
or to generate power should be explored.
Reglonalization of the approach to disposal
and application of systems analysis should
be more extensively used.
66-0016
Gilbertson, W. E. The implementation of
the Solid Waste Disposal Act. In Proceedings;
Solid Wastes Symposium, Lawrence, Kans., Mar. 2,
1966. Kansas City, Mo., U.S. Public Health
Service, p. 35-40.
A progress report is presented on the
implementation of the Solid Waste Disposal
66-0017
Illinois measure aims at upgrading disposal.
Refuse Removal Journal, 9(2):18, Feb. 1966.
The General Sanitation Bureau in the
Department of Public Health will
administrate the Illinois Refuse Disposal Act
passed in 1965, Under the new statute, the
Health Department is empowered to prepare
and adopt minimum standards for the location,
design construction, operation, and
maintenance of refuse disposal sites and
facilities. The department is authorized
to inspect any waste facility to insure
compliance with the law. Communities or
persons now operating open dumps will be
required to close them and cover them with
earth. In addition, the final soil cover
must be compacted to prevent surface
water from seeping through the deposited
material to pollute the ground. Sanitary
landfills, incinerators, or composting
plants will replace these dumps. Clarence
W. Klassen, chief sanitary engineer for
Illinois, stressed sanitary landfill as an
answer. He suggested that small communities
cooperate and engage a contractor for
operation of a site. Another possibility is
a county operated landfill. Incinerators
appear economically feasible only for large
population centers and composting is
complicated because of a limited market for
the finished product.
66-0018
Legislative hearing on refuse problem.
Refuse Removal Journal, 9(2);40, Feb. 1966.
More than 100 northern New Jersey
municipalities now dump nine million yards of
solid waste annually at various landfill
sites on the meadow-lands opposite New York
City. Eventually these sites will be
exhausted. To find an answer to this
growing problem, the Hew Jersey legislature
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0015-0023
held a public hearing on the state's
refuse collection and disposal problems. It
is the opinion of many legislators that there
is need for thorough study of the problem
and development of a comprehensive state-wide
plan for disposal.
66-0019
Michigan enacts solid waste disposal
legislation. Public Works, 97(11):54,
56, Nov. 1966.
A law regulating procedures to be followed
in solid waste disposal was enacted by the
State of Michigan in 1965. It provides for
licensing of persons, partnerships,
corporations, governmental units or
agencies thereof disposing of refuse.
The State Department of Public Health is
charged with administering the act,
promulgating rules and enforcing them.
Specifications for future disposal areas
have to be submitted to the health
department, and 13 rules pertaining to the
operation of land-fills are detailed. Open
dumps are not permitted unless they are
isolated — at least two miles from a
residence or public gathering place.
Provisions are also made for control of hog
feeding, central garbage grinding, and refuse
burners. With respect to burners, measures
to protect safety of employees must be taken
and the design and operation of the facility
should be in accordance with the State air
pollution control act. A target date of
May 31, 1968, has been set for ultimate
compliance with the act by existing
operations.
66-0020
Mosher, E. A. Adequate state legislation.
In Proceedings; Solid Wastes Symposium,
Lawrence, Kans., Mar. 2, 1966. Kansas
City, Mo., U.S. Public Health Service.
p.53-60.
The legal status of solid waste disposal in
Kansas and the adequacy of this legislation
are discussed. The existing state legislation
relating to solid waste disposal by cities
is reasonably adequate. The principal, long
term need in Kansas is for legislation to
authorize an area approach. Various
solutions to obtaining an area approach to
governmental problems are listed and
statutes are explained in terms of the legal
aspects of solid waste collection and disposal.
66-0021
On-site waste compaction. Refuse
Removal Journal, 9 (6): 12, 13, 38,
June 1966.
The major provisions of New York City's
new air pollution law as it affects refuse
collection and disposal are detailed. The
law: (1) requires, after two years,
equipment capable of reducing refuse
volume by two-thirds by means other than
burning--compaction, pulping, etc.--in
all new apartments over three stories, with
12 or more families; (2) permits
mechanically operated food waste grinders
in all dwellings or multiple-dwellings
erected after two years; (3) requires
existing on-site incinerators to be upgraded
by installing air pollution control devices;
(4) failure to meet new on-site incineration
measures will mean the equipment may be
sealed and the owner billed for the
additional collection volume; (5) requires
municipal refuse incinerators be upgraded
to include the latest advances in air
pollution control within three years; (6)
prohibits open burning of refuse or scrap
on any floating vessel that may emit
contaminated air into the open air of
the city; (7) suspends the license of
automobile salvagers if more than two fines
per year occur on his property; and (8)
strengthens penalties against violators of
the city's open burning law which prohibits
open fires.
66-0022
Ordinance to set performance bond. Refuse
Removal Journal, 9(12): 14, Dec. 1966.
A proposed Madison County, Wisconsin,
ordinance on refuse disposal would require
landfill operators to post a $10,000
performance bond, pay a $300 a year permit
fee, and pay a $10 permit fee for each
truck that hauls rubbish. The bill, which
applies to unincorporated areas of Madison
County, would prohibit open burning
and open dumping; requires operators to
cover dump areas with six inches of earth;
proposes grading and seeding completed fill;
and requires covered, leak-proof vehicles for
collections. Violators will be subject to
fines of $25 to 200 for each day of
continuing infraction.
66-0023
Pearson, J. B. The role of the federal
government in meeting this challenge.
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Finances
In Proceedings; Solid Wastes Symposium,
Lawrence Kans., Mar. 2, 1966. Kansas
City, Mo., U.S. Public Health Service.
p.15-18.
The new Federal Program, recognizing the need
for assistance from state and national
governments to the local communities, as
previewed by the Solid Waste Disposal Act of
1965, is discussed. This program creates a
greater opportunity for local communities,
acting on their own initiative, to solve
their problems of solid waste disposal. It
also covers the role of the institutions of
higher learning, providing for research and
demonstration grants to academic institutions
and other appropriate public agencies relating
to the matter of the disposal of solid wastes
and agriculture wastes in particular. (The
Office of Senator Pearson prepared a Fact
Sheet on the Federal Solid Wastes Program
which was distributed. This Fact Sheet is
included in the Proceedings.)
66-0024
Photos aid drive on overflow cans. Refuse
Removal Journal, 9(11):42, Nov. 1966.
In St. Louis, the Sanitation Department takes
pictures of illegal trash accur'ilations to
show to the responsible resident. A warning is
then issued, and seven days later a police
court summons is issued if nothing is done.
The photographs are used as evidence. In one
district alone, 284 violations were thus
recorded, and later 41 persons were fined $100
each for not heeding the warning. The virtue
of the camera technique is psychological,
since the householder knows the photo will
be available for courtroom use.
66-0025
Stead, F. M. Future air quality standards
and refuse disposal operation restrictions.
In Proceedings; Third National Conference on
Air Pollution, Washington, Dec. 12-14, 1966.
Public Health Service Publication No. 1649.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office.
p.275-280.
The close relationship between liquid wastes
and water resources is realized. One cannot
be managed intelligently independent of the
other. The same principles apply to air.
Air pollution controls cannot proceed
without knowledge of the real environmental
system that is being dealt with. The
attention is on input, with no real
knowledge of the size or method of
operation, or the recycling of the system.
Deprivation of the full benefits of the air
resource includes: the point at which the
air becomes literally unbreathable, the point
of opacity at which visibility is curtailed
such that all transportation must come to a
halt, and the point which, while not lethal, it
directly affects the welfare of human beings.
The new Federal Water Pollution, Air
Pollution and Solid Waste Acts have all in
effect demanded that the waste disposal
activities of the nation be upgraded to at
least the no-nuisance level. If comfort is
the highest air pollution control objective,
refuse disposal need not impose a restriction
on air pollution control programs since it is
now a matter of adhering to the standards.
However, if esthetics play a part in the air
pollution objective, nothing less than
sparkling clean air can be accepted.
FINANCES (including Costs, Fees, Taxes,
etc.)
66-0026
American Public Works Association.
Committee on Solid Wastes. Factors affecting
refuse collection cost. In Refuse
collection practice. 3d ed. Chicago, Public
Administration Service, 1966. p.78-101.
Cities differ in providing refuse collection
service and these differences influence
the cost of conducting the work.
Interpretation of refuse collection cost data
is difficult when the per capita cost per yr
varies from $0.24 to $7.40 for 38 cities
(1960). Collection operating costs (dollars
per ton) are tabulated for 11 selected cities
for 1965. Some of the fundamental factors
that must be considered in order to get
an accurate comparison among communities
are: climate and geographical differences,
form in which refuse is presented for
collection, frequency of collection, place
from which refuse is collected, length of
haul, number of classes of refuse collected,
wage rates of collectors and drivers,
population density, and accounting and field
reporting practices. Normally the expense
for labor is from 60 to 80 percent of the
total cost of refuse collection. Cities
responding to the 1964 APWA survey on the
prohibition of garbage grinders are listed.
A sensible compromise may be to adjust cost
figures for important differences, and, by
way of qualification, to call attention to
differences that have not been taken into
account.
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0024-0031
66-0027
Application needed for apartment
calls. Refuse Removal Journal,
9(2):39, Feb. 1966.
Under a new refuse service policy adopted
by the American Fork, Utah city council
to go into effect in 1966, the owner of a
multi-unit building must make application for
service and agree to pay the cost of it. In
the event that a tenant, who is not the
owner, is billed for water and sewer service,
refuse collection fees also may be billed,
provided the owner will assume final
responsibility for payment as he does with
water and sewer service.
66-0028
American Public Works Association.
Committee on Solid Wastes. Financing refuse
collection operation. In Refuse collection
practice. 3d ed. Chicago, Public
Administration Service, 1966. p.268-295.
The advantages and disadvantages of various
fund sources (general property taxes,
separate property taxes, separate charges or
fees, can and container rental charges,
special assessments, miscellaneous revenues)
are compared. Data indicate a trend toward
more use of the service charge method of
financing from 1955-1964. Approximately
one-half of the cities reporting in the 1964
survey finance their refuse collection
service with funds from general taxation
alone. Financing collections through
service charges, and general tax, plus
service charge arrangements, is found in
47.6% of the communities removing refuse by
contract. Data are given for service
charges for residential and commercial
establishments. It is concluded that it
is better to provide the removal service at
general public expense in those communities
which are able and willing to appropriate
enough to make possible complete collection
from all properties.
66-0029
American Public Works Association.
Committee on Solid Wastes. Reporting, cost
accounting, and budgeting. In Refuse
collection practice. 3d ed. Chicago, Public
Administration Service, 1966. p.360-380.
Complete information on operations must be
regularly and accurately secured and
periodically summarized and analyzed.
Simple field reports and summaries have been
shown to be the most satisfactory.
Measurements of performance are now rather
widely used as indices of accomplishment and
efficiency, whereas formerly almost sole
dependence was placed on unit cost. The
purpose of cost accounting as applied to
refuse collection is to assemble the various
expenditures by class of refuse, district,
crew, route, or kind of work so that
production efficiency and effort can be
measured and evaluated. Electronic data
processing, for example, can be used for
data on tonnage hauled, miles traveled to
disposal site, identification of the site,
and number of loads hauled.
66-0030
Argentine workers upset wage plan. Refuse
Removal Journal, 9 (4): 49, Apr. 1966.
Plans by the government of Argentina to halt
the country's runaway inflation, by imposing
a 15 percent ceiling on wages, were thwarted
by a strike of refuse collectors in Buenos
Aires. The government was forced to pay
refuse collectors a 43 percent increase after
they had been on strike for 5 days. During
that time 12,000 tons of refuse had piled up
in the city streets and the health of the
3.6 million citizens of the capital was
threatened. The city plans to cover the
large wage increase by doubling the refuse
collection fee paid annually by the
householders. The government's failure to
hold its own employees to an anti-inflationary
wage line has doomed any prospect to
persuading workers in private industry and
other municipal employees to cooperate in
the interest of national stability. The
inflationary spiral is estimated between
25 and 40 percent annually.
66-0031
Cite lower costs of joint authority. Refuse
Removal Journal, 9(12):45, Dec. 1966.
Four New Jersey towns with a total population
of 325,000 have agreed to a joint refuse
disposal authority. The Quad-City Solid Waste
Disposal Committee, which began the study with
the help of a $50,000 grant from the Office of
Solid Wastes, has reported the joint system
would be economical and far more efficient
than the present methods of refuse disposal.
Average cost of the system, using incineration
or another method, would be $7.39, leading to
a $1 .74 increase for Clifton and one cent
increase for Paterson. Wayne would realize
savings over the present cost of $9.04 per ton, as
would Passaic, presently paying $8.76 per ton.
The long-term advantage would be stable costs
in the face of a steadily rising volume of
refuse. In Paterson, Clifton, and Wayne, the
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Finances
volume of refuse increased 5 to 7 percent
during the last 6 years, and in Passaic, the
increase was 19 percent. Most refuse is
presently dumped in landfill located in the
Hackensack River meadowlands, but this area
is likely to be developed for industrial
purposes within the coming years. One large
disposal unit, costing about $5 million,
adequate for at least 20 years-, is planned.
66-0032
Counting the cost. Public Cleansing,
56(7):322-323, July 1966.
The annual costing report for refuse
collection and disposal and street
cleansing for 1963 to 64, published by the
Ministry of Housing and Local Government,
is discussed. Not all of the reporting
authorities weigh the refuse collected.
It is pointed out that costs should not be
the primary consideration, but rather, the
effectiveness of the public health services.
Little purpose is served in proving that a
comprehensive paper sack system or ful.'y
dustless loading method costs more than an
irregular curbside collection from
battered oil drums and boxes. Cost
comparisons of the two principal methods of
disposal, controlled tipping (15s, Id.) and
mechanical disposal (24s. 7d.), show that
mechanical disposal is considerably more
expensive than controlled tipping, but the
term 'controlled tipping* is subject to
interpretation,
66-0033
Deininger, R. A. The economics of regional
pollution control systems. In Proceedings;
21st Industrial Waste Conference, Lafayette,
Ind., May 3-5, 1966. Purdue University
Engineering Extension Series No, 121,
p.815-833.
The two problems covered in this
investigation are: how the treatment of
various plants should be established to
minimize the total costs of waste treatment
over an entire region or basin and how
wastes are transferred between communities.
A mathematical model was formulated and
the results obtained point out large
potential savings for regional systems. No
consideration was given to the question of
what water quality should be maintained
and the necessary institutional arrangements
to implement such a system were ignored. The
influence of various parameters such as
river flow and temperature are covered.
Diagrams for inter-community sewer and
treatment systems are illustrated.
66-0034
Funds contractors cut town collection
cost. Refuse Removal Journal, 9(10):
48, Oct. 1966.
According to a report by the Planning
Board of Monmouth County, New Jersey,
municipalities can cut refuse handling
costs by authorizing private
contractors to collect and dispose
of wastes. In 15 communities in the county
which collect their own refuse, average
annual cost is $8.33 per person. Where
contractors are used, average cost per
person is $5.84. The report also suggests
that the county's municipalities join and
form four regional groups to combat future
refuse problems. While the county now
uses 14 landfill sites and two incinerators,
an estimated 75 percent rise in population
will mean that 626 acres of landfill will
be needed by 1985.
66-0035
Give tax break on disposal equipment,
Refuse Removal Journal, 9(12):54S Dec. 1966.
According to testimony by the Institute of
Scrap Iron and Steel before the Senate
Finance Committee, solid waste disposal
equipment should receive the same
exemption from the investment credit
suspension as that proposed for anti-air and
anti-water pollution devices.
66-0036
Keep your eye on costs. Refuse Removal
Journal, 9(7): 16, July 1966.
The economics of selling waste disposal
services is discussed. Contractors who
operate their disposal service as if they were
selling consumer products at a discount are
liable to suffer when operating costs increase,
taxes go up, employees get raises, newer
equipment is bought, and maintenance needed.
As disposal and operating costs rise, both
contractors and municipal officials find their
budgets squeezed. In such a situation,
prices must be adjusted and taxes raised, since
the efficiency of a refuse fleet deteriorates
quickly when corners are cut. As an
alternative, rate-cutting is risky. For
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0032-0041
example, when Denver closed its municipal
landfill to private contractors, it was the cut
rate operators who suffered the most.
66-0037
May impose fees on private autos using
transfer station. Refuse Removal
Journal, 9(4):49, Apr. 1966.
The Sanitation Department for King County,
Washington is losing about $400,000 a
year on over-all refuse disposal operations
and has suggested the imposition of fees on
private autos, trailers, and pickup trucks
using the facilities. Private vehicle
owners have not been charged for disposing of
refuse since 1948. Thus, the Department
has proposed to buy 8 cash registers, hire
15 to 16 cashiers, and charge $.50 for
automobiles and $.75 for cars with trailers
or pickup trucks. Industrial hauling
rates will be based on weight instead of
yardage, for about $3 a ton at the transfer
stations and $1.25 a ton if hauled to the
disposal site. The editor notes that the
new rate system, with new salaries and
overhead amounting to about $70,000 will
have to collect $200 a day just to pay for
the administration of the plan.
66-0038
Rates periodically adjusted to meet
expenses, American City, 81(11):26,
Nov. 1966.
San Bernadino, California, uses a fee
system that eliminates the inequities of a
blanket tax. Residents receive bills
bi-monthly. Rates are based on four
categories of service: restaurants and
grocer garbage, commercial enterprises,
single-residence pick-ups, and
multiple-dwelling collection. Residents
receive service twice-a-week. The
city owns and operates six front-loading
Dempster-Dumpmaster units.
years of refuse collection was $2,655,000.
This figure is $365,000 higher than for the
previous five-year period. Belleville,
N.J., population 35,000, awarded a new
five-year $1,195,000 refuse disposal
contract. The New Jersey township of
Springfield, population 14,000, after
twice rejecting previous bids, awarded
a five-year $593,000 municipal refuse
disposal contract. The new pact, which
includes $40,000 for monthly cleanups,
represents a $41 ,666 annual increase over
the current contract of $85,000 a year.
Included in the new measure is a provision
that the company limit charges for increased
service to $4,150 per 100 additional units
per year.
STORAGE (including Methods and
Equipment)
66-0040
Agardy, F. J., and M. L. Kiado. Effects of
refrigerated storage on the characteristics
of waste. In Proceedings; 21st Industrial
Waste Conference, Lafayette, Ind., May 3-5,
1966. Purdue University Engineering Extension
Series No. 121. p.226-233.
The objectives of this study were: (1) to
determine the effect of 'refrigerated
storage' on standard analyses carried out
on wastes; (2) to determine the effect of
'frozen storage' on standard analyses
carried out on wastes; and (3) to determine
the effect of 'length of storage' under
each of these conditions on standard
analyses carried out on wastes. All analyses
were performed using raw sewage collected
from a sewage treatment plant. The results
indicate that neither procedure is singly
satisfactory as a method for preserving
waste samples. A recommended storage
procedure is summarized.
66-0039
Receive higher bids for new contracts.
Refuse Removal Journal, 9(1):28, Jan.
1966.
Municipalities in New Jersey are
receiving higher bids when their refuse
collection contracts come up for renewal.
The lowest bid received by Elizabeth, N.J.,
population 110,000, for the next five
66-0041
The age of alloys and plastics. Public
Cleaning, 56(6):283-291, June 1966.
The introduction of a new material into
commerce almost inevitably finds an extension
into everyday use in one or more of the
operations of a Cleansing Department. An
example of the use of aluminum alloys in the
Cleansing service is the panelling of
vehicles used for refuse collection.
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torage
luminum bodies are used on
lectrically-driven street orderly trucks,
here lightness means extended mileage and
onger battery life. The use of aluminum
ladding for industrial buildings already has
een applied to new refuse disposal plants.
ere the resistance to weathering, lightness,
ase of handling, modern appearance, and
omparative cheapness of this material
ecommends it highly. Although early plastic
ustbins (trash cans) were deficient in
any respects, recently introduced plastic
nits of high density polythene appear to be
uch more satisfactory. Two new styles of
ustbins are described in detail. Both have a
ife expectancy of ten to fifteen years. The
ollowing is a list of plastics which have
pplication in public cleansing work;
olythene, vinyls, nylon, P.V.C.,
rea-f ornialdehyde , polyvinyl butyral,
olypropylene, expoxy resin, neoprene, perspex,
nd polyester.
6-0042
.nd the sacks are returned through the
etterbox. Public Cleansing, 56(4)151: Apr.
966.
Sont-sur-Marchienne, being a member of the
nterconmunale, was free of responsibility
or collection and disposal of refuse. Since
.his area has many steep hills which hinder
he use of lorries and result in haphazard
:ollection, the use of paper sacks was
.nitiated. These were later changed from
ipaque to transparent sacks. When the
tmployee collects the full sacks he leaves
t new carefully folded sack in the mailbox.
)ne man can collect in a diesel-engined
-orry which results in a cut in cost.
.6-0043
iurrows, J. H. Refuse storage from the public
wealth point of view. Public Cleansing, 56(1):
17-30, Jan. 1966.
'actors such as noise abatement, labor
shortages, and the changing nature of domestic
refuse have caused a need for reevaluation of
refuse containers for storage. From the point
jf view of noise and weight reduction, the
>aper sack would appear to be a perfect
container, but disadvantages include possible
Jerforation of the bag and possible spillage.
teavler type plastic dustbins of l\ to 3% cu
:t capacity, with a weight of some 10 Ib have
:he advantages of being light, strong, and
iurable and they can be purchased for a little
jelow the price of the standard metal bins.
In addition, they are almost noiseless in use.
The Local Authority district should implement
a 'bin provision' as a rate-borne charge,
and bulk buying on annual tender would
provide containers at an economical price,
There is a need for bulk containers of about
1% to V-i cu yd to provide accommodation for
a weekly service of refuse for some 12 to
16 apartments with a twice weekly collection
rate. They should be housed in a
well-ventilated compartment and under frequent
supervision so as to minimize spillage and
chute chokeage. To facilitate servicing and
removal of the containers, a fleet vehicle
provided with bulk container lifting apparatus
could be provided. In apartments it would
be advantageous to provide small bucket
containers with lids for daily use within each
apartment. Refuse chute entrance points
should be in open areas and not in an
enclosed corridor, where upward air pressures
can create dust dispersion and offensive
smells within the building. Hospitals,
schools, and clinics provide a special
problem for the refuse storage service.
With this particular type of waste, the use of
paper sacks with final storage in bulk
containers is necessary.
66-0044
Contractor uses 3,500 containers. Refuse
Removal Journal, 9(7):6, 8, 22, July 1966.
The activities of the Granada-Sanchez
Disposal Company, which operates in the San
Fernando Valley north of Los Angeles, are
described. The operation is almost wholly
containerized, with over 3,500 units placed
at large and small industrial plants,
commercial establishments and colleges.
Granada-Sanchez was formed as a result of a
merger of three smaller refuse firms, Savings
were immediately effected by this merger; the
company's income rose from $28,000 to
$50,000 per month. A boost during this expansion
was the introduction of large transfer
containers of 25, 30, and 50 cu yd. These
are hauled by three 1-H cab-over tandems, and
are placed wherever the volume warrants one.
As an example, the operations at Litton
Industries, General Motors, and the University
of Southern California are described. In
places where maneuvering space is limited and
there is no room for a container, refuse is
collected in paper sacks and dumped by hand.
To maintain these thousands of refuse
containers, the company uses a special lift
gate truck to deliver refurbished or new
containers and bring those needing work
back to the company's yard for repair.
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0042-0049
Excellent maintenance and progressive
employee incentive programs have also added
to the company's progress. Disposal is
accomplished at three landfill sites.
66-0045
Copolymer plastic refuse-can liners,
American City, 81(6)100-101, June 1966,
The results of an experiment in which 800
Lebanon, Ohio, families agree to use plastic
garbage liners for a period of four weeks are
reported. Each resident received three
plastic liners and wire-twist ties per week.
Instructions told them how to place the
liners in the cans, how to gather them at the
top for binding, and to remove the secured
liners from the cans and carry them to the
street on collection day. The liners
reduced collection time by 20 percent.
Sanitation men often could throw several
bags at a time into the packer truck,
and they wasted no time handling the heavy
metal containers, returning then? to the curb,
or retrieving spilled trash. No liners were
reported broken by rough handling and they
proved remarkably resistant to the ravages
of the canine community. The homemaker was
pleased with the liners, since they made a
neat, clean appearance on the street, kept
the cans clean, and eliminated spilled
garbage. The city is considering the
collection of the plastic-bagged trash and
garbage in open dump trucks, since the
refuse is not loose to blow about. The
city is now offering these plastic bags to
householders on a voluntary basis at a
price of eight for $0.50.
66-0046
Disposable plastic bags. Modern
Sanitation and Building Maintenance,
18(6):40-41, June 1966.
Waste Minders have plastic bags treated
with bacteriostat to prevent bacteria
growth, help control staph, and reduce the
danger of cross-infection. They are
available in 13 sizes to fit standard
waste receptacles with capacities
ranging from one to 60 gal.
66-0047
Homeowners favor paper refuse containers.
American City, 81(6):97, June 1966.
The result of a survey, conducted by Paperbag
Refuse Systems, Inc., to determine the
public's response to the paper bag refuse
collection system, is reported. One hundred
homeowners were interviewed in each of 12
cities located in New York, Connecticut, and
Massachusetts. All of the cities have
populations in excess of 50,000 and, all but
one, operate complete or partial refuse
collection service. Personal interviews
were conducted on as wide a geographical
basis in town as possible. The interview
materials consisted of a printed folder
describing the system and an interview form.
The response form listed three possible
answers: yes, no, and undecided. Undecided
responses were not counted in calculating the
ratios. The ratio of favorable to
unfavorable responses varied from 6-1 to
17-1, even after the homeowner was told that
the cost of the program would be added to
his taxes or assessments. Based on studies
conducted over the past four years, Paperbag
Refuse Systems, Inc. calculated that
85 percent of the families would need one
holder and 100 bags per year, and 15 percent
would need two holders and 200 bags per yr.
66-0048
Islington goes dustless.
56(10):516, Oct. 1966.
Public Cleansing,
After a 17-month trial it has been decided to
extend a dustless system of refuse collection
to all of the London Borough of Islington,
The system will consist of 16,400 all-plastic
3% cu ft dustless bins at a cost of
$57,195, one dustless vehicle, a secondary
vehicle (a barrier loader for the time being)
and, at the same time wastepaper salvage.
Bins will be supplied to residents at a
direct rate charge.
660049
It could be better. Public Cleansing,
56 (5): 223-225, May 1966,
Although the disposable (paper) sack system
is more satisfactory than the traditional bin
system, there are some disadvantages. The
well-filled sack, once removed from its
holder may leave the refuse exposed, leading
to some spillage while being carried and
to dissemination of dust when tossed into the
hopper of the vehicle. There is also
resentment on the part of the long-service
dustman toward new techniques and equipment.
Paper sacks need to be 'sold' to the public
as well as to the cleansing officer. The
use of plastic for disposal sacks does not
seem to attract the same attention as
11
-------
Storage
paper so far. Some experiments have been
carried out but, at present prices, a
plastic sack costing the same as a paper
one is so thin that it is easily pierced.
Once the plastic is punctured it almost
immediately splits from top to bottom. When
using paper sacks it is necessary to use
rear-loading and mechanical packing
vehicles rather than side-loaders or
platform lorries. It is suggested that
decisions for improved service be made now,
so that they can be immediately effected
when financial conditions warrant them.
66-0050
Malchereek, W. Experiences with plastic trash
cans. Staedtehygiene, 17(2):40-42, Feb. 1966.
The new plastic trash cans are made of a
special mixture of low pressure polyethylene
which is very resistant to oxidation and
ultraviolet radiation. They are light-weight
(a 35-liter plastic can weighs 2.2 kg as
against the 8.3 kg of the 35-liter tinned
sheet steel can, or 6 kg vs. 25 kg for the
110-liter cans). Their smooth surfaces cannot
be attacked by acids and bases and they cause-
no noise when being handled. The only
drawback is their easy flatnmability. At
temperatures above 130 C polyethylene becomes
soft and at 320 C it starts to burn. This
was the major reason for rejecting them up to
now. But recently the city of Hamburg
introduced them in one of its districts. They
advised each household of the flammability,
The success was great. "From 600 trash cans
less than 30 have been destroyed by hot waste,
In the cold winter of 1962-63, however, some
trash cans cracked. The material used at that
time became brittle in the cold. But a more
elastic material has been developed and the
city decided to substitute 35-liter plastic
cans in the place of tinned sheet steel cans.
Approximately 12,000 plastic cans are now in
use, all carrying a label warning not to
dump hot ash into them. The 110-liter cans,
introduced in 1964, also found immediate
approval of the users, Like the sheet cans,
the plastic cans have a reinforced upper
rim and bottom of 4 nan thickness. The sides
are 3.3 mm thick. Plastic joints link the lid
with the body. Discarded plastic trash cans
can be either reused in the chemical industry,
burned or crushed and dumped. (Text-German)
66-0051
The modern office building: waste disposal
poses diverse problems. Modern Sanitation
and Building Maintenance, 18(2):14-15, Feb. 1966.
Burlap bags for the trash removal have been
replaced by heavy duty 40 by 55 in. plastic
bags in Bankers Trust Company in New York. The
contents do not seep through and vermin
cannot escape. A bag holds 30 to 50 Ib of
waste paper, A machine chops the cafeteria
garbage into the consistency of sausage meat,
thereby reducing volume by 80 percent.
66-0052
More turn to sacks. Public Cleansing,
56(8):425, Aug. 1966.
Western Europe used 110 million refuse sacks
last year. This compares with 24 million in
1962 and 100,000 in 1955. Britain used 43
million. (Manchester was the largest city
using them.) Sweden used 28 million, Denmark
18 million. The metal waste container is
gradually disappearing.
66-0053
New materials. Public Cleansing, 56(6):
259-261 , June 1966.
The advantages of using polythene sacks for
refuse collection and storage appear at first
sight to be overwhelming. These include
reduced manpower, less weight to carry, no
spillage of refuse between houses and
vehicles, noise elimination, and use of
a simpler and less expensive type of vehicle.
In controlled tipping all organic material
eventually breaks down due to the presence
of air, moisture, and heat; the bacteriological
action changes the organic material into
simpler substances, and the temperature rise
in the tip is due entirely to the working
action and multiplication of such bacteria.
However, In a hermetically sealed polythene
bag the temperature very seldom rises above
75 F, The amount of air inside the sack may
be insufficient for the bacteria to
develop and multiply. Wet-strength paper
sacks are deficient to this extent
also. If polythene bags are used for refuse
storage the position will be far worse than
with the use of paper sacks. Polythene
will not burn, it will only shrivel and
solidify on the bars of the destructor
fire. In a tip observation suggests that
its life is indefinite. After 10 years
the polythene appears to be no different from
the day it was placed In the tip. The
sealed polythene bag is only the beginning of
the waste disposal problem. Either the
manufacturers or the Central Government
should provide the necessary research into
the ultimate disposal of polythene containers,
12
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0050-0058
66-0054
New refuse compression system at Wandsworth
flats. Public Cleansing, 56(10):496-497,
Oct. 1966.
The Deva system consists of pneumatic
equipment which automatically controls the
filling and compression of refuse in paper
sacks. Before the installation of the Deva
unit, 15 bulk containers, each \\ cu yd
capacity, were collected weekly. The weekly
volume of refuse totaled about 500 cu ft.
There are about 300 residents in the 22-story
apartment house. The cycle mechanism is
simple: when a parcel of refuse is dropped
down the chute, the cycle is set in motion by
a trip valve at the head of the machine. A
heavy restrictor plate moves laterally, thus
blocking the base of the chute, while the
first parcel of rubbish is being compressed.
This sequence is repeated until the sack is
full, at which time the 10-sack carousel
rotates one place placing the next empty sack
in position to receive more refuse. When 9
sacks are full, they are removed, stapled, and
stacked, ready for collection. Volume comparison
between the bulk containers and the Deva system
is supplied.
66-0055
No-return plastic waste bag. VDI (Verein
Deutscher Ingenieue) Zeitschrift, 108(16):
721, June 1966.
This new hygienic method of collecting trash
consists of 48 plastic waste sacks on a roll
on a metal fixture which can be equipped
with wheels. As soon as one sack is
filled it is torn off the roll and disposed
of. The sacks come in sizes of 10, 15, and
30 liter. (Text-German)
66-0056
Now-sacks on wheels. Public Cleansing,
56(4):162, Apr. 1966.
The City and Royal Burgh of Dunfermline has
converted two of their street cleaning
vehicles to enable these units to carry paper
sacks instead of metal containers. This
'Binsac' paper sack refuse collection
system is efficient and recruits labor. The
converted units are time saving, labor saving,
hygienic, low cost, and simply and quickly
converted.
66-0057
Ohio Department of Health. Refuse
storage. In Refuse sanitation.
Columbus, 1966. p.4-8.
Proper premise storage of refuse
contributes materially to speeding up
collection services, thus making the job
easier and collection costs lower. All
garbage and refuse can be stored ideally
in a galvanized corrugated metal
container. Two 30-gal containers are
usually sufficient for the average
household having weekly collection
service. Refuse boxes are highly
unsatisfactory, as they make loading
difficult and are hard to keep clean.
Refuse container houses or rooms, as
used by larger establishments, can be
very satisfactory if kept rat- and
fly-proof and if they have adequate
lighting and ventilation. When underground
vaults are used, ground and surface water
may present problems. Large bulk-type
containers are often used by large
establishments, but require special
trucks for pickup. Garbage and refuse
containers should be located in a dry,
clean place. Platforms or racks permit
easy cleaning of containers and present
a neat appearance. Containers should
be washed often and can be sprayed to
aid fly control. Household garbage should
be drained and then wrapped in several
thicknesses of paper before being placed
in containers for storage.
66-0058
Pack refuse into paper sacks with
automatic units. Refuse Removal Journal,
9(7):18, 33, July 1966.
A new method of packaging refuse under
pressure into paper sacks, the DEVA Refuse
Compression System, is described. This
technique is especially suited for on-site
refuse handling in such places as apartment
buildings, schools, supermarkets, and
institutions. Materials of almost any
type, such as cans, glass, and plastic
bottles, food wastes, and paper, enter the
system from a chute. The machines then
automatically compress and pack the material
into disposable paper sacks. For buildings
having no refuse chutes, there are models
designed for depositing the waste directly
into the paper sack whose contents are then
compressed. Various types of automatic
units offer both high and low compaction,
including a carousel arrangement. The
operation of the high pressure unit, which
compresses at 2,850 Ib and uses 3.5 cu ft
sacks, and of the low compaction model which
uses 6 cu yd sacks and 700 Ibs of pressure,
are described in detail. Semiautomatic
machines are available in two types also:
13
-------
Storage
a compact two sack shuttle unit which needs
only 9 sq ft of floor space, and a 4 to 12
sack reciprocating unit for larger
installations. Both are fed manually. The
machines may be Installed in almost any
location; only a small diameter pipe or hose
is required for connection to an air
compressor.
66-0059
Paper sack system passes the test. Public
Cleansing, 56(1): 35-36, Jan. 1966.
An experiment was made to determine the
efficacy of using paper sacks and holders as
a replacement for dust binds. The areas
involved were Lanchester village and the
villages of Castleside and Satley in County
Durham; schools, factories, and hospitals were
excluded. Davidsons holders with Ibeco
water-proof packs were selected based on a
preliminary test. The system has been
functioning satisfactorily for the past
sixteen months with the exception of a few
isolated minor incidents. There were a few
instances of accidental firing of the sack by
inadvertently placing hot ashes in it. There
were very few cases of gross misuse of the
paper sack, such as damage caused to the
sack by sharp edges of unwrapped broken
glass. In severe weather there was some
damage caused by small birds in search of
food. The sacks stood up well even during
heavy falls of snow and rain due to their
toughness and resistance to moisture and
the fact that the Davidson holders provide
maximum protection. In large houses it was
found necessary to increase storage by an
additional sackholder and paper sack. The
introduction of the first stage of the paper
sack system has obviated the employment of
additional labor for dustbin collection which
would have become necessary due to the
expansion of building on new housing sites.
66-0060
Paper sacks in Florence. Public Cleansing,
56(11):573, Nov. 1966.
Florence, Italy, is using 25-liter capacity
sacks for individual families and 60-liter
capacity sacks for 4 to 5 families. About
70,000 households now place their rubbish
in thes.e sacks, and an additional 20,000 will
shortly. About 15 million sacks will be used
annually, a level near Denmark's consumption.
Milan is now testing this method and Bologna
will soon.
66-0061
Plastic bags get wider use in Toronto.
Refuse Removal Journal, 9(10):6, 48,
Oct. 1966.
With the sanitation by-laws amended to permit
their use as waste containers, the city of
Toronto has begun the experimental use of
polyethylene refuse sacks in its residential
and limited commercial collection service.
In tests in 1965, about 140,000 bags were
distributed to about 10,000 locations.
Under the present plan, only private homes
or apartment units will be provided with
bags at no charge; the Initial supply of
$50,000 worth of bags will be sufficient
until March 1967, when a full year's
budget presentation will be made. Between
now and March 1967, Toronto may become more
specific about the status of polyethylene
refuse sacks, and will consider whether
their use become mandatory, permissive, by
municipal distribution, consumer purchase,
or even rejected. Disposal of the sacks is
no problem, for polyethylene has been found
to break down into carbon dioxide and water
vapor under high temperatures. Advantages of
using the sacks include labor and cost
savings of 20 percent neatness, cleanliness,
and quieter pickup. The cost of the sacks,
if supplied to all residential households at
the rate of two a week, would be about
$750,000 annually. Thus, using poly bags for
all residential collection in Toronto would
increase present expenses about $110,000, but
the commissioner estimates that only 480
sanitation men would be needed instead of the
600 presently used. Other Canadian cities
have considered using the poly bags. In a
survey, residents of Toronto (88%) indicated
they would continue to use the bags if the
city provided them and 32 percent would
continue if they had to purchase them
themselves.
66-0062
Polyethylene dustbins. Surveyor and
Municipal Engineer, 127(3848):39-40,
Mar. 5, 1966.
A new dustbin made of Shell high-density
polyethylene for household refuse is
announced by the manufacturer,
Harcostar Ltd. The functionally-designed
bin which is illustrated is intended
primarily for outdoor use and is strong
and pliable. The one-piece solid
construction is both crack- and split-proof
and has rubber-molded lid. It weighs 12
Ib. The lid, which is easily removable, will
stay in place under adverse conditions. The
14
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0059-0066
side handles on the bins have proved to be
capable of taking the roughest treatment.
Twin hand grips are molded into the bin base
to help in lifting. Local authorities
consider that the bins have something to offer
because of their noiseless construction, and
a design which makes them easy to use,
empty, clean, and sterile.
66-0063
Refuse sacks add sock to kraft sales.
Chemical 26, 2(11):28-34, Nov. 1966.
The manufacture of paper refuse sacks for
use in the U.S. is discussed in terms of
sales and chemical needs. Sacks are
processed with various types of wet strength
resins, lightweight polyethylene coatings
for grease resistance, and wax blends for
water repellency. These have to be
supplied by chemical companies.
Speculation is made as to which companies
will want to become suppliers. Several
quotes of approval and disapproval of the
idea of using paper sack disposal at all
are stated. The difficulty of dealing with
the municipal market hampered by politics
and homeowners is mentioned. The involvement
of International Paper, Union Camp and St.
Regis is explained in more detail especially in
connection with polyethylene vs. wax coatings.
66-0064
Rhode Island town gets a U.S. grant to test
use of paper refuse bags. Paper Age,
2(2):11 , Oct. 24, 1966.
Barrington, Rhode Island, received the first
federal grant to investigate the disposable
paper refuse sack as a means of collecting
and easily disposing of garbage and other
solid wastes. The refuse sack system will be
adopted in three stages: 1/3 of the town
(1500 homes) in 1966, 1/3 in 1967, and 1/3
in 1968-69. Progress reports will be sent
to state and federal governments. The public
Health Service granted $20,552 for first
year test to cover personnel, equipment
rental, and supplies expenditures. This
represents 2/3 of the amount required. St.
Regis Paper furnishes all refuse sacks and
holders, Eventually, Barrington anticipates
completely financing and adopting the system
itself. Program objectives are: to
demonstrate the feasibility of the refuse
sack as a year-round system in New
England; to show garbage and rubbish can
be collected together and employed in
sanitary landfill; to determine landfill
capabilities; and to discover economics
of the system. Metal bag holders are
guarded against animal depredations. The
two-ply bags chemically resist grease and
moisture. Barrington requires a new method
of disposal; the former method of hog
feeding is being reduced significantly due
to diminishing hog raising. Incineration,
though advantageous, is too costly for the
town.
COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL-General
66-0065
Billings, C. H. Refuse collection and
disposal. In the 1966 sewerage manual and
catalog file. Ridgewood, N.J., Public Works
Journal Corporation, 1966. p.264-271.
The vehicles used in refuse collection should
be sanitary, easy to load and unload, and
safe for workmen. Other factors to be
considered are loading heights, covers,
unloading heights, covers, unloading devices,
motive power, speed of travel, and water
tightness. Bulk refuse collection can
utilize detachable receptacles placed at
convenient points. Refuse systems are
available which utilize paper bags instead
of metal cans. Usually garbage, combustible
rubbish, and industrial refuse, and dead
animals are incinerated. Sanitary landfill
is a method of disposing of garbage mixed
with other refuse by filling and immediate
covering. Other disposal methods include
hog feeding, grinding, and disposal with
sewage and composting. Attention should
be given to air and water pollution standards
and to odor control in all disposal
operations. Various types of equipment are
discussed and illustrated for each technique.
66-0066
City of Manchester. Cleansing Department.
Annual report for the year ending 31st
March, 1966. Manchester, 1966. 37 p.
The activities of the Cleansing Department
include: collection and disposal of refuse
from dwelling-houses, shops, and other
premises; cleansing and removal of refuse
from food markets; recovery and sales of
materials salvaged from refuse; a service
15
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Collection and Disposal General
for the disposal of unwanted motor vehicles;
clearance of dumped refuse from neglected
sites; free collection of bulky house
refuse; and the supply and renewal of
dustbins and paper sack equipment for
the storage of domestic refuse,
Statistics show 241 ,620 tons of refuse
collected for the year. New electric
refuse collection vehicles were tried
experimentally, A complete financial
statement shows an increase in net
operational expenditure on refuse
collection and disposal largely because of
pay awards, heavier transport costs, and
debt charges. A statistical section of
the report contains population information,
tonnage of refuse collected and disposed of,
and personnel information.
66-0067
Conference exhibition 1966. Public Health
Inspector, 75(2):48-50, 52-54, Nov. 1966.
A municipal exhibition was held in
conjunction with Scarborough Conference,
On display were weatherproof clothing,
airline breathing apparatus, odor control
sprays, bactericidal detergent, paper and
plastic sack units, insecticides, and
sanitary towels and bandages. Among the
refuse disposal display were composting
plants, sorters, pulverizers, chutes,
mobile sanitary units, refuse handling
vehicles, and earth-moving equipment.
66-0068
County refuse collection data. Public
Works, 97(2):60, 62, Feb. 1966.
Salt Lake City County conducted a study to
project future needs. Its budget for 1965
was $540,018, The Department operates 22
packer trucks, but due to age and constant
operation, breakdowns leave an operational
fleet of 18 to 19 per day. Three residential
dumps, of which two are open 7 days a week,
24 hr a day are operated. The monthly cost
of these three dumps amounts to $1,696.41,
Disposal is by cut and fill; a trench
3,000 ft long, 60 ft wide and 6 ft deep
is dug. The cost of opening such trench
amounts to $6,643.20, It is dug in 60
working days and serves an average of 9
months. Average distance per truck per day
is 78.6 miles; average gas consumption is
23.2 gal; average refuse collected per
truck per day is 20,000 Ib. The Salt Lake
County Department of Sanitation services
208,720 persons living in 50,243
dwelling units. Refuse collected per
capital per day was 1,38 Ib; man hr per ton'
collected averaged 2.28.
66-0069
Emphasize survey accuracy. Refuse Removal
Journal, 9(12):22, Dec. 1966.
In the year since the Solid Waste Disposal
Act was passed, data has been collecting
at the Office of Solid Wastes, for the
first problem is to accurately define and
measure the scope of the nation's solid
waste problem. Whereas previous
studies, for example by A.P.W.A.'s
Research Foundation and Aerojet-General
Corporation for the state of California,
have been inaccurate and stopped far short
of presenting a true picture of collection
and disposal in the United States, it is
hoped that, with such solid financial
backing, the current studies will consider
all generating sources, all collection
factors, and all disposal channels.
Studies must include municipalities
and their residential collection and
disposal problems, and also describe the
contractor's role in all fields.
66-0070
'Exec councils of INTAPUC and solid wastes
institute meet. [American Public Works
Association] 33(10), Oct. 1966.
The principal speaker was Reikichi
Kojima, Director, Tokyo Institute for
Municipal Research, who spoke of refuse
practices in Japan. Wastes,
particularly night soil, were used
as fertilizer before World War II.
Garbage was fed to pigs. Waste paper,
empty cans, scrap iron, and glass were
recycled and utilized. Most houses were
equipped with baths which used wooden
pieces and other trash for fuel.
Now, however, farmers use chemical
fertilizers and artificial feed in
place of night soil and garbage.
It is not profitable to collect
wastes for reuse due to a rise in
living costs and consequent increase
in wages of workers. Other
persons commented on the situation in
the following countries: France,
Switzerland, Brazil, Netherlands,
Venezuela, Scotland, Canada, Great
Britain, and Sweden.
16
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66-0071
The how, why, and wherefor of cleansing
in New York, Public Cleansing, 56(4);
173-175, April 1966,
The New York Department of Sanitation is
responsible for refuse collection at
domestic premises with separate collections
for industries. At the larger multi-story
buildings, a "building custodian' is
responsible for the incineration of refuse.
The Department, therefore, has to remove
only 10 to 15 percent of the original
bulk. Each of Sew York's eight boroughs
is divided and subdivided according to
population, traffic, topography, etc,
The 1,000 member crew services the 4,000
pieces of equipment, 1,600 of which are
collection vehicles. The 1 ,000 ton-a-day
plants work round-the-clock, with 35 men
employed on the 8 am to 4 pm shift and
15 on each of the other two shifts. Most
1 ,000 ton-a-day plants have an average
throughput of 900 tons, The Hew York
plant, on a 6"day week, has a loss of
3 to 5 percent due to heat losses within
the furnaces. New York estimates the
mechanical costs of any proposed
installation at about 36 percent of the
total construction figure and maintenance
costs do not exceed 1 percent of the total
capital costs.
66-0072
Improve sanitation in Vietnam, Refuse
Removal Journal, 9(10):10, Oct. 1966,
The state of sanitation in Saigon and other
cities in South Vietnam is appalling. Local
municipal refuse collection and disposal
forces are unable to cope with an
ever-mounting volume of solid wastes, and
sporadic collection and disposal means
that material may lie in the open for weeks
and be washed into the streets before
collection. Disease, flies, and rats
accompany this filth. Since the Saigon
government has neither the men nor equipment
to cope with the rising tide of solid waste,
a private refuse collection contractor from
America might be called in to do the job.
66-0073
Many British towns charge for bulky
refuse. Refuse Removal Journal,
9(1) :28, Jan. 1966.
The problem of collection and disposal
of bulky refuse is discussed. A survey
of 76 municipal districts in Great
Britain showed that about one-third
of the sanitation departments charge
for the pickup of bulky refuse, while
19 provide free hauling. Of the remainder,
seven usually collect for heavy pickups
but make some exceptions, 21 make charges
in certain cases, and four have no provision
for pickup. The amount and nature of
charges for special collection services
varies widely. The most frequent basis
for charges is a combination of labor and
transport costs, either at net cost or
plus a small excess. Some variation on
this method is used by 22 of the 76
surveyed British localities. The
importance of publicizing the collection
service to prevent illegal dumping, is
stressed.
66-0074
Massive cleanup job costs city $33.4 million
a year. Refuse Removal Journal, 9 (8):15,
80, Aug. 1966.
Refuse collection and disposal in Chicago,
Illinois, which has been cited five times
in the past six years for having one of
the nation's best cleanup and community
improvement programs, are described. The
Bureau of Sanitation's 1966 budget is $33.4
million. This covers refuse collection and
disposal, street cleaning, snow and ice
removal, rodent control, weed destruction,
health code enforcement, and dead animal
removal for a population of 3,6 million
within 224 square miles. The Bureau cleans
over 200,000 miles of streets a year and
collects over 1.5 million tons of refuse,
an average of over 5,000 tons per day; 70
percent of the material collected is
incinerated at one of the city's three
modern facilities. Two additional
incinerators and three portable
incinerators and grinding stations will
soon be purchased for reducing bulky
materials. About 30 percent of the
refuse collected by the Bureau goes to
three private contractor incinerators
and sanitary landfill, which also receives
thousands of tons of residue brought by
transfer trailers. All material is handled
at one 300-acre sanitary landfill site. The
department's progressive programs include.
anti-litter campaigns and summer youth
programs. During 1965, 700 boys cleaned
1 ,600 vacant lots and cut hundreds of
acres of weeds . Preventive maintenance
of equipment and the use of 125 containers
have also increased efficiency. Rear-loading
containers are at present undergoing tests.
17
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Collection and Disposal General
Chicago also recently completed an intensive
rodent control program covering all of the
city's 20,000 blocks.
66-0075
Nash, G. E, Refuse collection and disposal
in Washington County, Maryland, College
Park, University of Maryland, 1966. 121 p.
The study was carried out by the Maryland
Technical Advisory Service at the request of
the Board of County Commissioners, After
defining the refuse problem and outlining
the legal authority of local governments, it
reviews current authoritative literature on
refuse collection and disposal. It then
describes briefly and factually the current
refuse collection and disposal operations
in nine municipalities of the County, and
analyzes selected aspects of this problem
to present some general considerations as a
potential basis for future governmental
action, The study does not present detailed
engineering data, Appendixed are the Senate
Bill No.5 (1966) and information on various
refuse collection methods, comparative cost
computations and principles for sanitary
landfill operations.
66-0076
Nash, G. E. Refuse collection and
disposal methods. In Refuse collection and
disposal in Washington County, Maryland.
College Park, University of Maryland, 1966.
p.6-10.
Exact descriptions of terms used in the
study are given (refuse, garbage, rubbish,
ashes, etc.) and attention is drawn to the
storage requirements and collection
frequency needs. Refuse is becoming a
more combustible mixture. Geographic
location, season of the year, economic and
social level» and other special community
characteristics have to be considered when
designing community policies for a refuse
collection and disposal service, and the
amount of refuse to be disposed of should
be determined by measurements. Detailed
descriptions are given of the refuse
collection and disposal methods together
with information about financing.
66-0077
Sash, G, E. Hagerstown refuse collection
and disposal operations. In Refuse
collection and disposal in Washington
County, Maryland. College Park, University
of Maryland, 1966. p.75-80.
In the City of Hagerstown owners of
commercial establishments deal directly with
private refuse collectors. Collection
service for residences is provided through
a formal city contract with a private refuse
collection agency. The conditions of this
contract are specified. The refuse disposal
site consists of sixty-two acres of land
and the area method of sanitary landfill
has been employed since 1956. Further
information is given on labor and equipment
used. The total appropriated for both collection
and disposal in the City of Hegerstown
was $2,33 per capita per year for the
fiscal year 65-66.
66-0078
Nash, G. E, Hancock refuse collection and
disposal operations. In Refuse collection
and disposal in Washington County, Maryland.
College Park, University of Maryland, 1966.
p.80-83,
The population of Hancock is about 2,000.
Refuse collection is handled by town
employees, collections being made from
all residences and business establishments in
the town on a once-a-week schedule. The
present method has been used for about
eight years. Prior to that time, citizens
dealt directly with private collectors.
Disposal at the site is accomplished by
preparing a trench (200 by 10 by 10 ft) into
which refuse is dumped. Collection and
disposal operations in Hancock cost about
$2,50 per capita per year.
66-0079
Nash, G. E. Williamsport refuse collection
and disposal operations. In Refuse
collection and disposal in Washington
County, Maryland, College Park, University
of Maryland, 1966. p.83-87.
The population of Williamsport is about
1,850. Refuse collection is carried out
through a formal town contract with a
private refuse collector, the lowest
bidder normally receiving the contract.
The contract method has been employed
for about seven years. The contractor
collects refuse from all residences an.d
business establishments once per week.
The collected refuse is disposed of at
a town-owned site supervised by a
full-time employee. Combined annual
18
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0075-0085
costs of both refuse collection and
disposal are about $3.75 per capita
per year.
66-0080
Nash, G. E. Boonsboro refuse
collection and disposal operations. In
Refuse collection and disposal in
Washington County, Maryland. College
Park, University of Maryland, 1966.
p.87-90.
The population of Boonsboro is about 1,200.
Refuse collection is handled by a single
private refuse collector who deals
directly with town residents, picking
up refuse twice weekly at a cost of
$18.00 per year per household. In
addition the town itself makes a twice
monthly collection of cans and a periodic
collection of larger items of trash. The
present method has been employed for about
15 years. The town does not maintain
any supervisory employees at its disposal
site which is thus open to uncontrolled
dumping by many individuals.
66-0081
Nash, G. E. Sharpsburg refuse collection
and disposal operations. In Refuse
collection and disposal in Washington
County, Maryland. College Park, University
of Maryland, 1966. p.91.
Sharpsburg's population is about 860. All
refuse collection is handled by a private
collector who uses enclosed compactor
type trucks. Individual residents deal
directly with the private collector. The
town does not formally regulate nor
license refuse collection services.
Collection takes place twice weekly at a
cost of $18.00 per year for each household.
The town-owned disposal site is small and
open only on Saturdays. No maintenance
service is provided at the site.
66-0082 "•
Nash, G. E. Clear Spring refuse collection
and disposal operations. In Refuse
collection and disposal in Washington
County, Maryland. College Park, University
of Maryland, 1966. p.93-94.
The population of Clear Spring is estimated
to be about 500. Refuse collection is
provided through a formal town contract
with a private collector who picks up
refuse from all residences and commercial
establishments once weekly. The present
contract costs about $2.00 per capita
per year and the cost of the refuse
collection contract is paid from general
tax revenues. The present method has been
employed for about four years. In addition
the town itself conducts an annual Spring
clean-up operation. Refuse is disposed of
at the County disposal site west of
Hagerstown.
66-0083 .
Nash, G. E. Funks town refuse collection and
disposal operations. In Refuse collection and
disposal in Washington County, Maryland.
College Park, University of Maryland, 1966.
p.94-95.
The population of Funkstown is now estimated
to be about 1,000. The town has a formal
contract with a private refuse collector for
the collection of rubbish, once weekly, from
residences and commercial establishments.
The annual cost of this contract is $0.75
per capita per year, being financed from
general tax revenues of the town. Garbage
is collected by a collector who deals
directly with the individuals concerned.
The cost is $18.00 a year for each
household. Refuse is disposed at the
County disposal site west of Hagerstown.
66-0084
Nash, G. E. Keedysville refuse collection
and disposal operations. In Refuse
collection and disposal in Washington County,
Maryland. College Park, University of
Maryland, 1966. p.95-96.
The population of Keedysville is now
475. Refuse collection is accomplished
through a formal town contract with a
private refuse collector, providing for
twice per week collection from all
residences and business establishments
and including all types of refuse. The
annual cost of the refuse collection
contract is about $2.00 per capita
per year and is financed from general
tax revenues. Refuse is disposed of
at the County disposal site west of
Hagerstown.
66-0085
Nash, G. E. Smithsburg refuse collection
and disposal operations. In Refuse
collection and disposal in Washington
County. College Park, University of
Maryland, 1966. p.96.
The population of Smithburg is estimated
to be about 670 today. Refuse collection
19
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Collection and Disposal General
is carried out through a formal town
contract with a private refuse collector.
The terms of the contract provide for the
twice weekly collection of all refuse
from residences and commercial
establishments. The annual cost of about
$4.00 per capita per year is paid from
general tax revenues. General
satisfaction is indicated with the present
method, employed for about ten to fifteen
years. All collected refuse is disposed
of at a site located outside of Washington
County,
66-0086
New solid wastes film premieres at Congress.
APWA [American Public Works Association]
Reporter, 33(10):13, Oct. 1966.
The film The Third Pollution illustrates
such problems as the burning dump at
Kenilworth, Washington, D. C. , and San
Francisco's controversial Bay disposal
program. Also depicted are the Mission
Canyon Sanitary Landfill in Los Angeles,
New York City's massive collection and
disposal requirement, the Hempstead,
Long Island, incinerator, and composting
and salvaging operations.
66-0087
Ohio Department of Health. Refuse
sanitation. Columbus, 1966. 48 p.
A community may employ a pub_1ic, a contract,
or a private service for the collection of
its refuse. With a public collection
service, sanitation and public health are
primary objectives; no profit has to be
made. Municipal police powers may be used
in getting proper storage. Such a
collection system would require not only
adequate financing, equipment, and personnel,
but also sufficient public and financial-
support. Contract collection services are
financed by private capital, and therefore
must arrange sufficiently long contract
periods. Contracts should allow for
changing conditions, and should cover such
points as types of refuse to be collected,
frequency and location of pick-up, and
type of equipment to be used. In private
collection services, again private capital
is used. Haulers should be required to
meet minimum requirements in equipment
and transport. Such a system seldom extends
to all premises of one community, but the
community usually must provide a
satisfactory disposal method for the
refuse. Collection of household refuse is
seldom necessary more than once a week,
while daily collection should be provided in
commercial areas. Proper collection
equipment should be leakproof, easy to
clean, well-covered, and should have a capacity
suitable to the size of the municipality
being served. Packer-type trucks are
most satisfactory, as they eliminate many
trips to the disposal site. Success of a
refuse collection system depends greatly upon
strict enforcement and compliance with
regulations,
Sanitation in refuse storage, collection,
and disposal is discussed. Descriptions of
storage equipment and recommendations
for receptacle location and cleaning are
included. Public, private,, and contract
collection methods are described, as are
the various types of collection equipment.
Among the refuse disposal methods considered,
sanitary landfills are discussed in the
greatest detail. Basic authority and
financing are reviewed for the municipality,
the county, and the township, and other
laws relating to refuse sanitation are
outlined,
66-0088
Ohio Department of Health. Refuse
collection. In Refuse sanitation. Columbus,
1966. p.9-15.
66-0089
Ohio Department of Health. Refuse disposal.
In Refuse sanitation. Columbus, 1966.
p.16-26.
Good refuse disposal methods are essential to
an adequate refuse program. Open dumps are
unsightly and attract rats and flies, and
well-isolated dumping sites involve expensive
hauling operations. From a sanitation
standpoint, hog feeding is a poor method
of disposal, for a large amount of garbage
is not eaten. Incineration is not a complete
disposal process, but can eliminate most
smoke and odor problems when designed
properly. Composting is still in the
experimental stage and has not yet been
proven to be satisfactory for general
community use. Household or business
establishment garbage grinding avoids
storage and collection problems, but
central garbage grinding has not been
20
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0086-0094
shown to be practical. Sanitary landfill
eliminates most problems associated with
open dumping, and handles all types of
refuse at the same time. Landfills can be
established quickly at low initial costs,
and can accommodate increasing
populations. Sites must be within a
reasonable hauling distance, and should
not be subject to flooding. Sanitary
landfill operation is usually carried
on by either the 'area* or the 'trench*
method, and utilizes tractors, bulldozers, and
various light and accessory equipment.
Recommended landfill operating practices are
given.
66-0090
Ohio Department of Health, Municipal refuse
collection and disposal. In Refuse
sanitation. Columbus, 1966. p.27-31.
A municipality must provide some means of
collecting and disposing of its refuse, and
has ample authority to set up an adequate
system. A municipality may adopt
requirements concerning refuse handling,
and set up a public system. It can also
contract with individuals, private companies,
a county disposal district, or another
municipality to provide collection and
disposal of solid wastes. A municipality
may grant franchises or exclusive rights to
individuals for collection and disposal
service, and may appropriate land for
disposal plants. A city also has the
authority to finance the cost of purchasing
land facilities and equipment, and the costs
of operating collection and disposal
systems. Sucb financing can be accomplished
by means of a general tax fund, general
obligation bonds, mortgage revenue bonds,
or a voted tax levy. Each of these is
discussed.
equipment may be achieved by the issuance
of revenue bonds and by general obligation
bonds. Service charges can help cover
operational costs and pay off the bonds.
A county may also contract with a
municipal corporation, a township, or
board of education for furnishing refuse
disposal services.
66-0092
Proceedings; First Annual Meeting of the
Institute for Solid Wastes, Chicago,
Sept, 13-15, 1966, American Public
Works Association, 78 p.
The first annual meeting of the Institute
for Solid Wastes included a joint meeting
of the executive councils of the Institute
for Solid Wastes and the International
Association of Public Cleansing. Six
papers were presented. The subjects
included; refuse collection, site location
problems of refuse disposal, on-site
handling of refuse, regional approaches to
refuse disposal, characteristics of
incinerator residue, and electronic data
processing in a sanitation department.
66-0093
Public cleansing equipment at Olympia.
Public Cleansing, 56(11):560-562, Nov.
1966,
Brief descriptions of equipment and
vehicles soon to be displayed at the
Olympia exhibition are given. Among
the devices and •vehicles were dustless
loaders, container hoist equipment, an
open top container with a liquid proof
seal on the rear door, a trailer gritter,
snowplow blades, snow blowers and snow
loaders, and wastepaper handling devices.
66-0091
Ohio Department of Health. County refuse
collection and disposal. In Refuse
sanitation. Columbus, 1966. p.32-34,
In setting up a public refuse-handling
system, counties in Ohio have authority to
establish collection and disposal districts
outside municipal corporations and to adopt
regulations concerning the operation of
handling systems, A county may employ an
inspector to enforce laws against nuisances
and require approval of all refuse disposal-
systems set ur> in the county. Financing
the purchase of land, facilities, and
66-0094
Puts standard units to fresh use.
Refuse Removal Journal, 9(12) :6-7, 10,
Dec. 1966.
The refuse handling operations of the General
Disposal Company, Peoria, Illinois, are
described. The Company serves 11 communities
and many large commercial and industrial
establishments. It also operates two
landfill sites. Among the contractor's
unusual operations are its 'removable town
dumps*--these are drop-off bodies placed
in a number of far-flung farming
21
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Collection and Disposal General
communities which are picked up weekly.
General Disposal also has been instrumental
in placing stationary packers at two large
industrial locations. On some of its
residential routes, it makes extensive use
of three wheeled scooters, some of which were
modified to tow 3-yd containers. In Peoria
and other larger communities, each packer
makes up to 700 pickups per day. For Peoria,
General Disposal's contract costs the
city $0.84 per month per customer. Towns a great
distance from Peoria present a transportation
problem. A unique arrarpc-ment has been
worked out with a number of outlying faming
communities with 40-yd drop-off containers
placed near the center of the small towns.
For industrial and commercial collections,
over 500 containers are used, 350 of which
have 1-yd capacity. In addition, there are
also nine 9-yd units, at industrial locations
and a number of 40-yd Huge Haul containers.
General figures direct operating overhead at
$9 per hr, and is currently making an extensive
study to pin down indirect costs. Over-all,
it calculates that it must sell its service
for $15 per hr. Routes are also subject to
careful time and motion studies. The
Company's equipment and landfill
operation are described.
66-0095
Question accuracy of APWA solid waste
report. Refuse Removal Journa], 9(10):
20-21 , 30, 32, Oct. 1966.
In its August 1966 issue, the American
Public Works Association Reporter published
an article entitled "Solid Wastes - the
job ahead", which presented the highlights
of a report prepared by the APWA Research
Foundation for the Subcommittee on Economic
Progress of the Joint Economic Committee of
the United States Congress. An in-depth
review of this article, distributed at the
American Public Works Association Congress
and Equipment Show at Chicago, revealed
serious errors, omissions, distortions and
biased conclusions that may have a doubtful
effect on future collection and disposal
planning. The most glaring omission is
that little or no attention has been
given to solid wastes generated by
commercial and industrial organizations,
which amounts to about two-thirds of all
refuse collected in the United States. A
table published by the American Works
Association depicting the breakdown of
refuse collection practices by type of
collection organization is misleading,
providing the false impression that
municipally-controlled collection is larger
than privately-controlled collection. In
the section on disposal facilities, their
use, ownership and distribution, the
APWA Research Committee has grossly
under-estimated the number of private
contractors using privately-operated
disposal facilities, the total number of
sanitary landfill used by our largest
cities, and the percentage of facilities
operated by private contractors. In terms
of accuracy, the largest errors in the
report occur in the data on collection
vehicles. An independently conducted
market survey of the sanitation industries
shows that instead of the 30,000 to 40,000
figures mentioned in the APWA report, there
are 53,000 municipally-owned and 95,000
privately-owned collection trucks used for
refuse collection in the U.S. at the time of
the report. The data on the cost of
equipment is also questioned.
66-0096
Refuse disposal. Virginia Health
Bulletin, 19, series 2(5)-.1-12, Sept.
1966.
The refuse disposal problem in Virginia and
the steps being taken by authorities to deal
with it are described. Suggestions to the
individual citizen for helping with the
problem are given. Among the topics
discussed are: (1) the high cost of refuse
collection and disposal; (2) the need for
dumping facilities and a map of the 7,701
promiscuous dumps in Virginia; (3) the
condition of household garbage cans as the
source of trouble; (4) types of municipal
refuse collection and disposal, including
the open dump, which should be replaced,
incineration, sanitary landfill, and
salvage and compost; (5) citizen action
and the concern of the State Health
Department. The Board of Health is
requiring cities, towns, and counties to
file a report on how they are presently
disposing of refuse in their jurisdiction
and what plans they have for the future
in order to provide information for
future action. In addition, the State
Health Department has received approval
for a federal grant for refuse disposal
planning.
66-0097
Rogus, C. A. Collection and disposal of
oversized burnable wastes. Public Works,
97(4):106-110, Apr. 1966.
22
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0095-0100
New York City has been studying the problem
of oversized burnable wastes which cannot
readily be collected in the normal truck
or disposed in the conventional incinerator.
Christmas trees per capita are 0.6 Ib.
Twenty-four thousand tons of trees, 28,000
tons of beach wastes, 122,000 tons of waste
lumber, and 10"-15 million tons of
metallic non-burnables are removed annually.
Miscellaneous bulky wastes total 58,500
annual tons. Larger items must be collected
separately by manually loaded open-type
dump trucks, assisted by hydraulic
tail-gate lifts, On-site burning is limited
to waste lumber and timber. Burning at sea
is limited to driftwood fished out of harbor
wastes. Salvaging methods are re-use, paper
pulp manufacture and conversion of waste
lumber into a charcoal-like substance
by pyrolysls or destructive distillation.
Unless pre-crushed or shredded, oversized
items will arch or bridge within a landfill
and create voids providing harborage for
rodents and some insect:,. Disposal of
chipped brush and timber has been practiced
occasionally but is a slow process.
Controlled burning can be done in open pit,
portable incinerators, special fixed
incinerators with single retangular,
refractory lined furnace, or large central
incinerators if over-sized items are
reduced in size. A "hogging system*
adapted an abandoned hammer-mill shredder
and apron conveyor to the conditions existing
at the incinerator. Individual timbers of
large size would lodge and inactivate
the hammers in its vertical plane. The
multiple shear and impact crusher types
of Hoggers, used in Europe, can break up
bulky wastes. The hogging operation is
noisy and dusty so that suitable housing
and dust control are essential.
COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION
OF REFUSE
66-0098
Alabama city expands service with container
trains. Refuse Removal Journal, 9(10):16,
18, Oct. 1966.
Since the population of Montgomery, Alabama,
has expanded by over 50 percent in the last
15 years, the following steps were taken to
supply efficient refuse collection service:
(1) the City began charging a fee for refuse
collection service; (2) introduction of
container trains on many residential routes;
and (3) detailed cost accounting. The direct
billing was necessitated by the fast
expanding residential developments and the
higher cost of refuse removal service.
Residents pay $2 per month, and commercial and
industrial establishments using Dempster or
LoDal containers must pay a fee from $4 to
$40 per month, based on refuse volume, and may
get pickups from 4 to 40 times a month at a
rate of $3 per collection. Since far-flung
routes were becoming more costly to service,
ten container trains, serviced by three
LoDal 28-yd front loading packers, were
obtained. This system has resulted in
reduced refuse collection time,
Montgomery's cost accounting system has
been invaluable when a unit needed
replacement. and it has allowed the
department to discover drivers who have
been careless with equipment. The
operations at various landfill sites
in the Montgomery area are described.
66-0099
American Public Works Association.
Committee on Solid Wastes. Refuse
collection practice, 3d ed. Chicago, Public
Administration Service, 1966. 525 p,
The data that served as the basis for this
edition was obtained by means of a
comprehensive survey conducted by the APWA
in cooperation with the United States Public
Health Service, which tabulated the replies
to the questionnaire. The individual
chapters cover the following subjects:
definition of refuse materials; preparation of
refuse for collection; collection costs;
equipment; supplemental transportation;
special refuse; municipal, contract or
private collection; financing; organization;
personnel; equipment management; reporting,
cost accounting and budgeting; and public
relations. Appendices include excerpts
from refuse collection ordinances and
survey data and techniques, A selected
bibliography is given for each chapter and
a subject index is included.
66-0100
American Public Works Association,
Committee on Solid Wastes, The refuse-
collection problem. In Refuse
collection practice. 3d ed. Chicago,
Public Administration Service, 1966.
p.1-12.
Refuse collection services are performed
by government agencies, a refuse contractor
under direct contract with the resident, or
a refuse contractor under contract with the
government. The amount of refuse varies with
the season of the year, the quantity of
garbage being greatest in the summer and
yard rubbish more plentiful in spring and
23
-------
Collection and Transportation of Refuse
fall. Methods of getting refuse to
collection vehicles include: transferring
from curb containers, carrying containers
from back doors or basements, exchanging
full cans for empty ones, placing portable
containers at strategic places, and use
of disposable refuse bags. Collection
equipment, trucks, trailers, container
trains, and motorized carts, have to be
maintained and replaced. Special
problems are: control and regulation of
scavengers and private collectors,
removal of market refuse, handling of
condemned food and dead animals, and
management of clean-up campaigns.
Good personnel and public relations must
also be maintained. Studies are
underway to determine the feasibility
of using computers for refuse
collection systems analysis.
successful operation of the disposal system.
Disposal methods such as hog feeding,
grinding, incineration, sanitary landfill, and
composting, influence the separation of
refuse. In order to insure better
sanitation, garbage, rubbish and ashes are
given special preparation such as draining,
wrapping, boxing, and breaking up of large
articles. The care, weight and size of
various receptacles for refuse (garbage
containers, plastic containers, paper bags
and boxes, ash containers) are discussed.
Location of containers during and between
collections varies from place to place. Air
pollution and quantity regulations affect
residents and industry. Formal instructions
are sometimes issued in the form of 'house
cards*. Notices in local newspapers may
inform citizens of informal or temporary
regulations.
66-0101
American Public Works Association.
Contmittee on Solid Wastes. Refuse
materials. In Refuse collection practice.
3d ed. Chicago, Public Administration
Service, 1966. p,13-41.
The terms used for refuse and its component
materials are classified and define:
garbage, rubbish, ashes, bulky wastes,
street refuse, dead animals, abandoned
vehicles, construction wastes, hazardous
wastes, animal and agricultural wastes, and
sewage treatment wastes. Total and per capita
refuse production in the U.S. is shown in
graphic and tabulated forms. Individual
refuse production in 1965 was estimated at
about 4.5 Ib per capita per day or 1,650
Ib per capita per year and is expected to
continue at an increase of about 0.07 Ib
per capita per day or 25 Ib per capita
per yr, Daily and seasonal fluctuations
and a statistical breakdown of the
components of combined refuse (garbage,
paper, wood, glass, ashes) are listed. There
is a trend toward less separation of refuse
classes on the premises and greater use of
combined refuse collection.
66-0103
American Public Works Association.
Committee on Solid Wastes, Refuse
collection methods. In Refuse collection
practice. 3d ed. Chicago, Public
Administration Service, 1966. p,102-1 33.
Refuse collection methods used by municipal
agencies are described and analyzed.
Containers can be lifted to the shoulders,
carried, or rolled on special carts.
Emptying is accomplished by groundmen or
aen on trucks. The use of vehicles of the
open body type is discouraged. Advantages
and disadvantages of loading containers
from curbs or alleys are covered. Refuse
collection data from 23 cities using the
Set-out and/or Set-Back system is tabulated.
Various estimates place the additional
expense of set-out and set-back at 25 to 50
percent over the amount needed for regular
curb or alley collection. Methods of
organizing work may be divided into two
main types: (1) definite tasks are assigned
to individual collection crews, and (2)
operations of several or many crews are
coordinated or integrated.
66-0102
American Public Works Association,
Committee on Solid Wastes. Preparation of
refuse for collection. In Refuse collection
practice. 3d ed. Chicago, Public
Administration Service, 1966. p.42-77.
From an administrative point of view, careful
preparation of refuse is the key to
66-0104
American Public Works Association.
Committee on Solid Wastes. Refuse
collection equipment. In Refuse collection
practice, 3d ed. Chicago, Public
Administration Service, 1966, p.134-147.
The kinds of collection vehicles used in the
U.S. generally fall into three types: open
trucks, enclosed trucks, and compactor trucks.
24
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0101-0107
Data are given for types and sizes of
collection vehicles used In 1964. The nominal
size of the chassis ranges from 1% to 8
tons, with the trend going toward even larger
chassis, i.e., up to 15 tons. In evaluating
the different types of collection vehicles
available, the following factors should be
taken into consideration: height of
loading edge from ground; effective width of
loading hopper; over-all loading space; time
of loading and parking cycle; degree of
compaction; safety hazards; ruggedness and
ease of maintenance; appearance; cost;
adaptability of equipment for other work;
desirable turning radii and relative merit
of compactor versus enclosed non-compactor
or open-top vehicles. Illustrations of
various types of trucks are included.
66-0105
American Public Works Association.
Committee on Solid Wastes, Planning refuse
collection systems. In Refuse collection
practice. 3d ed. Chicago, Public
Administration Service, 1966. p. 158-202,
In planning refuse collection, type of
refuse, population density, physical layout
of area, zoning, and climate are fixed
elements. Factors open to determination
are: responsibility for disposal, disposal
methods, extent to which municipal, contract
or private methods are to be used, materials
to be handled, type of equipment, location
of refuse for collection, and organization
of crews. All policies fixed by councils,
committees, or executives should be clearly
stated in writing. The time of starting and
stopping residential collections in 80
cities and commercial collections in 59
cities is shown. Analyses of unit costs
using various sizes and types of equipment
are also tabulated. City maps showing
refuse production and hauling distances
are illustrated. Preparation of schedules
is discussed and a typical schedule is
included. Typical collection plans are
described for Cincinnati, Ohio; Hartford,
Connecticut; Pasadena and Los Angeles,
California and College Park, Maryland.
Examples of time studies are given for
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
66-0106
American Public Works Association.
Committee on Solid Wastes. Supplemental
transportation of refuse. In Refuse
collection practice. 3d ed. Chicago,
Public Administration Service, 1966, p.203-219.
As a connecting link between the
collection service and the disposal
process the supplemental transportation
system must equal in capacity, sanitation,
reliability, and adequacy, the standards
of the other parts of the operation. The
kinds of transfer equipment in current use
are described and the more important
advantages and disadvantages of each
are considered. Some municipalities use
5 to 10 ton trucks, semi-trailers, or a
truck-tractor pulling a semi-trailer.
Barges, scows, lighter, and special
freight boats are used to transfer
refuse from collection vehicles to
disposal plants or dumps. One of the
disadvantages of transferring refuse
by water is that it may be impractical to
move boats during storms. Typical refuse
transfer installations are listed for
selected cities and the economic
analysis of supplemental transportation
systems is shown graphically. A plan
of a Washington, B.C. transfer station
is illustrated. The necessity of
providing transfer stations may serve to
make some operations less economical
than the exchange of vehicles or refuse
collection bodies.
66-0107
American Public Works Association,
Committee on Solid Wastes. Special refuse
collection problems. In Refuse collection
practice. 3d ed. Chicago, Public
Administration Service, 1966. p. 220-235.
No major city now allows uncontrolled or
unauthorised scavenging by individuals,
Cotnmerical and industrial establishments
that are not given municipal collection
service frequently haul their refuse to
disposal points instead of employing
private collectors. The advent of large,
covered metal containers that can be located
throughout the area of markets and large
front-end loaders with the ability to load and
pack the contents of the containers has
provided the public markets with the solution
to their refuse problem. Since food that has
been condemned by health officials still
belongs to the wholesaler or merchant, the
owner or hired private collectors usually
haul the condemned food to incinerators or
landfills. The collection of dead animals,
because of the emergency nature of the work,
must be handled by special crews or
contractors. The sweepings from street
cleaning are collected by handbroorn men
or 'white wings'. Hazardous materials,
large furniture, and oil containers are
25
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Collection and Transportation of Refuse
disposed of under special conditions. For
many cities, particularly the smaller
ones, annual or semi-annual collection of
ashes and certain rubbish provides a suitable
standard of service. Because of legal
difficulties, it is generally better for
municipal vehicles to use public right of
way for passage.
66-0108
American Public Works Association.
Committee on Solid Wastes. Municipal,
contract or private collection of refuse.
In Refuse collection practice. Chicago,
Public Administration Service, 1966.
p.236-267.
The terms used to designate the three types
of collection: municipal, contract, and
private are defined. In most cities and
communities there is a combination of
methods of collecting the various forms
of refuse. Advantages and disadvantages
of the three types of collection are
compared. Specifications for contract
refuse collection operations are given in a
check list for use as a guide. Application
forms for private collector's permits
are illustrated. The optimum conditions
for economical and effective removal service
are realized when one agency conducts all
of the work of removing all kinds of refuse
from all properties. Any division of
operations among two or more agencies,
part municipal and part private, constitutes
at least some duplication of equipment,
labor, supervision, overhead, and control
and usually leads to inefficiency,
confusion, and higher costs. None of the
collection methods can be made entirely-
free of the disadvantages of political
interference unless Impartial and thorough
studies of the refuse problem are made from
time to time.
66-0109
American Public Works Association.
Committee on Solid Wastes. Organization.
In Refuse collection practice, 3d ed.
Chicago, Public Administration Service,
1966. p.296-313.
Refuse collection is most frequently placed
in a public works, sanitation, public
service, or some other department that
has responsibility for operating functions
that involve engineering supervision. The
most common arrangement is to group refuse
collection and disposal and street
cleaning together. Typical public works
and sanitation department organizational
charts are illustrated. Cooperation among
various departments and divisions include:
public health control of sanitary aspects;
engineering supervision of operations and
planning; police enforcement of regulations;
and public relations counseling. In
addition, equipment, personnel, purchasing,
accounting, and other services must be
provided by agencies outside the refuse
collection agency.
66-0110
American Public Works Association,
Committee on Solid Wastes. Personnel. In
Refuse collection practice. 3d ed. Chicago
Public Administration Service, 1966.
p.314-335.
Wages and salaries usually account for from
60 to 80 percent of the cost of refuse
collection. Of the 637 cities that reported
on civil service status in a 1964 survey,
154 have placed all positions in the refuse
collection agency under civil service. Since
refuse collection Is essentially a labor
service, the personnel problems encountered
are somewhat different than those of many
other government agencies. Some special
aspects of the problem are discussed such as
recruitment, wages and hours, incentive
systems, fringe benefits, working conditions
and safety, employee training, employee
suggestion systems, service rating,
employee organizations, and labor-management
relations. The actual basic and maximum wage
for foreman, truck driver, and loader
positions reported by 669 cities for 1964 are
shown to range from less than S1 per hr to
over $3 per hr.
66-0111
American Public Works Association.
Committee on Solid Wastes. Equipment
management. In Refuse collection
practice. 3d ed. Chicago, Public
Administration Service, 1966. p.336-359.
The equipment organization generally
includes maintenance; furnishing of licenses
and insurance and may include storage,
furnishing operators, purchasing and
dispatching. For over-all design criteria
of truck ability, S.A.E. procedures are a
valuable guide for the selection of a chassis.
Experience in Chicago has shown that a maximum
gradability of 25 percent and maximum speed
of approximately 35 mph, with a 5 speed
26
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0108^0115
transmission, provides a simple economical,
easy-to-maintain unit for that city's
operation (even with landfill type disposal).
Some cities have established regular training
for all drivers of refuse collection vehicles
so that the equipment is operated properly
and safe driving rules are followed. A
survey of 738 cities in 1956 showed that
647 of the cities reporting indicated that
they have motor vehicle public liability
insurance. Equipment maintenance work sheets
are illustrated. While many practices in
the field of refuse collection must be
decided on the basis of local conditions, the
purchase, maintenance, and servicing of
vehicles must follow accepted methods of
good management.
66-0112
American Public Works Association.
Committee on Solid Wastes. Public
relations. In Refuse collection practice.
3d ed. Chicago, Public Administration
Service, 1966. p.381-406.
The refuse collection service must be
particularly sensitive to its public
relations role since its employees have
so many personal contacts with citizens.
Some cities have prepared public relations
handbooks for all municipal employees,
Group lectures, formal classes, manuals of
practice, and personal instruction have all
proved to be effective training devices for
employees. Some cities delegate to
inspectors the authority to adjust
controversies and to explain possible
difficulties. Typical refuse complaint
forms and analysis of complaint forms
are illustrated. Public education
consists first of informing the citizens of
what refuse collection service is available,
the schedules and rules under which the
service is carried on, and the obligations
of the householder. Newspaper campaigns,
public reports, speeches, radio broadcasts,
television shows, motion pictures, and slides
may all be a part of a 'clean up'
campaign. When public relations fail,
legal enforcement of ordinances and
regulations must be undertaken. In some
cities it has been found desirable to
assign regular police officers to the refuse
removal agencies.
66-0173
American Public Works Association.
Committee on Solid Wastes, Refuse
collection in 1964: selected data from 956
cities. In Refuse collection practice.
3d ed. Chicago, Public Administration
Service, 1966. p.449-472.
The questionnaire from which this data was
derived was distributed in 1964 to all cities
in the U.S. and Canada of more than 5,000
population. A total of 1,116 replies were
received of which 956 were usable. The
information was transferred to IBM cards
and seven key characteristics of refuse
collection were represented in the printout.
Included in the data are: population;
systems used (municipal, contract, or private);
areas serviced (residential, commercial,
manufacturing and industrial, institutional,
and public); collection points (alley, curb,
front of house, rear of house); set-out or
set-back; frequency of collection; and
method of finance (general tax, service
charge).
66-0114
American Public Works Association.
Committee on Solid Wastes. Analysis and
planning of refuse collection systems.
In Refuse collection practice. 3d ed,
Chicago, Public Administration Service, 1966,
p.473-503.
The University of California Sanitary
Engineering Research Project carried on
investigations in the field of community-
refuse collection and disposal in 1950 and
1951. A synopsis is given here of the data
and analytical techniques developed from
the study entitled 'An Analysis of Refuse
Collection and Sanitary Landfill Disposal',
Technical Bulletin 8, Series 37. This
work is the first comprehensive scientific
effort to develop basic refuse collection
system design criteria on a broad basis
that has been made in almost 3 decades. The
data is based on California conditions and
must be interpreted accordingly,
66-0175
Bigger and better at Bournemouth. Public
Cleansing, 56(9):443-449, Sept, 1966.
A vehicle exhibition took place at the
Nor'west Conference. The refuse
collection vehicles included: the rotating
drum system refuse collection vehicle 'The
Shark", a paper sack system of refuse
storage 'The Musketeer', B. M. C.'s 'Tilt
Cab", Sheppard Fabrications' 'Winch Unit', and
S.M.T.'s 'Highway", The street cleaning machines
were: the street sweeper 'The Hew Era',
27
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Collection and Transportation of Refuse
a multi-purpose vehicle 'The Litterette',
a trailer-type machine 'The Tintern',
and a suction road sweeper "The City'.
Vehicles shown for winter emergencies
were: the gritter "Mitii-spred', the
snow plough 'Electro-lift*, the street
orderly "Beaver*, and the bulk gritter
'Bemos*. Also shown were a suction hose
'Flexilant', the snow shovel 'Snowaway',
a dustbin 'Harcostar*, a refuse
container 'Ezelift*, and a mobile
incinerator "Infurnirator'. There was
also an earth moving machinery display
which was hampered by high winds and sand.
66-0116
Bigger than ever at Bournemouth. Public
Cleansing, 56(5):196-221, May 1966.
An exhibition of public cleansing vehicles
and equipment was held in conjunction with
the Institute's Conference at Bournemouth,
The display included: (a)
vehicles"-tractors , gully emptiers, refuse
collectors, compression bodies, continuous
loader, suction sweeper, mechanical sweeper,
vacuum cleaner, gritter, and salvage
trailers; (b) earth-moving
equipment--crawler, tractor shovel,
excavators, bulk handling units, and hydraulic
shovel; and (c) appliances and protective
clothing-refuse storage system, brooms,
dustbins, brushes, garments, sacks, and
street orderlies.
situations likely to be found in the study
areas.
66-0118
Bowertnan, F, R. Refuse collection--public
or private? In Proceedings; First Annual
Meeting of the Institute for Solid Wastes
Chicago, Sept. 13-15, 1966. American Public
Works Association, p.1-3.
Differences between public and private
refuse collection systems were explored
through an analysis of the three-
component parts of the system:
administration and supervision, labor, and
equipment. It was concluded that there are
examples of the best in modern-day
techniques in both public and private refuse
collection and disposal systems. The most
frequent cause of substandard performance
by private industry is the failure of local
government to prescribe minimum
specifications for performance to protect'
public health and safety. Recent years have
seen the gradual development of improved
specifications for bidding on solid wastes
collection and disposal contracts. It Is
probable that the entry of the federal
government into the solid wastes field will
now provide assistance to state and local
governments in the development of criteria
which will lead to the improvement of both
private and public operations.
66-0117
Black and Veatch, Consulting Engineers,
Refuse hauling. In Report on refuse disposal
for Northern Baltimore County, Maryland.
Kansas City, Mo., 1966.
For minimum cost of refuse disposal, the
collection routes and access roads to the
disposal facility must be considered.
It is advantageous for the disposal facility
to be accessible via high-speed haul routes
designed for trucks traffic. A 20 cu yd
packer truck, hauling an average pay load of 5
tons with a two man crew was used to complete
hauling costs for this study of refuse
disposal in northern Baltimore County. Since
packer trucks are not economical over long
distances or at less than full payload, the
feasibility of a transfer station for the
refuse, to transfer the load to large
capacity tractor trailer trucks was
considered. The fixed, variable hauling
costs and the transfer station costs are
developed with charts for the particular
66-0119
Brothers build progressive firm with new
techniques. Refuse Removal Journal, 9(3):
20, 42, Mar. 1966.
