United States Office of Water EPA-820-R-16-002
Environmental Protection 4304T March 2016
Agency
AQUATIC LIFE
AMBIENT WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
CADMIUM-2016
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EPA 820-R-16-002
AQUATIC LIFE
AMBIENT WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
CADMIUM
(CAS # 7440-43-9)
2016
March 2016
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Water
Office of Science and Technology
Health and Ecological Criteria Division
Washington, D.C.
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NOTICES
This document provides information to states and tribes authorized to establish water quality
standards under the Clean Water Act (CWA), to protect aquatic life from toxic effects of cadmium.
Under the CWA, states and tribes are to establish water quality criteria to protect designated uses.
State and tribal decision makers retain the discretion to adopt approaches on a case-by-case basis that
differ from these criteria when appropriate. While this document contains EPA's scientific
recommendations regarding ambient concentrations of cadmium that protect aquatic life, it does not
substitute for the CWA or EPA's regulations; nor is it a regulation itself. Thus, it cannot impose
legally binding requirements on EPA, states, tribes, or the regulated community, and might not apply
to a particular situation based upon the circumstances. EPA may change this document in the future.
This document has been approved for publication by the Office of Science and Technology, Office of
Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use. This document can be downloaded from:
http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/aqlife.html Notices.
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FOREWORD
Section 304(a) (1) of the Clean Water Act, 33 U.S.C. § 1314(a)(l), directs the Administrator
of the Environmental Protection Agency to publish water quality criteria that accurately reflect the
latest scientific knowledge on the kind and extent of all identifiable effects on health and welfare that
might be expected from the presence of pollutants in any body of water, including ground water. This
document is EPA's new recommended ambient water quality criteria (AWQC) for the protection of
aquatic life based upon consideration of available information relating to effects of cadmium on
aquatic organisms, and consideration of independent external peer review and EPA workgroup
comments.
The term "water quality criteria" is used in two sections of the Clean Water Act: section
304(a)(l) and section 303(c)(2). The term has different meanings in each section. In section 304, the
term represents a non-regulatory, scientific assessment of ecological and human health effects. The
criteria presented in this document are such a scientific assessment of ecological effects. In section
303(c), the term water quality criteria refers to criteria adopted by a state as part of their legally-
binding water quality standards. Criteria in water quality standards establish the maximum acceptable
pollutant concentrations in ambient waters protective of the state's designated uses. States may adopt
water quality criteria in their water quality standards that have the same numerical values as EPA's
recommended section 304(a)(l) criteria. However, states may decide to adopt water quality criteria
different from EPA's section 304 recommendations to reflect local environmental conditions and
human exposure patterns. Alternatively, states may use different data and assumptions than EPA in
deriving numeric criteria that are scientifically defensible and protective of designated uses. It is not
until their adoption as part of state water quality standards and approved by EPA (or in limited
instances promulgated by EPA) under section 303(c) that criteria become applicable water quality
standards for Clean Water Act purposes. Information to assist the states and Indian tribes in
modifying the recommended criteria presented in this document is contained in the Water Quality
Standards Handbook (U.S. EPA 2014). This handbook and additional information on the
development of water quality standards and other water-related programs of this agency have been
developed by the Office of Water.
This document does not establish or affect legal rights or obligations. It does not establish a
binding norm and cannot be finally determinative of the issues addressed. Agency decisions in any
particular situation will be made by applying the Clean Water Act and EPA regulations on the basis
of specific facts presented and scientific information then available.
Elizabeth Southerland
Director
Office of Science and Technology
IV
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AUTHORS / REVIEWERS / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Technical Analysis Leads
Michael Elias, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, Health and Ecological
Criteria Division, Washington, DC
elias.mike@epa.gov
Susan Laessig, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Risk Assessment Division,
Washington, DC
Joseph Beaman, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, Health and Ecological
Criteria Division, Washington, DC
Reviewers (2015-2016)
Elizabeth Behl and Kathryn Gallagher, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology,
Health and Ecological Criteria Division, Washington, DC
EPA Peer Reviewers (2015)
Cindy Roberts, U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Office of Science Policy,
Washington, DC
Russ Hockett, U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Mid-Continent Ecology
Division, Duluth, MN
Jim Lazorchak, U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research
Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH
Susan Laessig, U.S. EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Risk Assessment Division,
Washington, DC
Glynis Hill, U.S. EPA, Office of Policy, Office of Regulatory Policy and Management,
Washington, DC
Jeff Gallagher, U.S. EPA, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, Office of
Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Washington, DC
Joe Beaman and Wade Lehmann, U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Health and Ecological Criteria
Division, Washington, DC
Lars Wilcut and Erica Fleisig, U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology,
Washington, DC
Amelia Letnes, U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Office of Wastewater Management, Washington, DC
Ruth Chemerys and Rosaura Conde, U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Office of Wetlands, Oceans,
and Watersheds, Washington, DC
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Cheryl Atkinson, Frank Borsuk, and Kuo-Liang Lai, U.S. EPA Region 3, Philadelphia, PA
Amy Bergdale, U.S. EPA Region 3, Wheeling, WV
Joel Hansel and Katherine Snyder, U.S. EPA Region 4, Atlanta, GA
Candice Bauer and Kay Edly, U.S. EPA Region 5, Chicago, IL
Lareina Guenzel, U.S. EPA Region 8, Denver, CO
Janet Hashimoto and Terrence Fleming, U.S. EPA Region 9, San Francisco, CA
Lisa Macchio, Kathleen Collins, John Palmer, and Burt Shephard, U.S. EPA Region 10, Seattle,
WA
VI
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD iv
AUTHORS / REVIEWERS / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES x
LIST OF APPENDICES x
ACRONYMS xi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xii
1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1
1.1 History of the EPA Cadmium AWQC for Aquatic Life 1
2 PROBLEM FORMULATION 6
2.1 Overview of Cadmium Sources and Occurrence 6
2.2 Environmental Fate and Transport of Cadmium in the Aquatic Environment 8
2.3 Mode of Action andToxicity 10
2.3.1 Water quality parameters affecting cadmium toxicity 13
2.4 Conceptual Model 14
2.5 Assessment Endpoints 16
2.6 Measurement Endpoints 17
2.7 Analysis Plan 24
2.7.1 Hardness adjustment 26
2.7.2 Acute criterion 27
2.7.3 Chronic criterion 28
3 EFFECTS ANALYSES FOR AQUATIC ORGANISMS 30
3.1 Freshwater Toxicity to Aquatic Animals 30
3.1.1 Acute toxicity 30
3.1.2 Chronic toxicity 43
3.2 Estuarine Toxicity to Aquatic Animals 51
3.2.1 Acute toxicity 51
3.2.2 Chronic toxicity 60
3.3 Bioaccumulation 63
3.4 Toxicity to Aquatic Plants 64
4 THE NATIONAL CRITERIA FOR CADMIUM 65
4.1 The Freshwater Cadmium Criteria 65
4.2 The Estuarine'/Marine Cadmium Criteria 66
4.3 Freshwater Criteria Calculations 66
4.3.1 Acute 66
4.3.2 Chronic 68
4.4 Estuarine'/Marine Criteria Calculations 69
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4.4.1 Acute 69
4.4.2 Chronic 70
5 EFFECTS CHARACTERIZATION 74
5.7 Freshwater Acute Toxicity Data 74
5.1.1 Acute toxicity data for freshwater mussels 76
5.1.2 Suitability of acute Hyalella azteca data 76
5.1.3 Uncertainty in the freshwater FAV calculation 78
5.1.4 Acute criteria duration 79
5.2 Freshwater Chronic Toxicity Data 80
5.2.1 Suitability of chronic Hyalella azteca data 82
5.2.2 Uncertainty in the freshwater FCV calculation 87
5.3 Additional Aquatic Life Water Quality Assessments for Cadmium 88
5.4 Estuarine'/Marine Acute Toxicity Data 89
5.4.1 Uncertainty in estuarine/marine FAV calculation 90
5.5 Estuarine'/Marine Chronic Toxicity Data 94
5.5.1 Final Acute-to-Chronic Ratio 95
5.5.2 Uncertainty in the estuarine/marine FCV calculation 97
5.6 Bioaccumulation 98
5.6.1 Uncertainty with cadmium exposure routes 99
5.7 Effects on Aquatic Plants 103
5.8 Protection of Listed Species 104
5.8.1 Acute toxicity data for listed species 104
5.8.2 Chronic toxicity data for listed species 107
5.9 Comparison of 2001 and 2016 Criteria Values 108
5.9.1 Comparison of acute freshwater criterion to 2001 document 108
5.9.2 Comparison of chronic freshwater criterion to 2001 document 116
5.9.3 Hardness correlation and equations for cadmium toxicity adjustment 119
5.9.4 Comparison of acute estuarine/marine criterion to 2001 document 120
5.9.5 Comparison of chronic estuarine/marine criterion to 2001 document 126
6 UNUSED DATA 127
7 REFERENCES 129
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Summary of 2001 and 2016 Aquatic Life AWQC Recommendations for Dissolved
Cadmium xv
Table 2. Number of Aquatic Species Included in Cadmium AWQC 4
Table 3. Physical and Chemical Properties of Cadmium 9
Table 4. Summary of Assessment Endpoints and Measures of Effect Used in Criteria Derivation.
23
Table 5. Summary Table of Acceptable Toxicity Data Used to Meet the Minimum Data
Requirements in the "1985 Guidelines" and Count of Phyla, Families, Genera and
Species 25
Table 6. Pooled and Individual Species Slopes Calculated for the Cadmium Acute Toxicity vs.
Hardness Relationship 32
Table 7. Ranked Freshwater GMAVs 37
Table 8. Pooled and Individual Species Slopes Calculated for the Cadmium Chronic Toxicity vs.
Hardness Relationship 45
Table 9. Ranked Freshwater GMCVs 49
Table 10. Ranked Estuarine/Marine GMAVs 55
Table 11. Ranked Estuarine/Marine GMCVs 62
Table 12. Freshwater CMC and CCC at Various Water Hardness 65
Table 13. Freshwater FAV Calculation 68
Table 14. Freshwater FCV Calculation 69
Table 15. Estuarine/Marine FAV Calculation 70
Table 16. Acute-to-Chronic Ratios 71
Table 17. Acute Studies of Hyalella azteca Evaluated for Cadmium Freshwater Criterion 77
Table 18. Chronic Studies of Hyalella azteca Evaluated for Cadmium Freshwater Criterion 82
Table 19. Individual Species Slopes and Selected Regression Statistics for the Equation
ln(LC50Cd