The operations of Shayne Bros., Inc., a
refuse collection company in Washington,
D. C., are described. The three Shayne
brothers bought the business In 1945 for
$3,750. In 1965, the company grossed over S1
million annually, with business expanding at
about 10 percent a year. To handle its
far-flung accounts in the Capital area, the
company uses a wealth of equipment, including
front and rear loading containers, roll-off
bodies, detachable containers, stationary
compactors, open trucks, and rear-end
loaders. This diversified equipment assures
that the right tool is available for the job.
This phenomenal growth has been brought about
by the use of advanced equipment, aggressive
advertising, excellent employee benefits
and relationships, computer billing, and
the services of a management consultant.
To keep nearly 60 vehicles and 3,500
28
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0116-0124
containers in good condition, an efficient
maintenance program is carried out. The
Shayne shop operates 24 hr a day, so that
packers may be serviced at night and downtime
is cut to a minimum. The text of an
aggressive radio commercial, put on the
air by the company, in advertising for truck
drivers, is presented.
66-0120
City of 270,000 takes step toward contract
collection. Refuse Removal Journal, 9
(3):22, Mar. 1966.
Jersey City, New Jersey, has authorized
itself to study the feasibility of turning
over refuse collecting to private
contractors. It has advertized for bids to
get an idea of the cost involved. The
Authority at present operates a large modern
incinerator and a refuse vehicle fleet. It
is estimated that collection costs $650,000
per year for wages, and $200,000 for
insurance, maintenance, and repairs. Figures
for other cost, including capital investment
in trucks, garage, and other equipment, have
not been gathered. Contractors who wish
to submit bids must prove their financial
responsibility and experience in the
field before being allowed to pick up a set
of specifications on which to base their bid.
A contractor will possibly be obliged to use
the same personnel now working for the city,
and it is also likely the the contract will
call for him to purchase the Authority's
25 refuse packers and rent the Authority's
new garage, which is still without
equipment.
66-0121
City slashes packer upkeep. Refuse Removal
Journal, 9 (8):74-75, 77, Aug. 1966.
Chicago expects to save more than a million
dollars over the next few years by
purchasing refuse handling equipment with a
guaranteed maintenance program. In 1964,
the system was started with the purchase
of 75 collection trucks. It has since been
successful enough for the city to buy
another 75 packers with upkeep contracts.
In addition, the city is purchasing 12 75-yd
transfer trailers and 25 street sweepers
under a similar arrangement. White Motor
Company won the recent guaranteed
maintenance-purchase contract for 75 trucks
and chassis with a total low bid of
$2,067,396, about half of which covers the
cost of the trucks and the other half the
maintenance for 6 years. The monthly unit
upkeep will be accomplished for $197 per
month. Chicago spends an average of $293
per month to maintain each of its present
refuse trucks for 6 years. The $197 per
month for maintenance on the new packers is
thus nearly $100 per month less than the
average price presently paid by the
department to keep up its fleet of 514
trucks. The method of payment and the
maintenance expected of the contractor as
well as the jobs the city retains are
described in detail.
66-0122
Cleaner refuse trucks mean fewer complaints,
better morale. Public Works, 97(6):148B,
June 1966.
Refuse is collected once a week in Kansas
City, Missouri, with 38 refuse trucks and 18
flatbed trucks to hold garbage barrels from
restaurants. They found that a Malsbary 400
HPC steam cleaner uses only half the
detergent formerly required to clean a truck.
The steam removes refuse, muddy dirt, and
salty mud from snow removal trucks.
66-0123
The commercial motor show. Engineering,
202(5239):505-507, Sept. 16. 1966.
The International Commercial Vehicle
Exhibition, to be held Sept. 23-Oct. 1,
1966, will display luxury buses, heavy
duty goods vehicles, light delivery vans, and
all other methods of moving merchandise by
road. Sections will also be devoted to
tires, components, and accessories.
Sixteen of the exhibits are described with
photographs of 12 selected trucks or pieces
of machinery. Among those described are the
Ford D series truck range and Ford Transit
medium van range, the Pedigree Plus Straight
Frame semi-trailer chassis, the 6LXB engine,
hydraulic dumping gears for commercial
vehicles, a container transfer unit, a
bulk transporter semi-trailer, a fire-crash
tender, a 5 forward speed gear box, the
30-ton GVW fifth wheel trailer, and Loadstar
motor trucks.
66-0124
Contractor's feather run is heavy weight
task. Refuse Removal Journal, 9(1):8-9,
Jan. 1966.
29
-------
Collection and Transportation of Refuse
The operations of a refuse collection company
in Ontario, Canada, which picks up industrial
and commercial refuse during the day and
feathers from poultry processing plants at
night, are described. By using 3 and 4 yd
metal containers on casters, dumping them into
a front'end loading packer and compressing
them, it was possible to reduce their
moisture content by 30 percent. The payloads
could therefore be larger, and loading and
unloading became much faster. The trucks,
which cover 1 ,000 miles five nights a week
deliver the feathers to a rendering plant
where they are processed into feather meal,
a high protein feed supplement for poultry.
The personnel, shifts, and equipment
maintenance, as well as special problems
involved in the feather pickup operations,
are described.
66-0125
Critchley, H. F. Refuse collection, Public
Health Inspector, 75(2):83-97, 120, Nov. 1966.
Public cleansing is without doubt among the
most important environmental health services.
The powers of collection legislation are
given to county boroughs, boroughs, urban and
rural district councils. Refuse consists
primarily of dust, ash, cinder, vegetable
and putrescrible matter, paper, metal, rags,
and glass. A refuse storage bin should be
nuisance free with a well fitting lid and
adequate capacity. Ninety percent of the
dwellings use galvanized steel dust bins.
However, plastic bins and plastic and paper
sacks are. becoming more popular. Storage
points should be easily accessible. Fifteen
percent of the premises have curbside
collection and 20 percent have 'skep*
collection. Other methods are the collection
and return bins, dustless loading with
special containers and vehicles, paper
sacks, and chutes, The wide range of
vehicles in use includes side loaders, rear
loaders, compressors, dustless loaders and
special vehicles for containers. On-site
disposal of refuse is also becoming
popular. The problem of disposal of bulk
refuse and old cars is still increasing.
Since paper is forming an increasing
proportion of the volume of refuse,
salvage is financial!}' worthwhile. The
conclusions reached summarized the
essential regulations needed. A discussion
of the paper followed.
66-0126
Dealing with refuse from high flats. Public
Cleansing, 56 (4): 149, Apr, 1966.
The Greater London Council has decided on the
use of a special 10 cu yd semi-trailer
to deal with refuse from a tall block of
flats. The trailers have an opening in the
roof covered by two folding lids
which, when opened, form a chute for the
refuse. The trailers are backed into
chambers in the buildings for loading. A
mechanical tractor is used to move the
trailers to the disposal site.
66-0127
Do sheep make good refuse collectors?
Public Cleansing, 56(4):177-178, Apr. 1966.
Most of the towns of Rhondda Valley operate
curbside refuse collection, (Due to the
allocation of cheap coal to miners the
weight of refuse per 1,000 population
is 25-30 cwts per day.) Between the
time the occupier places his bin outside his
front gate and the collection team arrives,
each bin is systematically visited by the
sheep. During their 'rounds,* the sheep
nose off the lids and knock over the cans to
find every bit of edible refuse. These
sheep, straying from small farms, are
traffic hazards and are a rcenance to
greengrocers. Because of the scavenging,
some towns are considering the use of the
'Falkirk' bin--the lid being attached to
the bin with a strap. Even at the so-called
controlled tips, sheep and horses scavenge on
edible refuse.
66-0128
Former hotel man expands Hawaii refuse
company. Refuse Removal Journal, 9(4):22,
54, Apr. 1966.
The refuse operation of Kona Hauling, a
refuse collection service on the island of
Hawaii, is described. The company serves
the north and south Kona Districts with
headquarters in Kaulua-Kona. Because Kona
Hauling is the only refuse collection
service on the west side of the island, it
handles homes, hotels, restaurants, and
businesses. Hotels and restaurants get
service seven davs a week and are provided
with 35 gal steel barrels. Residences get
backyard pickup service, but residents often
ask the collectors to do odd jobs for
them. By nature of the land and people, some
of Kona's refuse collecting presents unusual
and often annoying problems. Cuttings from
the thorny Bougainville a vine are hard to
handle and the coconut palm fronds take up a
great deal of room in trucks and have to be.
30
-------
0125-0132
hacked into pieces manually. Collection
crews are often found swimming in the
Pacific and maintenance and repairs are done
on a haphazard basis, because of lack of
facilities and spare parts. Present
equipment consists of a 12 cu yd Gar Wood
packer body mounted on an International
chassis, and a 1962 FC-170 Jeep 1-ton
dump truck. Four full time men service about
250 accounts. Due to the concentrated area
served and the fact that the county public
dump is just two miles from the center of the
village, the two vehicles travel only about
100 miles each week throughout the many
villages.
66-0129
Gone with the wind. Refuse removal by
pneumatics for Westminster. Public
Cleansing, 56(10):495, Oct. 1966.
Westminster City Council's Cleansing Committee
has recommended pneumatic refuse removal for
use in a large apartment development.
Vertical cylindrical chutes, instead of ending
in a container room in the basement, are
connected by a valve to a main transporter
pipe through which refuse is drawn by a
vacuum method to a central storage silo.
A programming mechanism opens the valve and
the refuse, pulled by the air current from
extractor fans, moves to the silo at a speed
of about 90 ft per sec. The chutes are
successively opened until all are emptied.
The cycle can be repeated as often as the
volume of input refuse requires. An
on-site incinerator can reduce the volume of
the refuse by one-seventh and the weight
by one-quater. Capita] costs are
estimated at $108 per apartment and
annual operating costs at $5 per
apartment.
6&0130
Hamburg's public cleansing department uses
most modern machinery. Staedtel vgiene ,
17(2):42, Feb. 1966.
A fully-automated tunnel washing truck, a
truck for crushing bulky waste, and an
automated strewing truck now belong to the
vehicle pool of the municipal administration
of Hamburg. In 1965, 2.7 million cu m of
waste were transported, corresponding to a
daily rate of 3.9 liters per capita. A total
of 1,000 workers and 225 specialized trucks
are employed. Unusual accumulation of
waste in households, such as occurs after
holidays, is taken care of by using paper
waste bags sold at 1.50 DM each by the City.
(Text-German)
66-0131
Handles 30 city packer trucks daily. Refuse
Removal Journal, 9(11):8, 10, 49, Nov. 1966.
A modern transfer station, which is designed
to handle 145,000 yd of compacted refuse
a year, has alleviated Denver's acute
refuse disposal problem. Four 60-yd Hobbs
Hyd-Pak transfer trailers handle 28 to 30
loads of refuse per day from 20 yd municipal
packers. The total cost of refuse disposal
via transfer stations and landfill is
estimated to be $3.25 per ton based on an
average one-way haul of 18 miles from five
transfer stations in Denver to the Lowry
disposal site. The transfer station is
hydraulically operated; it creates
hydraulic pressure from electric power
rather than using separate combustion engines
on each piece of equipment. At the
present time, food wastes from restaurants
and commercial food haulers are collected
separately for hog feed. The city pays
$170,000 annually to the Hog Growers
Association for collection of these food
wastes; in turn, the department receives
$110,000 from these places in fees, making
the deficit in 1965 for this function
$60,000. It is therefore doubtful that this
system will be continued for long, and further
studies on refuse disposal for the Denver
area are under way. Tabulated data include
the Denver Metro area collection costs and
the Denver Metro area solid waste collection.
66-0132
Hauler plays key part in Boston's
development. Refuse Removal Journal, 9(2):
8-9, 50, Feb. 1966.
The refuse collection and hauling operations
of the contracting firm of James A. Freaney,
Inc., are described. In 1950, the company
was awarded 5 refuse collection contracts
for the City of Boston. Today, Freaney
operates 28 truck-packers and detachable
container rigs--exclusively for refuse
removal. In addition, 25 trucks and various
kinds of rolling stock are employed for
the company's general contracting work. To
handle this wide variety of tasks, the firm
has 98 employees, including an 8 man
maintenance crew and a large office staff.
For municipal refuse collection in Boston the
firm uses Leach Packmasters mounted on a
variety of chassis. Containerization is used
31
-------
Collection and Transportation of Refuse
extensively for the company's many
commercial, industrial, and construction
accounts. Most restaurants, stores, and
other businesses are served by a group of
rear-loading Leach 2R Pack-masters mounted on
Brockway diesel chassis. The units are
fitted with container hoist systems which
handle 1 to 8 yd units. Some of the major
industrial accounts, however, get drop-off
containers which are also hauled by
Brockways, For its urban renewal and
construction waste removal operations, the
company employs Heil Huge Hauls and Load
Luggers built around the Jafco system.
The trucks work double shifts and a two-way
radio communication system aids in the
efficient use of the equipment. Since the
company expects to get 5 years from each
truck, an efficient maintenance system and
premium grade oil and grease are employed.
To preserve its public image the firm also
keeps its trucks in a clean, odorless
condition.
66-0133
Hawaii's aerial collection. Refuse Removal
Journal, 9(11 ):51, Nov. 1966.
On the island of Kauai, refuse from hikers
and campers in the Kalalau Valley is
airlifted by helicopter to the town of
Haena. To prevent the lovely area from
being littered, 55-gal drums were donated
by Lihue Plantation. Drums are collected
free as a public service by Kauai
Helicopters, which flies scenic flights along
the rugged coast-line. Rental of the Bell
Ranger craft is $120 per hr, and it takes
about that long to haul out all the drums and
return the empties. Drums are lifted by a
cloth strap suspended from a cable winch
below the helicopter.
66-0134
Lady mayor leads city to economic disposal
solution. Refuse Removal Journal, 9(4):24,
58, Apr. 1966.
Since 1945, the Mayor of Salford, England,
has worked day and night to rebuild the
community's collection system. Now a modern
up-to-date sanitation department is
operating; baths and showers, a pension plan,
13 weeks a year sick leave after the first
year, and job protection combine to make this
one of England's most progressive public
cleansing departments. The Mayor, Miss
Bertha Davis, with the help of her able and
progressive department chief, the late F.L.
Stirrup, has raised the city collection
operation to a high level, both in labor and
efficiency. In 1954 adequate landfill space
was known to exist for only 6 more years.
After a study, the city decided to use a
transfer station and large-capacity
compaction hauling trucks. Now, a transfer
station with salvage and dust separation
operations is functioning, and three
30-yd Dempster Bumpmasters on 12 wheel
Foden chassis and a Jfeville-bodied carrier
(also on 10-wheel Foden) are used. At the
transfer station, drivers in the trucks,
beneath the two 50-ton capacity hoppers
follow a series of light signals to operate
their compactors. After filling and
compacting, the driver goes to the
washmobile where he sprays off any dust
which may have accumulated, and goes to the
weigher. Total time for the loading cycle
averages 25 minutes and the average load
carried by the transfer trucks is 7 to 9
tons; traveling time is 1 hr and
discharging takes 10 minutes. Separating
cost at the station averages about $1.00
a ton and bulk hauling about S1 ,03 a ton.
After realizing income from salvage, net cost
is about S1.50 (not including any dumping
fees).
66-0135
Malkhazov, L. N. and Koryakovtsev, I. I.
Measures instituted at Sochi to prevent the
contamination of soil by household refuse.
Hygiene and Sanitation, 31(1-35:381-383,
Jan.-Mar, 1966.
Three methods of removal of household garbage
in Sochi, U.S.S.R., are described: small
(80-100 liter) metal garbage bins with
lids; large 600 liter containers carried
by special KMM 2-AKKh trucks; and refuse
collection from apartment houses by M-93
dump trucks two to three times daily. The
large 600 liter containers are used for
collection of ordinary garbage from all
warehouses, wholesale depots, garages, large
shops, public gardens, parks, beaches,
markets, etc. They are removed daily in
special KKM-2 trucks and replaced by washed,
disinfected bins. Food refuse from
sanatoria, rest homes, restaurants, and
certain other institutions is removed daily
in the smaller containers by trucks of the
Sochi sovkhoz to be used as pig-swill; some
sanatoria and rest homes have installed
refrigeration roon.'n for the temporary
storage of this food refuse. In areas of
towns without sewerage, contents of cesspits,
latrines, and garbage pits are removed by
ASM-2-3 trucks to a fecal station at the
32
-------
0133-0139
municipal sewage works. Studies of the
collection of such food refuse from the
population are being conducted.
66-0136
Mandatory pickups planned by county. Refuse
Removal Journal, 9 (2):39, Feb. 1966.
Suggestions of county officials to solve the
serious residential refuse collection problem
in West Contra Costa County, California, are
presented. Since it was found that 15
percent of the homes in the area did not
subscribe to any service, a compulsory refuse
collection ordinance was proposed for the
county. The county administrator suggested
private contractors handle the job. However,
according to the firm which collects refuse
in the area, the big problem is collecting
money under a mandatory scheme. Other
suggestions included a provision in the
ordinance that would allow a householder to
dispose of his own refuse if it were done
efficiently and under sanitary conditions,
and that landlords should be responsible for
refuse generated at rented property.
66-0137
Merchant, A. J. Closer look at refuse
vehicles. Public Cleansing, 56(3):115-124,
Mar. 1966.
Functions of refuse collection vehicles can
be assessed by two criteria: the vehicle's
ability and effectiveness to deal with refuse
and the vehicle's technical design as
related to construction and size. A
procedure for obtaining test data of the
refuse collection vehicles was devised;
a minimum of three days is required for
test purposes. A point system was also
devised, to judge noise level, speed and
effectiveness of hopper clearance, speed and
ease of discharge, dust emission from
vehicle: and spillage, ease of loading,
safety, and provision for carrying salvage.
The points system was designed to give a
realistic independent guide as to the
merits of a particular vehicle and at the
same time to give some indication as to what
is the best buy, Attention was also paid to
standard data, such as cost, delivery date,
fuel consumption, volumetric capacity, height
of loading rave, dimensions of loading
hopper, manufacturer's stated compression
with regard to refuse, size of vehicle
(width, length, height and wheelbase), tare
weight, turning circle, crew accommodation,
ability for use as dustless loader, working
performance of team, and additional
information. From these factual details
an analysis and comparison can be made in
order to determine which is the most
suitable vehicle for the purpose required.
66-0138
Mark II Sheppard/Meiller container.
Surveyor and Municipal Engineer, 127(3839):
33-34', Jan. 1 , 1966.
Two refuse containing handling units are
shown and described in a company
announcement of a new model. The Mark II
Sheppard/Meiler unit is a development from
the Mark I model and the new hydraulic system
provides single lever control for the tipping
hooks and jacks with an overriding jack
control if needed. A second lever controls
the main arms, The new valves are
immersed in the main oil tank and give a
no-loss system with little chance of air
leakage into the 'hydraulics*. The 'fast
lower system' for transferring empty
containers from the unit to ground level
can now be controlled from outside the
cab as well as inside. One illustration
shows the manner in which the equipment
can lift a container located well below the
ground level. A covered version with double
lids is also shown in another picture. The
new units are designed to raise a container
from 2~% to 3 ft below ground level, A
less refined version is a derivation of the
Mark I 6,000 model with a reduced loading
platform. It has the advantage of a lower
first price. The synchronization of the
main lifting arm is obtained by the top
tube where the anchorage of the lifting
chains are located, although the external
control of the Mark II pattern is retained.
The price of the smallest Mark II unit is t
1,600. Sheppards has recently introduced a
line of heavy-duty dumber bodies with a
10 yd capacity body, a sandwich floor and
a single-ram front-end dumper which gives
a very fast dump.
66-0139
Mayrle, J. Multi-purpose trailer for
collecting and dumping wastes in rural
communities. Staedtehygiene, 17(12):259,
Dec. 1966.
A new multi-purpose hydraulic dump trailer
for rural communities has been developed
to haul the wastes to nearby landfills.
However, it can also be used for transporting
any other freight. A tractor is used to
33
-------
Collection and Transportation of Refuse
pull the trailer. The trailer holds 4 cu
m of waste. Three photographs illustrate
various uses of the trailer. (Text-German)
66-0140
New cleansing vehicles at the commercial
motor show. Public Cleansing, 56(11):
544-546, Nov. 1966.
A new Powell Duffryn Dumpmaster was shown.
It was mounted on a six-wheel chassis, had
automatic transmission, and a diesel engine.
The same company exhibited an improved
dumping device designed to make the most of
the carrying capacity of a single rear axle
16-ton chassis. Sheppard showed a
"Rolonoff* unit capable of handling and
dumping a variety of containers. Electric
cars were also featured. Twenty-eight of
these vehicles have been ordered for
cleaning purposes by a London Borough.
66-0141
New underground garage for waste removal
trucks in Freiburg, West Germany.
Staedtehygiene, 17 (6): 139, June 1966,
The municipal department for waste removal
in Freiburg, West Germany, built a new
underground garage for 60 vehicles. The
garage has electrically-operated sliding
doors, 2 automatic washing systems and
maintenance and lubricating facilities.
(Text-German)
66-0142
No transfer station yet.
81(8):16, Aug. 1966.
American City,
A study in Sacramento, California, showed
that a single site is the most economical,
A transfer station cannot be justified
economically, despite haul distance of
20 to 32 miles. Use of transfer stations
should be restudied after 1975.
66-0143
A 1,200-acre cleanup job. Refuse Removal
Journal, 9(3):36, Mar. 1966.
The grounds at Ford Motor Company's Rouge
manufacturing area in Dearborn, Michigan are
policed by 6 maintenance men, each equipped
with a Cushman Dump Body Truckster. Before
the end of 1964, this job was done on foot,
and material was carried by hand. Now the
fleet of 6 units collects trash, debris and
litter, which is dumped into a Load Lugger
container. These containers are picked up
every day and the contents incinerated at the
company's incinerator, Uncombustlble
materials, such as bottles and cans, are
dumped into special metal boxes hung
on the rear of the Trucksters' dump bodies
and are then dumped into an open-top
Dempster-Dumpster container for disposal at
a nearby private landfill. In winter, the
vehicles assist in snow removal.
66-0144
Packer serves as dump on Saturday. Refuse
Removal Journal, 9(1):34, Jan. 1966,
To facilitate refuse disposal in Milburn, New
Jersey with a population of 19,000, a township
packer truck was stationed at the municipal
garage every Saturday morning from eight until
noon. Residents were encouraged to bring
their bulk or extra refuse and deposit it in
this packer. Since backyard pickup proved
to be too expensive, other actions taken to
keep the town neat included the assignment
of a township employee to pick up litter and
control the central business district, A
full-time supervisor was also hired to see
after regular refuse collection and that all
regulations were being complied with by
both the township and residents.
66-0145
Patrick. P. K. Transfer loading. Public
Cleansing, 5(10) :490-494, Oct. 1966.
A feature of refuse disposal development in
the last 10 to 15 years has been the rapid
growth in the number of transfer loading
stations. There is a minimum distance from
the final loading point of the collection
vehicle at which the cost of transfer loading
becomes justified, and there is a maximum
distance which collection vehicles should be
required to run to dump. The point at which
the costs of transfer loading and direct run
to dump coincide is the minimum distance
at which transfer loading becomes an economic
proposition. An assessment of the factors
involved by the Dept. of Public Health
Engineering was made and the method of
approach and the conclusions reached are
described, A preliminary study of two
alternative systems was made: with transfer
loading, followed by bulk transport, and
without transfer loading (direct transport by
collection vehicle), An algebraic model of
34
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0140-0150
transport costs was set up for each
alternative and a comparison of transport
costs was then made. It is concluded that
the complex interactions of the various cost
factors make it desirable that calculations
should be used in conjunction with wider
studies, and that the questions of siting and
capacity of transfer loading stations, types
of vehicles, allocation of disposal sites,
etc., should be seen as interdependent,
86-0146
Process for cleaning aluminium. Public
Cleansing, 56(11) :585-586 , Nov. 1966.
Aluminum road vehicles that are exposed to
dirt and corrosion may be cleaned by a
series of 6 products (Transbrite 1-6,
manufactured by Gee-Bee Chemical Co., Ltd.),
The process has three functions: cleaning
off dirt; removing corrosion and brightening; and
controlling corrosion by routine cleaning.
Although there are six items in the process,
not all would be required in every
application, since the use of the various
compounds would be determined by the
condition of the aluminum. The
characteristics and indications for the use
of the six products are described in
detail.
66-0147
Rapid transfer system speeds refuse
collection. American City, 81(10):46, Oct.
1966.
A new transfer station in Denver, Colorado,
consists of a two-story structure with two
holding hoppers. The sliding bottom doors
of the hoppers are left open permitting the
refuse to fall directly Into the transfer
trailers.
66-0148
Rogus, A. Refuse collection and refuse
characteristics. Public Works, 97(3):
96-99, Mar. 1966,
The trend has been toward handling of mixed,
unsegregated refuse. Collection routes are
governed by the probable - total refuse output
for any given period. Refuse size, density,
and compactability determine equipment used.
Incineration calculations depend on
densities, moisture, calorific value and the
amount of combustibles. Density and
compactability of refuse is necessary for
landfills. Pollutants are inorganic gases,
organic substances, and particulate matter.
Amounts of refuse collected per capita per
year in Europe have risen progressively from
475 Ib in 1953 to 725 Ib in 1964. Density
has decreased from 485 to 390 Ib per cu yd.
The collection trucks were fully enclosed
units. European cities are using the
hermetic, dustless system where special
standardized containers are mechanically
lifted, tilted, and discharged into the
enclosed truck hodv and then returned to
the ground level. Apartment house
collection aids are dual type drop shafts,
central pneumatic tube systems, and the
Garchev hydraulic system.
DISPOSAL-General
66-0149
Air Pollution-~1966: Hearings before a
Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution of the
Committee on Public Works, United States
Senate. 89th Cong., 2d sess, Washington,
U.S. Government Printing Office, June 7-9,
14-15, 1966. 453 p.
The hearings discussed the problems of junked
automobiles and beryllium disease, and relatec
the progress made by the Office of Solid
Wastes since its inception. The two
proposed amendments were never passed,
66-0150
American Public Works Association. Municipal
refuse disposal, 2d ed, Chicago, Public
Administration Service, 1966. 528 p.
The objective of this manual is to review past
and present disposal practices, principally
in the United States; to gather pertinent
data, bearing in mind geographic and seasonal
differences; describe and analyze the best
current practices; broadly indicate the costs:
and discuss administrative and management
problems. Individual chapters deal with:
waste analysis, composition of refuse,
selection of disposal methods, sanitary
landfills, central incineration, on-site
incineration, grinding of food wastes, feeding
of food wastes to swine, composting, salvage
and reclamation and refuse disposal
management. Eight appendixes present:
tentative methods of analysis of refuse and
compost, ordinance provisions for refuse
disposal, full wording of two such ordinances,
standards of the Incinerator Institute for
design of home incinerators, National Board
of Fire Underwriters 1958 standards for
35
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Disposal General
installation of domestic incinerators, the
Solid Waste Disposal Act, and the rules and
regulations pertaining to grants for solid
waste disposal projects.
660151
American Public Works Association.
Introduction, In Municipal refuse disposal,
2d ed. Chicago, Public Administration
Service, 1966. p. 1-19.
Against the background of Governmental
responsibility, as stated in the Solid
Waste Disposal Act, 1965, the introductory
chapter outlines the evolution of disposal
methods and defines the problem from a
presentday viewpoint. Refuse materials are
classified by kind, composition and sources,
with special attention given to the terms
"waste, refuse, garbage, rubbish*. A
separate class is 'hazardous refuse'
which usually necessitates evaluations in
terms of quantities to be handled.
66-0152
American Public Works Association.
Quantities and composition of refuse. In
Municipal refuse disposal. 2d ed. Chicago,
Public Administration Service, 1966.
p.20-54
The amount of refuse is the starting point
in consideration; of waste disposal.
Measuring practices are outlined and factors
are discussed which affect the differences
between quantities produced, collected, and
disposed of. To illustrate this point, the
results of the APWA refuse studies in 12
cities are tabulated and evaluated,
indicating amounts of refuse collected
separately and in total, geographical and
seasonal differences and effects of
collection methods on disposal. The median
figure for quantity of refuse collected
is 1430 Ib per capita per yr in Hartford,
Connecticut, Complete analyses of the
physical and chemical composition of refuse
are seldom made, since each disposal method
requires different information. Analyses for
incineration, sanitary landfill, and
composting are accompanied by tabulated
data on calorific values, moisture and ash
content of refuse and by physical analyses of
refuse by weight and volume. Compaction
characteristics of refuse are dealt with in
a separate section; the plotted results of
compression tests on household refuse from
garbage cans show the increased densities
produced by various compaction pressures.
66-0153
American Public Works Association.
Selecting disposal methods. In Municipal
refuse disposal. 2d ed. Chicago, Public
Administration Service, 1966. p.55-88.
Essential operations are reviewed for the
methods of sanitary landfill, central
incineration, on-site incineration, grinding
and feeding of food wastes, composting,
salvage and reclamation, and dumping. The
selection of the best method for the
existing needs must be done in view of the
local legal restrictions. The above
mentioned disposal methods are evaluated
in terras of the public health aspects to be
observed. Other factors discussed are the
characteristics of the city and the capital
and operating costs. The coordination
of collection and disposal methods is
stressed and several special disposal
problems are raised such as the handling
of the refuse from disasters, condemned
foods, hazardous refuse, industrial wastes,
construction and demolition wastes, dead
animals, automobiles, leaves, and trees.
The advantages and disadvantages of the
contract disposal services are presented.
The selection of a proper disposal method
must also take into consideration the
acceptability of the method by the public.
66-0154
American Public Works Association.
Feeding food wastes to swine. In Municipal
refuse disposal. 2d ed. Chicago, Public
Administration Service, 1966.
p.253-278.
It is estimated that more than 10,000 tons of
food wastes, or about 25 percent of the total
quantity of garbage produced, are used for
feeding daily in the United States. A group
of hog feeders who raised approximately
54,000 pigs on 26 farms by feeding them raw
garbage found that a capital investment of
more than $400,000 was needed to process
solid and liquid wastes produced on their
farms in a manner that met local public
health standards. Approximately 106 tons
of solid wastes (wet basis) and 50,000
gal of liquid wastes were produced each
day. Various problems and nuisances,
both to humans and animals, in view of the
local, state, and federal regulations are
stated. Characteristics of garbage
used for feed, and methods of cooking garbage
are. explained. Tables present data on
average garbage costs, tons of garbage
collected annually in three cities, and
the frequency of refuse collections in
36
-------
0151-0158
residential areas of 908 cities.
Indications are that this method of disposal
will be used for some time still, and the
effects of garbage feeding on refuse
collection are described. Consideration
is given to the layout and design of
piggeries on the basis of preliminary
planning requirements.
66-0155
American Public Works Association. Tentative
methods of analysis of refuse and compost,
In Municipal refuse disposal. 2d ed.
Chicago, Public Administration Service,
1966. p.375-399.
This appendix is the compilation of proposed
methods for the examination of solid and
semi-solid wastes, particularly domestic
refuse. The tests were selected because of
practical experience with them in several
comprehensive municipal studies. Ten
separation categories of refuse are suggested
and the requirements of initial sampling
are outlined. The following tests were
included: moisture (Oven drying, Infrared,
and Toluene distillation methods), volatile
solids and ash, lipids, liquids, crude
fiber, sugars, starch (Anthrone-Sulfuric
acid and Direct acid hydrolysis methods),
carbon, nitrogen (Kjeldahl-Wilfarth-Gunning
method), protein, carbon-nitrogen ratio,
phosphorus, potassium (Flame photometric
and Sodium tetraphenyl borate methods),
hydrogen-ion concentration, gross calorific
value, net calorific value, sulfur, and for
hydrogen and carbon. Introductory general
instructions specify the environmental
conditions, size or shape of sample, and the
drying requirements. Description of each
test covers equipment, reagents, procedure,
and calculations.
66-0156
Archer, G. A. Municipal refuse disposal,
Public Health Inspector, 74 (10):432-436,
July 1966.
This paper attempts to cover each of the
accepted refuse disposal methods. lipping,
when properly controlled, is a cheap,
effective method of refuse disposal. The
practice of transferring refuse from the
collection vehicles into bulk carriers for
transport to distant tips is increasing in
popularity. The reduction of refuse by
pulverization presents some solutions to the
problems of tipping. Refuse disposal by
composting initiates several problems, but
has many advantages also. Mechanical
handling equipment saves labor, ensures
hygienic working conditions, and conserves
ground space. Screening and salvage of
refuse helps to defer the cost of refuse
collection and disposal by giving a salable
item. The incinerator requires great care
to be taken in chimney emission, but they
present the most efficient method of
modern refuse disposal. Industrial
incineration is a field where much research
and development has taken place in the
last few years. The whole problem of
refuse collection and disposal is a
major one which cost England the total of
close to $100 million every year.
66-0157
Black and Veatch , Consulting Engineers.
Report on refuse disposal for Northern
Baltimore County, Maryland. Kansas City,
Mo., 1966.
The possible permanent disposal methods
available to northern Baltimore County are
considered from the aspects of cost, site
availability and appropriateness, hauling
costs, possibility of pollution, and public
reaction. Incineration and sanitary landfill
proved to be the two raost promising
possibilities and complete investigations
as to actual sites, size, design of the
facilities, costs (capital and operating),
hauling costs etc. were considered and the
figures, charts, and tables detailing the
findings are included with the reasons for the
actual recommendations. Transfer stations for
hauling the refuse in large capacity trailers
rather than the collection vehicles themselves
are recommended. Incineration was the method
recommended due to lack of suitable sites for
long term landfill operations. The soil
composition was such that water pollution
was a serious hazard due to landfill
operations. A sample of the Industrial
and Commercial Refuse Questionnaire used,
landfill site maps, and the Report on Interim
Refuse Disposal Facility for Baltimore
County, Maryland are appended.
66-0158
Black and Veatch, Consulting Engineers.
Refuse quantities. In Report on refuse
disposal for Northern Baltimore County,
Maryland. Kansas City, Mo., 1966.
Present and future quantities of refuse in the
study area of northern Baltimore County were
determined along with population served, degree
37
-------
Disposal-General
and types of industrial and commercial
activitity and projections of these
figures to prepare recommendations for
refuse disposal in the area. The per capital
residential production of waste was estimated
at 1.7 Ib representing 52,000 tons for the
year. One and three-tenths Ib per day is the
estimated industrial and commercial refuse, most
of this refuse is combustible and only a small
per cent is large bulky items. The quantity
of refuse varies seasonally. The solid
wastes produced in the area can be disposed
of in a properly operated sanitary landfill,
with 750 tons per day as the estimated daily
capacity for 1980 of both residential and
commercial refuse. Incineration as a disposal-
method would be more expensive and it can be
expected that unless required by law,
commercial refuse may continue to be handled
by private handlers at lower cost. The size
of the incinerator Is suggested to be able
to handle 100 percent of the residential
refuse and 50 percent of the commercial, at
maximum loading in 1980 with all furnaces
operating at rated capacity continuously for
7 days. Handling additional refuse from
outside the study area may he desired during
the early years of operation to assure maximum
use of the facility. Data, graphs, and charts
are included.
66-0159
Braun, R. On the question of groundwater
spoilage by deposition of slag and compost.
Schweizerische Bauzeitung, 84(36):637-638,
Sept, 8, 1966.
The question of the effects of incinerator
ash and of composted waste on groundwater
(0. Wolfskehl and E, Boye, Schweizerische
Bauzeitung 1966, No. 3, pp. 61-63, and No.
19, p. 358) cannot be decided on the basis
of results obtained in laboratory
experiments. Too many factors are involved
which make it necessary to conduct the
investigations at disposal sites. The
composition of slag varies greatly so that
no generally valid results can be obtained
from samples of just one kind of slag. No
data are given as to the amount of water
used for the extraction. Moreover, it is
not clear how the result should be understood
in terms of mg per hectare. Since the
question of how greatly the groundwater is
influenced by either deposited slag or
compost is so important, slag samples
were dried at 105 C. Finely ground slag
(50 g) was extracted in 400 ml distilled
water for 24 hours. The sane procedure
was followed with compost, using as much as
needed to obtain 50 g of ash when burned.
In slag taken from a Lausanne (Switzerland)
incinerator, the amount of soluble
substances found was 2.3 percent on the basis
of dried slag. In fly ash the content was as
high as 15 percent. With various kinds of
compost it was found that the amount of
soluble substances fluctuated between 3 and
6 percent. No general conclusions are drawn
from these results. (Text-German)
66-0160
Burning on a barge stirs controversy. Refuse
Removal Journal, 9(6):38, June 1966.
The Disposal Company of Seattle set off a hot
controversy when it recently fired a barge
load of commercial and industrial refuse in
Puget Sound, The waste was ultimately towed
to a sanitary landfill for disposal. The
company claims lack of economical dumping
sites near the city was the reason for
experimenting with this method of waste
disposal. The city-owned landfill charges
$15.00 per ton for dumping. Disposal Company
takes most of its material to the 300-acre
landfill it leases from the Tulalip
Indians, 30 miles by water from downtown
Seattle. The Army Corps of Engineers in
Seattle has been burning debris aboard a
specially outfitted barge for many years.
66-0161
Challenge of tomorrow's jobs. Refuse Removal
Journal, 9(6):16, June 1966.
Pressure Is mounting for strict air pollution
and refuse disposal measures, such as the
recently passed law in New York City.
Changes generated by such action will
necessarily lead to new equipment and
technological improvements. Contractors
may have to adapt their equipment to new
handling methods. Incinerator equipment
manufacturers, producers of stationary
packers, refuse sack compression machines,
pulpers, paper and plastic bags, and
pulverization plant builders will all be
involved and must be prepared to meet the
new challenges of the growing industry.
66-0162
Changing nature of refuse. Compost Science,
7(2):18, Autumn 1966.
Volume has replaced weight as the yardstick
for estimating waste disposal problems.
Total volume is 60 million cu yd per year,
38
-------
0159-0168
requiring 6,000 acres of land. Densities of
5.6 cwt per cu yd have dropped to 3 cwt
because paper, cardboard and metal have
increased, and vegetable matter, reduced.
66-0163
Christmas aftermath.
30, Dec. 1966.
American City, 81(12):
The disposal of Christmas trees is no longer
a problem in Hartford, Connecticut. The
discarded trees are collected, run through
a chipper to reduce their bulk and deposited
in a sanitary landfill. Some cities
salvage the chips for use as a mulch in
the parks, while others tow their chippers
through the streets, decimating the trees
on the spot. The use of artificial trees,
which can be used year after year, has also
helped to alleviate the problem.
66-0164
Control marine disposal. Refuse Removal
Journal, 9 (9): 30, Sept. 1966.
The Boston Marine Refuse Disposal Company is
using a polyethylene dam called a 'Slickbar',
to confine floating materials as refuse is dumped
into the harbor. The 'Slickbar,' which is a
continuous barrier of polyethylene floats, will
confine refuse, oil spillage, stream-surface
pollution, and debris. Dumping landfill into
the harbor may be used to extend shore lines.
66-0165
Environmental pollution, a challenge to
science and technology. Report of the
Subcommittee on Science, Research, and
Development, to the Committee on Science
and Astronautics, U.S. House of
Representatives, 89th Cong., 2d sess.,
Serial S. Washington, U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1966. 60 p.
The report states that although complete
solutions to pollution problems may not be
possible, two alternatives are feasible.
First, materials can be recycled more
efficiently and secondly, unuseable wastes can
be transported to some type of perpetual
safe storage. In the area of pollution
abatement, government finding is indicated
as a means to construct large scale
demonstrations of new methods. These will
help establish efficiency and cost norms.
Another benefit of the government
funding will be that it will stimulate
new developments in the pollution
abatement field. The report also includes
various recommendations to Congress
including one encouraging them to review its
authorizations and appropriations for water,
reclamation, transportation, and conservation
in the context of environmental quality
goals.
66-0166
European disposal methods reviewed.
Science, 7(2):18, Autumn 1966.
Compost
Europeans consider composting a clean and
sanitary refuse disposal method with a
useable by-product. Compost value ranges
from $ .70 to $7.50 per ton and salvaged
metal from $2.15 to $18.50 per ton. Plants
in Paris and Germany can recover waste heat
in amounts ranging from 2.0 to 2.7 Ib of
steam per Ib of refuse burned. United
States plants can only recover between 1.0 and
1.5 Ib.
66-0167
Fife, J. A. European refuse-disposal.
American City, 81(9):125-128, Sept. 1966.
Europeans salvage metals, paper, textiles,
and glass. Composting and incineration are
the most commonly used methods of disposal.
Waste heat is recovered in amounts ranging
from 2.0 to 2.7 Ib of steam per Ib of refuse
burned as compared to 1.0 to 1.5 Ib of
steam per Ib of refuse burned in the U. S.
Electrostatic precipitators help remove
fly-ash which contributed to air pollution.
The plant ventilating system controls dust
and odor. Dust laden air flows through
ducts to an air washer or a bag filter
for removal of dust.
66-0168
Gilbertson, W. E., R. J. Black, and K.
Flieger. Meeting the challenge of solid
waste disposal. In Proceedings; 1966
National Incinerator Conference, New
York, May 1-4, 1966. American Society
of Mechanical Engineers. p.49-53.
The present practices of solid waste
collection and disposal are improper and
inadequate. Graphs show the anticipated
amount of solid wastes that will have to
be collected, processed, and disposed
of in the coming decades. It is
estimated that communities are now
39
-------
0169-0175
to materials, crops, health, and general
livability of communities. The Federal
government has asserted control In onlv two
areas--interstate air pollution and automobile
fumes. Air pollution from stationary sources
is considered the responsibility of state and
localities. When solid waste is burned, it
becomes a gaseous waste problem. If it is
allowed to contaminate waterways, the solid
contaminants are extracted and burned
exchanging one form of pollution for another.
To avert the exchange, California has
centralized by-product plants. Los Angeles
has started abolishing backyard incinerators,
reorganizing rubbish and garbage collection,
deactivating municiDal incinerators, replacing
burning dumps with landfill disposal, and
replacing coal with oil. Federal officials
are tightening enission limits on hydrocarbon
and carbon monoxide of exhaust fumes. Estimates
vary. Fortune magazine said 2/3 of the nation's
air pollution could be eliminated for $3
billion a year. If the atmosphere continues
to grow more polluted, a century from now
it will be too toxic to permit human life.
Carbon dioxide, a major product of combustion.
absorbs heat and helps maintain a balance
between incoming solar energy and the earth's
heat radiation. In 35 ye.ars there will be
25 percent more carbon dioxide, possibly causing
marked changes in climate.
to six days, depending on usage and
weather. It is thought that summers in
Britain are likely to impose severe
seasonal limitations on pacer dresses.
There is a suggestion that the
Government intervene by taxing paper
dresses by length.
66-0174
Lessons learned from Hurricane Betsy,
American City, 81(4):93-96, Apr. 1966.
In the sake of Hurricane Betsy, the city of
New Orleans found that the following areas
of municipal service needed strengthening:
(1) more auxiliary power sources, thoroughly
weatherproofed; (2) emergency food and
water sunplles; (3) assured supplies of
gasoline and diesel fuel; (4) greater and
more strategic distribution of equipment;
and (5) improved communications. Other
lessons learned were that the large
covered refuse collection trucks performed
extremely well in evacuation and rescue
work, and the diesel power street sweeoers
performed well in salvaging as much of the
flooded equipment as possible. Exchanging
the general purpose buckets on many of the
front-end loaders for the clara-shell type
facilitated the removal of fallen trees.
66-0172
International workgroup on waste research.
Wasser und Abwasaer, 107(46):1320, Nov. 18, 1966.
66-0175
Michaels, A, Report on refuse disposal
for Niagara County, New York. Philadelphia,
1966. 42 p.
Recognizing that proper refuse disposal is
essential to the development of an urban
community, the Niagara County Planning
Commission set out to determine the
adequacy of present practices and to
develop a plan for future needs. Findings
showed that the two municipal incinerators
are being operated in a commendable
fashion. Of the twelve public and one
private landfills used for refuse disposal
only the City of North Tonawanda's River
Road landfill and the City of Niagara Falls
incinerator residue landfill are operated
in a satisfactory manner. There is a
severe shortage of space available for
refuse disposal in the southwestern part
of the County. It is recommended that all
refuse disposal landfill sites in the County
"be operated as sanitary landfills in
accordance with the State Sanitary Code.
Special industrial refuse such as high heat
plastics and rubber should be disposed of
-------
0169-0175
to materials, crops, health, and general
livability of communities. The Federal
government has asserted control In onlv two
areas--interstate air pollution and automobile
fumes. Air pollution from stationary sources
is considered the responsibility of state and
localities. When solid waste is burned, it
becomes a gaseous waste problem. If it is
allowed to contaminate waterways, the solid
contaminants are extracted and burned
exchanging one form of pollution for another.
To avert the exchange, California has
centralized by-product plants. Los Angeles
has started abolishing backyard incinerators,
reorganizing rubbish and garbage collection,
deactivating municiDal incinerators, replacing
burning dumps with landfill disposal, and
replacing coal with oil. Federal officials
are tightening enission limits on hydrocarbon
and carbon monoxide of exhaust fumes. Estimates
vary. Fortune magazine said 2/3 of the nation's
air pollution could be eliminated for $3
billion a year. If the atmosphere continues
to grow more polluted, a century from now
it will be too toxic to permit human life.
Carbon dioxide, a major product of combustion.
absorbs heat and helps maintain a balance
between incoming solar energy and the earth's
heat radiation. In 35 ye.ars there will be
25 percent more carbon dioxide, possibly causing
marked changes in climate.
to six days, depending on usage and
weather. It is thought that summers in
Britain are likely to impose severe
seasonal limitations on pacer dresses.
There is a suggestion that the
Government intervene by taxing paper
dresses by length.
66-0174
Lessons learned from Hurricane Betsy,
American City, 81(4):93-96, Apr. 1966.
In the sake of Hurricane Betsy, the city of
New Orleans found that the following areas
of municipal service needed strengthening:
(1) more auxiliary power sources, thoroughly
weatherproofed; (2) emergency food and
water sunplles; (3) assured supplies of
gasoline and diesel fuel; (4) greater and
more strategic distribution of equipment;
and (5) improved communications. Other
lessons learned were that the large
covered refuse collection trucks performed
extremely well in evacuation and rescue
work, and the diesel power street sweeoers
performed well in salvaging as much of the
flooded equipment as possible. Exchanging
the general purpose buckets on many of the
front-end loaders for the clara-shell type
facilitated the removal of fallen trees.
66-0172
International workgroup on waste research.
Wasser und Abwasaer, 107(46):1320, Nov. 18, 1966.
66-0175
Michaels, A, Report on refuse disposal
for Niagara County, New York. Philadelphia,
1966. 42 p.
Recognizing that proper refuse disposal is
essential to the development of an urban
community, the Niagara County Planning
Commission set out to determine the
adequacy of present practices and to
develop a plan for future needs. Findings
showed that the two municipal incinerators
are being operated in a commendable
fashion. Of the twelve public and one
private landfills used for refuse disposal
only the City of North Tonawanda's River
Road landfill and the City of Niagara Falls
incinerator residue landfill are operated
in a satisfactory manner. There is a
severe shortage of space available for
refuse disposal in the southwestern part
of the County. It is recommended that all
refuse disposal landfill sites in the County
"be operated as sanitary landfills in
accordance with the State Sanitary Code.
Special industrial refuse such as high heat
plastics and rubber should be disposed of
-------
Disposal—General
by industry since this type of waste in
large quantities is a serious deterent to
proper municipal disposal operations. It
is recommended that eventually the County
should operate all public landfills,
incinerators and other facilities.
Specific recommendations for existing
refuse disposal facilities are given.
66-0176
Michaels, A. Present refuse quantities.
Present disposal practices. In Report
on refuse disposal for Niagara County,
New York. Philadelphia, 1966. p. 15-32.
To obtain refuse generation information for
the County, a survey questionnaire was
prepared and sent to cities, towns,
villages, school systems, and industries.
The survey revealed that three cities
provide collection service with city forces
for all residential and some commercial
establishments; many of the large
industries use their own forces and
equipment for hauling refuse. A
substantial portion of the village and
township residences and commercial
establishments are served by private
haulers either by direct contract with
the individuals served or by contract
with the village or township. A
considerable part of the industrial
refuse accounted for in the survey, 94
percent, is non-combustible. Present
disposal practices consist of burning
dumps, incinerators, and landfills.
Several of the large refuse producing
industries operate their own landfill
sites or on-site incinerators. The
cities of Niagara Falls and North
Tonawanda both operate incinerators
for the disposal of normal household
refuse including garbage. Evaluations
of various publrfiv.y owned or operated
landfill sites throughout the county
are given.
Assuming per capita refuse quantity
increases continue at the 2 percent per year
rate, and industrial refuse quantities
continue to increase at a 4 percent per
year rate, the refuse quantities expected
for 2,000 A.D. would be: residential and
small commercial, 330,000 tons per year;
industrial-non-combustible, 1,100,000 ton
per year, and industrial-combustible,
72,000 ton per year. Other refuse disposal
methods which have been used or tried in the
country include hog feeding, garbage
reduction, salvaging, composting, and
grinding. A survey of other communities
concerned with refuse disposal shows that
most are replacing open burning dumps with
sanitary disposal methods such as sanitary
landfilling and incineration.
Municipalities have joined together to
establish refuse disposal agencies on a
regional or county level.
66-0177
Michaels, A. Future refuse quantities.
Disposal practices--other communities. In
Report on refuse disposal for Niagara
County, New York. Philadelphia, 1966.
p.33-41.
Many factors influence changes in the amount
of refuse which will be generated in Niagara
county jn the future. Foremost among these
factors are population change, industrial
change, and changes in people's living habits
42
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0176-0182
control. Publication No. 1400. Washington,
1966. 257 p.
The Committee on Pollution of the NAS/KRC
prepared this report for the Federal
Council for Science and Technology. The
nature of the pollution problem is described
and areas where science and technology could
effectively assist in reducing and
controlling pollution are identified. Solid
waste disposal has had the least scientific
consideration of any of the problems of
pollution control. Use of incineration,
sanitary landfill, and special problems of
agricultural and industrial wastes are
covered. Much waste material could be
reduced to forms that can be carried away
in existing water-disposal systems. The
future goal is the complete re-cycling
of all materials consumed and subsequently
discharged. The development of
land-monitoring also has not progressed
to the degree of sophistication now apparent
in other fields. Land-management
procedures must be instituted to reduce
contamination. Separation of land and water
into distinct classifications for pollution
abatement is not practical.
66-0180
The old trash dump is obsolete,
Engineering News-Record, 176(15):20,
Apr. 14, 1966.
Speakers at the National Conference on Solid
Wastes Management at Los Angeles made the
following statements and gave the following
recommendations. It is estimated that it
will cost at least $1.5 billion a year for
the next 10 years just to keep solid waste
pollution at its present state of control,
Air, water, and solid waste pollution are
interrelated problems and should be
tackled by merging the various civic
pollution agencies now operating in many
areas to consider the total cost and
complexities involved. The best kind of
pollution control is not to produce waste,
and long-range planning is essential.
The importance of educating the public
concerning the urgency of the waste
disposal problem was stressed, as was the
fact that incineration is no longer allowed
in Los Angeles because it is cheaper to use
landfills. Los Angeles is experimenting
with other ways to dispose of solid wastes,
such as compressing wastes for disposal
through the city's sewers, and compacting
refuse under extreme pressure for disposal
at sea. Process modifications and other
factors related to regional and economic
resources should be considered.
66-0181
Olds, J. From Moscow to Haarlem via Tanzania
Compost Science, 7(2):17-18, Autumn 1966.
The national norm today in solid wastes
disposal is represented by the archaic
crudities of open dumping and open burning
and the overloading peak of antique
incinerators. In Moscow, the 3,000 tons of
garbage dumped daily must be treated by an
alternative method. In Haarlem, Netherlands,
refuse reducers grind garbage into a material
suitable for land reclamation in flooded
areas. People in Bogota, Colombia, have poor
soil and fertilize with manure. Cesspools are
found in Adis Ababa, Ethiopia, and dysentery
is prevalent because human waste is used as
fertilizer. Privies are used for sewage
disposal in Mato Gropso, Brazil, but not
enough. Consequently, people use their
backyards. In Cholutcia, Honduras, Central
America, there are few latrines. Hogs
consume waste, which is their main staple
Animal wastes are not fertilizers. People
in Chunya, Tanzania, use an outdoor lavatory
consisting of a hole eight feet with grass
around for privacy. Since people in
Guatemala, Central America, have few material
possessions, they utilize everything and have
no waste materials.
66-0182
Onondags Lake Scientific Council. An
environmental assessment of Onondaga
Lake and its major contributory streams.
Mar. 1966. 60 p.
The 18 member Onondaga Lake Scientific Council
of New York, divided into five study sections,
each section, with three or four members,
proposed specific courses of action in order
to purify the waters of Onondaga Lake. It
began with an evaluation of surrounding
sewage disposal treatment plants, their
capacities, efficiencies and the amount
of untreated sewage being pumped into
the lake as well as the overflows of the
major contributing streams In the N.Y. area.
The report gave a projected cost analysis
for the proposed ten point program based on
a 12 to 15 year period. The ultimate
aim of the council was to purify the waters
on Onondaga Lake to a self-purification level,
receptive to fishes; reclaim the surrounding
waste-land for recreational areas; control
the overflow of its major contributory
streams; eliminate offensive odors caused
by these over-flows; and eliminate pollution
of all surrounding waters to a safe level
for human consumption.
43
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Disposal—General
66-0183
Orderly dumping of domestic waste.
Wasser und Abwasser, 10? (12): 316, Mar. 25,
1966.
This article is a brief summary of an article
appearing in 'Techniques et Sciences
Municipales,' Vol. 58, No. 11 entitled
'Orderly dumping of domestic waste.'
The geological conditions of the ground
selected for dumping are discussed, the
establishment and operation of a dumping
site, various orderly disposal sites near
French cities, and the applicability of waste
for agricultural purposes are treated,
(Text-German)
66-0184
Packaged waste. Compressed Air, 71(7):21-33,
July 1966.
In an attempt to find a solution to solid
waste disposal, the Clean Air and Solid Waste
Disposal Acts were passed by Congress late in
1965 and the Office of Solid Waste was
established. This office has been allocated
$20 million over the next three years for
research and development of effective methods
of waste disposal. Present methods of solid
waste disposal, many of which are inadequate,
are reviewed. Open dumps, open containers,
and inefficient incinerators are not the
solution. Sanitary landfills, well-scrubbed
containers, incinerators with afterburners,
and controlled flow would improve existing
conditions. A new, but expensive, approach
is underground track systems or waste heat-
retrieval. Another new method, the Deva
Refuse Compression System, which is popular
in Europe and has the advantage of working
on-site, is described in detail. Refuse of
any type can be dropped into a chute which
feeds into machines that compress and pack
it into disposable paper sacks for collection.
Automatic or semi-automatic machines are
available for easy installation in existing
refuse, rooms; both machines are completely
air-controlled and operated. Advani-of
-------
0183-0190
66-0187
Proceedings; Solid Wastes Symposium,
Lawrence, Kans., Mar. 2, 1966, Kansas
City, Mo,, D.S. Public Health Service.
70 p.
The proceedings include ten papers covering
the problems of providing adequate community
solid waste services in the light of the
Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965. The
statute of solid waste disposal in Kansas
is characterized and adequate legislation is
suggested. Attention is paid to the role of
the Federal Government and to the state
concerns and responsibilities. The
importance of long-range community planning
based on competent research and engineering
studies is recognized. The problem of solid
waste disposal should be approached with the
aid properly educated professionals and
with local initiative on the part of
individual communities, counties, and states.
66-0188
Protective clothing. Public Cleansing,
56(12) :607, Dec. 1966.
A summary of an article by J. R. Smith in
The National Builder, an organ for the
building trades, on all-weather clothing
suitable for workers at building sites but
presumably applicable to those employed in
the disposal of solid wastes, is presented,
Garments must have psychological appeal,
They should give protection but, if they
don't attract the wearer and make him
feel like a 20th century technician, they
will not be worn. Fastenings and seams are
crucial and must be as strong as the
garment's material. The weight of the
material should be suitable for the kind
of work performed by the wearer. Three
materials were found to be good: treated
cotton drill, polythene-treated nylon
(400 thread) and nylon and wool laminated
into one material. A design has been
prepared and will be tried in these
three materials. Danish garments,
especially designed for the. Danish
building industry, were outstanding
among those tested.
66-0189
Public Cleansing building for the future.
Surveyor and Municipal Engineer, 127(3862):
23-26, June 11, 1966.
The papers presented at the Institute of
Public Cleansing conference at Bournemouth
on June 7, 1966 are summarized. Efficient
street cleaning is impeded by the
conglomeration of street lights,
pillar boxes, telephone booths, parking
meters, sandboxes and litter bins. A
need was indicated in refuse disposal
plants for the development of
mechnical grates for light refuse,
equipment for extraction of dust from
flue gases, elimination of corrosion in
plants, and a reduction in noise. The
tipping of crude refuse should be stopped
and the public cleansing departments should
control all tipping. The value of standard
accounts to permit managements to make
comparisons was stressed. In comparing
external costs, two questions should be
asked, Were the figures prepared on the
same basis and if they were, why were the
results different? The availability of
computers emphasizes the importance of
standardization of statistics. A
photograph is shown of two refuse
analyzer units used by the London Boroughs
to determine the composition of the London
refuse. A survey showed that 28 percent
of the present incinerators in London
were in need of immediate replacement,
In a large section of North London, there
was little chance for land reclamation,
the incinerators were obsolete, and one
large rail transfer point was scheduled
to be closed. A table is given of the
cost figures of a major refuse incineration
plant at Deepham. The annual operating cost
is given as fc892,095 with a return of
L450,000 from electricity, and t100,000 from
scrap metal, for a cost of 14/5d per ton for
474,000 tons a year. The estimated cost of
the plant is fc86,748.
66-0190
Public Works Department. Long range refuse
disposal plan. City of Fort Worth. Fort
Worth, Texas, Apr. 1966. 62 p.
Refuse disposal requirements through 1980
for the City of Fort Worth, Texas and a plan
for economically meeting such requirements
are investigated. Refuse disposal is
presently handled at three sanitary
landfills, two incinerators, and two dump
grounds at which burning is practiced to
reduce volume of refuse, A table of
projected refuse disposal requirements
summarizes the anticipated refuse disposal
load for the city through the fiscal year
1979 to 1980. The proposed refuse disposal
plan provides for phasing out costly and
nuisance-ridden incinerators and
discontinuance of burning at dump grounds
45
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Agricultural Wastes
by fully converting to sanitary landfill.
The projected total cost for the proposed
sanitary landfill plan is $4,730,000 during
the ensuing 14 years. The anticipated
$880,000 cost for site acquisition and
development for the sanitary landfill
system can be recovered in operational
savings from discontinued use of the City's
two existing incinerators. The actions
anticipated to be needed in implementation
of the long range refuse disposal plan
are summarized and chronologically listed.
66-0191
Refuse disposal in the North-east. Public
Cleansing, 56(1).-6-7, Jan, 1966.
A summary is given of the first report on
Regional Considerations in Refuse Disposal
prepared by the Technical Sub-Committee
of Planning Officers for the Joint
Consultative Committee as to Regional
Planning, North-Eastern Development
Council, dated March 29, 1965. Local
authorities reported difficulty in
securing sites for refuse disposal. In
some areas the problem will be acute in
the early 1970's. In addition, high
haulage costs force consideration of
other methods of disposal such as
pulverization plants, incineration, and
composting. Refuse volume was found to be
increasing as forms of packaging changed,
and the weight of refuse per person was
reported to be increasing. It was
estimated that by 1981 tipping site
capacity should exceed 1.8 Billion cu yd
annually for the Tyneside-Wearside area.
A basic change of attitude toward refuse
disposal was recommended. Refuse should
be regarded as a natural resource for
environmental upgrading over wide areas
and co-ordinated program of positive land
reclamation should be developed.
the fine refuse after passage through filters
of various heights are tabulated. Twenty
per cent of the total refuse of a city is
fine refuse and examinations revealed that
it consists of 25 percent organic components
in the winter and 35 percent in the summer.
If this refuse is deposited in a thick layer
of 1 m or more and exposed to natural rain
water, anaerobic decomposition takes place
inside these deposits causing poisoning of
the groundwaters. The development of
hydrogen sulfide gas was also observed.
Since incineration caused similar problems,
it was concluded tht fine refuse should be
disposed of by fine layer composting,
(Text-German)
AGRICULTURAL WASTES
66-0193
Agnew, R. W., and R. C, Loehr, Cattle-manure
treatment techniques. In Management of Farm
Animal Wastes; Proceedings; National Symposium
on Animal Waste Management, East Lansing,
Mich., May 5-7, 1966. St. Joseph, Mich.,
American Society of Agricultural Engineers.
P.81-84.
A combined anaerobic-aerobic lagoon system
was experimentally tested and recommended as
highly effective. By using this system up
to 97 percent of BOD (biochemical oxygen
demand) was observed to have been removed,
both solid and liquid. Three lagoons are
utilized in the system, which are shown to
be efficient yet economic to build, especially
in the case of cattle feed lots. The effluent
from an anaerobic lagoon is potent and must
receive further treatment before discharge
to a receiving stream. Even after adequate
removal of organics, the effluent may pose
a problem because of its color and its
fertilization capacity.
66-0192
Reploh, H., and A. Nehrkorn. Investigations
into the significance of fine refuse during
waste material processing. Archiv Fuer '
Hygiene und Bakteriologie, 150(3, 4):249-259,
1966.
To determine the best method for the
disposal of refuse of grain sizes smaller
than 10 mm, several filter tests were
undertaken. The characteristics and the
germ content of the fine refuse before
filtering and the chemical composition of
66-0194
Allred, E. R. Farm-waste management trends
in Northern Europe. In Management of Farm
Animal Wastes; Proceedings; National
Symposium on Animal Waste Management, East
Lansing, Mich., May 5-7, 1966. St Joseph,
Mich,, American Society of Agricultural
Engineers, p.133-136.
An analysis of the techniques of waste
(excrement) disposal in Europe, and the
seriousness with which research in this field
is carried out, particularly in the various
departments of many universities, leads to
46
-------
0191-0197
the conclusion that similar research in this
country is relatively undeveloped and the
problems associated with waste disposal
accordingly less fully explored. In the
argument for disposal of the wastes as soil
treatment and fertilization material,
liquifying methods, holding and mixing
tanks, and the results obtained from these
•various methods are examined with reference
to specific Installations on farms throughout
Europe. It is shown that suitable and
economic means are currently in use.
66-0195
Berry, E. C. Requirements for microbial
reduction of farm animal wastes. In
Management of Farm Animal Wastes;
Proceedings; National Symposium on Animal
Waste Management, East Lansing, Mich.,
May 5-7, 1966. St. Joseph, Mich.,
American Society of Agricultural Engineers.
p.56-58.
The conditions at South Dakota manure lagoons
are investigated. Low temperatures and
overloading are mainly responsible for the
failure of a number of the lagoons, Average
temperatures of most of the examined
lagoons were below 18 C (details are
tabulated). Packing of manure solids in
the bottom of the lagoon causes an almost
completely static condition, permitting the
pit to fill with solids. This condition is
almost certain to occur when one kind of
waste (such as swine manure') is packed into
the pit. It has been demonstrated repeatedly
with the digester that the seeding of a
stalled microbial action will activate the
process. The article enumerates
micro-organisms involved in manure reduction
in general and describes the mechanics of the
process. Swine waste-tank study (anaerobic
and aerobic) is presented in a chart. In
order to reduce farm animal wastes to a
state of stability the author recommends
equipping the manure lagoons for agitating
the material, supplying oxygen, providing
sufficient water for dilution to an
acceptable level, and increasing the
temperature to a degree sufficient for
microbial action.
66-0196
Bridgham, D. 0., and J. T. Clayton.
Trickling filters as a dairy-manure
stabilization component. In Management
of Farm Animal Wastes; Proceedings;
National Symposium on Animal Waste
Management, East Lansing, Mich., May 5-7,
1966. St. Joseph, Mich., American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, p.66-68.
Three identical trickling filters and final
sedimentation tanks were built in the same
temperature controlled room (shown in
drawings). The volume of each of the filters
was about 12.5 cu ft. The medium was
spherical granite stones ranging in diameter
from 3 to 5 in. The volume of each
sedimentation tank was 480 gal. Trickling
filters were loaded hydraulically at a rate
of 20 million gal per acre per day.
Experimental variables, tabulated, were
process loading rate (three levels) and
ambient temperature (three levels: 45, 55
and 65 F) . One 1,800 gal primary
sedimentation tank supplied the trickling
filters with settled influent. The tank
became overloaded after 126 days, when it
had received 15,753 Ib of dairy manure
diluted with tap water to a total volume of
7,731 gal of slurry. The BOD and solids
content of the influent and effluents of
the three final sedimentation tanks are
presented on two graphs. Results show
that trickling filters are an effective
means of reducing the polluting qualities
of dairy manure and a possible means of
treating effluent for discharge and
recirculation. Experiments suggest a final
sedimentation tank volume of about 114 cu
ft per cow and a filter system which would
require 346 to 391 cu ft of tanks per
cow to produce an effluent BOD of 200
ppm.
66-0197
Cassell, E. A., A. F. Warner, and G. B.
Jacobs. Dewatering chicken manures by
vacuum filtration. In Management of
Farm Animal Wastes; Proceedings; National
Symposium on Animal Waste Management, East
Lansing, Mich., May 5-7, 1966. St. Joseph,
Mich., American Society of Agricultural
Engineers, p.85-91.
Increasing difficulty is being encountered
by poultry farmers in disposing of chicken
manure, due to the fact that the surrounding
environment of the poultry farms is rapidly
changing from open rural areas (where land
spreading is feasible) to relatively
developed suburban and/or vacation areas
(where odor and quantity of manure pose
definite restrictions). In an effort to
provide evaluation data on the
dewatering-vacuum filtration technique
of disposing of the manure, experimentation
revealed that with the addition of 1.35
percent anionic polyelectrolytes'and 0.65
47
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Agricultural Wastes
percent cationic polyelectrolytes to
precondition the manure sludge, the vacuum
filtration process could remove as much as
75 percent of the water from the manure.
This would greatly facilitate either
incineration or transport and disposal of
the remaining solids. Economic analysis of
the process was prevented by lack of
sufficient data.
66-0198
Cheney, L. T. Farm animal waste problems as
viewed by civil engineers. In Management
of Farm Animal Wastes; Proceedings; National
Symposium On Animal Waste Management, East
Lansing, Mich., May 5-7, 1966. St Joseph,
Mich., American Society of Agricultural
Engineers, p.9.
The fact that all levels of government are
stressing the need to clean up our badly
polluted waters indicates the problem of
water pollution from feedlots will be
subjected to ever-increasing pressures
for high-quality solutions. The feedlot
waste problem presents tremendous
challenges to the engineer due to the
magnitude of the problem, the
characteristics of the wastes, the pollution
and nuisance problem, and the economic
constraints imposed by the profit potential
of the feedlots. To the civil engineer,
the problem of obtaining a satisfactory
answer is summarized in five steps: (1)
development of specialized, large scale
factory farms; (2) lack of satisfactory
treatment system; (3) management of runoff
from feedlots; (4) characteristics of animal
wastes; and (5) profit potential and
interest of the feedlot operators.
66-0199
Cross, 0. E. Removal of moisture from
poultry waste by electro-osmosis. Part I.
In Management of Farm Animal Wastes;
Proceedings; National Symposium on Animal
Waste Management, East Lansing, Mich.,
May 5-7, 1966. St. Joseph, Mich., American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, p.91-93.
In an effort to remove moisture from
poultry wastes, an experimental application
of the electro-osmosis phenomena (proved in
civil engineering projects to remove
34 percent of the moisture from soil) was attempted
to investigate its applicability to
dewatering animal excrement. Three factors
were selected as being most critical;
amount of electrical current, time, and
distance between electrodes. Results showed
that a 189 percent drop in moisture content
was experienced with the shortest sample
(10 cm) and the highest current flow (6
ma per sq cm initial current).
66-0200
Curtis, D. R. Design criteria for anaerobic
lagoons for swine manure disposal. In
Mangement of Farm Animal Wastes; Proceedings;
National Symposium on Animal Waste
Management, East Lansing, Mich., May 5-7,
196"6. St. Joseph, Mich., American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, p.75-80.
Detailed information is provided for 20
lagoon disposal systems in South Dakota. The
lagoons are heavily loaded organically and
operate by anaerobic digestion. This process
is influenced by environmental factors such
as temperature, pH, and available food
supply. Successful operation of a lagoon for
disposal of manure was evaluated in terms of
relatively odor-free operation, trouble-free
water-carried manure system, and an economic
life of the lagoon system to warrant the
initial cost. Lagoon volume provided at
time of construction should range from 75 to
100 cu ft per hog, which will allow solids
accumulation up to 5 years. A sufficient
quantity of water must be available to
completely cover the solids and hasten
bacterial decomposition. Liquid depth of
5 ft and more appears desirable. Other
design criteria include provisions for
adequate slope of collection system and
discharge conduit to insure trouble-free
manure carriage, location of discharge
conduit above center of liquid surface, use
of a V trough for manure carriage and adequate
fencing around lagoon as a safety feature.
Physical data on operating lagoons verified by
on-site investigation are presented in an
appendix.
66-0201
Davis, E. H. Cattle-manure handling and
disposal systems on the West Coast. In
Management of Farm Animal Wastes;
Proceedings; National Symposium on Animal
Waste Management, East Lansing, Mich.,
May 5-7, 1966. St. Joseph, Mich., American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, p.45-47.
Disposal of animal wastes as it is being
practiced in California, Oregon, and
Washington is discussed. Particular
attention is paid to manure handling loafing
sheds provided with individual stalls, first
48
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0198-0205
built In the fall of 1960. Stall'housing,
however, produces manure which requires
special handling. The method of handling
and disposing of manure in a sanitary
manner depends on climatic conditions and
management practices. Disposal of animal
waste is part of livestock enterprise and
should be charged to this operation.
Additional research is required concerning
lagoons, nitrate contamination of underground
water supplied, grinding units for processing
beef and dairy manures, and agitation
equipment for large holding tanks, A close
working relationship with state health
department is essential.
66-0202
Davis, R. V., C. E. Cooley, and A. W. Hadder.
Treatment of duck wastes and their effects
on water quality. In Management of Farm
Animal Wastes; Proceedings; National
Symposium on Animal Waste Management, last
Lansing, Mich., May 5-7, 1966. St Joseph,
Mich., American Society of Agricultural
Engineers, p.98-105.
Early in 1963 a study was undertaken to
determine the effect of coliform organisms
in the treated wastes from two duck farms
on water quality in an oyster-producing and
recreational area of the Rappahannock River
near Urbanna, Virginia. Conclusions from
this study include the findings that
presettling facilities will remove 72 to
96 percent of the coliform organisms per
100 ml. Larger ponds in an alternating
pattern to permit cleaning of sludge
were very effective. Sampling over the
period July 1963 through April 1964
in the stages of the settling ponds and
in areas of the adjacent river showed
marked improvement in the quality of
the water, enabling reopening of the oyster
beds.
66-0203
Durham, R. M., et al. Coprophagy and use of
animal waste in livestock feeds. In
Management of Farm Animal Wastes;
Proceedings; Mational Symposium on Animal
Waste Management, East Lansing, Mich., May
5-7, 1966. St. Joseph, Mich. , American
Society of Agricultural Engineers.
p.112-114.
Coprophagy has been observed in cattle
consuming limited quantities of all
concentrate rations. Investigation of the
utilization of varying amounts of manure in
feed for laying hens, cattle, sheep,
swine, and catfish was undertaken. Favorable
results were noted in all instances so long
as the amount of manure was limited.
66-0204
Eby, H. J. Evaluating adaptability of
pasture grasses to hydroponic culture and
their ability to act as chemical filters,
In Management of Farm Animal Wastes;
Proceedings; National Symposium on Animal
Waste Management, East Lansing, Mich.,
May 5-7, 1966. St. Joseph, Mich., American
Society of Agricultural Engineers,
p.117-120.
Every year hundreds of thousands of tons of
plant nutrients are discharged into the
nation's streams and lakes through runoff from
farms and from municipal sewage treatment
facilities. Financial loss, pollution, and
damage to streams, fish, etc., which are the
normal results of this waste can be averted by
a system of hydroponics to purify the
run-off at a relatively low cost. At the
same time, hydroponics would provide the
plant nutrients always needed on the farm
and pollution dangers would be reduced as a
result of their removal from water. The
effectiveness of the hydroponic system is
contingent upon some form of primary
treatment either by sewage digesters or In
a waste-disposal lagoon.
66-0205
Hart, S. A., J. A. Moore, and W. F. Hale.
Pumping manure slurries. In Management
of Farm Animal Wastes; Proceedings;
National Symposium on Animal Waste
Management, East Lansing, Mich,, May
5-7, 1966. St. Joseph, Mich.,
American Society of Agricultural Engineers,
p.34-38.
Five pumps, representing centrifugal, positive
displacement, and diaphragm types, all
commercially available, were tested with water
to obtain a better understanding of manure
slurry pumping and determine the
characteristics of various kinds of pumps.
Fresh manure was then mixed with water to
form a slurry. Some 300 individual runs
were made with these pumps with three
manures at various speeds. Individual
head-discharge curves were drawn for each run
and then combined into families. Almost
identical curves were obtained for poultry
and swine manures, with allowance for the
consistency difference in a fludity
49
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Agricultural Wastes
comparison diagram. For best results authors
advocate a slurry of 1 and 3 (possibly 4)
percent for all manures. Among pumps the
centrifugals have a greater capacity and cost
less as compared with the diaphragm and
positive displacement pumps. The latter two
types however, were found to be better suited
for hard jobs.
66-0206
Hog waste treatment lagoons. Public Works,
97(10):80-82, Oct. 1966.
Field investigations and sampling programs
with laboratory analysis of closed system
lagoon operations for animal wastes, conducted
by the Illinois Department of Public Health,
have shown that a confinement installation
feeding 1,000 head of hogs had a waste
strength equivalent to a town of 3,000
population. (A value of 0.5 Ib COD
per 1.50 Ib hog was determined.) Cattle
feeding operations result in an
approximate waste strength value of 1.35
Ib COD per animal. Because of the lack
of information on treatment systems
effective in reducing the organic load
of these wastes, Illinois recommends that
a non-overflow lagoon be used, designed
for not more than 250 hogs per acre
of water surface, with an operating depth
of 6 ft, or 300 hogs per acre with 7
ft depth. Water level should be kept
fairly constant (plus or minus 6 in.) The
lagoons should be constructed with 1-1
slope below water line with 3-1 slope
embankment above water line (height of banks
2-3 ft). Top width of banks should be 4
to 6 ft. The lagoon must be located
in a tight, preferably clay, soil to prevent
leakage. Where necessary, the bottom and
slopes should be compacted clay, soil cement,
plastic lining, or other sealant material.
The inlet pipe should extend to near the
center of the lagoon and be submerged to
provide continuous loading in winter when
the surface is frozen. Fencing is
recommended.
66-0207
Irgens, R. L., and D. L. Day. Aerobic
treatment of swine waste. In Management of
Farm Animal Wastes; Proceedings; National
Symposium on Animal Waste Management, East
Lansing Mich., May 5-7, 1966. St. Joseph,
Mich., American Society of Agricultural
Engineers, p.58-60.
An investigation was undertaken to determine
whether the aerobic method of decomposing
swine waste, which is odorless and results
in high degree of stabilization, could be
developed into a useful process that would
not have the disadvantages of overloaded
manure lagoons or be as expensive as an
enclosed anaerobic digester. Some of the
factors studied in the laboratory phase
were: required dilution, efficiency of
oxygen usage, frequency and amount of
loading, and characteristics of surplus
water and sludge. Measurements of BOD,
COD, ammonia, nitrate, phosphate, organic
nitrogen, volatile solids, and pH were
made before and after the waste was' treated,
From results of the tests it was calculated
that for aerobic stabilization of the waste
about 6 cu ft of tank volume per pig would
be required and about 1.2 Ib -oxygen per
Ib of BOD (0.65 Ib BOD per 125 Ib pig per
day), or 2500 cu ft of air per Ib of BOD
at 3 percent of oxygen utilization, A
laboratory was designed to field-test
an oxidation ditch in a swine finishing
building (drawing in text), using results
obtained.
66-0208
Jones, J. H., and G. S. Taylor. Disposal of
household wastes in the soil. In Management
of Farm Animal Wastes; Proceedings; National
Symposium on Animal Waste Management, East
Lansing, Mich., May 5-7, 1966. St. Joseph,
Mich., American Society of Agricultural
Engineers, p.53-55.
Many septic tank soil absorption systems are
malfunctioning due to absorption
difficulties. The utility of the systems
depends greatly on the size of the absorption
field, the waste load, soil conditions and
the construction and installation of the
absorption field. In addition to the
well-known soil percolation test, soil
properties such as texture, structure and
color, should be considered. Absorption
field construction and installation practices
should avoid damages to soil such as
compaction and smearing. .High percentages of
failures can be ascribed to clogging of
soil during effluent absorption. The use
of gravel in soil absorption systems and its
role as a filtering and oxidation layer
needs further study. Future work should be
directed towards, the use of graded filters.
An anaerobic environment and sands of high
initial hydraulic conductivity aid in
avoidance of soil clogging. Effect of
effluent and water applications on the
conductivity of coarse and fine sands under
50
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0206-0213
conditions of ponding are presented in
charts.
66-0209
Jordon, H. C. Poultry manure marketing. In
Management of Farn Animal Wastes;
Proceedings; National Symposium on Animal
Waste Management, East Lansing, Mich.,
May 5-7, 1966. St. Joseph, Mich., American
Society of Agricultural Engineers.
p.132-133.
A survey of economic means of utilizing
poultry manure was undertaken by the
Pennsylvania State University between 1961
and 1963, in order to prevent poultry farmers
from going bankrupt due to lack of
information, or misinformation about the
value of dried manure and its fertilization
usefulness. It was found to be worth more
than 20 dollars per ton on a dry weight
basis, specifically in terms of its
usefulness and evident marketability as an
organic soil conditioner.
66-0210
Kesler, R. P. Economic evaluation of
liquid-manure disposal from confinement
finishing of hogs. In Management of Farm
Animal Wastes; Proceedings; National
Symposium on Animal Waste Management, East
Lansing, Mich., May 5-7, 1966. St. Joseph,
Mich., American Society of Agricultural
Engineers, p.122-125.
Manure is a valuable by-product of the hog
industry. Economics of the operation may
demand that the manure be simply disposed of,
A study has been made of the economics of
hog-manure disposal, and to evaluate various
alternative systems of disposal. The total
hauling and spreading method was found to
be the lowest in cost, the converse true of
the total lagooning disposal process, and
a combination of the two ranged between the
two in cost. It is concluded that the
appropriate method must be determined
according to the particular situation
of the Installation Involved.
66-0211
Management of Farm Animal Waste;
Proceedings; National Symposium on Animal
Waste Management, East Lansing, Mich.,
May 5-7, 1966. St. Joseph, Mich.,
American Society of Agricultural
Engineers. 161 p.
Farm animal waste management is discussed in
45 papers ranging from 'Pumping Manure
Slurries* and 'Utilization of Animal
Waste as Feed for Ruminants', to
'Design Criteria for Anaerobic Lagoons*
and 'Future Research in Animal Wastes'.
After a prologue and introduction by various
state and federal officials and scientists,
the substantive papers are presented in
six subject categories (with over half
the contributions falling in the first two
categories): A. Handling and Disposal
of Animal Wastes; B. Treatment of Animal
Wastes; C. Utilization of Animal Wastes;
D. Economic Aspects of Animal Waste
Management; E. European Technology; F.
Research Support and Needs. An epilogue,
pictorial highlights, list of
participants, and appendix of uniform
terminology complete the volume.
66-0212
Mehren, G. L. Aesthetics,
economics--animal waste. In Management
of Farm Animal Wastes; Proceedings;
National Symposium on Animal Waste
Management, East Lansing, Mich., May
5-7, 1966. St. Joseph, Mich., American
Society of Agricultural Engineers.
p.4-7.
The animal waste program is presented as an
integral and coordinated element within the
broader federal-state program of
environmental quality. Pollution problems
from animal waste, involving more than 2
billion tons of manure dropped annually, are
enumerated and the role of the USDA as the
guardian of soil, air, and water against
needless pollution is stressed.
Recommendations of the Report of the
Environmental Pollution Panel of the
President's Science Advisory Committee
as well as of the National Academy of
Sciences are analyzed and areas of
present and future planned research are
delineated.
66-0213
Meland, B, R., and R. W. Boubel. A study-of
field burning under varying environmental
conditions. Journal of the Air Pollution
Control Association, 16(9):A81-484, Sept.
1966.
The practice of burning 233,000 acres of
grass-seed land in the Willamette Valley of
Oregon after harvest contributes to a high
concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere
51
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Agricultural Wastes
during August and September. The effect of
environmental variables on grass-field
burning was studied to determine conditions
under which significant air pollution can be
obtained. The tests were conducted on 50-ten
thousand sq ft plots, half in Common rye
grass (a coarse texture with limited
regrowth) and half in English rye grass (a
fine texture perennial grass). The average
and extreme values of the independent
variables were given for both grasses in
two tables. A graph is given showing the
temperatures versus time for locations 2
in. and 1/2 in. below the surface, at the
surface and 6 in. above the surface during
burning. Two photographs show the plot
arrangement and a plot burning. A
correlation matrix is given in a table
which shows the correlations significant to
5 percent for the variables. It was found
that for both grasses the amount of suspended
particulates was not dependent upon any of
the independent variables such as time from
harvest to burning, time of day, air
temperature, relative humidity, soil and
straw moisture, wind speed and direction, and
fuel density. The residue left was dependent
upon the soil moisture. Smoke color was
dependent on straw moisture. Burning earlier
in the season gave less residue, better
disease and weed control and reduced the
suspended particulate emission at a period
when, coineidently, better atmospheric
dispersion exists. It is concluded that
farmers should be concerned about
environmental variables in any effort to
achieve their burning objectives with the
minimum pollution.
66-0214
Miner, J. R., et al. Cattle feedlot runoff
nature and behavior. In Proceedings; 21st
Industrial Waste Conference, Lafayette, Ind.,
May 3-5, 1966. Purdue University Engineering
Extension Series No. 121. p.834-847.
In the Midwest, where commercial cattle
feeding has increased rapidly, severe water
polution problems have developed in
waterways. Runoff was measured and sampled
from two experimental cattle feedlots.
Tray experiments were conducted to study
the bacteriological changes in manure lying
on the feedlot surface. A series of
anaerobic bottle studies were made at varying
temperatures to determine changes that take
place in runoff water when it Is stored in
a retention pond prior to treatment. Results
show that cattle feedlot runoff was high
strength organic waste containing considerable
quantities of nitrogen. Runoff from
concrete lots was approximately twice as
heavily polluted as runoff from nonsurfaced
lots. Runoff from both was heavily laden
with bacteria normally used to evaluate water
quality. The bacterial nature of stored
feedlot runoff and litter changed
continuously as a function of temperature and
storage time. As a result, the fecal
coliform:fecal streptococcus ratio does not
appear to be an entirely reliable tool to
identify the cause of an observed water
pollution problem.
66-0215
Miner, J. R., et al. Stormwater runoff from
cattle feedlots. In Management of Farm
Animal Wastes; Proceedings; National
Symposium on Animal Waste Management, East
Lansing, Mich., May 5-7, 1966. St. Joseph,
Mich,, American Society of Agricultural
Engineers, p. 23-27.
Two experimental cattle feedlots were
constructed near the Kansas State University
Campus. One was entirely surfaced with
concrete; the other had concrete only around
feed bunks. East lot was 92 by 24 ft with
a constant 2 percent slope. Simulated
rainfall was provided at intensities from
0.4 to 2.5 in, per hr. Chemical oxygen
demand (COD) was used as the primary parameter
of organic pollution. Both COD and
biological oxygen demand (BOD) were run on
series of 48 samples. A median CODtBOD
ratio of 8.8 was obtained. Nitrogenous
compounds were measured in four forms;
Kjeldahl (total), ammonium, nitrate, and
nitrite nitrogen. More organic matter and
Kjeldahl nitrogen were found in the runoff
with low-Intensity rainfall, with moist
conditions preceding rainfall, and during
warm weather. A detention pond to spread
runoff over 24 hr or longer seems feasible.
Other recommended measures include
diverting all rainfall not falling directly
on the feedlot surface around the facility,
and maintaining the litter as dry as
possible.
66-0216
Moe, P., and S. J. Toth. Agricultural value of
linseed meal and hulls. Compost Science, 7
(1):22-25, Spring-Summer 1966.
The agricultural uses for linseed meal and
linseed meal hulls as soil additives are
investigated. Standard techniques were
employed in greenhouse, out-of-door cylinder,
and field tests. Total nitrogen content of
52
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0214-0219
plant tissue was determined by a modified
Kjeldahl procedure and nitrate contents of
soils by the phenoldisulfonic acid method.
Linseed meal is quite similar to
Milorganite in its chemical composition,
both containing approximately 6,0 percent or
more of total nitrogen, although the linseed
meal hulls are considerably lower in total
nitrogen (3.4 percent). The nitrogen
mineralization and soil aggregating effects
of linseed meal products were compared with
ammonium sulfate using a Nixon sandy loam
as the test soil over a period of 6 weeks.
The. nitrogen in linseed meal was not converted
to nitrates as rapidly as in ammonium
sulfate. The data on aggregation indicate a
significant increase in water-stable
aggregates at each time interval of incubation
in soils treated with linseed meal products.
In testing the N-availability, ammonium
sulfate, linseed meal and Milorganite
significantly increased total yields above
the control, although linseed meal hulls
failed in this respect. Important findings
were: the nitrogen contained in linseed meal
products is as readily available as the N
in ammonium sulfate. However, mineralization
rates of linseed hulls is only 50 percent
that of meal. The soil aggregating effect
of linseed meal products is of relatively
short duration. The nitrogen in linseed meal
products is more available than that of
dried cow manure and other organic nitrogen
carriers. Linseed meal products should be
applied to soils from the viewpoint of their
nitrogen rather than soil aggregating
effects.
found in a chicken. Patterned after a
hay bale shredder, the prototype maceration
unit used beveled knife sections
(3/16 by 3 by 3 in mild steel) bolted onto
several 8 in. diameter discs as the basic
cutting device. Possible systems for disposal
of the macerated poultry tested in the field
are slurry spreading, manure disposal
lagoon, heated septic tank, artificial
composting and thin bed drying.
66-0218
Morris, G. L. Duck-processing waste. In
Management of Farm Animal Wastes; Proceedings;
National Symposium on Animal Waste Management,
East Lansing, Mich., May 5-7, 1966. St.
Joseph, Mich., American Society of Agricultural
Engineers, p.15-18.
Two Long Island duck processing plants were
studied. Composite samples from individual
waste water lines were analyzed for COD,
BOD, suspended solids, pH, ammonia nitrogen,
phosphate etc. Relatively low coliform
counts from evisceration waste waters show
careful removal of viscera without rupture.
Total coliforn concentrations ranged from
16,000 to 150,000 per 100 ml. Water
consumption in the plants appears rather high
compared with chicken processing plants.
The total use of water could be lowered by
using water from refrigeration units as boiler
make-up water and other measures.
66-0217
Moore, J. A., and W. C. Fairbank. Maceration
for disposal of dead poultry. In Management
of Farm Animal Wastes; Proceedings; National
Symposium on Animal Waste Management, East
Lansing, Mich., May 5-7, 1966. St. Joseph,
Mich,, American Society of Agricultural
Engineers, p. 47-49.
Present dead-bird disposal methods include
rendering-plant pickup, sanitary fill
incineration, disposal pits, and heated septic
tanks. All these methods have advantages and
limitations discussed by Fairbank in a
previous study. However, if the carcasses
are ground, chopped, or macerated they can
then be handled with the manure in most
poultry-manure disposal systems. Reduction
to small particle size will accelerate
biodegradation and biostabilization processes.
Experimentation led to combining the cutting
action of hashers and the pulping of hammer
mills in a machine which handled the
heterogenous material, including feathers
66-0219
Morris, W. H. Economics of liquid-manure
disposal from confined livestock. In
Management of Farm Animal Wastes;
Proceedings; National Symposium on
Animal Waste Management, East Lansing,
Mich., May 5-7, 1966. St. Joseph,
Mich., American Society of Agricultural
Engineers, p.126*131.
The concept of obtaining the maximum profits
from the use of livestock manures is
rapidly giving way, in large livestock
operations, to the concept of disposing of the
manure at a low enough cost and below a
certain "nuisance* level. This type of
economics often determines whether the
operation can continue at its present
location. Where spreading and irrigation
cannot be utilized as disposal methods,
anaerobic and aerobic lagoon treatment seem
to be the most practical for farm use.
53
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Agricultural Wastes
66-0220
Morrison, C. S, Farm animal waste problem.
In Management of Farm Animal Wastes;
Proceedings; National Symposium on Aminal
Waste Management, East Lansing, Mich.,
May 5-7, 1966. St. Joseph, Mich.,
American Society of Agricultural
Engineers, p.8.
The animal waste problem actually has been
created by agricultural scientists and
engineers themselves, who made it possible
to produce animals in total confinement. With
automated livestock feeding, the manure
piles up faster than the farmer can
dispose of it. The problem was recognized
in 1958 when the ASAE Rural Waste Disposal
Committee X-12 was organized. Its members
participated in several conferences, national
and international, which are enumerated,
where animal waste disposal problems
were presented in papers and discussed in
committees. Out of this activity an eventual
solution to the animal waste management
problem will emerge.
66^0221
Morrison, S, R., ?. E. Mendel, and T, E.
Bond, Sloping floors for beef-cattle
feedlots. In Management of Farm Animal
Wastes; Proceedings; National Symposium on
Animal Waste Management, East Lansing,
Mich., May 5-7, 1966. St. Joseph, Mich.,
American Society of Agricultural Engineers.
p.41-43.
The results of three-years' work on sloping
floors at the University of California
Imperial Valley field station are reported.
The object of the 1963 test was to determine
the effect of the slope itself on manure
movement, cattle behavior, weight gains and
feed efficiency. Identical 12 by 14 ft
oens with concrete floors were tilted at
angles of 1.25, 4.75, and 7.0 degrees from
the horizontal, and the results compared
with adjacent pens of the same size with a
natural (dirt) floor. Tests indicate that
slopes up to 7 degrees do not depress weight
gains or feed efficiency. A slope of about
5 degrees is sufficient for remova] of
most of the manure, but unless some flushing
arrangement is employed, manure will build
up slowly near the feed bunk. Stalls
added in 1964 tests seemed to have little
value in preventing this build-uo. A 6
ft wide slat covered pit installed for the
1965 test series at the lower end of the
slope allowed manure to move freely off the
floor and served as a satisfactory storage
facility for the fluid manure.
66-0222
Neveux, M. Processing and agricultural
utilization of urban refuse in France. In
International Research Group on Refuse
Disposal (IRGRD), Information Bulletins
1-12. Washington, U.S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, 1966.
p.151-152.
The amount of organic matter incorporated
into French soils yearly is about 40 to 50
million tons. The annual production of
stable manure is about 100 million tons.
Little use is made of refuse and sludge
for agricultural purposes as compared to
stable manure. In the Paris region,
200,000 to 400,000 tons of raw refuse
are freed from iron and glass fragments,
pulverized, and dispensed immediately
to farmers. Transportation costs are high
because of the low density of raw refuse,
Practical use therefore depends largely
on distance between plant and place of
consumption. Compost is comparable to good
stable manure in quality and is usually much
cheaper. The price of stable manure in
France is somewhat higher than its true
value, whereas the orices of compost and
raw refuse are considerably below their
true values. Generally speaking, refuse
compost is used in agriculture mostly in
the south of France, which has a warm,
relatively dry climate and where most of the
composting plants are also located.
66-0223
Hurnberger, F. V., C. J, Mackson, and J.
Davidson, Removal of moisture from
noultry waste by electro-osmosis, Part
2. In Management of Farm Animal Wastes;
Proceedings; National Symposium on
Animal Waste Management, East Lansing,
Mich., May 5-7, 1966. St. Joseph
Mich., American Society of Agricultural
Engineers, p.93-95.
An investigation was undertaken to study the
effects of various electrode tynes and
materials on the liquid expelled from
chicken excrement by the process of
electro-osmosis. A rod type electrode of
stainless steel with 20 v d-c (highest
current tested) obtained 4.8 percent wb
reduction of moisture content on a 22 hr
duration; this was not considered
sufficient to reach a pelletable level from
the initial value of 80 percent wb. The
cost of electricity used was calculated
to be 12.7 cents per gal of liquid removed
(at 2 cents per kw per hr).
54
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0220-022D
66-0224
Osterli, ?. P., L. B. McNelly, and E. F.
Barley, A progress report relating to the
disposal of agricultural wastes In the Bay
Area, Riverside, University of
California, Agricultural Extension Service
and Statewide Air Pollution Research Center,
July 1966. 35 p.
This report reviews the accomplishments and
adjustments already made by agriculture and
allied operations in reducing open burning;
points out those management procedures that
have limitations or no alternative for
adjustment at the present time; reviexra the
progress of the University of California's
air pollution research and education program
with special emphasis on more recently
developed information; outlines the proposed
program for the continuing research and
educational effort in developing and
applying alternative methods of disposal
of agricultural wastes; and presents
conclusions which could aid in developing a
mutually agreeable adjustment program for both
the District and the farmers of the area
involved. It was concluded that the total
hydrocarbons emitted from burning of
agricultural wastes is relatively
insignificant when compared to the total
hydrocarbons from other sources. Also,
agricultural burning is highly seasonal
with most of it being done during the period
of low oxidant level. Agriculture has
adopted alternative methods to open burning
for disposal of wastes and will continue to
do so as economically feasible methods are
developed.
66-0225
Ostrander, C. E. Methods of handling
poultry-waste materials. In Management of
Farm Animal Wastes; Proceedings; National
Symposium on Animal Waste Management, East
Lansing, Mich., May 5-7, 1966. St. Joseph,
Mich., American Society of Agricultural
Engineers, p.32-33.
This paper deals with material primarily
from layers housed in high-density
systems. This manure is usually not mixed
with litter. Each 1,000 layers will produce
4 cu ft or 250 Ib per day. It may be
collected in pits under wire or slat
floors or under cages. In the southern
areas of our country, manure can be dried
under cages by using open houses, with
two birds per cage, good air circulation,
and no spillage of water on manure. Where
closed housing is used, coning and drying
cannot be assured. Stored areas require
frequent collection and cleaning. Methods
of removing manure from under the birds
are by hand, garden tractors, and mechanical
cleaners. Deep pits may be cleaned
by front end loaders mounted on tractors.
Other areas discussed include storing,
loading, spreading, processing, and
disposal.
66-0226
Production of bio-fertilizer and bio-gas
from agricultural waste material.
Research and Industry, 11(1):24-25,
Jan. 1966.
The rational use of organic wastes is a
matter of great urgency in India, where
much of the organic waste is burned, A
project was started in 1962 in Kanpur to
investigate the conversion of leaves,
bagasse, and grasses into a methane-rich
combustible gas of high calorific value
(bio-gas) and a fertilizer (bio-fertilizer).
It was shown that 13 to 14 tons of
agricultural wastes from the National Sugar
Institute's farm and surrounding villages
at Kanpur could produce 2,400 cu in of bio-gas
having 12,480,000 kilocalories of heat,
equivalent to 1,500 liters of kerosene and
25 to 28 tons of moist bio-fertilizers.
The first table given shows that
bio-fertilizer is superior to other manures,
such as farmyard manure, composts
and green manure. The bio-fertilizer has
a nitrogen content of 1.8 to 2,4 percent,
phosphorus pentoxide of 1.0 to 1.2 percent,
and potassium oxide of 0.6 percent. Urban
compost shows values of 1,0, 1.0, and
1.25 respectively for the same
constituents. For farm yard manure, the
values are 0.4, 0.2, and 0.4. The results
of field trials, using a nitrogen application
of 60 Ib per acre mds (table) show the yields
per acre of grain for a 1.6 percent nitrogen
bio-manure to be 38.93 and for straw 72.
The values are much higher than the yield
from other manures. Only 45 to 50 days
are required to produce this
bio-fertilizer compared with 6 to 8
months required in compost pits. The
system proposed can produce a gas for
lighting, heating, and cooking and an
excellent fertilizer using units suited
to village economy.
55
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Agricultural Wastes
66-0227
Quisenberry, J. H., D, D. Malik, and R.
Ibarbla. Water metabolism studies may
assist with waste disposal. In Management
of Farm Animal Wastes; Proceedings;
National Symposium on Animal Waste
Management, East Lansing, Mich., May
5-7, 1966. St. Joseph, Mich., American
Society of Agricultural Engineers.
p.49-51.
Water removal from environmentally controlled
laying houses and dehydration of droppings
below laying cages remain problems of
concern to poultrymen. Since 10,000 birds
will excrete approximately 5,000 Ib
of water daily, moisture removal from the
laying house assumes a great importance.
For many poultry operations, attempts to
solve the waste-management problems
can best be accomplished by concentrating
on methods of obtaining dry or drying the
droppings to a manageable level. Three
methods have been tested by the authors:
use of baffles or splash-boards under cage
operations significantly reduced the moisture
content of the droppings and the flies
hatched therefrom; use of dietary additives
such as clays and bentonites shows that as
the level of clay in diet was increased,
the percentage of water in the droppings
decreased; genetic selection for low water
excretors. Each of these methods has its
merits and should be used by poultrymen
as their specific needs require.
6&Q228
Reed, C. H. Disposal of poultry manure
by plow-furrow-cover method. In
Management of Farm Animal Wastes;
Proceedings; National Symposium on Animal
Waste Management, East Lansing,
Mich., May 5-7, 1966. St. Joseph, Mich.,
American Society of Agricultural
Engineers, p. 52-53.
The disposal of liquid manure by the
plow-furrow-cover technique appears to be an
excellent conservation method. The upper
soil layer is used as the disposal medium;
there is no opportunity for flies to breed
or even feed. In a closed handling
system there are no detectable odors.
With this method from 1 to 2 in. of slurry
is deposited in a plowed furrow 6 to 8
in. deep. Immediately after deposition,
a single-bottom plow covers the manure,
making the next furrow; this can be
done in one or two operations. Depositing
and completely covering 2 in. of slurry,
equivalent to 225 tons per acre, is claimed
to be successful. The development of the
method, the initial disposal programs, and
the proposed experimental program to
determine the maximum rate of disposal on a
limited land area are described. Several
examples of practical application of
this method of poultry manure disposal on
New Jersey farms are provided.
66-0229
Riley, C. T. Poultry manure
disposal--is there a problem? Agriculture,
73(3):110-112, Mar. 1966.
The manure from poultry batteries is heavy,
sticky, smells, and is a disposal
problem in an age of computers and
controlled environment when it is
considered cheaper to use artificial
fertilizers. This review is based on
a survey of 170 farms covering 1^ million
layers on 20,500 acres. The problem was
not as acute as was anticipated.
Imponderable actors such as the smell
and the people who smell the smell are
as important as the acreage involved
and the birds per acre. The average
poultry farmer spends a shilling a year
per bird to move the manure around and lose
it. It costs the farmer with 5,000 birds,
with 1,000 gallons of manure output a week,
fc5 to put this 1,000 gal in a tanker, take
it somewhere and dump it. There is a
swing away from the hydraulic form of
handling toward dry storage in a roofed
up-to-date manure pile where the material
is kept as dry as possible. Only a
few farms are going to use drying or other
advanced techniques; most will settle for
some compromise, using conventional methods.
The value of the poultry manure should
influence farmers to reconsider the policy of
throwing away their manure and paying the
removal cost.
66-0230
Scheltinga, H. M. Biological treatment of
animal wastes. In Management of Farm
Animal Wastes; Proceedings; National
Symposium on Animal Waste Management, East
Lansing, Mich., May 5-7, 1966. St. Joseph,
Mich., American Society of Agricultural
Engineers, p.140-143.
A series of experiments in Holland aimed at
investigating the possible methods of low
cost animal waste disposal were conducted
in an effort to relieve the increasing
problem of water (surface) pollution and
increasing restrictions put on older methods
of disposal due to population density
(particularly lagooning). The experiments
involved the purification of concentrated
56
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0227-0233
dairy wastes by means of an oxidation
ditch and were also directed at pig wastes.
Under the system evolved, 450 g BOD 5 per cu
m seemed to tie satisfactorily handled, and
the costs were calculated to approximately
75 cents per animal. Earlier results
obtained by handling chemical trade wastes
with toxic components such as phenol and
cyanide in varying influent concentrations
were useful in the conduct of the present
investigations.
66-0231
Schmisseur, W. E., et al. Materials handling
and labor in free-stall and loose housing.
In Management of Farm Animal Wastes;
Proceedings; National Symposium on Animal
Baste Management, East Lansing, Mich.,
May 5-7, 1966. St. Joseph, Mich., American
Society of Agricultural Engineers.
p.43-45.
In the winter and spring of 1964-65 Purdue
University conducted two 2-month studies in
Indiana comparing free-stall to loose
housing. The free-stall system required
1/4 ton of straw or 0.8 ton of sawdust per
cow per 6 months as compared to 1 ton of
straw or 3 tons of sawdust in loose
housing. The free-stall system provides each
cow with a clean, safe place to lie but
there are other management factors--e.g.
animal behavior, cow cleanliness, economics,
health, materials handling, which have to
be considered. Manure handling efficiency
favors loose housing; it required 4.6
manhours per cow in loose housing while 5.6
man-hours per cow were needed in free
stalls. More manure with less labor and
time is handled in loose housing than in
free-stalls. An average of 4.5 tons of
manure and bedding were handled per cow
during winter in loose housing as against
only 1.4 in free stalls. Even though the
free-stall system offers cleaner cows
with less bedding and fewer injury
problems; convential equipment,
materials handling, and labor requirements
favor loose-housing systems.
66-0232
Sobel, A. T., and D. C. Ludington.
Destruction of chicken manure by
incineration. In Management of Farm Animal
Wastes; Proceedings; National Symposium on
Animal Waste Management, East Lansing, Mich.,
May 5-7, 1966. St. Joseph, Mich., American
Society of Agricultural Engineers.
p.96-98.
Manure handling and disposal present
different challenges for poultry and
dairy operations; the dairy operations
can usually disperse the manure over their
feed growing land; no such possibility
exists in the future for compact poultry
enterprises. An experimental investigation
was made into the feasibility of
incineration of poultry manure. Combustion
is shown as possibly self-supporting,
producing enough energy to evaporate
moisture at the same time as burning
continues, however, future application of
incineration will depend on cost factors
and possible air pollution hazards, which are
not yet thoroughly explored.
66-0233
Sobel, A. T. Physical properties of animal
manures association with handling. In
Management of Farm Animals Wastes;
Proceedings; National Symposium on Animal
Waste Management, East Lansing, Mich.,
May 5-7, 1966. St. Joseph, Mich., American
Society of Agricultural Engineers,
p.27-32.
The following physical properties of
chicken and dairy cow manures were
investigated: basic physical
composition, particle density and bulk
density, production, particle size and
distribution dilution, settling rate,
suspended and dissolved solids, flowability,
and freezing point. Significant differences
between chicken and dairy cow manures from
the point of view of physical properties
were noted. Consequently, handling systems
which would work for one do not necessarily
work for the other. Moisture content of
fresh dairy cow manure is 85 percent as
against 75 percent in poultry. About 50
percent of the solids for chicken manure
are finer than 200 mesh, while only 40
percent of dairy cow manure solids are in
this category. At high dilutions the
settling rates of chicken and dairy cow
manure are comparable, while at low
dilutions dairy cow manure settles or
compacts slower and is affected more by
gas production. In general, the more
manure is diluted, the faster settling
occurs. However, even though some
physical properties may favor using
dilution in handling, other considerations
such as odor, quantity of material,
availability of water and danger of
pollution may make this method undesirable.
57
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Agricultural Wastes
66-0234
Tietjen, C. Plant response to manure
nutrients and processing of organic wastes.
In Management of Farm Animal Wastes;
Proceedings; National Symposium on Animal
Waste Management, East Lansing, Mich.,
May 5-7, 1966. St. Joseph, Mich.,
American Society of Agricultural Engineers.
p.136-140.
In an effort to find the most economical and
profitable means of disposal of animal
waste a study is made of the possible
improvements that can be made to current
waste-management practices. Yield and
growth analysis of various types of manures
as used with various plants (as fertilizer)
showed high yield effect of liquid manures
compared with usual barnyard manures, and
the influence of various treatments on the
properties of the manure. Full guelle (all
feces and urine mixed) is described as
characterized by a well-balanced ratio of
nutrients. The physiological efficiency
of guelle nitrogen is found to be several
times higher than that of nitrogen in
common barnyard manures.
66-0235
Webster, N. W., and J. T. Clayton.
Operating characteristics of two
aerobic-anaerobic dairy manure treatment
systems. In Management of Farm Animal
Wastes; Proceedings; National Symposium
on Animal Waste Management, East
Lansing, Mich., May 5-7, 1966. St.
Joseph, Mich., American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, p.61-65.
Two aerobic waste-treatment systems,
combinations of aeration and settlement, were
designed and tested for use in treating
dairy manure and to facilitate use of the
treated effluent for transporting the
fresh waste. The loadings, at first too
heavy, were reduced to 0.044 Ib of volatile
solids per system and rerun. The second test
was satisfactory and the loadings and
containers were scaled up 100 times,
4.4 Ib of volatile solids per system with
tank sizes of 1000, 750, 500 and 300 gal.
This pilot model was run for 5 months before
it was terminated. System A, the
anaerobic primary settlement and secondary
aeration system sas functioning and could have
been continued. System B, primary aeration
with secondary settlement, did not operate
satisfactorily for the full five-month test
period. The system selected as best suited
for agricultural uses was system A, with the
addition of a small secondary settlement
tank with provisions for returning the
settled solids to the primary settlement
tank. This added feature would prevent
an anaerobic condition from developing in
the final sedimentation tank. Diagrams of
experimental treatment systems, an operation
chart for the pilot model study, and plots
of total solids, volatile solids, 7 pH,
and biochemical oxygen demands of the effluent
from each tank against time of experiment,
are shown.
66-0236
Willrich, T. L. Primary treatment of swine
wastes by lagooning. In Management of Farm
Animal Wastes; Proceedings; National
Symposium on Animal Waste Management,
East Lansing, Mich., May 5-7, 1966. St.
Joseph, Mich., America Society of Agricultural
Engineers, p.70-74.
There are about 50 hog-manure lagoons in
operation in Iowa to date; several of them
are, however, malfunctioning because of
apparent overloading caused by inadequate
lagoon size, intermittent loading one
month or more apart, excessive feed waste
going into the lagoon, and other causes. In
1963 the Iowa State University undertook
experimental anaerobic lagooning in its
swine nutrition farm from a 630-head
capcity total-confinement hog-finishing
building. The lagoon constructed (plan
and cross-section shown) for the finishing
building had an initial detention time
of 67 days, with estimated daily loading
rates varying between 3.5 to 5.0 Ib of
volatile solids per 1,000 cu ft for the
past 5 years and manure production values
of 0.450 and 0.376 Ib of volatile solids
per 100 Ib hog per day, based on recent
24-hr two composite samplings. Results
indicate that this lagoon removed 75 to 80
percent of total solids, 85 to 90 percent of
volatile solids and COD, 60-70 percent of
BOD and 45 to 50 percent of the total
nitrogen. In addition several micro-lagoons
were constructed in 1964 to 65 and tested
for feeding at various intervals.
Recommended design criteria based on these
tests are detailed.
66-0237
Wittwer, S. H. Animal waste management.
In Management of Farm Animal Wastes;
Proceedings; National Symposium on Animal
Waste Management, East Lansing, Mich.,
May 5-7, 1966. St. Joseph, Mich., American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, p.7-8.
58
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0169-0175
to materials, crops, health, and general
livability of communities. The Federal
government has asserted control in onlv two
areas--interstate air pollution and automobile
fumes. Air pollution from stationary sources
Is considered the responsibility of state and
localities. When solid waste is burned, it
becomes a gaseous waste problem. If it is
allowed to contaminate waterways, the solid
contaminants are extracted and burned
exchanging one form of pollution for another.
To avert the exchange, California has
centralized by-product plants. Los Angeles
has started abolishing backyard incinerators,
reorganizing rubbish and garbage collection,
deactivating municipal incinerators, replacing
burning dumps with landfill disposal, and
replacing coal with oil. Federal officials
are tightening emission limits on hydrocarbon
and carbon monoxide of exhaust fumes. Estimates
varv. Fortune magazine said 2/3 of the nation's
air pollution could be eliminated for $3
billion a year. If the atmosphere, continues
to grow more polluted, a century from now
It will be too toxic to permit human life.
Carbon dioxide, a major product of combustion,
absorbs heat and helps maintain a balance
between incoming solar energy and the earth's
heat radiation. In 35 years there will be
25 percent more carbon dioxide, oossibly causing
marked changes in climate.
to six days, depending on usage and
weather. It is thought that summers in
Britain are likely to impose severe
seasonal limitations on oaper dresses.
There is a suggestion that the
Government Intervene by taxing paoer
dresses by length.
66-0174
Lessons learned from Hurricane Betsy.
American City, 81(4):93-96, Apr, 1966.
In the wake of Hurricane Betsy, the city of
Hew Orleans found that the following areas
of municipal service needed strengthening:
(1) more auxiliary power sources, thoroughly
weatherproofed; (2) emergency food and
water supplies; (3) assured supplies of
gasoline and diesel fuel; (4) greater and
more strategic distribution of equipment;
and (5) improved communications. Other
lessons learned were that the large
covered refuse collection trucks performed
extremely well in evacuation and rescue
work, and the diesel power street sweepers
performed well in salvaging as much of the
flooded equipment as possible. Exchanging
the general purpose buckets on many of the
front-end, loaders for the clam-shell type
facilitated the removal of fallen trees.
66-0172
International workgroup on waste research.
Wasser und Abwasser, 107(46) : 1320, Nov. 18, 1966.
The international work group on waste research
(IAM) has published an item (Information
Sheet No. 26, Apr. 1966) containing the
following articles: G. Rolle: On the
determination of the quality of ash and slag of
easte incinerator plants; B, Orsanic: Method for
thfc. determination of carbon in the decomposable
organic substances in waste slag; B. Novak et
al.: Annual variation of sewage sludge and the
sieve analysis curve of municipal waste; A.
v. Hirschheydt: On the determination of the
prospective market of waste compost; and J.
de la Rubia: The dedication of a waste
composting plant in Madrid, (Text-German)
66-0173
Knee-deeo in garbage. Public Cleansing,
56(7):313-314, July 1966,
The impact of disposable paper dresses for
women on refuse collection and disposal
svstems and costs is discussed. The
dresses have a life expectancy of four
66-0175
Michaels, A. Report on refuse disposal
for Niagara County, New York. Philadelphia,
1966. 42 p.
Recognizing that proper refuse disposal is
essential to the development of an urban
community, the Niagara County Planning
Commission set out to determine the
adequacy of present practices and to
develop a plan for future needs. Findings
showed that the two municipal incinerators
are being operated in a commendable
fashion. Of the twelve public and one
private landfills used for refuse disposal
only the City of North Tonawanda's River
Road landfill and the City of Niagara Falls
incinerator residue landfill are operated
in a satisfactory manner. There is a
severe shortage of space available for
refuse disposal in the southwestern part
of the County. It is recommended that all
refuse disposal landfill sites in the County
be operated as sanitary landfills in
accordance with the State Sanitary Code.
Special industrial refuse such as high heat
plastics and rubber should be disposed of
41
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Disposal—General
by industry since this type of waste in
large quantities is a serious deterent to
proper municipal disposal operations. It
is recommended that eventually the County
should operate all public landfills,
incinerators and other facilities.
Specific recommendations for existing
refuse disposal facilities are given.
66-0176
Michaels, A. Present refuse quantities.
Present disposal practices. In Report
on refuse disposal for Niagara County,
New York. Philadelphia, 1966. p. 15-32.
To obtain refuse generation information for
the County, a survey questionnaire was
prepared and sent to cities, towns,
villages, school systems, and industries.
The survey revealed that three cities
provide collection service with city forces
for all residential and some commercial
establishments; many of the large
industries use their own forces and
equipment for hauling refuse. A
substantial portion of the village and
township residences and commercial
establishments are served by private
haulers either by direct contract with
the individuals served or by contract
with the village or township. A
considerable part of the industrial
refuse accounted for in the survey, 94
percent, is non-combustible. Present
disposal practices consist of burning
dumps, incinerators, and landfills.
Several of the large refuse producing
industries operate their own landfill
sites or on-site incinerators. The
cities of Niagara Falls and Korth
Tonawanda both operate incinerators
for the disposal of normal household
refuse including garbage. Evaluations
of "various publicly owned or operated
landfill sites throughout the county
are given.
66-0177
Michaels, A. Future refuse quantities.
Disposal practices--other communities. In
Report on refuse disposal for Niagara
County, New York. Philadelphia, 1966.
p.33-41.
Many factors influence changes in the amount
of refuse which will be generated In Niagara
County in the future. Foremost among these
factors are population change, industrial
change, and changes in people's living habits.
Assuming per capita refuse quantity
increases continue at the 2 percent per year
rate, and industrial refuse quantities
continue to increase at a 4 percent per
year rate, the refuse quantities expected
for 2,000 A.D. would be: residential and
small commercial, 330,000 tons per year;
industrial-non-combustible, 1,100,000 ton
per year, and industrial-combustible,
72,000 ton per year. Other refuse disposal
methods which have been used or tried in the
country include hog feeding, garbage
reduction, salvaging, composting, and
grinding. A survey of other communities
concerned with refuse disposal shows that
most are replacing open burning dumps with
sanitary disposal methods such as sanitary
landfllling and incineration.
Municipalities have joined together to
establish refuse disposal agencies on a
regional or county level.
66-0178
Mix, A. Solid wastes: every day, another
800 million pounds. Today's Health, 44(3):
3 pp. Mar. 1966.
By 1980 urban communities are expected to
produce three times as much solid wastes
as the 800 million Ib produced daily now.
No one speaks of the 1 ,420 Ib of refuse
collected from each urban American each
year. Refuse collection and disposal
costs $1.5 billion. Plastics are almost
immune to biological decomposition and
present difficult disposal problems. When
burned, they emit hydrocarbons and nitrogen
oxides. Recommended standards for sanitary
landfills and incinerators have been set
by the U, S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare. Refuse disposal
should never be a permanent land use; it
should be a way of making land suitable tor
permanent use. The following are examples
of disposal means now in practice or being
investigated, Boston is studying a plan
to convert a ship into a mobile incinerator
and send it to sea where, ashes may be
disposed. Old cars cannot be buried or
dumped at sea; they must be moved more
quickly and in greater numbers into the
consumption channel as scrap. Composted
refuse has potential as fertilizer and
soil conditioner, but most U. S. plants
have failed to establish a market.
66-0179
National Academy of Sciences--National
Research Council. Wastfe management and
42
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0234-0240
The gravity of the problem of disposal of
animal waste stemming from confinement
housing is stressed, using figures of a
recent report of the environmental pollution
panel of President Johnson's advisory
committee. On the local level an example is
given of the Michigan State University
campus, with its 4,000 acres consisting
of experimental plantings, crops, and
research facilities and accomodating
livestock and poultry, which has a problem
in the disposition of 50 tons of manure
daily produced by the experimental
animals, Hope is expressed that the
National Symposium on Animal Waste
Management, to be held in East Lansing,
Michigan, might come up with recommendations
for a vast interdisciplinary program of
environmental research on the problems of
animal waste disposal.
66-0238
Witzel, S. A., et al. Physical, chemical,
and bacteriological properties of farm
wastes (bovine animals), In Management of
Farm Animal Wastes; Proceedings; National
Symposium on Animal Waste Management,
East Lansing, Mich., May 5-7, 1966. St.
Joseph, Mich., American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, p.10-14.
Many agricultural wastersheds contribute
runoff to recreational waters. Runoff
containing plant nutrients such as N, P, and
K can favor rapid growth of phytoplankton
and zooplankton. Also, higher forms of plants
become established in shallow waters.
Rotting then causes increased oxygen demand.
Land receiving manure in winter supplied
about 70 percent of phosphorus. An
interdisciplinary committee was established
to study the pollution sources. The
farm animal wastes were characterized
by analysis of BOD, COD, N etc. from cattle.
Also bacteriological studies of manure
were made and the response of plants to
manure was investigated. The results showed
that a high concentration of bacteria,
violatile solids, BOD, and COD are present
in waste from bovine animals. Lagoon
retention and settling did not generate a
safe effluent. Application on the land
seems to be the most efficient and practical
method of waste disposal. Irrigation,
tank wagon> manure spreader, or direct
incorporation into the soil can be used.
Recent studies seem to favor the use of
liquid manure. The design of liquid
manure tanks involves the danger of well
pollution and other problems.
AUTOMOBILE DISPOSAL
66-0239
Abandoned cars towed by appointment.
American City, 81(3):32, Mar. 1966.
On December 1, 1966, a new policy termed
'jalopy-lift' was put into operation
in New York City. Motorists with cars
they no longer want call the Department
of Sanitation office nearest their homes
and arrange a mutually convenient date for
a special pick-up at the curb. The owner
then signs over the vehicle to the
Department and the two-truck crew removes
it to be auctioned off, if saleable, or
to be crushed into a landfill. The new
program was initiated because the number
of abandoned cars had climbed to 23,386
in 1964. These cars are a traffic and
safety hazard as well as detrimental to
the clean-city program. The cars become
fair game for strippers and by the time
the Sanitation Department learns of their
whereabouts and its crew comes to remove
them, they must often use a heavy
crane-equipped truck because the car is
no longer fit for towing. This complicates
the entire procedure.
66-0240
Billings, C. H. Operation 'big squeeze'
takes on refuse disposal. Public Works,
97(1):87-88, Jan. 1966,
The D and J press squeezes old automobiles
into a bundle of scrap. The 75-ton monster
combines a Cleveland wheel trencher and
earth conveyor system, an Arrow tamper, a
dozer blade and a four-stage hydraulic press,
all mounted on a 59-ft wheel base chassis.
A horizontally moving platen presses the load
against a shear, which lops off a chunk.
Another platen shoves the chunks downward
to a third compression stage. The compressed
load is extruded in a continuous mass, 36 sq
in. In cross section. Meanwhile the trencher
wheel has prepared a trench, conveying the
dug-up earth to the rear to cover the end
of the chute and extruded load. The machine
inches forward, lengthening the trench while
extruding the load at the bottom of it.
Compaction varies between 10 to 1
and 20 to 1. Immediately behind the
chute, the tamper is swung into action,
oscillating back and forth across the top of
the trench to compact the earth without
bridging. Average time for the whole
process is 3 minutes. The charging hopper is
59
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Automobile Disposal
capable of handling 20 cu yd loads. The
trencher operates to a depth of 8% ft with
a width of 42 to 44 inches.
66-0241
Bulky refuse and old cars--two growing
problems. Surveyor and Municipal
Engineer, 128(3877):35-36, Sept. 24, 1966.
In a paper given by H. F. Critchley on refuse
collection on Sept. 21 at the APHI conference
in Scarborough, the subjects of bulky
refuse and the disposal of old cars were
discussed. More bulky refuse is being
produced by the 'affluent society', with
household furniture and fittings being
replaced more frequently, although
there is little, if any, demand for the
second-hand article. These unwanted
items are left illegally along the road,
in ditches, in fields, and on -vacant lots.
It is important for the authorities to
interpret the term 'household refuse*
in a reasonable manner. It is argued that
any sort of refuse from the normal
occupation of a house, regardless of its
size, should be considered as house
refuse. Quick action should be taken to
clear up dumped materials since such
refuse attracts more. Arrangements
should be made for the free removal of the
bulky refuse. Penalties for illegal dumping
should be increased. Of the 250,000 old
cars going out of use each year, many of
them are being abandoned on highways, in
outlying areas, and in vacant lots. The
Ministry of Housing and Local Government
has ruled that old motor cars be
regarded as refuse under the Public
Health Act of 1936 and be removed free of
charge to the owner. Possibly after a
consultation with the scrap metal trade
interests, these specialialists could handle
the problem with or without the help of
the Authority. If not, sites must be made
available to which vehicles may be brought
by private owners or taken by councils.
Possibly the cars could be taken to refuse
tips or disposal works to be cut up and
returned to industry.
are given of controls by use of a compaction
unit and with the help of a shredding unit.
Illustrations show: a method of loading
three derelict cars on a 5-ton general
purpose truck; a Proler plant which shreds
cars into fist-size lumps with no problems
of noise, dust, odor, or effluent; cars and
scrap metal being fed to the shredder
by conveyor belt; a cactus-grab loading
derelicts onto the conveyor belt; a load
of derelicts before shredding which would
occupy one-fifth the volume after processing;
freight cars, each of which holds what was
once 100 cars; a pile of the finely chopped
scrap being discharged into a pile, and
individual segments of the processed scrap.
The legal problem of establishing whether a
car is really abandoned is explored. Of
the various baling presses for old cars
the most spectacular is the PSC 376
66-0243
Firm accepts abandoned cars. Waste Trade
World, 109(5):5, July 30, 1966.
In the past only one-man scrap concerns have
found it profitable to strip, salvage, and
clear vehicle carcasses, since where
wages were involved, the profitability
decreased. Bruce-Laird Ltd, of Edinburgh
installed the only machine of its type of
the disposal of derelict vehicles in 1965.
They are in the process of installing a
second press of the same type at their
Bonnington premises, to increase the total
capacity of their yards. The first plant,
which has a capacity of 100 tons a day,
guillotines and loosely bales the
metal from the carcasses. They have, also
provided a fleet of articulated vehicles
to collect groups of six and seven bodies
from collection points. On this
mechanical basis they have been able to
make the operation profitable. Since
the problem of abandoned cars is growing
in Scotland, the local authorities
reluctantly have accepted some responsibility
for their removal. For example, Wick Town
Council has authorized the use of a
free dump for derelict cars a mile from
town to aid in this problem.
66-0242
Developments in the disposal of old motor
vehicles. Surveyor and Municipal Engineer,
127(3860):21-23, May 28, 1966.
The problem facing local authorities in the
disposal of old motor vehicles is reviewed
in a well-illustrated article and examples
66-0244
Getting rid of 'bangers*. Waste Trade
World, 108(8): 13, Feb. 19, 1966.
If local and municipal authorities want to
solve the, problem of dealing with abandoned
motor vehicles, they must have the
60
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0241-0249
cooperation of Britain's scrap industry.
The most economical and efficient way
of scrapping abandoned cars is by use of
giant shears and balers. The three main
stages are described: (1) transportation
to a centralized dump by a light tow truck;
(2) preparation prior to processing, which
consists of separating the nonferrous and
other deleterious materials from the body
shell; and (3) the final processing stage,
done by a machine that can take a whole
vehicle in one bite. Skilled crews, cranes
with mechanical grabs or electromagnets,
and mobile-unit transporters to carry the
machines are needed. Vehicles transported
to local processing plants can be cleared
periodically by visits of mobile crushing
plants.
66-0245
GLC plans for old cars. Public Cleansing,
56(11):566, Nov. 1966.
The Greater London Council will seek bids
from two companies who want to construct
pulverizing plants for old motor vehicles,
and other large scrap such as washing
machines, refrigerators, and stoves. The
contractor will be required to collect the
material from assembly depots to which the
London Boroughs and private individuals will
have brought them. About 170,000 cars
are scrapped annually in the London area and
about 25,000 are disposed of by local
government agencies. It is expected that
250,000 cars will be scrapped by 1970.
a number of pilot beautification projects
across the country by scrap processing
companies, and will not be restricted to the
scrap processing yards adjacent to the
interstate and primary road systems
covered by the legislation. In addition,
the Institute has approved the formation of
a Scrap Research Foundation to spearhead
research on the scrap car problem.
66-024?
The Harris 'Carbasher*. Waste Trade World,
108(21):7, May 21, 1966.
The Harris Carbasher, suitable for operating
a Proler plant feeder-service, represents
a major breakthrough in preparing car
bodies for transport to processing equipment.
It is easily transported. The portable
skid-mounted unit is moved and operated
on a lowboy, while the mobile unit nay be
towed over the highways, ready for operation.
The power unit is self-contained and the
optional crane makes either model
self-charging. The lid arrangement
compresses and shortens a standard car
body to 14 ft without concentrating weight
in already heavy areas. The finished
"pancake* is 80 in. wide, flat from end
to end, and easy to handle and to store.
A single operator controls the crushing
operation, which can reduce more than 100
car bodies. Twenty or more pancakes can
be loaded on a standard 40-ft semitrailer.
Rail shipments approach maximum car loads
limits.
66-0246
Grant $3 million to put up screens around auto
yards. Refuse Removal Journal, 9(1): 16,
Jan. 1966.
Under the recently passed Highway
Beautification Act, $3 million has been
allocated to remove or screen off scrapyards
and automobile grave-yards that are visible
from major United States and state roads.
Funds have been granted states in proportion
to the number of such operations visible from
designated highways. The $3 million will
be used for projects along the 41,000 miles
of Interstate Highway system and 227,000
miles of other roads constructed with the
aid of Federal Funds. However, the Institute
of Scrap Iron & Steel has developed a
voluntary Green/Screen program in cooperation
with the American Society of Landscrap
Architects and the American Association of
Nurserymen, This program will begin with
66-0248
Junked cars rip-rap a pier. American City,
81(9):162, Sept. 1966.
In American Fork, Utah, junked cars are
used to stop erosion of breakwaters at the
boat harbor. Workmen placed 300 old
vehicles against the existing fill pier
at Utah Lake, creating a sheltered
in-harbor area for the use of boaters,
fishermen and water skiers. The cars
were stacked and wired together, and heavy
rock and gravel fill was poured through the
windshields, providing a solid blanket of
metal and fill. To complete the project,
the entire base was covered with additional
fill.
66-0249
Now, shredded cars. Public Cleansing,
56(9):450-451, Sept. 1966.
61
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Composting
In the past baling presses and shears have
been the chief tools for the processing of
scrap. Though the United States has found
an answer in the large shredder or crusher,
such a plant is not practical in Europe,
This Newell plant is the result of research
and development. The heart of the plant is
the shredder or crusher with the feeding
device for cars, the separating systems
for non-ferrous material and dirt, deduster
and all the interconnecting conveyors. The
shredding plants are in three versions--800,
1600, and 3,200 hp and the output in
shredded scrap ranges from 10 to 50 tons
per hr.
66-0250
One-man operation car-crushing technique.
Waste Trade World, 108(18):8, Apr. 30,
1966.
A baling press, fitted with a hydraulic
crane and a loading conveyor, has made
loading, baling, and ejection a one-man
operation, making possible increased
productivity and higher profits for car
dismantlers, A Vanesco hydro-baling
press is used which produces 12 by 12'
by 24 in, bundles. The method of
operation is described. About 40
prepared shells can be handled during
a 7 hr day. Total installation cost
is about fe36,500. In addition to car
bodies the baler can handle other types
of light scrap including No. 2 scrap.
66-0251
Public Administration Service. Abandoned
autombiles and the "disposal of autombile
hulks in the Southeast Michigan Six-County
Region. Detroit, Metropolitan Fund, Inc.,
Dec. 1966. 41 p.
A number of recommendations are made with the
intention of alleviating the problem of
abandoned automobiles in the southeastern
Michigan area. The recommendations are ,
tailored to regional needs and legal
considerations, and are compatible with a
recently announced plan of the Ford Motor
Company regarding the processing of
automotive scrap, The quantity and
characteristics of abandoned automobiles,
present Michigan legislation and
procedures and experiences in other states
are reviewed. Storage of automobile
hulks is discussed in relation to hulks
held by individuals, hulks held for
business purposes, and auto graveyards.
Auto scrappage in the Detroit region and
the scrap processing industry in general
are examined. Research programs and
action by local governments toward
improvement in the disposal of hulks are
considered, A copy of the questionnaire
entitled 'Auto Salvage Study Detroit
Metropolitan Area* is included.
66-0252
Rising abandoned car volume plagues city.
Refuse Removal Journal, 9(3):43, Mar. 1966,
The number of vehicles abandoned on the
streets of New York City has increased
nearly 9 times from 1960 to 1964.
Indications are that this trend will
continue. From January through
September, 16,500 junked cars were
towed from the streets. The growth of the
abandoned car problem in New York from 1960
to 1964 is tabulated. The number of
abandoned vehicles reached 23,386
in 1964.
COMPOSTING
66-0253
American Public Works Association.
Composting. In Municipal refuse
disposal. 2d ed. Chicago, Public
Administration Service, 1966. p.279-315.
The history of composting is briefly outlined
and the advantages and disadvantages of
the process are enumerated. Types of
biological decomposition, raw materials,
particle size, and moisture and liquid
contents of the composted refuse, its
aeration, and the function of microorganisms
are covered. Costs of processing raw refuse
utilizing different compost systems, and
data on the production and sale, of compost
are presented, based on a study of the
economics of composting municipal refuse In
Europe and Israel. The average cost of
processing one ton of raw refuse was
$4.55, showing that construction and
operating costs in the United States would
be considerably higher. None of the plants
visited was able to cover its capital
service costs and operating expenses through
income obtained from salvage and sale of
compost. Information on plant design
and operation deals with materials
62
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0250-0256
handling, grinding, stirring and aerating,
temperature and moisture control, and
final drying. In reference to the marketing
of compost, the effectiveness of long-term
contracts and the role of private enterprise
in taking care of the retail sale and
distribution of compost is stated. The
commercial fertilizer companies will probably
be the main distributor of compost. Some
consideration is also given to on-site
composting of kitchen wastes.
66-0254
Battelle Institute to study
nitrogen-converting microbes. Compost
Science, 7(2}:30, Autumn 1966.
The Battelle Memorial Institute is conducting
a study through a Public Health Service grant
to identify the number and kinds of
nitrogen-cycle microorganisms which thrive in
compost in order to suggest modifications
in solid waste treatment processes which will
make the process more efficient and improve
compost quality.
66-0255
Brauss, F. W. The hygienic importance of
waste composting, especially of the
'Multibacto* composting system. Archiv
fuer Hygiene und Bakteriologie, 150(5):
405-412, Sept. 1966.
The natural decomposition of waste to humus
consumes much time, space and manpower. To
make this method more economical the
"Multibacto* rapid composting system has
been introduced. Here the waste, freed
from all inorganic material, is crushed
and passed to the rotting tower (sometimes
mixed with sludge). The waste proceeds
slowly from the top of the tower down
the eight stories. Stirring arms transport
the waste onward. The descending speed
of the waste can be regulated by changing
the angles of the stirring arms, The
access of fresh air is very important in
this process. The waste requires 24 hours
to pass through the tower and arrives
at the lowermost story as compost.
Various experiments were conducted. In
a bacteriological investigation of the
natural conditions in the rotting tower,
all tests for the presence of salmonella
showed negative results. Thus the waste
had to be artificially infected with
bacteria, first with the innocuous
serratia marcescens (B. ppodigiosum) and
later with salmonella. The various tests
are discussed in detail and the results
listed in two tables. All tests showed
that the bacteria were killed by the heat
developed during the process,
regardless of whether they were enclosed
in ampules or whether the waste itself
was infected. It was further found that
the bacteria and fungi were considerably
reduced in number between the 4th and
6th story whereas the actinomycetes were
not reduced in number in their passage
through the first 6 stories and increased
considerably in the last stories.
(Text-German)
66-0256
Brief reports. In International Research
Group on Refuse Disposal (IRGRD), Information
Bulletins 1-12. Washington, U.S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare,
1966. p.79-81.
Three brief reports are presented. (1)
Holland: The Second Compost Plant with
Railroad Delivery. The refuse quantity from
various cities gradually became too much for
the plant at Wijster so that a second plant
had to be built. The plant, second largest
in Holland, had been provided with railroad
delivery so that part of the refuse from
the Hague can also be sent there. Plant
capacity has been increased to 70,000
tons per year making about 50,000 tons of
compost. (2) Germany: Odor Development
at the Duisberg-Huckingen Compost Plant.
Odors given off when the pile is disturbed
are mild in the outer layers, a sour,
unpleasant odor at greater depths, and an
extraordinarily penetrating putrid odor
in the center. The Dano Company developed
a process of air circulation combined with a
two-stage cooler and water scrubber and
installed it in the plant at Duisburg to get
rid of the objectional odors. (3) China:
Composting of Refuse and Night Soil. The
Chinese Government, with WHO help, has
constructed in the city of Ping-Tung
(Taiwan), an experimental refuse
composting plant in which various methods
can be tested and compared with one another.
It was proposed that the plant be enlarged
so that large amounts of night soil from
dry privies could be incorporated with it.
It has been shown that insanitary treatment
and disposal of night soil can lead to
spread of disease. But to date in China
63
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Composting
no method of disposing of such matter in
a sanitary manner has yet to be found.
66-0257
The comoosting game: Mobile loses--Houston
takes chance. Refuse Removal Journal, 9(8):
36-38, Aug. 1966.
The city of Houston, Texas, has signed
20-year contracts with three companies which
will each build a plant with individual
capacity of more than 300 ton per day. As a
hedge against the composting venture, a
$3 m incinerator will be completed in 1967.
At the present time, the plants are costing
the city money, since the original bid was
$2.75 to $3.50 per ton for disposal, but, in
the final contract, the price was increased
to $3.47 to $3.51 per ton. Initial offers
also added inducements ranging from free
compost for city parks to a rebate of
50 percent of the gross profits. However,
none of these provisions were in the final
contract. The city is also required to
furnish and prepare sites for the four
plants, pay for bringing roads, water
and sewer lines to the location and provide
landfill sites for waste rejected by the
three companies. It is estimated that
about 30 percent of the volume coming into
the plants may have to be disposed of
either by landfill or salvage. One of the
Houston companies reports that it will cost
$6.80 per ton to process refuse mixed
with sewage sludge. With $3.51 to be paid
by the city, this leaves $3.29 per ton that
must be made on compost sale and salvage.
The operators hope to sell the bulk end
product for $5 to $7 per ton. At the
present time, marketing plans for the end
product are unclear. A citizen's
group who objected to the location of
a plant in a densely settled residential
neighborhood took the matter to court.
The court, however, upheld the city.
mechanical reasons. Everything else grinds
into a relatively uniform pulp and goes
through the composting process to produce
the organic fertilizer. Nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium are added to the
refuse during digestion to tailor the
final product to the market's needs. The
firm installed a 1,000-lb capacity prototype
plant last year in Riverdale, New York,
with no adverse effects or complaints.
Composting involves continuous aerobic
digestion of all organic wastes with
oxidation accelerated by recirculating
partially digested refuse. The process,
which is described, is highly automated
and uses standard materials handling
equipment and instrumentation with system
flow similar to that of an aerated sewage
treatment plant. Total digestion time
varies from 48 to 60 hr for typical urban
refuse. The composted product is screened,
compressed, granulated, and stored.
66-0259
Composting in Gainesville. Compost
Science, 7(1):21, Spring-Summer 1966.
The City Commission of Gainesville, Florida
is cooperating in a federal program to build
a compost plant for city refuse and refuse
from the University of Florida. The city's
cost would be $27,500 annually to be paid
from fees collected from residents. As
part of the agreement, Gainesville will
no longer permit open dumping or burning
of trash. Two-thirds of the $1 million
construction cost and $150,000 annual
operating cost would be paid for by the
federal government. The Metropolitan
Waste Conversion Corp. would pay the other
third of the cost. It is believed that
the city could save $20,000 per year by
the treatment of sewage in the compost
plant. The plant, which would be built on
land leased by the city, would be turned
over to Gainesville after 7 years.
66-0258
Composting gets rid of garbage. Engineering
News-Record, 176(17):46-47, Apr. 28, 1966.
National Waste Conversion Corp. of New York
claims it can build a highly efficient
commercial composting plant in mid-city
to process about 300 tons per day
(120,000 pop.) of municipal refuse into a
marketable organic fertilizer. The
system requires initial removal of only
large pieces of building materials,
concrete, steel or iron beams, for
66-0260
Composting: insufficient evidence. Refuse
Removal Journal, 9(8):42, Aug. 1966.
All evidence indicates that nobody is
willing to pay for compost. The $1.4
million composting plant in Mobile,
Alabama, has once again shut down at
it is time to ask whether composting, as
presented in America, is feasible. To
date, the promises and hopes of large-scale
composting have not been fulfilled, but,
64
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0257-0263
nevertheless, the Public Health Service
has now committed close to $2 million
for two composting plants, one each
in Johnson City, Tennessee, and Gainesville,
Florida, Houston is gambling on the
success of three composting plants.
66-0261
Composting: is it economically sound?
Refuse Removal Journal, 9(7):10-11, 14,
July 1966.
Despite considerable investment and
technical know-how, no large-scale composting
plant in the United States can yet be called
a success. Only three very United
installations are in operation today in the
United States, They are located in Altoona,
Pennsylvania; Largo; Florida, and Boulder,
Colorado. Plants are under construction in
Houston, Texas and Mobile, Alabama. Four
reasons why composting has not been widely
practiced in the United States are: (1)
a good market for the end product has not yet
been found; (2) initial investment and
operating costs are generally high compared
to other disposal methods; (3) the
composition of refuse in the United States
has not lent itself to making a high-quality
end product; (4) culling out 30 percent or
more of the material that comes to a
plant--even for salvage--creates a double
handling task and means that incineration
and/or landfill must still be used. The
economic success of a composting plant
depends on its ability to market the end
product. The reasons why ready
markets are not available are discussed
at great length. A detailed history of
composting in the United States from 1951
to 1965 is also presented and tabulated
data show the location, operator, process,
capacity per ton per day, and the start of
operating compost plants and those which
have closed.
66-0262
Composting refuse in a residential area.
Surveyor and Municipal Engineer, 128(3886):
23-24, Nov. 26, 1966.
The neighborhood refuse disposal plant
which processes 100 tons a day of refuse in
a nuisance-free manner in a city park
surrounded by a residential area in St.
Petersburg, Florida is described. The
City pays the International Disposal Corp,
which owns and operates the plant, $3,24
per delivered ton of refuse from the 55,000
persons in the surrounding area. The
operation of the Westinghouse-built
plant involves both manual and automatic
removal of salvage and the controlled
biological breakdown of the remainder into
an organic compost after a 5-day
decomposition. The product which contains
1 percent nitrogen, phosphorus, and
potash is a clean material acceptable as
a natural soil conditioner, and finds a
local market as does the salvaged
materials. The illustrations show the
plant landscaping to blend with the
surrounding park, refuse flowing from the
magnetic separator, through the
pulverator and down to the grinder, a
tripper which dumps the compost fron the
conveyor into the yard, a front-end
loader pushing the refuse into the
receiving pit and a schematic drawing of the
refuse reclamation system with a detail of
the compost finishing system. The key
components of the system are the patented
grinder which reduces the heterogenous
material to a uniform size and the
digester which gives the control required
for the optimum decomposition into compost.
About 10 percent of the incoming tonnage is
removed and disposed of directly to the
established markets for rags and metals.
This is one of the first systems to use
all of the refinements of an industrial
plant.
66-0263
Coinpton, C. R. , and F. R. Bowerman.
Composting operation in Los Angeles County.
In International Research Group on Refuse
Disposal (IRGRD), Information Bulletins
1-12. Washington, U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, 1966. p.292-298.
The composting of refuse, sewage sludge
processing, and grinding rubbish to the
sewer is discussed. The final preparation of
the composted refuse for sale has not yet
been accomplished, but it is planned that
the material will be prepared for
distribution through nurseries for sale to
home gardeners. Various methods of composting
were tried. The sanitation districts are
currently dewatering digested sludge with
centrifuges and stock piling the sludge
cake in t^indrows on open fields for air
drying. The districts are anxious to
investigate the possible use of composting
as a relatively inexpensive and odor free
means of decomposing and drying sewage
sludge to a marketable level. There is a
strong conviction in the feasibility of
using large trunk sewers for conveying
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Composting
ground combustible rubbish to sewage
treatment plants. A pilot operation will
be a full-scale one and should provide basic
engineering data relating to the costs of
grinding and grit separation, as well as
reveal inherent difficulties which may
develop in the transportation of the
ground material via sewers to the sewage
treatment plant. Unless and until major
markets are developed for the sale of
compost, little likelihood exists that
composting will have much utility as a
primary disposal procedure.
production do not include the transportation
of the refuse to the railroad loading site,
nor do they account for shipping the compost
product to its destination, a sum which is
part of the sale price. In comparison,
the city of Rotterdam has an incineration
expense of $2.80 per ton. Reasons given
for the decline in composting as a means
of refuse disposal include: slowness,
odorousness, expense, and abundance of
vermin and rodents. The fate of composting
in Glasgow, Scotland; Tel Aviv, Israel;
Japan; and Kingston, Jamaica, is mentioned
briefly.
66-0264
Cosack, J. The reforestation experiment at
Zonser Heath. In International Research
Group on Refuse Disposal (IRGRD),
Information Bulletins 1-12, Washington,
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, 1966. p.56-58.
The biological activity of soils treated with
compost was studied in a one kilometer
area of the City of Zons. The improvement
of the soil was through the addition of
screened compost from an old heap and was
begun in 1953 to 1954. Amounts of compost
ranged from 0 to 75 tons per hectare.
A total of 13 test areas was treated with
varying amounts of compost. The areas
were planted with various lumber trees such
as Douglas fir, Scotch pine, spruce, etc.
During 1956, additional trial plots were
treated with compost with domestic refuse
from the Baden-Baden plant. For comparison,
plots were also treated with chemical
fertilizer. The over-all heights of the
trees were measured in the years 1954
to 1957, Comparison charts of tons
per hectare vs height of pines are presented.
A more general employment of domestic
waste composts for reforestation of poor
and devastated lands is contemplated.
66-0265
Dutch compost pile shrinks. Refuse
Removal Journal, 9(11):20, 21, 34, 36,
Nov. 1966.
Hard facts are presented which show why
composting is experiencing a sharp decline
in Holland. V.A.M. , a government agency,
has experimented extensively with
composting and has continuously
experienced large deficits. The cost
for composting was found to be $5,12 per
ton, while its sale price is only $2.52
per ton. The cost figures on compost
66-0266
Pairfield Engineering Company.
Compost Science, 7(1):4-5, Spring-Summer,
1966.
The Fairfield-Hardy Digester, produced by
the Fairfield Engineering Co. has over
two years of successful commerical
operating experience at the Altoona
F.A.M. plant where it was installed in
December 1963. The efficient grinding of
the refuse by the unique wet pulping process,
developed by Altoona F.A.M. continues to be
highly successful in preparing the refuse
for entry into the Fairfield-Hardy Digester
which features continuous flow of
material through the Digester-. The
Digester is automatically controlled
and is operated on the aerobic*thermophilic"
principal of decomposing garbage-refuse
and sewage sludge into compost, without
objectionable odor. The process includes
a receiving hopper with mechanical
conveyors which feed the garbage-refuse
across picking and salvage conveyors and
through a dry grinder into the pulping
area where two wet pulpers are used, on
an automatic fill and discharge cycle, to
pulp the waste material into a slurry.
The slurry is dewatered to approximately 55
percent moisture and is then ready to be
discharged into the Digester. Three
to five days are required for the material
to travel through the Digester at an average
temperature of 155 F. The material
discharged which is sold as an
inexpensive mulch, is sanitary, free from
pathogens, vegetable and weed seeds, odor,
and will not attract insects or rodents.
The Digester, which has a capacity of 100
tons per day of pulped garbage and 35 Ib
per cu ft of sewage sludge, is described.
Plant construction costs are estimated at
approximately $1 ,000,000 not including
the land.
66
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66-0267
From cabbages to tomatoes. Compost Science,
7(1):2, Spring-Summer, 1966.
The city of Moscow, U.S.S.R. now sends
household refuse to dumps. There are plans
to erect a 600-ton per day compost plant
later in 1966, The plant calls for a
1,500 cu m inlet hopper from which refuse
will pass on to a revolving screen, with
20 cm holes. The refuse is crushed after
passage under an electromagnetic separator
and a non magnetic metallic detector. It
proceeds to the fermentation tower or
'hyglenisator' where the material is
watered, aerated, and mixed for four days,
From 600 tons of raw household refuse 350
tons of compost is produced. It is hoped
that the compost produced will allow the
creation of market gardens in the area of
Moscow. Now, Moscow inhabitants eat only
cabbage from September to June.
66-0269
'Guinea pig' editorial from the Houston
Post. Refuse Removal Journal, 9(8):37,
Aug. 1966,
Houston has a plan for composting that
involves the building of two plants that will
each take 300 tons of garbage a day. They
should be operating this summer or fall.
Since smaller plants in smaller cities have
failed, Houston is in effect experimenting.
Curiously, the City Council advocates
composting, saying it will not cost the city
anything even if it flops, but has spent
almost $200,000 for one plant site.
During the negotiating for composting
contracts, the Council approved an increase
in costs as much as $0.75 per ton.
Furthermore, Dr. Melnick has warned the City
Council is risking the lives of neighborhood
children by placing one plant next to a
sewage plant.
66-0268
Garbage composting. Journal of the Water
Pollution Control Federation, 38(5):733-73,
May 1966.
The present status of garbage composting is
presented in a group of short abstracts of
38 articles selected from the international
technical literature. Composting of garbage
may become the method of the future for the
disposal of municipal refuse. The Tennessee
Valley Authority and the Public Health Service
have proposed a 'Solid Wastes Composting
Research and Demonstration Project' in
which a full-composting plant would process
all of the organic wastes from the Johnson
City, Tennessee, collection system and all
of the sludge from the sewage plant. St.
Petersburg, Florida, has a 105 tons a day
composting plant with an estimated cost of
$3.29 per ton. Houston, Texas, has plans for
three composting plants which, in conjunction
with an 800-ton incinerator, will process
2,400 tons of garbage. A pilot plant for
processing 50 tons per week of restaurant
garbage in Brooklyn uses a 10-ton digester,
At a Solid Waste Seminar at Tufts
University, one of a number being held
throughout the country, it was pointed out
that present solid waste disposal methods
in the Boston area are using up from 78
to 260 acres a year. Reviews are presented
of composting in Britain, Italy, and France.
Investigations on oxygen and carbon dioxide
content of decomposing material, optimum
moisture conditions, and the fate of
pathogenic organisms added prior to the
composting process, are mentioned. A
38-item bibliography is :included.
66-0270
Haulers resist disposal charges at composting
plant. Refuse Removal Journal, 9(9);8-9, 37,
Sept. 1966.
To sustain the sinking operation of the
Colorado Compost Co., the City of Boulder,
Colorado, passed an ordinance making it
mandatory to take all city-originated
refuse to the compost plant. The Colorado
Composting Co. opened a plant in late 1965.
It is a 100 ton per day grinding and
windrowing operation that was originally to
charge Boulder $2.60 to $2,75 per ton, and
private contractors would pay $0.60 per cu yd.
The County of Boulder would get a refund of
3 percent of gross profits. For most
private contractors—who handle all residential
and commercial collection in the city and
county—this meant an increase in dumping
fees from $0.20-$0.35 per yd to $0,60. The
contractors challenged the ordinance in
court. A Colorado court rules that the City
of Boulder exceeded its territorial
•jurisdiction by designating an out-of-city
disposal site. The decision may be appealed,
but contractors no longer must transport
refuse to the Colorado Compost Co.'s plant,
3. j miles from the city. Reasons for the
economic difficulties of the composting plant
are that marketing goals have not been
fulfilled and the firms equipment is not
functioning well.
660271
Kupchik, G. J, The economics of composting
municipal refuse, Public Works, 97(9):127-128,
Sept. 1966.
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Composting
Cost and income data were collected from 14
composting plants in Europe and Israel. These
plants employed either the Dane Biostabilizer
(refuse retained three to five days in a
slowly rotating drum); Dorr-Oliver Rasp (windrow
tbree to five months after.sorting, grinding
and crushing); Ventilated Cell (in cells with
forced or natural ventilation); Buhler-Dano
combination (no sorting, grinds in rapidly
rotating hammermill); or Van Maanen (refuse
is wetted and decomposed in large windrows
for four to six months, then processed by
screening, grinding). Average cost was
capital service—$1,76 and operating
expenses, $2.79 per ton of raw refuse. Weight
of compost produced was 46 percent of raw
refuse processed. Average income from sales
was $2.73 per ton of compost or 90 cent per
ton of raw refuse. Additional income from
salvage materials averaged 20 cent per ton of
raw refuse. No plant visited could cover
costs and expenses through income obtained
from sale of salvages and compost. Deficits
ranged from 32 cent to $5.32 per ton of refuse
orocessed. Pulverization appears to hold
promise as a pre-treatment to reduce
substantially the volume and alter the
character of refuse, prior to either landfill,
incineration or composting operations. Costs
would be higher in the United States.
66-0272
Kupchik, G. J. Economics of composting
municipal refuse in Europe and Israel, with
special reference to possibilities in the
USA. Journal of the Sanitary Engineering
Division, American Society of Civil Engineers,
92(SA6):41-56, Dec, 1966.'
The most common composting processes are
reviewed briefly: van Maanen process,
rasping system, ventilated cell composting,
the Dano system, and the Buhler system. An
economic survey of 21 composting plants in
ten countries is described; six plants (Rome,
Haifa, Cladsaxe, Soest-Baarn, Cagnes-sur-Mer,
and Edinburgh) use a combination Buhler-Dano
system (using a hammermill in addition to
the Biostabilizer), Five other use
variations of the ventilated cell system
(Plaisir, Annecy, Soissons, Bristol, and
Cheadle) and one (Wijster) uses the Van
Maanen process. Data is tabulated but does
not included data from Czechoslovakia (uses
Vitahum process) or Vienna. Data surveyed
include: costs for amortization, interest,
reserve fund, land rental figures, personnel,
utilities, maintenance and repairs, and
disposal of rejects; and income from
salvage and compost production and sales.
The plant with the lowest unit costs
($2.27 per ton raw refuse) was a
Dorr-Oliver plant, which is also probably tl
largest working plant in the world, process:
almost 200,000 tons of raw refuse a year.
Income from salvage and sale of compost, as
well as a government subsidy, however, does
not wipe out an operating deficit in this
plant. Average capital service costs of 14
plants are $1.76 per ton, operating expenses
average $2.79, for a total cost of $4.55 pel
ton of raw refuse processed. Income from
salvage and sale of compost averages $1.17.
The single most costly item was personnel
($1.23) followed by amortization ($0.95).
Costs in the Dano and Dorr-Oliver plants are
remarkably similar, and ventilated cell
systems are higher. The applicability of
these data to the United States is discussed
Substantial prices for compost were
obtainable practically only in Israel.
Pulverization appears to hold promise as a
pretreatment in order to reduce volume and
alter the character of the refuse.
66-0273
Marketing the end product. Refuse Removal
Journal, 9(7):11, July 1966.
The problem of how to sell and use the end
product of composting is discussed. Several
questions are asked: Who will use compost
and why1' What products will it replace?
What is the market volume? How much will the
consumer be willing to pay? If compost is to
be used on farms, local conditions, habits
and practices are the key factors to
consider. Developers of conroosting plans
tend to generalized about the use of compost
instead of studying the local marketing
potential. While the organic matter of
compost is of chief interest for farming,
the trend in American refuse is for a
reduction in the proportion of organic food
wastes in municioal refuse. Furthermore,
favorable sales of compost from a small
operation does not mean similar success will
follow for a larger facility.
66-0274
Maystre, U. Must bad odors always accompany
a composting plant' Compost Science, 6(3):
13, Autumn-Winter 1966.
The composting plant at Villette (Geneva,
Switzerland), located near a residential
area, has been in operation four years. It
processes the waste from 8 municipalities
with a total of 28,000 inhabitants, and the
sludge, dehydrated to a 55 percent water
68
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0272-0277
content, from a biological sewage
purification plant built next to the
composting plant and processing the sewage
from 20,000 inhabitants. Although initially
it was hoped to store the compost produced
in agricultural areas, to avoid complaints
of noxious odors, faulty operations at the
start forced management to find quickly a
way of stopping the production of
fermentation gases. The solution was to
collect the fermentation gases as they are
produced throughout the plant and blow them
into buried pipes. The soil acts as a filter.
Sand is better than clay, and humidity affects
efficiency. Results have been satisfactory
and thus far there have been no comDlaints.
The results were obtained with Dano equipment,
but the method would be applicable to other
systems. Neither incineration nor composting
can satisfy all demands; multi-purpose
plants are needed to serve large towns.
66-0275
Metropolitan waste conversion corp.
Compost Science, 7(1):6-7, Spring-Summer,
1966.
The Metropolitan Waste Conversion Corp.
has a demonstration plant near Largo, Florida
which incorporates a completely integrated
disposal system by composting, including
adequate sorting facilities, paper and rag
baling, magnetic separators, sewage sludge
storing, handling and mixing, mechanical
rapid digestion system, with automatic
mechanical feeding and discharging with all
requirements of moisture, temperature and air
controls. After the regulated digestion of 6
days, the. finishing facilities which consist
of re-grinding, screening, grading, bulk
storage, automatic bagging facilities, and
outloading prepare a uniformly textured
compost for marketing. The concept of
live bottom hoppers is utilized, which
not only serve as storage bins, but move
material at a controlled rate of delivery to
the conveyor system where measured quantities
of material are moved to a sorting section
featuring hand sorters. Grinding components
consisting of hammermill type grinders have
certain features which make the material
flow easily through chutes and hoppers. An
accelerated, completely aerobic-type digester
is used which is basically low in
per-ton-capacity cost, yet simple and highly
effective in operation. The actual and total
cost of garbage disposal is dependent upon
the location as it affects hauling distance
by collection units, capital cost of the
unit, labor and maintenance required to
operate the unit and other cost factors.
66-0276
Mucke. The compost can - a contribution to
the solution of the waste problem.
Stadtehygiene, 17(6):135-137, June 1966.
The compost can which converts garbage from
the kitchen and garden, and waste paper into
compost provides not only the gardener with
valuable mulch, but, if used in the city,
could also produce mulch on a large scale for
agriculture. The can is emptied every 3 to
4 weeks. The mulch ripens in about another
5 weeks. Spread about 5 cm deep on flower
beds, it helps to keep the soil loose and to
prevent weeds. Positive reviews from
several journals are quoted. Contrary to
widespread belief, paper does rot and
becomes a good mulch. The price of the can
(120 DM) is rather high and should be reduced
by mass production and by subsidies from the
communities which have less trash to collect.
The fact that only putresclble trash should
be put into the compost can requires
cooperation of the users. This will probably
make the introduction of the compost can on
a large scale difficult, but it could be
overcome by an advertising campaign.
(Text-German)
66-0277
Municipal Sanitation Office. The new compost
plant at Duisburg-Huckingen in operation.
In International Research Group on Refuse
Disposal (IRGRD), Information Bulletins
1-12. Washington, U.S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, 1966.
p.78-79.
A brief history of the compost plant is
given. Laden refuse trucks dump into
receiving bunkers. Raw refuse is transported
by conveyor to the composting plant. Scrap
iron is sorted by magnetic pulleys and baled.
On the final sorting conveyors, valuable
and brittle materials are picked by hand.
The refuse is then conveyed to rotating drums
(biostabilizers) and mixed with sludge.
Biological decompostion starts with forced
aeration and continuous rotation of the
drums, converting the refuse-sludge
mixture to raw compost in four to five
days. After leaving the drums, the
compost is freed of glass, stones, rags, and
otherwise useless substances by screening.
The compost is then immediately given up
to agriculture or is piled temporarily in
heaps. Screen residues are dumped.
Data is furnished.
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Composting
66-0278
New compost plant for Moscow. Public
Cleansing, 56(11) :584, Nov. 1966.
The Triga Company of Paris has signed a
contract for a 600 ton per day refuse
treatment plant in Moscow which should be in
operation by the end of 1968. Refuse will be
delivered into a 1,500 cu m hopper, conveyed
to a screen with 20 cm holes, then through an
electromagnetic separator, a non-magnetic
metallic detector, and then through Hazemag
pulverizers for crushing. The ground refuse
is watered, aerated and mixed for four days.
From the 600 tons of household refuse
received daily, it is expected that 15 tons
of metal will be recovered and 350 tons of
compost. Under normal working conditions
three persons will operate the plant: one
superintendent, one assistant, and one
laborer.
of: (1) Earp-Thomas bacterial starter;
(2) spore suspension (Thermomyces
lanuginosus); (3) refuse compost from 20
cm below the surface, 50 C, and heavily
mildewed. These additives proved to be
practically useless in a situation where
decompostive is relatively long. In a
plant where the fastest possible composting
is desired, the addition of nutrients or
microorganisms could be of importance, but
data about this are insufficient.
66-0281
Pacheco, J. ''Manufacturing'* compost from
urban refuse in Spain. Compost Science, 7(2):
31-32, Autumn 1966.
This article mentions various composting plants
in Spain and their caDacity. No special
equipment or processes are discussed.
660279
A new comoosting process for refuse and
sludge-the Tollemache system. In
International Research Group on Refuse
Disposal (IRGRD), Information Bulletins
1-12. Washington, U.S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Public
Health"Service, 1966. p.234-235.
The Tollemache process, as developed at the
refuse composting plant at Mabelreign
(Southern Rhodesia), is described and
illustrated. Refuse passes on a conveyor
from bunker to a screen and magnetic
separator plus hand sorting, then to a
ballistic separator to remove glass and
rocks. After the addition of water or
sludge, the material is discharged into
composting chambers. The refuse is mixed and
pulverized by a travelling turner-mixer at
the chambers. This procedure is repeated
until the compost leaves the chambers
which is two weeks. The cost is about
$2.10 per ton of compost for a plant with a
capacity of 40 tons per day.
66-0280
Obrist, W. Additives and the windrow
composting of ground household refuse.
Compost Science, 6(3);27-29, Autumn-Winter,
1966.
The addition of various microorganisms is
often suggested to speed up the composting
of ground household refuse. Experiments
were conducted in plastic bags containing
specified contents with additives consisting
66-0282
Peyer, E. Erosion prevention with compost in
viniculture. In International Research Group
on Refuse Disposal (IRGRD), Information
Bulletins 1-12. Washington, D.S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1966.
p.194-196.
Two experiments were performed to observe
erosion damage in viniculture using urban
compost. Fifty cu m were spread over 24.3 acres
at the Leutschen experiment. Two heavy
deluges were recorded at this site during the
summer of 1959 causing heavy damage in part of
the vineyards. The plot treated with compost,
showed no evidence of erosion in contrast to
earlier experiences. The quality of the soil
was improved. Crust formation did not appear
at the surface of the plot. Similar observations
were made at the Sternenhalde experiments.
During summer storms, which caused severe
damage to other plots, no erosion pits or
gullies appeared on the treated surfaces. No
fine soil was evident, in contrast to the
untreated slopes. Sufficient compost must be
applied, however, because erosion damage was
observed after an application of only 2 kg per
sq m in another plot.
66-0283
PHS grants $250,000 for Florida compost study.
Compost Science, 7(2):25, Autumn 1966.
The Metropolitan Waste Conversion Corporation
of Wheaton, Illinois, will build and operate a
130 ton per day compost plant in Gainesville,
70
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0278-0287
Florida. It will cost $1,100,000, and the U.S.
Public Health Service is giving a $250,000
grant. The objective of the project is to
study health, safety, reliability and economic
feasibility of using coniDosting plants in
communities of 50,000 to 100,000"people. The
plant will assimilate large proportions of raw
sewage solids, blended into raw ground garbage,
and then compost the mixture.
66-0284
Popel, F. Recent developments in the technique
of refuse processing. In International Research
Group of Refuse Disposal (IRGRD), Information
Bulletins 1-12. Washington, U.S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1966.
p.135-137.
Two accepted methods of treating urban refuse
are incineration and composting. Hygienic
requirement are completely satisfied by burning
municipal liquid and solid wastes. Composting
of liquid and solid wastes also fills the
hygienic requirements. Composting processes
for refuse and refuse-sludge in common use
today are summarized and presented. For
composting with refuse, sewage sludge has to
be dewatered; it can first be air-dried on beds
and then piled for composting using the heat
produced for drying to a solid content of
80 to 90 percent. Joint composting offers the
following advantages: the aerobic thermophilic
composting transforms the sludge to meet
hygienic requirements? the quality of compost
is improved by addition of sludge; sludge
addition intensifies the composting by
innoculation with microorganisms; reduction of
C/N as a result of the high N content of sludge,
and by moistening the refuse which alone is dry.
66-0285
Project to study composting of refuse with
sewage sludge. Public Works. 97(4):130,
Apr. 1966.
The P.H.S. Office of Solid Wastes will be
responsible for technical direction and
financing of the Johnson City composting
plant which will cost $750,000 to build
and $100,000 per year to ooerate. The
project is a study of composting as a means
of safely and economically disposing of
municipal refuse and raw sewage sludge.
The compost will be used experimentally
to condition noor soil.
66-0286
Refuse and raw sludge composting.
Reporter, 33(3) :5, Mar. 1966.
APWA
With a $375,000 grant from the Office of
Solid Wastes, the Tennessee Valley Authority
will design, construct and operate a
composting plant at Johnson City to process
60 tons daily of refuse and untreated
sewage sludge. The plant will cost
$750,000 to construct and $100,000
annually to operate. The Economic
Development Administration will provide
$35,000 to determine the feasibility of an
area-wide sewerage system in Jefferson
County, West Virginia.
66-0287
Reidel, E. 0. The refuse typhoon, a mobile
processing plant. In International Research
Group on Refuse Disposal (IRGRD), Information
Bulletins 1-12. Washington, U.S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public
Health Service, 1966. p.122-123.
A mobile unit, called a refuse **typhoon''
provides for: magnetic separation,
sieving to remove ashes and powdery wastes,
and grinding. The versatile typhoon is
intended for small and medium-sized
communities. It provides for iron removal,
grinding, and windrowing for composting, A
smaller unit will process five to six
tons per hr and costs only 80,000 German
marks. Operating costs of this machine are
considerably less than one-third of the
larger so that a sale price for the compost
of only four marks per ton need to realized.
No plant building is needed for the refuse
typhoon. The normal capacity of the
refuse typhoon is 12 to 15 metric tons of
refuse per hr. Cost breakdown of the machine
and expenditures of a typical operation are
charted and furnished. A parts list is also
furnished.
66-0288
Reimer, L. G. Refuse reclamation - a solution
to a growing urban problem. Westinghouse
Engineer, 26(6):175-7, Nov. 1966.
A close to ideal way of disposing of a city's
trash in a fast, inoffensive, silent,
economical, and invisible manner is
discussed in a description of St. Petersburg,
Florida's new refuse reclamation plant which
is located in a park in a residential
neighborhood. The disposal consists of
salvaging marketable items such as metal and
rags and then converting the rest of the
refuse into a soil conditioning compost.
Smoke is avoided since there is no
incineration and flies and rodents are
71
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Composting
excluded by complete enclosure. The
highly mechanized composting process, which
takes five days, produces no offensive
odors. The location of the plant in the
city cuts hauling costs and a photograph of
the reclamation plant shows it landscaped
to blend Into the residential neighborhood
park. Another picture shows the compost
being conveyed from the digester after
controlled bacterial action has converted
ground refuse into compost which will be
sold partly in bulk and partly by the
bag, A schematic flowsheet shows the trash
and garbage passing the salvage station, the
magnetic separator and the pulverizing and
grinding operation before being composted for
five days in the digester. Any compost which
is too coarse to pass the screens is
recycled. The final compost product has
less than 20 percent of the volume and more
than 80 percent of the weight of the
. incoming refuse. The city pays the
operator of the plant $3.24 a ton for
31,200 tons disposed of annually.
Colorado plant since May, 1965. The
president of the Rich-Land Co. is pleased
with the results of the plant which handles
most of the municipal refuse from the city
of Boulder. The central receiving hopper
for incoming refuse is wire-mesh enclosed
to eliminate windblown papers. The
refuse is carried by a belt conveyor
from the hopper through a completely
covered area where salvage and sorting
operations remove metals, glass, etc. It
continues by conveyor to a giant 200-hp
pregrinder before being transferred to a
windrow area for processing. Composting
is accomplised in a series of windrows,
the process being accelerated by the use of
the Richloam Rapid Composter which travels,
through the windrows, shredding, aereating,
and moistening the material in a single
operation. High temperatures destroy the
fly larvae and pupae as well as weed
and seeds and pathogenic organisms. Land
requirements are 3 to 5 acres. Processing
time is 14 days plus 3 to 4 weeks to cure
in bins.
66-0289
Riad, A, Composting activities in Cairo,
Egypt. Compost Science, 6(3): 29,
Autumn-Winter 1966.
In 1928, the Beccanl Company anplied for the
monopoly of treating Cairo's refuse. An
Egyptian company was formed in 1947, after
the Boggiano Pico process was adonted, and
given the monopoly of changing all municipal
refuse and slaughter house waste into
organic fertilizers or subsidiary industrial
products. A plant built to treat about
one-third of the refuse was in operation in
1951 and failed. The guaranteed daily
output of 300 tons of fertilizer was never
reached-in fact, it never exceeded 80.
Municipal refuse now is about 2,000 tons per
day, and the government is again considering
which of the 30 or so processes are
best. A group of experts are visiting
installations to choose the process best
suited not only for Cairo but for the
entire country. Windrowing has been in use
for the last 25 years in many small towns
and villages to convert their refuse to
organic fertilizer.
66-0290
Richland Company. Goalpost Science,
7(1) iI 8, Spring-Summer 1966.
The ''Richloam Rapid Composting Process'
has been utilized in a Boulder County,
66-0291
Roller, J. and M. Cointat. The sale of
composts from household wastes, or urban
wastes obtained from household wastes.
Techniques et Sciences Municipales,
61(334-337):Aug.-Sept. 1966.
The nomenclature of household refuse is
discussed in this circular from the
Minister of Agriculture to the Division
Inspectors of the Suppression of Frauds, to
the Heads of Departmental Services of the
Inspector of the Suppression of Frauds, and
to the Directors of laboratories associated
with the Suppression of Frauds. It is
important that unprocessed, partly processed,
and processed refuse is not sold by the wrong
description and that the consumer is clearly
informed of the different categories of these
products. Such products on the market are
classed into four categories: green refuse;
screened, pulverized refuse; urban composts,
or composts from household refuse; and
screened material from dumping. In two
appendices two methods are described (Pale
and Kjeldahl) for determining the carbon
and nitrogen contents, respectively, of
urban comoosts. (Text-French)
66-0292
Tenaille, G. Moscow to build 600-ton-day
compost plant. Compost Science, 7(1):17-18,
Spring-Summer 1966.
72
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0289-0295
The Triga Company of Paris has constructed
three composting plants in Prance equipped
with Hazemag crushers and fermentation
towers. A contract has been signed for a
600 ton per day plant in Moscow which will be
the largest composting plant in the world.
This plant will be equipped with Hazemag
crushers. With the increased percentage
of incinerated refuse, the incineration
capacity of the furnaces will be 150
tons per day. The composting plant in
Plaisir, France is also described. The
gathering trucks discharge their load into
and inlet hopper, the bottom of which has a
conveyor provided with a metal apron. If
refuse contains non-magnetic metallic
parts, these are detected by a high frequency
de-vice. The non-metallic refuse mass is
then discharged by the belt conveyor
into a hammer crusher composed of two rotors,
fitted with radial hammers, rotating at
high speed, one against the other. The
crushed residues are taken again under the
crusher, by a vibrating conveyor which
dishcarges them into the bucket chain
elevator which transports them to the
fermentation tower. The fermentation tower,
so-called ''hygienisator'' is a vertical
cylinder of reinforced steel sheet, divided
into four sectoral compartments. Advantages
of the process include elimination of hand
sorting, total suppression of dumps, ease
of operation, accelerated processing with
reduced required surface of the ground plot,
and production of first grade compost.
66-0293
Wiley, J. S., F. E. Gartrell, andH. G. Smith.
Concept and design of the Joint II.S. Public
Health Service - Tennessee Valley Authority
Composting Project, Johnson City, Tennessee.
Compost Science, 7(2):11-14, Autumn 1966.
The Tennessee Valley Authority and the Public
Health Service agreed in Aug., 1964 to
undertake a joint research and demonstration
project on solid waste composting. Johnson
City, Tennessee, was selected as the preferred
site for the proposed plant and it agreed to
join PHS and TVA in the project. The
proposed plant will be of the windrow type
capable of treating all mixed refuse and
raw sewage sludge from the city of 33,000
population. Certain commercial and industrial
organic wastes also may be treated. The
plant is designed to operate 5.5 day per week,
with a capacity to process 58.5 ton per day of
mixed refuse with a maximum of 70 ton per day
and sludge quantities of 9,100 to 13,200 gal
per day or 3,800 to 5,500 Ib per day or dry
sludge solids. Refuse processing equipment
is designed to handle 10 ton per hr. Flow
diagram and related equipment is presented.
The estimated average daily production is about
25 tons of 42 percent of the weight on incoming
refuse. One of the objectives of the project
is to study the economics of the process.
Complete construction and operating cost date
will be obtained and economic evaluation of
the process will be made. Routine analyses
will be made on samples of raw wastes and
compost for total solids; certain chemical
tests, mainly for nitrogen, phosphate, and
potash will be performed to assess the
nutrient value of their compost; and to detect
and permit the correction of any health or
safety hazards or nuisance conditions, close
observations of odors, dust, noise, flies,
and rodents will be made throughout the plant.
The demonstration composting plant operation
is scheduled to continue through fiscal year
1972. (Presented at Fifth Annual Sanitary and
Water Resources Engineering Conference,
Nashville, Tennessee, June 3, 1966)
66-0294
Wiley, J. S. A discussion of composting of
refuse with sewage sludge. In APWA Yearbook,
1966. Chicago, American Public Works
Association, p.198-208.
Addition of sewage sludge to refuse for
composting quickens decomposition and
improves the quality of finished compost
by increasing the nutrient content.
Sludge can replace water in adjusting
moisture content. The quantity of sludge
to be disposed is constantly increasing,
and digestion and treatment is expensive
When sludge is utilized for comoosting,
conventional sludge digestion and drying could
be eliminated, and replaced by raw sludge
thickening and pumping to composting plants.
For a slight increase in refuse composting
costs, a considerable savings in sewage
treatment costs can be realized.
66-0295
Wilson, N. G. The refuse composting plant
in Edinburgh. In International Research
Group on Refuse Disposal (IRGRD), Information
Bulletins 1-12. Washington, U.S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1966.
p.93-94.
Edinbtirg's chief problem was to find a
substitute for the incinerators for which
construction and operation costs are very
high. Besides it was idealogically desirable
to return the organic refuse to the soil. An
-------
Composting
experimental compost plant was built using
the Dano biostabilizer method. An analysis
of the compost made from the process is
given. Demand for the refuse is large,
particularly in agriculture, truck gardening,
and by private garden owners. The selling
price is about $4.90 per ton. Other biostablizer
plants are planned, one of which will have an
operating capacity of 290 cu yd. Financial
savings from such a plant, considering yearly
loan and interest charges as well as reduction
in payroll, reveal a considerable economic
advantage compared to the usual incinerator,
even if the compost has to be distributed free
of cost.
66-0296
Wolfskehl, 0., and E. Boye. Answer to
Mr. Klotter's rebuttal. Schweizerische
Bauzeitung, 84(19):359, May 12, 1966.
As far as the testing method is concerned,
Mr. Klotter's opinion (concerning the effects
of ash and of composted waste on groundwater)
cannot be accepted. Since every substance
shows a different solubility it is necessary
to show the magnitude of solubility
quantitatively. Mere qualitative considerations
by necessity lead to fallacies. The factor
of variabilities of soil types was taken into
account in that we chose an especially frequent
case, namely that of increase carbon dioxide
content. Obviously any kind of water
penetration into the ground is to be avoided
if possible. Despite precautions, however, it
is very likely that enough water will
accumulate, carrying dissolved substances with
it into the ground. The slag used in the
experiment came from a regular waste
incinerator plant and was not especially
selected for the experiments. (Text-German)
66-0297
Wofskehl, 0., and E. Boye. Effects of dumped
ash and of composted waste on groundwater.
Wasserund Abwasser, 107(2):36-38, Jan. 14,
1966.
According to an article by A. Andres
(Kommunalwirtschaft 4(4), p. 145, 1964),
composted waste can be deposited everywhere
without having to fear a spoilage of the
grotmdwater, contrary to the deposition of
the ash residues from waste incineration.
In reality, however, quite the opposite is
true. In the composted waste the salts are
not bound by organic substances; they are
either absorbed or occluded. Thus they can
be easily washed out by water. During
incineration, however, which takes place
at temperatures of more than 800 C in the
presence of oxygen, the salts amalgamate with
silicic acid and form a vitreous substance
insoluble in water. Several experiments
were carried out to prove this point, using
extraction with distilled water or water
saturated with carbon dioxide. The results
were tabulated and compared with maximum
allowable concentrations of various anions
and cations in drinking water. The
decomposition of composted waste, not as
fertilizer but on disposal sites, is indeed
much more dangerous to the groundwater than
the dumping of ash residues, since much
greater amounts of nitrates and sulfates,
in particular, are washed out. The water
solubility of chromium hydroxide prepared
at various temperatures was experimentally
investigated. The findings were plotted
in a diagram which shows a maximum of 9
percent solubility of Cr at 300 C. In
general, the higher the temperature of
incineration used, the more vitreous,
insoluble substances--harmless to the
groundwater--are produced, (Text-German.)
66-0298
Zambetti, T. The refuse treatment plant of
the Baden-Brugg region. In International
Research Group of Refuse Disposal (IRGRD),
Information Bulletins 1-12. Washington,
U.S. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, 1966. p.263-265.
Ten communities In the Baden-Brugg region
joined efforts in constructing a composting
plant using the SMG/Multibacto process.
The refuse is first gound, iron and tin
cans removed by a magnetic pully and
baled and then sieved. The fine refuse is
inoculated with a special bacterial
mixture and mixed with water or later,
with sludge. It then goes to a digester,
where material is constantly mixed, rotated
and aerated automatically. By regulation
of temperature, oxygen addition, and
moisture, ideal conditions are set up in
the digester to promote natural and added
bacteria of decomposition In the material.
After 24 hours the refuse is fit for use
as compost which resembles forest soil in
structure and appearance. The products
are successfully sold to about 1,500
Swiss consumers. The cost of operation
per ton depends on the amount processed";
initially this was about $3.50 based on
11,000 tons of refuse.
74
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0296-0301
REDUCTION
66-0299
All aimed at cutting handling costs. Public
Cleansing, 56(7):325-328, July 1966.
The International Mechanical Handling
Exhibition, held in May, 1966, had on
display a wide variety of new methods, new
systems and new ideas to reduce handling
costs. The machinery included conveyors,
cranes, industrial trucks, elevators,
hoists, electrical and electronic control
equipment, container systems, and storage
binning, many of which give rise to ideas
for application in public cleansing. One
of the most interesting exhibits from the
refuse handling viewpoint was
'Wastepaktor,* a product from the 0.S.
It consists of three main elements:
a compactor unit with hopper above it, a
closed metal container, and a roll-on device
fitted to a transport vehicle. The
compactor unit, which is static, has a
hopper of 2^ cu yd capacity and has a
hydraulically operated compactor plate with
single or continuous cycling. A container
of 30 or 40 cu yd capacity is locked
onto the compactor unit for filling.
Waste material is tipped into the hopper
and compressed into the container under a
pressure of up to 112,000 Ib. It is
claimed that light waste is compressed to
about 25 percent of its original volume.
Three photographs of the Wastepaktor and
a photograph of a Dempster-Dinosaur 11S
are given.
66-0300
American Public Works Association. Grinding
food wastes. Tn Municipal refuse disposal.
2d ed. Chicago, Public Administration
Service, 1966. p.231-252.
The grinding process is defined and the
equipment available is classified. Both the
acceptance and rejection of home grinders
may be of vital importance to the city
according to the adequacy of its sewers or
sewage treatment plant. The same comments
may hold for grinders in commercial
establishments and institutions. In the
late 1940's the relationship of sewer grades,
mean velocity of sewage, and sediment
velocity of garbage was studied at the
University of Texas. As evidenced by
reprinted charts, the slopes of sanitary
sewers then in use could satisfactorily
transport the solid produced by domestic
garbage grinders. The costs of sewage
treatment for a home garbage grinder is
usually about 50 cents to $1.50 per
capita per year. Types, location, and
costs of municipal grinder station are
covered. The garbage from a city of 80,000
people can be disposed of daily at a station
that grinds 5 ton per hr or even less.
Grinder stations in large cities are
furnished with highly mechanized units that
can process 30 to 50 tons of garbage per hr.
The cost of installation of a home grinder
varies from $75 to $200 or more, a 1%
horsepower commercial grinder is about
$600--the cost of a 5 horsepower grinder
rising up to $1,600. A 300-ton per day plant
requires a sizeable capital investment.
The building alone would probably cost
$300,000. City reports say that a ton of
garbage processed comes to $3 and more.
Concluding remarks prognosticate the
increased use of home grinders.
66-0301
Bourgeois , M. An economic solution to the
problem of treating domestic refuse. Public
Cleansing, 56(7):329-331, July 1966.
Controlled tipping as a solution to refuse
disposal problems is only provisional. The
nuisance and danger of the refuse,
encouraging flies, rats and pathogenic
germs, fires , and smoke cannot be ignored,
The town of Sarcelles in France chose a
refuse-reducing plant as the more suitable
solution to its refuse disposal problem.
Incineration was considered too expensive
for a town this size (45,000). The refuse
from the collection vehicles is tipped
into a 40 cu yd reception hopper (which
has a two-hour standby capacity), thence
into a Gondard machine, which is fitted
with a grill of a size to handle 12 tons of
untreated refuse per hour. Interlocking
control switches are fitted to ensure that
the grinder cannot be overloaded. The
material which cannot be pulverized,
e.g. metal, leather, plastic bottles, and
nylon waste, about 5 percent of the
input, is automatically rejected. The
pulverized product Is transported by a
45-ton truck to a stockpile where it is left
to undergo fermentation In the open air.
The fermentation process starts at once.
The temperature in the heap of end
product builds up to 50 C in a few hours
and reaches approximately 70 C in 25 hr.
Agriculturists can effectively use the end
product which is an excellent fertilizer
as well as a proper humus rich in the oligo
elements.
75
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Reduction
66-0302
British-made disintegrator. Waste Trade
World, 109(17):14, Oct. 22, 1966.
A range of British-made crushers and
disintegrators, which can reduce wood,
cardboard, paper, plastics, leather, rubber,
cloth, metal sheets, glass, bricks, stones,
and concrete blocks to a predetermined size,
is described. Materials, which are
converted into a flat shape by converging
crushing belts, are conveyed and supported
on a series of rotating, star-shaped anvil
blocks, A series of staggering rotating
disintegrator bars pass between the anvil
blocks at high velocity, striking and
penetrating the material on the blocks.
The degree of reduction is based on the
velocity of the disintegrator bars and the
number of impacts per unit distance. Wet
or dry particles can be processed and
materials can be separated at the discharge
end by magnetic or air stream separators.
The standard unit is designed to produce up
to 5 ton per hr of shredded cardboard,
fiberboard, and general wastepaper,
caption that the installation was done on a
shoe-string, in the cheapest and simplest
way possible. Three other pictures show:
typical rejects such as tins, old boots,
sacks, and plastic bottles, the loading of
the Seerdruin with crude refuse, and the
piling up of the product. A bar chart is
given showing the steady growth of the
refuse density in a typical British city
from 3 cu yd per ton in 1948 to nearly 8 cu
yd per ton in 1963. The Seerdrum was found to
be the answer to many of the problems in
the treating of refuse, such as fires,
flies, and lack of tipping space.
66-0304
Grinding solid wastes. Compost Science,
7(2):30, Autumn 1966.
The Heil-Gondard wastes reduction system uses
a low chimney or discharge chute over the
grinder. The hammermill rejects material
that cannot be ground so that sorting and
grinding are done in one operation. A
pit with a pan conveyor bottom replaces the
conventional pit.
66-0303
Busfield, J. E. New refuse disposal system
for the smaller authority. Surveyor and
Municipal Engineer, 128(3887):27-28, Dec.
3, 1966.
There is a need for a method of treating
refuse which can be used to combat the
complicating factors which have developed
in refuse disposal in the last 20 years
and be capable of operation by small as
well as large authorities. The factors
of concern include: population increase,
the changing composition of refuse, increase
in the bulk of the refuse, increase in the
quantity of refuse per head, decrease in
tips, and greater demand for control of
nuisances from refuse. The Vicker's
Seerdrum equipment appears to offer a
solution to the problem for the small as
well as large authority. The Seerdrum is
a rotating refuse macerating plant with a
drum 24 ft in length and 8 ft in diameter,
fitted internally with plates, screens, and
a refuse moistening device. The drum
rotates at 11 rpin an<5 is capable of
reducing the bulk by half, while treating
40 to 50 tons a day. Paper, vegetable
matter, etc. are macerated while metal,
plastics, rags and wood make up the
rejects. The macerated refuse makes a good
cover for the rejects and discourages vermin
and flies by heating up to 160 F. A picture
showing a general view of the piart has the
66-0305
Meyers, A. F. Grinding--an air in refuse
disposal. Public Works, 97(5):156, May
1966.
The Heil-Gondard solid wastes reduction
system makes possible combined collection
of all domestic combustibles and
non-combustibles at one time. It uses a low
chimney or discharge chute over the grinder.
Through this chimney the hammermill rejects
non-grindables which are thrown out of the
mill and passed into a bin for final disposal.
Sorting and grinding are done in one
operation. As the load on the grinder rises,
the conveyor slows down, reducing the rate
of feed into the mill. In a Heil-Gondard
mill, all materials to be incinerated are
shredded and intermixed to provide a
relatively uniform particle size for the
incinerator furnace and also a fairly uniform
heat content per pound of fuel. Percentage of
burnable material in the ash is reduced when
ground refuse is burned. The cost of the
grinding equipment is offset by
simplification of the incinerator equipment.
Also possible is a reduction in haul
distance through the use of milled material
at small incinerators or landfills located
nearer to population centers than is
feasible for large disposal installations.
Compaction characteristics of the ground
76
-------
0302-0309
refuse are so favorable that uncovered fills
are used without nuisance in a number of
French installations. Where composting is
economical, the Heil-Gondard mill performs
the sorting and grinding in one operation
and the final output of the mill is ready
for composting. Two-stage grinding and
screening is eliminated.
ground level. The refuse, after removal of
bulky material that might damage the plant,
is moved by an inclined elevating conveyor
to the picking conveyor where salvageable
material Is removed by hand. An
electro-magnetic separator removes ferrous
metal which goes by chute to balers.
66-0306
New Gondard plant for Haarlem. Public
Cleansing, 56(4):170-172 , Apr. 1966.
Haarlem, Netherlands, was well satisfied
with their 3 Gondards--one for pulverizing
and two for secondary grinding--but they
noticed that the hammer wear on the grinders
was high. They now commission 6 Gondards,
4 for receiving unsorted raw refuse and 2 for
grinding. The material passes over two
screens, a course and a fine, and results
in a fine grain product ideal for land
reclamation. Since this material settles
quickly and does not attract birds or
rodents it is used for building up levels in
water-logged areas. The Idea of reclrculating
the coarser material until it will pass
through the fine screen ensures a
pre-determined size for the secondary
grinders. A high but constant rate of
feed results in faster throughput and
better end-product. Each Gondard has a
separate reception hopper for its raw
refuse, when It is fed by conveyor belt Into
the machine. The area covered by the whole
complex of four reception hoppers, six
Gondard refuse reducers, and the ancillary
stores, controls, offices, garages, and
reject compound is remarkably small.
66-0307
Hew pulverization plant in Gloucestershire,
Public Cleansing, 56 (7):364-366 , July 1966.
A 12.5 ton per hr rotary pulverization plant
designed to serve a present population of
77,000 and projected increases during the
life of the plant opened on April 23. The
site is 2.35 acres, triangular, and easily
accessible. The haul to the principal
disposal site, clay pits likely to last
10 to 12 years, is about 2 miles.
Pulverization was chosen after careful
consideration of other methods, with
particular regard to air pollution, odors,
and the marketing difficulties of disposal
of compost for agricultural and horticultural
purposes. The plant has a reception hopper
(capacity: 150 cu yd) that is below
66-0308
No cover material needed for converted
refuse. American City, 81(2):18, Feb. 1966.
The Bullingdon Rural District Council at
Wheatley, England, recently installed a
Vickers Seerdrum Refuse Conversion Plant
that reportedly eliminates the need for
cover material at the landfill. The plant
separates the refuse into a peat-like product
and rejects material such as tin cans, rags,
plastics, and rubble. The product can be
used as a cover at the landfill. A special
metering pump adds water to the refuse as
soon as it enters the 29 by 8 ft drum through
the loading throat. Flight plates fixed to
the drum elevate the refuse through a fixed
crushing cone, forcing, it into the first
12 ft of drum length. Special deflection
plates churn the refuse while still-
retaining It In the drum. After
approximately 45 minutes, the brokendown
material spills over into the screen
cylinder section, which screens out the
peat-like product and rejects. The
secret of the process lies in the addition
of water to bring the moisture content of the
rubbish to approximately 40 percent. This
reduces the tensile strength of fibrous
materials, thereby facilitating their
breakdown by the tumbling action. The
final product is free of blowing paper and
dust, does not attract vermin, nor give off
a bad odor. Its density is 2.5 cu yd per ton
when discharged from the plant. Bacterial
activity at the fill further reduces the
volume by about 20 percent. The plant and
building can be moved to a new site within a
matter of days.
66-0309
Pfeiffer, E. E. Comments on the
construction of grinders for urban refuse.
In International Research Group on Refuse
Disposal (IRGBD), Information Bulletins
1-12. Washington, U.S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, 1966.
p.118-121.
The following are discussed: hammermills;
the size of the mill; feeding the
77
-------
Incineration
mill; hammers; selection of hammers;
accessibility of the mill; the grates; dead
space in the mill; and volume reduction.
Hammermills for grinding urban refuse are
severely tested by two factors: (a) by the
irregular sizes and shapes of raw refuse
materials; (b) by the quality of the
materials. Under no circumstance should
the desired average capacity only be used
as the basis for selection of a mill.
Charging the mill should be done as
uniformly as possible. The mill hopper
must be large enough to admit coarse and
bulky pieces. The width of the intake
should correspond to the width of
conveyor belt. Care must be taken to
prevent build-up of a sticky abrasive mass.
The grates below the mill must permit the
material to pass through immediately. The
distance from hammers to breaker plates is
optimum at 5 mm, with an upper limit of
10 mm. Worn cutting edges are rewelded
and welded material must be tempered.
The design of grates beneath the mill
appears to be the least adequate in
present-day mills. Distances between
hammers and mill housing should be
sufficient to pass the desired hourly
output but not to allow for accumulations
to pack and 'cement.'
66-0310
Refuse compressors. Royal Society of Health
Journal, 86(1) :45, Jan.-Feb. 1966.
The manufacturer's announcement describes
pneumatic equipment now being produced in
Britain which automatically compresses and
fills all types of refuse into disposable
paper sacks. Fully automatic and
semi-automatic compressors, adaptable to
various applications such as apartment
buildings, hotels, restaurants, hospitals,
and factories are available. With the
automatic compressor, which is charged from
a chute, the material is compressed as it
is filled into the sack, then moved out and
stapled as a fresh sack is fed to the
machine from a cylindrical magazine. The.
semi-automatic equipment is loaded manually
and the compressive action is actuated by
a button. The semi-automatic models are
indicated as ideally suited to areas where
compressors are needed at strategic
points.
INCINERATION
66-0311
Adds to private incinerator complex.
Refuse Removal Journal, 9 (7):16, July 1966.
A $2 million privately-owned refuse
incinerator complex is being completed in
Sharonville, Ohio. The latest unit, an
electrically fired unit with a 150 ton per day
capacity, is scheduled to open in August and
will handle wood. A 250 ton per day incinerator
has been in operation since 1962; it burns
food waste hauled by contractors. A second
150 ton unit, designed for trash burning,
went into operation last March.
66-0312
All-purpose incinerator to halt dual
collections in Milwaukee. Refuse Removal
Journal, 9(7):24, July 1966.
Agreement has finally been reached between
Milwaukee and Milwaukee County on the question
of financing a number of large, all-purpose
incinerators. Agreement with suburban
supervisors was reached, when it was decided
to finance with revenue bonds. The
initial construction costs will be borne
by the entire county, but operating expenses
will be charged to the municipalities using
the disposal facilities. Each community will
keep its own refuse collection department.
The project is estimated to cost $15-20
million.
66-0313
American Gas Association, Inc. Approval
requirements for domestic gas-fired
incinerators. Cleveland, 1966. 32 p.
A OSA standard approval for domestic
gas-fired incinerators is presented in its
entirety. The requirements represent minimum
standards for performance, safe operation, and
substantial and durable construction. The
various provisions and tests prescribed are
based on past experience in the utilization
of gas, and the results of extensive
research. They are designed to assure safe
and efficient performance. Safe and
satisfactory operation of a domestic
gas-fired incinerator depends to a great
extent upon its proper installation. Part
one covers the construction requirements,
part two covers the performance requirements,
78
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0310-031?
and part three lists definitions. Methods
of tests for the various performance
requirements are discussed and outlined.
Relevant data are tabulated and illustrations
are furnished, as well as various equations
for pertinent calculations.
66-0314
American Public Works Association. Central
incineration. In Municipal refuse disposal.
2d ed, Chicago, Public Administration
Service, 1966. p.140-197.
The history of central incineration since
1870 is given and its advantages and
disadvantages are shown. Both construction
and operation costs vary with the amounts and
kinds of equipment and facilities in the
plant. Most incinerator plants cost from
$3,000 to $4,000 per ton of rated 24 hr
capacity to build and equip. Buildings
account for from 40 to 76 percent of total
costs: furnaces and appurtenances account
for from 18 to 24 percent of the total;
and the chimney accounts for from 4,5 to
11 percent. Proper determination of the
plant location and size is of importance,
and consideration must be given to
facilities for handling refuse. The
combustion of refuse, parameters of
design for refuse furnaces, and analyses of
the role of refractories and chimneys are
discussed. Residue handling sometimes
creates a problem to be contended with.
Based on previous specifications, the
requirements of the architecture and
construction of the plant, its operation and
maintenance, and problems of air pollution
control are summarized. Particle size
and chemical analysis of fly ash from
various sources are compared.
66-0315
American Public Works Association.
Incinerator Institute of America 1958
standards for design of home incinerators
and classification by types of refuse
burned. In Municipal refuse disposal.
2d ed. Chicago, Public Administration
Service, 1966. p.466-475.
The standards contain incinerator
terminology, waste analysis, classification
of incinerators, and specification of
incinerators by classes. Criteria applied in
waste analysis cover the heating values
of waste In BTD per Ib as fired, percent of
moisture, and percent of Incombustible
solids. Incinerators are classified
according to the storage capacity and
burning rate. Maximum burning rates in
Ib per sq ft per hr of various types of
waste are tabulated.
66-0316
American Public Works ssociation. National
Board of Fire Underwriters 1958 standards
for installation of domestic incinerators
as recommended by the Sational Fire
Protection Association, In Municipal refuse
disposal, 2d ed. Chicago, Public
Administration Service, 1966. p.476-489.
The standards give exact definitions of some
words used and list publications with
information on testing devices and materials
for tests in compliance with the standards
established by the Underwriters'
Laboratories, Inc. They deal separately with
domestic type Incinerators, flue-fed
incinerators of the apartment house type,
and commercial and industrial type
incinerators. The section on domestic
incinerators specifies their application,
design and construction, the gas burner
connections, electrical connections,
mounting, clearances, and the flue and
air requirements. In regard to flue-fed
incinerators special attention is given
to the combustion chambers and the corah ined
refuse chute and smoke flue parameters. The
commercial and industrial incinerators have
moreover necessitated specification of the
incinerator rooms of compartments, refuse
chutes, chute terminal rooms, charging
chutes and enclosures, automatic feeding
systems, Incinerator chimney, ventilation
of incinerator rooms, etc.
66-0317
American Public Works Association. On-slte
incineration. In Municipal refuse disposal,
2d ed, Chicago, Public Administration
Service, 1966. p.198-230.
On-site incineration applies to houses,
apartments, stores, industries, and
hospitals. Its pros and cons are stated
and the on-site incinerators are classified.
Incinerator evaluation covers burning with
and without auxiliary fuel, costs, safety,
nuisances, and effects on municipal
disposal costs and practices. Charts are
presented showing ignition-temperature
cycles for a dehydrating household
incinerator and a high BTU input
house-hold Incinerator, and data for the
estimated annual capital, installation,
79
-------
Incineration
maintenance, and fuel costs for three types
of domestic incinerafors are tabulated.
The municipal regulations for on-site
incinerators are interpreted in terms of
design, construction and installation
standards, operating standards, testing
and licensing. Specific features are
discussed pertaining to incinerators for
commercial establishments, industry, and
hospitals, with special emphasis given to the
apartment house incinerators. Numerical
data are presented on the average daily
production of hospital wastes. Concluding
remarks attempt to preview the future
of on-site incineration.
66-0318
America's largest incinerator. Public
Cleansing, 56(1):20-24, Jan. 1966.
The largest and most modern incinerator plant
in the United States, the Southwest
Incinerator, located in Chicago, has a
capacity of 1,200 tons. The burning section
consists of four 300-ton rotary kiln
furnaces. These furnaces incinerate refuse
with a calorific value as low as 2,700
Btu per Ib with maximum possible efficiency.
Average weight and calorific value of the
refuse is approximately 441 Ib per cu yd and
3,600 btu per Ib. Steam is generated from the
incinerator waste gases by four 50,000
Ib per hr waste heat boilers and sold to a
private concern for distribution. Ferrous
metals are separated from the furnace residue
and sold to a private contractor for
disposal. The addition of a wet bottom to
the collector chambers in the furnaces has
increased the ability of the equipment to
remove fly ash from the gas stream. The
plant has two radial brick chimneys 15 ft in
diameter and 250 ft in height. They are
the largest constructed for any
incinerator in the United States. The
plant has met the Chicago air pollution
requirements under all operating conditions.
Over-all costs for the plant were
approximately $6,825,000. In addition to the
incinerator furnaces and storage pit areas,
the plant includes a Ward office, district
office, storage room, scale house, and scale.
Other aspects of the installation, such as
tipping floor, refuse pit, operating floor,
boiler water treatment, charging floor,
machine room, chimneys, and ash removal
floor, are described in some detail.
66-0319
Black and Veatch, Consulting Engineers.
Disposal by incineration. In Report on
refuse disposal for northern Baltimore
County, Maryland. Kansas City, Mo.,
1966.
Refuse incineration was considered for the
study area. Possible advantages included:
small land requirement, central location
and thus shorter haul, relatively inert
and nuisance-free end product suitable
for reclaiming marginal land, and
constructing stable landfills. Preliminary
studies Indicated, however, that there
was no income potential from salvage of
metals and waste heat recovery. Relatively
high investment cost, residue, and potential
nuisance from truck traffic and air
pollution if the plant were not well
designed and properly operated were
disadvantages examined. Three sites were
evaluated for potential incinerator sites
considering land costs, hauling costs, and
basic site appropriateness. Full site
utilization, plans for refuse hauling,
air pollution controls, stacks,
instrumentation, and control of the
facility, structures, and
miscellaneous equipment are considered.
Economic analysis of the plan was made and
annual cost developed for County
ownership and operation of the 500
ton-per-day plant and for a residue and
non-incineratable refuse landfill to be
located on the site. Initial cost other
than plant cost was considered to be
$592,800 and $3,627,000 was estimated for
plant cost. Labor costs, annual costs,
and amortization were studied and breakdown
charts of the figures are given. Total average
haul costs estimated on the basis of
20 cubic yard collection trucks, average
payloads of 5.0 tons and two man crews are
considered. It was estimated at $141 per ton.
Comparisons of costs for sanitary landfill
and incineration are given.
66-0320
Bradford deals with more trade waste.
Cleansing, 56(12):634, Dec. 1966.
Public
The new separation and incineration plant in
Bradford processed more trade waste in 1965
to 66, probably because the Clean Air Act
prohibits the burning of refuse on
commercial premises. Another noticeable
trend was an increase in the amount of bulky
objects collected. This was due to the
increase in the areas of the city controlled
by the Clean Air Act, $26,425 was received
for the salvage collected and sold. This
was an increase of $11,323 over the previous
year. The total tonnage disposed of
-------
0318-0324
Increased by 2,078 tons, much of the increase
attributable to the maximum salvage
capability of the new plant. Salvage
amounted to over 20 percent of the total
refuse collected. A breakdown by types
showed that waste paper increased by 445
tons; textiles, including carpets, bagging,
etc. by 20 tons; light scrap iron by over 50
tons; non-ferrous metals, particularly
aluminum, more than doubled. Over 850
tons of tin and destructor scrap were sold.
66-0321
Brickie, F. J. The incinerator crane and its
application in the building. In Proceedings;
1966 National Incinerator Conference, New
York, May 1-4, 1966. American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, p.54-59.
This sequel to a paper presented at the 1964
Incinerator Conference, which developed
a guide for sizing the Incinerator Crane
and offered criteria for the crane
application requirements, places emphasis
on fitting the crane into the building as
well as preparing the building for the
crane. Only crane units with capacities
from 1-s to 3 cu yds are considered in this
paper. A cross section of a typical
building showing the charging floor and the
crane runway is given. A 6 in, clearance
between the high point of the crane and the
lowest overhead obstruction is recommended,
with sufficient side clearance. Other
dimensions of the crane with respective
clearance recommendations are given.
Mainline conductors can best be located on
the charging floor side in the runway
beam, mounted above the runway rail
vertically along the building column, or
suspended from the roof truss, The
latter is the most favorable because of
easy maintenance and personnel safety.
The key dimensions of the most commonly
used rails in incinerators are given.
The floating rail system, advocated by the
major steel rail fabricators, allows for
both lateral and longitudinal expansion,
contraction and some mis-alignment.
Significant changes and improvements
with respect to the incinerator crane
since 1964 include the Static Stepless
Control, which has reduced maintenance and
eliminated wear in the electric
holding-brake,
66-0322
Bucket and grapple combination adds to
incinerator efficiency. Public Works,
97(11):123, Nov. 1966.
Cincinnati's new refuse incinerator, which
began operation late last year, is rated at
500 ton per day, and includes a highly
efficient system based upon two
overhead P. & H cranes, one equipped with
a Blaw-Knox T1-301 8-tine grapple of
3-yd capacity, and the other equipped with a
clamshell bucket. One crane is used to
feed the furnaces and set back waste in the
two storage pits. The other crane is used
as a stand-by. During most of the 24-hr
a day operation, the buckets are used for
rehandling, mixing, and loading the
charging hoppers, Monday through Friday,
but during the peak refuse unloading period,
the buckets are used as much as 50 percent
of the time for moving refuse from the
dumping ramps to more remote areas of each
pit.
66-0323
Build shipyard incinerator. Refuse Removal
Journal, 9(12):38, Dec. 1966,
The nation's oldest and largest shipyards,
Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock
Company, has built a new incinerator and
remodeled its container system. Replacing
an incinerator which had been in operation
since 1942, the new $350,000 incinerator is
equipped to burn 100 tons of refuse in
24 hr, Onder present yard demands, about
65 tons will be burned in a two-shift,
16-hr period. The new plant, built on an
isolated site to minimize smoke and odor
nuisance, is fed by a clamshell bucket which
is controlled by a crane operator. It has an
80-ft stack of steel. The new collection
system is based on Dempster Dumpster
containers, boldly marked in orange
'Burnable* and 'Nonburnables', In this
way, steel and other salvageable scrap does
not get into the incinerator. Some of the
containers were converted to drop-bottom
units for easier handling at the
incinerator.
66-0324
Burn away the odors. Public Works,
97(3):84-85, Mar. 1966.
Construction of a fume incinerator as part
of its sewage treatment plant has enabled
San Diego, California to install its plant
at a particularly advantageous point that
lies in close proximity to residential
and public areas. Outfall drops generate a
total hydrogen sulfide concentration of
410 ppm. The heart of the incinerator is
a heat generator that provides two-thirds
81
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Incineration
of the 1,350 F required to destroy all
odors; the remainder is provided by digester
gas, or by other fuels when necessary.
Incoming gas temperature is 80 F; stack
discharge, 600 F. The fully automatic
installation, which cost $175,000 can
handle 23,000 SCM gases at a maximum
temperature of 1,500 F. Detailed
descriptions are given of feed and
mixing, control, burner design and
components, safety features, and
transfer operations with limited hp
consumption allowances.
66-0325
Cerniglla, V. J. Closed-circuit television
and its application in municipal
incineration. In Proceedings; 1966 National
Incinerator Conference, New York, May 1-4,
1966. American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, p. 187-190.
The conviction that closed-circuit television
would serve essential functions in
municipal incinerator design is currently
being put to test at a highly mechanized
municipal incinerator plant in Oyster Bay,
New York, having two 250-tons-a-day furnaces.
A survey of the three types of cameras in use
in CCTV and an explanation of how the CCTV
system works are presented. The installed
system consists basically of four lightweight
cameras, a monitoring console with two
screens, control power unit, and
multiconductor control cables. The
equipment requires little space, is rugged,
and is quickly installed and easily
maintained. Operational electrical costs
arc estimated at $200.00 per year. Two
cameras monitor the storage pit and crane
operation, while one camera watches the fire
in each furnace. Special attention had to be
given to the protection of the furnace
cameras from the intense heat, because their
temperature tolerance extends to only
131 F and the furnace temperatures may be as
high as 1800 F, the actual flame temperature
reaching even 3000 F. Use was therefore made
of an independent compressed-air cooling
system. The arrangement of the alarm system
and the monitoring control station is
mentioned briefly and the advantages due to
CCTV are listed. The most impressive one of
the annual labor savings amounting to a
possible $75,000'.
66-0326
Cerniglia, V. J., and A. Friedland
Smile--your incinerator is on TV. American-
City, 81(4):110-112, Apr. 1966.
Rehabilitating its existing 500 ton per day
incinerator and incorporating advanced
technology and procedures in a second
plant of equal capacity at the same site
has permitted Oyster Bay, New York, to
operate both facilities with the same
58-tnan force that formerly was required-
for the old plant. One of the most
important features is dual-camera
closed-circuit TV to monitor the final and
penultimate grates. The monitor can catch
oversized objects, observe slagging,
control grate speed, and coordinate
loading/burning operations. Camera
protection and operation are described.
Other changes and innovations include
recovering and reuse of water for
quenching, dust-tight equipment, special
types of sealants and linings, a storage
bay for nonburnabl.es, a sophisticated and
complex equipment maintenance shop,
provision of demountable assemblies in the
event more stringent air pollution standards
are imposed, and incorporation of esthetic
considerations in external construction.
66-0327
Challis, J. A. Three industrial-
incineration problems. In Proceedings;
1966 National Incinerator Conference, New
York, May 1-4, 1966, American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, p.208-218.
Case histories are presented for the disposal
by Incineration of three types of chemical
wastes, which require auxiliary fuel for
their combustion. The wastes include a
carbon/water slurry from an ammonia plant,
a highly colored liquid waste generated during
TNT manufacture, and a gas containing -
hydrogen sulfide. The original carbon
disposal process proved inefficient because
the carbon would not distribute evenly in
the furnace and the rate of drying and/or
chemical reaction was not high enough to
permit the furnace to burn all the
carbon. The solution was to find a way
to pump the material through atomizing
nozzles. Three methods available for
decreasing the viscosity are: (1) the
addition of a chemical dispersant, (2)
the addition of a combustible fluid, and
(3) the addition of water. The last-
mentioned process is further outlined. The
unit performed in a very smooth manner and
the burner handled all the ammonia plant
carbon slurry. Various methods have been
used to dispose of 'red water', the
liquor resulting from the TNT process. In
incinerating 'red water', two basic
burner designs have been used: rotating
82
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0325-0332
kiln and stationary burner. Performance
data are given for both facilities, stating
reasons for which the rotating kiln design
was finally given preference. The
disposal of hydrogen sulphide is based on
the method of oxidation to sulphur dioxide.
The possible methods of carrying out this
oxidation are given.
created private landfill closer to the
citv limits. To determine how large the
refuse disposal problem is, home owners in
one of the city's ten sanitation districts
will be asked to put all refuse into trash
cans for municipal collection for a 2"week
period.
660328
Cousins, N. Refuse disposal. In Freedom
to breathe. Report of the Mayor's
Task Force on Air Pollution in the City of
New York, New York, Mayor's Task Force on
Air Pollution, 1966. p.138-142.
The New York Department of Sanitation
maintains and operates 11 municipal
incinerators with a total burning capacity
of 9,210 tons of refuse per day. It has been
estimated that these incinerators emit
38.6 ton per day of particulate matter. The
City is one of the worst violators of its
own Air Pollution Control Code. Typical
test data are shown in tabular form for
city and apartment house incinerators.
First-stage corrective measures which
were recommended include: upgrading of
municipal and apartment house incinerators
and evaluation of control apparatus;
use of garbage grinders in certain areas;
elimination of inadvertant burning in
sanitary landfills; and collection of
refuse dumped on vacant lots, Plans
for future action should be initiated in
the following areas: new methods of
collection; alternatives to incineration
such as composting; modern water-cooled
incinerators for new housing developments;
and new municipal incinerators with the
latest design technology.
66-0329
Denver to test feasibility of halting home
trash burners. Refuse Removal Journal,
9(9):33, Sept. 1966.
To reduce its air pollution problems,
Denver will ask its householders not to light
their incinerators at all on days when weather
conditions are most likely to cause smog. On
days when there is an atmospheric inversion,
the city's building inspector will inform
residents by newspaper, radio, and
television, Denver's backyard refuse
incinerators produce perhaps 5 percent of
the total pollution. Denver has recently
closed its municipal landfill to private
contractors, and contractors now use newly
660330
Disposable plastics not so disposable.
Ceramic Age, 82(7):4, July 1966.
"Disposable" plastic containers are proving
not easily disposable. In municipal
incinerators, some of the plastics do not
varporize properly, clogging revolving-grate,
self-sustaining incinerator systems. The
plastic discards, which are increasing at the
rate of 4 percent a year, are also
responsible for odors, gummy residue, thick
smoke, and acid formation on burning.
Proposed solutions include high-severity
incinerators, which are costly, and more
flatr-fible plastics, which are opposed by
safety groups.
660331
Disposal of municipal greases by burning.
Public Works, 97(12):110, Dec. 1966.
A new self-firing incinerator, the
Greaseburn, has been used since 1965 by the
Water Pollution Control plant of Canton,
Ohio, for disposal of fats, greases, and
greasy skimmings. Developed by Walker
Process Equipment, Inc., the unit is a
forced-draft type circular hearth operating
at high temperatures for continuous and
complete incineration of these difficult
by-products. Capacity is rated at 700
Ib per hr, but performance has been found
to be higher during periods of peak loads.
Incineration is complete with a low volume
of ash residue. Four other Ohio
communities, as well as Gary, Indiana, also
use Greaseburn units.
66-0332
Edwards, L. V. Smoke density measurement
in municipal incinerators. In Proceedings;
1966 National Incinerator Conference, New
York, May 1-4, 1966. American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, p.183-185.
The opacity of optical density of smoke in
the breeching or stack of a municipal
incinerator is an index of combustion. The
83
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Incineration
smoke meter Is a useful operating guide,
rapid in response, as compared to smoke
density measuring by the Ringelmann chart.
The photo-electric smoke meter reads smoke
day or night with the same accuracy. It
tells the operator promptly when combustion
over the refuse bed is not up to standard
and gives a direct indication of the
effectiveness of an adjustment to the air
supply or stoker in reducing smoke. The
theory and principles of the modern smoke
meter and types of readout are described.
A guide is provided for the selection,
specification, and installation of smoke
meter, smoke alarms, and recording smoke
charts.
66-0333
Electrostatic units to be employed by
Indianapolis plant. Refuse Removal Journal,
9(12):54, Dec. 1966.
Electrostatic air pollution control
equipment will be used in the planned $5.5
million municipal incinerator scheduled to
be completed by January 1968. The facility
has a design capacity of 1 ,000 tons of
refuse a day. Plans provide for four
furnaces, combustion chambers, stokers,
storage bin, forced draft fans, cranes,
bypass dampers, scale house, instruments,
and associated equipment. Operation will be
controlled by automatic electronic controls,
including automatic billing for contractors.
Indianapolis will be the first American city
to use electrostatic units in a municipal
refuse incinerator.
66-0334
Extraction and salvage or complete
incineration0 Surveyor and Municipal
Engineer, 127(3849):23, Mar. 12, 1966.
The problem of the disposal of refuse which
has developed from the changing character of
refuse with its decreasing density is
discussed in the report for the year ending
May 31, 1965, by the Director of Cleansing
of the City of Glasgow, There is a
difference of opinion as to the disposal
of the collected refuse-as to whether all
of the refuse should be incinerated or
whether the inert material in the form of
dust and cinders and any salvage should be
removed before incineration. While the
quantity of dust and cinders will decrease
with the extension of smokeless zones
and the increase in central heating, the
Glasgow refuse still contains 44 percent
of dust and cinders. Over 20 percent of
the central heating installations in
Scotland still use solid fuel. There
appears to be no sound logic for burning
material in furnaces which has already
passed through the household fires. The
burning of whole refuse containing cinders
and dusts increases the dust from
incineration and adds to the problem of
dust control which is acute because of the
smokeless zones. If dust and cinders are to
be extracted, then articles of salvage value
should be recovered from the conveyors
which take the refuse to the furnace. The
salvage value from the Glasgow Polinadie
and Govan works in the past year totalled
54,077 and the dust and cinders were used
for creating recreational areas in the city
and reclaiming waste land in farming areas.
The argument appears to be in favor of
removing ash, cinders, and salvage before
incineration.
66-0335
Favor, A. B. Record keeping for incinerator
plants. In Proceedings; 1966 National
Incinerator Conference, New York, May 1-4,
1966. American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, p.107-113.
The management of the labor force and the
equipment in operating an incinerator plant,
as well as the periodic reporting to public
officials, includes the generation of accurate
records, A description is given of a
practical and simple system of records for
municipal incinerator plants. Six sets of
forms were designed (foremen's daily shift
and superintendent's daily reports, refuse
and residue records, and plant performance
and cost records) enabling the recording
and evaluation of refuse and residue volumes
and tonnage, furnace performance, and costs.
The relations between weight and volumes of
refuse and residue are established. A
yardstick for monitoring the completeness of
refuse reduction is given which advises
the management on the incineration process,
signalling any need of changes in the plant's
operation.
66-0336
Fife, J. A. Control of air pollution from
municipal incinerators. In Proceedings;
Third National Conference on Air Pollution,
Washington, Dec. 12-14, 1966. Public
Health Service Publication No. 1649.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office.
p.317-326.
84
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0333^0339
Particulate matter forms the major source of
incinerator air pollutants. Spray chambers'
efficiency in reducing particulate emission
varies with the number of baffle stages
and with the details of the individual
baffle construction. In order that the
baffle be compatible with the
natural-draft, batch-fed plant, it must be
capable of meeting a criterion of 0.85 Ib
of particulates per thousand pounds of flue
gas corrected to 50 percent of excess air.
A tnulticyclcne flue ash collector is
sometimes used where more stringent
conditions must be met. While this is
very efficient for an expected particle size
greater than 30 microns in size, it operates
with much less efficiency below this point.
The bag filter system utilizing a fiberglass
cloth or its equivalent is not now applied
to a full-size plant and collects particles
of all sizes within its selected operating
range. A wet scrubber depends on an
extremely thorough mixture of water and flue
gas which results in relatively high pressure
drop. Scrubbers are among the higher
efficiency dust collectors, and are
non-selective as to the particle size
collected and do remove gaseous air
pollutants. Their water and power
requirements must be closely considered in
evaluating them for use. Precipitators
are capable of high collection efficiency
at low pressure drop. Efficiencies
higher than 95 percent are possible and
despite a higher first cost its total
owning and operating costs may be competitive
with other types or devices. Standardization
of language and definitions within the
field would he a helpful and logical
development of air pollution criteria.
66-0337
Fife, J. A., and R. H. Boyer. What price
incineration air pollution control? In
Proceedings; 1966 National Incinerator
Conference, New York, May 1-4, 1966.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
p.89-96.
Seventeen possible combinations of air
pollution control equipment for municipal
incinerators are appraised through a
statistical approach. Combinations include:
refractor-lined and water-walled furnaces of
identical capacities, gas tempering systems,
mechanical cyclones, electrostatic
precipitatcrs, and the introduction of
furnace gases directly to either a
refractory-lined baffled spray chamber or
to a wet scrubbing system. Thus, each
furnace unit was equipped with a separate
and independent air pollution control system.
Furnace practices, gas-tempering devices,
dustloadings to the various collectors,
the cost parameters, and stack emissions are
calculated and presented. Cost parameters
include water and power cost fluctuations
and installation .labor differentials. The
baffled spray chamber for installation in
the flue gas path downstream from the
furnace is described, as are the spray
cooling chambers and induced-draft fans. The
wet scrubber system removes dust particles
from the gas by thoroughly dispersing the
scrubbing liquid, mixing this mist with the
gas, and causing the collision of dust
particles and water droplets. Mechanical
collectors utilize centrifugal force to
separate suspended particles from the gas.
Gases are introduced to the electrostatic
precipitator at approximately 600 F, and the
steps of the process are listed.
66-0338
Coder, R., and A. Marshal]a. Incinerator
testing programs 1966. In Proceedings; 1966
National Incinerator Conference, New York,
May 1-4, 1966. American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, p.231-234.
The progress on incinerator testing programs
since the 1964 ASME National Incinerator
Conference is reported. Actions of the Air
Pollution Control Association and the
Incinerator Institute of America are
presented together with immediate
objectives. The Incinerator Institute of
America's new test charges, procedures,
and instrumentation are presented against a
background of test results accumulated and
studied by the members. Field studies of
large numbers of installations are hampered
by complex testing procedures and the
industry suffers from a lack of
significant data for study. A new procedure
to reduce the costs of stack emission tests
Is outlined.
66-0339
Golueke, C., and P. H. McGauhey. Future
alternatives to incineration and their air
pollution potential. In Proceedings; Third
National Conference on Air Pollution,
Kasington, Dec. 12-14, 1966. Public Health
Service Publication So. 1649. Washington,
D.S. Government Printing Office, p.296-305.
Landfill, ocean disposal, composting, wet
oxidation, and pyrolization represent the main
85
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Incineration
alternatives to incineration. Incineration
is dry oxidation and its air pollution
potential may be greatly minimized by
efficient burning to remove particulate matter
and, perhaps,- removing objectionable fractions
of stack gases. Sanitary landfill can be
improved as a final disposal method if such
ideas as reuse of landfills, improved methods
of transporting refuse to landfill sites,
which are becoming scarce, and creative use
of landfills as reclaimed land for
recreation and other purposes are implemented.
Composting would be most suitable for
applications involving the treatment of
regional wastes in which the proper
proportions of municipal and agricultural
wastes can be supplied without the added
problem of transporting ingredients to the
disposal site. Present efforts in this
direction have produced unexpectedly high
capital and labor costs coupled with a failure
to find a market for the end product.
Anaerobic,digestion, which follows a course
similar to that of sewage sludge digestion,
needs more research to broaden the scope
of its applicability to constituents of
refuse more resistant to digestion than
garbage. Ocean dumping without pretreatment
offers the same problems as open land dumps
since usually the refuse is washed up on
adjacent shorelines. Pressurized marine
dumping, compacting refuse so that it will
sink, is under investigation, but the
long term effects of the refuse on marine
ecology and on the refuse itself is not known.
Both pyrolization and wet oxidation are In the
R&D stage of development. These methods
require essentially the same handling methods
as incineration and may still contribute to
local air pollution in the form of dust,
vapors, and odors.
66-0340
Haedike, E. W., S. Zavodny, and K. D.
Mowbray. Auxiliary gas burners for
commercial and industrial incinerators. In
Proceedings; 1966 Rational Incinerator
Conference, New York, May 1-4, 1966,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
p.235-240.
The need for supplemented heat, and sometimes
for furnace preheating, is recognized as
a practical solution to the problem of low
combustion temperatures. Although auxiliary
heat can be supplied by preheating the
combustion air, a much simpler and more
economical method is the auxiliary gas
burner firing directly into the incinerator
furnace. Against the background of
various classes of waste and incinerator
fuels the burner location is evaluated and
advantages are listed for the sidewall
location. In view of the fact that
package burners are complete units,
requiring only fuel and electric power
connection, the applicability of manual and
automatic operating control, technical
means of ignition, and thermoelectric and
electronic flame safeguards is discussed.
Special attention is given to spark
ignition, mentioning briefly systems of
non-electronic spark ignition. Three
typical wiring diagrams are presented.
66-0341
Harrington, W, M. Public relations
considerations in incineration plant location.
In Proceedings; 1966 National Incinerator
Conference, New York, May 1-4, 1966.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
p.105-106.
The location of a new incinerator frequently
meets a well-organized local opposition.
The author describes the efforts undertaken
in Baltimore City to gain public approval
of the proposed solution, outlining the
public education campaign launched and the
features of an Instructive motion
picture which was produced. Numerous factors
are listed pertaining to the production of
such a film starting with professional
staffing (public relations consultant,
professional producer), and the preparation
of the script (length of time, selection
of theme, description of the problem)
and of the sound track. Indication is also
given of several pitfalls to be avoided
in the production of a film such as this
and in presenting It to the public
(preliminary projections, photography,
use of the film, ownership of the final
product, etc,).
66-0342
Herbert, D. B. The nature of incinerator
slags. In Proceedings; 1966 National
Incinerator Conference, New York, May
1-4, 1966, American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, p.191-194,
The purpose of the paper is to form a
basis for better understanding of slag
conditions in Incinerators. It is obvious
that slag composition will vary according to
the nature of the refuse charged and will
differ widely from one Installation to
another. Therefore the slag samples were
taken from three incinerators, from the
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0340-0346
point of greatest build-up immediately
above the air-cooled silicon-carbide wall.
Investigation included: a) fusion point and
fludity characteristics, b) petrographic
examination and c) chemical analysis.
Results showed considerable variation in
all properties determined, undoubtedly
due to the nature of the refuse
charged in each incinerator. Substantial
variation can be expected from one
incinerator to another in the amount present
of such compounds as A1203, K20, S03,
FE203, and ZnO, all of which can have a
marked influence on the physical and
chemical properties of the slag.
66-0343
High-temperature combustion destroys
pollutants. Chemical Engineering, 73(15):
112, 114, July 18, 1966.
One possible efficient and inexpensive method
of waste disposal is combustion at high
temperatures. A new unit, which can handle
any material, burns fluidized wastes at
temperatures from 2,000 to 2,950 F. The
unit can also burn slurried solids. The
tall combustion tower is divided into
three zones, A, B, and C. Zone A is
nearest to the ground, B is the middle zone,
and C is the top of the tower. In zone A
ignition and dissociation occurs. In zone B
gas temperature build higher and oxidation
of the constituents takes place. The
constituents are ionized in Zone C. The
unit must be heated for 24 hr before use.
A holding tank stores the wastes until the
proper temperature is reached. An
atomizer/burner disperses the liquid into
fine droplets and instantaneous ingnition
occurs. If the Btu content of the waste is
at least 25,000 Btu per gal, other costs
are negligible. The only labor needed is
about 15 minutes a day for monitoring the
equipment and servicing the instruments.
66-0344
High temperature disposal planned. Refuse
Removal Journal, 9(7) :29, July 1966.
An experimental incineration process has been
undergoing tests in Fairfield, New Jersey.
The process is said to product a high-grade
inorganic fill which is equal in volume to 10
percent of the original volume. For
permitting the experimental project within
its jurisdiction, Fairfield will get a
license fee of $1,200 annually and have its
waste incinerated at no charge. The
municipality will also receive $0.10 per ton for
all wastes incinerated from other areas.
The experimental process burns material
under very high temperatures while
agitating it on a moving belt. A sum of
$491,000 has also been requested from the
Office of Solid Wastes to study solid wastes
disposal for the next three years.
66-0345
Incineration by contract. Public Works,
97(9):164-166, Sept. 1966.
This article is a summary of 'Incineration
by Contract is our Answer,' by Robert B.
Steytler, Public Works, August 1966.
Since sanitary landfill sites in St.
Petersburg, Florida, were being depleted,
the city was looking for an alternative
method of disposal. Bids were requested
from private enterprise to dispose of the
city's solid waste. The scope of the
specifications was that the bidder was
required to bid a unit price per ton, and
be prepared to take 300 ton per day
over the next 20 years, and dispose of
it by 'any nuisance-free method which had
been proven in actual practice*. The
bidders were required to agree that, should
their plant not meet these standards,
they would either correct the plant or
shut, it down and release the city
from the contract. The specifications
were also stringent in the qualification
of bidders, with special emphasis on their
financial background and solid waste
experience. An escalator section to
cover increases or decreases in cost over
the life of the contract was also provided,
Eight bids were received from pre-qualifled
entrepreneurs with the bids ranging from
$3,40 per ton to $6.10 per ton. The successful
bidder built a 500-ton incinerator plant
rather than the 300-ton specified.
Preliminary tests show that the
incinerator is meeting or bettering the
specification requirements in all respects.
At the present time, a 100-ton composting
plant is being constructed by private
enterprise under a similar arrangement.
66-0346
Incinerator installations at Hong Kong.
Public Cleansing, 56(12):611-614, Dec. 1966.
Hong Kong, because of its geographical
location and because of its high density
of population, has unique and acute problems
of refuse disposal. Formerly, refuse was
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Incineration
dumped along the shore of a bay leading off
the Harbor. The need to reclaim this bay
for industrial and residential purposes,
together with the offensive odors and the
Harbor pollution, caused the practice of
dumping raw refuse to be ended. After
investigation, it was decided that the
particular problem could be solved best by
large capacity incinerators, the heat
from which could be used for steam
generated electricity, desalination plants,
or process steam. At the first
installation the steam will generate 1.2
MW of electricity most of which will provide
power for the incinerator and boiler
auxiliaries. The other 50 percent of the
steam produced will be piped to a nearby
abattoir for sterilizing and other purposes.
The first plant consists of four incinerators
each with a capacity of 10.5 tons hourly,
giving a total capacity of 1,000 tons per 24 hr
day. The design is such that refuse of both
high and low calorific value and with a
wide range of moisture content can be burned.
This is particularly important in Hong Kong
where the type of refuse varies widely
throughout the Colony, and there are periods
of heavy rainfall. Since this disposal
plant is at the side of the Harbor and near
high-rise apartments, special attention was
given to ensure that there were no smoke
emissions, and, therefore, extensive grit and
fly ash arrestor equipment was installed.
The movement of refuse through the plant is
described.
66-0347
Jens, W., and F. R. Rehm. Municipal
incineration and air pollution control. In
Proceedings; 1966 National Incinerator
Conference, New York, May 1-4, 1966.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
p.74-83.
The history and development of municipal
incinerator air pollution control in
Milwaukee, Wisconsin is traced. Three new
concepts in municipal incinerator air
pollution control, developed by City and
County of Milwaukee personnel are discussed.
These consist of a new impingement-baffle
fly ash collector system, an automatically
controlled underfire-overfire air combustion
control system, and a water recirculation,
clarification, and neutralization system.
Five different system modifications were
evaluated at the Lincoln Avenue
incinerator, A complete solids material
balance on the plant was made, in addition to
an analysis of the water used in the
incineration fly ash system, air pollution
emission studies, and other tests. Data
are presented on the municipal incinerator
plant's total performance utilizing these
three systems, including the effect of
varying capacity operation on the
particulate emission performance.
660348
Kaiser, E. R. A new incinerator control
meter is needed. In Proceedings; 1966
National Incinerator Conference, New York,
May 1-4, 1966. American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, p,176-182.
The performance of an incinerator is markedly
affected by the moisture content of the
refuse. The need for and merit of a
C02-H20 ratio meter have been shown, for
use in controlling continuous
incinerators by monitoring the changes
in moisture content of the flue gas.
The C02-H20 ratio varies from 2.0 for
refuse of 10 percent moisture to 1.3 for
refuse of 30 percent moisture. While
refuse moisture content is the principal
factor affecting the C02-H20 ratio, other
minor factors are hydrocarbon content,
air humidity, percent burnout of the
residue, and content of inerts. The
ratio is virtually independent of burning
rate, percent excess air, furnace
temperature, and barometric pressure. A
C02-H20 meter would assist the
incinerator operator in decisions regarding
stoker control and the adjustment of the
underfire and overfire air-supplies, so
as to maintain a constant furnace outlet
temperature at the desired burning
rate. A description is given of an
instrument and chart for monitoring the
C02-H20 ratio during tests. The instrument
can be assembled from standard laboratory
apparatus. The effects on the meter
readings of firing rate, analysis of
refuse, excess air, air humidity, and
vapor from ash quenching are evaluated.
66-0349
Kalkhoff, A. W. Incineration vs air
pollution-a necessary divorce. In
Proceedings; 1966 National Incinerator
Conference, New York, May 1-4, 1966.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
p.60-63.
The detrimental effects of air pollution
are discussed and efforts to control
pollution traced. Present pollution
control codes lack uniformity and need
88
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0347-0352
revision, Los Angeles was one of the first
cities to pass and to enforce a stringent
code. To eliminate all possible pollution
by incinerators, individuals and groups
must work as a team, including planning
and zoning boards, waste disposal
authorities, engineers, builders, etc. The
services of the Air Pollution Control Section
of the U.S. Dept. of HEW, the U.S. Weather
Bureau, and any other agencies should be
secured, A buffer zone, such as park, or
golf course around the area should be set up.
The services of the press and other news
media should be enlisted to make the public
aware of the problem. A solid waste disposal
unit should achieve maximum efficiency, by
consuming the maximum amount of fuel (waste),
at a minimum cost, minimum maintenance,
minimum air pollution, and the minimum amount
of process water. Suggested procedures
include surveying the project, verifying
the site selection, collection methods,
analysis of refuse, and the future area of
expansion of the community. The refuse must
be analyzed to design the installation.
More research is needed to provide the
ideal incinerator.
66-0350
Kurosawa, K. Enriched air combustion of
hard-to-burn refuse, Kogai to Taisaku,
2(11):771-773, Dec. 1966.
Enriched air combustion has some merits
although it requires a great amount of
investment. More oxygen means lower
Ignition temperatures. The reduction of
inactive nitrogen decreases combustion
smoke and keeps the heat constantly
higher. The higher the flame temperature,
the less the odor of combustion smoke.
It Is easier to remove smoke dust from
reduced smoke. By adding oxygen, more wet
refuse can be burnt, and subsidiary fuel,
such as heavy oil, can be used more
economically. An equivalent amount of
combustion gas remaining inside the
incinerator burns more refuse in the
same incinerator with more oxygen. The
oxygen content of the air is only 21
percent and the rest consists of
nitrogen and argon. A large proportion of
the combustion heat in the air is used for
heating up the nitrogen. Refuse in Japan
is generally more watery in comparison
to that of western countries and more
heavy oil is needed as a subsidiary fuel.
Oxygen manufacturing equipment, which
operates on the principal of
separating oxygen from air by
liquefaction, has made great progress
and equipment with 10,000 cu Nm per hr
capacities can be found in some iron and
steel works and petroleum industry plants.
Construction expense is assessed at
approximately 800 to 900 million Yen for
95 percent oxygen at 10,000 cu
Nm per hr.
66-0351
Lewis, J. Residential area accepts
incinerator. Refuse Removal Journal,
9(9):18, 20, Sept, 1966.
A new incinerator began operation in April
1966 at Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The
old incinerator, built in 1953, was the
source of constant complaints of smoke, fly
ash, and odor, as well as the open dump
next to it and the old stack emitted clouds
of black smoke. The new plant, with a
450-ton-a-day capacity, is described. It
consists of a 2,300 yd capacity loading pit,
the equivalent of two days' collections;
a P & H crane with 5-ton static stepless
control, and magnetic bucket control;
hoppers; two furnaces, each rated at 225
tons a day; scrubber; vertical eliminator;
and 96.5-ft-high stacks. Residue of
refuse after incineration is about 15
percent; noncombustibles, tin cans, and glass-
12 percent; and ash-3 percent.
66-0352
Merle, R, L, Kodak Park waste disposal
facilities. In Proceedings; 1966
National Incinerator Conference, New
York, May 1-4, 1966. American Society
of Mechanical Engineers, p.202-207.
The Kodak Park incineration facilities
provide waste disposal for all Eastman
Kodak Company Plants in Rochester, N.Y,
As a large industrial company with varied
products, it has a wide range of wastes.
The waste disposal facilities consist
therefore of a monohearth incinerator,
drier-kiln, oil-fired decontamination
furnace, open field burner, and a
fixed-grate incinerator. These facilities
serve the burning and disposal,
separately or in combination, of waste
paper, chemicals, solvents, filter cake,
sludges. Bulky objects and metals,
especially silver, are recovered after
burning. A study showed that in less than
five years either a single new facility
or combined facilities at a single site
will have to be built. Consideration
is presently being given to the
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Incineration
possibility of including heat-recovery
equipment in the new facility.
66-0353
Michaels, A, Status report. In
Proceedings; Third National Conference on
Air Pollution, Washington, Dec. 12-14, 1966.
Public Health Service Publication No. 1649.
Washington, U.S. Public Health Service.
p.272-274.
Each year we dispose of 48 billion cans, 26
billion bottles and jars, and 65 billion
metal and plastic caps and crowns, plus more
than one half billion dollars worth of
miscellaneous packaging material. When
coupled with the population growth,
an annual increase of 4 percent in waste
generation is experienced. Disposal of this
waste by all types of incinerators is
estimated at 10 to 15 percent while
approximately 40 percent of all refuse
is disposed of by land filling both sanitary
and otherwise. Of all the pollutants, 12
million tons per year, or 10 percent, is
partioulate matter and refuse disposal
accounts for 3.3 million tons of pollutants
or 2.6 percent of particulates from all
sources. If the refuse which is currently
being disposed of by combustion were
properly incinerated the total emissions
would be less than 1 percent of the total
quantity. If all the refuse in the
country were incinerated, and incinerated
properly, only 1.5 percent of the total
particulate emissions would be produced.
The public is not happy with incinerators
in their areas and this is easily understood,
since it is estimated that 2/3 of the
incinerators are poorly managed. The
present status of incineration must be
evaluated and a program set for the future.
66-0354
Monitor incinerator with TV cameras. Refuse
Removal Journal, 9(10):48, Oct. 1966.
The nation's first closed-circuit TV
monitoring system for a municipal refuse
incinerator was installed recently at an
Oyster Bay, New York, plant. Furnace
operation is monitored constantly for
slagging, burning conditions, and holes in
the fuel bed. The supervisor can thus
regulate loading and stoking operations
immediately. Cost of the components was
$25,000.
66-0355
Monroe, E. S. New developments in
industrial incineration. In Proceedings;
1966 National Incinerator Conference, New
York, May 1-4, 1966. American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, p.226-230,
Improved calculating and design techniques,
and performance rating of incinerators are
reviewed. It is shown that more
sophisticated calculation facilities and
more reliable thermodynatnic equilibrium
data are available now. Their use in
design calculations is the first step
toward improved incineration. Good
incinerators should have good
combustion characteristics that operate at
or near equilibrium conditions. Gas and
liquid waste incinerators can be evaluated
by their performance at or near
stoichiometric conditions. Solid waste
incinerators must be evaluated
individually. Small test models may be used
but each waste must be carefully evaluated.
Descriptions are given of two novel
incinerators recently developed, which have
widely different characteristics that
perform well in specified areas. The
first is a two-stage unit whose unique
feature is controlled, incomplete combustion
in the large chamber. The second is an
open-pit incinerator which permits
radiation of the flame to the sky. Of
particular interest is a curve of
nitrogen oxide formation with varying
excess air and temperature developed
from thermodynamic equilibrium data that
has been verified by field tests.
66-0356
Moore, H. C,, and F, X. Reardon. A salvage
fuel boiler plant for maximum steam
production. In Proceedings; 1966 National
Incinerator Conference, New York, May
1-4, 1966. American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, p.252-258.
Batch feed installations with waste-heat
boilers have produced from 1 to 2 Ib of
steam maximum per pound of refuse. Recent
improvements in furnace design, continuous
feeding of refuse and removal of residue
have resulted in more constant furnace
temperatures and thus in more efficient
steam production. An explanation is
presented of design features and the
anticipated performance of an installation
for maximum steam production using water
walls in the incinerator furnace integral
with a steam boiler. These relate to a
project now under construction for the
90
-------
0353-0361
Navy Public Works Center, Norfolk, Virginia,
Calculations indicate that it is logical to
expect an increase in steam production of at
least 50 percent over earlier installations
in this country.
66-0357
National Association of Counties Research
Foundation. Community action program
for air pollution control, Washington,
1966.
A series of eight Community Action Guides
for Air Pollution Control was prepared
to bring together for elected and
appointed policy making officials and other
community leaders the information needed
to institute and to strengthen a
community"wide program to control air
pollution. Information was obtained from
first-hand surveys of nearly sixty
communities with air pollution control
programs, The growing menace of air
pollution and some of the practical
solutions to pollution problems are
highlighted. The guides will be valuable
to the elected official who has primary
responsibility for determining community
policies and programs. They should be
useful to administrators, county attorneys,
planners, personnel directors, engineers,
public works officials, and others who must
deal with selected aspects of a total
control program. The eight guides are:
the areawide approach; organization;
enabling legislation; enforcement; staffing;
financial and technical assistance;
gaining community support; and an action
plan for instituting community air
pollution control programs and bibliography.
Numerous charts and illustrations are
given. The project was supported in part by a
Public Health Service grant.
66-0358
Natural gas incinerator: three-chamber
unit proves efficient solution to old
problem. Modern Sanitation and Building
Maintenance, 18(2):13, Feb. 1966,
Trash at a Maryland restaurant had been
collected in barrels and stored in back for
burning in an adjacent field weekly. Kow
trash is consumed inside the building
leaving a small compact pile of ashes
easily stored in containers and hauled
away. A natural gas packaged blower burner is
rated at 150,000 Btu per hr. Incinerator
capacity is 100 Ib of wet waste per hr or 75 Ib
of dry waste. A heavy duty high temperature
insulating refractory is used throughout.
Air circulates through decorative grill
work at the top. The restaurant installed
a crushing machine which handles cans
up to five quarts and glass up to
one gallon. It is the only unit capable
of crushing cans with both ends in place.
66-0359
Negherbon, W, 0. Sulfur dioxide, sulfur
trioxide, sulfuric acid and fly ash:
their nature and their role in air pollution.
New York, Edison Electric Institute, 1966.
1213 p.
A critical compendium is provided of present
knowledge concerning the part played by the
substances stated in the titles as air
pollutants especially with respect to the
health and safety of living organisms,
Physical and chemical properties of sulfur
compounds, meteorological factors,
physiological considerations, effects of
pollutants on animals and plants,
effects of fly ash, and removal of
pollutants from flue gases are
included. A list of references and a
subject index are appended.
66-0360
Hew incinerator to feature electrostatic
precipitator. American City, 81(12):36,
Dec. 1966.
Plans for an incinerator with electrostatic
precipitators have recently been approved
by the Board of Sanitary Commissioners of
Indianapolis, Indiana, This will be the
first time such precipitators have been used
by a municipal incinerator in the United
States. Other design features of the
1,000-ton capacity plant include draft fans
to eliminate the tall stacks, automatic
electronic controls, a grease incinerator
to eliminate open-pit burning of grease,
and the use of glazed material on the
building to reduce maintenance and improve
appearance. A sketch portrays the
modernistic, extremely attractive
appearance of the incinerator. The plant
will cost an estimated $5,500,000, or
approximately $5,500 per ton of capacity.
66-0361
New York to build 3,200-ton plant. Refuse
Removal Journal, 9(9):20, 46, Sept. 1966.
91
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Incineration
New York City is planning to build a huge
$30 million refuse incinerator that may
provide usable steam heat as a by-product
and will have advanced air pollution control
devices. Located on the south Bronx
waterfront, it will be able to handle 3,200
tons a day from all 5 boroughs. All refuse
will be brought by barge; about one-third
of the refuse will come from the Bronx and
the remainder from the 4 other boroughs.
Electrostatic precipitators, used
effectively in Europe for some years, will
be studied for possible inclusion in the
plant. The use of boilers as gas coolers
for the production of vast amounts of hot
water or steam is also being studied.
66-0362
Norwark, H. R. The measurement of air and
gas flow and pressure as applied to modern
municipal incinerators. In Proceedings;
1966 National Incinerator Conference,
New York, May 1-4, 1966. American
Society of Mechanical Engineers.
p.171-175.
The performance of an incinerator depends on
the control of the air flow to the stoker
zones and overfire nozzles, the furnace
draft, and the pressure drop across
auxiliaries. Nine measurements are in
current usage, which nay be indicated,
recorded, or fed into the measured variable
input of a controller in an automatic control
loop. The principles of air flow metering,
and simple, rugged pressure taps for fans,
ducts and chambers, which provide input to
instrumentation are described. Special
consideration is given to the measurement
of flue-gas draft and flow and the
difficulties encountered herein. From the
viewpoint of application of the most
important factor is the selection of the
primary element location. The use of
relative values, as in percent of maximum
flow, has a direct bearing on the
simplification of the measuring
equipment which can thus be made more
rugged and reliable than precise test
equipment.
66-0363 ,
Open burning limit set up by Portland
Refuse Removal Journal, 9(2):38, Feb. 1966.
To reduce air pollution, the city of Portland,
Oregon now requires that all residents get a
bonfire permit before burning refuse in the
open or in portable domestic incinerators
or barrels. House-holders* bonfire permits
may be obtained on a day-to-day basis at
neighborhood fire stations. They will
not be issued on days when weather or other
conditions make open fires a hazard.
Portland radio stations announce each
morning whether bonfire permits are being
issued. Permits for open burning of
rubbish from demolition, industrial or
commercial operations, or highway
construction will not he issued.
66-0364 .
Ozolins, G., and R. Smith. Rapid survey
technique for estimating community air
pollution emissions. Public Health
Service Publication No. 999-AP-29.
Cincinnati, U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Aug. 1966. 77 p.
A method is presented for rapidly estimating
the major emissions of air pollutants in
a community. The method is based on
information that is readily available in
most urban areas; it does not entail
extensive surveys or sampling procedures.
Application of this survey method will
yield a series of tables, maps, and
diagrams that indicate: (1) the weights of
emissions of selected pollutants, by year
and by season; (2) the relative importance
of various fuels and types of sources in
producing the emissions; and (3) the relative
amounts of pollutants emitted in various
geographic sub-areas of the community. Such
information constitutes a useful tool for
developing an air conservation program.
66-0365
Peskin, L, C. The development of open pit
incinerators for solid waste disposal.
Journal of the Air Pollution Control
Association, 16 (10):550-551, Oct. 1966.
A newly developed open pit incinerator
originally developed for the safe disposal
of chemical wastes is described. A
cross-section sketch shows the essential
features of the installation which has an
open top with a system of closely spaced
nozzles which direct a screen of high-velocity
air over the burning zone at an angle of 30
degrees to the horizontal. The nominal
capacity of the incinerator is 3.4(10) to
the sixth Btu per hr per ft of length. Good
results have been obtained with liquid and
solid wastes such as wood, rubber, paints,
synthetic fibers, and plastics. While visible
smoke is readily eliminated and fly ash can he
92
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0362-0368
readily contained by screening, no
quantitative measurements of possible air
pollution have been made. The device-
provides: use of the sky to absorb heat,
simplified fuel handling, no grates needed
with 100 percent overfire air, no need for
skilled labor, no high maintenance, and low
investment. In the burning, the only
residual material was metal and ash particles,
The device has a potential use in the
incineration of bulk items found in municipal
trash, the disposal of demolition lumber, and
plastic materials which are increasing as a
result of increasing use of disposable
hospital items, such as syringes, culture
dishes, tubes, and other medical devices.
Originally the device was developed for
handling wastes where an explosion hazard
would have existed in a conventional enclosed
type of incinerator. This simple open
pit incinerator offers a potential for
many types of incineration.
66-0366
Pope, and F. Deming, Refuse for fuel makes
economical saline water conversion.
Combustion, 37(7):20-21, Jan. 1966.
The conversion of saline water to fresh
water has been handicapped by excessive
operating costs, principally the cost
of energy. In spite of improvements in
design, the power to operate auxiliary
equipment plus the steam required by the
evaporator costs more than the total
production cost of fresh water from
conventional sources. The feasibility of
utilizing the head available in refuse,
sanitary wastes, and municipal sewage is
explored, A figure is shown which
illustrates a plant design in which all of
the power generated by incineration is used
in either the boiler and evaporator plant
or to generate fresh water in a
vacuum-conipression-freezing process for
fresh water. The first water-cooled
furnace steam generating incinerator in the
United States has been commissioned by the
U.S. Savy for construction at Norfolk,
Virginia. Another source of waste fuel is
the development of a continuously renewable
pulverized coal filter for primary treatment
of sanitary wastes and municipal sewage-.
The use of five tons of coal makes available
11 3/4 tons of sludge per million gallons of
sewage with a heat value of 5,300 per Ib. Tables
are given showing estimates of fuel and power
costs of saline conversion plants and the
values that apply to the heat balance
diagram for each 100,000 persons. Half of
the fresh water requirements for a city of
100,000 can be generated from sea water at
no expense using waste fuel.
660367
Proceedings| 1966 National Incinerator
Conference, New York, May 1-4, 1966.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
266 p.
Thirty-four papers are presented in this
design manual and reference work prepared
by the Incineration Committee of the Process
Industries Division, ASME, Contents include:
municipal incinerator design practices and
trends, incineration of bulky refuse, solid
waste disposal, the incinerator crane, air
pollution, characteristics of furnace
emissions, chemical analyses of refuse
components, specifications and legal
responsibility, public relations, record
keeping, refuse and sewage sludge
incineration in Europe, boiler operation in
Europe, electrostatic precipitators for
incinerator gas cleaning, instrumentation
specifications, measurement of air and gas
flow and pressure in municipal incinerators,
closed-circuit television, incinerator
control meters, smoke density measurement,
incinerator slags, silicon carbide
refractories, industrial incineration,
incinerator testing programs, auxiliary
gas burners, fly ash control equipment,
prefabricated chimneys, and process
engineering.
66-0368
Purdom, P. W. Characteristics of incinerator
residue. In Proceedings; First Annual
Meeting of the Institute for Solid Wastes,
Chicago, Sept. 13-15, 1966. American
Public Works Association, p.38-42.
A research study, financed in a large part
by the Division of Environmental
Engineering and Food Protection, U.S.
Public Health Service, is concerned with
the quality of the ash residue remaining
after incineration. The first stage of
this project utilized two incinerators
In the City of Philadelphia. One of these
incinerators is a batch feed design and
the other is a traveling grate design.
Because of the large quantity of both
raw and incinerated waste involved, the
establishment of a sampling procedure
was of the utmost necessity. The results
of chemical analysis of incinerator
residue from the two incinerators are shown
in tabular form. The quality of the
93
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Incineration
residue does vary significantly and should
be recognized as a criterion for design
and operation. It appears that the
effectiveness of an incinerator can be
measured by the calorific value of the
residue as It comes from the incinerator.
66-0369
Refuse disposal system planned for
Milwaukee County. Public Works, 97(12):
131, Dec. 1966.
Milwaukee is organizing a county-wide refuse
disposal program under the County Department
of Public Works to study all aspects of
incineration,
66-0370
Regis, A. J. X-ray spectrographie analysis
of incinerator slags. In Proceedings;
1966 National Incinerator Conference, New
York, May 1-4, 1966. American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, p,195-201.
A series of incinerator slags of diverse
chemical compositions has been analyzed for
A1203, Si02, K20, CaO, P205, Fe203, Ti02,
and ZnO on a Norelco-Philips all-vacuum
x-ray spectrograph. In sample preparation,
precautions were taken to prevent the *
sample powder from being disturbed when
under vacuum. Characteristic K alpha
radiation was used for all elements and
either vacuum or air paths were preferred
depending on the elements to be investigated.
Unfortunately, the quantitative chemical
analysis of materials by x-ray fluorescence
is strongly influenced by two factors: the
resulting calibration curves are only as
good as the wet chemical analysis on the
standard samples upon which the curves are
based, and secondly, the more analyzed
standards one has for his working curves,
the greater the accuracy one can obtain. For
the reported study only three analyzed slags
were available for the calibration curves
and since the chemical analyses on these
were done on a routine basis, doubt was
expressed as to their precision. The results
show that the analysis of slag type
materials by instrumental methods have not
only the desired accuracy but also the
time it takes for a complete analysis is
much shorter than that required by the wet
chemical methods. It is pointed out that
the calibration curves obtained are good
only for the Norton Company instrument, as
every Norelco x-ray unit differs electronically.
However, the general procedures and
techniques described will apply to every
instrument.
66-0371
Schroder, C, H., and E, C. Prowse. Silicon
carbide refractories in incinerators. In
Proceedings; 1966 National Incinerator
Conference, New York, May 1-4, 1966.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
p.199-201.
Silicon carbide refractories have unique
properties for preventing slag and
clinker adherence on the lower walls of
incinerator furnaces. The properties of
silicon carbide are compared with a high
grade, first quality brick to prove the
above statement. The performance
characteristics of silicon carbide
refractories in incinerator service
are discussed. However, a trouble-free
and effective operation will be achieved
only by a proper design and application.
By providing a cooler, heat-conducting
surface to the fire and hot ash
particles, clinker and slag adhesion is
prevented in the zone where such
agglomeration would interfere with stoker
operation and good fire behavior.
Properly installed air-cooled silicon
carbide greatly increases the potential
life of the surrounding fire brick areas
in the primary combustion chamber,
66-0372
Schulz, J, F. Prefabricated chimneys. In
Proceedings; 1966 National Incinerator
Conference, New York, May 1-4, 1966.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
p.246-251.
The history of the development of the
prefabricated chimney and its use with
incinerators is reviewed. The safety
standards of the Underwriter's Laboratories
are described and several types of such
chimneys analyzed, including residential,
commercial, and industrial. Particular
attention is drawn to the proper design
of the chimney-chute system, and items
included in a typical high-rise chimney
system are listed. The separate refuse
chute system is described. Wall
construction is given for a range of sizes
and heights.
66-03/3
Stephenson, J. W,, and A. S, Cafiero,
Municipal incinerator design practices
and trends. In Proceedings; 1966 National
Incinerator Conference, New York, May
1-4, 1966. American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, p.1-38.
94
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0369-0376
The findings of a survey of design practices
covering plants built or designed since
1945 are reported. Data are presented,on 205
plants for which questionnaires were
returned, with note made of Indicated trends
in design practices and types of equipment.
Numerical values for areas, volumes, burning
rates, etc., for individual plants are not
included in the summary; instead, maximum,
minimum, media-i. and average values, are
presented in Lne text in graphic and
tabular form to indicate ranges and trends.
The range of plant capacities showed that the
maximum plant size increased from 400 to
1,000 tons per day between 1945 and 1955,
and to 1,200 tons per day in 1959. Plants
of 100 tons per day or smaller capacity
continue to be built, but the trend is
toward larger plants, A definite trend to
larger furnaces is clearly evident. A
definite trend to bin-and-crane operation,
with greater storage capacity, almost to the
exclusion of floor dump was indicated.
Enclosed tipping areas in the north is
diminishing, with no definite trend
in the south. The range of weights per cubic
yard are shown, indicating a decrease of
from 400-500 Ibs per cu yd to 300-400 Ibs
today. There is a trend toward the
continuous-feed type of furnace. Batch-feed
furnaces are limited to a maximum capacity of
250 tons per 24 hr, and all larger furnaces
are the continuous-feed type. Since 1959 all
plants were deisnged with provision for fly
ash removal and wet systems have been
increasingly used. Manual residue removal
has been essentially eliminated and designs
continue to provide for direct dump from
furnaces.
66-0374
Stlckley, J. D. Instrumentation
specifications-the key to a good system.
In Proceedings; 1966 National Incinerator
Conference, New York, May 1-4, 1966,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
p.167-170.
The instrumentation system is an important
part of incinerator construction and
operation. The key to a good instrumentation
system is a good set of specifications, which
assures high quality equipment, proper
installation, and thorough testing. The
problem of specification writing is
examined showing that neither the
'tight hardware spec,' nor the too
loose 'functional spec.* meet the
requirements of the engineer and the
municipality, and secure at the same time
competitive bidding on the part of
instrument producers. Specifications
are suggested which will assure a good
system in terms of results, with
detailed consideration being given to
instrument specifications, installation
specifications, and instrumentation testing.
66-0375
U.S. Public Health Service. Proceedings;
Third National Conference on Air Pollution,
Washington, Dec. 12-14, 1966. Public'
Health Service Publication No. 1649.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,
667 p.
This volume covers the general nature of the
air control problem and the unquestioned
need for legislation, standards, and control
of the situation. The problem of motor
vehicles and control of their exhaust fumes
is considered. The heat and power generation
industry contributes to the problem mainly
through the burning of fossil fuels.
Standards and policy in this area and future
possibilities of reduction of pollutants
from this source are given. Industrial
operations, including steel, cement,
chemical plants, refineries, and foundries,
are considered from the point of view of
current status and future prospects. Solid
waste disposal is a growing problem in
itself. Its relation to the air pollution
control program is considered and quality
standards and disposal operations are
discussed. State and interstate; local
and regional air pollution programs are
discussed with a view to improving present
programs and developing new ones. The role of
the federal government is considered and the
socio-economic aspects of control are
discussed. The speakers consider all the
points mentioned and various Representatives
and Senators give a Congressional view of the
problems. The stated aim of the conference
was to discuss the problem from the point of
view 'Where do we stand on applying air
pollution controls?*
66-0376
Vickerson, G. L. Fly ash control equipment
for industrial incinerators. In Proceedings;
1966 National Incinerator Conference, New
York, May 1-4, 1966. American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, p,241-245.
95
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Incineration
A description is given of the problem facing
the engineer when designing an industrial
incinerator, referring especially to the
treatment of particulate emissions from the
incinerator between 35 and 200 microns in
size. Principles of the dust separator
functions are characterized and the operating
parameters of various gravity chambers,
inertial separators, dry and wet centrifugal
separators, filters, wet scrubbers, and
electrostatic precipitators are presented.
It is concluded that the addition of water to
the gas makes the problem more complex and
that it therefore seems axiomatic to make
use of dry equipment wherever possible.
However, when temperature reduction as well
as particulated reduction is required, one
of the many scrubber designs should be
investigated, bearing in mind that
sludge removal, recirculation filtration
and possible corrosion resistant construction
may need to be supplied.
66-0377
Voelker, E. M. Control of air pollution
from industrial and household incinerators.
In Proceedings; Third National Conference
on Air Pollution, Washington, Bee. 12-14,
1966. Public Health Service Publication
No. 1649. Washington, U.S. Government
Printing Office, p.332-338.
Equipment (which is easily handled and
provides quick accurate readings) is
needed to measure particulate and gaseous
emissions from incinerators. A simplified
and consistant set of standards for
particulate emissions is needed. A set
of charts is included which gives a
simplified method of calculating emissions
through consideration of the type of
refuse burned. From the limited amount of
testing being done, the industry has been
able to conclude that an incinerator
designed and built in accordance
with the Incinerator Standards of the
Incinerator Institute of America can be
demonstrated to operate at capacity and not
emit particulate matter in excess of 0.80
Ib per 1,000 Ib of flue gas corrected to
50 percent excess air. If a low resistance
wet scrubber is added, 99 to 100 percent
of the visible fly ash will be removed and
0.40 Ib of particulate matter will be
emitted. Smoke darker than No. 2 on the
Ringelmann chart will be emitted for no
more than 3 minutes per hr. It is
recommended, that until such times as
authorities can themselves perform tests
to prove compliance or non-compliance,
that the limits be couched in general terms.
66-0378
Walker, A. B., and F. W. Schmitz,
Characteristics of furnace emissions from
large, mechanically-stoked municipal
incinerators. In 1966 National Incinerator
Conference, New York, May 1-4, 1966. American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, p.64-73.
A summary of field test and laboratory
analytical data on dust emission from several
large, mechanically-stoked municipal
incinerators of different grate configurations
is presented. The large, mechanically-stoked
incinerator for the disposal of solid waste
is coming under scrutiny because of its
contribution to air pollution. Furnace
particulate emmission under existing
operating conditions was of primary concern.
The three installations tested are described
and shown in a schematic form, A description
of test apparatus and techniques is given.
The results appear to confirm the
relationship between underfire air and
particulate emmission previously
established. There is little difference in
the furnace emmission per Ib of fuel for the
grate configurations tested, and emission
is primarily dependent upon underfire air
rate and fuel composition, regardless of
furnace size. By operating three
incinerators of three different grate
configurations, operating in three distinct
types of municipalities in diverse sections of
the country, a representative picture of
furnace emissions in present and future
practice was established. It is felt that the
guidelines established for meeting maximum
emission codes are realistic in the light of
present knowledge.
66-0379
Winkler, T. E. Suburban communities join to
plan refuse disposal. Wassser und Abwasser,
107(30):849-850, July 29, 1966.
In the southeastern part of Michigan, 14
communities joined in 1954 to erect an
incinerator plant with a capacity of 450
tons per day. In the years 1963-1964,
the plant was expanded to 600 tons. This
idea was soon copied by other
municipalities. The incinerator plant
in Dearborn, which was recently inaugurated,
consists of two furnaces to which two
new ones will be added soon. According to
an agreement, every participating
municipality must pay $5,000 in advance
upon joining the association. Each
municipality dispatches two representatives
to the meetings which take place on every
first and third Tuesday of the month.
96
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0377-0383
In these meetings problems are discussed, such
as planned expansions of the plant,
administrative tasks, etc. After one
year, each community gets one vote for
every 3,000 tons of waste. The number of
votes per community varies between 3 and 8,
(Appeared Public Works, 96(2):88, 1965)
(Text-German)
66-0380
Woodruff, P. H., and A. W, Wene. General
overall approach to industrial incineration.
In Proceedings; 1966 National Incinerator
Conference, New York, May 1-4, 1966,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
p.219-225.
Guidelines are given for planning a safe
and economical facility for industrial
waste disposal. Among the factors to
consider are the types and quantities
of gaseous, liquid, and solid waste;
methods of collection; transportation;
storage; and disposal. As a method of
disposal, incineration is discussed in
detail. Factors which favor incineration
and factors affecting site selection are
listed. The sources, quantity, and nature
of the materials to be incinerated are
defined, and some of the key data
required are listed. Meteorological
conditions and air pollution control
requirements are observed and various
incineration systems listed. Attention is
also paid to storage, delivery, and ash
handling systems, to atmosphere emission
control, energy recovery, and the utility
and safety requirements. Economic
feasibility is surveyed and the basis for
unit charges is defined.
66-0381
Zinn, R. E. Progress in municipal
incineration through process engineering.
In Proceedings; 1966 National Incinerator
Conference, New York, May 1-4, 1966,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
p,259-266.
Process engineering is applied to the design
of a new concept of a municipal incinerator.
Each of seven incineration process areas
(refuse unloading and storage, feeding refuse
to furnace, primary furnace, ash removal and
disposal, secondary furnace, flue gas
cooler or waste heat boiler, air pollution
control) are analyzed separately and the
equivalent process in the chemical and
metallurgical industries examined for
proven design features applicable to
incineration. Examples of integration of
designs for process areas are given.
Advantages of this new incinerator concept
include lower cost, less construction time
and adaption to prefabrication, and mass
production. Items for further study include
the development of improved grates and
grate materials, methods for reduction of
fly ash entrainment and for flue gas cooling,
studies of thermal expansion problems and of
the utilization of the granular portions of
the ash residue after scrap metal has been
removed.
INCINERATlON-Europe
66-0382
Birmingham burns it up in a beautiful
setting. Public Cleansing, 56(10):504-512,
Oct. 1966.
The Castle Bromwich plant is the first in
Britain to include an electrostatic
precipitator for cleaning gases. The plant
is also notable for its architecture and
landscaping. It is in an attractive,
wooded setting and its strikingly modern
design shows what can be done to make
refuse disposal plants a positive attraction
rather than something to be hidden. The
site is nearly 10 acres and is 6 miles from
the city center. (A site plan is
reproduced.) The plant can deal with 350
tons of refuse in two 8 hr shifts. There are
two separate and complete units extending
from the refuse receiving hoppers to the
incinerators. The electrostatic
precipitator and the chimney are comiaon
to both units. When maintenance or repairs
are needed, only half the plant is out of
commission. The flow of refuse is described.
660383
Birmingham's electro-precipitator
installation. Public Cleansing, 56(11):
551-559, Nov. 1966.
The gas clearing equipment, the first of its
type to be part of a refuse disposal plant
in the United Kingdom, consists of a
Howden/Lurgi electro-precipitator preceded
by a Peabody conditioning tower and
followed by induced draught fans. The
waste gases, which may reach 2,050 F, are
97
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Incineration-Europe
humidified and cooled in the conditioning
tower by water injected through a series
of high-pressure atomizing nozzles. These
are automatically regulated. The gas is
then extracted dry with a guaranteed dust
collecting efficiency of 98.3 percent when
handling a gas volume of 112,700 cfm at
482 F. A high uni-directional voltage is
applied to the discharge electrodes which
sets up a corona discharge and causes a
stream of electrons and negative gas ions
to go continuously across the gas stream
to the collecting plate electrodes. The
particles become negatively charged and
go to the surface of the collecting plate
electrodes where they are deposited. When
the collecting electrodes are rapped, the
dust slides down into hoppers below, where
it is wetted and discharged into a culvert
on the way to a settling tank. The gas
clearing system is shown in a photograph and
in a schematic drawing. A flow diagram and
a detailed technical description of the
process are provided.
66-0384
Bump, R. L. The use of electrostatic
precipitators for incinerator gas cleaning
in Europe, In Proceedings; 1966 Satlonal
Incinerator Conference, New York, May 1-4,
1966. American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, p.161-166.
Electrostatic dust precipitators of high
efficiency are widely used in Europe to
clean the flue gas from incinerators. The
experiences of Lurgi Apparatebau
Gesellschaft of Frankfurt/ Main, Germany,
in this area are related. The introductory
theoretical fundamentals bear upon the
electrical, discharge wire, collecting
surface, distribution, rapping, and disposal
systems which form any precipitator
installation. Lurgi pioneered the
application of electrostatic precipitators
to refuse incinerators. Two methods were
developed to precondition the gas from the
incinerator. Design and performance factors
necessary for proper application of a
precipitator to an incinerator are presented.
Typical European values for precipitators on
incinerators are tabulated and operating
experience is summarized. Lurgi has also
done considerable work on the development
of a gravel-bed filter and a small
'packaged' precipitator for use on small
incinerators. A typical installation for
each of the developed Lurgi systems now at
service is included, and comparative data
on the various types of equipment which may
be used to clean the exhaust gases from
incinerators Is presented in a table.
66-0385
Carter, B. C., and P. D. Quinn. Present
experiences with incineration of domestic
refuse. Public Works and Municipal Services
Congress, Nov. 14, 1966. 20 p.
Gas-fired incinerators for the on-site
disposal of domestic refuse are discussed.
The developmental work and extensive field
trials carried out on 'Refumatic'
incinerators at Wolverton and Westminster,
Great Britain are reported. Data is given
regarding how both incinerators were set up,
the problems that developed, what
improvements were made, and what suggestions
were made. Tables are given, representing
the volume and weight of residue created,
density and volume of refuse, reduction in
volume and weight, quantity of refuse in
terms of combustion chamber capacity, etc.
The results that have emerged from these
trials demonstrate that smokeless on-site
incineration of domestic refuse can be
effectively and economically carried out in
a gas-fired incinerator. The reduction in
volume of refuse is approximately 5 to
1, including tins, and approximately 8 to
1, excluding tins. As a general point, the
residue is sterile. The amount of gas
needed is recorded and these records
indicate even further reduction can be
achieved, by secondary burning operations.
Also mentioned are some features of the
Hubertus von Aulock oil-fired incinerator.
66-0386
Castle Bromwich refuse disposal works.
Surveyor and Municipal Engineer, 128(3878):
446, Oct. 1, 1966.
The first of six pictures which comprise this
report show the Castle Bronwich incinerator
house. The mechanical charging equipment
for the two Incinerators located in the
incinerator house are shown in another
picture. The caption on the third picture
indicates that it is part of the
electrostatic precipitator plant for flue gas
cleaning and the Howden-Lurgi precipitator
and the ducting leading to the 245 ft high
chimney is shown. Another picture shows a
detail of the elevating conveyors which
transport refuse from the reception hoppers
to the rotary screens. These screens,
3/8-in. by 2-in. mesh, remove fine dust.
Also shown in the same picture is part of the
main duct work leading to the dust extraction
plant. Part of th'e salvage recovery room
with two of the four overband
electro-magnetic tin separators are shown
in another picture. The reception house,
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where collection vehicles charge loads into
two 350-cu yd total capacity rubber-curtained
concrete hoppers, is shown with two vehicles.
The conditioning tower is shown where gases
are cooled to 482 F before going to the
electrostatic precipitator for cleaning.
66-0387
A continuous automated incinerator.
Smokeless Air, 37(140):110-117, Winter 1966.
A. continuous automated incinerator, designed
for the County Borough of Derby and situated
on an island encircled by the river Derwent,
will become operational in 1968. It has been
designed for a throughput of 210 tons of
crude refuse daily and promises to meet a
performance guarantee that the organic matter
in the residue will not exceed 3 percent,
It was therefore necessary to make a detailed
analysis of refuse collected during 1964
and 1965, which resulted in the establishment
of an annual average calorific value of
4,677 Btu per Ib. The plant design and layout,
which includes a river bridge, access roads,
ancillary buildings, public weigh-bridge,
vehicle receiving area, and a refuse
reception pit are described in detail and
illustrated. In the reception pit a 5 ton
long tine grab will smash furniture and
wooden boxes within the confines of the
pit. The incinerator installation, which is
described in detail and schematically
illustrated, consists of two main 7:j-
ton furnaces each equipped with an integral
'Gaserator furnace,* where items not
desirable in the main incinerator furnaces
will be destroyed. Each of the main
furnaces is fired by two Class 'L'
travelling grate stokers with single grates,
these being arranged in tandem to provide
primary and secondary burning units. The
main furnace units each have a dust cooling
chamber linked with the dust collector
system, together with automatic submerged
chain conveyor ash disposal systems to
handle the discharge of ash, dust, clinker,
and non-combustible material. Dust
emission does not exceed 0.35 grains per cu ft
at N.T.P.
66-0388
Continuous incinerator plant. Engineer,
22(5779):644-646, Oct. 28, 1966.
A t434,000 contract was placed with a company
to build an incineration plant in Derby
County which reduces unsorted crude refuse.
The calorific value of combined refuse to be
incinerated averages 4,677 Btu per Ib. Total
bulk can be reduced to one-eighth the
original volume through complete combustion.
The plant will be capable of consuming the
daily refuse intake in 14 hr. An overhead
crane serving the reception pit carries
a 5 ton long-tine grab which Is capable
of gathering and raising 10 cwt of refuse.
It can charge the feed hoppers of the two
7-i-ton incinerators at a rate of 15 tons per hr.
A shutter gate on the feed side is adjusted
to control the depth of refuse fed onto the
grate. The self-cleaning design of the
travelling grate stoker insures continuous
burning of refuse since air spaces never
remain fouled by putrescribe materials.
Dampers are arranged in transverse rows
immediately below the grate surface to
control air distribution. Secondary air is
supplied for mixing the hydrocarbon gases
with oxygen. To Insure that dust emission
does not exceed 0.35 grains per cu ft, waste
gases are passed through mechanical
dust collectors. Ash, dust, clinker, and
non-combustible material is discharged
from each stoker grate into a submerged
chain conveyor. Plant diagrams are
included.
66-0389
Derby's plant to reduce rubbish tips.
Engineering, 202(5245):750-751, Oct. 1966.
Lack of sites for the controlled dumping of
refuse led the Derby Corp. to award a
t434,000 contract for a continuous, automated
incinerator installation, which is to become
operational during 1968. The installation
is designed for a daily throughput of 210
tons of crude refuse. Improvements include:
mechanically operated grates, which were
designed to work on the principle of total
combustion and with a high degree of
automation; and reliability with low
maintenance and a high combustion efficiency
with low grade fuels. During the years 1964
and 1965, 14 tons of crude refuse were
collected and a detailed analysis of
household refuse was undertaken. An
average annual calorific value of
4,677 Btu per Ib was determined. Illustrations
present a model of the completed incinerator
plant including landscaping, and a schematic
diagram of the incinerator unit, which is
also described in detail. It consists of
two 7^-ton furnaces each with an integral
'Gaserator'. After incineration, cyclonic
gas cleaners will remove most of the dust so
that It contains less than 0,25 grains per cu
ft on emission from the chimney. The ash
residue and grate riddlings are transported
to the dumping site.
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Incineration-Europe
66-0390
Electrostatic precipitator included in latest
refuse disposal plant. Surveyor and
Municipal Engineer, 128(3877):29-32, Sept.
24, 1966.
The description of the new Birmingham
Corporation's 6988,026 refuse incineration
plant at Castle Bromwich includes the details
of the electrostatic precipitator for flue
gas cleaning which is the first for a
refuse incineration plant in Britain. A
general view of the industrial type facility
with the 245 ft chimney is shown in one
picture and a site plan is given showing the
general arrangement of the buildings and
equipment Is included. A schematic side
and plan views are given of the details of
the electrostatic precipitator installation
showing the conditioning tower in which the
incinerator gases are cooled and humidified
down to 482 F prior to going to the
precipitator from 2,050 F at the entrance to
the conditioning tower. The gas flow of the
hot gas is 234,500 cfm at 2,050 F at the
tower inlet and 112,700 cfm at the tower
outlet at 482 F. A by-pass duct is shown
which is for emergency discharge to the
stack. The guaranteed dust collecting
efficiency is 98.3 percent with an inlet
concentration of 3.5 grains per cu ft and an
outlet concentration of 0.06 grains per cu ft.
The dust on the collecting electrodes when
rapped mechanically falls into hoppers below
and through rotary air locks into the
flushing funnels where the dust is wetted
and discharged to settling tanks. In the
incineration plant, the refuse is
screened, picked for salvage material of
value, passed under overband electro-magnetic
separators to remove the ferrous material
before incineration. A considerable amount
of trade waste and bulky waste is
incinerated, but it is kept separate from the
other waste. The dust removal system is the
feature of this installation.
66-0391
Experiments and doubts at Wolverton.
Surveyor and Municipal Engineer, 127(3857):
27-28, May 7, 1966.
The automatic gas-fired, chute-fed
incinerator, the experimental installation
3perated by the Wolverton UDC in an 11-story
jlock with the refuse from 59 apartments is
lescribed. There are access doors on each
:loor which maintain an air seal to the chute
'hich leads to the primary burning chamber of
:he incinerator. As an added safety feature,
:he air pressure in the chute is kept
slightly below atmospheric to prevent fumes
from seeping into the building. The
gas-fired equipment uses less than half a
therm a day. The burning is thermostatically
and time-controlled to permit the use of the
most economical cycles for each installation.
The smoke is burned in a secondary chamber
and exhaust gases are scrubbed in a washer
before discharge to the flue. A rooftop
sealed flap opens automatically at night to
allow hot gases to exhaust up the flue and
clean it in the process. In addition to the
58 apartments, the refuse from 30 old
peoples' dwellings are loaded into the
incinerator once a day by caretakers. The
running costs are low. One photograph shows
the 11-story apartment building and another
shows the front of the Refumatic incinerator.
This development is part of a new town
development which will eventually result
in housing and employment for 250,000 now
living in London. The planners are hopeful
that the impact of such a population increase
on water supply, sewage disposal, public
utilities, and highways will receive
adequate consideration. A map of the
area is included.
66-0392
feSOO.OOO incinerator contract. Public
Cleansing, 56(8):417, Aug. 1966.
The first continuous incinerator process has
been ordered by the Derby Corporation which
will collect 210 tons of refuse per day. A Class
'L* stoker will fire the refuse in two
furnaces, each capable of burning 7*a ton per hr,
The plant will be in operation by early 1968
and the total cost will be about $800,000.
66-0393
Furnace with shakeout grate for
incinerating abrasive sludge.
Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 18(5):
222, May 1966.
The. boiler of a ball bearing plant is heated
with coal as well as with the sludge coming
from the ball bearing production. The sludge
which cannot be dumped because of its oil
content consists of sawdust, shavings,
abrasion dust from grinding disks, steel
dust, and oil. Its lower heating value lies
between 3,000 and 3,800 kcal per kg, its ash
content between 40 and 48 percent, its water
content between 10 and 18 percent. At first
the sludge was dropped onto the grate in
batches. This method was soon abandoned
because the easily flammable oil mixture
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0390-0396
started to burn immediately in the loading
duct. Now the sludge is sprayed into the
flame chamber by means of a jet of air.
Part of the mixture is incinerated while it
is still floating, the rest falls onto
the grate whose shakeout action ensures
complete incineration. Recently the loading
of the sludge has been facilitated by a
moving belt device. (Text-German)
66-0394
Gas incinerator for high buildings. Royal
Society of Health Journal, 86(1):44,
Jan.-Feb. 1966.
The design of the newest type of incinerator
for high buildings such as high-rise
apartments, office buildings, and hospitals
is described. The flow diagram, which was
shown at a recent exhibition, shows that the
incinerator consists of a layered vertical
chute which runs down through the building,
discharging directly to the gas-fired
burner, and a smaller duct parallel to the
chute which acts as a vent by which the cleaned
gases can escape. There is a wall opening on
each floor by which refuse is dumped into the
chute and which is under negative pressure.
The incinerator is controlled by a time-clock
and usually operates for about 10 minutes
every two hours although the timing can be
regulated according to the amount of refuse
produced in the building. The smoke is
burned in a primary combustion chamber
and the gases are cleaned in a washer before
entering the exhaust flue. The small
quantity of ash should be collected daily.
By tilting the grate, non-combustibles
such as cans and bottles can be removed.
66-0395
Incineration of household wastes in a west
suburb of Paris. Techniques et Sciences
Municipales, 61:433-436, Dec. 1966.
An intercity plant for the incineration of
household refuse of the Carrieres-sur-Seine
suburbs is described. Located near Rueil,
construction was begun in December 1962, and
the plant was operational in March 1965.
Capacity is 140 tons per day, for a total cost
of 4,000,000 francs. This new plant replaces
an old one which had been built in 1938 to
1939 to handle 60 tons per day and was rendered
obsolete by increased industrial and
suburban growth with their concommitant
increased wastes. This old system is
described briefly. The new plant utilizes an
indoor pit with a capacity of 960 cu m to
receive the wastes (can hold two days*
collection). A 1,500 liter clamshell is
operated at a fast speed so that 30 cu
m per hr of refuse can be fed into the furnace.
Total surface area of the grills in this
Heenan and Froude furnace is 24 sq m,
permitting complete combustion with reduced
handling and minimum addition of air. The
interior sections are plated with cast iron
to protect them from the heat, which can
reach 1,000 C. After combustion the cinders
are automatically directed into a
water-filled gutter where they are
extinguished and collected for storage in a
25 cu m hopper. This hopper can accommodate
the products of 12 hr of combustion. Fumes
are passed through a classic system of
cyclones equipped with a by-pass, so that the
furnace can operate while the cyclones are
being cleaned. (Text-French)
66-0396
London Centre discusses on-site incineration.
Public Cleansing, 56(11):575-584, Uov. 1966.
L.G.A Leonard detailed his company's
experiences with on-site incinerators. In
January 1960 the London County Council asked
them to give estimates of the cost of
equipment, the amount of gas burned
monthly, the size of the incinerator, the
quantity of ash, the possibility of smokeless
operation, and the hours of work and attention
required by the caretaker. A tentative
design was prepared and an experimental unit
was built in 1960. Improvements have been
made and installations have been made at four
locations. Eleven design improvements are
listed and were illustrated (at the meeting, but
not in the published report) by colored slides.
A.J. Marchant outlined the experience of the
Westminster City Council with on-site
incinerators. Some of the advantages have
been a 7'; percent volumetric reduction; the
possibility of hygienic storage of the
residue of incineration because of its
sterile nature (untreated refuse could not
be stored); virtually automatic operation
(the only manual operation is ashing). One
of the problems overcome has been the
accumulation of refuse over holiday weekends.
Since the unit has been installed no special
collections have been made during these
periods, bulky items (armchairs, mattresses)
have been fed into the incinerator after
being broken down. Only one special
collection of non-combustible items has been
necessary during the 12 months the plant has
been in operation. Costs are detailed.
As far as smoke nuisance is concerned the
unit goes 99 percent of the way to comply
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Incineration-Europe
with the Clean Air Act. During the
discussion questions regarding temperature,
costs, and height of buildings were asked and
answered.
66-0397
Mannhardt, H. Incinerator plant for the
residues from foil production.
Brenstoff-Baerme-Kraft. 18(3):130-134,
Mar. 1966.
The planning of an incinerator plant for a
foil production company in West Germany is
discussed. The combustion process in the
existing facilities was observed and an
analysis of the composition of the waste
was made. The waste consisted of residues
containing cellulose, which burned down
normally but which had a tendency to
backfire and plastic residues, which began
to melt above 300 C, Thus two combustion
chambers were required and the idea of a
continuous loading of the furnace had to
be abandoned. The cellulose residues were to
be intermittently supplied to the combustion
chamber. The plastic material was to be
incinerated by blowing in air from the top of
the chamber. A mechanical feeding of the
plastic residues to the furnace was not
necessary because of the small amounts
accumulating daily. The heat obtained in
the incineration process was to be utilized
in energy production. The boiler was
designed for a maximum capacity of 12 tons
of steam per hr. The plant was
constructed according to design and put into
operation in February 1964. The combination
of the two combustion chambers proved to
be success, but it was necessary to modify
several of the component parts.
(Text-German)
66-0398
Merchant, A. J. On site incineration.
Public Cleansing, 56(2):81-88, Feb. 1966.
Four main reasons why on-site incineration
should be given careful consideration are:
the volumetric reduction of refuse by this
means is at least 7:1; the end product of
incineration is a sterile matter which can
be stored for much longer periods than
untreated refuse; the results of volume
reduction and longer storage will reduce the
need for manpower; and the volume of refuse
is increasing steadily every year. A
British-made incinerator, installed in a
block of apartments, is described in detail.
The units are fed conventionally via hoppers
on each floor of the apartments. A purge
cycle takes place where the feed chute is
purged by hot gases diverted from the
chimney flue. This has the effect of
destroying bacteria on the chute walls. The
temperature achieved during this cycle
usually reaches 190 F, Hoppers are designed
to minimize the risk of blockages of the
chute. Refuse fed down the chute, when
entering the incinerator, is deflected by a
sloping hearth into the main chamber of the
unit. Since it is possible to set the
burner to fire every hour if required, it is
also possible to set the burning time 55
minutes every hour. A second burner is
situated to fire across the mouth of the
flue. A fan unit comes into action when the
temperature of the flue gas reaches a
certain point and thus acts as a cooling
agent on the gases, A fan and motor
incorporated in the incinerator provides the
induced draft. A photograph and a schematic
diagram of a 'Refumatic' gas-fired
incinerator at Russell House in Westminister
is shown.
66-0399
Moegling, E., W. Heitmuller, and W. Drewes.
Practical experiences with the centralized
incineration of sewage sludge in the
example of Essen-Karnap.
Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 18(5):215-222, May
1966.
In the power plant Essen—karnap of the
Rheinisch-Westfalisches Elektrizitatswerk
AG about 2,000 tons of sewage sludge are
Incinerated daily in addition to waste.
Five furnaces are dedicated solely to
sludge incineration. Each of the furnaces
is capable of burning 25 tons per hr. In
1963 a mechanical sludge dehydration
facility with filter presses was constructed.
The wet sludge (water contents 85 percent) is
pumped to the five sludge dehydrators
reducing the water contents to 75 percent
within 24 hr. In mixing tanks the sludge
is ventilated. In a filter press the water
content of the sludge is further reduced to
40 to 43 percent. The mechanical dehydration
takes about 28 hr while a natural drying of
the sludge would take 2 years. There are
12 filter presses, each one consisting of
100 chambers. From the dehydration plant
the sludge goes to a storage tank at the
incinerator plant. From there it is brought on
conveyor belts to the furnaces. The sludge
cakes are broken into pieces and fall into
the drier. The flue gas necessary for
drying comes from the boiler. The dried
sludge dust proceeds to the furnaces. The
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0397-0404
plant has been in operation for more than
50,000 hr satisfactorily, so that four
more boilers will be converted to sludge
incineration. Details of the sludge
processing facilities and the incinerators
are discussed and shown both in photographs
and schematic drawings. (Text-German)
660400
Muffle furnace for incineration of waste
oil and tar. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft,
18(5):239, May 1966.
A muffle furnace suitable for incineration
of waste oil, dyes, tars, pertinax dusts,
solvents, etc. has a multipurpose burner
equipped with nozzles made of bauxite.
For sludges with solids up to a grain size
of 3.5 mm, separate injection nozzles are
installed. Tar is injected with steam.
In the boiler the flue gases are cooled
down to 380 C. A diagram illustrates the
construction of the furnace. The capacity
of the furnace is 700 kg per hr waste
oil or 500 kg per hr tar. (Text-German)
66-0401
New continuous grate plant for Derby.
Public Cleansing, 56(12):603-607, Dec.
1966.
The plant, an elevated drawing of which is
presented, incorporates 'L' type
travelling grate stokers and is scheduled
to begin operating in 1968. The high
capacity reception pit is designed to accept
a total of 1,000 cu yd of refuse without
trimming; this is five-eighths of the daily
intake. A dust extraction plant to
control air"borne dust is provided, and the
automatically controlled conveyor moves
refuse to the incinerator. There are two
main seven-and-a-half ton furnaces with an
integral "Gaserator* furnace which will
destroy animal carcasses and mattresses.
The operation of the incinerator is
described in detail.
66-0402
New refuse incinerator. Surveyor and
Municipal Engineer, 127(3844):29, Feb. 5,
1966.
A description is given of the new
continuous-rolling-grate refuse incinerator
to be built by Tacol Ltd. under a license
from Verienigte Kesselwerke AG of Germany.
Since the original installation in
Dusseldorf in 1961, installations from
100 to 1,500 tons a day have been
installed. Two pictures are given, one
which shows the grate and the other, a
general view of an installation of the type
that can handle from 100 to 1,500 tons
per day. The grate consists of a series of
rotating cylinders formed of
fire-resistant grate bars. The refuse is
tumbled from the first cylinder downwards
with the destruction completed when the
refuse reaches the last cylinder. The
rotation of the cylinders and the quantity
of air admitted can be varied to control
the rate of combustion to obtain complete
destruction of the refuse and leave only
a clean, sterile clinker. With the
incinerator temperature between 750 and
1,000 C, superheated or saturated steam for
heating or power generation can be obtained
by the addition of suitable boilers.
Initial capital costs are competitive and
with low operating and maintenance costs,
the system is believed to have operated at
a profit from the sale of waste heat in
some instances. Tacol will probably announce
further developments in pulverizing and
composting machinery.
66-0403
Now a refuse 'flashpoint* in West Berlin.
Public Cleansing, 56(9):441-442, Sept.
1966.
At the Conference at the German Institute at
Berlin the members inspected the incinerator
under construction for West Berlin. The
plant, serving the northern part of the
city with a 1,100,000 population, is designed
to handle 2,100 tons (German) per day. The
capacity of the hopper is 20,000 cu m. Each
of the 7 incinerator units is designed to
deal with 384 tons per day, operating 24
hr per day 5 days per week. Ash from the
incinerator is to be burned and reburned
and possibly used in building material,
in an endeavor to dispose of everything
without having to tip any residues.
The costs as listed equalled 1,7,750,000.
The working costs on full load of 2,100
tons per day is estimated at fc2,135 per day
and with 1,000 ton load, fc1,662. The total
staff expected to be employed will be 22
administrative and supervisory staff
including tradesmen and 82 others,
employed over three shifts.
66-0404
Oslo incinerator plant made in Germany.
Staedtehygiene, 17(6) :139, June 1966/
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Incineration—Europe
An incinerator plant for Oslo is under
construction at Esslingen, West Germany.
It will have two furnaces which will burn
daily 156 tons of waste each in a 24 hr
non-stop operation. The heat will be used
for producing electric energy.
66-0405
Palm, R. Thoughts on the combined incineration
of sludge and waste in grate furnaces.
Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 18(5):223-226,
May 1966.
Present-day knowledge of sludge and waste
incineration is qualitatively reviewed and
some design criteria for a grate furnace
are derived and illustrated. Transportation
usually poses no problem except in the
case of sludges with a water content between
65 percent and 82 percent and of sludges
with a high albumen content, which makes them
sticky. In the preheating stage of an
incinerator, the water content must be
lowered to a point where ignition is
possible. Drying is essential if high
temperatures must be reached to break down
organic compounds which otherwise might cause
odor problems. Particular attention must
be paid to the corrosion problems which may
lead to a rapid deterioration of boiler tubing
and walls. In some cases auxiliary oil
burners must be used. Various kinds of
sludges like sewage sludges, sludges from
food and metal finishing industries, etc,,
are briefly characterized as to their heat
content, ignition properties, and other
features. Slag may be used to bind certain
minerals and metal oxides in a flame chamber
with a temperature of 1,300 C. In three
tables typical figures for the composition
of waste, heat and gas release, heat
concentration on the grate, etc., are
listed. (Text-German)
66-0406
Possibilities for incinerating industrial
wastes. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft,
18(5):256-259, May 1966.
Municipal incinerator plants usually accept
only domestic wastes and reject industrial
wastes unless similar in composition to
domestic waste. A table is given listing
the various kinds of industrial wastes
accompanied by statements on their
flammability. A second table shows the
various possibilities of eliminating
industrial wastes with comments on the danger
they pose to groundwater when deposited,
on the contents of toxic substances, and
on water solubility. Since the heating
value of industrial waste varies greatly,
only small amounts at a time should be added
to domestic waste for incineration. The
great differences in composition among
industrial wastes is demonstrated with an
example from a chemical plant. A special
problem is posed by incineration of
polyvinyl chloride material. The chlorine
and hydrogen chloride rapidly corrode the
walls of the furnace. The slag remaining
from waste incineration is not uniformly
sintered because of the different melting
behavior of the various types of waste.
(Text-German)
66-0407
The purification and incinerating plant in
Leverkusen, Germany. Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik,
38(8):910, Aug. 1966.
An incinerator and purification plant is being
constructed in Leverkusen, Germany. The
plant will be jointly owned and operated
by the Farben Fabriken Bayer AC, the
Wupperverband and the Landschaftsverband
Rheinland. In the purification plant,
municipal and industrial waste water will be
mixed together in a ratio of 1:1 and cleaned
in a mechanical biological process. The
solid waste will be burned in a large
rotating tube furnace. The heat obtained
in the incineration will go to a boiler for
steam production. The costs of the
incinerator are estimated to amount to about
15 million DM. The furnace has been
designed for a capacity of about 100 tons per
day. (Text-German)
66-0408
Refuse incineration plant. Public
Cleansing, 56(2):62-64, Feb. 1966.
A descriptive summary of 'automatic*
furnace grates available in Great Britain
is given. The 'Esslingen' System (West
Germany) incorporates a stepped grate
top fed by grab from a storage hopper.
The grate is included and resembles a
staircase. Refuse moves from the top of
the grate to the bottom, being continuously
turned over and moved forward by the
rocking movement of the grate sections.
Primary air enters at the bottom of the
incline and auxiliary air is injected
at suitable points under the steps. The
'Nichols* System (USA) also has an
included grate with rocking elements similar
104
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0405-0411
to the Esslingen. However, the operating
rams are placed outside the lower end of the
incline and transmit their motion to the
grate sections by means of rods. The
'Martin* System (West Germany) is another
inclined grate. Here the grate sections
have a reciprocating action, pushing
upwards in the direction of the oncoming
refuse. Each stroke of the grate section
pushes a certain amount of live fuel under
the 'green' fuel in front of it. The
'L* Stoker (Great Britain) is a travelling
grate stoker designed to burn a wide variety
of fuels. The grate is formed by a series
of louvres or firebars, pivoted in holders
arranged on tension chains. The
'Metalborg Sembler* System (West Germany)
uses a rotary furnace consisting of a
perforated stainless steel inverted cone
which rotates slowly on an axis inclined
at 45 degrees. The "Morse Boulger'
System (USA) has a conical furnace
rotating about a vertical axis. The
'Volund' System (Denmark) is a combination
of inclined grates and rotary kiln.
66-0409
Rogge, W. Incineration of oily sludges in
rotating tube furnaces.
Brennstoff-Saerme-Kraft, 18(5):247-248,
May 1966.
In Kassel, West Germany, an incinerator for
burning the residues from a sewage plant was
installed in the fall of 1964. The
incinerator was erected directly above the
sludge storage pit. An electrically driven
basket wheel elevates the sludge to a funnel
which leads into the flame chamber. Waste
oil or other liquid waste material which did
not go through the sewage plant is pumped
into a container with a volume of about 200
liters. From there it flows directly to
the funnel. Incineration in the rotating
tube furnace (volume 1.3 cu m) is
supplemented, if necessary, by a light oil
burner. The number of revolutions of the
tube can be continuously regulated between
0.3 and 2.0 rpm. The waste gases are
completely combusted in an afterburner.
In order to eliminate the dust from the
stack gas in settling chambers, tVie gas must
be cooled to 350 C. The cleaned gas is
passed into the open air through a gas
duct and a sheet steel chimney of about
10.5 m height. The incinerator burns
about 100 kg of oily sludge per hr. It
does not require continuous attendance.
The plant has worked satisfactorily for
more than a year. One photograph and one
schematic drawing illustrate the
construction of the incinerator,
(Text-German)
66-0410
Rogus, C. A. An appraisal of refuse
incineration in Western Europe, In
Proceedings; 1966 National Incinerator
Conference, New York, May 1-4, 1966,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
p,114-123.
The European incineration of community refuse
has reached an advanced state of the art.
Thirteen large modern incinerators in 7
European countries Xifere visited. Three
noteworthy operating plants are described
with the objective of examining the
observed improvements and new concepts
and evaluating their applicability to
American practice. All plants had over
1,000 tons per day capacity with
furnaces of 200 tons per day capacity each
or larger. The composition of Europe's
refuse is compared with today's United States
median and the incinerator types are
discussed in terms of the effectiveness
of combustion, exhaust gases discharge, and
general cleanliness. The structure and
amount of capital and operating costs is
stated. The plant components are given
detailed analysis (tipping, storage
pits, oversized wastes handling units,
crane buckets, cranes, furnaces, grates,
residue systems) and attention is also
paid to the cleaning of furnaces and the
air pollution abatement. Several
essentials for optimum incineration,
typical of the European approach are
listed.
66-0411
Rogus, C. A. Control of air pollution and
waste heat recovery from incineration.
Public Works, 97(6) : 100-105 , June 1966.
European air pollution abatement equipment,
subsidence chambers, baffled collectors, and
scrubbers require no pre-cooling of the
raw gases. Centrifugal collectors,
cloth-type filters and electrostatic
precipitators require cooling gases to 400
to 500 F to avoid corrosion and to reduce
volume. Particulates, volatiles, and noxious
gases are destroyed within the furnace
combustion chamber. Entralnment of dust and
particulate matter is avoided; excess air is
limited to 25 to 50 percent. The waste
heat recovery, the total heat energy
available from American refuse, is
105
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Incineration—Europe
estimated to range between 3,400 to 5,500
Btu per Ib, In Incineration about 45
percent of this latent heat is required for
supporting the burning process itself,
another 10 percent is dissipated through
the furnace and duct enclosures and in
the hot residue, and the remaining 45
percent is usually wasted out the exhaust
stack. Most European plants find waste
heat recovery economical because of:
development of more incinerators to handle
low caloried refuse; more effective heat
recovery systems; recognition of
alleviation of air pollution; and
unavailability of economically competitive
fossil fuels. An European incinerator can
produce up to 1.8 Ib of steam per 1 Ib of
refuse. For American applications it would
appear that steam recovery may be practical
and sound economically but only for space
heating of nearby sites. Only the end
products from incineration are reclaimed
on the Continent. Residues are demetalized,
crushed, and screened. The salvaged tin
metals are sold to steel mills. Clean
residues are used for concrete and cinder
block work, and roadbed construction.
66-0412
Rogus, C. A. European developments in
refuse incineration. Public Works,
97(5):113-117, Hay 1966.
European incineration uses the following
principles: non-violent continuous
mechanical agitation and intermixing
of refuse on improved grates; maintaining
uniform high furnace temperatures (1800
to 2000 F) speeding up burning; holding
the air of combustion close to the
theoretical optimum of about 4 Ib of
air per Ib of average refuse; high-vaulted
furnace chambers; replacement of costly
refractories with water cooled walls
permitting higher burning temperatures;
direct downward removal of grate siftings.
Their incinerators utilize the generated
heat for steam and power production.
Combustion efficiencies range above 90
percent. Emissions are well within their
0.20 Ib of particulates per 1,000 Ib of
flue gas corrected to 50 percent excess
air. Cleanliness and freedom from
dust and odors were superior. Average
capital costs were $10,000, Operating
costs are 10 to 15 percent lower.
Capacities of storage pits are generally
much higher. Overlarge refuse is processed
through specially designed impact crushers
or multiple type shears. One-third of the
crane buckets observed were of conventional
clam shell type but equipped with large
tines. Others were of polyp. The use of
three cranes is required. The large
rectangular furnaces are fully enclosed in a
steel sheet envelope, pierced only with
inspection and instrument openings, thereby
providing maximum air and dust tightness.
The most meritorious systems are Drum grate,
Martin system, and Von Roll system. Hot
residue is subjected to a short quenching
cycle and then substantially dewatered by
being pushed or dragged up a short inclined
surface. The relatively dry residue drops
onto rubber or steel conveyors for rapid
transport into storage hoppers. Many
European plants have successfully used
electrostatic precipitators and
ancillary equipment for the removal of
particulates.
66-0413
Rubbish incinerator for continuous
operation. Engineering, 201 (5224):1053,
June 3, 1966.
The new Heenan-Nichols continuous grate
incinerator is described. A prototype unit
is being built for demonstration in
Birmingham. Some of the design details,
which were modified to suit the peculiarities
of British refuse, include alteration of
the teeth arrangement in the grate and
adjustment of the clearance in the moving
parts of the grate. The grate is built
in three steps and feed is supplied by
conveyor, although in the new standard units
there will be a return to the grab system of
refuse feeding. Ash falls from the grate
into hoppers and is deposited into a water
trough containing a scraper conveyor which
also picks up the final discharge of
clinker and transports the material to a
loading point. The Birmingham installation
will handle about 50 tons of refuse in an
8-hr day. Among the advantages claimed for
the Heenan-Nichols grate are low labor
requirement, space saving, and less wear on
the furnace brickwork. However, maintenance
and running costs will be higher than those
for a standard incinerator, and it is not
possible to burn bulky items.
66-0414
Stabenow, G. Survey of European experience
with high pressure boiler operation burning
wastes and fuel. In Proceedings; 1966
National Incinerator Conference, New York,
May 1-4, 1966, American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, p.144-160.
106
-------
0412-0417
A recent survey of European practice
indicates that the all-refractory furnace is
becoming obsolete and is being replaced
with a water-cooled furnace, convector
and economizer. The volume of the waste
gases for this type of incinerator is only
one fifth of that of the all-refractory
furnace with efficient dust collectors. The
principles, stoker design, burning rates,
boiler design, and the high efficiency dust
collection associated with such installations
are discussed. A detailed description of the
design criteria that had to be established
to meet the increasing demand for air, soil
and water-pollution control is given
and several mandatory limitations are
listed, These limitations pertain to the
reduction in dust and noxious gas
emissions, to temperature requirements
regarding ashes, clinkers and all
nonburnables, the precentage of putrescible
matter in the cinders and ashes, water
consumption for cooling ash and gas, and
moisture in the stack gases. Data are
given on nine European and two Brazilian
plants of European design and the heat
utilization is indicated.
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
There is no single procedure or method in
anaerobic digestion of sewage solids.
The reasons for using anaerobic digestion
include its efficiency, effectiveness, and
economy. It is considered to be a procedure in
which anaerobic and facultative microorganisms
utilize the oxygen bound within the complex
molecules of sewage solids for their life
processes. Two groups of organisms are
working concurrently. A saprophytic group
liquifies and hydrolyzes the solids in an acid
stage. A gas-producing group breaks down
the volatile acids in an alkaline stage.
The best digestion is achieved when the two
distinct reactions are maximized within a
single process. The digestor is the most
important facility in anaerobic sludge
digestion. Each operator should study the
the design of his own facility and develop
an operational manual based on its limits and
requirements, Volatile acid content, total
and volatile solids present, pH and alkalinity.
gas production, temperature, tank profiles,
sludge densities, control of pumping, and
loading records are all mechanical control
parameters that digestor operators in specific
plants now use. The operator's funds are so
limited that new changes in digestor design
mean little to him. The parameters of control
and the tests of digestor effectiveness have
proven relatively satisfactory in many
facilities.
66-0415
Activated sludge plant replaces primary-lagoon
system. Public Works, 97(11):118, 1966.
When a primary treatment plant was built in
1958 for Abilene, Texas, numerous complaints
were filed protesting odors, seepage, and
mosquito harborage. Part of the problem was
the high BOD of the influents. Following
the adoption of an industrial city ordinance,
the daily average influent BOD was lowered from
650 to 320 mg per liter. Plans were also made
for a new 12-mgd plant which could be operated
either as a conventional activated sludge
plant or by the contact stabilization process.
The plant includes Link-Belt Circuline sludge
collectors, screw thickener in the aerobic
digester, and a 40-mesh effluent screen for
that portion used for inplant purposes.
Effluent BOD ranges from 1 to 5 mg per liter
after chlorination.
66-0416
Anaerobic sludge digestion--MOP 16. Journal
of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 38
(10): 1683-1702, 1966.
66-0417
Anaerobic sludge digestion--MOP 16.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control
Federation, 38(11):1840-1858, 1966,
The characteristics of the raw sludge feed
affect very directly the biological-biochemical
reaction complex called digestion. Because
of this direct relationship, it was concluded
that close examination of the physical and
chemical characteristics of raw sludge, of
sludge collection practices, and of methods of
addition needed to be made. It was found that
the raw sludge should be concentrated before
being fed to the digestor. Grit and sand,
screenings, scum, and grease, all present
problems during digestion and methods to
combat them should be employed. The pumps used
in the treatment plant should be specific for
that operation. The proper nutrients should be
present in the sludge and added if necessary.
Materials which are toxic should be chemically
removed. Continuous feeding was found to be
theoretically the best system if the raw
sludge is heated to its optimum temperature,
Basic principles of microbiology and
biochemistry should be considered by design
engineers and plant operators rather than
107
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Industrial Wastes
using set formulas or trial and error methods.
Manufacturers offering digestion equipment
should have reprints of papers referring to
work on their equipment. Loading rates are
termed 'standard rate' or 'high rate'.
'Standard rate' is between about 0.04 and
0.10 Ib VS per day per cu ft. "High rate* covers
a range of 0.15 to 0,40 Ib VS per day per cu ft.
Since loading must be controlled between a
maximum and minimum level, the natural process
is touchy and relatively inflexible.
66-0418
Anaerobic sludge digestion--MOP 16.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control
Federation, 38(12):1925-1943, 1966.
The startup of a new digestor represents the
most 'normal' sour condition. The best
way to start a digestor is by using seed
sludge from a unit which is already
operating satisfactorily. Raw sludge
allowed to digest with no seed and no aid
other than heating requires about 85
days until normal operation can proceed.
The use of high calcium or magnesium
lime to control pH aids starting. Two
starting processes exist. The long-term
'natural* process and the accelerated
process both implement the growth of
bacteria and prevent extreme acid
conditions and toxic metabolic products.
Digestor failure can be due to low pH,
low alkalinity, overloading, high
volatile acids, toxic industrial wastes,
toxic metals, too much lime, temperature
changes, poor mixing, or toxic ion
concentration. When digestion problems
develop, it is recommended that the
major effort be expended on proven methods
of analysis and recovery. Additives do
not always have beneficial effects.
Digestor cleaning is an unsolved problem.
Grit removal chambers are a necessity for
efficient operation. Adequate mixing is
the best method to prevent deposition and
control scum. Design of digestion tanks
aid grit and scum removal. Treatment and
cleaning of the digestion tank is the
essential factor. In the field of sludge
digestion, future planners must be
concerned with the total environment
rather than only the water pollution
aspect as in the past.
66-0419
Analysis of combined collection systems.
Public Works, 97(6) ; 134-136, 1966.
The article, 'How to Analyze Combined
Sewage and Stomwater Collection Systems,*
by Richard H. Stanley, Water & Wastes
Engineering, April 1966, is summarized.
A proposed method of analysis of combined
sewer overflow systems follows this sequence:
(1) a general examination is made, based
on field inspection and system maps;
(2) drainage areas for each overflow
structure are determined and measured;
(3) the physical configuration of each
overflow structure is field-measured and
the hydraulics of each structure
analyzed; (4) the sewers downstream and
immediately upstream of each overflow
structure are investigated for flow
limitations; (5) the average dry weather
flow from the system is determined from
records or by field measurement; (6) the
average dry weather flow at each overflow
structure is determined by allocation of
total system dry weather flow; (7) average
dry weather BOD is obtained from plant
records or sampling; (8) rainfall records
for the area are obtained; (9) from field
observation of the drainage areas tributary
to each overflow structure, an estimate is
made of runoff; and (10) if necessary, the
BOD content of the storm water is
estimated. The advantages of this method
of analysis over gauging and sampling are:
(1) it is easily adapted to reflect changes
in system and loading conditions; (2) future
loadings can be calculated readily; (3) the
cost is substantially less; and (4) the
time required is reduced considerably.
66-0420
Andera, M. J., G. R. Ross, and H. A.
Brandeland. Waste treatment at the Rath
Packing Company. In Proceedings; 21st
Industrial Waste Conference, Lafayette,
Ind., May 3-5, 1966. Purdue University
Engineering Extension Series No. 121. p.52-55.
In the late 30"s the Rath Packing Company
decided to direct their effluent to the
municipal disposal plant and proceeded to
erect pre-treatment facilities within the
company. As years progressed, the
facilities appeared to be inadequate and
a concentrated effort was made to reduce
hydraulic and BOD loadings with limited
capital expenditures. Steps taken in
solving the problem included: analysis
of waste water, construction of an
additional basin to handle heavily
contaminated waters, conduction of a
water use survey in the plant, involvement
of the supervisors in the offending areas,
and use of sound laboratory facilities.
108
-------
0418-0424
Laboratory records showed that a 1.1 to 1.0
relationship between volatile solids and
BOD exists. Future plans will include
elimination of all wet rendering and
lagooning of settled waters.
66-0421
Anderson, D. X. , W. D. Bishon, and H. F.
Ludwig. Percolation of citrus wastes through
soil. In Proceedings; 21st Industrial Haste
Conference, Lafayette, Ind., May 3-5, 1966.
Purdue University Engineering Extension
Series No. 121 p.892-901.
The operation of one of the world's largest
citrus processing plants, Lemon Products
Division of Corona, California, is described.
Since ponding of the total waste effluent was
not satisfactory due to odor nuisances,
disposal of the effluent by irrigation of
nearby agricultural lands was instituted,
A monitoring technique was developed for
measuring the ef f ectiveness_ of the soil in
removing certain waste constituents.
Experience with waste spreading has shown
that stabilization of removed material
effectively occurs without odor production.
This indicates aerobic conditions in the soil
to depths of at least 3 ft when spreading is
occurring. Spreading by the back-furrow
method allows air effectively to enter
through the tops of numerous dikes and to
help satisfy the high oxygen demand of the
removed materials. The trenches in which
settlement and clogging occur remain
clogged, but air can reach below the
clogged surface so that very little tendency
toward anaerobism arises.
66-0422
Applying sewage sludge to land. Compost
Science, 7(2):21-22, 1966.
A sewage works near Glasgow, Scotland, has
developed a pumping apparatus for applying
liquid digested sludge to farmland.
Previously digested sludge was disposed of
at sea. Improvements in grazing pasture
save the community $30,000 per year. The 2,000
gal tanker is filled in 7 minutes by
centrifugal force. The dose rate is 6,000
gal per acre with a spray gun. Each tanker
can distribute between 10,000 and 14,000
gal per day. There are three tankers. Chicago
plans to pump treated sludge into
long-distance, underground pipelines.
Presently the district prepares and sells
the city's treated waste as heat-dried,
activated sludge to which nutrients are
added. The product is sold as fertilizer.
The district will need 30,000 acres of
farmland to accomodate the city's daily
600-ton sludge loads. Dr. Edward Keller,
Jr., is working on a futurist sewage
processing system that would use the sun's
energy to power biological conversion of
human wastes into useful nutrients. A
pamphlet describing the pumping apparatus
may be obtained by writing to Mr. Templeton,
Allers Sewage Works, Calderwood, East
Kllbridge, Scotland.
66-0423
Balden, A. R. Business facets of the
solid-wastes problem that must be integrated
into a management-science approach. In Solid
Wastes Management; Proceedings; National
Conference, Davis, University of California,
Apr. 4-5, 1966. p.135-143.
Treatment of industrial waste waters is
reviewed. Detailed consideration is given
to the ultimate disposal requirements and
procedures of soluble oils and oil
formulations, and of paint waste sludge.
The concept of ultimate disposal is defined
and five methods of achieving ultimate
disposal are listed: (1) subsurface storage
in cavities or pervious strata; (2)
conversion of wastes to innocuous compounds;
(3) surface storage; (4) disposal of the
unconfined wastes into the ocean; (5)
conversion to useful products. Special
attention is given to the methods of
incineration. Among the variables being
evaluated are: (1) the point of mixing the
waste materials with the auxiliary fuel;
(2) the economics of flame versus fluidized
bed incineration; and (3) the nature of the
gaseous exhaust.
66-0424
Benger, M. The disposal of liquid and
solid effluents from oil refineries.
In Proceedings; 21st Industrial Waste
Conference, Lafayette, Ind., May 3-5,
1966. Purdue University Engineering
Extension Series No. 121, p.769-767.
Conditions as they exist in the United
Kingdom and Western Europe in regard to
disposal of oil refinery wastes are reviewed.
Solids or semi-solid wastes likely to be
encountered are sludges from primary
separators, flocculators or biological
plants; spent clays from lubricating oil
treatment, and oily earth from occasional
accidental spillages. The only satisfactory
109
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Industrial Wastes
way of dealing with the sludges is either to
filter or centrifuge them and then burn them.
Scent clay is an objectionable waste, but
of diminishing importance as catalytic
processes replace clay treatment of
lubricating oils. Notwithstanding the
expected increase in total refining capacity,
effluent discharge should actually decrease
overall, as obsolete and uneconomic processes
in the older refineries are replaced by new
ones.
66-0425
Billings, C, H. Activated sludge treatment.
In The 1966 sewerage manual and catalog file.
Ridgewood, N. J., Public Works Journal
Corporation, 1966. p.147-159.
Aeration serves at least 3 functions:
mixing effluent from primary treatment with
returned activated sludge, keeping sludge in
suspension, and supplying oxygen required in
the biological oxidation process. Diffusers,
air filters, blowers, and compressors used in
pressure aeration and mechanical aerators of
the paddle and vertical draft tube types
are described. Anti-fearning agents may be
applied in the aeration tanks of activated
sludge plants to inhibit the formation of
foam caused by the use of synthetic
detergents. Several combined aerator and
clarifier systems are examined. Modifications
of the activated sludge treatment Include:
providing primary settling followed by a
shorter than conventional aeration period;
with primary settling optional, providing a
^inixingaeration* period followed by
secondary settling and reaeration; providing
24 hr aeration followed by final settling;
providing rapid and thorough mixing of all
the sludge with the raw sewage plus a
shorter-than-24 hr aeration period. Under
favorable conditions of soil and climate,
sewage can he treated by stabilization
basins or oxidation ponds. The loading of
oxidation ponds can he increased by installing
aeration devices in them.
66-0426
Billings, C. H, Disposal of sludge.
In The 1966 sewerage manual and catalog
file. Ridgewood, N. J., Public Works .
Journal Corporation, 1966. p.175-198.
Ultimate disposal of the solids from
anaerobic digestion of sludge generally
requires dewatering as an initial step.
In air drying, the sludge is drawn onto an
underdrained bed of sand, crushed
anthracite coal or similar course media.
For removing the dried sludge from the
drying beds, a number of mechanical aids
have been developed such as buckets
carried by monorails, track-type tractors,
and conveyor systems. A vacuum filter
installation consists of a sludge pump or
bucket elevator, chemical feeders, sludge
conditioning tanks, vacuum filter, vacuum
receiving tanks, vacuum pump, filtrate pump,
filter cake conveyor and sludge cake hopper.
Chemicals are added to sludge before vacuum
filtration to facilitate separation of
solids and the liquid. Further drying of
filter cake is obtained by the use of heat.
Thickeners, presses, and centrifuges have
found application in dewatering sludge.
Air dried sludge is usually left on the
drying beds until spadable, and is then
carried to dumps, with or without further
drying. Incinerating sewage sludge that
has been partly dewatered is possible in
a multiple hearth furnace. Other disposal
techniques include wet oxidation, the
Atomized Suspension Technique, and the Fluo
Solids system.
66-0427
Billings, C. H. Sludge digestion and gas
utilization. In The 1966 sewerage manual
and catalog file. Ridgewood, S. J., Public
Works Journal Corporation, 1966. p.160-174.
Digestion tanks have been constructed of
concrete up to 100 ft in diameter with
side water depth usually 20 ft. Insulating
materials have been used on the concrete
exterior. Fixed covers or floating covers,
which rise and fall with the liquid contents,
are utilized. Provision must be made for
introducing fresh sludge and withdrawing that
digested, also for removing the supernatant
liquid and for collecting and disposing of
the gas produced. Generally from 2 to 5 cu
ft per capita must be provided in heated
tanks--more in unheated tanks. Aids to
digestion are: heat; regular frequent additions
of fresh sludge; breaking up and submersion of
scum; and maintenance of pH between 6.9 and
7.6. A temperature above 70~-preferably
80 to 100 F--is necessary for rapid digestion.
Gas formed in digestion tanks has a Btu value
of about 600 to 700 and can be used as a
source of heat by burning it In gas boilers,
or as source of heat by burning it in gas
boilers, or as a source of power by using it
in gas boilers, or as a source of power by
using it in gas engines. Gas safety devices
include flame traps, drip traps, pressure
relief valves, pressure gauges, and
accumulators. The power available in the
110
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0425-0432
sewage gas from a given plant depends upon
the pounds per day of volatile solids removed
from the sewage treated.
66-0428
Bloodgood, T. W. Treatment of animal
wastes at the Greenfield Laboratories
of Eli Lilly & Company. In Proceedings;
21st Industrial Waste Conference,
Lafayette, Ind., May 3-5, 1966. Purdue
University Engineering Extension Series
No. 121. p.56-61.
Descriptions of five separate waste
treatment plants located throughout
Greenfield Laboratories are included.
Although these facilities treat all
wastes at the plant, emphasis is placed
on their use in the treatment of wastes
generated by the thousands of animals used
in the various production and research
programs. This report on existing
facilities is based on maintenance and
operational experiences. Test results
from Plant 226 are shown in tabular form
since it Is felt that a performance
attained at this plant is a goal for the
operation of other waste treatment plants
at Greenfield.
66-0429
Bonomo, L. Purification process of the industrial
wastes of distilleries of beet molasses.
Ingegneria Sanitaria, 14(3):101-123, 1966.
The purification of distillate from the
alcohol fermentation of beet molasses is
discussed. The laboratory procedure of
distillation is briefly reviewed with possible
application to urban waste disposal in
municipal plants. Diagrams are presented for
a pilot plant which will treat distillery
wastes in two stages, involving digestion,
recirculation cycles, and final sedimentation
in percolation beds. Values in parts per
million are tabulated for distillery
effluents, indicating total mineral and
organic solids, suspended particles, BOD,
and organic acids. Methods are outlined for
treatment by: anaerobic digestion, aerobic
biological treatment, thermal treatment
(incineration), mechanicophysical treatment
(sedimentation, centrifuging, filtering),
electrochemical treatment (electrodialysis),
and agricultural land treatment. Irrigation
and lagoon treatment are cited as the methods
most generally used today. The lagoon
method is simple and safe, but entails the
disadvantages of noxious odors and insect
breeding grounds; it cannot be used
near densely populated areas. (Text-Italian)
66-0430
Breitling, V. Waste water, waste, waste gas,
Wasser und Abwasser, 107(34) :961, 1966.
A book edited by D. Behrens and K. Fischbeck
(Abwasser, Abfall, Abgas, Verlag Chemie,
Weinheim) is reviewed. It contains 17
lectures delivered during the 14th Exhibition
of Chemical Apparatus and during the European
Meeting on Chemical Technology, held in
Frankfurt in 1964. Eleven of the papers deal
with industrial waste water, and the remainder
with air pollution. The recovery of metal
salts, proteins, and radioactive substances
is emphasized. A few titles are: Treatment
of sludge concentrates and dehydrates; The
application of ion exchange; Biological
treatment in the purification and production
of proteins; Oil identification and separation
from emulsions; Removal of radioactive
impurities; and Recovery of valuable
metallic salts. The Bayer double contact
treatment and the catalytic afterburning of
waste gases are detailed. An experience with
a waste incinerator in Ludwigshafen is
described. (Text-German)
66-0431
Burke, T., and M. T. Dajani. Organic
polymers in the treatment of industrial
wastes. In Proceedings; 21st Industrial
Waste Conference, Lafayette, Ind., May 3-5,
1966. Purdue University Engineering
Extension Series No. 121. p.303-313.
The factors influencing coagulation and
flocculation of colloidal systems with
chemicals are discussed. The use of
polymer flocculants to Improve the removal
and dewatering of waste solids is described
for such diverse industrial categories as:
automotive assembly plants, steel mills,
bituminous coal preparation plants, soap
manufacturers, and locomotive assembly
plants. For each type of plant, the waste
treatment system, its problems, and a
corrective program are outlined. Polymer
flocculants and emulsion breaking chemicals
should be considered only where they are
applicable and economical. Relatively
simple laboratory or pilot tests can be
utilized to determine the feasibility of
using them.
66-0432
Capestany, G. J,, and D. A. Carlson.
Utilization of resistant proteins by
111
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Industrial Wastes
activated sludge. In Proceedings; 21st
Industrial Waste Conference, Lafayette,
Ind., May 3-5, 1966. Purdue University
Engineering Extension Series No. 121.
p.943-952.
The purpose of this study was to gain insight in
to the biochemical, microbial, and physical
"behavior of an activated sludge culture when
presented with a truly complex protein
molecule. Different methods for dissolving
hair were investigated and micro-biological
behavior was analyzed in batch and continuous
activated sludge cultures when dissolved
keratin was the sole carbon and energy
source. After a series of chemical solvents
was tested, NaOH was found to be the most
effective solvent for hair at concentrations
between 0.5N and 1N. The methods developed
provide a good, feasible means of utilizing
keratins biologically.
66-0433
Carpenter, E, F,, Redwood bark for sewage
treatment. Journal of the Sanitary
Engineering Division, American Society .
of Civil Engineers, 92(SA1):11-18, 1966.
A small 'package plant' sewage disposal
treatment is described. The contact or
holding tank is filled with floating short
fibers of redwood bark. Microscopic
life, including aerobic bacteria, live on
the suspended solids in the sewage.
Effluent from the holding tank is pumped
and distributed into hanging fibers which
are suspended vertically over the contact
chamber. The final treatment of dissolved
solids and colloids occurs on these hanging
fibers, which present as much as 100 times
the surface area per cu ft as rock used
in a high-rate trickling filter. An
interesting feature is the requirement for
live fish in the lower compartment. From
three to 12 catfish or other fish have been
placed in the tanks. In all cases, the
fish thrive and maintain a balance between
the numbers of paramecium and tiny
crustacians and the requirements for
microbiological activity in the redwood
fibers. Tabulated test data and data
from treatment in a single family unit
indicate that raw sewage is somewhat weaker
than normally expected and that a high
degree of treatment can be expected from
such a unit. The process has been most
effectively used for waste disposal from
single family residences, trailer courts,
and resorts. While operating, the plant
creates no odor problem. Aerobic
conditions are maintained by a high
circulation rate (four times the daily
flow) and adequate detention time, with
24-hr retention of average daily flows.
66-0434
Cearlock, D. B. Transport analysis--basic
predictive approach of the movement of
pollutants through soil. In Proceedings;
21st Industrial Waste Conference, Lafayette,
Ind., May 3-5, 1966. Purdue University
Engineering Extension Series No. 121.
p.516-526.
The need to maintain control over waste
discharge to the environment via the
groundwater route has required the development
of the accurate methods for flow system
analysis and waste transport evaluation.
Fluid movement and pollutant reactions were
studied in the laboratory as two independent
effects with later integration of the
experimental results and determination of
experimental coefficients for field-scale
applications through the use of the transport
equation. The fluid movement component of
the transport equation groups together all
mechanisms that transport the pollutants
through the soil: convection, dispersion
and diffusion. The reaction component
includes all reactions that occur between
the pollutant and its environment--biological,
chemical, or physical.
66-0435
Committee of VTG/Dechema for industrial waste.
Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 18(5):248, 1966.
The Verfahrenstechnische Gesellschaft
(professional group for manufacturing
technology) of the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure
(Association of German Engineers) and the
Deutsche Gesellschaft fur chemisches
Apparatewesen (Dechema, association for
chemical apparatus) formed a committee for
industrial waste in Stuttgart on Feb. 11,
1966. Chairman is R, Quack of the Technical
University of Stuttgart. It is planned to
hold two colloquia annually. Three work
groups will deal with the following topics:
(1) corrosion by stack gases from waste
incinerators, (2) cutting, mixing and loading
of waste, (3) analysis of waste deposits,
in particular contamination of water supplies.
(Text-German)
66-0436
Coiusuming problem. Engineering
News-Record, 176(14):149-150,
1966.
112
-------
0433-0439
A new solution to disposal of paunch
manure for meat packers is described.
The 140 million steers slaughtered
annually in the United States produce
about 4.2 million tons of paunch
manure, with additional contributions
from 7,6 million calves and 15 million
sheep. The old disposal method of
river dumping has been halted by federal
water pollution control officials. An
investigation of efficient ways of
disposing of paunch manure by Farm
Materials Process, Inc. suggested that
it be fed to cattle. Analysis of paunch
manure showed that on a dry basis it is
composed of 16 percent protein, 3
percent fat and 69 percent carbohydrate,
A heated-air sterilizing process was
designed that removes the moisture and
bacteria and prevents production of
offensive odors. The company experimented
with the product, feeding it first to
4 head and then to 850 head of cattle and
found that the animals not only eat the
processed paunch manure but gain weight
on it. The product costs much less
than regular cattle feed.
66-0437
Cotton waste industry facing big challenge.
Waste Trade World, 108(14):5, 1966.
Remarks made at the annual dinner of the
British Cotton Waste Association Ltd.
held on March 25, 1966, are reported.
Mr. J. Clifford Whittaker, the principal
guest, described the great changes which
have taken place in the machines now used
in the modern cotton spinning and weaving
mill. In order to use waste and by-products
from these machines, technical progress in
cotton waste mills is necessary and would
require considerable financial expenditure.
He suggested that cotton waste consumers
and merchants consider amalgamations
strong enough to carry out a modernization
program.
66-0438
Crawford, G, B,, and N, G. McDonald. Sludge
elutriation, filtration, and
incineration-drying at Toronto, Journal *
of the Water Pollution Control Federation,
38(2):271-280, 1966.
The new facilities of Toronto's Main
Treatment Plant are described in which
digested mixed primary and waste
activated sludge is elutriated,
vacuum-filtered at rates of 5 to 8
pst per hr and then incinerated and dried.
The new plant was required because the
daily average flows were 70 percent above
the original design flows. The new
elutriation tanks have a capacity for
240 mgd average flow rate (present average
flow is 170 mgd). The elutriated sludge
is conditioned with ferric chloride and
lime before vacuum filtration. A table
is given of the results of the coil
filter acceptance test with elutriated
digested primary sludge and waste activated
sludge. The required filter yield of
solids of 4 psf per hr was well exceeded
and the cake moisture content and
chemical use were well within the
guarantee limits. Another table gives
a resume of the March to August operations
for 1955, 1962, 1963, 1964, and 1965.
The 1955 results with digested primary
sludge show successful operation with dense
elutriated sludge. The difficulties when
waste activated sludge was added to the
digestion and sludge disposal systems
show up in the values for filter yield
and conditioning chemicals in the 1962 and
1963 statistics. Because of the present
shortage of incinerator capacity, it is
not possible to process all the digested
sludge through elutriation. The final
test of the adequacy of the design may
develop when the incineration shortage
is corrected and the plant flows are
near the design rates.
66-0439
Deb, P. K., et al. Removal of COD from
wastewater by fly ash. In Proceedings;
21st Industrial Waste Conference,
Lafayette, Ind,, May 3-5, 1966. Purdue
University Engineering Extension Series
So. 121. p.848-860.
A study was made to compare the removal
of organic refractories from sewage treatment
plant secondary effluent using activated
carbon and fly ash. A laboratory study was
conducted to determine the effect of several
parameters that control adsorption. The
operating characteristics of a continuous
flow pilot plant were observed. Findings
demonstrate the capacity of fly ash to
remove refractory materials from wastewater
in both batch and continuous flow systems.
The major part of the removal of COD occurs
during the first 10 minutes and further
extension of the mixing time results in
insignificant removal of COD. The addition
of a small percentage of activated carbon
in the fly ash enchances the adsorptive
113
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Industrial Wastes
capacity of the mixture considerably.
The percent COD removal remained relatively
constant at initial COD's over 150 mg per liter.
The COD removal became independent of fly
ash concentration above 3,000 mg per liter of
fly ash.
66-0440
Dietz, J. C., P. W. Clinebell, and
A. L. Strub, Anaerobic pretreattnent of
packing house wastes. In Proceedings;
Fifth Annual Sanitary and Water Resources
Engineering Conference, Nashville, Tenn.,
June 2-3, 1966. Technical Report No. 9.
Vanderbilt University, Department of
Civil Engineering, p.65-68.
The three types of operations which
generate wastes commonly referred to as
meat industry wastes are described. The
history of the Union City, Tennessee, waste
treatment problem is outlined. The
anaerobic contact process was considered
as a solution for pre-treatment of the
packing house wastes. Excellent results
were obtained from the pilot anaerobic
contact study. It was necessary to
construct a pilot lagoon at the Union
City, Tennessee, municipal sewage treatment
plant to determine the treatability and
loading parameters of mixed slaughter and
meat packing plant wastes received at the
municipal plant. A full scale lagoon
with a capacity of a 30,000 cu ft was
constructed in August 1965. Data on
the operation of the city waste water
treatment plant indicate the effectiveness
of pre-treatment of the packing house
wastes and the ability of the City's waste
water activated sludge treatment plant
to handle the anaerobic lagoon effluent
with satisfactory results. The anaerobic
contact process and anaerobic lagoons are
considered the most economical methods
presently available for the pre-treatment
of packing house wastes. Although the
construction costs of the anaerobic
contact process are higher than for the
anaerobic lagoon process, infinitely more
control can be exercised in using the
contact process.
66-0441
Elimination of industrial waste.
Chemie-Ingenieur-Technick, 38(5):588-589,
1966.
The Institute for Water and Air Pollution
Control held a meeting on Dec. 1, 1965,
in Cologne, Germany, which was repeated
on Feb. 2, 1966, in Stuttgart. Several
papers were presented, dealing with the
elimination of industrial wastes. It
was pointed out that industrial wastes
composed mainly of inorganic components
can neither be incinerated nor composted.
The only possible way to eliminate them
is to dump them, but prior to dumping
a possible re-use of the waste products
should be taken into consideration. The
composition of industrial waste, which
is composed mainly of organic substances,
must first be analyzed to decide which
method of elimination is most suitable.
Material of biological origin is especially
suited for composting. An incineration of
the waste is advisable when a considerable
reduction in volume is primarily sought
and when the waste consists of toxic
substances, halide-containing plastic
material, etc. The incineration residues
(ash) are generally discharged from the
furnace in a wet stage to avoid afterglowing.
(Text-German)
66-0442
Factories told to handle own waste.
Refuse Removal Journal, 9(3):40,
1966.
The Mexico City sanitation department
recently ordered all factories to take
their own refuse to disposal sites or
take whatever measures they find convenient.
Authorities estimate that at least one-third
of the capital city's refuse packers are
tied up by the city's Industries, Companies
failing to comply will be fined. Daily
refuse collection in this city of 4
million is about 4,000 tons.
66-0443
Freyschuss, S. Pulp mill waste disposal
at specific installations in Sweden.
In Proceedings; 21st Industrial Waste
Conference, Lafayette, Ind., May 3-5,
1966. Purdue University Engineering
Extension Series No. 121. p. 791-798.
All of the large pulp and paper mills in
Sweden are situated either along the
sea coast or near the big lakes.
Investigations were made in the cases
of a sulphate mill and a sulphite mill
before they could obtain permission to
build. The court permission for the mills
dictated that all waste water containing
fibers should pass into a sedimentation
114
-------
0440-0446
tank before being distributed in the sea
through a pipeline 4,000 m in length.
The prognosis of the BOD for the sulphite
mill, which was 70 kg per ton of pulp, was
on the average too low considering that
half the pulp production is from hard wood.
The mills also had to mix all condensates
with chlorine water from the bleaching
process to reduce the toxic effects of
sulphides and mercaptans. To check the
theoretical calculation for the dilution of
the waste water in the sea, an investigation
was carried out using a radioactive tracer
technique. The additional cost for
separating the waste water, for the
sedimentation plant and for the pipeline,
has amounted to 8 percent of the total
investment in the mill cost.
66-0444
Gaudy, A. F., and P. Krishnan. Mechanism
and kinetics of substrate utilization
at high biological solids concentrations.
In Proceedings; 21st Industrial Waste
Conference, Lafayette, Ind., May 3-5,
1966. Purdue University Engineering
Extension Series No. 121. p.495-510,
Studies were carried out at high biological
solids concentrations in order to arrive at
a more complete understanding of all types
of activated sludge processes. Sludges were
developed on glucose and sorbitol using the
24-hr batch feeding cycle. The analyses
employed were: substrate COD, biological
solids (membrane filter technique), and
protein and carbohydrate content of the cells.
The glucose carbon source was measured by
either the anthrone or glucostat test, and
sorbitol by the periodate test. The results
offer no evidence for adsorption as a
primary mechanism of substrate removal, but
do offer additional evidence for the purely
biochemical mechanism. The results offer
further proof of the hypothesis for the
different mechanisms of substrate remox'al
for low and high solid systems and offer
a biochemical explanation for the occurence
of linear sludge accumulation and' substrate
removal and the change in per cent of the
theoretical oxygen demand exerted at the
time of substrate removal at hiaher solids.
66-0445
Get the most out of wood waste fuels,
Modern Power and Engineering,
60(7):78-81, 1966.
Waste wood products should be used as fuel
to produce steam. Five waste wood-burning
methods are discussed: (1) pile burning;
(2) inclined grates; (3) spreader stoker
firing onto grates; (4) suspension
burning; and (5) cyclone furnaces. An
advantage of the pile burning method is
that most of the fuel is burned in a
quiescent state and carryover is at a
minimum. In the inclined grates method,
fuel size is not of significant importance
and wet fuel can be adequately dried.
Spreader stoker firing onto grates allows
a thin fuel bed on the grate, which
facilitates good control of the heat output
under varying loads. Suspension burning
is a modification of spreader stoker
firing, where fuel is introduced high in
the furnace, thereby achieving suitable
air admission and turbulence. In cyclone
furnaces up to 40 percent of the heat
input from the bark can be achieved, and
they have a low fly ash carryover. Seven
other factors which have an important
bearing on the burning of wood waste fuel
are discussed: (1) overfire air; (2)
furnace; (3) superheaters and convection
banks; (4) heat recovery equipment; (5)
dust collectors; (6) cinder recovery
systems; and (7) fans. A method for automating
combustion control in a wood firing system
is outlined.
66-0446
Harding, C, I. Source reduction in the
pulping industry. In Proceedings; Fifth
Annual Sanitary and Water Resources
Engineering Conference, Nashville, Tenn.,
June 2-3, 1966. Technical Report No. 9,
Vanderbilt University, Department of Civil
Engineering, p.192-204.
The draft process of wood pulping has been
gaining rapidly in popularity because it can
use virtually any tree species or mill
residue; it is a high yield process. Tall
oil and turpentine by-products are obtained,
and waste disposal is simpler than for the
sulfite process. Most of the air pollution
problems associated with pulping result from
the use of the kraft process. Data on
atmospheric emmissions from kraft mills
are tabulated. The various process steps
in the kraft pulping and recovery system
are reviewed in order to characterize
emissions from each and outline control
techniques available. Methods of reducing
the formation of smelly sulfur compounds
are: reducing the sulfidity of the cooking
liquor in the digester, rapid cook at high
temperature, adjusting the alkali content of
115
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Industrial Wastes
the liquor to raise the pH at the end of
the cook from 10 to 12, vapor phase cooking,
and cooking with non-sulfur compounds.
Current research efforts are pointing the
way to hetter control of mill emissions by
reducing the quantity of pollutants formed
during the pulping and recovery process.
66-0447
Hernandez, J. W, , et al. Treatment of
shipboard wastes. In Proceedings;
21st Industrial Waste Conference,
Lafayette, Ind., May 3-5, 1966.
Purdue University Engineering Extension
Series No. 121. p.880-891.
Convention naval shipboard sewage systems
are reviewed briefly. Since shipping
activity on inland and coastal water is
a source of pollution, the traditional
practice of discharging raw soil wastes
directly overboard must be discontinued.
An inter-agency committee within the
Federal Government has proposed shipboard
treatment requirements. A shipboard
survey to determine the quantities of
human wastes produced per capita and
the physical, biological, and chemical
properties, was conducted to provide design
data for a treatment system. The data
indicates that between 10 and 20 gpd are
produced per capita on ships following a
normal work day routine and a maximum
of twice this amount can be expected if
operation is on an around-the-clock basis.
The sewage produced contains an average
of 236 mg per liter of suspended solids and
an average BOD of 102 mg per liter. Evaluation
of a macerator-chlorinator established
the feasibility of using a single unit
for multiple fixtures, A substantially
coliform fee effluent can be expected if
available chlorine is maintained above
1,300 mg per liter per flush.
66-0448
Hunter, J. V., E. J. Genetelli, and M. E.
Gilwood. Temperature and retention time
relationships in the activated sludge
process. In Proceedings; 21st Industrial
Waste Conference, Lafayette, Ind., May 3-5,
1966. Purdue University Engineering
Ixtension Series No. 121. p.953-963.
Using a synthetic waste, the temperature range
from 4 to 55 C was investigated to observe the
effect of temperature on the behavior of the
system and establish how high the temperature
could be raised before process efficiency
deteriorated and sludge accumulation
increased. The study was made using a batch
operated activated sludge system with a 16 hr
retention time. The synthetic waste was
designed to have a high suspended matter and
BOD concentration. The general effect of
temperatures on the behavior of the system
studied was toward better efficiencies and
suspended matter destruction at the higher
temperatures, with a reversal occurring after
45 C. The general effect of retention time
on the efficiency and suspended matter
destruction was similar. Although there
was no uniform trend, the lowest sludge
DNA contents occurred at the lowest
temperatures. Sludge DMA contents were
a better indication of sludge bulking
than general appearance of microscopic
examination of the sludge. As the temperature
increased, there was less filamentous
growth and an increased protozoan and
rotifer population.
66-0449
Kettering abattoir has vertical on-line
beef dressing. Surveyor and Municipal
Engineer, 128(3871):26-27, 1966.
Since much of the meat from the new
Kettering Borough Council's abattoir is
to be exported, very strict hygienic
precautions are required to permit the
meat to be shipped to any country in
Europe. The animal touches the floor only
as it leaves the stunning floor where it
is immediately hoisted to the bleeding
rail and remains suspended through all
the subsequent dressing operations. The
dressing is more hygienic, the meat and
pelts are of better quality than from
trolley dressing, and the work is less
arduous. There are three sections;
the covered lairage where enough animals are
housed for a day's kill; the central
slaughter hall with adjacent stunning pens;
and special rooms for processing gut, fat,
and hides, along with cold rooms for the
storage of finished carcasses. The capacity
of the setup is 15 cattle units, 60 pigs,
and 60 sheep an hour. The interior walls
of the cavity brickwork are coated with
epoxy resin paints to make cleaning easier
and the floors with a nonslip granular
surface. The wall alongside the cattle
stunning pen is protected by a large
stainless steel plate. Pressurized cold
water is supplied through outlets in the
main building for cleaning. Cattle enter-
the slaughter hall direct from the lalrages,
passing through a footwash and sprays. The
three dressing lines for cattle, sheep, and
116
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0447-0452
pigs run transversely across the slaughter
hall toward separate rooms so that when the
fat, gut, and skins are removed they need
only be transported a minimum distance.
The dressed carcasses pass directly to a
precooling area for inspection and then
to the cold room.
66-0450
Manchester's new abattoir and meat market.
Surveyor and Municipal Engineer, 128(3865):
13-14', 1966.
The 4,3,750,000 meat production and
distribution.center for the City of
Manchester Market's Department, which is
considered the most technologically advanced
abattoir in Europe, is described, although
very little is mentioned regarding waste
disposal. The site is remote from
residential areas, but only a ten minute
drive from the Picadilly center. The site
was an unused clay quarry of 20 acres with an
additional site of 7 acres near the main
project for ancillary trades. The design is
such that there is a functional progress in
the conversion of live animals to dressed
meat. The animals arrive by rail and road,
and pass through lairage, slaughtering,
chilling, and marketing. There are stalls
and pens for 1,500 cattle and pens for 6,000
sheep and 800 pigs with special pens for
bulls and calves. A physical barrier across
the site separates the killing floor from
the lairage to make certain that the hygienic
conditions required for the dressing of the
meat are not contaminated by the unclean
lairage side. The barrier holds the drovers
and animals within a prescribed area. Great
care is taken to ensure maximum cleanliness
and the retention of animals for long periods
in lairage is discouraged by increased fees.
Once slaughtered, the meat is chilled
rapidly, and, from the slaughtering point on,
the various processes work on an assembly
line basis with all the inedible parts
removed from the area as soon as they are
taken from the carcass. Pictures are shown
of the poultry hall, an aerial view, the
lairage, and the market.
66-0451
Marais, G. R. New factors in the design,
operation and performance of
waste-stabilization ponds. Bulletin of
the World Health Organization, 34;
737-763, 1966.
The BOD loading rate is governed by
average daily radiation. If ice covers
the pond in winter, spring surface
loading must not exceed 20 Ib BOD per acre
daily to re-establish aerobic conditions
quickly. High BOD loading rates are
possible throughout the year in the tropics.
A 90 percent reduction for total retention
time of 3.5 days, leaving an effluent
BOD of 20 to 40 mg per liter is attained
at 35 C. The pond depth suggested is
between 2 ft 6 in. and 3 ft. The
minimum retention time in a primary pond
and required surface area can be determined
from equations given. Temperature
influences intensity of anaerobic
fermentation in the sludge. Fermentation
reduces the sludge's organic load but
releases products of fermentation to the
supernatant liquid. In the Lusaka, Zambia,
primary pond aloal concentration was 1.2
by 10 to the sixth per ml during winter and
1.0 by 10 to the fifth per ml in summer.
Anaerobic pretreatment in lagoons has
been used in America with industrial
wastes. In Zambia household waste water
is directed into the aqua privy tank;
tank effluent is discharged by sewers
into oxidation ponds for final treatment.
For 59,000 people per acre, giving 3,700
Ib BOD per acre daily, and 23 hr retention
time, the ponds function satisfactorily.
Oxidation ponds react favorably to
pretreated effluents. The design of
maturation ponds is based on retention
time. The reduction of BOD, COD,
ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen trioxide,
and nitrogen in maturation ponds is not
great. Data, graphs, and equations are
included.
660452
Messina, U. Pumping plants for foul waters
and sewage sludge. Ingegneria Sanitaria,
14(4) : 170-189, 1966.
Diagrams, graphs, charts, and
flow equations complete this technical
description of the state-of-the-art of the
hydraulic design and the operation of
various types of pumps. Pumps are considered
with respect to future needs for mechanical
handling of sewage sludge. The size and type
of pump used is determined by flow
characteristics of the sludge, (turbidity,
solid-particulate transporting,
organic-material bearing, toxicity) and
its location in industrial or residential
areas. The mathematical description covers
flow parameters, Bengham's plasticity factor,
and coefficients of plastic viscosity,
Some of the pumps mentioned are: centrifugal,
screw, submersible booster pumps, sludge
117
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Industrial Wastes
pumps, liquid vortex, and electric pumps on
horizontal and vertical axes. Pipeline size,
compressor plants, lift stations, pumping
stations, valve regulation, cybernetics, and
plant automatization are also discussed.
(Text-Italian)
66-0453
Minch, V. A., and J. K. Sullins.
Primary treatment of paper mill
waste. In Proceedings; Fifth Annual
Sanitary and Water Resources Engineering
Conference, Kashville, Tenn., June 2-3,
1966. Technical Report So. 9, Vanderbilt
University, Department of Civil
Engineering. p.59-64.
A pulp and paper mill, producing wood
pulp and a wide variety of white papers,
has expanded to a pulp production rate of
240 tons and a paper production rate of
525 tons per day. A pilot plant study was
conducted to obtain reliable design
criteria for a full scale clarifier and
trials were conducted to determine the
optimum method of sludge disposal. The
design of the primary treatment facilities
was based on 14 Billion gal per day with
satisfactory operations at 20 million
gal per day. Total suspended solids removal
was estimated at 74 percent. The plant
was designed to operate with a minimum of
supervision. The principal treatment unit
is an EIMCO clarifier. Mill effluents
are contained in two separate flows. One
sewer contains effluents not requiring
treatment which flow directly to the
river. The effluent to be treated flows
through a bar trash screen with continuous
reject removal and enters the clarifier
through a center feed well 20 ft in
diameter. Sludge underflow from the
clarifier is raked to a center sump which
supplies a Bird Centrifuge. The sludge cake
is trucked to a landfill disposal site.
The single major problem was the inability
of the sludge pumps to move the sludge solids
of higher density experienced on a number of
occasions. About 80 percent of the total
suspended solids are being removed.
Settable solids removal efficiencies are
averaging 98 percent.
66-0454
Moiset, P. The separation of the
components of fly ash. Aufbereitungs-Technik,
(9):580-582, 1966.
The separation of the components of fly
ashes, after removal of coal to be recycled
to the firing section, is discussed. To
determine the most feasible method for the
separation, untreated fly ash was examined
microcopically. Microphotos of untreated
fly ash, a coal concentrate, and flotation
tailings in polarized and unpolarized light
are presented. These photos show that,
after removal of all the coal, the tailings
still contained a material resembling coal
which is ferromagnetic. From a relatively
poor ash (3.35% burnable components), an
8.93 percent coal concentrate with 34.33
percent burnable components, 88.67 percent
tailings, and 2.40 percent magnetite was
obtained. The process used in the separation
is described and illustrated by means of a
flow sheet. The ashes were concentrated,
subjected to flotation, and the magnetite
separated magnetically from the flotation
tailings. The chemical composition of the
magnetite fraction and the remaining material
is given, (Text-German)
66-0455
Morris, J. C., and W. J. Weber, Adsorption
of biochemically resistant materials from
Solution 2. Publication No. 999-WP-33, AWTR-16.
Cincinnati, 1966. 108 p.
Earlier studies (reported in PHS Publication
No. 999-WP-11-AWTR-9) showed that activated
carbon for waste water renovation could
best be used in continuous-flow columns.
Such tecnhiques should result in an
adsorptive capacity of greater than 10
percent. Results on studies of adsorption
of organics from single- and multi-component
systems in fluidized carbon are reported
herein. The absorbability of organic
pesticides on activated carbon was
investigated in some detail. Studies
were undertaken to characterize those types
of organic pollutants that are not adsorbed
on activated carbon.
66-0456
Myers, E. A. Engineering problems in
year-round distribution of waste water.
In Management of Farm Animal Wastes;
Proceedings; National Symposium on Animal
Waste Management, East Lansing, Mich.,
May 5-7, 1966. St. Joseph, Mich., American
Society of Agricultural Engineers.
p.38-41.
Chlorinated effluent from the Penn State
University treatment plant was pumped by
two centrifugal pumps, operated alternately,
over a solid set system of pipes. Each
118
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0453-0459
pipe was capable of discharging 350 gpm
(500,000 gal per day) at a total head of
520 ft. A 6-in. buried pipeline transmitted
the waste water 4 miles to a site which
was 280 ft higher than the pumping plant.
At the 2-mile point a half-mile long,
6-in. branch line carried effluent to
another site, 175 ft higher than the
pumping plant. All pipes beyond the
branchline valves were above ground, and
included 4 and 5 in. aluminum main lines,
and 2 and 3 in. aluminum lateral lines.
A solid set system was used throughout,
all piping being stationary. The system
applied waste water to field and forest
crops. Various sprinkler spacings and
heights above ground were used and several
different effluent depths were applied.
Systems most frequently used are tabulated.
A monitoring program, involving the
chemical and bacteriological analyses of
water samples from wells and surface waters
in the vicinity of distribution sites was
instituted a year prior to pumping
effluent and continued throughout the
3-year period. Pumping, pipe system, and
irrigation head problems are discussed at
length.
66-0458
Nelson, W., and J. R. Eliason. Prediction
of water movement through soils—a first
step in waste transport analysis. In
Proceedings; 21st Industrial Waste
Conference, Lafayette, Ind., May 3-5,
1966. Purdue University Engineering
Extension Series No. 121. p.744-758.
Recent theoretical advances in describing
the flow of fluids in porous media are
interrelated to problems involving the
transport of pollutants through soils.
A review is presented of the three broad
phases of analysis necessary to predict
waste transport through porous material:
macroscopic fluid flow analysis;
microscopic flow analysis for diffusion
and hydrodynamic dispersion; and the
reactions or interactions of contaminants
with the porous material, organic material,
or biological components of the soil. The
relationship of contaminant type and the
three analysis phases needed in both
complete and approximate waste transport
analysis are shown. The application of
macro flow results to predict river
contaminant concentration and the use of
the basic water-time distribution are
illustrated.
66-0457
N and P removal by bio-oxidation ponds.
Public Works, 97(11):121-122, 1966.
An article, 'Removing Nitrogen and
Phosphorus by Bio-Oxidation Ponds in Central
Oklahoma,' by Joseph R. Assenzo and George
W. Reid, in Water and Sewage Works, August
1966, is reviewed. Sewage lagoons or
oxidation ponds widely accepted in America
are considered the only device for effective
removal of nitrogen and phosphorus. The
present study was directed to investigate
the lagoon as a device for preventing
nutritional pollution. Logoons ranging
in loading from 13 tp 150 Ib of BOD per
acre per day remove 30 to 95 percent of
N and P. By the response surface technique,
optimum loadings for nitrogen and phosphorus
removal were determined as 19.5 and 11.23
Ib of BOD per acre-foot per day respectively.
Optimum loading to maximize phosphorus
removal is considered more desirable than
compromise loading. The loading maximizing
P removal is about 50 percent lower than that
maximizing N removal. The nutrient with
the lowest concentration in the effluent
controls subsequent algal growth and since
N is fixed from the atmosphere it appears
advantageous to minimize P concentrations.
66-0459
Netzel, G. 15 years of progress in sludge
dehydration. Staedtehygiene, 17(11):249-256,
1966.
Development in the dehydration of sludges
is discussed. At the end of the 1920's
rotating filters were studied. At that
time it was easier to dehydrate the
sludge by adding quicklime. A. Wright used
a filter tissue with the scraper filter
then in use, but the filter tissue streched
and narrowed from the strain. Later,
especially after World War II, many types
of filters were developed in the U.S. and
Germany. In Germany, the disk filter came
into use but was soon abandoned in favor
of a centrifuge. This did not prove to be
a success and the rotating filter returned
to vogue, equipped with a scraper to remove
the filter cake. Soon after, the Heymann
shaking screen was devised with a capacity
of 10 to 20 cu m per sq m an hr, but only 40
to 60 percent of the solids in the sludge
were retained. By connecting several sieves
in tandem this was increased to 60 to 75
percent. In the 1950's the EDCO sludge
concentrator, invented in the United States,
was introduced, which brought a further
119
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Industrial Wastes
improvement In the dehydration of sludges,
Since experience showed that the colloidal
parts in the sludge accounted for the clogging
of the filter, metallic salts were added.
This changed the ionic charge of the
particles and they reacted to the addition
of lime which resulted in flocculation.
The effects achieved by adding either
ferric sulfate or ferric chloride and
lime and the effects of the unwanted side
reactions are discussed. Another way of
improving the filtering ability of sludges
consists of adding sawdust, ash, etc. Ash
did not prove to be the ideal additive
because it is not inert and it is not
available in a specific grain size. Some
of the latest filtering methods are
discussed, such as the cord-filter method,
(Text-German)
66-0460
New sewage-treatment process uses
coal. American City, 81(1):105, 148,
1966.
A test rig in Cleveland, Ohio, attained
results equivalent to or better than
a secondary sewage-treatment plant.
Its two basic steps are filtration and
adsorption, using the same crushed and
sized coal in both steps, A mixture of
coal plus the filtered sewage is
continuously removed during the operation
as a thick sludge. Filtration removes
the solids from the sewage. Coal permits
it to operate at a high and constant flow
rate. Filtrate passes into a bed of
coal in which organic contaminants are
adsorbed. This process removes in large
measures phosphates and hard detergents
which are not removed by conventional
secondary treatment. The effluent contains
a very low concentration of nitrates.
The coal-sludge mixture can be incinerated,
or since it has a BTU value approximately
90 percent of the coal used, its value can
be recovered and used as fuel. Total
in-plant time is 2 to 4 hr as compared with
9 hr for activated sludge process. Most
ranks of coal can be used. Coal use will
average 5 tons per million gallons.
66-0461
New sludge burners.
98(4):94, 1966.
Chemical Week,
hearths by gravity while air for combustion
passes from multiple inlets over the
hearths in parallel to assure a constant
excess of oxygen. Net products of
the combustion are steam and a fine white
ash which will not pollute Oakland Bay,
66-0462
Nicholson, R. W., J, Pedo, and J. Martinek.
Wet air oxidation of sewage sludge.
American City, 81(4):97-99, 170,
1966.
A batch-type Zimpro wet-air oxidation unit,
designed to handle 5,700 gpd digested sludge
containing 8,5 percent solids and 40 percent
volatile matter, began operating in December,
1964, in South Milwaukee. The end product
is a sterile, inert, solid residue and a
supernatant liquor. Pumps first transfer
sludge from clarifiers to a sludge storage
tank. Steam generated in a water-tube-boiler
is injected into the sludge. When reactor
temperature reaches 370 to 400 F, compressed
air enters until pressure reaches 500 psig,
The incoming sewage condenses the steam and
scrubs the gasses. After 16 to 19 hr of
unsupervised aeration, the pressure is
lowered to 180 psig. Oxidized sludge drains
to a basin where predominantly inorganic ash
settles in a few hours. One operator controls
the day shift and devotes three hours to
operation. Graphs and figures show
performance data. Performance was 10 percent
above the expected 60 percent COD reduction
and 1170 Ib removal of insoluble organic
solids. Installed cost was $110,000. Each
batch requires 800 kw-hr of power, 22,000
cu ft of natural gas for steam, and 9 Ib rock
salt for water softening. To reduce costs,
they plan to have lower starting temperatures
and reduced horsepower.
66-0463
Okun, B. A, Sludge disposal methods.
Works, 97(5):168, 1966.
Public
At the Bayshore station, East Bay
Municipal District, Oakland, California,
incoming sludge passes down over six
The Maple Lodge works near London tries
to avoid water pollution fay sludge
disposal facilities. The installation
of sludge drying beds equipped with
mechanical lifting and removal systems,
together with disposal of liquid digested
sludge to farmlands provides an excellent
opportunity for comparing the various
methods of disposal. The plant consists
of grit removal units, comminutors,
sedimentation and stormwater tanks, and
diffused-air activated sludge. Sludge
120
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0460-0466
treatment initially consisted of thickening
tanks and sludge digesters. The digested
sludge in the initial plant was to be
pre-dried followed by incineration, the
only plant of its type in Europe. Vacuum
filters have never been completely
successful except for the filtration
of elutriated digested sludge from primary
sedimentation tanks. Although the
combined system of vacuum filters and heat
treatment has succeeded in producing a
dry granular product of commercial value,
the entire output being sold through
commercial outlets, the high production
cost per ton of dry solids made it
impossible to justify expanding the system
with plant growth.
66-0464
Olson, 0., and John Klingenberg. An
aerated sewage lagoon. American City,
81(ll):94-95, 1966.
An aerated sewage lagoon purification
system in Harvey, North Dakota, is described.
This system was favored over the use of a
conventional lagoon because--(1) By
operating at a ten-foot depth, it required
only six acres instead of 40; (2) The small
area required permitted the use of a site
that could be served by a gravity line, thus
eliminating the expense of a lift station;
(3) The diffused aeration system insured
successful performance even in sub-zero
weather; and (4) Cost analysis showed that
the cost of the aerated lagoon system would
by $13.50 per capita instead of $23. Harvey's
aerated lagoon system consists of two
separate l!i-acre lagoons designed to operate
in series. Each lagoon has a 20-day
retention time. The waste flows to the
primary lagoon by gravity. Overflow
manholes allow each lagoon to operate at a
ten-foot depth with continuou discharge to
the Sheyenne River. Air enters the lagoons
through a plastic header. Some 15,000 ft
of weighted aeration tubing connected to the
header lies on the floor of the lagoons in a
predetermined pattern. Pinpoint bubbles,
rising in lineal screens from the aeration
tubing, continually roll the waste water
over and over, before passing it on to the
next cell. Analysis indicated an overall
efficiency of 92.4 percent BOD reduction,
even when both cells were ice-covered.
Samples are now being collected monthly to
determine the BOD, suspended solids,
nitrogen, and bacteria reduction. To date,
the data have been favorable.
66-0465
Parker, C. D. Food cannery waste treatment
by lagoons and ditches at Shepparton,
Victoria, Australia. In Proceedings;
21st Industrial Waste Conference,
Lafayette, Ind., May 3-5, 1966.
Purdue University Engineering Extension
Series No. 121. p.284-302.
The wastes of two food factories,
Shepparton Preserving Company and Campbells
Soup (Aust.) Ltd., are treated by two
distinct but closely integrated
installations consisting of anaerobic
and aerobic type lagoons and oxidation
ditches. Performance and cost data are
given for lagoon treatment facilities. It
has been established that while complete
purification of the waste can be effected
at much higher BOD loadings to achieve
continuous odor free operation it is
necessary to restrict BOD loading on the
anaerobic lagoons to 400 Ib per acre per day
during peak tomato processing and 200 Ib
per acre per day during peak citrus operation.
The choice between aerobic lagoon and
oxidation ditch is dependent on the length
of the cannery season. Where the season
is short as with fruit canning, the
oxidation ditch is more economic. Where
the flow continues throughout the year
there are advantages in using aerobic
logoons. These facilities incorporate for
the first time, so far as known, the use
of an oxidation ditch in the treatment
of cannery wastes.
66-0466
Patrie, B. A., K. Keshavan, and F. E.
Woodward. The effect of nitrification
of organic wastes on waters in the natural
environment--!. Effects of seed. In
Proceedings; 21st Industrial Waste Conference,
Lafayette, Ind., May 3-5, 1966. Purdue
University Engineering Extension Series No.
121. p.869-879.
Methods were investigated by which concurrent
exertion of the carbonaceous and nitrogenous
oxygen demands might be induced in standard
BOD bottles. These methods involved the
manipulation of parameters known to favor
or depress nitrification, namely, the type
of bacterial seed, temperature and pH. The
effect of three types of bacterial seeds in a
5-day, 20 C BOD determination at a constant
pH 7.5 was dealt with. The bacterial seeds
that contained an active flora of nitrifying
bacteria exhibited greater BOD exertions than
a bacterial seed lacking these organisms.
Results also showed that the nitrate
121
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Industrial Wastes
production was occurring quite vigorously
even from the start of the incubation period
with each of the nitrifying seeds. The
ultimate BOD values for the tests with the
nitrifying seeds were generally higher than
those with a non-nitrifying seed, indicating
the oxygen uptake due to nitrification.
Unless a proper bacterial seed is selected
for laboratory BOD tests, there could be a
serious discrepancy between the predicted and
the actual dissolved oxygen levels in a
natural body of water.
66-0467
Pickering, W. Some aspects of sludge
disposal. Royal Society of Health
Journal, 86 (2): 85-89, 1966.
Because of the failure of the sludge
drying beds at Tunbridge Wells to
provide the necessary dewatering of
sludge prior to disposal, a series of
experiments were conducted to determine
the adequacy of a 4/1 sludge concentrator
as a cheap method of dewatering. The
tests were conducted on a Davey Paxman
Sludge Concentrator with 4 roto-plug
cells which acted as sludge thickeners
and a compression filter as a second stage.
The previously settled sludge is fed into
the roto-plug section which has rotating
cylinders fitted with a continuous nylon
filtering material through which some of
the water passes reducing the water content
from 96 to 85 percent. With the rotation
of the cells, the sludge collects and forms
a rolling cylindrical mass known as the
roto-plug which acts as a collecting
agent. When the plug reaches 8 in. in
diameter it is cut off and further
dewatered to 70 percent by a compression
filter. A table is given of data showing
the effects of the addition of paper pulp
on the dewatering. A second table shows
the effect of the method on the fines which
had previously passed the nylon mesh. The
crude sludge was successfully dewatered
without the addition of paper pulp although
a relatively small amount of paper pulp
was required to prevent a build-up of
fines. The cleaning of the nylon filtering
was important to the effective dewatering
of the sludge. The tests indicate the
suitability of the method to successfully
dewater sludge without a build-up of fines.
66-0468
Purdue University. School of Civil
Engineering. Proceedings; 21st Industrial
Waste Conference, Lafayette, Ind., May 3-5,
1966. Purdue University Engineering
Extension Series No. 121. 1071 p.
The twenty-first Industrial Waste Conference
was sponsored by Purdue University in
conjunction with the Indiana State Board of
Health. Certain agencies of the State of
Indiana also supported the Conference.
Twenty-one papers relating to solid waste
were included in the presentations. The
papers covered such topics as treatment of
industrial and animal wastes, regional
pollution control, polluted waters, and
effects of temperature on the characteristics
of waste. The are many charts, graphs, and
photographs throughout and many of the papers
have extensive bibliographies. At the end
of the second volume of this two part
work (pp.1021-1069), there is a comprehensive
author and subject index to the last ten
Proceedings that have been published.
66-0469
Quirk, T. P., R. C. Olson, and
G. Richardson. Bio-oxidation of
concentrated board machine effluents.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control
Federation, 38(l):69-84, 1966.
Results of a laboratory-scale study
are reported on the feasibility of
bio-oxidation of machine wastes from
the production of mineral and wool
fiber insulating boards. A batch system
using activated sludge was used with
concentrated machine effluent from the
production of wood fiber board as the
waste source. The article is illustrated
by three pictures of laboratory equipment,
three tables, and ten graphs on oxygen
balance, oxygen requirements for
assimilation, oxygen uptake rates, BOD
adsorption of sludge stabilization,
BOD loading and removal, oxygen
transfer characteristics, and clarification
characteristics. The metabolism of BOD
in the presence of nutrient required 0.34
Ib of oxygen per Ib BOD removed, with
a sludge oxidation rate of 9 mg oxygen per hr
per g of sludge. Without nutrient feed or pH
control, the unit oxygen requirement
dropped to 0.28 and the sludge oxidation
rate to 2.5 mg per hr per g. The activated sludge
showed significant BOD adsorptive
capacity; up to 75 percent of the applied
BOD was removed by initial adsorption.
A minimum aeration time was required to
metabolize adsorbed BOD and stabilize
the activated sludge. The stabilization
time increased in proportion to the sludge
122
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0467-0472
loading and was reduced significantly
by the addition of nutrients. In the
presence of nutrients a maximum process
loading of 1.2 Ib BOD per Ib sludge per day
could be used without reaeration. Oxygen
transfer characteristics of raw and oxidized
waste were poor. The sedimentation and
compaction characteristics of the activated
sludge required high return-sludge rates
in order to use clarifier overflow rates
above 600 gpd per sq ft (24.5 cu m per day per
sq m) .
66-0470
Radcliffe, H. Dual-purpose centrifuging at
Treasure Island, Fla. Water and Wastes
Engineering, 3(9):87-90, 1966.
Treasure Island, Florida, had 703 permanent
residents in 1950 and 3,506 in 1960. By
1962, the activated sludge plant, built in
1951 and expanded in 1957, was working
at capacity. The plant was located on a
small tract surrounded by a power substation,
a large restaurant and group of stores,
valuable commercial land, and Boca Ciega Bay.
(The island is less than a quarter of a
mile wide at this point.) The basic problem
was to double treatment capacity without
increasing plant space requirements. Four
methods of expansion were considered: three
involved doubling the height of the existing
plant, construction of another plant at a
remote site, or buying the eexpensive
commercial property adjacent to the present
site. The fourth plan, which combined a
dual-purpose centrifuge (for concentrating
waste activated sludge and dewatering
digested sludge) with process conversion to
contact aeration, provided the space saving
expansion. The use of a solid bowl
centrifuge permitted outdoor installation in
a small corner of the plant area. This
machine has proven versatile for dual-purpose
use. The result has been an increase in
digester capacity without the installation
of additional digester components. Technical
details are included and the costs described.
66-0471
Rands, M. B. Development and operation
of a low cost anaerobic plant for meat
wastes. In Proceedings; 21st Industrial
Waste Conference, Lafayette, Ind., May
3-5, 1966. Purdue University Engineering
Extension Series No. 121. p.613-638.
The study of meat waste treatment was
commenced by Auckland Export Meat
Packing Companies about 1950 in cooperation
with the Auckland Metropolitan Drainage
Board. The general layout of the plant is
shown, the nature of the raw wastes and
their chemical analysis are tabulated,
the treatment is described. First,
solids are removed from the raw wastes
by mechanical means. Next, the anaerobic
digestion commences in balancing tanks
which act as unseeded, uncontrolled
digesters and achieve a small measure of
BOD reduction. The choice of an
oxidation pond for tertiary treatment is
dependent on sufficient land being
available and a suitable climate for
adequate algae growth. Plant costs for
operation and maintenance over a ten-year
period are listed. A table summarizes
the performance of the plant expressed as
percentage removals of BOD, suspended
solids, settleable solids, total grease
and albuminoid nitrogen and shows that
strong meat wastes having BOD of the
order of 2,000 mg per liter can be
converted to a chemically stable final
effluent with BOD of the order of 30
mg per liter.
66-0472
Reece, G. M. Plant expanded to meet industrial
waste load. Public Works, 97(12):63-67,
1966.
Additions provided for the sewerage system
of Cranston, Rhode Island, to enable it to
accept industrial waste loads and the
increased loads expected by 1985, are
described. The plant was designed for a
20-year period. The population, flow rates,
BOD and suspended solids loadings used
for design purposes are tabulated. The
design capacity of the waste water treatment
facilities is for an average daily flow of
11.4 MG and a BOD loading of about 40,000
Ib per day. The new facilities also included
units for primary treatment to remove grit,
grease, and settleable solids; units for
secondary treatment by a modified, activated
sludge process which is capable of being
adapted to the step aeration process, the
Biosorption process, or the Kraus process; an
additional sludge digestion tank and
digester heater building; blower building to
house the new air blowers, chlorination
building, and new chlorine contact tank for
disinfection of the treatment wastewaters.
The treatment processes, aeration system,
settling tanks and sludge pumps are
described in detail, and the dimensions
of treatment units are tabulated.
Construction costs of the project, which
123
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Industrial Wastes
included expansion of the treatment
facilities, modification of the main
pumping station and the construction of a
force main sewer, was about $2,570,000.
66-0473
Riddell, M. D., and J. W. Cormack.
Ultimate disposal. Presented at the
39th Annual Meeting, Central States
Water Pollution Control Association,
Eau Claire, Wisconsin, June 9, 1966.
The problem of ultimate sludge disposal
comprises: treatment to produce an
acceptable end product, transportation
to the point of disposal, and disposal
in such a manner as to require no
further attention. It is necessary to
digest, heat dry, or oxidize sludge
first. After such treatment, the
sludge may be spread on land, deposited
in landfills or in natural or artificial
cavities, used as fertilizer, deposited
in the ocean, or converted to useful
materials. Comparison of cost of
transporting wet sludge by tank truck,
tank car, and pipeline indicates that
tank trucks are the most economical for
small communities. Railroad tank cars do
not become economical until the distance
is about 150 miles. Pipelines are not
economical for transporting small
amounts of sludge, but the unit cost drops
rapidly as the quantity increases. The
quantity at which pipelines become more
economical than truck or rail
transportation is related to the distance
the sludge is transported, being greater
for longer distances. The spreading of
wet sludge on land, where applicable,
seems to be the most economical method of
sludge disposal. Incineration, wet
oxidation, and the production of
fertilizer are relatively expensive
treatment methods but they greatly reduce,
or eliminate, the costs of transportation
and ultimate disposal, and require
relatively little land.
66-0474
Riley, B. T., J. E. Kiker, and C. I.
Harding. Autoxidation of wood distillation
wastes with oxygen. In Proceedings; 21st
Industrial Waste Conference, Lafayette, Ind.,
May 3-5, 1966. Purdue University Engineering
Extension Series No. 121. p.926-942.
Treatment of wastes from the Cabot Carbon
Corporation, Gainesville, Florida, which
processes mainly coniferous woods, is
reported. Research on wool distillation
waste was concerned with the use of
autoxidation as a treatment prior to
biological treatment by conventional methods.
Twenty liters of a selected dilution of
waste were added to a reactor and liquid
samples were taken at regular intervals
during an autoxidation reaction while the
temperature and partial pressure of oxygen
were held relatively constant. Temperature
was found to be the most important factor
in stablizing the rate and the completeness
of an autoxidation reaction. The partial
pressure of oxygen affects the rate directly
by affecting the availability of oxygen to
the chain reaction type of mechanism.
Autoxidation with oxygen offers the promise
of being an excellent method for treating
wood distillation waste.
66-0475
Roberto, S., and E. P. Madsen. Pulps
from sawmill waste and thinnings.
Tappi, 49(9):54A-55A, 1966.
In an effort to exploit the extensive
growth of Pinus radiata in Chile, it
was considered important to utilize any
waste both in the forest and during
conversion. The problem of the waste from
sawmilling, such as wings, off-cuts,
dockings, and rejects, was of special
interest because of the disposal
difficulties. The object of this
investigation was to determine the
feasibility of converting the waste
material into chips for use as a raw
material for pulp and paper mills and to
compare the pulps obtained from forest
thinnings and from sawmill waste of
Pinus radiata. The physiomechanical
properties of pulps prepared from sawmill
waste and thinnings by the sodium bisulfite
and sulfate processes were studied.
Pulping was carried out in a rotating
laboratory digester on the chips and
thinnings under conditions simulating
those used in local industries. Tables
are given showing the cooking conditions,
the physical analysis, and the chemical
analysis of the various pulps prepared.
Charts are given which plot the breaking
strength, the folding endurance, burst
factors, tearing area, and Canadian
Standard Freeness. Some variations
could be predicted from the morphological
and chemical differences between juvenile
and mature wood. The basic advantage
from the pulping of chips from sawmill
waste is the greater physicomechanical
124
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strength of the pulp, independent of the
method used.
66-0476
Rollag, D. A., and J. N. Dornbush. Anaerobic
stabilization pond treatment of meat
packing wastes. In Proceedings; 21st
Industrial Waste Conference, Lafayette,
Ind., May 3-5, 1966. Purdue University
Engineering Extension Series No. 121.
p.768-782,
The advent of the stabilization pond into
the neat processing waste treatment field
has been due, in part, to the desire for
low-cost waste treatment. New, small
abattoirs and packinghouses are locating in
rural communities where sufficient land is
available for this type of treatment. This
investigation was conducted on an anaerobic
stabilization pond system treating the
wastewater from the Minnesota-Iowa-Dakota
(MID) Packing Company, Luverne, Minnesota.
The design and performance of the system was
evaluated during the winter operation. The
wastewater from this establishment, which
represents a medium sized slaughterhouse,
can be expected to produce the following unit
pollution contribution in terms of the
number of animals processed; waste flow
(800 gal per 1,000 Ib live wt); five-day
SOD (7.1 Ib per 1,000 Ib live wt);
suspended solids (3.5 Ib per 1,000 Ib live
wt).
66-0477
Sawdust makes bid to up its stature
with pulpmen. Chemical Engineering,
72(22):96-97, 1966.
Sawdust, formerly regarded as a
nuisance, a difficult fuel, and a
pollutant when burned by sawmills, is
now being considered as a cheap raw
material for kraft pulp which could
increase pulp output by 15 percent or
the equivalent of 7.3 million cords.
In Longview, Washington, one 150 ton per day
unit has been operating satisfactorily
on sawdust for more than a year. Sawdust
enters the M and D Continuous Digester,
normally used for semi chemical pulp,
through a rotary valve which avoids
compression, fiberizing, or damaging the
feed, and is moved through a 25 percent
sulfidity white liquor in 20 to 40 minutes
at 150 pst and 365 F, with enough liquor
added to cook the sawdust. This digester
gives a pulp yield of over 45 percent
producing board and bleachable grades of
pulp suitable for use as an up-to-20
percent constituent in paper or board
without noticeable loss in strength.
66-0478
Sproul, 0. J., K, Keshavan, and R, E. Hunter.
Extreme removals of suspended solids and
BOD in tannery wastes by coagulation
with chrome tan dump liquors. In
Proceedings; 21st Industrial Haste
Conference, Lafayette, Ind,, May 3-5,
1966. Purdue University Engineering
Extension Series No, 121, p.600-612.
Design criteria for a treatment plant for a
chrome tanned cattleskin tannery waste were
developed. During the course of this work,
the tannery changed its processing so as to
recover hair. It was desired to develop
a system which would maximize the removals
of suspended solids in addition to the BOD,
The methods involved in the individual
design criteria determinations are presented.
The coagulation studies were carried out
using an anionic polyelectrolyte which
possessed a cost advantage over the metallic
coagulants. Sedimentation curves, a summary
of the BOD and suspended solids removals
obtained for each sample are presented.
Equalization of plant flows and utilization
of the coagulating action of chrome dunn
wastes gave suspended solid and BOD removals
of up to 99 and 50 percent, respectively,
after settling of the waste. Change over
of the dehairing process from a high lime
sulfide to one using a proprietary unhairing
compound and less lime and sulfide reduced
the total plant BOD and suspended solids by
25 to 45 percent.
66-0479
Thackston, E. L., and P. A. Krenkel.,
ed. Proceedings; Fifth Annual Sanitary
and Water Resources Engineering Conference,
Nashville, Tenn,, June 2-3, 1966.
Technical Report No. 9. Vanderbilt University,
Department of Civil Engineering. 242 p.
The stated purpose of this conference is
to satisfy the need for exchange of
information and discussion of policy
concerning the sanitary and water resources
engineering problems confronting industry,
consulting engineers, municipalities, and
regulatory agencies in the Southeastern
United States. The 19 papers herein
presented covered the following topics;
low-flow analysis of streamflow data;
125
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Hazardous Wastes
deep-well disposal of chemical waste
water; use of the digital computer to
analyze hydrologic problems; primary
treatment of paper mill waste; anaerobic
pre-treatment of packing house wastes;
treatment of acid waste waters; operation
and problems of a chemical waste
incinerator; the TVA composting project;
the systems approach to sanitary and
water resources engineering; design of
diatomite filter plants; mixed-media
filtration; the Federal water quality and
solid wastes programs and Clean Air Act;
industrial control applications; survey
for estimating domestic contribution to
air pollution; source reduction in the
pulping industry; a foatn-Dhase air
cleaning device, and improvement of gas
flows by model investigations.
66-0480
Trade refuse. Public Cleansing, 56(12):615-618,
1966.
A report summarizing remarks and informal
papers on trade refuse is presented. It
would be feasible to collect and dispose of
shop refuse on a rechargeable basis or
otherwise but apparently the problem
would become different if large quantities
would have to be removed daily. There
are sound reasons for aiding a local
producer to dispose of waste; he pays
taxes and provides jobs. Manufacturers
might be encouraged to find useful outlets
for their waste. New industries should plan
with the local authority regarding waste
disposal. West Bromwich provides an
industrial waste service more cheaply than a
private company. The problem of putrescible
organic wastes from poultry stations, which
require special handling and disposal
techniques was also discussed. A frequent
problem is the free removal of wastes
requested by industrialists or shopkeepers.
This is beyond the limits of local authority
responsibility. Lack of a precise legal
definition of trade refuse adds to the
difficulty. Various specific inequities and
local problems are mentioned. The Aberdeen
Corporation's system for the collection of
trade refuse, together with the charges
made, is described. The moral and
esthetic necessities of trade refuse removal
and disposal are discussed, and the
reclamation of land and the disposal of
wastes in Grangemouth are described.
HAZARDOUS WASTES (including
Pesticides)
66-0481
Breidenbach, A. W., J. J. Lichtenberg, C. F,
Henke, et al. The identification and
measurement of chlorinated hydrocarbon
pesticides in surface waters, Washington,
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
1966. 70 p.
An introduction, sample collection, preparation
of sample preliminary to gas chromatographic
analysis, determinative steps, control of
interferences, sensitivity and specificity,
and five appendices are presented, in addition
to data and numerous illustrations and a list
of references. The Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration Surveillance System
was established under the Public Health Service
to collect and disseminate basic data on
chemical, physical, and biological water
quality insofar as such data relate to water
pollution, prevention, and control. There
are now 131 sampling stations. The analytical
work of the system is devoted to
characterization of surface water samples in
six broad areas. These are biological,
microbiological and particulate matter,
radiological, general chemical as well as
physical properties, and synthetic organic
chemicals. Various methods of collecting
samples and procedures to the various methods
of analyses and preparations of samples are
outlined and presented. The carbon adsorption
method has been effectively employed in
pesticide pollution studies. While it is
essentially a qualitative screening and
continuous sampling technique when used on
untreated surface waters, the method provides
minimum quantitive values for measurement of
specific substances. The method has proved
to be very useful for obtaining samples
large enough for corroborative infrared and
chromatographic identifications at low
concentration levels.
66-0482
Carlson, D. A., and R. C. Gumerman.
Hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan
removals with soil columns. In
Proceedings; 21st Industrial Waste
Conference, Lafayette, Ind., May
3-5, 1966, Purdue University Engineering
Extension Series No. 121. p.172-191.
It was decided to use the soil
filtration principle for the removal
126
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0480-0485
of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan
from industrial sources. Phases of the
research included studies of physical and
biological changes in the soil,
degradation rates of hydrogen sulfide
and methyl mercaptan, and ideal soil
depths. Laboratory studies on removal
of gases by passage through soil columns
were conducted in Fiberglass tubes with
5 distinct soils. The use of soil
bacteria as a method for removing odor
from gaseous mixtures appears feasible.
Results showed efficiencies approaching
100 percent removal after a 6 to 8 week
acclimation period, using only 3',» ft
of soil. No optimum soil depth could
be established, since the bacterial
population was still increasing at the
end of the test period.
66-0483
Final disposal methods. Reactor Fuel
Processing, 9(4):233-234, 1966.
As part of the Hanford waste-management
program, existing underground tanks will
be utilized for permanent storage of
intermediate-level-activity plant wastes that
have been concentrated to a solid cake by
in-tank evaporation. Wastes were
evaporated within the in-tank by sparging
with heated air. The air sparger also
served as an air-lift circulator. The
moisture-laden air was heated. It was
drawn from the tank through a deentrainer,
a filter, a condenser, and finally
exhausted to the atmosphere. During ten
months* operation, some 1,500,000 gal of
highly alkaline wastes sere evaporated.
Waste volumes were reduced by a factor of
more than three. More wastes, however,
must be evaporated before the solidification
aspect can be demonstrated on a full scale.
Decontamination factors were routinely
obtained. The deentrainraent process
needs improvement. The suitability of
salt mines for storage of high-level-activity
solids is now being demonstrated. The
confirmation of feasibility and a safety of
disposal, the demonstration of required
equipment and techniques, the determination
of the salt stability under the influence of
heat and radiation, and the collection of
information on creep and plastic flow of
salt will be investigated. Fourteen
irradiated fuel assemblies provide the
radiation source. After 50 days of
operation, no radiation effect on salt flow
or stability was noted. Thermal floor
expansion and increased transverse expansion
rates in the pillars adjacent to the array
room have met expectations. Increased roof
movement has indicated that an extra margin
of stability must be established.
66-0484
Lead poisoning from scrap metals.
Waste Trade World, 109(13):13, 1966.
Ten of the 17 cases of lead poisoning
reported in the annual report of the
Chief Inspector of factories on
industrial health were caused by
acetylene torch cutting of scrap metal
painted with lead paint. There is
a close similarity between many aspects
of this work and shipbreaking, although
the cutting-up does not normally
involve work in confined spaces or
where ventilation is defective. Two
case histories are reported where lead
poisoning coincided with jaundice and
in one case also with a duodenal ulcer.
66-0485
Marks, D. R. Operation and problems of a
chemical waste incinerator. In Proceedings;
Fifth Annual Sanitary and Water Resources
Engineering Conference, Nashville, Tenn.,
June 2-3, 1966. Technical Report No. 9.
Vanderbilt University, Department of Civil
Engineering, p.99-105.
The wastes of a Memphis, Tennessee chemical
company, intended for incineration, include
organic acids, their salts and anhydrides,
various chlorinated hydrocarbons and
chlorocarbons, hydrocarbons, particulate
carbon, and inorganic salts. Because of
the lack of data on the heating value of the
wastes fron the various plant sources, it
was decided to run actual tests. It was
decided to proceed with installation of
a commercial burner based on design data
obtained during the tests. The burner
consists of a natural gas-fired vortex
burner inserted into the side of one end of
a firebrick-lined combustion chamber. The
horizontal combustion chamber is attached
to the inlet of a hydrogen chloride scrubbing
tower 9 ft in inside diameter and 23 ft
high. This scrubbing tower is brick lined
for acid resistance and is packed with 2 in.
Berl saddels supported on Herculite glass
grillage. The problems that became apparent
as soon as the burner was first out in
operation are described. In spite of the
problems, incineration is still considered
a most practical method for disposal of many
wastes.
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Salvaging
66-0486
McCarty, P. L., and P. H. King. The
movement of pesticides in soils.
In Proceedings; 21st Industrial Waste
Conference, Lafayette, Ind.,
May 3-5, 1966, Purdue University Engineering
Extension Series So. 121. p.156-171.
In order to evaluate possible
effects on surface and groundwater
resources, it was necessary to determine
the principal factors which govern the
movement of pesticides in agricultural
soils. The experimental work relates to
the movement of six organic phosphorus
insecticides in four agricultural
soils. It was concluded that the extent
of adsorption of the selected pesticides
on agricultural soils may be correlated
with the clay content of the soils. The
rate of movement of pesticides in soils
is inversely related to the extent of
adsorption. In predicting the leachabllity
of the pesticides in soils, the processes of
adsorption and degradation are considered
together. Thimet, disyston, methyl parathion,
and parathion moved relatively rapidly in
soil-water systems; ethion and
trithion moved more slowly. Methyl
parathion breakdown was very rapid;
thimet, disyston, and trithion had
intermediate stabilities, while ethion
was relatively persistent. Parathion
was fairly persistent initially but
was degraded readily after biological
acclimation took place.
66-0487
Reclamation of radioactive wastes.
Trade World, 109(5):6, 1966.
Waste
Techniques in nuclear fuel processing and
waste management were shown in the American
exhibition of nuclear products at Basel,
Switzerland. Nuclear Fuel Services showed
how important the reprocessing of spent
fuel elements for the recovery of uranium,
plutonium and other valuable Isotopes is
to the economic and technical success of
nuclear power generation. The company
chemically processes as much as 300
tons per year of spent nuclear fuel and
operates the largest commercial center
for the disposal of radioactive wastes.
At Isochem's Fission Products Conversion
and Encapsulation Plant a new process for
storing radioactive waste was developed.
By removing a few long-lived radioisotopes
from the underground tanks in which
radioactive solutions were stored, it was
found possible to cut the period of
self-boiling from decades to a few years.
The material which was left over was
easier to contain and could be compressed
to solid salt cakes much more quickly,
The radioisotopes removed can be used as
safe, useful sources of radiation, heat
and power.
SALVAGING
66-0488
Airstream technique of rag sorting.
Waste Trade World, 109(3):12, 1966.
Polymark Ltd. has introduced the Airstream
Classomat, a mechanized method of sorting,
weighting, and progressing soiled linen to
various types of washrooms, Many
applications in the sorting of textile
wastes could undoubtedly be found for the
equipment. The primary unit uses
electrical fans to generate an airstream
and an input belt to inject articles into
the airstream through metal trunking with as
many as 14 outlet ports. By means of a
selection key, the sorting operator can
cause a diversion in the airstream, thus
classifying articles into batches. The
primary unit can be used to blow the work
vertically between floors. High operator
production can be achieved and considerable
floor space saved, compared with standard
hand-sorting techniques. The Classomat can
be fully mechanized by means of Polywayer,
which classifies articles according to
weight.
66-0489
All purpose mobile crane. Waste
Trade World, 108(10):15, 1966.
The Hornet, a new lightweight,
multi-purpose mobile crane in the
Hydrocon range, was introduced by Lambert
Engineering Ltd., in Glasgow. The cost
is approximately tl,500. The 2;_ ton
crane has hydraulic transmission with
two-pedal control, and is equipped with a
simple forward/reverse lever permitting
extremely fast handling. The controls
are integral with the front steering
wheel assembly, and the whole unit can be
slewed through 360 degrees in either
direction. The manufacturer claims that
128
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0486-0492
its maneuverability, compact dimensions,
and tight turning circle make the machine
ideal for general industrial application.
It can pass fully loaded through an
8 ft 6 in. doorway, and it has been
designed to pass beneath the chassis of
a truck to ensure precise positioning
of loads. The telescopic jib can lift
one-ton loads up to 16 ft 6 in.; fast
hydraulic extension is provided up to
8 ft, with manual extension to 17 ft
out-reach. Maximum speed is 18 mph.
The crane can be adapted for specialist
handling and offers many optional fittings
at the jib head.
out at the source, at the incineration
Dlants, or at landfill sites.
Incinerator residue enables salvage of
ferrous metal, and also fly-ash.
Various other uses for incinerator fly
ash are stated and special consideration is
given to the use of waste heat. It is
estimated that 1 Ib of refuse burnt
in New York incinerators will produce
from 1 to 2 Ib of steam. The
dehydration of garbage and the disposal
of automobiles for scrap metal are also
discussed.
66-0490
Aluminum foil scrap recovered with induction
melting system. Industrial Heating,
33(4):636, 1966.
Republic Foil, Inc., Danbury, Conn.,
recovers aluminum foil at its Salisbury,
N.C. plant by use of an induction melting
system. The new facility is expected to
enable Republic to recover over 5 million
Ib per yr of aluminum from scrap foil. The
complete melting system includes a
coreless steel-shell, hydraulically
tilted induction furnace with a 1,400-lb
aluminum capacity, plus a 250-KW 180-cycle
power and control unit. It is capable of
melting scrap foil at a rate of 850 Ib per hr.
66-0491
American Public Works Association.
Salvage and reclamation. In
Municipal refuse disposal. 2d ed.
Chicago, Public Administration Service,
1966. p.316-331.
Salvage and reclamation as a disposal
method greatly depends on the
market for salvage and refuse by-products,
which often fluctuates a great deal.
Decision in favor of this method should
be made strictly on the basis of
engineering and cost studies as the
declining salvage market may easily
cause discontinuance of the operations.
Tabulated results are presented of the
analysis of household rubbish in the
District of Columbia by selected months
and days, reporting also prices for
various materials salvaged, and their
fluctuation. The 'all-out' salvage of
either rubbish or combined refuse has
been mostly abandoned now in favor partial
salvage. Partial salvage is carried
66-0492
Ancillaries for cranes. Waste Trade World,
109(26) : 13-15, 1966.
The various types of magnets, grabs, and
tongs which are available for lifting
different types of scrap are surveyed.
If the scrap is regular in shape or baled,
simple ancillaries which can be used with
a single drum crane are adequate. With
irregularly-shaped scrap, the type of
ancillary equipment required can be used
only on cranes with two or more cables. For
irregularly-shaped loads, rectangular
magnets are best for thin material which
is likely to project a distance on either
side as bars and rods. The circular
magnet is best for scrap of varying sizes
and shapes. The use of aluminum for copper
in the magnet coils has helped to combine
a high ratio of magnetic power in relation
to total weight. Among the giant magnets
is the 100-in. diameter Pow-r-light
of the Proler Steel Corp. of Houston, which
has a bite half again as large in area as
the largest conventional magnets. Like
many of the others, it has an anodized
aluminum strap-wound magnet. One of the
current developments of interest is the
combination of a cactus grab with a magnet.
This combination saves time required for
changing ancillaries and also prevents a
large proportion of short steel dropping
through the sides. The multi-jaw
variety is normally the only practical
grab and there may be six, eight or more
arms which claw at the scrap. It requires
two or more drums, if the grab has two or
more jaws, working individually or in pairs
under an independent hydraulic system. With
such an arrangement, it is possible to pick
up single units which are irregularly-shaped
such as car bodies, cookers, and washing
machines. The various types of magnets,
grabs, and tongs available and their
manufacturers are listed.
129
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Salvaging
66-0493
Anthony, W. B. Utilization of animal
waste as feed for ruminants.
In Management of Farm Animal Wastes;
Proceedings; National Symposium on
Animal Waste Management, East Lansing,
Mich., May 5-7, 1966. St. Joseph,
Mich., American Society of Agricultural
Engineers, p.109-112.
Present trends are for both dairy and
beef cattle to be managed in confinement.
There is much interest in developing
new and improved methods of handling
manure, and there is evidence of large
nutritional value In manure. A series of
controlled experiments with different
environments, feed combinations, and
methods of preparation, showed that
feedlot manure was a valuable source
of vitamins and amino acids. Washed
manure was mixed with a concentrate feed and
successfully fed to steers. The mixture
became a palatable and nutritious
low-moisture silage when blended with coastal
bermuda grass hay.
The recovery of vanadium from Bayer
liquor as a byproduct in the extraction
of gallium by electrolysis, using
nickel anode and mercury cathode, Is
reported. The vanadium content was
determined by the lead vanadate method.
Tabulated data include the weights of the
precipitate and the corresponding
vanadium contents obtained at different
time intervals at 30, 40, and 55 C.
The weight of the precipitate decreases
initially with time and then tends to
increase, especially at higher
temperatures. The vanadium content decreases
in time in all cases. The vanadium content
as well as total vanadium recovery are
higher at elevated temperature with maximum
recovery at 55 C. Under optimum conditions
(cathode c.d., 1 amp per sq dm; anode c.d.,
9 amp per sq dm) about 95 percent of vanadium
has been recovered as a concentrate of
purity greater than 80 percent. Since
vanadium Is obtained as a byproduct In
the extraction of gallium without
additional power consumption or change
of experimental conditions, its recovery
reduces the production cost of gallium.
66-0494
Assessing the impact. Waste Trade World,
108(21):6-7, 1966.
A new process for upgrading low-grade scrap,
Prolerization, developed by Proler Cohen,
is described. The high impurity content
of light scrap, such as stoves,
refrigerators, and office equipment, has
made disposal difficult and profits low.
Merchants who sell all available light
scrap to Proler plants will be able to get
bigger profits from a smaller capital
outlay. The plants convert low-grade
scrap into a valuable raw material suitable
for the high-quality sheet steel for the car
and consumer goods industries.
Transportation of 'bangers' to Proler
plants Is another profit-making aspect;
emphasis is on the development of new ideas
to meet transporting needs. A vast new
and profitable outlet for low-grade scrap
will thus be created, involving a radical
structural alteration in the scrap industry,
in which small and medium-sized firms can
share.
66-0495
Bhat, T. R. and S. Sundararajan.
Recovery of vanadium from Bayer liquor,
Indian Journal of Technology,
4(5):162, 1966.
660496
Brockie, W. Contraries in wastepaper.
Public Cleansing, 56(11):571-572, 1966.
A contrary in wastepaper Is any material
which cannot be converted into paperboard
and therefore has no board-making value,
Contraries can also cause severe wear and
tear on machinery and, if not eliminated,
may cause blemishes in the finished board
and make it unsaleable. Contraries are
non-pernicious (materials obviously not
wastepaper and hence easily recognized:
string, glass, metal, cinders, tins, shoes)
and pernicious (materials not easily
detected as not wastepaper, such as latex,
non-water soluble adhesives, waxed liminates,
wet strength resins, brittle, plastic
articles made from polystyrene, polypropylene,
etc.). These brittle plastic articles are
appearing In increasing quantities and are
a problem because they are similar in
appearance to paper, they disintegrate into
small particles which pass through the
normal wastepaper stock screening processes
and produce blemishes in the finished board.
These plastic articles come from vending
machines, ball-point pens, toys, etc. One
ounce of brittle plastic in a hundred
pounds of wastepaper makes' the paper
unacceptable to board mills. Every effort
should be made to keep these pernicious
contraries out of wastepaper which is about
to be baled.
130
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0493-0499
66-0497
Bury marches ahead. Public Cleansing,
56(7):332-334, 1966.
A reconstructed refuse disposal plant
in Bury, England, Is described. A
new reception hopper was erected and
a dust extraction house was added.
The existing buildings were modified
to accommodate new screening and
separation machinery. A plant for the
handling of waste paper and the baling
of tins was included in the new
construction, as well as alterations
to the remainder of the existing buildings
to give additional working areas and
storage spaces and finally the erection of
a new canteen block, away from the main
plant, incorporating showers and toilets.
The surrounding area was surfaced
and landscaped. The reception hopper
with a capacity of 100 cu yd is of the
upswept discharge type to prevent blocking.
The refuse is discharged from there onto
a 3-ft elevating conveyor to the horizontal
screen through which it is propelled by
an internal spiral and onto the picking
belt, where paper, textiles, and nonferrous
metals removed by hand are placed into
chutes for discharge to the respective
baling presses. An overhand magnetic
separator at the end of the belt discharges
tins and ferrous metals into a chute for
direct loading into a baling press with
ram power of 34 tons. The tailing are
then fed into a four-cell trough grate
Heenan Incinerator. Two separate dust
extraction plants (canvas bag type
filters) were Installed, one at the
reception hopper and one for various
transfer points throughout the system.
66-0498
Calcium carbide allows more scrap in BOP,
Chemical and Engineering News, 44(25):21,
1966.
A steel production technique that allows
inclusion of 50 percent scrap in the charge
to a basic oxygen process (BOP) furnace is
described. The technique involves addition
of calcium carbide to the charge to provide
the heat for melting the extra scrap.
Pittsburgh Steel began using the calcium
carbide modification last year and is now
using it on a production basis, The scrap
charge in production heats was boosted to
40 percent last January and to 51 percent
by April. The advantages gained by the
calcium carbide modification technique are:
(1) available hot metal can be stretched
Into more steel ingot tons; (2) BOP users
gain flexibility; when scrap prices are
lower, more economical mixing of scrap-to-hot"
metal in the charge can be used, or more
in-house scrap can be utilized. A charge
of 20,000 Ib of calcium carbide generates
87 million Btu and permits 102 tons of scrap
in a 200-ton heat. The calcium carbide
technique requires more oxygen than BOP
normally does, and this is accompanied by
an increase in blowing time, A typical
increase is from 20.6 minutes to 23.1
minutes. Other processes are under
investigation to increase the amount of
scrap that can be incorporated into the
charge for BOP furnaces. Air Products and
Chemicals Is working on an oxy-fuel burner
that would be used to preheat the scrap,
thereby increasing the scrap-melting
capacity of BOP furnaces.
660499
Capp, J. P. Fly ash utilization.
Combustion, 37(8);36-40, 1966.
The production of 20 million tons of
fly ash by coal consumers in the United
States in 1965 with an estimated 30
million tons by 1970, of which only
739,000 tons are utilized, results
in an economic problem, with the
disposal costs varying from $0,20 to
$1.75 a ton, as well as an aesthetic
problem. Because of the possible effect
on the cost of operation of coal-burning
power plants of fly ash disposal,
additional markets are needed. The
present situation in fly ash utilization
is reviewed and the recent advances and
current programs in utilization
technology are surveyed. The present
and/or potential utilization of fly ash
is discussed for lightweight aggregate:
stabilized bases for highways, concrete.
and concrete products, asphalt paving,
abrasives, soil conditioner, building
bricks, water treatment, and pesticides.
The importance of research and increased
marketing efforts for established uses
as well as for new applications is
indicated. Pictures are given of the
effects of mixtures of soil and sintered
fly ash on soybeans, rye, and cowpeas.
Pictures are also given of the equipment
used in preparing palletized lightweight
aggregate and the fly ash in various
stages of the process. Pictures of the
sintered fly ash show the magnetic and
non-magnetic fractions. Even in the case
of the 235,000 tons of fly ash used in
lightweight aggregate the usage is
131
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Salvaging
negligible compared to the 15 million
tons of conventional lightweight used
each year. Sintering of fly ash should
increase its acceptance as a soil
conditioner. Cooperative research efforts
are urged as well as an effective trade
association.
66-0500
Capp, J, P., and H, Faber, Technology and
economics of fly ash utilization,
Washington, U.S. Department of the Interior,
Bureau of Mines, 1966. 7 p.
Fly ash utilization has increased in
recent years, but is still only a small
percentage of the yearly output. A recent
survey of 57 companies revealed that almost
half of them did not sell any fly ash and
more than half of the fly ash sold was
marketed by only 9 companies. This indicates
a need for greater selling effort and better
marketing. While raw-material costs of fly
ash are favorable, transportation costs,
competition with natural products, and
development of more applications are major
deterrents to wider use. Development of
more applications depends on the expansion of
research efforts by fly ash producers,
processers, and State and Federal agencies.
The Bureau of Mines built a pilot plant
and converted fly ash into a lightweight
aggregate suitable for concrete blocks
and other masonry products that met
American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM) standards. In cooperation with the
Department of Agronomy and Genetics, West
Virginia University, the Bureau is also
investigating the use. of fly ash as a soil
conditioner and source of trace nutrients,
such as boron, for plants. Sintered fly ash
is being studied for this application
because sintering eliminates certain
objectionable characteristics of raw fly
ash. Tests are also being conducted in
cooperation with the US Department of
Agriculture to determine the feasibility of
using fly ash as a pesticide carrier.
66-0501
Carrique, C. S., and L, U. Jaurequi. Sodium
hydroxide recovery in the
textile industry. In Proceedings;
21st Industrial Waste Conference,
Lafayette, Ind., May 3-5, 1966.
Purdue University Engineering Extension
Series No. 121. p.861-868.
Industrial wastes in the Castelar
Textile Mill, Argentina are discharged
through a collecting system completely
separated from the sewage and storm
collector drain. The wastes have a
2 percent sodium hydroxide concentration
due to the mercerizing of cotton yarn
orocess. This represents an important
loss of a very valuable alkali. At the
moment of discharging this effluent
into the industrial wastes collecting
system, the influent to the treatment
plant has a considerable increase of
alkalinity and consequently increases
the consumption of alum. These facts
have prompted the segregating of this
waste and subjecting it to a physical
process to recover sodium hydroxide. A
'double effect evaporator* system,
complemented by filtration, was found to
be the most efficient process. Hourly
data recorded during the running of the
sodium hydroxide recovery units are
tabulated. The total amount of sodium
hydroxide recovered daily (18 hr per
day) is 360 Kgm per day. Annual profits
using this system are estimated.
66-0502
Carson, B. How to control an industrial salvage
program. Paper Trade Journal, 150(37):60-61,
1966.
To determine whether a part should be
salvaged or replaced in an industrial plant,
it is necessary to exercise systematic
control over the salvage program. The
various factors governing this control are
discussed: (1) cost of replacement parts;
(2) cost of salvage supplies; (3) cost
of salvage labor; (4) life expectancy of
salvaged parts as opposed to that of new
parts; (5) market price for scrap; (6) the
value of the space required to house the
salvage shop; and (7) an accurate means of
collecting and reporting costs incurred. A
sample of a monthly salvage maintenance
cost report is presented. It is concluded
that efficient operation of the salvage
handling procedures and records can mean
substantial savings for mills, while
promiscuous salvaging of parts and supplies
is as bad or worse than sending this used
equipment directly to the scrap yard.
66-0503
Centrifugal separators for aluminum
chips. Waste Trade World,
108(5):12, 1966.
The collection by a specially engineered
arrangement of self-contained
132
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0500-0506
centrifugal separators, of some
2,800 eu ft of aluminum chips,
which is the daily volume of scrap
metal generated in a massive numerically
controlled profiling operation, is
described. Each of the 14 three-spindle
Cincinnati vertical profilers that machine
aluminum work pieces in the factory,
one of the country's largest airframe
and space vehicle manufacturers, is
serviced by a Torit separator whose
control of the continuous flow of chips
prevents accumulation problems. An
ingenious hooding system, which pipes
the chips to the collectors by means of
an air velocity of 10,000 ft per minute at
the face of the hoods, was developed. The
collectors are powered by 25 hp motors
which deliver air at the rate of 4,500
cu ft per minute at 20 in. water gauge static
pressure. Pneumatically controlled
loading doors simplify the task of
loading the hoppers twice a day.
Advantages of the separators include a
high degree of efficiency, a noticeable
increase In the sale value of scrap
aluminum because of the uncontaminated
condition in which it is collected, and
cleaner air in the immediate vicinity
of the profilers.
66-0504
Chinese communist regime exhorts people to
save trash. Refuse Removal Journal,
9 (3): 24, 1966.
The Free China Weekly reported that people
on the Chinese mainland are instructed to
collect such Items as worn-out clothing,
old rags, bones, human hair, broken bottles,
scrap paper, steel, iron, wood, and leather.
They are told that by so doing, they will
contribute to the 'socialist construction
of the country'. An editorial in a
Peking newspaper urged all people to
'labor diligently to recover waste and
used materials, and to sort, process, repair,
and remodel them'. In spite of the
government's exhortations, the mainland
people seem to be lukewarm to the drive.
However, Shanghai, one of the cities to
respond to the rubbish collection crusade,
is reported by its 'Waste and Used Material
Company' to have collected more than 2,63
million tons of scrap iron and steel. It
was said that this would provide 2.18 million
tons of 'good steel' when reprocessed. One
of the more interesting items mentioned by
the "Company" was the export of more than
5,000 tons of human hair and waste. Other
waste items reportedly collected in Shanghai
included one million tons of miscellaneous
bones, rags, and paper to be used for the
production of paper.
66-0505
Communal scrap sites to stop Council
chivvying. Waste Trade World,
109 (12): 5-6, 1966.
A suggestion by one of the members
that Pennistone Rural Council establish
one large scrap area and thus centralize
the operations of the scrap dealers was
praised by Mr. Hughes, the secretary
of the Waste Trade Federation. Concern
was expressed that smaller merchants,
who nevertheless play an essential
part in local industry, are being
constantly harried by County Planning
Departments because their type of trade
is generally considered highly
undesirable. Merchants have difficulty
finding areas which are conveniently
located for business and yet where the.
rent is low enough to suit the narrow
profit margins in the trade. The
problem of the small scrap dealer exists
throughout much of Great Britain. The
Ministry of Housing and Local
Government sent out a circular to all
local Councils pointing out the
important task such merchants are
performing and urging that they make every
effort to provide sites. Potential
areas might be ones already disfigured by
industrial development. The Ministry
also points out some of the definite
rights of the small waste trade merchant,
such as after four years* occupation he
can claim to have 'established an
existing use' and it becomes a lengthy
procedure for authorities to force him to
move. One objection to a communal site
for the smaller merchant is that he is
highly individualistic and may object to
sharing a site with competitors.
6&05Q6
Cost of pollution control demands sensible
use of salvaged waste. Compost Science,
7(2):2, 1966.
A company can turn high cost pollution control
into a profitmaking situation, A compost
fertilizer plant in St. Petersburg, Florida,
will be using garbage as a raw material.
Monsanto will extract sulphuric acid from
noxious gases inside the stacks of a power
plant. An Iowa packing plant fattens cattle
133
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Salvaging
with paunch (which was previously dumped into
rivers) from slaughtered cattle. Filtering
devices in a grain elevator collect grain
dust and compress it into pellets. By
selling the pellets as cattle feed, the
concern expects to earn back the $750,000
cost of the dust collecting equipment within
five years.
66-0507
Derrickson, G, F. Iron and steel scrap
consumption problems. Washington,
U.S. Department of Commerce, Mar. 1966,
52 p.
The Iron and Steel Scrap industry is
examined in detail as to origin and
use of the scrap. The members of
the industry and the consumer of the
scrap are described and the problems
delineated. The economics of scrap
origination, supply, and demand, and
the estimated scrap usage for 1970
and 1975 are estimated. Scrap, which
is mainly automobile bodies and
presents a problem in aesthetics and
in disposal, is considered and conclusions
and recommendations for improving the
industry and for eliminating the waste
associated with automobile bodies are
made. Appendix tables contain production,
consumption, and export data, and 41
consulted sources are listed.
interference with the proper operation of
sanitary landfill. A table lists data for
seven cities which contract for scrap metal
salvage and five which engage in municipal
salvage operations.
66-0509
Dust control in baling waste paper.
Waste Trade World, 108(13) :12, 1966.
Hew dust control equipment was installed
at the public refuse pulverizing plant
at Stafford. Dust arising at the reception
hopper and at the transfer point of the
moving bottom plate to the main elevating
belt, is effectively controlled by an
MG. 160 wet deduster plant, handling
16,000 cu ft of air per minute. The
self-induced spray zones within the unit
give a very high collection efficiency
and the collected dust is ejected by a
drag link conveyor in wetted form for
disposal by periodic emptying into the
main receiving hopper. Three TJnimaster
unit dust collectors were installed to
serve the picking belt area and one to
deal with the fine dust emitted from the
paper baling press. These units
feature the incorporation of patent
Fulimatic controls, which ensure that the
filters are cleaned automatically every
time the fan is switched off, thus
maintaining optimum performance.
66-0508
Dump site reclamation practices vary
widely. Refuse Removal Journal,
9(2):38, 1966.
The results of a survey by the Ohio
Municipal League concerning the metal
salvaging procedures of Ohio cities are
described. Out of 146 answers received,
124 municipalities did not operate, sanitary
landfill or did not salvage any scrap metal.
Seven Ohio municipalities, however, indicated
that they entered into contracts for the
salvage of scrap metal with private, firms
and persons, and five salvaged and sold scrap
metal as a city operation. As an example,
Columbus earned $3,200 in 1964 from metal
salvage by the city. Toledo, on the other
hand, has contracted for salvage of scrap
metal and the contractor pays the city
$225 per month for salvage rights. Since
Toledo is converting from dumping to sanitary
landfill it may not continue the present
arrangement, as it is doubtful that
salvaging can be accomplished without
66-0510
Electric power from sugar cane waste.
Waste Trade World, 108(13):10-11, 1966.
Generation of electrical energy from
bagasse (sugar cane waste) Is one industrial
topic which is certain to be discussed at the
current Leipzig Spring Fair. An Increasing
interest in steam power stations, which are
attached to industrial plant, generating
energy as a by-product of the steam required
by the plant, is reflected in a scale model
shown by V E B Kraftwerksbau EKE, Berlin,
which illustrates a typical project layout.
Profitable power stations are urgently
needed by countries which grow sugar cane
on a large scale and also have sugar
processing industries. Such power stations
have been installed by East German
authorities in Indonesia and the U A R, The
size of installation adopted has been such
that a can sugar factory with a dally
capacity of 5,000 tons of sugar cane is
supplied with both production steam and
electric power. During the season, the
134
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0507-0514
steam generators mainly use bagasse or cane
trash as it is sometimes called. Oil can be
used when cane falls short. Capacities of
two proposed new steam generators will be
45 tons per hr each for waste bagasse heating,
or 56 tons per hr each for oil heating.
66-0511
'Electrobale' baler.
108(5):13, 1966.
Waste Trade World,
A number of improvements have been made
in the design of the Electrobale baler
and, according to the manufacturers,
the price has been reduced to t260.
The machine can be left to operate itself
in complete safety, which enables the
baling material to be assembled while a
bale is being produced. The bale is
30 by 30 by 14s in., but this can be
reduced either by a suitable platform
or by the addition of extended racks.
The average bale is produced within 6
minutes with no operator fatigue, About
two tons of cardboard can be baled a day
by unskilled labor. The machine is
suitable for use with a wide variety of
materials ranging from cardboard to
turnings. It occupies 8 sq ft of floor
space and has a total volume of 19,100
cu in. It is supplied with all the
necessary accessories which include an
overload protection mechanism, safety
switches, and guards.
66-0512
Electrobale baling machine. Public
Cleansing, 56(8):421-424, 1966.
A baling machine is described which can be
operated with push-button simplicity,
and can be left to operate itself safely.
Baling material can be assembled by the
operator while a bale is being produced.
There is an automatic return mechanism.
A wide range of materials can be baled:
cardboard to turnings. The bale produced is
30 by 30 by 14-t. in. It occupies 8 sq ft
of floor space and costs t260 F.O.B. It
takes about 6 minutes to produce a bale. Two
tons of cardboard can be baled in a day
with unskilled labor.
66-0513
An essential industry. Waste Trade
World, 108(25):12-14, 1966.
The proceedings of the National
Association of Non-ferrous Scrap
Metal Merchants at their annual
luncheon in London in June 1966 are
reported. The fit. Hon. George Darling,
M.P., Minister of State, Board of Trade,
paid tribute to the vital importance
of scrap metal recovery and processing
operations and declared it an essential
industry. In 1965, 40 percent of the
copper used in British industries,
over 33 percent of the aluminum, and
about 25 percent of the zinc was
derived from scrap, which if imported
would have cost at least t200,000,000.
Other comments concerned the frustrations
of merchants due to 1965's fluctuating
metal prices, temporary Government
restrictions on copper exports, the
Government's desire to keep the import
bill for non-ferrous metals as low as
possible, and close contacts between the
board of Trade and the scrap metal
industry. The new president, Mr. R. W.
Coley, commented on the speech. The report
of the retiring president, Mr. S. Sternberg,
is summarized. It includes such topics as
government policies affecting the nonferrous
scrap metal industry and the almost total
ban on export of non-ferrous scrap.
66-0514
Fine, M. M,, and C. Prasky. Magnetic
roasting of iron ores with ferrous scrap.
U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations
No. 6764. [Washington] U.S. Department of
the Interior, 1966. 23 p.
The theory, experimental procedures, and
the result obtained to date in the
development of the Bureau of Mine's process
for magnetically roasting iron ores using
scrap iron as a means of reduction are
described. Since magnetic separation is
an operational step common to magnetic
taconite plants, the preliminary research
studies emphasized only the novel magnetic
roasting step. The studies included the
use of automobile scrap, ferrous reductants
such as borings and turnings, and prereduced
pellets. Technical feasibility of the
process was demonstrated both on a bench and
pilot-scale. Quality magnetic concentrates
with recoveries of over 90 percent were
obtained from a direct shipping ore
containing 59.5 percent Fe and from fine
grained semitaconites with about 30 percent
Fe. Although questions remained unanswered,
the use of scrap iron as a magnetic reductant
is a promising, technically feasible process
135
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Salvaging
that may aid both the iron ore mining
industry and the scrap iron industry.
66-0515
Fontenot, J. P., et al. Value of
broiler litter as feed for ruminants.
In Management of Farm Animal Wastes;
Proceedings; National Symposium on
Animal Waste Management, East Lansing,
Mich., May 5-7, 1966. St. Joseph, Mich.,
American Society of Agricultural
Engineers. p.105-108.
In an effort to find a productive use
for poultry litter (excrement),•a
series of experiments was conducted at the
Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station to
study the value of broiler litter as a
feed for ruminants. After examination
and determination that the protein and
energy value of the litter was at least
as high as that of other commonly used
fattening feeds (digestible proteins,
22.7 percent; digestible energy, 2440 kcal
per kg; metabolizable energy, 2181 kcal
per kg; and TON, 59.8 percent), steers
were put on chicken litter diets. It
was found that rate of gain and carcass
grade were not significantly different
for steers fed mixtures containing 25
percent ground peanut-hull or woodshaving
broiler litter than for those fed a
conventional fattening mixture.
66-0516
Fork lift trucks. Waste Trade World,
109(21) -.17-20, 1966.
In the selection of a forklift truck a buyer
should consider that height, speed, and
carrying loads of these trucks suitable for
use in scrap yards are mostly in the lower
scale, while refinement in maneuverability
is an important aspect. Maneuverability
can be gauged on paper by comparing the
ratio of turning radius to the width of the
truck. They can be as close as 41:32 in.
A table lists the relationship of lifting
height to carrying capacity of some of the
models currently on the market. The needs
of the driver should be taken into account
and the choice of accessories should be
tailored to the type of work demanded of the
truck. It is considered advantageous to hire
a truck if the work fluctuates considerably,
and also the experience gained from the hired
truck will prevent costly mistakes when a
truck is purchased. Names and telephone
numbers of Fork Lift Hire Services are
supplied. Proper maintenance of the machine
is stressed. It is calculated that if a
machine is not properly maintained, repairs
are liable to cost 40 percent more and are
required three times as frequently. The
essential basic daily and weekly points of
overhaul recommended by Coventry Climax
are listed in a table.
66-0517
Fulkerson, F. B., and H. F. Robertson.
Iron and steel scrap in Arkansas,
Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri,
Oklahoma and Texas. U.S. Bureau of
Mines Information Circular No. 8289.
[Washington], U.S. Department of the
Interior, 1966. 52 p.
The Bureau of Mines reports information
on iron and steel scrap in the South
Central States. The States are defined
as comprising Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana,
Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, and
Texas. The study was made to determine
trends in processing, shipment, and
consumption of scrap iron and steel.
Most of the scrap was processed and
shipped within 200 to 300 miles of
consuming centers. Exports provide a
principal outlet for dealers along the
gulf coast. Most of the scrap that fills
these orders is loaded onto freight cars
at yards in Texas and Louisiana and is
shipped to ports for direct transfer
from railroad car to ship. The largest
scrap operations are in or near large
cities which are heavy scrap. One
technological development in the iron and
steel scrap industry is the use of large
presses which can take complete automobiles
with frames, wheels, springs, and
other heavy parts still intact and reduce
them to bundles. Shredding plants are
in operation that reduce car bodies
and other light scrap into flat pieces
4 to 6 inches in size. Various tables
are given on operations, prices and costs,
shipments, consumption and economic
statistics.
66-0518
Government and scrap. Waste Trade World,
109(23) :9, 1966.
The eventual status of the scrap industry
is discussed, assuming that the Iron and
Steel Bill will reorganize the steel
industry. Those in the government who are
antagonistic to every type of private
136
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0515-0522
enterprise will proceed from the control
of steel production to the nationalization
of the ore fields and ships and thence to
the nationalization of the scrap industry
with direct State control in view. It is
indicated that nationalization of ports
and harbours is almost a certainty and
steel nationalization will give the
government a hold in the chemical industry.
Possible further labour troubles in the
automobile industry will provide an excuse
for State control there. A public opinion
poll indicates overwhelming opposition to
steel nationalization. It is concluded
that every industry which has steel making
or steel consumption as its base should
watch developments. This is especially
true of the scrap industry, which would
be a logical step after steel production
is nationalized.
66-0519
Greenbat baling presses. Waste
Trade World, 108(19):9, 1966.
Greenwood and Batley Ltd. have recently
enlarged their range of baling presses by the
addition of hydraulic power-operated
models for both paper and metals. These
cheap and reliable balers are based on
new designs. A 3A hydraulic type
model, suitable for paper, is
illustrated. The load exerted on the
bale is 1 ton and the approximate weight
of the bale is 1 cwt, The press is
simple to operate and requires little or
no maintenance. The electrical equipment
(1 hp) cannot be overloaded and paper can
be placed in the box with no fear of
excessive filling. Models with up to
100-ton pressure are available, as well as
models specially designed to bale cardboard
cartons.
66-0520
Growing chances for the small paper
merchants. Waste Trade World, 109(20);3, 18,
1966.
Councils are beginning to look for smaller
merchants to take on waste paper contracts,
since surplus paper scrap sold at the right
price means additional profit. To facilitate
the collection of paper, a trailer for
waste paper was installed behind the ordinary
refuse vehicle and special collections were
made from large businesses. Publicity of the
savings a corooration can effect has helped
to obtain the cooperation of the public in
the separation of paper from domestic refuse.
Experience shows that smaller councils can
be persuaded to organize the efficient
collection of waste paper and, if necessary,
offer garbage men a bonus incentive scheme.
Due to the high cost of transportation and
delays caused by road congestion, the
smaller paper merchant is more likely to
be able to offer highly competitive prices
for contracts with the perimeter councils.
66-0521
Hoppers cut scrap handling time.
Ceramic Age, 82(10):58-59, 1966.
The use of self dumping hoppers to dispose
of the 20 tons of scrap generated each
day by the Alliance Clay Products Company,
in 4 hr, is described. Prior to the use
of the hoppers, the scrap removal
required 32 nan-hr per day with
wheelbarrows. Four percent of the
bricks break in the kiln during firing
and the 8,000 broken bricks are sorted
and thrown into the 1 cu yd hoppers
which hold 250 bricks. The hoppers,
shown in a picture loaded with broken
brick, are picked up on fork lifts
and hauled to the crushing shed. Another
picture shows the hopper on the forks
being dumped into the crushing shed, after
which the empty hopper returns to the
upright and is locked in position. The
fork lift can pick up a hopper, transport
it to the crushing shed, dump the hopper,
and return to the kiln in 7 minutes, The
hoppers are loaded 32 times a day. The
wheelbarrows held 50 bricks and required
160 loads a day with each trip taking 12
minutes to the crushing shed, which was
several hundred yards away. The bats are
ground into a paving bed. Two hoppers
are used at each of 4 kilns with one
being transported and dumped while the
other is being filled. Other hoppers are
located at the loading docks to collect
bricks which break while being moved or
during storage. Hoppers are also for
moving shale, sand, and other raw materials
from storage to the processing area. The
use of hoppers has cut labor costs at
this brickyard.
66-0522
Hydraulic excavator in scrapyard operations.
Waste Trade World, 108(5):12, 1966.
A Poclain TY 45 hydraulic excavator,
purchased by Charles W, Ireland Ltd. as
137
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Salvaging
part of a complete modernization program for
their Hamilton, Lanarkshire, salvage works,
is now handling 60 tons of light scrap metal
per day with its six-tine grab. It was
purchased to feed their new baling machine,
which produces a 120 Ib compressed bale
every 27 seconds, with sheet cuttings and
various light steel scrap metals, including
car bodies. When handling higher density
scrap, the Poclain can handle around 500
tons per day. Charles W. Ireland reports that
expected output figures have easily been
achieved by the Poclain/baler combination
with the Poclain still having a lot in
reserve. Winget Poclain Ltd., of Coatbridge,
Lanarkshire, responsible for marketing the
Poclain range of hydraulic excavators
throughout Scotland, supplied the machine,
the first to be used for this purpose in
Scotland.
66-0523
Hydro-washers boost wiping rag profits.
Waste Trade World, 109(2):6, 1966.
In 10 years the washer extractor has
brought about a revolution in the
laundry industry. The extractor washes
and hydros in one machine, eliminating
the messy operation of transferring
wet work. The wider use of these
machines for rag and wiper washing is
worth considering because of substantial
reduction in production costs. Skilled
labor is not required since the process
is automatic. In a conventional laundry
the average output per hour is about 500
Ib per operator; with the new machines
it is about 750 Ib. Additional advantages
include a reduction in waste of steam,
water, and detergent, a lower labor
turnover, and saving of space. The cost
of a washer extractor of 100 Ib dry weight
capacity is about t3,200.
66-0524
Independent survey of British waste paper
industry. Public Cleansing, 56(1):8-11, 1966.
Results of an independent survey commissioned
by the British Waste Paper Association in
April 1965 showed that total waste paper
consumption in the United Kingdom has risen
from 1.1 million tons in 1955 to 1.5
million tons in 1964. An increase to 2.6
million tons is expected by 1975. The
bulk (90%) of the waste paper is made up
of the eight principal packaging qualities
of board; white chip board, unlined chip
board, container middles and craft-lined
chip board, etc. Domestic consumption of
packaging boards in 1964 was 1.59 million
tons, of which domestic production accounted
for 1.03 million tons. The survey suggested
that domestic consumption will rise by
500,000 tons by 1970 and is likely to
increase to 2.75 million tons by 1975. Average
waste paper content will continue to expand
slowly over the next decade and on the basis
of a fiber yield of 90 percent, the waste
paper content is expected to increase from
its current level of around 31 percent to
32 percent by 1970 and to 33 percent by
1975, with a corresponding reduction in
the usage of woodpulp. In terms of tonnage
this forecast means that with paper and
board production reaching 6.62 million tons
in 1975, the waste paper content of 33
percent will need an actual waste paper
consumption of 2.42 million tons. A
corresponding increase in export demand for
waste paper from the current average of
110,000 tons per annum to 165,000 tons
per annum will bring the total demand for
waste paper in the United Kingdom by 1975 to
over a million tons higher than the combined
total of domestic consumption and exports, in
1964. The role of the merchants in waste
paper is discussed. The report also deals
with the collection of waste paper and states
that in recent years Local Authorities have
operated at a loss. The survey suggested that
higher prices by paid to Local Authorities and
in order to achieve this, the merchants should
call attention to the uneconomic nature of
their operation, and the resulting costs to
the economy as a whole.
66-0525
Industrial salvage.
109(3):12, 1966.
Waste Trade World,
Industrial Waste Disposals Ltd.
provides a fleet of heavy trucks
equipped with the Dempster container
system to collect industrial wastes in
South Wales. The waste is buried at
one of five sites, each equipped with
servicing facilities for their trucks,
and with a total disposal capacity
of more than 100,000 cu yd of waste
per year. Industrial Waste Disposals
utilizes every possible method to
protect the public from contamination
from their dumps. Some waste is buried
more than 30 ft. below ground; other
refuse is sprayed with costly industrial
perfume to reduce its unpleasant smell.
Waste which is a problem is laboratory
analyzed to find a suitable chemical
to counteract any unpleasant properties.
138
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0523-0530
66-0526
Johnson, G, E., L. M. Kurka, A, J. Forney,
et al. The use of coal and modified coals
as adsorbents for removing organic
contaminants from waste waters, U.S. Bureau
of Mines Report of Investigations No,
6884. [Washington], U.S. Department of
the Interior, 1966. 56 p.
Batch tests of coals and coal-derived
materials were made to determine their
effectiveness in removing organic
contaminants (COD or chemical oxygen demand,
and ABS or alkylbenzene sulfonate) from the
final effluent of secondary treated waste
waters. The adsorptive capacities of
flyashes, coals, pretreated coals, commercial
chars and coke were determined and compared
with that of granular activated carbon. The
coals, although not as effective as activated
carbon, possess an economic advantage--they
are relatively inexpensive and they can still
be burned as fuel without any loss of fuel
value after use. An hvcb coal was found to
be one of the best, having one-fourth the
capacity of activated carbon for COD,
adsorbing about 4 percent of its weight.
Some of the flyashes were quite effective,
removing as much as 66 percent of the COD
and 75 percent of the ABS present. The
effectiveness of the flyashes improves
with increasing carbon content. Coals
pretreated by mild oxidation were ineffective
as adsorbents.
66-0527
Keep-scrap-moving system yields big
profits. Waste Trade World,
108(23) :7-8, 1966.
An unusual family-operated scrap yard
with a payroll of around 35 is described,
The three characteristics that make it
revolutionary are: (1) material is
never stockpiled if orders are available;
(2) all ferrous scrap is cleared within
24 hr of delivery and the bulk lies in
the yard less than 6 hr; and (3) all the
material arrives in the yard by truck
and practically all of it leaves by rail.
For processing the scrap, four balers and
four shears are used, stationed the length
of the yard. Three Jones mobile cranes,
the. vital link in the system, not only
feed the shears and balers but load the
processed metal into the waiting tail
wagons. The yard handles over 3,000 tons
of iron and steel a month and when the
latest mechanization program is completed
it will have an output potential well in
excess of 6,000 tons. Concentration on
mechanical-handling methods greatly speeds
up off-loading and processing.
66-0528
Low-grade rag problems. Waste Trade
World, 108(10):12, 1966.
During a meeting of the Metal and Waste
Traders' Association held in London, the
problem of disposing of low-grade rags
was raised. The need for finding new
outlets and for research was discussed.
However, financing research is difficult
and it was felt by one of the participants
that one-man laboratory experiments are not
sufficient. After various suggestions, it
was decided that the committee would look
into the possiblity of raising funds for
research into low-grade rags.
66-0529
Magnetic filters.
108(13): 10, 1966.
Waste Trade World,
Magnetic filters with high density
magnetic fields to be used as filter
traps for hopper installations where
ferrous scrap is a problem are described.
Grate, drawer, and frame types are
available for different kinds of hoppers
and special types can be designed for
other applications. The basis of
efficiency is a series of cartridges
with extremely dense magnetic fields
which consist of permanent Alnico V
magnets in hermetically sealed tubes.
Baffle strips are positioned ahead
of the cartridges to divert product
flow onto the most powerful part of
the magnetic fields, assuring maximum
scrap removal. Grate type Bunting
filters can be installed anywhere in the
processing line where there is danger
of scrap being introduced. Extremely
small particles as well as larger bits
are captured.
66-0530
Miller, R. The utilization of boiler furnace
ash in power stations in Poland. Polish
Technical Review, 13(3):32-33, 1966.
The utilization of boiler furnace ash,
produced as a waste material in power
production, is discussed, Reserach and
industrial applications undertaken at
present in Poland for ash utilization
139
-------
Salvaging
include: (1) production of building
elements; (2) production of cement and mixed
lime-ash and gypsum-ash binding materials;
(3) road building and ground stabilization;
(4) production of sintered aggregate; and
(5) magnetite recovery, A table presents
the estimated amount of ash produced in
Poland from hard coal in commercial power
stations and its estimated utilization in
1965 and 1970. The processes used in
the production of cellular concrete, ash
concrete and road building, are discussed.
66-0531
Miller, H. Use of secondary fibers.
Tappi, 49(5):117A-120A, 1966.
With the general market level of most
grades of paper stocks close to that
of 20 years ago, there is a problem in
inducing commercial sources such
as stores, printers, and paper converters
to segregate and process paper rather than
have it removed along with the rest of
their waste materials. There is a tight
supply in some grades of paper stock and
reclaimed fiber. Paper stocks previously
usable now have a limited market because
of contaminants that interfere with the
recovery of the cellulose fibers. The
use of cost analysis and long range
planning should be the basis of attracting
paper stocks to the secondary fiber mills,
In general, the paper stock dealers will
be in a position to insure that the
required tonnage of paper stock continues
to enter the secondary market if the
consumer will agree to long term
arrangements for their requirements.
Better information about costs and cost
analysis may indicate areas that may lend
themselves to cost reduction. Better
scheduling of truck deliveries would
cut costs by eliminating waiting time
which can run from $4 to $12 per hr. A
wider recognition of paper standards
and strict adherence to grade
specifications would decrease costs.
Paper stock suppliers, mills, and
commercial sources should cooperate to
develop better long range planning, more
effective methods of cost analysis, more
automatic handling of stock, and
information important to those interested
in secondary fibers.
66-0532
Million dollar scrap.
Waste Trade World, 108(4):3, 1966.
A $2,000,000 research program, supported
by the U.S. Bureau of Mines and earmarked
for scrap and slag dumps, is described.
The concern is almost wholly with auto
scrap. The establishment of a demonstration
scrap processing yard, in which a wide range
of techniques for upgrading auto scrap will
be tested, is proposed. The project that
has been of most interest involves the use
of scrap to change nonmagnetic taconites
to magnetic iron ore material for
steel-making purposes, with a demonstration
plant planned for the near future which will
work entirely with auto scrap. Other
aspects of the program involve a study of
the economics, technology, and marketing
methods of scrap, aimed at reducing costs
and increasing its value; the development
of a convenient method for removing
impurities by total oxidation to produce
a synthetic ore for blast furnace use; the
removal of impurities from melted scrap;
scrap salvage by chemical processes; and
production of mild steel from scrap in
electric furnaces.
66-0533
Muir, G. Long-term outlook for the scrap
metal industry. Waste Trade World,
109(19):A-6, 1966.
The demand for scrap metal has steadily
increased with rising steel production
in the United Kingdom. There are,
however, steel-producing countries where
increases in the production of steel have
been accompanied by a reduction in the
consumption of scrap. This is a very
serious situation for the scrap metal
Industry and it has been attributed to
loss of confidence in the quality and
consistency of scrap offered for use.
This emphasizes the vital importance of
maintaining and improving the quality and
consistency of scrap metal for conversion
into new iron and steel. A chart shows
the consumption of steelmaking scrap
in eight areas in the United Kingdom
from 1951 to 1964. If the steel
industry is brought under national control,
the country is divided into eight areas
for administrative purposes as far as
the scrap metal industry is concerned,
and into ten areas for the steel industry.
If a cheaper and better material than
scrap were found for the production of
iron and steel, 10,000,000 tons of scrap
would accumulate within 6 months, posing
an extremely serious national problem.
140
-------
0531-0538
66-0534
New crucible furnaces,
108(18) :9, 1966.
Waste Trade World,
A new-style patented lip-pour, hydraulically
tilted crucible furnace, suitable for
melting scrap, zinc, lead, and other soft
metals, is described. The furnace is
specially designed for rapid melting with
minimum oxidation of metal and the special
design allows the whole crucible furnace
to be lifted only 24-in. for complete
emptying. The lift of the furnace is only
30 degrees against a normal 80 degrees in
conventional furnaces. It is fired by means
of a low-pressure burner underneath the
crucible itself and from this blanket flame
all waste heat passes into the top cover.
It has a standard capacity of 1,500 Ib for
zinc, while other capacities go up to 3,000
Ib. The main advantages of the furnace are:
accurate temperature control; reduced metal
loss and lower fuel consumption; silence
in operation; choice of firing arrangements;
no additional air from compressor required;
fully automatic melting, maintaining, and
starting; and it can be operated by unskilled
labor.
66-0535
New crusher cuts costs by 50 percent.
Waste Trade World, 108(2):20, 1966.
The Swarf, a new small crusher with
a high output, was introduced by
W. E. Burnand and Son, Ltd. of Sheffield.
It can cut transport costs on treated
scrap by as much as 50 percent. The
machine, which is illustrated, is of
Swedish design, is relatively silent in
operation, requires little or no
supervision, and drastically reduces
the volume of turnings, thereby
significantly increasing their scrap value.
The manufacturer claims that its
outstanding technical advantages include
unique mechanical and electrical safety
and anti-jamming devices.
66-0536
New 'Eldair' baler.
108(10):13, 1966.
Waste Trade World,
Two new models of the Eldair range of
hydraulic baling presses are described. The
machines are said to handle all classes of
light scrap, compressing it into finished
bale sizes 12 by 12 by 4 in., or 8 by 8 by 4
in less than 42 seconds. The machines are
fitted with Fraser monoradlal pumps
and control gear. They are of the double
compression type with main and side
compression rams, each of 90 tons capacity.
The main frame is of heavy steel fabrication
and the lid incorporates shearing blades,
each with four cutting edges. Other features
which make the machines able to withstand
pressure, as well as the hydraulic system
and optional extras, are described.
660537
New look for wastepaper salvage?
Public Cleansing, 56(7):312-313, 1966.
A report by a Working Party of the
Economic Development Committee for the
Paper and Board Industry is reviewed.
Demand for wastepaper is expected to
rise from 1.6 million tons in 1964 to
2.4 million in 1970. The increased
supplies must originate mainly in
segregated wastepaper from household
collections which remain largely
untapped by local authorities, A
degree of flexibility must be introduced
into the supply system to absorb
inevitable trade cycles, and incentives
must be offered to local authorities,
of guaranteed sales as far as possible.
A guaranteed return must be provided to
defray additional costs for equipment and
other charges, A guaranteed datum
tonnage on a long-term basis of 5 years
or more should be contracted. Supplies
above this would accomodate expected
annual growth and might be subject to a
different form of shorter term guarantee.
66-0538
New 'Personer' baler.
109(3):13, 1966.
Waste Trade World,
The new model SP.27.J. baling press in the
Personer range of hydraulic baling machines
although originally designed -to meet the
requirements of the textile, waste trade,
and associated industries, has wide
applications in many other spheres where
the necessity to wrap a bale prior to wire
bonding is of primary importance. It is
robustly constructed and is fitted with
a 15 hp electric motor providing a maximum
hydraulic pressing force of 30 tons. The
finished bale, measuring 42 by 35 by 43 in.,
weighs approximately 1,200 Ib according to
the nature and the density of the material
being baled. The operation of the press
is described and an illustration showing
141
-------
Salvaging
the container in the loading position
is supplied. The outstanding feature of
the new machine is that it provides complete
freedom for wrapping and wire bonding any
baled material, both in sequence and
individually, without hindrance from the
baling box walls, while the hydraulic
manipulation of the side walls obviates the
severe manual effort of side wall removal
and replacement encountered on similar
machines,
66-0539
Hew refuse plant for Barrow-upon-Soar.
Public Cleansing, 56(12):595, 1966.
A newly ordered refuse plant will
cost 1,237,000 and will handle 70 tons
of refuse per day, with an additional
potential capacity of 110 tons. The
cost includes a refuse handling and
screening plant with salvage recovery
and tin baling facilities, suction
equipment for dealing with dust, an
incinerator with trough-type grates,
a dust trap, and brick chimney, together
with the buildings.
66-0540
New uses for nylon, Waste Trade World.
108(18): 8, 1966.
A new use for old nylon stockings, even
if laddered, is claimed by an American firm
of component makers, Redstone Arsenal,
Huntsville, Alabama, The nylons are used
as a reinforcement material for moulded
plastic ordnance parts. Details of the
technique, however, are not available.
It is believed that nylon stockings make
an ideal reinforcing material on account
of their sheerness and fine mesh, and also
because of their stretch properties. The
feet are removed, the legs split and
opened out and afterwards dipped in resin,
spread over a mould and cured. The final
result is a cheap and durable component.
66-0541
New wool process may benefit reclaimed
fibers. Waste Trade World, 108(19):8,
1966.
Plans are being made for trials, under
commercial conditions, of a new
patented process for washing wool to
cut out the possibility of further
shrinkage after the material has been
sold in the form of a garment. The
process consists of a very light
treatment in which the wool passes through
a mild oxidizing agent in a weak solution
of resin. There seems no reason why
reclaimed fibers included in blends could
not also be subject to this treatment.
It is felt that the new process will
enable wool to withstand, without
shrinkage, any condition of machine
washing which it would be likely to
meet in pratical use. Unlike most
treatments previously proposed or tried,
it causes no deterioration of fiber
strength and it requires only the use of
chemicals readily available at
comparatively small cost.
66-0542
Oparin, A. I. Biochemistry and the food
industry. FSTC-HT-23-103-66. Washington,
U.S. Army Foreign Science and Technology
Center, May 1966. 14 p.
Use of enriched or reprocessed food wastes
for animal feed is discussed. A method of
making feed concentrates of vitamin B twelve
from the mash of acetone and distillery
plants was developed. The residues are
fermented with methane-forming bacteria, then
concentrated and dried. By this method
2.5 million tons of residues per year will be
processed with an output of 60,000 tons
of concentrate containing 2,5 tons of
vitamin B twelve, which will meet the
requirements of poultry and swine breeding.
Also, a microbiological method of production
of lysine on the basis of using food wastes
of molasses and corn extract was developed.
Extensive tests have shown that the
enrichment of feeds by these two methods
has caused increases in the weight of
animals, thus providing additional meat
products.
66-0543
Over $252 million exported by British
salvage industries. Refuse Removal'
Journal, 9(4) :45, 1966.
A spokesman for the British salvage
industry urged industry not to discard
used materials, since what is useless
scrap to one firm may be raw material to
another. To illustrate this point,
four examples are presented. During
1964, over $4.6 billion worth of waste
was recovered from British industry,
142
-------
0539-0548
and exports of scrap exceeded $252
million. Waste paper now forms 25 percent
of paper and boardmaking raw material,
saving the country an estimated $168
million a year in imports. Through the
publication of the National Industrial
Salvage and Recovery Association. Bulletin,
Industrial Salvage, it is possible to
track down scrap bargains from a railway-
train to sawdust.
66-0544
Parks, B. A., Junkyards are
necessary. Public Works, 97(12):72-73, 1966.
An Iowa planning specialist said that
junkyards are needed; they are growing in
both size and number. They affect the
community's appearance. Communities can
provide for locating junkyards by a special
permit, so that the sites will be away from
public view.
66-0545
Pasqualini, F. More scope for waste paper.
Waste Trade World, 109(3):8, 1966.
The current boom in the paperboard
industry results from greater demand for
corrugated paperboard and folding cartons
for packaging. Over the past 10 years,
the continental packaging industry has
exceeded the annual rate of growth of
all other industries due mainly to
changing patterns of retail distribution
and a rising standard of living. The
demand for packaging materials,
containers, and machinery to produce them
tends to be higher than the supply, with
paper and paperboard products representing
about 50 percent of the continental use
of all packaging materials. The
corrugated paperboard industry alone is
expected to grow at the average rate of
9 percent per year until 1970. The folding
carton industry is also growing fast
because of consumer appeal requirements
and the use of folding boxes for
frozen-foods.
660546
Pernicious contraries—switch to attack.
Waste Trade World, 108(24):21, 1966.
The British Waste Paper Utilization Council's
annual report for 1965 reports three events:
(1) the completion of a detailed survey of
13 groups of pernicious contraries affecting
39 grades of waste paper; (3) a breakthrough
in pulping tab cards printed with magnetic
ink 'clock tracks,' potentially a source
of high-quality waste; and (3) the
establishment of a technical panel to provide
expert advice and facilities for testing
suspected stock under mill conditions. The
new panel will study the prospects of developing
pulpable substitutes for pernicious contrary
additives. The survey is based on an analysis
of more than 92 percent of total waste paper
usage in Britain and is to be followed by a
series of reports dealing with the most
troublesome groups of contraries. The Council
has also investigated three new areas of
nonpulpable waste: wet-strengthened web
offset newsprint, computer joining tapes,
and edge-coated tabulating cards.
66-0547
Pneumatic baler. Waste Trade World,
109(12):15, 1966.
A pneumatically operated version of
the Kindle Imp electric baling press
has been developed. A single lever
controls platen travel which, combined
with high platen speed, gives very
efficient operation and much reduced
maintenance requirements. Pressure is
exerted by means of a double-acting air
cylinder providing table pressure of
2!4 tons at 100 psi air supply. Speed
of the return stroke can be varied to
suit by adjustment of the exhaust
ports of the fitted control valve.
A pneumatic safety switch is included
to prevent the press being run while
the filling chute is open. The press
chamber incorporates the standard Kindle
Imp construction features. The press
is ideal for the quick and efficient
baling of waste paper, etc., and the
uncomplicated drive arrangement ensures
trouble-free operation and low running
costs.
66-0548
'Poclain* excavator speeds scrap handling.
Waste Trade World, 108(17):7-8, 1966.
The Poclain T.Y, 45, a versatile hydraulic
excavator, can be invaluable in a scrap yard
when equipped with a 40-in. diameter
electromagnet and a 6-tine grab. The
machine's 3-piston hydraulic pump supplies
tremendous power and one of its major assets
is maneuverability with road speed of
143
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Salvaging
12 mph and a 360 degree slew at 8 rpm. It
has a minimum turning radius of 15 ft 11 in,
and works at a hydraulic pressure of 3,500
psi. Trials indicate that the converted
Poelain can handle 3 tons a minute,
although it will only need to handle 750
tons of mixed scrap a week—an increase
of about 450 tons over the crane it replaces.
Trials at three companies that have recently
purchased the machine have fulfilled
expectations.
66-0549
Profitable waste. Engineering,
201(5213) :535, 1966.
Much, perhaps most, industrial waste
has value. In some cases this is
considerable and ever increasing. This
fact has led to tips, once regarded
as valueless, being sold at high prices
for reprocessing. With the better means
of recovery now available, much that was
formerly waste, in the dictionary sense
of the word, can now be used or sold.
Saving and selling waste has a threefold
advantage. It can constitute a source
of income if the waste is sold, or a
saving if it is reused; it can eke out
world supplies, which in addition to
becoming scarcer also become dearer; and
it can avoid much of the unsightliness.
Some idea of the vastness of the subject
may be gained from the fact that
reclamation of waste is reported to
have saved the United Kingdom about tl,650
million in 1964, and probably earned something
like fc90 million in direct exports.
If the best results are to be obtained,
it is essential that the most modern
techniques for recovering and reprocessing
waste materials should be used. No
longer is scrap and waste reclamation
the casual occupation of the rag and
bone man. It has become very big
business; so much so, that it is to have
its own exhibition, the Scrap and
Waste Exhibition, at Olympia London,
from July 17 to 21.
66-0550
Proler Cohen U.K.. link-up.
World, 108(19):6, 1966.
Waste Trade
The development of the Proler system of scrap
processing by Proler Cohen Ltd., is described
as destined to revolutionize the scrap
industry in Great Britain. The first Proler
factory will be fully operational in 1967
and will almost immediately solve the scrap
car problem. The Proler process of
fragmentizing scrap produces a high quality
material which affords not only uniformity
of size and density but also guarantees a
product of 99.9 percent pure ferrous
content by eliminating all contaminating
elements. All scrap fed into the plant is
first broken up into pieces by intensive
hammermill treatment, after which it passes
through a phased operation of segregation,
incineration, sterilization, and
magnetization which removes all dirt and
grime, nonferrous and nonmetallic elements,
etc. Although auto scrap is its principal
diet, the plant will process all pressable
grades of lighter scrap. Since contaminated
scrap has been the biggest problem facing
steelmakers, the new process is of
particular importance. The cost of
installing the plant has been assessed at
over 6,1,000,000.
66-0551
Radimer, K, J., F. E. Garopreso, D.
Goldstein et al. Recovery of
persulfate from printed circuit
etchants. Plating, 53(12):1445-1447,
1966.
Printed circuits are commonly etched
with ammonium persulfate which forms
copper sulfate and ammonium sulfate.
A cyclic process has been developed
for recovering the unused persulfate
(30-50%) from the partially spent
etchant by crystallizing out the
products of this reaction in the
equimolar amounts in which they are formed.
The resulting mother liquor is
refortified with ammonium persulfate
and used for further etching. In
developing this process, investigations
were made of the effects of the
temperature to which the spent etchant
is cooled, the method of cooling used,
the use of cold water to wash the
crystals, refortifying before the
crystallization", and use of spray and
immersion etchants containing various
solute concentrations at various
temperatures. Tabulated data present
characteristics in immersion etching
at 38 C with crystallization recovery
of persulfate, immersion etch rates
as a function of dissolved copper
concentration, preliminary cost comparison
of present and proposed spent etchant
treatments, and a schematic crystallization
recovery process flow sheet. The process
increases the amount of copper which can
144
-------
0549-0555
be etched per pound of purchased
persulfate, produces a valuable by-product,
eliminates the waste liquor disposal
problem, and can reduce etching costs
significantly.
66-0552
Ramakrishnan, P., and S. P. Nagarkatte, Recovery
of tungsten from scrap. Indian Journal
of Technology, 4(10):313-314, 1966.
The recovery of tungsten from high tungsten
content scrap by anodic dissolution of the
scrap is described. The experimental
procedure consisted of connecting the
scrap as anode and a mild steel plate
as cathode in an electrolytic cell. Aqueous
solution of sodium hydroxide was used as
the electrolyte. The anode current density
and the electrolyte composition were studied.
Tungstic acid was precipitated from sodium
tungstate solution by hydrochloric acid
and the metal was obtained by the reduction
of tungsten trioxide by hydrogen. The
metal powder obtained was substantially
pure (greater than 99.5%) and required no
further purification. The current efficiency
decreases with increase in anode current
density, but increases with increase in
electrolyte concentration, the maximum value
being attained at 15 percent electrolyte
concentration. Addition of potassium
perchlorate (5 mg per liter) increases the
current efficiency by about 15 percent.
66-0553
Regenerating waste rubber* Waste Trade
World, 108(26):10, 1966.
The financial times, in its 'World Industry*
section, reports a new technique for
regenerating waste rubber, both natural and
synthetic. This technique has been developed
by Michelin et Cie, Place du Terrail,
Clermont-Ferrand, Puy-de-Dome, France, and
enables the waste rubber to be mixed with
primary rubber for the production of
components. After mixing the waste rubber
with petroleum oil and adding coumarone
oil and dixylyl disulphide, the mixture
is heated for three hours at 195 C.
The resultant solution is said to be
suitable for adding to raw rubber and
particularly useful for plasticlsing
hard rubbers.
66-0554 i
Scrap metal salvage in Ohio. Public Works,
97(2):124, 1966.
The results of a survey conducted by the Ohio
Municipal League to determine the feasibility
of selling netal recovered from dumps and
sanitary landfills are reported. The League
polled 195 cities in the state. Of 22 cities
that do salvage the scrap metal, six permit
the facility caretakers to sell it and retain
the proceeds as supplementary compensation,
and three cities do not pay the caretakers
anything, but allow them to have salvage
proceeds in lieu of compensation. One city
allows a salvage company to remove scrap
iron in return for the company's willingness
to remove other indisposable items without
charge. Seven cities, including Toledo,
enter into contracts with salvage
contractors. Five cities, including
Columbus, perform their own salvage
operations and sell directly to scrap dealers
at the market price.
66-0555 ;
Wiley, J. S. Utilization of
wastewater sludges and composts. Manual
of practice No. 2. Water Pollution
Control Federation. Sub-Committee on
Utilization of Wastewater Sludges, [1966].
115 p.
The first edition of Manual of Practice
So. 2 (Federation of Sewage Works
Association) was titled Utilization
of Sewage Sludge as Fertilizer (1946).
The connotation that most sludges
and other organic wastes are fertilizers,
is false under present usage of the term.
As soil conditioners or mulching materials,
these products are not classed as
fertilizers in most states. The trend
in thinking is towards the combined
treatment of both water-carried and
solid municipal wastes. The composting
of organic municipal wastes is increasing
and therefore the utilization of sei^age
sludges and composts is similarly
considered in the revised manual. The
public health aspects of the utilization
of sludges and composts are reviewed
as well as marketing and other economic
considerations, and state regulations.
A bibliography of 216 items is included.
Notes on European Growing Experiments
with Composts from the International
Research Group on Refuse Disposal (IRGRD)
Information Bulletin is included in
an appendix.
145
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SANITARY LANDFILL
66-0556
American Public Works Association. Sanitary
landfill. In Municipal refuse disposal.
2d ed. Chicago, Public,Administration
Service, 1966. p. 89-139.
The choice of a method of sanitary landfill
depends greatly on the availability of a
proper site. The factors to be observed
are public health and safety requirements,
land requirements, availability of cover
material, accessibility, drainage, future
land uses, zoning regulations, and public
acceptance. Measures to be taken or
facilities provided in readying an area for
sanitary landfill operations are listed.
The preliminary"engineering survey and site
investigations specify the particulars of
dry and wet landfills, and the requirements
laid on equipment and personnel. Data
reported by the APWA indicate that six men,
on the average, are required for each
1,000 cu yd of refuse disposed of
each day in a sanitary fill. The approximate.
needs for tractors with a front-end loader
or bullclam are as follows: cities of up to
15,000 population need 1 unit of 1 cu yd
capacity; cities between 15,000 and 30,000
population need 1 unit of 2 cu yd and cities
between 30,000 and 75,000 population need
2 units of 3 cu yd capacity. Among the
special problems discussed are winter
operations and wet weather operations, the
elimination of dust, odors and fire, and
the hazard of ground and surface water
pollution. Particular attention is drawn
to the settlement and decomposition of the
landfill, and several examples are presented
of the good use of completed landfills.
66-0557
Bishop, D.j R. C. Carter, and It. F. Ludwig.
Water pollution hazards from
refuse-produced carbon dioxide.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control
Federation, 38(3):328-329, 1966.
Concern has developed in Southern
California over a potential groundwater
degradation from sanitary landfill.
Carbon dioxide from the decomposition of
refuse, diffusing through the soil, is
important in this regard because of its
high solubility in water which tends
to lower the pH and hence to increase
the mineral content of the water. The
velocity and quantity of movement of
refuse gases in soil around a landfill was
therefore studied and the results of
observed field measurements of carbon
dioxide movement were compared with
theoretical calculations. At a test
site in a gravel pit, gas monitoring probes
were placed in the rubbish as it was
dumped. Gas-sampling probes were
installed in a pattern of holes in the
surrounding soil. It was possible to
determine the gas concentration at any
depth or section of the refuse and to
detect the movement of gases outward
and downward. The carbon dioxide in
the refuse reached 84 percent at a
depth of 20 ft in a month and 60 to 70
percent at other probes and then declined
slowly over a period of 2'; years. A
table is given which shows that the
theoretical compared to. the actual
concentrations for downward movement
were of the same order of magnitude,
with a 25 percent difference. For
horizontal movement, the difference
was 11 percent and for upward movement
the observed results were from 3 to 5
times less than the theoretical
calculations. Carbon dioxide was the only
gas considered, because it was the only
gas found in significant concentration
in the surrounding soil.
66-0558
Black and Veatch, Consulting Engineers,
Disposal by sanitary landfill. In Report on
refuse disposal for Northern Baltimore
County. Kansas City, Mo., 1966.
In the study area, northern Baltimore County,
water pollution was a serious possibility
in the sites considered. A high speed
highway was available for transport of the
refuse to non-populated areas and two
considerations played a large part in
selecting sites; desire for a site for
long-term disposal for all refuse from the
study area and an interim landfill site
which would suffice until a permanent
disposal facility could be provided.
Topographical investigations were made to
locate sites meeting the criteria of
isolation, accessibility, capacity, drainage,
and minimum water polluti'on potential. Field
inspections and evaluations of sites were
made and generalized analyses of soil types
and depths were made. Preliminary filling
plans and volume calculations were made for
sites as well as estimates of hauling costs.
Disposal costs were based on an assumed
landfill operating cost of $1.15 per ton
of refuse and did not include, for most
146
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0556-0562
sites, cost of an impervious seal below
the rubbage. It was decided that long-range
sanitary landfill in northern Baltimore
County would be possible only under adverse
conditions due to water pollution hazards
and public reaction. Numerous charts and
graphs covering most aspects of costs and
suitability of the sites considered are
given.
66-0559
Booth, E., and E, Carlson. Rubber tires
work well on sanitary landfills. American
City, 81(7):98-99, 1966.
Bismark, North Dakota had previously used a
track type machine to spread and cover
refuse at the landfill. It was found
that a rubber tired machine could operate
economically. Shredded steel wires are
embedded In the tread and steel-cord
layers prevent puncture by objects in
the refuse. The only flats occurred
during sub-zero temperatures where
puncturing objects could not penetrate the
frozen ground and were forced into the
tire by the weight of the machine. Refuse
collection operates on an incentive plan.
When the truck finishes Its collection,
it is through for the day.
66-0560
Community tries to block reclamation project.
Refuse Removal Journal, 9(9):34-35, 1966.
For nearly two years the city of Blue Island,
Illinois and adjoining villages have been
trying to prevent the creation of a sanitary
landfill near their borders. Residents in
these Chicago suburbs have claimed the pits
were dangerous, unsightly, and pest holes, and
have invoked a state law that forbids operation
of disposal sites within a mile of municipal
limits. John Sexton Contractor Company,
a firm with a long record of successful sanitary
landfill in the area has been forced to take
legal action In order to operate at the site,
which consists of 146 acres of gaping city
pits still owned by Illinois Brick Company.
Previous to Sextons' operation, the area
was a 'casual* dump which was covered with
all sorts of wastes, often ablaze, and rat
infested. When Sexton began operation,
earth cover was applied to eliminate most of
the odor and to seal off the entire colony
of rats. An attractive cyclone fence costing
about $15,000 was also erected to hide the
pit from the residential housing and from
motorists. In a court injunction obtained
by Sexton and Illinois Brick Company to
restrain Cook County from preventing or
interfering with the operation, procedures
were set up for the operation of the
sanitary landfill; 3 ft layers of refuse
are to be overlaid daily with up to 1 ft of
earth; a final cover of 2 ft of earth will be
used at the end of the operation; no open
fires are permitted. Furthermore, Sexton
claims the landfill will eliminate the
unsightly, hazardous area in 3 to 4 years.
66-0561
Create joint landfill to serve nine
contractors. Refuse Removal Journal,
9(9):24-28, 1966.
Nine private contracting firms have
combined to create a sanitary landfill
company, called Acme Sanitary Landfill
Corporation, Located in Martinez,
California, this corporation operates
about 800 acres of San Francisco Bay area
lowlands, and Is one of the largest
landfill operations in northern
California. The firm uses three special
pieces of large equipment: a Cat D8H
crawler, used for primary spreading of
refuse; a Factor series 2 model 3-40
Trashniaster for compaction and spreading;
and a Euclid TS-14 twin-diesel,
self-loading scraper to load, haul, and
spread over dirt. Household refuse is
also processed through a sorter which
removes about 350 tons of tin cans per
month. This can-salvage operation
results in saving dump space and leaving
a material that compacts easily into
a higher density state. Community relations,
fill-area conservation, operational
efficiency, and minimum capital investment
are considered to be crucial factors in the
operation of this landfill and are used in
the determination of rigorous operating
specifications.
66-0562
Demonstration program on solid wastes
landfill. Public Works, 97(9):86, 1966.
The U.S. Public Health Service has awarded
$181,300 to the city of Santa Clara and the
Ralph Stone and Company, Inc. in order to
engineer improved methods of sanitary
landfill design for disposing of industrial
and domestic type solid wastes. Emphasis
will be placed on evaluating accelerated
refuse decomposition and planned land use.
147
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Sanitary Landfill
66-0563
Disposal creates problem for contractor.
Refuse Removal Journal, 9(11):28-29,
1966,
The disposal problems encountered by
refuse collection contractors in
Minneapolis are described. As an example,
the operations of the firm of Art Willman
and Son, which hauls scrap, general refuse,
and burnt sand from foundries,
are given. Since the Minneapolis
incinerators will only accept specified
types of refuse from contractors, the firm
had to make its own disposal arrangements,
A temporary arrangement has been worked
out with the Northern Pacific Railroad
whereby Willman and Son pays one dollar a
year for the use of an area leased from
the railroad until the railroad does
not want any more clean fill. However,
additional sanitary landfill sites are
essential in the near future, and due
to a long history of open burning dumps
in the suburbs, the residents take a dim
view of accepting waste material near
residential areas, The Minneapolis and
Suburban Refuse Associations are now making
an attempt to solve the problem, Dnder
consideration are the following measures:
(1) a jointly operated disposal operation;
(2) a campaign to educate communities
about the need for efficient and
economical sanitary landfill; and (3)
closer cooperation with municipal officials
to work out area-wide plans,
66-0564
Disposal fantasy pokes fun at public's
vision of landfill. Refuse Removal
Journal, 9 (3)'.16, 1966.
A humorous account of how a landfill site
should look to receive acceptance by the
public is presented by a columnist is the
Seattle Times. This article was brought
about by the fact that Seattle had many
headaches over a landfill site, since
residents in the proposed area always
objected and threatened to sue. The
importance of the social, aesthetic, and
recreational aspects of a landfill site
are stressed, and it is recommended that
the disposal area be disguised by beautiful
landscaping and incorporate a social hall,
park and museum. The columnist concluded
that the cost of preparing the site will be
offset by the fact that many more homeowners
will want to haul their own refuse just to
socialize at the dump, thus reducing the
present municipal collection load.
66-056B .
Do you need a sanitary landfill? Public
Health Service Publication No. 1012.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Nov. 1966,
A residential development is illustrated
which was begun after full-scale
sanitary landfill operations had been
conducted for 2 years. When completed,
the Mission Canyon Site in the Santa
Monica mountains of West Los Angeles
will become a country operated regional
park. Lots adjacent to the landfill
are selling for $30,000 to $35,000.
The method of operation of a sanitary
landfill is also illustrated. In low
swampy sites, earth cover is taken from
the sides or hauled in from nearby. A
tractor is used to spread, compact, and
cover the refuse. A final 2 ft earth
cover provides a. seal for the completed
cells. In level areas, a trench may be
used. One crawler tractor equipped to
move earth can handle all refuse from an
average community. The cost of using
sanitary landfills averages 50 cents per year
per person.
66-0566
Exotic dump to change.
Journal, 9(6):22, 1966.
Refuse Removal
While the Hilo city dump in Hawaii is covered
with bamboo orchids, hibiscus, wood roses,
papaya and banana trees, it is smelly, smoky
and fly-infested. County engineer Hajime
Tanaka aims to clean it up, using sanitary
landfill methods. He has tested land and
waste material and proved that lava material
not so hard to work as had been assumed. He
has produced figures that indicate sanitary
landfill might even be cheaper than the open
dump to maintain. Providing for about 37
tons of refuse daily, the cost of a bulldozer
and operator comes to $1.59 per ton, about the
same island-wide as the cost on the mainland
where earth is often softer. His plan calls
for changing the old dump to a trench method
landfill and use of four central disposal
districts and 8 refuse transfer stations.
The plan means that many small open-burning
dumps will be closed, leaving only strictly
supervised operations. Bulky items, such
as cars, refrigerators and stoves may be
dumped in the Pacific Ocean, perhaps to form
a breakwater.
66-0567
From garbage to golf.
81 (I): 20, 1966.
American City,
148
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0563-0572
Two golf courses of 210 acres lie atop
refuse deposited on low salt marshlands.
The top soil covering these courses
is synthetic, manufactured by mixing dried
sewage sludge and sand. Fifteen hundred acres
of parkland are on sanitary landfill sites.
66-0568
Haulers find own solution.
Journal, 9(6):6, 1966.
Refuse Removal
The municipal landfill crisis in Denver is
discussed. The city has moved to conserve
the little nearby dumping space in its
municipal landfill by barring all private
contractors from using its facilities. How
commercial haulers have had to turn,
practically overnight, to privately operated
landfill in the surrounding counties or
use the new municipal project on the old
Lowery Air Base bombing range. Commercial
haulers, who service commercial estalishments
and large apartment houses, may now choose
to pay to dump at a newly opened landfill
near the city, but the fees ($0.25 per cu yd)
appear high in this competitive business.
Denver has also halted the city transfer
station program. A serious crisis is
imminent since two of the five municipal
landfills near Denver will last a year,
while one will be closed shortly and the
others in 4 to 7 months.
66-0569
'Instant landfill.'
56(6):306, 1966.
Public Cleansing,
An 'instant sanitary landfill' machine
is described. The machine was
specially designed to excavate an
8 ft by 42 in. trench, compact the refuse,
extrude it into the bottom of the trench,
and backfill and compact the excavated
earth in a continuous operation. It can
process up to 10 cu yd of refuse in three
minutes or less. The machine is
self-contained and self-powered and is
operated by two men. One engine is used
to provide propulsion and control, the other
to operate the refuse compacting and
extruding equipment.
66-0570
Landfill and hospital live in harmony.
American City, 81(5):38, 1966.
A new landfill operation, called 'Disposal
Gardens,' in San Pedro, California, is
described. The landfill is taking place
on the site of an old brickyard which had
been an eyesore for years. The open-wire
fence surrounding the former brickyard
was replaced by a solid bamboo barrier
to screen the site from public view. The
area in front of the fence is landscaped
and behind it there is strict control of
pests, odors, and smoke. Filling will be
complete in less than one year. The site
will then get a thick layer of topsoil.
landscaping, various recreation attractions,
and a paved parking area. Work crews wet
down and compact tightly every bit of refuse
that goes into the landfill. The area is
sprayed regularly to eliminate insects
and is baited to prevent rodents. This
operation has been so nuisance free, and the
results so attractive that a hospital just
100 ft away and the local chamber of commerce
are overjoyed with the operation.
66-0571
Leader in rubbish industry began career
in pawnshop. Refuse Removal Journal,
7(7):8, 1964.
Marshall Rabins, a former pawnbroker,
has been successful as owner of a Los
Angeles collecting firm, the Yellow
Barrel Company, and as president of
Sunshine Canyon Corporation, which is
filling up a canyon with rubbish for
conversion to a recreation center.
Sunshine Canyon is cited as a model
sanitary landfill. The growth and
operation of the companies are
described.
66-0572
Medley, H. When streets and buildings
settle. American City, 81(3):32, 1966.
The experience of the City of Midland,
Texas, which constructed a municipal
garage, a warehouse and a service
center for the street, park and traffic
departments on a landfill about ten
years ago, is related. The buildings
have required continuing repairs because of
settlement and one section of the street is
slated for complete rebuilding. All
structures are one story without basements.
Footings supporting the walls have settled
unevenly, causing cracks. In one case,
excavation along the side of the foundation
with consequent pumping of mortar in the
gaps under the footing, was necessary to
save the wall. Part of the adjacent
149
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Sanitary Landfill
bituminous street has also settled badly
and water now stands several inches deep in
the gutters after a rain. The estimated
quantities and type of work necessary
are: (1) excavation and replacement of
5,000 cu yd of material; (2) removal and
replacement of 700 ft of curb and gutter; and
(3) removal and replacement of 2,000 sq yd
of asphaltie-concrete surface. It is
concluded that it is not impossible to build
on landfill sites, but it requires extra care
and expense, either during construction or
later. Excavation of enough unstable
material in order to prevent serious
settlement is essential.
66-0573
Meet landfill oppposition with facts,
Refuse Removal Journal, 9(10):10,
1966.
Public resistance to locating a sanitary
landfill site within a community is
inevitable and expectable, but it is
generally possible to educate most
municipal officials and a good part of
the public. A thoroughly planned
and engineered sanitary landfill will
not create harmful environmental
effects, but the contractor or
municipality must operate the area
according to the highest standards.
Furthermore, useful land is ultimately
created by sanitary landfill.
66-0574
Merz, C,, and R. Stone. Sanitary landfill
behavior in an aerobic environment.
Public Works, 97(1):6?-70, 1966.
During construction of the aerobic cell,
an access well was erected in the center of
the cell to provide outlets for gas
collection lines and electrical leads, and
a means of human access for placement of
equipment as well as the taking of data, A
system of piping by which air could be
admitted to the completed cell was installed.
During the one year study of the cell, the
aerobic landfill was operated so as to
minimize fire hazards by controlling the
oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations and
the moisture content. It was found that: (1)
the first year rate of settlement in this
aerobic landfill was over four times greater
than for an anaerobic landfill of comparable
construction; (2) a nitrogen content in
excess of 70 percent was characteristic and
carbon dioxide concentrations amounted to
about 20 percent; oxygen concentrations
normally ranged between 2 and 6 percent at
the upper levels of the landfill, and
between 10 and 15 percent at the lower
levels; (3) gases discharged from
the interior of the aerobic landfill to the
atmosphere had a very objectionable odor;
(4) temperature varied between 110 and 190 F,
and (5) further study is needed for
evaluation of long-range and variable
aeration cycle effects.
66-0575
New York to build light plane air strip
on old disposal site. Refuse Removal
Journal, 9(11):46, 1966.
As part of a long-range plant to make
the west shore of Staten Island into
an industrial park, New York City plans
to use a section of the 3,000-acre
Fresh Kills landfill there to create a
new airport for small private planes
and light cargo aircraft. Construction
is likely to begin in 1967 and be
corn-Dieted within 18 months, Refuse is
taken daily on barges to the Fresh Kills
disposal site, and then transferred to
dumping containers which are towed to
the landfill area. The 120-acre site
will provide enough filled area for only
one runway.
6&0576
Plans to mould landfill into hills for
parks and stadiums. Refuse Removal Journal,
9 (11): 42, 1966,
The Virginia Beach City Council has endorsed
a proposal for a 60-ft high hill which would
be formed of trash into the shape of a
5,000-seat amphitheater. A ramp running
down one side could be used for Soap Box
Derbys. Roland E. Dorer, Virginia Director
of Insect and Rodent Control, has built a
model of such a hill; it would take 20 years
to build in a city of 150,000 and would rise
125 ft into the air. The most important
factor in building such a mound would be the
use of landfill machines which compact with
heavy pressure as well as bulldoze waste
material. This hill-building disposal
method would be slightly more expensive than
landfill, but less expensive than
incineration.
66-0577
A practical sanitary landfill study is
underway, American City, 81(9):36, 1966.
150
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0573-0581
Santa Clara, California, received a grant of
$181,300 from the Office of Solid Wastes
to improve sanitary landfill procedures of
accelerated refuse-decomposition process
and planned land use.
66-0578
Williams, E. Rates, costing and
operation of tipping vehicles. Waste
Trade World, 109(23):14, 20, 1966.
At a recent Tipping Vehicle Convention
in Buxton, England, Mr, Edgar Williams
mentioned the necessity of knowing
costings of services so that a justifiable
rate can be obtained. Standing costs
and running costs in the operation of
dumping vehicles constitute the two
broad categories involved. Standing
costs include the purchase of the
vehicle and its anticipated life, annual
road fund tax, insurance, establishment
charges, and interest on capital. As
soon as a vehicle is used, running
charges are incurred which include fuel,
tires, and maintenance and repairs, with
adequate records kept of mileage, fuel-
consumption, etc., in order to assess
these charges. After calculating the cost
of operation, it is then necessary to
apply these calculations to a rate. Some
factors involved in planning operations
to achieve greater productivity are
mentioned, such as return loading, double
shift working, or more extensive use of
vehicles. The importance of planning
in order to run a successful operation
is stressed, with setting the rate the
last step in the process.
6&0579
Xanten, W.A. Refuse disposal-site location
problems. In Proceedings; First Annual
Meeting of the Institute for Solid Wastes,
Chicago, American Public Works Association.
Sept. 13-15, 1966. p.16-18.
The question of site location for refuse
disposal facilities has always been a serious
problem for communities. Pollution of ground
water may be prevented by limiting the
disposal of liquid and toxic wastes to sites
where the topography, geology, and hydrology
preclude the possibility of their entering
water supply and by requiring decomposable
refuse landfills to be so constructed and
maintained that water cannot enter the fill
In sufficient quantity to cause leaching.
With haul distances to landfills from core
areas of large cities becoming longer and
longer, hard decisions are required regarding
the necessity of transfer stations or
pre-processing plants and methods to achieve
volumetric reduction prior to shipment.
It is recommended that for future progress in
this field of site selection, state-wide
and/or regional standards and controls for
landfills be established.
STREET CLEANING
66-0580
By night - Glasgow steps up 'after dark'
service. Public Cleansing, 56(6):269-270,
1966.
Of the nineteen cleansing districts in
Glasgow, eleven are operated on a twoshift
principle. The two-shift districts are
those in the most central parts of the city,
which include the main shopping and business
centers, and where the bulk of the older
tenement and apartment properties are
situated. Recruitment for the second shift
was difficult until the introduction of the
enhanced payment for night-shift workers.
The increase in cost is relatively small in
relation to the quality of the service now
provided. The success of the incentive
system has led to the following
recommendations: (1) that the night-shift
collection services be continued and
developed so far as possible on a time-work
basis in order to get the best economical
returns from vehicles and disposal plant;
(2) that an extension of street cleaning
services on night-shift should take place,
and that a survey should be carried out to
determine whether alternate parking on either
side of certain streets could be introduced
to permit a better use of mechanical street
cleaning vehicles; (3) that a greater
proportion of maintenance work be carried out
during the night hours, especially in
relation to the inspection and lubrication
of vehicles and essential repairs to the
disposal plant; and (4) that twelve large
gritting machines (each of 15-ton capacity,
capable of spreading salt or grit, and
provided with snowploughs) be purchased,
along with three mechanical shovels for
service in areas on day-shift operation
only.
66-0581
City cleaning, Staedtehygiene,
17 (6):139, 1966.
151
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Street Cleaning
Since the costs for city cleaning
increased annually by more than 2
million DM, the city of Freiburg, West
Germany, launched a campaign to solicit
the cooperation of the residents to keep
the streets clean. An extra leaflet was
attached to the newspaper explaining
to the readers that they make themselves
subject to a fine of 150 DM or 14 days
of imprisonment when they litter the
streets and squares with paper, food
remnants, broken glass, etc. Police
regulations request that downtown city
residents clean the pedestrian walks
and street gutters daily from Monday
through Friday and twice on Saturdays.
For the rest of the city area, street
cleaning is confined to Mondays,
Wednesdays and Saturdays. But, as the
leaflet went on to say, not police
regulations and fines should make the
residents obey, but a deep desire to
have a beautiful city. (Text-German)
66-0582
Covert, D. Leaf collection made easy and
economical. Public Works, 97(3):94-95, 1966.
Harrington Park, New Jersey, designed its
own leaf collector by using a large dump
truck and a "Giant Vac* leaf-loader
mounted in the dumpbody just behind the cab.
The leaf container is a bottomless plywood
box 7 by 7 by 10 ft. The discharge chute
of the suction unit was directed into the
box. Full doors at the rear of the
container facilitate unloading. Dumping
the leaves was easy; a few tugs with a
garden rake were all that were necessary to
cause the packedload to slide out.
66-0583
Matveev, P. S. The cleaning of
below-ground installations of underground
railways (subways). Hygiene and Sanitation,
31(1-3)=247-248, 1966.
The importance of effective cleaning
operations in below ground installations
of underground railways is stressed in
relation to air pollution and rodent
control. A system for cleaning refuse,
with reference to the subways of Moscow
and Leningrad, is described. The best
method is mechanical sweeping and floor
washing by means of special machines and
dust removal from walls by means of
vacuum cleaners. If machines cannot
be used, a system of collection and
disposal involving two types of garbage
containers is outlined. Brief suggestions
for transportation to surface,
disinfection, amount of equipment, number
of staff, and management of the cleaning
operation are made.
66-0584
Oschlies, D. Today's waste disposal and
street cleaning trucks. Staedtehygiene,
17(6)-.129-133, 1966.
All modern waste removal trucks today have
pneumatic or hydraulic tilting devices by
means of which the standardized trash cans
can be emptied completely dustfree. The
Haller trucks have an opening in the rear
wall of the truck through which the waste,
aided by a transporting wheel, falls over
an obliquely-arranged wall into the interior
of the hull. The piled up waste cone is
distributed and compacted by a helix hanging
down from the top. With the Kuka trucks the
waste falls first into a bucket wheel which
lifts the waste onto a sliding board leading
into the interior of the truck. The waste
is then spread out and compacted. The large
containers with a capacity of 1.1 to 6.6
cu m can be removed by any truck designed
for bulky waste. Tilting devices of 1.1 cu
in can readily be installed. Hoxrever, for
heavy industrial waste it is more economical
to drive the full container away and to
replace it by an empty one. The companies
Haller, Kuka, Magirus and M.A.N.-Ochsner
make special trucks for crushing,
compacting and removing bulky waste. Street
cleaning vehicles must be especially
tnaneuverable and suited for operation in
winter as well. Almost all types of these
vehicles can be equipped with snow plows
and gravel strewing devices. There are
roughly three types of dust sweeping
machines: those which remove the dust
pneumatically, mechanically by a brush band,
and mechanically with rollers. All vehicles
have water tanks to bind the dust. Today's
street washing trucks have changed too.
Since their work is confined to the short
hours of low traffic they need large water
containers to avoid wasting time through
refilling. The slot-shaped nozzles, rigidly
of movably arranged, have been found to be
most satisfying. The usefulness of melting
machines for the snow removal is presently
being tested. Although they are very
effective, their huge dimensions will
certainly impair the smooth flow of traffic
in busy streets. (Text-German).
152
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0582-0589
66-0585
Periconi, J. F, Summary of
"technological developments in street
sanitation,' In APWA Yearbook 1966.
Chicago, American Public Works
Association, p.168-173.
Street dirt is one of the sources of
dust and dirt in the air in New York
City. Various parking restrictions have
been developed to free the gutters of
parked cars to allow access for street
cleaning. For a test, two turnbuckles
»ere placed in a broom suspension, one
on each side of the pick-up broom. This
arrangement permitted close control of
the broom pattern and prevented
lopsided wear of the pick-up brush.
By close control of the pattern, the
average life of a pick-up brush was
increased from 118 to 245 miles. This
means a potential savings of $467 per
sweeping machine per year. Limited
tests were conducted on brushes of
different designs. Replacing forgings
for cast steel runners which were
brittle and tended to fracture
increased their life from 860 to
1950 miles. The research uncovered
potential savings of $300,000
annually. Sweeping machines are available
with three or four wheels. A one-day
training course in operation and
adjustment of the sweeper was made
obligatory for all operators and
supervisors. The APWA film, 'Adjusting
the Street Sweeping Machine* is
recommended,
66-0586
Quick work on the freeways, Public Cleansing,
56(4):182, 1966.
A new air jet vacuum machine, capable of
speeds up to 30 mph while cleaning, is now
being used by the California Division of
Highways. It has a 7-ft cleaning spread and
and only one pass at each shoulder is
required. The truck is radio-equipped and
when the vacuum is not operating, the
truck can travel at 50 mph. The vacuum is
operated by the driver and the truck is
trailed by a protective vehicle to warn
traffic. One hundred nylon filter sleeves
remove particles and place them in the four
cu yd hopper. Mounted atop a heavy-duty
truck frame, the air jet vacuum operates on
an eight-cylinder Indus trial-type auxiliary
engine,
66-0587
Rheinfrank, J. Half a million dollars
saved. American City, 81(7):28, 1966,
Using Vac-All vacuum loaders to collect
debris piled on the street by
mechanical street sweepers has saved
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, about half a
million dollars since 1959. Two units
were obtained in 1959 and a third was
purchased in 1964. Front-end loaders,
supplemented by laborers with shovels,
used to pick up the sweepings at an
average cost of $7.17 per cu yd loaded
and hauled. The vacuum method reduced
this price by $5, Since the units have
picked up some 104,000 yd of sweepings
(in addition to leaves in the fall),
saving over the six-year period totals
approximately $500,000, which is about
five times the combined purchase price
of the three units. The units combine
loading and hauling, making front-end
loaders and dump trucks with hand labor
obsolete. A full crew consists of
driver and a helper who manipulates the
suction intake. All units are performing
well with an average downtime of less
than 1 percent.
66-0538
Rubbish collecting sweeping machine.
VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure)
Zeitschrift, 108(32):1604, 1966.
A rubbish collecting sweeping machine is
reported which can be attached to existing
single axle engines, or small tractors, and
which works optionally with a filter or
spraying device. The rotating broom and
other parts are easily exchangeable. The
rubbish container can be emptied quickly.
The machine is suited for sweeping sidewalks,
foocwalks in parks, and smaller squares,
(Text-German)
HEALTH AND SAFETY
66-0589
Anderson, J. R, Biological interrelationships
between feces and flies. In Management of
Farm Animal Wastes; Proceedings; National
Symposium on Animal Waste Management, East
Lansing, Mich., May 5-7, 1966. St. Joseph,
Mich., American Society of Agricultural
Engineers, p,20-22.
In the United States about half of the two
billion tons of manure produced per year by
cattle is left on pastures. Pasture flies
which convert feces to biomass are therefore
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Health and Safety
beneficial. In contrast to the pasture
ecosystem, newly developed feeder lots with
high concentration of cattle exclude the horn
fly, face fly, and other unobtrusive pasture
flies from this unnatural habitat and manure
accumulates rapidly. The feeder lot therefore
sxipports immense quantities of houseflies and
stableflies affecting animals and man. To
alleviate this problem, removal of manure,
rapid treatment and disposal of manure are
recommended. Recent studies in California
showed that when poultry waste was removed and
distrubed, egg laden flies were attracted.
Livestock operation with removal of manure
can be thus used as fly traps. Fly larvae
could also be used potentially as animal feed,
Some African beetles can be used for disposing
of manure. The use of beetles is one facet
of animal waste removal that has not yet been
seriously considered in the United States.
66-0590
Coffey, D. Studies on the association
of flies (Diptera) with dung in
Southeastern Washington, Annals of the
Entomological Society of America,
59(1): 207-218, 1966.
Since World War II interest has increased
in excrement-frequenting flies as
potential transmitters of human disease.
This paper deals with the species of
flies which frequent and/or breed in
the various types of excrement found in
a rather localized region: Whitman
County, Washington, and certain adjacent
areas. Excrement from humans, cattle,
horses, swine, dogs, chickens, sheep,
mink, turkeys, and hamsters were collected
by various methods. Some dung was brought
to the laboratory for rearing the larvae,
but most specimens were collected in the
field. Random collections were made at
seasonal intervals for a period of two
years. About 15,000 specimens, of which
7,000 were pinned, were collected. It was
found that no species was restricted to
a particular type of excrement, but several
were rare on all but one type. One
hundred thirty-nine specimens of Diptera
were recorded, of which 48 were considered
to be members of the dung community. Cow
dung attracted the largest number and
widest variety of species. Information
is also given for each species concerning
its dung preferences, seasonal
distribution, geographic and climatic
distribution, and other observations on
bionomics.
66-0591
Decker, W. K., and J. H, Steele. Health
aspects and vector control associated with
animal wastes. In Management of Farm
Animal Wastes; Proceedings; National
Symposium on Animal Waste Management,
East Lansing, Mich., May 5-7, 1966.
St. Joseph, Mich., American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, p.18-20.
Many diseases of animals can be transmitted
to men through animal wastes. The following
diseases transmitted through animal wastes
are characterized and discussed: anthrax,
salmonellosis, tuberculosis, brucellosis,
and leptospirosis. The continuing spread of
urban populations with reduced availability
of open areas for animal waste disposal will
require new methods which should prevent the
multiplication of insect and rodent vectors
of disease, eliminate means of direct
transmission of diseases to men, and prevent
leaching of draining of materials containing
pathogens to ground water sources.
66-0592
Disposal factors and treatment facilities.
In Accident control in environmental
health programs. New York, American
Public Health Association, Inc., 1966.
p.45-49.
Objects discarded by adults are often
attractive to a child, despite their
potential danger. Sharp glass or metal
and containers of toxic substances can
cause many accidents. Rubbish
accumulation and unsanitary conditions
in family refuse-disposal areas
also result In many injuries. Educational
programs should encourage the safe and
Immediate disposal of hazardous materials.
Not only children are victims of accidents
emanating from refuse areas. Discarded
drugs and chemicals and highly toxic or
flammable wastes present a danger to
adults. Refuse-collection workers are
exposed to many hazards such as heavy
lifting, handling of discarded irritants,
and working with dangerous crushing
machinery. Water and sewage systems
present specific potential hazards as a
consequence of gases, liquids, and solid
chemicals which result from bacterial
processes or which are used the control
of bacteria. Safety features of municipal
plants should include precautionary
measures against fire, slipping and
falling, and electrical shocks.
Hazardous gases and vapors, irritants,
and chemicals should be detected and
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0590-0598
their potential dangers overcome. Owners
of private water systems must take
measures against personal and public
accidents such as falling, entrapment,
drowning, fire, asphyxiation, or electric
shock.
66-0593
Eastern Centre members visit Belgium.
Public Health Inspector, 75(3):186-187, 1966.
A party of 30 public health inspectors,
all members of the Eastern Centre of the
Association, visited a Brussels suburb to
study refuse collection and disposal methods.
Controlled tipping and pulverization costs
were lower than incineration costs. Refuse
is collected three times a week and a special
collection for bulky items is every two
months. Vehicles make a journey of 20
miles to the nearest tip. The members were
told that one of the biggest problems facing
scientists was pesticide residues in food.
Commission that four basic steps be taken now
to deal with the fast growing problem of
solid waste disposal: waste disposal and
conversion should be planned and operated
on a problem-shed basis; health agencies
should establish adequate community
standards for collection and disposal of
solid wastes, and, in cooperation with the
responsible operating agencies, exercise
leadership in evaluating the adequacy of
these activities; state governments should
adopt enabling legislation tools to perform
this function effectively; and industry,
foundations, and government should give high
priority to research into methods of solid
waste disposal and conversion. Industry
should be required to reduce its pollution
of both air and water. Solid wastes are
considered under the topics of comprehensive
environmental health services and
environmental health personnel. (A
prepublication edition prepared for use by
the 1966 Rational Health Forum, May 9-11,
1966)
66-0594
Fire prevention regulations for the use
of paper waste bags. Staedtehygiene,
17(2):43, 1966.
Fire prevention regulations have been
worked out jointly by the hospitals
and the fire departments. They agreed
that paper waste bags must carry a sign:
'Do not throw glowing waste into the
bag*. No paper waste bags are to be
placed in hallways or near flammable
material. Eventually, the waste bag
holders must be replaced by fireproof
metal wall-type holders. (Text-German)
660595
National Commission on Community Health
Services. Health is a community affair.
1966. 309 p.
A synthesis of six task force explorations
and a report on community action studies
drawn from 21 communities extending across
this country from Springfield, Massachusetts
to San Mateo, California and ranging in
population from 30,000 to 3,5 million are
reported. Papers from the White House
Conference of 1965, other health studies
(community and national), and the health
legislation that has been enacted into law
during the life of the Commission are
considered. It is recommended by the
LITTER
66-0596
Cellini, W. F., 'Pop Art' brightens litter
containers. American City, 81(8):16, 1966.
Litter containers in Springfield, Illinois,
are painted with bright colors and 'pop art*
designs.
66-0597
Fine art of can decoration blooms across the
country. Refuse Removal Journal, 9(12):40,
1966.
In Dallas, Chicago, and Taos, Hew Mexico,
amateurs and professionals have brightened
their community's refuse receptacles by
painting them. In Taos, the vogue quickly
spread to own an original trash can work of
art.
66-0598
Focus on litter. Public Cleansing,
56(6) :265-267, 1966,
There is a growing awareness of the
national and local press for the need
to stimulate public opinion and to make
the public realize its responsibility
for disposal of articles that are no
longer useful, A television program
showed a section of highway in the
countryside littered with a cash register,
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Management of Solid Waste Systems
a refrigerator, a water tank, a bicycle
frame, a perambulator, clothing and
other scattered domestic debris.
Amenity societies such as the Keep
Britain Tidy group and the Council
for the Preservation of Rural England
complained that the Litter Act of 1958
was not being enforced with sufficient
severity. A new poster will be issued
in tens of thousands for public display
to help bring about an improved public
conscience.
66-0599
Lick litter. American City, 81(1):20, 1966.
Cities must both instill residents with the
desire to have clean streets and provide
adequate collection and convenient disposal
sites. They should install acessible litter
containers, promote use of auto litter bags,
and use clean-up cost figures to show the
wastefulness of littering.
MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTE
SYSTEMS
66-0600
Public relations. Public Cleansing,
56(12):618-620, 1966.
A summary of discussions and more or
less formal talks on the public image
of waste disposal is presented. The
first concern was to have a reputation
of being a good organization to work
for. A sustained effort must be made to
establish a mutual understanding between
the service and those served. Lack of
interest arises from lack of knowledge.
An experienced public relations officer
could sell the idea of cleaner refuse
storage, cleaner collection, nicer
vehicles, and cleaner disposal. The local
press is an important means of reaching
people. It is important to help the
public understand why a particular
situation has arisen, what was required
and future plans. Another paper dealt
with the depressing results of an
anti-littering campaign. The public of
this country (Great Britain) is
insensitive to appearance and tolerant of
squalor. The Litter Act of 1958 had failed
completely. The habit of littering was
not only the result of thoughtlessness,
but also the result of a deeply ingrained
national characteristic. Since the
U.S. also has an oversized litter
problem, it was interesting to speculate
why the litter problem seemed to be
confined to English-speaking countries.
TV and radio were means of informing
the public. Films (and one called
'Let's talk rubbish' was said to be
excellent) are often effective in their
combination of visual and oral
persuasion. Exhibits might also prove
useful.
66-0601
American Public Works Association. Refuse
disposal management. In Municipal refuse
disposal. 2d ed. Chicago, Public
Administration Service, 1966. p.332-372.
The pertinent elements of refuse disposal
management include organization, personnel,
reporting, cost accounting and budgeting,
public relations and some special
administrative considerations. Several
organization charts are presented and
experience obtained is evaluated in terms of
coordination, supervision, and accountability.
Basic standards for good personnel
administration are outlined and the
employee-management relations are discussed
with particular attention given to the
suggestion system. Other items covered
are training, organization of employees,
accident prevention, program activity,
safety manuals, wages, and hours. Annual
salaries for employees at municipal
incineration plants in 12 cities are
tabulated and performance measurement and
records are discussed. Elements of cost
that can be standardized in the framework
of a reporting system are suggested, e.g,
amortized cost per ton of a plant that costs
$5,000 per ton to construct would be $1.50
per ton of refuse processed. Tables are
presented of principal operating and cost
data for 10 incineration plants, of
departmental costs of incineration and
landfill operations in New York City and
per capita costs of sanitary landfill
operations in about 200 U.S. towns. Several
plant operating report forms are shown
illustrating the possible approaches
toward the analysis of performance and
costs. Of interest is the survey of charges
of private refuse haulers, business and
industries for the use of municipal refuse
disposal facilities. The average is $3 per
ton.
66-0602
Applying technology to unmet needs.
U.S. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, Feb. 1966. 12 p.
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0599-0605
The apathetic public and public
administrations must be made aware of
the solid wastes dilemma. Research is
needed for refining the following
methods so that they can aid in solving
the problem: incineration, sanitary
landfilling, grinding refuse to sewers,
salvaging, systems analysis, and
collection. Persons who would lose
money if new methods are developed
present obstacles to improvements.
Recommendations are given.
66-0603
Asks what public is willing to pay for
cleaner surroundings. Refuse Removal
Journal, 9(1):32, 1966.
Aerojet-General Corp., who received a
$100,000 contract from the state of
California to create a waste management
system, has recommended one coordinated
system responsible for collecting and
disposing of solid, liquid, gaseous, and
radiological wastes. Although
Aerojet-General recommended a 10-year,
statewide program which would encompass
3 years of comprehensive planning, Frank
M. Stead, chief of the California Health
Department's Environmental Sanitation
Division, suggested that a pilot system
program be implemented in a region such as
the San Francisco Bay area, which would
be large enough for a full-scale test. Mr.
Stead stressed that solid waste disposal
cannot be accomplished without much expense
or at a profit, but that it must be shown
that a systems approach to disposal does
not cost beyond reason. To do this, a
dollar value must be placed on the value of
clean, odorless air and pleasant
surroundings. Preservation of other values
should be taken into account in justifying
the systems approach. These would include
saving organic material and salvaging
non-renewable metals.
66-0604
Black, R. J. Government facets of the
solid-wastes problem that must be
integrated into a management-science
approach. In Solid Wastes Management;
Proceedings; National Conference, Davis,
Apr. 4-5, 1966. University of California.
p.151-160.
Much of the present analysis of the place
of government among the elements to be
integrated in a management-science
approach to the solid-wastes problem is
concerned with identifying of individual
and shared responsibilities. One
responsibility facing all levels of
government is to find an effective means
of fighting public apathy. The central
purpose of the Waste Disposal Act is
stated and five major areas of support
to local and state waste management
operations by the national program are
outlined. They are: conduct and support
for research and training in solid-waste
technology; assistance in demonstrating
the practicality of improved methods
for solid-waste collection, storage,
processing, and disposal; support for
studies and investigations by community,
state, and other agencies other than
federal; grants to help pay for surveys
and planning to develop adequate waste
management systems; and technical
assistance to local and state governments.
It is shown that solutions to the
solid-waste problem, like those of air
and water pollution, cannot be
compartmentalized within political
subdivisions or geographical boundaries.
Examples are quoted of ineffective
practice of handling waste separately
in as many as 129 political subdivisions
in one county. Small political
jurisdictions almost without exception
lack sufficient resources for the
required job. Legislation authorizing
the creation of solid-waste districts
has not been adopted in more than nine
states.
66-0605
Bowerman, F. R. Discussion—the problem
in perspective. In Solid Wastes Management;
Proceedings; National Conference, Davis,
Apr. 4-5, 1966. University of California.
p.23-24.
The preceding paper is paraphrased and
interpreted in the light of the speaker's
personal experience gathered in France and
Spain. Several aspects of solid wastes
management should be seen against the
background of the existing
urban-industrial-agricultural complexes.
The old concepts of being able to haul
things out of the city into the country no
longer hold, as the areas behind the city
limits form a highly-developed and highly
integrated part of the city's activities.
This state of affairs led to a phenomenal
intensity of agricultural land use, creating
fly-breeding potential and odors that the
urban communities cannot cone with. Some
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Management of Solid Waste Systems
material to be disposed of proves to have
only negative -value on the current market
(the present value of dairy manure in Los
Angeles County is minus $2 per ton). Further
examples are the negative value of waste
paper or car bodies. Comments on other
aspects of solid waste management show
the necessity of changing the national
concept of waste and of developing a
national conscience regarding the manner in
which things are created and destroyed
without making greater use of them.
66-0606
Bowerman, F. R. Los Angeles County
activities in refuse disposal. In
Solid Wastes Management; Proceedings;
National Conference, Davis, Apr. 4-5,
1966. University of California.
p.169-173.
In Los Angeles County the operating
sanitation districts include 70 of the
county's 75 incorporated cities and
large tracks of unincorporated area.
Each city is represented on every board
of directors of each district that
includes that city. The powers, which the
district has through its directors,
are listed and the mode of cooperation
is indicated. Since 1955 the districts
have opened five landfill sites to the
public and one transfer station. The
cost of acquisition and implementation
of these facilities was greater than
the funds accumulated through the
districts* special tax levy. The
districts do not collect refuse, but
maintain the disposal sites and transfer
station open to the general public and
the municipal refuse collection agencies.
The described system now handles
approximately one-half of the total refuse
generated in the Los Angeles Metropolitan
area.
66-0607
Brown, A. A, Understanding this new
approach. In Solid Wastes Management;
Proceedings; National Conference, Davis,
Apr. 4-5, 1966. University of California.
P~.55-62.
The role of the systems analyst is defined
and various systems of analysis are
described: the open-end and closed"loop
systems, both simple and elaborated, with and
without interaction. Three publications are
suggested for reading about the aims and
methods of systems analysis and model design.
(1) Ira Lowry, A Short Course in Model
Design, Journal of the American Institute of
Planners, May 1965 (2) the Aerojet-General
report (3) Charles Hitch, Decision Making
for Defense, The last-mentioned book is
analyzed, and the notion of a program is
specified.
66-0608
California finances regional planning.
Refuse Removal Journal, 9(12):34, 1966.
A $175,000 two-year contract has been
awarded by the State of California to
Aerojet-General Corporation Von Karman
Center's Life Systems Division in order
to investigate, plan, and design a
regional solid waste management system
for Fresno County. Fresno was selected
since it is an ideal model for other
California urban-agricultural areas
as well as similar regions throughout
the nation. The first subcontractor
appointed to the project was
Engineering-Science of Arcadia, California.
Aerojet-General Corporation's Von Karman
Center was recently awarded a seven-month
$60,000 study contract by the Public
Health Service for compilation of
information on types, sources, and
processes of solid wastes.
66-0609
California study looks into the future,
Refuse Removal Journal, 9(4):20, 40-41,
1966.
A discussion of the report by
Aerojet-General, which had been asked by
the State of California to apply its systems
development abilities to the growing
pollution problem, and draw up preliminary
guidelines for waste collection and
disposal systems that would halt the
pollution of water, land, and air, is
presented. The report recommends refuse
trucks that grind waste and flush it into
the sewer system, an underground conveyor
network that transports refuse from
individual households to collection points,
and rapid transit vehicles that speed solid
waste to distant disposal sites. Based on
scientific planning methods, the study
attempts to present guidelines for handling
all kinds of waste in the future—solid,
liquid, gaseous, and radioactive.
Unfortunately, the report does not consider
solid waste material generated by
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0606-0613
commercial and industrial establishments,
and has not thought through the practicality
of some of its recommendations for materials
handling. It also completely ignores the
role of the private contractor in refuse
collection and disposal.
66-0610
Cheek, F. R. One community's success.
In Solid Wastes Management; Proceedings;
National Conference, Davis, Apr. 4-5, 1966.
University of California, p.161-168.
The aims and methods adopted in the
Detroit region to improve refuse
disposal are reported. The study was
based on questionnaires and staff
interviews with local public officials
and private sanitation contractors. It
was learned that of the 178
municipalities, 82 disposed of part or
all of their collected refuse in areas
outside their own boundaries, 88 of the
communities favored a consolidated program
of some kind. The conclusion was
reached that only two basic, tested
methods were feasible: (1) incineration
in large-scale publicly-owned-and-operated
incinerators, with disposal of residue
in sanitary landfills; and (2) sanitary
landfilling of the raw refuse. Two
plans were developed in which districts
were designated around 45 sanitary
landfills, utilizing the presently
operated four large City of Detroit
incinerators. It was estimated that in
Plan I, about 1,830,000 tons per year
would be disposed of at the major
landfill site in the year 1980. This
would include incinerator refuse and
raw refuse. In Plan II, incorporating
7 new incinerators, 464,000 tons would
be buried at the same site in the same
year, 1980. The report based on the
study appeared in 1964. The paper
reviews the order of organizational
steps taken by responsible bodies to
meet the stated requirements, and
suggests improvements of the planning
procedure revealed by the adopted
approach.
66-0611
Curtiss Everts named regional wastes
director. Western City, 42(10):51, 1966.
Curtiss M. Everts, director of the Pacific
Northwest Water Laboratory, has been
assigned to the post of Regional Solid
Waste Program Director in the service's San
Francisco Regional Office. He will be the
Public Health Service's principal
representative in Alaska, Arizona,
California, Hawaii, Nevada, Oregon,
Washington and Guam. The Office of Solid
Wastes is coordinating a program to eliminate
health hazards resulting from improper waste
handling. Mr. Everts, who holds a masters
degree in sanitary engineering, has been
engaged in public health engineering for
35 years.
66-0612
Divided responsibility hurts city's
cleanup. Refuse Removal Journal,
9(4):26, 1966.
In an editorial in the Milwaukee
Journal, the problems surrounding refuse
collection and disposal in and around
Milwaukee are discussed. Everybody
blames someone else, yet all must work
together to solve the problem. The
city housekeeping is complicated by
the fact that responsibility is divided
among at least four city agencies. The
Health Department polices public housing
projects; the Garbage Collection and
Disposal Bureau picks up waste that
burns; the Street Sanitation Bureau
collects waste that does not burn; and
the Housing Authority oversees public
housing projects. Cooperation and
communication are almost completely
lacking. Other areas which need attention
are: the city's low rent housing
districts; the combined collection of
burnable and nonburnable waste; and the
use of large new incinerators for the
combined disposal. The city of
Milwaukee cannot wait for such
incinerators, and is prepared to build
its own if the county does not.
66-0613
Eldredge, R. W. Long-range community
planning. In Proceedings; Solid Wastes
Symposium, Lawrence, Kans., Mar. 2, 1966.
Kansas City, Mo., U.S. Public Health Service.
p.41-43.
The objectives of a community plan are
summarized, hints on data collection,
analysis, and evaluation are given, and the
specific items on which forecasts are
required in order to provide solid waste
prospects with some degree of reliability
are stated. Further factors are listed
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Management of Solid Waste Systems
which should be rechecked and the
establishment of community limits is
indicated. Stress is laid on the elasticity
of a solid waste plan continually reviewed
and refined, but basically directed toward
an improved program of solid waste handling.
over the 4 fiscal years of 1966-1969. The
cooperation of Federal, State, regional,
and local governments, coupled with the
responsible of those portions of the private
sector, should make it possible to inaugurate
and accelerate a national program for solid
was te management.
66-0614
Gilbertson, W. B. Managing solid wastes
for a better environment. In Solid Wastes
Management; Proceedings; National Conference,
Davis, Apr. 4-5, 1966. University of
California, p.95-102.
Factors are indicated that have affected
a change in the public attitude toward
the problem, thus creating a sound basis
for tackling it. The public
consciousness of the environmental
pollution has led to the translation of
this public concern into public action.
Effective coordination is requested,
especially in view of the Federal Solid
Waste Disposal Act of 1965. Several
suggestions are presented for imoroving
solid-wastes disposal: challenging the
competency of industrial and other
private enterprise personnel, utilization
of federal, state, and local public
facilities as centers of innovation, and
making regional intergovernmental
cooperation attractive.
66-0615
Gilbertson, W. E. Solid waste disposal.
Presented at Engineers Joint Council Annual
Meeting and Seminar on National Affairs,
Washington, Jan. 17, 1966. 17 p.
National issues relating to the solid
waste problem include the need to
overcome the past neglect of solid waste.
In creating new solid waste technology,
the concept of re-use, conversion, and
utilization is a matter of priority
consideration. Waste management
systems—the integration of all forms of
waste (gaseous, liquid, and solid)—should
be conceptualized, and operationally
demonstrated. The engineering profession
has the opportunity and responsibility
to exercise a major role in the formulation
of national policies relating to
environmental concerns—such as solid
wastes—through advisory committees, support
and promotion of legislation, and public
hearings. To carry out new activities, the
Solid Waste Disposal Act authoriizes the
appropriation of more than $92 million
66-0616
Group leads haulers in union
negotiations. Refuse Removal Journal,
9(8):18, 1966.
The history and activities of the Chicago
and Suburban Refuse Disposal Association
are described. Formed in 1933 of private
refuse contractors, the Association
now has six local units, one each for
the half-dozen geographical sections of
Chicago and its suburbs. A delegate
from each local is a member of the board
of directors and attends monthly meetings
of the board. The Association's career
is marked by a record of accomplishment.
Although the City of Chicago still used
horse-drawn trailers in the thirties,
refuse contractors had begun using faster
and more modern gasoline-powered open
trucks. Private haulers also preceded
the municipalities in the use of the
modern refuse compaction vehicles. The
Association works with the City of Chicago
in its annual Clean-Dp Campaign and even
donated 150,000 litter bags to the Clean-Up
Campaign in 1965. It has negotiated a
contract with the union serving the
industry and has set up group insurance
and hospitalization programs for its
member organizations. The Association has
also sponsored a research campaign and
checked incinerator operations throughout
the country in order to obtain information
for the building of the first
contractor-owned incinerator in the
country. This incinerator is in use every
day of the week in the South Side of
Chicago,
66-0617
Hart, S. A. Coordinating management science
with other solid-wastes research. In Solid
Wastes Management; Proceedings; National
Conference, Davis, Apr. 4-5, 1966.
University of California, p.185-191.
The paper raises the question of where the
professionals, active in various fields of
wastes disposal, fit in with the
newly-developed technique of management
160
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0614-0621
science. Both the possibilities and
limitations of the systems-analysis branch of
management science are taken into
consideration when indicating the performance
of the individual professional activities.
Reasons for combining technological
research and management science studies
are stated and possible coordination is
outlined using the example of the University
of California study aimed at an improved
solid-wastes disposal program for the San
Francisco Bay Area.
66-0618
Institute's evidence to Royal Commission.
Public Cleansing, 56(12):591-595 , 1966.
The Institute of Public Cleansing has
submitted its views on the place of
public cleansing services in the
organization of local government and the
minimum requirements for efficient
operation to the Royal Commission on
local government in England after
defining the services involved. The
Institute also discussed the costs,
which in 1963-64 amounted to fe80
million, constituting the fourth
largest local government activity; the
health effects; the extent of the problem
(15 million tons, 2.1 Ib per day per
person and going up); and the
organization. Recommendations were made
for the optimum size of authority, its
direct responsibility, and the
specialization and training of personnel.
66-0619
Jackson, T. P. Application of the
approach. The California waste management
study. In Solid Wastes Management;
Proceedings; National Conference, Davis,
Apr. 4-5, 1966. University of California
p.63-90.
An outline of the Waste Management Study
is illustrated stating its purpose in terms
of the application of the systems approach.
A detailed diagram shows the application of
this approach to the waste management field.
For the purpose of analysis the system is
divided into three elements: (1) input;
(2) man-made processes; and (3) environmental
processes. Interrelated actions of these
three elements are indicated and the
construction of a simplified model is
suggested, attempting to determine
pollutant concentration in a large air mass
as a function of location. Examples of
predicted air pollutant concentration for
the Sacramento area are diagrammatically
shown for the years of 1965 and 2010 at one
reference weather condition. Further
items of the study necessitated the
establishment of California Study Regions
with economic assessment of each of them.
Annual system and social costs are
exemplified for one region and fragmented
responsibility for waste control is
illustrated by a chart. Planning factors are
discussed and selection criteria suggested
to meet the requirements of the plan
selection for the proper region. A list of
recommendations is presented, stating the
necessity for the appointment of a waste
management coordinator, establishment
of environmental objectives, and application
of the systems approach to a specific
problem.
66-0620
Koch, A. S. Regional approach to refuse
disposal. In Proceedings; First Annual
Meeting of the Institute for Solid Wastes,
Chicago, Sept. 13-15, 1966. American
Public Works Association, p.31-33.
The Orange County (California) Solid
Waste Disposal System is described in detail.
Orange County covers approximately 800
sq miles and has a population of nearly
1,200,000. The county contains 24
incorporated cities which represent about 65
percent of the total land area and 89 percent
of its population. Prior to 1947, refuse
disposal was handled on a local community
basis. Then the Orange County Board of
Supervisors adopted an ordinance outlawing
indiscriminate dumping and established
certain sites as County dumps. A study made
in 1959 recommended that a system of landfill
disposal supplemented by a system of four
refuse transfer stantions located in the
long haul zone be adopted. An estimate of
life expectancy of the existing landfill
sites indicates that they will be adequate
to meet the needs of the county, without
change, until 1980. The next step is to
select and designate additional canyons as
future landfill sites to insure the future
of the waste disposal system.
66-0621
Loehr, R. C. Keys to progress in solid
waste management—research and engineering
studies. In Proceedings; Solid Wastes
Symposium, Lawrence, Kans., Mar. 2, 1966.
Kansas City, Mo., U.S. Public Health
Service, p.44-48.
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Management of Solid Waste Systems
Competent engineering services are
needed to delineate the most preferable
refuse collection system and disposal
methods as well as the cost. The most
important items of a comprehensive
engineering study as regards the selection
of one of the three basic methods of refuse
disposal (sanitary landfill, composting, and
incineration), are listed, indicating a
number of subitems pertaining to each of
these methods which require close
engineering scrutiny. Attention is also
drawn to refuse collection and the
necessary interrelationships with
disposal techniques, and new approaches
are indicated together with solutions
of advanced education and management.
66-0622
Logan, J. A. Systems analysis—generalized
approach to technology. In Solid Wastes
Management; Proceedings; National Conference,
Davis, Apr. 4-5, 1966. University of
California, p.45-53.
The nature of systems analysis is
contemplated with emphasis on its aptitude
to approach logically the solution of
complicated multi-variable problems. As
most engineering problems involve political,
economic, or human factors, engineers should
be educated to realize that these are the
kind of problems they will often have to deal
with. The paper states the growing
importance of the 'Systems Evaluation' and
the necessity of reevaluating the present-day
concept of engineering education. A
consideration of engineering systems
(objectives, criteria, and professional
responsibility) should precede component
design in the educational plan rather than
follow it, as is present practice. Instead
of talking specifically about the
technological solutions involved,
environmental control and environmental
management should be stressed, thus creating
an attractive challenge for the high-school
student reluctant to work in the solid-waste
field.
66-0623
McDonald, J. L. There has to be a pony
someplace. In Solid Wastes Management;
Proceedings; National Conference, Davis,
Apr. 4-5, 1966. University of California.
p.91-94.
The introductory remarks of the Master
of Cermonies at the Conference evening
dinner are incorporated as part of these
proceedings. Examples are given of local
initiative showing interest and involvement
in the solid-wastes problem.
66-0624
McGauhey, P. H. The problem in perspective.
In Solid Wastes Management; Proceedings;
National Conference, Davis, Apr. 4-5, 1966.
University of California, p.11-21.
A summarization is given of some of the
basic aspects of the solid-wastes management
problem, listing the effects of urbanization,
public attitudes, variety and nature of
wastes, educational deficiencies, and limits
of technology and research. The problem
calls for a community-wide approach for which
existing fragmented jurisdictions are
inadequate. For example, in the San
Francisco Bay, there are some 83 separate
but impinged jurisdictions and agencies
seeking to sequester solid wastes in each
other's back yard at 77 locations. Moreover,
the traditional 2 Ib per capita per day has
has now reached an estimated 6 to 8 Ib in
many localities, with industry creating
some 2,000 new products each year. Evidence
is presented for the rising public awareness
of the problem confronting public agencies
and jurisdictions at the technical and
operational level of management, manifested
by a number of developments at the federal
level.
66-0625
McKinney, R. E. Solid waste disposal.
In Proceedings; First Governor's
Conference on Environmental Planning
for the State of New Mexico, Albuquerque,
N.M., Mar. 16-18, 1966. Albuquerque
Department of Environmental Health.
p.51-53.
The many facets of the solid waste
problem are briefly reviewed. In 1963,
the United States was producing
approximately 150 million tons per year
of refuse, 4.3 Ib per capita per year.
Local governments spend over $1.5 billion
per year for refuse while private
collectors require an additional $1.3
billion. The small number of people
and the availability of land has
prevented the solid waste problem from
creating serious difficulties and may
help the people of New Mexico avoid
some of the problems facing more
urbanized areas. Agricultural
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0622-06
wastes and mining wastes are equally as
important as municipal refuse and should
not be ignored. The state must
examine the problem where there is no
organized unit to study the problem and
to develop an overall plan. Since
ultimately the land must be the
receiver of the solid wastes, land around
urban areas must be dedicated for this
purpose. State officials are cautioned
against depending too much on Federal
financial assistance and are encouraged
to assume the burden of solving the
solid waste problem on a state level.
66-0626
McKinney, R. E. Summary. In Proceedings;
Solid Wastes Symposium, Lawrence, Kans.
Mar. 2, 1966. Kansas City, Mo., U.S. Public
Health Service, p.66-70.
Summarizing the fundamental ideas of the
papers and of the discussion of the Solid
Wastes Symposium, the speaker classified
the subject of solid waste disposal into
the following four main groups: the
recognition of the problem, professionally
educated staff to handle it, the money to
nay for its solution, and the organization
to realize the solution. The
problem of solid waste disposal does not
appear to be recognized properly, often
being broadened or narrowed too much.
People have to be educated and the federal
funds should not be considered as the only
means of financing the local projects.
Neither of the existing professional bodies
attacks the solid waste problem exclusively.
In all respects, therefore, much is still
left to the personal initiative of those
who have been involved in the solving of the
problem.
66-0627
McKinney, R. E, , et al. Workshop
session—solid wastes disposal. In
Proceedings; First Governor's Conference
on Environmental Planning for the State
of Hew Mexico, Albuquerque, N.M,,
Mar. 16-18, 1966. Albuquerque Department
of Environmental Health, p.95-97.
The New Mexico Department of Public
Health has long been active in the
solid waste field. The state has the
highest infant mortality rate in the
country and much of this is from the
enteric diseases in which flies may
play an active role. The major problems
in solid waste disposal arise from the
fact that modern legislation is lacking.
Outside of incorporated municipalities
nothing can be done, with a few
exceptions. The economic makeup of
the state also creates problems.
Tourism is important and resort areas
with permanent populations of a few
hundred, enlarged cities of 20,000 during
the season, create serious solid waste
problems. Lack of land for disposal
in national forests surrounding these
communities also creates problems. Other
difficulties involve agricultural wastes
such as waste from cattle feed lots and
cage chicken farms, final disposition
of used tires, junked automobiles, and
radioactive wastes. It was resolved
that the New Mexico State. Legislature
provide for the establishment of a section
within the New Mexico State Health
Department devoted entirely to solid
wastes and that It provide needed enabling
legislation to allow all areas of the
state to establish operational units for
proper solid waste disposal.
66-0628
The many-sided problem of environmental
quality. In Resources for the Future.
Annual Report for the year ending September
30, 1966. Washington, Resources for the
Future, Inc., 1966. p.13-18.
The increase in population, Industrial
production, automobiles in use, and personal
consumption expenditures yield greater
amounts of wastes which in turn cause
increasing pressures on the natural
environment, Pollution makes many of the
already scarce resources unfit for
consumption. If the population continues
to increase at the present rate, pressures
upon both environmental quality and supplies
of natural resource products soon will
become intolerable. Progress causes smoggy
atmosphere, polluted streams, and automobile
graveyards. Dumping wastes into rivers is
a cheap disposal method for the town or
factory which does it, but it costs the
persons downstream to either purify the
water or suffer unpleasant sights and
smells.
66-0629
Maryland State Department of Health,
Division of Solid Wastes. The
applicability of a systems approach to
solid waste management problems.
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Management of Solid Waste Systems
Washington, Management Technology, Inc.,
July 1966.
This study, conducted for the Maryland
State Department of Health to be
presented to the General Assembly of
Maryland, is a definitive description of
the application of systems techniques to
the costs aspects of solid waste programs.
Although the report was based upon a
generalized hypothetical situation, the
basic concepts can be applied to specific
solid waste programs in different areas
of the state, as well as to solid waste
programs in other parts of the country.
Analyses were made to determine the
applicability of a systems approach to
solid waste management problems. The
techniques utilized were: systems
analysis, systems simulation and
synthesis, and comparison of results.
The content of the report consists of:
Introduction, Solid Waste System
Organization, Cost Simulations of Sample
Design Systems, Correlation and
Comparison of Simulated Systems Costs, and
Observations and Conclusions.
66-0630
Michaels picked to head new Institute for
Solid Wastes. Refuse Removal Journal,
9 (2): 50, 1966.
An Institute for Solid Waste has been formed
within the framework of the American Public
Works Association. Abraham Michaels was
named president, pro temps, of the new
organization until membership is completed
and elections held. An Institute for
Municipal Engineering was also formed.
The primary purpose of the Solid Waste
Institute is to promote safe, sanitary,
and efficient refuse handling procedures in
urban communities, whether by a private
contractor or municipal department. A
member of the Institute must be a member of
A.P.W.A,, and have an administrative
or supervisory role in street cleaning,
refuse collection, or disposal. An
associate member must also be an A.P.W.A.
member and have special knowledge,
experience, or interest in the broad field
of solid waste collection or disposal,
Membership fee is $5 per year. The annual
meeting of the Institute members will be
held in conjunction with the A.P.W.A,
Congress and Equipment Show, though special
meetings may also be held. A permanent
Committee on Solid Waste Handling, chaired
by Floyd Bowers, has been formed by the
Washington Chapter of A.P.W.A., as a result
of the high Interest of its members in
refuse collection and disposal problems,
The objectives of the new committee lie
in three fields: education and training;
research and development; and legal
measures.
66-0631
More states join national solid wastes
campaign. Public Cleansing,
56(11) =568-569, 1966.
Seven more states have received nearly
$190,000 in matching funds from the
U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and
Welfare for surveys and plans on a
state-wide basis to end solid waste
disposal practices hazardous to health
and aesthetics. There are now 21 states
participating in these planning phases.
The primary objective is to encourage
state-wide planning coordinated with
air and water pollution control. Another
objective is to get plans made on an
area basis rather than on small political
units, since political jurisdictions
are often too small to be able to afford
anditary and efficient systems. The
states receiving these grants were;
Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, Ohio,
Oregon, Virginia, and Washington,
66-0632
Nejedly, J. A. Legal facets of the
solid-waste problem that must be integrated
into a management-science approach. In
Solid Wastes Management; Proceedings;
National Conference, Davis, Apr. 4-5, 1966.
University of California, p.103-107.
The paper raises some of the problems
Incident to political organization and
discusses means by which such organizations
can be developed. The need for the
extension of interstate or intergovernmental
units and for state authorities as
exemplified in North Dakota is expressed.
Another problem to be solved is the
development of relationships between
political agencies within one state. In
Utah and Rhode Island, intergovernmental
relationships are prohibited as a matter of
constitutional limitations. Other states,
like Kentucky, Montana, and Virginia,
do not have a prohibition but provide no
authority. In many states (examples are
Idaho, Ohio, Michigan, Oregon, Washington,
and, in particular, California) the
legislature has already specifically
164
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0630-0636
authorized intergovernmental relationships
In this area of solid-waste management.
Intergovernmental relationships may be
established by three methods; joint
exercise of powers agreements, development
of special districts (such as the Bay Area
Pollution Control) and the statutory
development of a new governmental agency
within an existing governmental agency.
66-0633
Sew developments in anti-pollution.
Compost Science, 7(1):16, 1966.
The National Academy of Sciences, through
its Committee on Pollution, has suggested
the establishment of a National Center
for Environmental Protection, pointing
out that by 1980 sewage and other organic
wastes will exist in all 22 of the
nations's major rivers so that they will
contain no oxygen during their dry-season
flow. Economic pressure for control
may take the form of the right to include
waste treatment costs when pricing
products and deducting equipment costs
from taxes, A special tax for companies
discharging wastes has also been
suggested. A federal bill would expand
10-fold the present $150 million a year
aid to help build municipal sewage
treatment works. More than 1,300 of the
11,000 communities with sewer systems
still dump raw sewage into waterways.
66-0634
New Jersey town wants land survey. Refuse
Removal Journal, 9(2) :41, 1966.
The Montclair, New Jersey, town commission
passed a resolution asking the governor,
the state health commissioner, and the
legislature for a three-part program to
meet the need for systematic and
comprehensive plans for solid waste
disposal in northern New Jersey. The
measure asks that a survey be undertaken
to study and investigate available land
disposition sites and the terms and
conditions under which they are presently
being used. The resolution also requested
that the state formulate an effective and
equitable plan for use of land disposition
sites so that solid waste disposal may be
handled economically by municipalities; and
that state aid be given to explore means
and locations for incinerator sites.
66-0635
New techniques may solve solid waste
disposal problems. Public Cleansing,
56(7):355-356, 1966.
Brief summaries are given of a few of the
papers presented at the First National
Conference on Solid Wastes, April 4 and
5, Davis, California. The Chief of
the Office of Solid Wastes, Wesley E.
Gilbertson, spoke of research and
training, demonstrations of new
technology, and planning. Four areas
are important: The fragmentation of
solid waste operations among small
political units must be ended. Waste
management must be consolidated into
programs for air and water pollution
control. The present emphasis on
the nature of solid wastes must
shift to consideration of the
environmental consequences of their
disposal. Wastes must be reduced at
their source (in manufacturing, for
example, through the development of
packaging which safely disintegrates
in the environment). "The best kind
of pollution control is not to produce the
waste,'
660636
Nilsen, J. Solid wastes challenge the
disposal experts. Chemical Engineering,
73:60, 62, 64, 1966.
The environmental engineer is not only
concerned with the problem of disposing
of 800 million Ib per year of solid wastes
produced in the United States, but with
the interaction of air, water, and land
pollution. The annual cost of refuse
collection and disposal is $1,5 billion
and the solid waste problem is considered
more difficult than that of air and water
pollution. In this survey article, the
total systems attitude toward wastes is
stressed with the emphasis placed on an
analysis of the total environment with
consideration given to the assimilative
capacity of water, air, and land taken
collectively, and as single entities in
relation to plant and animal life. The
lines of research which should recieve
the most attention are: reduction of
the quantity of waste at the source,
recycling and reclaiming of waste materials,
and improvement of disposal methods.
Emphasis in this review is on future action
to solve the developing and so far neglected
problem. The impact of the Solid Waste
Disposal Act of 1965 which authorizes
165
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Management of Solid Waste Systems
the expenditure of $92 million in four
years In research, development,
demonstration projects, surveys, and
technical and financial aid to state,
regional, and local agencies, cannot be
underestimated. The problems, and their
solutions, and the implementation of these
solutions to the solid waste problem are
discussed.
66-0637
Nix, H. L. Community social analysis
of Macon-Bibb County, Georgia. Series 2.
Atlanta, Georgia Department of Public
Health, Jan. 1966. 49 p.
An analysis of Macon and Bibb County is
presented to describe, in part, the
social structure of the community and
its implications for environmental
health conditions. By social structure
is meant the pattern of human
relationships or the typical way members
of the community think, feel, act, and
relate to each other in their various
community groups. More specifically,
the report deals with: basic attitudes
and values in the community; community
efforts; community needs and problems;
ratings of community services; areas of
cooperation and opposition; community
organizations; and community leadership
patterns. Twenty-eight leaders were
interviewed using a standard interview
schedule. Of those, twenty-six completed
an additional questionaire. In addition,
several other citizens were interviewed
on soecial topics.
66-0638
Oakes, D. Regional refuse disposal. Study
of solid waste refuse disposal in the
Southeast Michigan six-county region.
Detroit, Metropolitan Fund, Inc., Aug. 1966.
13 p.
Three alternative plans are offered to
implement the engineering and fiscal
proposals made in the refuse disposal study
conducted by the Detroit Metropolitan
Area Regional Planning Commission (RFC) in
1964. One local government or an- authority
composed of several local governments could
assume the responsibility for the refuse
disposal problem on a contractural basis;
one county agency in each county could
be assigned the task for its county and also
be authorized to contract with other
adjoining counties; or a regional authority
could be established. The use of sanitary
landfills and cooperation with industries
in the area were suggested. County
valuations and an estimate of refuse
produced by counties are tabulated.
66-0639
Offices of solid wastes established in
P.H.S. Modern Sanitation and Building
Maintenance, 18(3):34, 1966.
The Solid Baste Disposal Act passed by
Congress allows for the formation of
an Office of Solid Wastes in the Public
Health Service. Wesley E. Gilbertson,
formerly chief of P.H.S.'s Division of
Environmental Engineering and Food
Protection, has been appointed Chief of
the Office of Solid Wastes. Section 206
of the Act authorizes grants to State
and interstate agencies of up to 50
percent of the cost of surveying solid
waste disposal problems and developing
nlans.
66-0640
Prepare for regional planning. Refuse
Removal Journal, 9(12):22, 1966.
The regional approach to efficient solid
waste handling is gaining ground. So far,
however, most regional schemes are still
on paper, but where a carefully planned
system has become operational, as in Orange
County, California, it has lifted a
tremendous burden from small and rapidly
developing communities. Regional plans
also provide a stable and long-term disposal
channel for private contractors and help
keep future disposal problems under control.
Unfortunately, only ten states have set up
legislation to permit inter-ir.unicipal
cooperation, and only a few have state-wide
refuse disposal regulation.
66-0641
Proceedings; First Governor's
Conference on Environmental Planning
for the State of Hew Mexico, Albuquerque,
N.M., Mar. 16-18, 1966. Albuquerque
Department of Environmental Health. 143 p.
The objectives of the conference were to
bring together representatives of society,
industry, and government, to discuss
environmental problems, and to recommend
166
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0637-0645
to state officals programs to be
considered for environmental planning.
Among the topics discussed were: housing
and urbanization, solid wastes disposal,
community health services, recreation
and natural beauty, and water resources.
Recommendations of the various panels
included: adoption of uniform codes
and standards, enabling legislation
to allow all areas of the state to
establish operation units, the
undertaking of active campaigns to
prevent littering, upgrading of salaries
of public health employees, and the
establishment of a section within the
Mew Mexico State Health Department
devoted entirely to solid wastes.
66-0642
Reports from the Federal Department of
Health, Germany. Wasser und Abwasser,
10 7 (4): 103, 1966.
A contract was signed by the Federal
Government of Germany and by the various
state governments to erect a central bureau
for waste elimination. As part of the
Federal Department of Health, the new bureau
has the task of advising all states in
questions of waste elimination. The bureau
will set up rules and regulations, will
publish leaflets, coordinate research and
development in this field and will collect
statistics. The costs for the new bureau,
which amount to 300,000 DM annually, will
be shared by the federal governraent and
the state governments. (Text-German)
66-0643
Reports on nation's waste problems.
Compost Science, 7(1), 1966,
In a report to the state of California,
Aerojet-General Corp. told how California
spends $300 million annually to dispose
of wastes, including 12 billion tons of
municipal refuse. The report suggests
using aerospace 'system analysis"
techniques to solve the total waste
problem. According to Malcolm Hope of
the Public Health Service, the capacity
of the modern city to drown in its
own sewage is more than matched by its
talent for smothering itself under a
blanket of garbage and refuse. In Houston,
citizens breathe air at the bottom of
an 8,000 ft dump.
66-0644
Rogers, P. A. The development of a
comprehensive solid waste management plan
for California—a preliminary report,
California Vector Sews, 18(12):83-90, 1966.
California's population has increased
from 1,5 to 19 million since the beginning
of the century. Each political jurisdiction,
and there are many of them, has traditionally
dealt with solid wastes by taking them
beyond the confines of the jurisdiction
and discarding their, in the least expensive
manner tolerated by the public. A
comprehensive analysis of the size of the
problem in the state has been made and the
inadequacy of present methods of dealing with
it is proven by air, water, and land
pollution, aesthetic blight, and the public
health hazards of fly and rodent production.
A three-year study proposal is presented.
It is designed to develop a comprehensive
plan for the economic and effective
manageoent of solid wastes. Two figures
present the plan in graphic form. The roles
of the various levels of government and of
private industry are stressed.
66-0645
Rogus, C. A. Computers in solid wastes.
In Proceedings? First Annual Meeting of the
Institute for Solid Wastes, Chicago, Sept,
13-15, 1966. American Public Works
Association, p.7-12.
The size and scope of the New York City
Sanitation Department are described and
current management systems and controls
are covered briefly. Two of the largest
manufactures of EDP business equipment
were induced to undertake separate but
simultaneous feasibility surveys of the
department. The survey covered the
needs of the entire department with
greater emphasis on the four bureaus
of Cleaning and Collection, Disposal,
Motor Equipment, and Plant Maintenance.
The study showed that the application
of an electronic data processing system
to a typical large city sanitation
department is feasible and worthwhile.
It was determined that the purchase of
a disc-pack type of computer offered
the greatest potentials and worth to
the agency.
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Management of Solid Waste Systems
66-0646
Shull, I. F. The status of solid waste
disposal in Kansas. In Proceedings; Solid
Wastes Symposium, Lawrence, Kans., Mar. 2,
1966. Kansas City, Mo., U.S. Public Health
Service, p.23-25.
Information is presented about the status of
solid waste disposal in Kansas, showing that
cities and county governments have mostly
failed to recognize solid waste collection
and disposal as a community responsibility
and to develop some procedures for providing
needed services. Few in-depth studies were
made and no truly long-range plans were
developed. The public interest should be
utilized to support a properly planned
program for improving community solid waste
disposal practices and minimum standards
should be established indicating the state
requirements for such programs.
66-0647
Solid Wastes Management; Proceedings;
National Conference, Davis, Apr. 4-5, 1966.
University of California. 200 p.
These proceedings cover the second of a
series of national conferences, relating
specifically to solid wastes. The first
conference was held in Chicago in December
1963. The idea of a conference on
solid-wastes management was made
particularly timely in California in
November 1964, when bids were invited
from the aerospace industry for
investigations into the applicability
of systems analysis to state problems.
The waste management study was awarded
to the Aerojet General Corporation and
the contract under which needs should
have been apnraised for a statewide waste
management system for California for
the next thirty years, ran from
January 1, 1965, to August 1, 1965.
The theme of the conference was born from
communications between sanitary engineers
and representatives of the aerospace
industry. The papers presented cover
engineering, legal, political, economic
and business, regulatory, health, and
sociological facets of the problem of
solid wastes. Systems analysis, as a
method of coordinating and of evaluating
interactions and develooing an optimum
program, seemed worthy of study. It was
intended that engineers, health officials,
public administrators, planners,
scientists, and researchers explore how
systems analysis might be brought to
bear upon their own activities in
solid-waste management problems.
66-0648
Stead, F. M. The future. In Solid Wastes
Management; Proceedings; National
Conference, Davis, Apr. 4-5, 1966,
University of California, p.193-220.
The purpose of the program of the Conference
is evaluated in terms of the ideas
expressed. The individual papers disclosed
the obsoleteness of present concepts of
waste management for the future, the
unacceptable number of organizations
and political governing bodies in charge of
waste programs, descriptions of the new
approaches, and useful points of view of
people from different backgrounds or
experience. The concept of consolidation
of planning is pursued and the merging of
the planning on air, land, and water
management is analyzed. Further analysis
bears upon the question of standards of
environmental quality. It is estimated that
the changeovers that need to be made add
up to about SI.5 billion a year over what
is now being spent, or 25<* added to SI per
capita per day spent on the average on
esthetics, not for utility, in
California.
66-0649
Summary of the joint meeting of the
executive councils of the International
Association of Public Cleansing and the
APWA Institute for Solid Wastes,
In Proceedings; First Annual Meeting
of the Institute for Solid Wastes,
Chicago, Sept. 13-15, 1966. American
Public Works Association. p.50-57.
The meeting opened with a presentation by
Reikichi Kojima, Director of the Tokyo
Institute for Municipal Research, Tokyo,
Japan. After World War II, it became
necessary to devise a plan providing
for the building of facilities for
incinerating solid waste. Under the
latest plan, $270 million is to be
expended in the five-year period from
April 1967 to March 1972 to raise the
solid waste burning capacity to 600,000
tons a day. Employee efficiency is the
biggest problem in the administration
of waste disposal in Japan. Representatives
from England, Scotland, Sweden, The
Netherlands, Canada, France, Venezuela,
Switzerland, and Brazil reported their
experiences with, and approaches to the
problems outlined in Mr. Kojima's paper.
A representative from WHO stated that
the most important problem in developing
countries is water supoly, Efforts in
168
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0646-0653
the area of solid wastes are directed
toward collecting data and disseminating
information.
66-0650
Swager, W. L. Solid-wastes research
using management science. In Solid Wastes
Management; Proceedings; National Conference,
Davis, Apr, 4-5, 1966. University of
California, p.175-183,
Attention is drawn to the technical limits on
the amount of waste that can be released to
a water course, to the air, or to the land,
and the influence of environmental-quality
criteria and subsequently developed
standards is shown. The broad direction
of the respective research and development
resources should be guided by the level of
the desired environmental criteria and
standards. Moreover, there is evidence to
indicate that unnecessarily high costs are
imposed by maintaining inadequate waste
disposal standards, which leads to
'external diseconomies'. Attention
is also given to the costs and confusion
that will be caused by arbitrary edicts,
The difficulties in establishing practical
standards are rooted mostly in the lack
of technical data and in the problems of
translating these into practical standards
or system-output specifications.
Consideration is given to institutions for
managing an integrated waste-handling and
environmental-control system. Against the
background of the foregoing analysis, a
detailed outline is presented of an
effective research program enabling some
first approximations of the costs and
benefits that would accrue to a specific
regional economy as a function of
environmental standards.
66-0651
Tools and technology—something for
everybody at '66 Congress and Equipment
Show. APWA [American Public Works
Association] Reporter, 33(10):8-11, 1966.
The most frequent cause of substandard
performance by private industry is the
failure of local government to prescribe
minimum specifications for performance.
The entry of the federal government into
the solid wastes field will provide
assistance to state and local governments.
Incineration can reduce refuse to 30
percent its original weight and 20
percent of its volume. The need for
eliminating on-site storage, relieving
congested streets, and finding
alternatives to limited sanitary landfill
capacities requires examination of
liquid-borne disposal systems. Prompt
establishment of state-wide and regional
standards, classifications and water
pollution controls for landfills, and
available sites for landfills and
incinerators were called for. Increasing
use of regional cooperation on solid waste
disposal was predicted. Also discussed
were rapid transit, accident prevention,
street beautification and defense
department budgeting.
66-0652
Vanderveld, J. Refuse industry facets of the
solid-wastes problem that must be integrated
into a management-science approach. In
Solid Wastes Management; Proceedings;
National Conference, Davis, Apr. 4-5, 1966.
University of California, p.145-150.
Ways and means of reducing the expenditures
involved in solid-wastes disposal are
surveyed. Three areas of difficulty are
examined: the people actually handling the
problem, equipment used for refuse
collection, and storage of refuse. In
respect to personnel, the primary concern is
motivation and training, fair-minded
supervision, and fair policy of outstanding
rewards for an outstanding performance.
There is a shortage of eductional programs
offered today in solid"waste management,
and therefore, university extension courses
are recommended for individuals involved
in solid-waste management at the supervisory
level. Examples are presented of
difficulties arising from overlooking
adequate provisions and equipment
requirements and from improper storing of
wastes next to valuable property. Standards
are needed to help architects, plant
engineers, etc., and minimum operating
standards are necessary for both public
and private agencies. The constructive
example of the State of Illinois is analyzed.
66-0653
Weston, R. F. Engineering facets of the
solid-wastes problem that must be
integrated into a management science
approach. In Solid Wastes Management;
Proceedings; National Conference, Davis,
Apr, 4-5, 1966. University of California,
p.111-118.
169
-------
Management of Solid Waste Systems
Since the basic approach and concepts of
control that apply to water pollution
apply both to air and solid wastes, a
model is developed, based on a large
tnultiproduct industrial plant, and the
approach of a company or an industry is
examined. Sound philosophy, good
knowledge of the waste produced, and
pollution control at the lowest possible
cost are necessary. The major point of
environment control is control at the
source. It is erroneous to assume that
the solid-wastes disposal problem
starts after something has been discarded.
The solid waste problem should be
analyzed critically relative to solids
source, quanitity, characteristics,
variability, mode of occurrence,
interrelationships, and pollution effects,
so that the problem at any specific
location can be clearly defined.
66-0654
Williams, R. L. Planning facets of the
solid-wastes problem that must be integrated
into a management-science approach. In
Solid Wastes Management; Proceedings;
National Conference, Davis, Apr. 4-5, 1966.
University of California, p.119-128.
It is shown that from a planning standpoint
the problem of solid-waste management
involves two areas of coordinative action:
interprofessional and intergovernmental.
Interprofessional teamwork is the key to
effective implementation. Through the
research stimulus of the Solid Wastes
Disposal Act of 1965, three types of
technological breakthroughs are
visualized: the apolication of new tools
and innovative techniques in disposing of
wastes, changes related to the
characteristics of solid wastes such as
nutrient food packaging, and the change in
product storage and distribution techniques.
The need is claimed for a comprehensive
environmental monitoring system that
operates both statewide and in many
metropolitan areas. Solid-wastes management
would be an important aspect of such a
comprehensive monitoring system. The system
would serve the greatest public purpose by
helping establish environmental standards and
regulations that reflect metropolitan and
statewide comprehensive development policies.
66-0655
Witherspoon, J. L. Political facets
of the solid-wastes problem that must
be integrated into a management-science
approach. In Solid Wastes Management;
Proceedings; National Conference, Davis,
Apr. 4-5, 1966. University of California.
p.129-134.
An analysis is made of politics and
the politician in terms of the
politicans themselves, the characteristics
of local government, and citizen response
to local political issues. Three general
types of local politicians are specified:
the single-minded office holder, the
non-leader, and the performer, the last
mentioned type being the right one to
carry through a legitimate public program
such as tighter controls on solid-wastes
disposal. In characterizing local
government, consideration is given to its
authority, structure, and age. The key to
successful local government lies in
carefully maintaining good citizen
response to public issues. One of the
prerequisites is the simplifying of
the phraseology used in communicating with
average citizens. And another: 'The best
disposal site technically may be the
poorest politically. Good sense might
well dictate settling for the second-
or even third-best site.*
66-0656
Bright, C. W. Problems in providing adequate
community solid waste services. In
Proceedings; Solid Wastes Symposium,
Lawrence, Kans., Mar. 2, 1966. Kansas City,
Mo., U.S. Public Health Service. p.26-34."
The picturesque 4-year story of the Topeka
Street Commissioner's and later Mayor's
efforts to solve the local solid waste
disposal problem is related. Experience
has confirmed that many of the problems,
especially the landfill one, could have been
solved by a public relations program. Thus
more miblic understanding could have been
secured. Recognition of the need for a
professional public relations firm for the
kind of work in question has led the speaker
to express his decision to initiate such
a service and to offer his professional
help.
66-0657
Answers to waste problems sought. Refuse
Removal Journal, 9(2);46, 1966.
Constructive recommendations and proposals
to expand research on disposal of scrap
170
-------
0654-0662
autos, mining refuse, slag dumps, and
other solid mineral wastes were requested
by the Secretary of the Interior,
Stewart L. Udall. He asked that
universities, non-profit organizations,
businesses, and individuals submit ideas
to the Bureau of Mines, He declared that
'we need realistic, detailed plans for
projects that promise early and meaningful
progress in reducing environmental pollution,
health and safety hazards, and material
wastes*. The bulk of expenditures
between now and June 1967 are already
earmarked for the construction and
operation of two demonstration plants
employing processes for utiliEation of
automobile body scrap developed by the
Bureau of Mines.
66-0660
Drexel Tech offers solid waste study.
Refuse Removal Journal, 9(11):48, 1966.
This fall the Environmental Engineering
and Science Program at Drexel Institute
of Technology is offering a special
curriculum to deal x^ith the relationship
of solid waste problems to those of air
and water pollution, land resources,
and occupational health. Courses
include environmental chemistry,
statistical analysis, administration,
sanitary microbiology, solid waste
systems, combustion theory, incinerator
design, and ground water hydrology.
EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
66-0658
A.P.W.A, to help train waste disposal
personnel. Western City, 42(8):40, 1966.
Under a $65,500 contract with the
Public Health Service of Solid Wastes, ,
the American Public Works Association
will supplement solid wastes training
for graduate engineers now being
supported by the Office of Solid Wastes.
This Drogram, directed by Robert Burgher,
is one phase of a national waste disposal
improvement program designed to reduce
health hazards and environmental blight.
66-0659
Bugher, R, D. Development of sound solid
waste programs—a major challenge to federal,
state and local governments. In Proceedings;
Solid Wastes Symposium, Lawrence, Kans.
Mar. 2, 1966. Kansas City, Mo., U.S. Public
Health Service, p.5-14.
The steady rise in individual refuse
production and the change in the structure of
refuse make it necessary to find a new
approach. Significant amounts of waste are
now salvaged and re-cycled back to industry.
nevertheless the large amount of labor and
equipment involved make collection costs
range from 3 to 6 times greater than the
cost of disposal. A brief characterization
of the A.P.W.A. Research and Education
Foundations, their aims and practices is
given, and the ideas for research and the
organization policies to be pursued under
the A.P.W.A. program are indicated.
66-0661
The first field grants for refuse disposal.
American City, 81(12):36, 1966.
The Office of Solid Wastes has announced
grants totalling nearly $2,000,000 for
19 projects to demonstrate or investigate
new and improved solid waste disposal
systems. These are the first grants to
help local and state agencies develop, in
the field, nationally applicable approaches
to solid waste disposal to replace practices
causing environmental health hazards and
scenic eyesores. These grants have brought
into operation the fifth major component of
the Solid Waste Program. Other major
activities of the Solid Waste Program are
the increase of solid waste personnel
training, initiation of new research,
support of statewide planning, and technical
assistance to local and state governments.
The grantees and purposes for which the
grants were given are listed.
66-0662
Four institutions receive solid waste
grants. APWA [American Public Works
Association] Reporter, 33(6):8, 1966.
Since technological obsolesence has
been a major factor in the spread of
unsanitary and inefficient waste
disposal practices, the office of
solid wastes has awarded grants to four
institutions to train graduate engineers.
Drexel Institute of Technology received
$39,039; Georgia Institute of Technology,
$33,254; University of Michigan, $40,129;
and the University of Texas at Austin,
$37,555.
171
-------
Education and Research
66-0663
Health service grants will aid college solid
waste research. Refuse Removal Journal,
9(9)s22, 1966,
Over $820,000 in Federal funds has been
awarded in 23 grants to 14 colleges, two
cities, and two associations under the
authority of the 1965 Solid Waste Disposal
Act. Most of the projects (13) deal with
health hazards arising from refuse disposal,
rather than trying to improve the actual
handling methods. Three grants will support
technical meetings; and seven studies are
to find out how to change waste materials
into useful products. The largest proportion
of the grant money (44%) will support
research on incineration and residue handling
methods, principally at the Drexel Institute
of Technology, New York University, and
Harvard University. The largest single
grant went to the University of California
at Berkeley to conduct a five-part solid
waste study, including planning and economic
factors, land use, sewer transport methods,
and refuse treatment techniques. Other
projects involve evaluation of paper refuse
sacks in housefly control, landfill designs,
and animal waste disposal.
66-0664
Incinerator technology course sponsored
by engineer society. Refuse Removal
Journal, 9(10):36, 1966.
A new lecture course is being given
at the Adult Education Center, White
Plains, Sew York, on incinerator
technology. Designed for managers and
operators of municipal refuse incinerator
plants, air pollution and public health
officials, designers, installation
personnel and others, two-hourly classes
a week are offered through December 14,
1966.
66-0665
The march of the PHS. Compost Science,
7(2):26-30, 1966.
The PHS has made grants for research,
demonstration projects, training, and
planning. APWA is developing courses.
State waste disposal plans will be
coordinated with planning for air and
water pollution control and urban
industrial development. Research
is conducted to design products
which generate less waste. Disposable
bottles and plastic packaging create more
problems than reusable bottles and paper
packaging. Studies are conducted to
recover heat from incinerators and to
produce power for water desalination.
Plants in Johnson City, Tennessee, and
Gainesville, Florida, are studying
composting. King County Sanitary
Operations, Seattle, Washington, has
received a grant to study high-pressure
conroression of garbage. Grinding garbage
and mechanically agitating it in a column
of rapidly moving air, is being
investigated in Madison, Wisconsin. Santa
Clara, California, received a grant for a
process to reduce sanitary landfill health
hazards by rapid decomposition of solid
wastes.
66-0666
New course announced in solid-waste
management. Modern Sanitation and
Building Maintenance, 18(55:31, 1966.
A course was conducted at the U.S. Public
Health Service's Robert A. Taft Sanitary
Engineering Center in Cincinnati, Ohio,
May 16-20, 1966, for training in
solid-waste management. Topics
included: problems, typical programs,
storage practices, collection methods,
on-site disposal, transfer stations,
mineral and fuel production wastes,
waste salvage, disposal methods,
sanitary landfills, incinerators, and
composting.
66-0667
Private industry aid sought for wastes.
Refuse Removal Journal, 9(4):46, 1966.
Acting under the 1965 Solid Waste Disposal
Act, the U.S. Bureau of Mines has asked
companies that have research and development
facilities, that may be able to solve the
many solid waste disposal problems
connected with fossil fuels, scrap metal,
and other materials, to get detailed
information on the subject from its offices.
The U.S. Bureau of Mines will provide
information to private industry relating
to the disposal of such wastes as mine dumps,
coal plant washings, mill tailings, slag
banks, scrap metal, and fossilized organic
wastes. Excluded from the Bureau's
jurisdiction are wastes contributing
primarily to water and air pollution, sewage,
and other non-fossilized organic wastes.
Further information may be obtained from
172
-------
0663-0670
the Division of Procurement and Property
Management, Bureau of Mines, Department
of the Interior, Washington, D.C, 20240.
66-0668
Research In solid waste disposal
technology. Public Health Reports,
81(12): 1091, 1966.
Twenty-three grants, totaling over
$800,000, have been awarded by the
Public Health Service in conjunction
with the new Solid Waste Disposal Act,
Twenty of these grants were awarded to
expand the knowledge necessary to
eliminate or reduce the health hazards
from wastes. The -primary goal in seven
of the projects is information on the
transformation of wastes into
valuable byproducts such as soil
conditioners and fertilizers from animal
wastes or charcoal, tars for highways,
and boiler fuel from municipal refuse.
New approaches to waste disposal,
such as burning at sea to avoid onshore
pollution, are the objectives of 13
projects to improve knowledge on the
improvement of health protection. The
financing of technical conferences to
stimulate innovation in solid waste
technology was the object of three
grants. Steps have been initiated by
the Office of Solid Wastes to support
solid wastes instruction for graduate
engineers at four colleges, and special
courses are being provided for personnel
from government and industry with
responsibilities for waste disposal.
66-0669
Solid Wastes In Perspective; Proceedings;
Symposium on Research Needs, Philadelphia,
Pa., Jan. 28-29, 1966. Chicago, American
Public Works Association. 18 p.
Solid wastes was selected as the subject
matter for this first of a series of APWA
symposia because of the enactment of the
Solid Wastes Act of 1965. Twenty proposed
research projects were discussed by
participants representative of many diverse
activities and professions. The two project
suggestions considered most important are:
the application of systems analysis, systems
engineering, and operations research methods
to the waste disposal field; and the
development of adequate and reliable data
relating to quantity and composition of
solid wastes produced, as well as data
relating to current collection and disposal
operations. Other research suggestions which
were recommended are: development of
effective waste separation methods;
improvement of the on-site waste storage
container; improvement of incineration
methods; evaluation of waste disposal in
oceans and other deep bodies of water;
research involving applications of
biological and chemical treatments in
waste disposal; development of new
collection vehicles; and development of plans
and blueprints for solving solid waste
collection and disposal problems.
66-0670
Steed, H. C. Research grants for
farm-waste disposal studies. In
Management of Farm Animal Wastes;
Proceedings; National Symposium on
Animal Waste Management, East
Lansing, Mich., May 5-7, 1966. St.
Joseph, Mich., American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, p.145-148.
A brief resume of the only active
research projects sponsored by the
Public Health Service in the
agricultural wastes field, provides an
insight into the type of project that
has been proposed to date and for which
support can be made available. The
Public Health Service is seeking
assistance and know-how on research and
training problems in this field.
173
-------
174
-------
1966
ADDRESSES OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS CITED
Agriculture. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 49 High Holborn, London, WC1 ,
England.
American City, Buttenheim Publishing Corporation, 757 Third Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017.
American Public Works Association Reporter, American Public Works Association, 1313 E.
60th St., Chicago, 111. 60637.
American Public Works Association Yearbook, American Public Works Association, 1313 E.
60th St., Chicago, 111. 60637,
Annals of the Entomological Society of America, Entomological Society of America,
Exec, Secy.s 4603 Calvert Rd., College Park, Md. 20740.
Archiv fuer Hygiene und Bakteriologie, Urban und Selwarzenberg, Pettenkof erstr. 18, 8000,
Munich 15, Germany.
Aufbereitungs - Tecnnik, Verlag fuer Aufbereitung Schirmer und Zeh, Kleine Wilhelmstr
5-7, Wiesbaden, Germany.
Brennstof f "Waerme-Kraf t, "VDI - "Verlag GmbH, Bongardstrasse 3, 4 Dusseldorf 10,
Germany.
Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Columbia University Press, 2960 Broadway,
New York, N.Y. 10027.
California Vector Views, State Department of Public Health, Bureau of Vector Control,
2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, Calif. 94704.
Ceramic Age, Business Communications, Inc., Suite 207, 2800 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio
44115.
Chemical Engineering, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 330 W. 42nd St., New York, N.Y. 10036.
Chemical and Engineering News, American Chemical Society, 1155 16th Street, N.W.,
Washington, B.C. 20036.
Chemical 26, A. Stewart Hale, 1521 Summer St.,' Stamford, Conn. 06905.
Chemical Week, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 330 W. 42nd St., New York, N.Y. 10036.
Chemie-Ingenleur-Technlk, Verlag Chemie, GmbH, 694 Weinheim/Bergstr., Germany.
Combustion, Combustion Publishing Co., Inc., 277 Park Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017.
Compost Science, Rodale Press, 33 E. Minor St. , Enm.ui.-s, Pa. 18049.
Compressed Air, 942 Memorial Parkway, Phillipsburgh, N.J. 08865.
Engineer, Morgan Brothers Ltd., 28 Essex Street, Strand, London, England.
Engineering, Engineering, Chemical & Maine Press, Ltd., 33/39 Bowling Green Lane,
London EC 1, United Kingdom.
Engineering News-Record, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 330 W. 42nd St., New York, N.Y. 10036.
Hygiene and Sanitation, Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information,
Springfield, Va. 22151.
Indian Journal of Technology, Hillside Rd., New Delhi, India,
175
-------
Addresses of Periodical Publications Cited
Ingegneria Sanitaria, Istituto Propaganda Internazionale, Via Friuli 32, 20135 Milan,
Italy.
Journal of Air Pollution Control Association, 440 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. 14213.
Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, American Society of Civil Engineers,
American Society of Civil Engineers, 345 E. 47th St., New York, N.Y. 10017.
Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation, 3900 Wisconsin Ave., N.W.,
Washington, D.C, 20016,
Kogai to Taisakti, Kogai Taisaku Gijutsu Doyakai, Cho-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
Modern Power and Engineering, Maclean-Hunter Publishing Company, Ltd., 481 University
Ave., Toronto 101, Canada.
Modern Sanitation and Building Maintenance, Powell Magazines, Inc., 855 Avenue of the
Americas, New York, N.Y. 10001.
Paper Age, Walden-Mott Corp., 466 Kinderkamack Rd., Oradell, N.J. 07649,
Plating, American Electroplaters* Society, Inc., 56 Melmore Gardens, East Orange,
N.J. 07017.
Polish Technical Review, Central Technical Organization, Czackiego 3-5, Warsaw, Poland.
Public Cleansing, The Institute of Public Cleansing, 28 Portland Place, London, England.
Public Works, Public Works Journal Corporation, 200 S. Broad St., Ridgewood, N.J,
07450.
Reactor Fuel Processing (Changed to Reactor and Fuel--Processing Technology). U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402,
Refuse Removal Journal, (New Title: Solid Waste Management: Refuse Removal Journal),
RRJ Publishing Corporation, 150 E. 52nd Street, New York, N.Y. 10022.
Research and Industry, Publications and Information Directorate, Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research, Hillside Road, New Delhi, India,
Royal Society of Health Journal, 90 Buckingham Palace Rd., London S. W. 1, England.
Sehweizerlsche Bauzeltung, Zurich-Giesshuebel, Staffelstr 12, 8021 Zurich, Switzerland.
Smokeless Air, Field House, Breams Buildings, London E. C. 4, England.
Staedtehygiene, Ringstr 4, 3110 Ulezen, Germany.
Surveyor and Municipal and County Engineer, (Sew Title--Surveyor and Municipal
Engineer) 40 Bowling Green Lane, London E. C. 1, England,
Tappi, Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, 360 Lexington Ave.,
New York, N.Y. 10017.
Techniques et Sciences Municipales, A.G.H.T.M., 9 rue de Phalsbourg, Paris,
(17e), France.
Today's Health, American Medical Association, 535 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, 111.
60610.
VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenlewe) Zeitschrlft, VDI-Verlag GmbH, Postfache 1139, 4 Dusseldorf,
Germany.
176
-------
Addresses of .Periodical Publications Cited
Wasser und Abwasser, Gas und Wasserfach (GWF) , Roesenheimer Stx, 145, Munich 8, Germany.
Waste Trade World and Iron and Steel Scrap Review, McLaren and Sons, Ltd,,
Davis House, 69/77 High St., Croydon, Surrey, England.
Water Works and Wastes Engineering, 466 Lexington Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017.
Western City, 702 Statler Center, Los Angeles, Calif. 90017.
Westinghouse Engineer, P.O. Box 2278, 3 Gateway Center, Pittsburgh, Pa.
177
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
ABPLANALP, 6.H.
66-0001
A6ARDY, F.J.
66-004-0
AGNEW, H.W.
66-0193
ALBIN* R.C.
66-0203
ALLRED* E.R,
66-0194
ANDERA, M.J.
66-0420
ANDERSON, D.R.
66-0421
ANDERSON* J.R.
66-0589
ANTHONYt W.B.
66-0493
ARCHER* 6.A.
66-0156
ATTOE* O.J.
66-0238
AVERY* W.H.
66-0008
BALDEN* A.R.
66-0423
6EN6ER* M.
66-0424
BERNARD* L.R,
66-0214
bERRY* E.C.
66-0195
BHAT* T.R.
66-0495
BHATTACHARYA, A.M.
66-0515
bILLIUGSr C.h.
66-0065, 66-0240,
66-0425, 66-042C,
66-0427
BISHOP* W.O.
66-0421, 66-0557
BLACK, R.J.
66-0009* 66-Oluo,
66-0604
BLOODGOOD, TiW.
66-0428
BOND» I.E.
66-0221 '
BONQMO, L.
66-0429
OOOTH* E.
66-0559
dOUBEL, R.W.
66-0213
BOURGEOIS, K,.
66-0301
30WERMAM* F.R.
66-0118* 66-0265,
66-0605* 66-0606
BOX, T.W.
66-0203
OOYE, E.
o6-029& , 66-0297
60YER, R.H.
66-0337
&t?ANDEL/HJu» J-I.A.
66-0420
DRAUN* R,
66-0 Ib9
DlsAUSS, F.W.
66-0255
6
66
DRICKLE
66
Bi'.TDGHA
66
BRICKIE
66
66
BUGHER*
66
[JUMP* R
66
-0481
'JG, V.
-0430 '
F.J.
-0321
, 0.0.
-0196
W.
-0496
A. A.
-0607
R.D.
-0659
.L.
-0364
66-0431
BURRCMS* J.H.
66-0043
BuSFlELD, J.E.
66-0303
CAFIERO* A.S.
66-0373
CAPESTANY* G.J.
66-0432
CAPP, J.P.
&0-0499* 66-U500
CARLSON* D.A.
66-0432* 66-04.32
CARLSON, E.'
66-0559
CrtRCPRESO, F.E.
66-0551
CrtPPEuTCR* E.F.
&6-0433
CARRItiUF.» C.S.
66-0501
CARSON* 8,
66-0502
CARTER* B.C.
66-0385
CARTER* R.C, '
66-0557
CASSELL* E.A.
66-0197
CEARLOCK* 0.15.
66-0434
CELLINI* W.F.
66-0596
CERNIGLIA, V.J,
66-0325* 66-Oj2b
CHALLIS* J.A.
66-0327
CHEEK* F.ft.
66-0610
CHENEY, L.T.
66-0198
CLAYTON* J.T.
66-0196, 66-023b
CHIME3ELL, P.A.
66-0440
COFFEY, M.D.
66-0590
COINTAT* M.
66-0291
COMPTON* C.R. .
66-0263
COOLEY. C.E.
66-0202
CORMACK* J.W.
66-0473
COSACK* J.
66-0264
COUSINS. N.
66-0328
COVERT* W.D.
66-0562
CRAWFORD* G.B.
66-0438
CRITChLEY* H.F.
66-0125
CROSS* O.E.
66-0199
CURL* S.E.
66-0203
CURTIS' D.R.
66-0200
DA JAN I* M.T.
66-0431
DARLEY, E.F.
66-0224
uAVIDSOfj* J.
06-0223
DAtfIS, F.,i.
66-0
-------
Author Index
66-0349
R...--U
60-0203
EtiY, H.J.
66-0204
EG'ft'ARES, L.V.
66-0332
Ei_DREUGF, il..->
66-0613
ELTASON, J.R.
66-0456
FA^ER, J.H.
66-ObOO
56-0217
FAVOR, A.b.
66-0335
FIFF, J.A.
66-0167, 66-03 Jo,
66-0337
FINftr L«R«
6&-Oil4i 66-0215
F I f-IE » -M . M .
66-0514
FLIEGER' K.
' 66-0168
FOUTuNOTr J.r.
66-0515
FuSS, 6.R.
06-0420
FREYSCHUSS, 3.
66-044-3
FRIEULANOi A,
66-0326
FULKERSON, F.fl.
66-0517
FUNK, vJ.Vn,
66-0215
6ARTRELL, F.E.
66-0293
GAUDY, A.F.
GENETELLl, E.U.
66-0448
wILBERTSON* w.E.
66-0015, 66-0016
66-0168, 66-0614't
66-0615
wlLteOOD, M.E.
66-0448
600ER, R.
66-0338
GOLDSTEIN, D,
66-0551
60LUEKE, C.
66-0339
60VEN, F.A.
66-0169
GUMERMAN* R.C.
66-0482
HADDER, A.W.
66-0202
riAEOIKE, E.wl.
66-0340
HALE, W.F.
66-0205
HARDING, C.I.
66-0446, 66-0474
HARRINGTON, y, ,M.
66-0341
HART, S.A.
66-0205, 6G-Gol7
HEITMUELLER, W.
66-0349
HERBERT, D.D.
66-0342
HERNANDEZ, J.Vtl.
66-0447
rilCKEY, J.H.
66-0170
HILL, G.
66-0171
HQHrE, L.6.
66-0203
HUNTER, J.V.
66-044B
H;j\'TE(i» R.L".
t>&-04?£.
IbAPiilA, K.
66-0227
Ih'jFNSr R.L.
66-0207
JACKSON » T.p.
66— Golv
JACOOS, G.LJ.
66-0197
JA.URESUI, L.U.
66- U 5 01
Jc^lS, W»
66-0347
JOHNSON, G.C.
66—0526
JONES, J.rt.
&6- o a op.
JOROCH, H.C.
56-0209
KAISER, E.R.
66-0346
KALKHUFF, A, A.
66-0 349
KESHAVAN, K.
66-0466, 66-U47&
KLSLEP, R.P.
66-0210
KIADO, w.L.
66-0040
K1KER, J.E".
66-0474
KING, P.H.
66-0-t36
KINNEY, E.T.
66-0447
KLIN6'ENr-Ei-
LA'J^Ot' R , A.V .
66-0-409
t ;J,IS« J.
66-0351
LlCHTENtiERG, J.J
66-0461
1.IPPER, R.I.
66-0214, 66'
LOEhR, K.C.
66-0193, 66
LOGAN, J.A.
66-0622
LUblN&TON, D.C.
66-0232
LUywIG, H.F.
66-0421, 6b
1'iACKSON, C.J,
66-0223
MAuSEN, E.P.
66-0475
NALCHERECK, W.
66-0050
HiALIK, D-D.
66-0227
HALKHAZOV, L.N.
66-0135
HANCY, K.H.
66-0439
MANNHAROT, H.
66-0397
WARAIS, G.R.
66-0451
MARCHANT, A.J.
66-0137, 66-
MARKS, D.R.
66-0485
MARSHALLA, A.
66-0338
MART I NEK, J.
66-0462
MATVEEV, P.N.
66-0583
MAYRLE, J.
66-0139
MAYST«E, U.
66-0274
HC CARTY, P.L.
66-0486
-0
-Oo'J
179
-------
Author Index
MC CLURE* W.H.
66-0515
f-.C COY, E.
66-0238
MC DONALD* J.L.
66-0623
MC DONALD* N.S.
66-0438
MC GAUGHEY* P,H.
66-0339. 66-0,24
WC KIMMEY, h.L.
b6-0b2!;., 66-062o,
66-Oo27
MC WELLY, L.D.
66-022^
MEDLEY, G.H.
66-057?
MLHREN, G.L.
66-0212
MELAHU, o.i.
66-0213
. C.S.
66-0220
66-0221
".L.
66-0352
* R.C.
66-0574
Kfc.5SIi-.iA, u.
66-0452
MtYEVS, A.F.
56-0305
MICHAELS' A.
&6-J175, 66-017o»
66-0177. 66-0351)
MiLLER, R.
66-053C
MILLER. W.H.
t.6-0531
MiMCH, V.A.
66-0^53
Mlf-.'EKp J.K.
66-Q21<4» 66-0215
MIX. S . ft .
66-0173
f''0c. P.
E.
66-0349
NioIStT. P.
66-0't5<4
MO-'!ROE, E.3.
66-0355
MOORE. B.C.
66-0356
MOORE.* J«A.
h6-0205. 66-0217
MuRRlS. S.L.
66-0213
MOWRISf J.C.
66-Ot5b
MORRIS » W.H.
66-021?
.K.
66-0221
MOSHERf E.A.
66-0020
MOwBRAY. K.D.
66-03^0
I'iUECKE
66-0276
MUIFU G.
66-0533
MYERS » E.A.
66-0^56
NASARKATTE. S.P.
66-0552
NASH. G.E.
66-0075. '66-0070,
66-0077. 66-0078,
66-0079. 66-0060*
66-0081. 66-OU62.
66-0083. 66~0u64*
66-0085
NE6HERBON. «/.0.
66-0359
NEHRKORM* A.
66-0192
hEJEDLY* J.A.
66-0632
NELSON, W.
66-01+58
NETZEL, 6.
66-0<+59
HEVEUX, M.
66-0222
NICHOLS, M.S.
66-0236
NICHOLSON. R.W.
66-01+62
NILSEN, J.
66-0636
NIX. H.L.
66-0637
NORWARK* H.R.
66-0362
NURNBERGERf F.V.
66-0223
OAKES» U.
66-0638
OBRIST* W.
66-0280
OKUN, D.A.
66-0^63
OLDS. J.
66-0181
OLSON* 0.0.
66-01+6%
OLSON* R.C,
66-0^69
Op-SRlN, A. I.
OSCHLIES, 0.
66-053'!
OSTEHLI. V.P.
66-0224
OSTfUNDER. C.E.
66-0225
0/OLI^S, G.
66-036
-------
Author Index
66-0472
REED, C.H.
66-0220
i A.J,
66-G370
REHM, F.R.
66-031-7
kEIUEL» E.G.
66-0207
KEIMER, L.6.
66-0266
KEPLOH, H.
66-0192
NHELNFRAIMKf W.J.
66-0587
rtIAD» A.
66-0269
KlCHARDSON, 6.
66-0469
KlDDELLf M.D.
66-0473
RILEY, b.T,
66-0474
KlLEYr C.T.
66-0229
ROBERTO? S.
66-0475
KObERTSONf H.F.
66-0517
ROGERS* P. A.
66-0644
KOGGE* rt.
66-0409
ROGUSr C.A.
66-0097, 66-
66-OtlO» 66-
66-0412, 66-Ofa-rj
KOLLAG. D.A.
66-0476
ROLLER. J.
66-0291
KUBIN. A.J.
66-0439
SC"'-'ITZ»
SCHUL2. J.F.
66-037;
^,iULL» I.F.
b6-0o46
Si^GEivMSN. n.ri.
66-0 '447
S I V. I NSK If G . >v .
SrtlTH. H.o.
66-0293
S,-iITri. P.
66-0 J64
«.T.
6fi-0232» 6
O.J.
66-0470
STAr5f;;iowt G.
66-0414
ST'CMJ, F.ivi.
66"0u2b» 6
ST~FD» H.C.
66-0670
ST£EL£» J.H.
66-0591
SIFIPHE'lMSONt J.W.
66-0373
5TICKLEV. J.I,
66-0374
STONE* ^.
66-0574
SULLi,JS» J.K.
66-0453
06-0495
Srt^GER* i».L.
66-0650
TAYLOR, 6.S.
ti.
SCHRODEP' C.M.
66-&371
THACKSTONr E.L.
66-0479
THOMA. G.;,.
t>6-0i!03
T1ETJEN* C.
bb-0234
TOTH, S.J.
66-0216
VANDERVELD. J.
66-0652
VlCKERSOtJp G.L.
66-0376
VOELKER. E.M.
66-0377
toALKEi^ A.B.
66-0378
»ARi/Ef<» A.F.
66-0197
v«EBER» V»tJ.
66-0455
WEBSTER, N.W.
66-0235
w£NE» A.to.
66-0380
wESTONt R.F.
66-0653
*'ILEY» J.S.
66-0293* 66-0^94,
66-0555
WILLIAMS* E.
66-0578
WILLIAMS' R.L.
66-0654
*ILURICH> T.L.
66-0236
IwlLSOM N.6.
66-0295
»'INKLEK» T.E.
66-0379
hITHERSF'OONr J.L.
66-0655
nITTWER* S.H.
66-0237
rtlTZEL, S.A.
66-0238
ftOLFSKEHLp 0.
66-0296, 66-0297
rtOODRUFFr P.M.
66-0380
WOODWARDi F.E.
66-0466
wRIGHT. C.«,
66-0656
XANTEN, W.A.
66-0579
2AM8ETTI» T.
66-0298
2AVOUNY. S.
66-0340
2IMN» R.E.
o6-0381
181
-------
CORPORATE AUTHOR INDEX
ALUUu.Ut.HQUL DEPARTMENT OF i NV IkONMLNT »L HEALTH, ALHUOUEnwUr. r
ob-Qu41
AMERICA!! GAS ASSOCIATION. INC., CLEVELAND, C)HIV
bt,-G3l3
AMEt-'ICAf! PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION, INC., ri'IW YORK, N.V.
bb-u',,92
AMERICA; PUBLIC WORKS ASSOL., CHICAGO, ILL.
6t>-00 92 » 66-0099* ftb-OlDG,
6b-U2b'3» 66-0300* 66-031&I
b»,-u3l7» 66-0491, 66-Obb6»
6b-Ub79» 66-Ob85* b
SOCIETY OF AGRItULTUKAL tiNGIiitF,fS CITYt MO.
bfa-Q117, 66-Ol57» bfa-01b6»
bb-U^l9, fa6-ub58
BUnL'AU OF -'INES, w/.SHINGTOHt O.C.
bfa-OjOO, 6b-05l4» bo-Ubl7i
fab-01>26
CITY OF MAI, CHESTER, CLEANSING uEPART"E ,T. GREAT bf.ITAI'
faj,--U06b
UEPARTi-iENT OF COMMERCE' KASHIUuTON, 0....
bb-0 .07
FEDERAL «AiER POLLUTION CONTROL AijrflNISTHAT ION, K/,r,HlHoTO, ,t .j
GEORGIA UEI'ARTHENT OF PUbLIC HEALTH, ATLAt>,T-s '
b{,-06^7
MAKfLANU STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
NATIONAL ACAUEMy OF SCIENCES' ^ASHHiOToNr O.C.
66-0179
'OHIO ST/TE OEPAKTMENT OF HEALTH* COLUh US.
ob-00b7« 66-0087' bfa-OUfafl,
66-U089i 66-0090' 6o-006-D076« 66-007?,
bb-U07a» b6-0079t 6
6b-U081» b6-UOd2* 6
b6-UOS4, 66-OU8&
VANDERUILT UNIVERSITY, NrtbnVlLLE*
r.-6-OUtJb
182
-------
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION INDEX
AF, 1C A
L.GYH1
CURO, &0-U289
AUSTRALIA
VICTORIA, ot>-C.46§
CftUAOA, 66-0113
OMiAKlO, 6o-0 124
TOkOiiTO, ob-0061. 66-04.38
CHINA, bb-0256. o6-05D4
EUROPL, 66-0052. t.6-0146. 66-ul66'
b6-Ul&7, 66-0191*. 66-0410,
66-U411, 66-U412, 66-0414,
66-1)545
BLLGI; M
UnUSSELS, 66-0593
t.,ONT~SUR-6-L<2&8» 66-0291. 66-U^'.i2»
t.6-o30b» 66-U553
I'l'EIL. 66-0395
SARCLLLtS' 66-0 JO i
66-0397, 6
66-040U, 66-0^*08, 6b-0t35.
6t>-06«+2
. t>6-0i;77
MAIN. bo-oJon
FnEIuUkG, 66-011+1, 66-Obol
HAMBURG » 66-0050. 66-013U
KrtSStL, 66-0409
LE.VEKKUSLN* 66-0407
wtST btHLlNi 66-0403
.AT BRITAIN. 66-003^.
66-0041.
t,&-l< 049.
bb-(;0b9,
66-C.116.
(6-0241.
bfa-0302>
t.b-Q398>
bo~048U»
66-0520.
bo-0533>
b6-0546.
bfa-0600.
66-0043,
6&-005t»
66-0073.
66-0123.
6b-024<+.
66-0310,
66-0402.
b6-0513»
66-0524,
66-0537.
66-0550,
66-0618
66-OU48.
66-OU56.
66-0115.
66-0 l,
66-0390
DEfiBY. 66-03B7, o, -,,3td.
6&-03.9. 66-03yP» 6fc-0'+01
DURHAM. 66-niab
EDlNBURbH. 66-0243.
66-02^5
GLASGOW. 66-033t. 66-ii'jHU
GLOUCESTERSHIRE. o6-u307
6b-0126' 66-0140.
66-U1P9. 6^-02^5.
66-0463
, 6i.-0uo6,
! STOfJ, 66-i.il flf>
66--1J4
i. 66-U067
SCOTLAUD. 66-U42*.
ST.-'FFURD. 66-050-.-
KALES. o6-0 1?7
WHEATLtY» 66-030.-,
b6-03'il
HOLLAND' 06-0256. 66-026
ITALY, 66-Oi.'oB
POLAND, b6-o'-)3o
SPAIN, 66-0 2 ill
, 66-04'* 3
OSLO. bO-040-'»
BA; FL. 66-OU67
GEf-Jt'VA. 66-0^74
HOjJf. KONG, 66-03'+6
IMOlA, 66-. 226
ISKAEL, 66-0271, 6-.-0272
JApAN. fa6-0070. 66-0350
MEXICO
MLXICO CITY, 66-0442
NL* 2LALAML;
AUC^LAHD, 6i,-047i
cOUTH AFQIC/
SOUTHEKN' KHODESIA, 6o-0t79
ZA?,B1A, 66-0*451
SOUTH AMEK1CA
AKGENTlMA, fa-;, -0030, ->o-Ubi':l
CHILE, 66-U175
SOUTHEAST ASIA
VIETNAM
SAIGON, 66-0072
UNITED STATES. 66-0063. o6-OU£:9.
u-.-- 1U, 66-0150, 66-0479,
66-Ub06» 6&-0517. 66-0595
ALABAMA
-w
'iL IFCHNIA, 66-0114. u6-u201.
..jb-11221. 6t>-U557» 66-Ob65.
66-1/571. 66-0586, b6-0o03,
C6-0609. 66-0619, 66-0643.
F«ESNO, b
LOS ANGLLtS. 66-UUOb,
6b-0l0b, 66-Olbu.
66-0263. 66-0349.
66-0606
66-0561
183
-------
Geographical Location Index
'JALAiV I ob-O^bl
0 Ai
Wi Bl i,,\i/U . l!jO» LJO~OUJ;!
'j/'.'j Ljlf.o6» 66— 0324
_,AN f-t.KNAhiUO VAU.L.Y,
bo— 0044
,..N Fh' NCI SCO* ub-OOtK.. *
o6-0 170 • 66-022'**
66-0 6 H
':. H PF-fjhO* t>c-ot>7d
.j/iN'fA CLA!;A» 66-U-6<^»
bb-0'>77, 66-Ob6'-j
..L.ST COijTHA COSTA COU/.TY,
u; OK DO
66-0036*
iMttTKUT*
\\: HTFO.»
6o-0 jUb
TrLAbUCt ISLAND. o6-U^.7
HA-.AII, 6o-ul28
KA^iAI* (,6-013.3
ILLINOIS* bt-OOOi* 6tl-0ul7r
t'i6-0i)60
CHICAGO* b6-0u74, 66-0121,
tj6-OJlH. 66-05^7*
66-0616
PLCRIA* fab-noyii
SPR I I4GF I r.LD > bo- -j -jib
IUOIAIJA* t>6-;;2il
iNDTANAF'OLir,* 66-0 3-5 j»
66-0360
KANSAS* 6o-(j003» bb-00<-:0»
66-0187* 66-0215* ub
TOPFKA* bfa-06b6
LOUISIANA* bo-0631
NLv<; OKLLANS* 66-'. 174
MARYLAND* 6b-035n* 6b-0ba9
•iALTlHOl.L COUNTY, 66-
r.b-Ub'sa
^OO'-'boOKO, 6b-0000
CLt'AK ShRltJG* 66- iOH,-'
COLLEGE P ARK* 6 6 - 0 ,1 0 b
FUfjKbTOVvfJ* 6e.-00(,^
MA;jCOCK* ob-0u78
KF.HOYSVILLE* bb
NORTHLiih BALTIMO:-;t. CODhTY,
66-0117
S H A K P S B L1 R G , b b - 0 'J 6 1
SMlTHuUPO, bb-00f/,'j
WASHINGTON COUNT 'r •
66-007:>» 6b-0076
VV1LL1AMSPORT, 66-0079
MASSACHUSETTS, 6b-OOi+7
iiO'.TOj* 66-0132* 66-OltA
IOAf-1* bf.-Ool1-1* 6o-0237,
66-0251
66-0
OLT^OIT, bh-Obin,
MISSOURI
KAi.SAb CITY. 66-ol22
ST. LOUiS* 6c.-0nu7*
(,6-00^'t
IIL/, JL'' SLY* uc-OUll, 66-U013*
CL.U TO',, 66-0031
F .11 FltL^t 66-0344
r:;,HRINi:TO!i PARK* 6b-0b82
Jf: KSLt CITY. 66-0120
ML",URN* 6o-0 144
,v.!Ji!OUTH COUNTY* 06-oQ34
f'luNTCLA tH« 66-0634
TASSAIC* 66-0031
P/iTLKSON* 66-0031
iv.'.YljL, bt,-0031
,t. .'1LX1CO* 66-Ob2h* 66-06c!7
A^BUOUi KOUE.* 66-Ob41
T/'OS, ob-i:t>97
lu ,< YORK, 66-0047
i !.. f'PSTL Au* 6 6-00 bo
L NO ISLAND* 66-0^ in
',,..*
ob-'' 177
(j;,ONUA(.-A LAKL* bo-01o2
^YbTLK bAY * 6b-U3t b*
otj— 03— 03b4
i' i »'f. H!.1, >LL» 6u"
184
-------
Geographical Location Index
KV. Ci-itSTEK » 66~o j'j,,
In CAkOulHr » 6&-u6;il
Klli DAKOTA
i:iSf-'AHCK, to6-ObD9
, b— Guyl, 6t> — 0
oo— i'b jl
C/,M1'OM, o(>-
66-066o
tLE.V'EL,r>Ntj»
6-00^5
O 66-u
Al iCMA ' 66-i.'4b7
6-U^iOlt 66-0,!
AinJ. &6-(J3fa3
/',L TOON/, » 66~il261» 6fa—ii26b
Ki.lLAji.LHl.IA. 66-, 5bii
(-riObE ISLAUO
i ',/-. RK 1 Nb Tori » 66-006**
Cl- ANbTON» 66-04 7 a
SOUTH i;-AKOTA» 66-0 19., f
66-0 >00
JOHNSON CITY. 66-J2bU»
(36— 02(i5» 6ti-02t,o»
UAL'-ASt 66-0':,.97
R>i 6 - 0 2 6 '3 • 6 i-j - 0 2 u '.'
N FORK, hu-0.
.60,
LAKf CITY, o6-0uoo
lNjA, 6f-,-Oo96f fjo-Ohjl
*iE,,,POKT 'JCVifS* 66-0323
f 66-ui:02
BEACH, o(>ii:.,7r,.-Ub'.''U
WL.ST VIRGINIA
Hlf-jTO.'J, 60-0012
W I SCONS IN
f L , 6t)-o312,
IJ«S.S*K«»
UNION CITY i
66-01 '>b
185
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
SLL' KAtJAOt.ME.NT
AGRICULTURAL WASTES
RUhNlNG* 66-0215' 66-02;;<4
CGNFERLiiiCE * 00-0211
DISPOSAL hETHGuS* 66-G194*
ij6-U217
ECONOMICS. ob-0210> ab-0^12'
e.6-0219
FOhtIGh DISPOSAL INSTALLATIONS*
66-0194
LlNStED MEAL* cd-U?lo
RESEARCH* 66-0212* 6o-",i22Q,
fc.6-0670
SEPTIC TANKS* 66-020o
UTILIZATION* 66-Q2iH* «6-G2l6»
D6-Q226
S£L ALSO MANUKL
AIR POLLUTION
BURNING WASTES' 66-Ol7i»
t>6-0213» 66-OH24* uu-0jo3
CONFERENCE' 66-0375
CONTROL EQUIPMENT. eo-jStut
b6-03fal' 66-0 Jfltf 66-0^65
EMISSION SURVEYS* 66-UJ-31*-
FEuEftAL Ht_ARINGS' 66-01^9
GENERAL DISCUSSION OF» fotj-0179
INCINERATORS* Cu-031i»» 6b-032o>
66-0329 » 66-0^36' 6u-0^i7»
66-0338' S6-Cm?» ou-03^9'
fa6-0353> 66-037fa» oa
b6-0378» 66-0387
LA'rtS CONCERNING* 66-UO
b6-0025* 66-ul61
SOURCES OF' 66-0339. b
SULFUR COHPOUNLS* 66-U359
TESTING' b6-033o
ANALYSIS
SEE REFUSE' COI'.POSlTiO..J
ANIMALS
DEAD* 66-0428
MACERATION' 66-0^17
FtEU LOTS' 66-0193* o
66-U214' 66-GiUb* bo-O^
66-0493* 66-C5a9
LITTER' 66-0515
ANIMALS' vvASTES
SEE MANURE
AR£A-V»iOE APPROACHES TO ..ASTE
CRUSUERS* 66
66-02^7* 66-Ot'+9' 66-0250
"
S* o6-0149
PRtVENfiCU*
6o-025l
o6-024?» 60-0251
TRULER Pr':OCfcjS* 60-0247.
UTILIZATION oto-
uvjIPr-iE>JT» 66-0511' 60-0512*
oG-Obl9» i>f,-053t» 6b-053r»
tULKY ri
COLLECTION* 60-00/3* 06-ouf)7
o6-0125* ub-02'4i
DISPOSAL* ob-0097. 66-02-0 »
OF SOLID ,;ASTE i'iANAGf-3';Er-T »
66-016'!* 6r--U611* 66-0614.
b6-Ubl5» 66-0635' 66-Q6J9.
66-Oo'SS' 66-0661' f»o-06o2'
66-0663* 66-0663
CHUTE SYSTEM
SEE COLLFXTJC'i OF
COLLECTION OF usASTES
bo-Q62Ui 66-
ECONOMICS' 66-0033
PARTICULAR AREA. 66-UOJ1*
66-06 JO
AUTOMOblLES' SCRAP
ABANDONED' 66-0239* 66-02^1 »
66-0244' 6£,-024b* 60-0251*
65-025?
BURIAL* 66-T2'40
!TCO-0,viCS* u6-05(17'- 65-Dbl7
iLMT* 66-02'fC.
•S» 66-02bO
b6-007l» 66-007i * 66-0077*
6fi-UOOF» 66-L109U* 6u-010r-»
o6-0111* 6c>-0112' 6o-0. 1 i';.
0&-0134 ' 66-0144
CHuTE SYSTL"-' 66-ul29. 66-t>16
COrlTAlNEPS* 6o-OCi'.o» o6-0 IC'2*
66-0107, 66-0125' 6o-OU5.
o6-013P» 66-0143
CONTRACTS* 60-0081%
COSTS* 66-OC2&. 6t.-G0.34.
fc>6-OU7l. 66-007O. 6u-0()7'*»
06-0075» 66-0076 * 66-0077.
66-OU78* 66-0079* 66-0060.
00-0081. 6t,-.-000^. 66-006'*
bD-006'4. 66-0065* 66-0099*
66-0103, 66-010b* 66-0110,
o6-011''» 66-0120' 6o-0121»
66-0137* 66-013J*
FOUlPMENT* 66-006b* 6o-0066.
66-0088' 66-0095' 66-0099'
66-0100* 66-0104' t>o-0111»
66-0115* 66-0116' 66-0118.
66-0119* 66-0121* 06-0122»
66-0124* 66-0125' 66-0130*
66-0132* 66-0135* ob-0137*
66-0140* 66-0141* 06-0146*
66-0148* 66-0588
FOLIAGE* 66-0097* 66-uba2
Fht£QUE(JCY» 66-0068
LA*S CONCERNING* 66-0003*
66-0005. 66-0075* 66-0136
MATERIALS* 66-0099* 66-0101*
66-0107
186
-------
Subject Index
METHODS* 66-0076' 66-0099*
66-0100, 66-0103* fao-0108'
66-0113* 6b-Oi2S» t>6-01c8»
66-0129* 66-U133' uo~0148
MU.TI-STOKY BUILDINGS' 66-0051'
66-0054' 66-0058' o6-012&»
66-0169
PAPER SACK SYSTEMS' &6-OU42*
b&-0044, 66-0059' 66-0060
PAKIICULAH COUNTRY' 6u-0b83
PARTICULAR MUNICIPALITY AND
REGION* 66-0066* 6b-U066,
66-0072* 66-0074, ob-0075*
66-0077, 66-0078* t,6-U079*
66-QQoO, 66-0001* 66-0082*
6fa-OOB3* 66-0084, o6-0085*
66-0098* 66-0105* 66-0113*
66-0114, 66-0119, 66-0120'
66-0121* 66-0122. 66-0126*
66-0127* 66-0128* 66-0130*
66-0132* 66-0133* 66-0135'
66-0136
PEHMITS* 66-0108
PERSONNEL, 66-&071. ou-ono*
66-0112* 66-0116* 66-0119»
66-0128* 66-0132
PLANNING* 66-0103* 66-0105,
60-0109* 66-0114* 66-0117
PRIVATE COLLECTURS* oo-0077»
b6-00?9» 66-0080* 6o-COal*
66-0082* 66-C083* o6~OUo4,
66-0085* 66-0094' 66-0107*
66-0108* 66-0118* bo-0119*
66-0120* 66-0126* a6-0i32
PUtiLIC RELATIONS* 66-0112
QUANTITY* 66-0101* 66-01U2
REVIEW* 66-0075
SANITARY* 66-0087
SCAVENGING* 66-0107, 06-0127
SEPARATION OF MATERIALS* 66-0102
SPECIFICATIONS* 66-OlOti*
66-0120
SUb/-'AYr &6-U5B3
SUKVCYS* 6i3-0075» 06-0099
66-01CO* 56-0113* 6u-0176
TRUCKS, ?.&-Ob78
COMNERCTAL WASTLS
PAPER* 66-0531
COMPACTION
TEyA SYSTtHt 66-016^
EQuIPWENT, 6fc-0021» 66-0169
D6-02'4-?, 66-024?.* 66-Oi.47
SEt ALSO RtUUCTlO:. -OF -.vASTtS!
STORAGE: OF ,«ASTLS
COMPOSITION OF" RfcTUSE
SEE REFUSE
COMPOST
COMPOSITION
ANALYSIS, 66-0155
EFFECT Of" GROUNDWATER* 66-0159
MARKETING* 66-025h* 6J7C2o3,
66-0266
UTILIZATION* 66-0?22* 66-0253*
cr5-0273, 66-0282, 66-C2bf:»
66-0291
COMPOSTING
BIQLOG1CAL Dt COMPOS ITiON,
66-0253, 60-Q251*, 6o-02b5,
66-026?* 66-0200
CO i"! 31 NED tolTh SEWAbE SLUObt
TREATMENT, 66-0222* 66-U264-*
66-0294
COmPOST CAii* 66-0276
COSTS* 65-0253, &6-02'j7,
uO-0259, 66-0260* &a-02ol»
b6-U262, 66-0263, 66-0265,
66-0270, 66-0271, 66-0272,
o6-0233, 66-0293
DEMONSTRATION PROJECT, 66-0266,
66-0275, 66-0283, 66-0265,
b6-0236, 66-0293, 66-0295
TIGESTIOH TIME, 66-02'jft'
0&-0265, 66-0266
EFFECTS ^N GROUNDnATEH'
00-0296* 66-0297
C7E,xiERAL OiSCuSSICi-i OF, 66-CO&5
GRANTS* 66-0254* 66-0259*
66-0283* 66-0285
INSTALLATIO!-iS» 66-ul72
METHODS, 66-0262* 66-0263,
66-0266
BUriLER-DAi'jO CC.v|OI:-.ATIOf.:r
66-0271, 66-0272
9AMO BIOSTA3ILI2EA,
66-0271* 66-0272
QOKR-OLIVi£R RASPIf.G SYSTEM,
-56-0271, 66-0272
MULTIBACTO SYSTErt, 66-0255*
66-0298
TOLLEMACHE SYSTEM* 66-0279
VAN MAANEN, 66-0271,
66-0272
VENTILATED CELL, O&-0271*
66-0272
MOBILE UNIT "TYPHOON",
66-0287
ODORS* 66-0256, 66-0263'
66-0265* 66-0266* 66-0274
PARTICULAR MUNICIPALITY AND
REGION, 66-0257, 66-0259,
66-0260, 66-0262* 66-0266,
66-0267* 66-0269, 66-0270,
66-0274, 66-0275, 66-0277,
66-0278, 66-0285, 66-0286,
66-0288, 66-0289, 0&-Q29Q*
66-0293, 66-0295, 66-0298
PROBLEMS, 66-0089
REVlEiN* 66-0253* 6&-0261,
66-0268* 66-0271* 66-0272*
66-028t
SALVAGE* 66-0166
SMALL SCALE* 66-0276
TREATMENT PLANTS* 66-0253*
66-0255* 66-0256* 66-0257*
66-0258* 66-0259* 66-0262*
187
-------
Subject Index
66-0266* 66-0267' ob-0268*
66-0269* 66-0270. 66-0277*
t»6-Q278» 66-0281* 66-0268.
66-Q290» 66-0292. uo-0298
UTILIZATION
SOIL IMPROVEMENT* 66-0555
WINDROWS r 66-0260* 66-0269.
66-0293
COMPRESSORS
SEE REDUCTION OF WASTES
CONFERENCES* 66-0067* 66-0 U92.
66-OlfaO* 66-0187* 66-0189*
66-0211* 66-0367* 66-0375*
66-01+65* 66-01+79* 66-0593.
66-0641* 66-0&47, 66-Oo4B*
&&-Qe>49* 66-0669* 66-0670
SOLID WASTES SYMPOSIUM* 66-0626
6u-0090» 6o-0091
CONTAINERS
SEE COLLECTION OF WASTES!
STORAGE OF WASTES
COSTS
COLLECTION OF BASTES. 66-0026.
66-0032* 66-003I+* 0&-0033*
66-0039* 66-0568
COST ACCOUNTING* 66-UU29*
66-0035
DISPOSAL OF WASTES' bb-0031.
66-0032* 66-0036' 66-0037*
1)6-0039* 66-031^' 6u-56d»
66-0601
FINANCIAL sTATEfc;:!, rjo-oo&o
GREAT BRITAIN* 66-J&l.i
INCINERATION* 66-031?.
iNuUSTFUAL
66-0033
MUuTCIPAl. A^EA* 66-0026*
6&-0027. 66-0028
PERSONNEL* 65-0110
REDUCTION OF, 66~0u52
REGIONAL AREA* 66-0031*
66-0033. 66-0034
REPORTS* 60-0029* 66-0032
SERVICE FEES. &&-l>iJ30, 6i3-0ii37,
C1&-003S
VEHICLES* 06-0121
WAGES* 66-U026. 6t-0n;}:)
SEE ALSO FcES
COURT CASES
SEE LEGAL ASP£CTS OF ,,AST£
PrJCJECTS* 60-016b*
66-0268* 66-0275* 66-0263*
6&-0285* 6f-.-U286* 66-0293*
86-0295* &fi-Q657* 66-06bl
DISASTER *AST£S* 66-0174
DISEASES
ANIMAL* 66-0591
TR ANSM I SS I ON , 66-0 59 1
DISPOSAL OF WASTES
ADMINISTRATION* 66-0090*
66-0091
Mrt POLLUTION. 66-0171
BUt-rlING* 66-0160
COMPACTION. b3-0l^2
COijFEHENCCS, 6&-OOo7» 66-OC92*
o6-013n' 6c,-01fl7* 6.j-0.l^r.
CONTRACTS* 66-003V
COSTS* 66-J031* 6 — OOjc-
o6-006H* 66-0070, 6^-iH5o*
ob-0190
t'ErfO-JSTR^TIOC, PRO^cCT ,* UD-i.ii'..^
NT, fifv-ijnf)7» fj -,-t-l'fi; ,
F£;jr;-
FOLIAGE* 6o-.J'j97* o6-,,if.5
CEuFf'AL i^I^CU^SIC: OF* fn>-0l7i>,
o6-01g]
GKuU!'0,,'AT£n P.."i-LUT IQ(j . 66-C15'''
MOo FEEOlNu* ot:--n"o'->* 66-uC
-------
Subject Index
RESEARCH NEEDS* 66-0179
REVIEW* 66-0150. 6&-01j3.
66-0156' 66-0175' oo-01&4
SALVAGE AND RECLAMATION.*
66-0153
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ACT OF 19t,S
ts6-0168
SURVEYS* &6-00&9* 66-007b,
66-0095* 66-0157* ob-017&
TREATMENT PLANT. b6-01.:s6
DISPOSERS* 66-0169
DUhPS
MAINTENANCE. 66-0080* 66-uOdl
PARTICULAR STATE. 66-0096
PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS. 66-0089
•jUiiO
SEE MANURE
EDUCATION
AP,;A RESEARCH AND nDUCATIOi
FOUNDATION. 66-1-658
P-URCAU or SOL 10 WASTE
MANAGEMENT* 66-Ob58» &G-f. 66r'
FEuERAL ACTIOJ* 66-0&ul '
CFFF.CT 0' -
COURSES. 66-0666
GRANTS* 66-0662
GRADUATE TRAINING, 66-0662,
06- 0666
FEDERAL ACTICs* &o-G6bf
INCINERATOR TECHNOLOGY TisAIhl.Ji,
0&-0661*
UN^CRGR ADUATV TRA i ,-i I Ni * ofa-Obo'J
EQUIPMENT
EXHIBITION* 66-0067, oo-OO':^'
66-0115, 66-0110* fifcj-OlkS
GENERAL CISCljSSIOi, OF, 6o-0111
FECE5
SEE MANURE
FFDEPAL GRANTS
SEE GHAiMS
FEED LOTS •
SEE ANIMflLS
FEES
COLLECTlOis! Ai\D DISPOSAL OF
,-;ASTES> Do-0027* 66-0026,
66-OH37. 66-OOoS' '36-0073,
66-0 09d
COfv,c:ERCIAL ,,ASTES, 66-O^bO
FERTILIZERS
COMPOST A3, &S~Q22e;, ot-U2C.'+
CRUP RESIDUES AS* b6-021o»
LAuOONS* 6o-ntt2'j, ob-0'tfi-j
POULTRY, 6o-G2l3
UTILISATION* 66-0226* n6-0'^£
SEE ALSO INDUSTRIAL inASTtS
GAKBAGE GRINDING* t.6-u069
EQUIPMENT* 66-0300
SEE ALSO REDUCTION Of ,,rtSTES;
DISPOSAL OF ,-iASTESf
TRANSPORTATIClM OF wASTtb
GRANTS
FEDERAL, 6fa-0006» oo-0009*
66-0023, 66-0064. o6-0150»
66-0168* 66-025'4, jo-0259*
66-0£d3* 66-0235* ob-j236*
66-03t)7» b6-0j68* 66-0661*
66—0662. 66— OfcA3* 6b— 06o5*
66-06&8, 66-0&70
GRINDIrlG
COMPOSTING PR£.r'ARATIu.M» 66-0301
GGiMARU SYSTEM* 66-0 Job, ou-OjU6
ROTARY DRUM, ofa-0307
DICKER'S SEERDFU'^* &o-C3Go
GROUNOWATER
FLOW SYSTEM ANnLYblS, 66-0'+ Jf»
FAHM EFFLUE!Vf AS. ai,-
AS, 66
00-0238
FIHANC1NG* 66-00?3, 66-0090,
66-OU91
FLY ASH
Alk POLLUTANT. 66-0.359
ANALYSIS* 66-0154
UTILIZATION. 66-OM99* 66-u5JO.
66-0526* 66-0530
FOOD PROCESSING BASTES
POLLUTION, 66-0159* &D-OX92.
66-0201* 66-0296' oo-0297.
66-0^34. 6&-0'4-5a* 00-0^06
HAZARDOUS WASTES
ANALYSIS. 66-0481
DISPOSAL* 66-Olbl, 6o-0',H^»
t.6-0483
STORAGE. 66-0403
HEALTH AND SAFETY
SEE ALSO DISEASES; iuj;..cfb»
ANIMALS! PUBLIC HEALTHS
SAFETY AND ACCIDENT i-'Kci/ENn
HlJH^At LITTERING
SEE LITTER
HOG FtEDIiMG
SEE DISPOSAL OF WASTES
HOSPITALS
INCINERATORS, 66-0 il 7
HUMAN «ASTES
DISPOSAL UN SHIPS. &O
INCINERATION, CENTRAL
AESTHETICS. &6-0382,
AIR FLOW METERING* bb
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL, 66-0167,
66-0314. 66-0328* ou-0336*
66-0337, 66-0336* 6o-C3H7»
66-0349. 66-0353* bo~M3S7»
66-0359. 66-0361* ub-037S»
b6-0378» 66-0411
CAPACITY, 66-0071* 6o-01uo,
o6-0318. 66-0373* oo-0367»
66-03B8* 66-0389* ou-C4u3*
66-0404* 66-C412
COMPARED WITH SANITARY
180
-------
Subject Index
LAHDFILLS. 66-0319* 66-i)jj9
COi-.^FRFNCE, e6~03o7
COi/lTKiiCTIG J. oo-ool't
CONTRACTS, 06-034;:
CObTS, 6S-UU71* 6t
66-037"'» ii,-0381» oo~Q3b7*
06—036"5. -it::—040:>» 66—041?*
66-041 •'(
ISrOSABLES. c6-H3jO
OMESTIC' uo-0395
LECTROSTATIC PRECIPHATuKS,
nusT' 06-
ODORS. 66-0324
PARTICULATE E" iSSiOr.S*
pARTICULATE '"'<.TTF:;',»
oo-032a. 66-u3.5(J
SWKE* on-033r{
oft-0373, bt-03Bt , 6o-03Vr..
6&-0399
All-; POLLt'T ion COKTKOL,
66-0337. 66-u,V4o.
66-U37;>
66-U3B7.
o6-03:-36» 66-038'.) *
66-0392* 66-U4Q1.
66-0402, 66-0406
CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEV1SIGI
FURli^Cii ',. ALLS» 06-0371
FUKK"VC'cS » 66-'Ji+l't
GHATTSr 6o-03c0f i;6-0it
OHf.fj PIT* u6-i--J6b
KAIL'">» 6b-3321
SH(iKr ,-^TfHS. 06— j:>22
FLY ASH* 60-0359
^Ut-.L » 6b-0 JbC
FURNACES* 66-U518
GENERAL DiSCUSSIOf', 0(- * &b-CObi>
HIGH TEMHtRATUixE' 66-O^tJ*
ob-US'+t* 66-0^50
INUUSTKIAL* 66-0^06
MAitJIENANCC* 6t-031'4» 1.6-0362
66-0335 > oo
faa-0379
MOTION PICTURES OF« bb-
OIL* 66-0^09
PARTICULAR MUNlCIPAL.il r
HEG1CH* 66-0 07n» 66-0
bu-0175* 00-0311. 6
66-0316*
66— 03i:5.
66-0333.
AUD
Ia7.
6-U31t.
66-0322.
ofc — Oj26.
66-03^4.
66-03^7. 66-0351,
66-03oO. 66-0379.
6r,-0336.
66-OJB9.
6— C3citi»
6-G3<+6»
6-035»+»
6-£>382»
&-0387*
6-0390*
6-0401.
l9<;.
20,
O'tll*
97
0«+06
b.
73
19,
66-0340
66-03b3.
66-03d8,
66-0392* 66-0395.
66-QUU3. 66-01+09
RESIDUES. 66-0159* fc&-j
66-0368
RLVlEo, 66-0314
SALVAGE. &6-03ia» 06-0^
0&-033H. b6-0356. oo-
66-0539
SEPARATION SYSTEM* &0-.
SLAG. 66-0342. 66-03 ?ij»
06-0371* 66-0405. oo-
SLuDGE. 66-0399* 6&-u'+U
66-QI+09
SPECIFICATIONS* 66~0j45
66-037^
STUDY, 66-0368. 66~03u9
SURVEY OF PLANTS, 66-03
SURVEYS. 6&-ui7o» 66-05
66-0410. 66-OU14
TESTING. 66-0330
TYPES OF HEFUSL BU-^NtL,.
ASH, 66-0334
CHE>1ICALS. 66-03ob
ClNDLhS. 66-0334
GREASE' 66-0331
PAINTS' 66-0365
PAPER. 66-0320
PLASTICS* b6-036t)
RUBBE«» 66-0365
SCRAP IRON, et-Qjd'j
TEXTILES. t:6-032u
WOOD, 66-0365
.vASTE HEAT UTILIZATION,
66-01u6» 66-C.167. oo-
66-0346* 6o-i=356» oo-03t>l
ti6-0366. b6-vtll» 66-OblU
f.Ou'.', o6-0. ill
1 NC I hEt< AT I Oli » Grj-S I TE
Alt,, POLLUTljf. COilTuOL,
c, 6-0 36 3
APAf'T''LKT» 6o-ni2'^. 6;
uo-0316* Sfc-031/
nUii'JIhG F-ATE. r.^-'.-jlb
CAPACITY* 66-0315
CtuLULOSC* 60-0397
CHUTE SYSTL':'.* 66-;: -.591
COuSTKUCTIOJ. •()6-i,J13. 66-0316
t90
-------
Subject Index
rObTS» 6f.-uM7» 6' -04,11-.
i 'E'jIOf,' » 66— Ojlof '-U — U.i ';;!>
•j'n-U39f-.
l-Gv.r.S TIC ' ;_>6 — 0313* DO-JO
PARTlCULATii 'V.TTL,;*
(•6-0-37t>i 66-1)377
^OKf* 6r--C377, O.J-C3G1
['ObiP>:r_rr
".IK "GLUjTlOf CO-Ti.OL*
e-6-037r.. » e,6-tt.577
Cr i I iV! :fc'Y:i, o6-i;3'72'
CH.JTFS. hr->-u3/ -j:>-ti<.'7»
u 6 - U .1 14- p r •:> o - .1 3 !''.'-> f > u - I; i / ', ,
oo"™^^^^' of ."™ 0 159 -! F ()v.--™ ?• ,V-J"? r
06-0^4 t)T
IrjuUSTiU.^L ,=.'A5Tt:c, > GO-0",'!:-;
Iui,T4LLATIO,U o6-'^>l3» f6-Cii
r''Ai:.'T£:iA'.'Cii» 66-Oji7
-ULTI-STOkY !<:.)ILri,iGS> 6t>-i.j>
CIL» oo-O^jO
"ARTICULAR -u.-ildi /,LI i'Y ;',i;r
PLASTIC » 60-0397
' ':;"FU..!ATIC ' ' > 6
G n - 0 1 9 1 » fc o -
SAFETY. -1&-J517
66-0478
buklALt 6n-Ub2l.
CHEMICAL. 66-ONH.2» 6u-J4o5»
bt)-0485» 66-b'jOlf uo-Orjal
COLLECTION* 60-012'+
CGwBIfiEtJ rtlTH ,'UfaClt'Ai. ,iASTESf
66-0429* 66-0440
COST OF TkEAThlL^T.
CuTTOf-i
DISPOSAL KFOUlr-tli'lEi'-'
66-0411 » 6u-!/'+42»
ob-04'47( 66-0453'
Eft-ECT OU SEwAuE SYS'It.--'
oo-0472
FLY ASH» u6-04oy» 66-04-34
FOOD PROCcSSING» 6^-u^I8
66-0421 > 66-0429' ou-iHbS
GNOUND'WATLK POLLUFIOuf 66-04-34*
66-04bfa
HAiAhQOUS' 66-0430
INCINERATION' bb-U-527' 6t>-036a*
66-03dO» 66-0393* 66-0097*
66-0400* 66-0406' au-0<+u7>
o6-0423» 66-0485
INCINERATOR* 66-0430
IRRIGATION* ou-0421' ot.-04o3
LOCOMOTIVE- 6b-0431
LUMBER INDUSTRY* &6-u4«t5f
t>6~044&' 66-0-469' ou-0474»
o6-047&j 66-0477
MEAT PACKING PLANT' 6u-042l-»
u6-:.)43(-.» ui:.--0430* b6-0bui
66-04 T
TE,\TILE '-'iuL» 66-obOi
TRAr'SPORT. 66-052t
TRuATMciiT PLAsJT. i-b-iiH^P *
06-0429* 00-J45,',' 6o-C-462»
06-0471
UTILISATION* o6-0u^3, bb-0436*
h6-OH3^» &t>-044b. 6c,-C4^'j,
o6-0'475 . 66-0477
INSECTS
191
-------
Subject Index
VAiMUSE* 66-0559, oo-0a90
JUNKYAnOS, 66-0505, 6fc-05lo.
66-Qb?2. 66-0527, &6-Oti-Mt'
66-0548
FENCING' 6o-C246
JURISDICTION, 66-0604, 66-0612*
LAGOONS'
66-0457' &5-04O' &0-0476
AERATED. 66-0425
AEMTION* ao-L)451
ANAEROBIC* 66-0200
FOOD PROCESSl:-i3 WASTES. o6-04b:j
MANURE TREATMENT, 66-0193*
o6-i)195, 66-0200' 6o-02Cl»
o6-U20&» 66-0219. 60-0256
MICROORGANISMS. 66-0195
LAWS
ANTI-L1TTEK, 66-0581
COLLECTION Of- jvASTtS. 66-0003.
66-00051 6b-OQfl/;, 6o-0020f
66-0021» oo-O13o
COMPETITIVE i-IDDine, uc-uui;l.
o6-0005» 66-0011
COU^iTY. 6&-00?l
r'IjPnS/\L OF ivASTCa. fiu-OaJ't.
tj6-000rs» 66-0007. &o-00u<'»
66-0016. 6i.-0017» 6.3-OOtO
nUi.iF'S. 66-0007. 56-001?.
66-0019
FEiJEKAL GkANTSt 66-OuUut
6fa-0009» 66-0015. oo-HOio
FEDERAL INVESTIGATIONS.
66-0006* 66-C009* o6-OulO
INCINERATORS. 66-0001. 66-0021
LEbAL LIABILITY. 66-uuul.
66-0003. 66-000'M oo-UU07.
66-0012. 66-0021' ou-Q022»
66-002«+
HUiNlCIPAL AND STATE O
66-0002. 66-0003' o
66-0005' 66-0007' u6-OUU8.
66-OOH. 66-0012' ou-OUl3'
6£>-Ql)17» 66-U019» o6-OU20'
66-0022. 66-u02t
PATENTS' 66-0001
PUbLIC HEALTH* 66-OOUk.
66-0006' 66-0009" o6-0019<
66-0595
SANITARY LANDFILLS. oo-0002»
66-0013» 66-Q018
SANITATION. 66-0087
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ACT OF 19o5
66-0009' 66-0015. 06-00l6.
66-0023' 66-0025' &6-016&.
66-0604
LEGAL ASPECTS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
COURT DECISIONS. 6&-U011.
66-0012
ILLEGAL PHACTICES. 66-uOlQ'
66-0014
INTER-STATE RELATIONS. Q&-0632
SCRAP AUTOMOBILES' 60-02*2
LITTER
COLLECTION' 66-0143
CONTAINERS. 66-0596. 6&-U597.
6&-Q&99
FINES' 66-0561
HIGHWAY' 66-0586
LArtS CONCERNIN6' 6&-06UO
PArtTICULAR COUNTRY' 66-Ob98
MANAGEMENT
ASSOCIATION OF REFUSt
CONTRACTORS. 66-0616
BUREAU OF SOLID MASTL
MANAGEMENT. 66-0611' 66-0635.
66-0639
COLLECTION METHODS' o6-0099'
66-0105
COMPUTER AIDS' 66-06^5
CURRENT PROBLEMS* 66-060b»
66-0615. 66-Cb21» t>w-062«t'
66-0625' 66-0627' 66-Oo^8»
66-0636' 66-0637' oo-06bl>
66-0652
FNGINEERS JOMT CUUI1CIL.
t>6-0615
66-0111
.JTS* 6t-oii,o
GE:iFRAL niSCUSSIOH OF, 66-0109,
06-017"
INSTITUTE FOR SOLIU WASTES.
A^WA, 66-0620, uu-UbJO»
66-0645, 66-0649
JURISDICTION, 66-l'604» 66-C&12,
66-0618* 66-062li , 66-0632
f'ONlTOHIfIG SYSTEM' 66-0654
OPERATING COSTS, ob-OoOi,
tj&-0fj03» 66-0616. 66-Ofaffi'
0&-0652
>1. 66-0601' 66-0606»
66-0610
PERSONNEL' 66-0601
PLrtMNING, 6b-01&8> 66-0170,
66-0175, 66-0615, 6b-0b4fr«
FEDERAL, 66-0631' 66-0633'
66-0642. 66-065^
INTERNATIONAL. 66-0649
REGIONAL, 66-0610* 66-0620,
66-063B, 66-0640
STATE, &f,-0603' 66-0606'
66-0625' 66-0627'
66-0631' 66-0641,
66-064-1 » 66-0646'
66-0654
POLITICAL MANAGEMENT' G6-o604.
66-0632. 66-0655
PUBLIC RELATIONS' &&-y&02>
o6-061'l' 66-0623» 6o-0637*
66-0655, 66-0656
PECOMMENn AT IONS' 66-0^95*
66-0602* b6-0609' 66-Ool4*
66-0618, &6-0620, 66-0627'
0&-0633' 6f,-0635» 66-0636,
66-0641* 86-0650
REGIONAL* 66-0634
192
-------
Subject Index
REVIEW, 66-CfcQlr Cu-0u2f>
SOLID WASTE LISPObAL ACT uf
66-060'-** bb-061b» 6o-C'o:JL:
SOLIO WASTES MAfjAOL:>l£-4T
CONFERENCE, 66~!'o47» t o-i' r.>!> '
66-0605
SOLID KA^TtS SYMPOblU^.
6&-0613, bo-0621, 66-Ooi.c »
STANDARDS, 6t-OG(U> oo-06'n-.,
bo-O&Hfi, 6b-06riO, 6u-Cobl,
66-0493i uo-Qbl5
FEED FOR A:,Ir.;ALS, t-6-u£03
METALS
ALUMINUM, 66-Oit9u* 66-0503
BALING, U6-0519
CRUSHIUG, 66-0535
KECOVEHY* 66-0490, 6u-^'+9b,
b6-0552
GCrtAP, 6b-u2Sl> 6f--Oi+j'M
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS' o6-
lyuo'^ics* 66-0517*
Go-Obtf1,' 6ft —C53.>, he. ~ L £. 'j •+
&6-065D» bb-0653
SEE ALSO PERSONNEL
MANURE
AEKATION» &6-0£J5
ANALYSIS t 66-0207, &u-02oci
CATTLE* 6fa-Q193> 66-Oi9fef
o6-0201t 66-0^06' bu-0^1«*f
&6-02l5» 66-0219> oo-0<^£l»
66-0230, 66-0231, bb-Oif.33'
66-0235, 66-0238
CONFERENCE, 66-0211
DISPOSAL* &b-019<*» 6fa-ul9fa,
66-0201, 66-0210, oo-Oalg,
66-0217, 66-0220' ba-02^1,
66-0225, 66-0229* bb-0i:37
DRYING, 66-0197, 66-01^9,
66-0223, 66-0225* u6-0?-6 — Ob22» 66— 052',',
i-i6-0;>j'4p 66-J53o,
66 - U :>'*• P ' 6 6 - U 5 5 j
OCCAf.; ulSPOSAL
HUuKY ivASTcS, 66-'J''j66
MIi,r ivASTES, 66-0 ],ACKERSi
66-0121, 66-0131* 6h-01 Ml-
PAPER
3ALr^6, 66-05U9, uo-fijll*
bo-0512, 06-051?, 6o-Ga<+7
COi'jTRARIrS, 6&-049u, 6f':.-05H
DISPOSAL, 66-0173
RECOVERY, o&-o;+96» 66-0524,
SPECIAL COLLtCTIOi, MElHOuS,
b6-OD2"
UTILIZATlOii, 6b-0:it+5
PERMIT^
SEE COLLECTION OF »»ASTrI5
HERSONi^L
ANNUAL REPORT, 66-U066
CLOTUIivG' 66-OlaS
EMPLOYEE-MA: 1.A3LKEM K.ILATIOJ.S,
66—0616
GEi-^rPAL DISCUSSIC:-. OF, 6u-C110
SALARIES, jo-0026» 66-0030*
fa&-0fc01
TR«I!-IIi-:G» 66-0111, b6-05tb,
fi6 — 0661, 6b— 066''
PESTICIDES
REGIONAL, 66-0&06* 56-!'620»
0&-0635
STATE, 66-0603, 6u-06u3,
o6-0'-j09, 6fc — 0525, bo — 0627,
o6-0b3l » •S'.j-f!6t4't , ftu-Cb~K,
SEE ALSO ,MANAC£MF..T
PLASTIC
193
-------
Subject Index
INCINERATION* fc,6-Q33J,
66-0365* 66-0397
SANITARY LANDFILL* 66-0053
PROBLEMS IK SOLID fcASTE ,-iAi-iAbEME^T
66-0<+68» 66-0605* fa6-0ol5»
66-Ofa21* 66-0624* 6&-0&27*
66-0628* 66-0636* 66-Ot>b9
PUBLIC HEALTH
ANIMAL DISEASES' 66-U59i
INJURY PREVENTION* 6b-G592,
66-0594
INSECTS
FLI£S» 66-0539* ufa~0590
INSPECTION* 66-0593
LAWS CONCERNING* 6&-0002*
66-0595
MANUREi 66-0589* 66-0590*
66-0591
MEAT PROCESSING* 6&-U449*
66-0450
NATIONAL COMMISSION UN
COMMUNITY HEALTH StKVICES*
66-0595
ODORS* 66-0256' 66-0262*
66-0265* 66-0266' u6-027it>
66-0288
SULFUR COMPOUNDS* &6-u35y
SURVEYS* 66-0595
WHITE HOUSE CONFERENCE OF I9o5»
66-0595
SEE ALSO STORAGE OF n/sSTES
PUBLIC RELATIONS
66-0602* 66-0655* 66-OoSo
EDUCATION OF PUBLIC* ub-0112
INCINERATORS' ao-034i
LITTER PROBLEMS' 66-Oo93,
66-0599. 66-0600
SANITARY LANDFILLS' 66-0558*
66-0560* 66-0570' &0-0573
RADIOACTIVE WASTES
DISPOSAL* 66-0483
REPROCESSING* 66-0487
STORAGE* 66-04«7
RECOMMENDATIONS ON SOLID W«STE
MANAGEMENT
SEE MANAGEMENT
REDUCTION OF WASTES
BULKY WASTES' b6-02fo
EQUIPMENT* 66-C299* oo-OiOO»
66-0302* 66-C303* 6o-OiU8
COMPRESSION. 66-U310
GONOARO SYSTEM* 6&-0304*
66-0305* 66-03Uo
GRINDING STATION, 66-0305
HAMMERMILLS, 66-03G9
GRINDING STATIONS* 66-u300»
0&-0301* 6f-,-0303» 66-03U6.
66-0307
PULVERIZATION' FOR b>ANlTfl:9
PU;-(EAU CF -Uf,"rS. uo-nuh7,
b6-0ob7
HURFAU OF SQL 10 '.VASTLY
: 66—066
FO Jf-!DATION . b&-06bv
IfJCINEKATGH KCSIOUt.5* 66-ijZoc'.
NEEHS IN SOL13 wASTE .-(AI'iULlNG*
o6-00ir>r 66-00 Its
SLuDGE pPOCISSeS* u6-'jH32*
SYr-,POSIU'-* OH ANP-i/'-L W,\STE
;>lA>\!AGEi *Li !T . 66-Uo70
L.6-0669
SEb ALSO GRANTS
MJduF.R
INCINERATIO,;* b6-u365
UT1LI£AT!0,'4> 66-0553
SAFETY V1D ACCIDENT P.
-------
Subject Index
FURNACE* 66-05?4
HOPPERS, 66-0521
MAGNETIC* 6b-0529
SORTING* 66-0486* u6-05Qj*
66-0539
FLY ASH* 66-0499* 66-0500,
66-0526' 66-0530
FOOD PROCESSING WASTtS* 66-054t
GENERAL DISCUSSION OF. 66-oibb,
66-0181* 66-C491* o6-050u
INCINERATOR PLANT* 6u-C334
INDUSTRIAL WASTES. 66-;)502,
66-0549
METALS* 66-0490* 6&-g-442,
66-C49b» 66-0497* oo-Q5C3'
66-050b» 66-0507* 6o~05QO'
66-0513, 66-G514' 6u-0bl7»
66-0522, 66-0529* ou-ObaB,
66-0552* 66-0554
PAPER, 66-0496i 66-049?,
66-0509, 66-Ob20» 6o-0524,
66-0531» 66-0537, 06-051+6
PARTICULAR COUNTRY» oo-oio?
66-0504* 66-u5l3» 6u-0s2<4»
66-0533* 66-0537' ou-0543
PARTICULAR STATE' 66-U50o,
66-0517* 66-0554
RAGS, 66-0488, 66-04y7,
66-0522* 66-0528* oo-0540
REUUCTIOtM PLANT* 66-U509
RESEARCH* 66-0532
RUBBER. 66-0553
SCRAP, 66-0498
SURVEY, 66-0500, 66-0524*
66-0554
WASTE LIQUOR, 06-050i
WOOL, 66-0541
SANITARY LANDFILLS
AESTHETICS* 66-0570
AREA KETHOO* 66-0077
BUILDING ON, 66-0572
CANYQfMS* 66-0571
CAPACITY, 06-0158
COMPACTION, 66-05t.,9
COSTS, 66-0075* 6o-03i9,
6f>-055B, 6b-05f,u
COvi:R, 6^-0559, fcu-Oa^u,
66-0565
DECOMPOSITION OF kLFiJifc",
b6-U053, 66-05f-c.» 6u-0bo?
FGUlPi-IEKT, 66-055f:r 6u-OS59,
00-056J, 66-0561), 6.j~P5e)f;,
o6-0576
f"Ei_S, 66-0160
GAS FORHATIAr,;, 6ft-u557,
66-0574
GLuLRrtL DISCU5SIO,, OF, 66-1065,
U6-057;'
INCIMEKATOK I fSIDUtG* 66-tif'74
I AW? RSCLAWATlOlj, 66-j'36S,
t/6-0567, 6b-057u, 6b-C571,
0&-U57?, 66-057b
66-0013, 6t,-001"» 6u-GOc.'?
, fcti-05(:.t'
, 5o-00er' 6-.J-C565
» o'J-0157, 66-i)17Uf
66-019U, ab-O'jiij, f'.e— Oiio
66—0564' ir.c — 0">ob
PAnTICuLAR STATE, o6-,mfl7
PRLTREAT!-'E^JT OF K-bTLj, ou-C
66-0579
PRIVATE CO^TRACTO-S* j*— OOCH,
b 6 — 0 5 6 1 , b 6 ~ 0 5 6 3 , 6 < > — 0 5 o ;-
KECRFATIOMAL AREA, b5-Jr-;07,
65-0576
"ES-^AHCH, o6-0562' ob-u57'+>
06- 057 7
SALVAGING, G6-05fol
SCRAP AUTOMOBILES DISPOSAL'
, 66-OSLu, oo-i!5
6 f>—0 5 5 fc» 6 c—0 5 :j ,'•;,
SUh-i/FYSf 66-G176
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS' oS-JllM
TE,-inFHATt;R'Z, 66-0^74
TRAi.'SPORT TO, 66-!--579
TRiiixiCli KFTriCu' &«-006j,
o6-007fi» 6(-»-05ft'>
VAT~P POLLUTION, t,0-0557,
c6-055"' 06 —C57'.'
SArtGUST
UTILIZATION .Sb-fl-77
SCwAGE
AEKATIOiO 06-0^25* 6i3-0'+iJr
66-0451' 66-U;+6l(' oo-'-"i4 7C
Aiu-047Q>
oD-0472
UTILIZATION* 66-0456
ZIMMERMAN PROCESS, ob-u4o
-------
Subject Index
NG OF WASTES* -uit>u
SLUDGE
ADSORBENTS' 66-0160
ANAEROBIC TREATMENT* or>-U41fa»
ob-0tl7» bo-OllS
ANALYSIS* 66-002* bo-o4l-+
66-0452
CLiMTKlFUGING* 66-0121* 66-0170
COMPOSITION* 6Q-041B
COi'iPOSTIUb* 66-0284* 00-0294
COST OF TnEATitUT* bo-u«+73
QErtATtRINb* 66-0126' bo-b459»
bb-0167
DIGESTION* 66-00.27
OlbPOSAL* 66-04-26. 6o-C4.j,i.
66-Q4o3» bb-O'+o?' uo~0<+73
ELUTRIATION* 66-0138
EQUIPMENT* 66-0G-013l
TR^AT^';I:;:T I-LA--T* nu-'i,c3
UTiLIZATTOi:* io-0^^.;;* r.-f— uL-b'..
co-0'J67
','tT OXlD"TiC\* 66- u 4 ft/
SOLID ..ASTLS sr -.POSIU:- . bu-tos^
STA<'.;r:AkPS A;,n ^;\{CIFIC,*TIw''S-
•J6-Oi~'8* 65-v?l'>. 6'i-03ir*
66— 0 J72
uf,-009t:
Oi^TAi-jt1" CJSTS. oo-o
u6-O.J1"» ut-OOf,I» 6
""Ui'LV S((C'-<.S* ob-uO'^
p A h El •? :> "\ C V S > ': 6 - C j ;+ 2
D o — 0 u '-t 7 * 6 6 ~* u 0 1 9 *
06-0062
PLASTIC LI.'-iL^S*
PLASTIC SACKS* 06-00
o6-0u-'to» 66-0 OSj*
6fa-0 JoJ
AI,.E:R uiMMm. 6r;-Ov
-001'J* 6i.-.-OOl7r 6o-0
COUTAIf.L1' SI2~» 66-00^3*
o6-0(J I'1* 6>"— CiOSi) > 6o-0
o6-005F.-» Cio-005?* oo-O
66-0103
PAhTICULAR .-'..i.'ilCIr'ALlTY oi.i'
rtEGIOK* 6b--"!135
PUBLIC HcALTn. 66-OOIb*
b6-001fi* $c--0050. 6b-COb7»
66-006?* oh-006^
DUST* f;D-0043* 6 6- '.'-Old
NOisr* 06-001 u* 6c-oj:j,ii
66-Ol!C>l
FUi:LIC RELATIONS' ob-OT'lV
SUnVFYS. 6o-j017
Tci-i^r.KATUKL* 6b-riO-+&* of — Oi'6
D6—0061
TREET CL£A!..'Ii-j''j
COSTS* 6f--0bo7
EFFFCTb OF VUilCLi PA,M\!MO*
06-0585
EuUlP^ENT* 66-U107* uc-Ollb*
66-0116* 66-0560
BKUSHESr 66-0565
S* 66-05fiH' 66-056B
VACUUM* 66-U5ofc* oo-ube?
Ifi6* 66-Ouo"
PAPtR SACKS* 66-0056
PAKTICULAri hUNICIPALiI'i AND
KE6ION* 66-OStsO* 66-05*11
SUBV.AY CLEANING* 66-0583
SURVEYS
COLLECTION A.MO JISPOSHL OF
»ASTES» 60-0u69* 6o-Jiio>
66-0176
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS* 66-0607* do-Dai?*
66-0619* 66-0622* 66— OolJ*
66-0650* 66-Qfc53» 66-Oob9
CUuLtCTIOiJ AND DISPOSAL OF
BASTES* 66— OilHt 60— OfjUdf
66-0603, 66-0609
COST SIMUi_ATIOHS» 66-Oc29
INCINERATION* 66-osfli
REOlOriAL* 66-OelO
TRANSFER SYSTE.-S* 66-Ui4-b
TAXES
COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL,
66-0028
E^UIPMtNT* 66-0035
TRAIN SYSTEMS
SEE TRANSPORTATION OF ..ASTuS
TRAINING
SEE EDUCATION* PERSONNEL
TRANSFER SYSTEMS
ECONOMICS. 66-0106' ao-0117-
66-0142* 66-1.145
PARTICULAR MUNICIPALiTY AND
REGION* 66-0131. 6o-0134*
6b-0l4?
TRAILER* o6-0!2o
TRANSPORTATION OF ,,ASTES
196
-------
Subject Index
COSTS* 66-OlGb* 66-OJ.17*
66-0121* 66-0129* oo-0l.il*
66-0134
DETACHABLE CONTAINERS* bu-0094
EQUIPMENT* 66-0106* bo-01^1*
66-0123* 66-0131* oo-Oi.14*
66-0136* 66-0139* oo-G140
HLL.ICOPTER' 66-0133
METHODS* 66-01C6
PAKTKULAR MUNiCIPALl Fl Ar,0
REGION* 66-0117* Ob-ulLir
66-0129* 66-0131*
PhiVATE HAULERS* 66-0107*
c,6-01£4, 66-C132
f%OuTFS. <':c-0117» c^t-O^l-'*
SU^VFfs* 66-0099
TRAIN SYSTi. :, 66-t"J9?3
SEc ALSO T.
-------
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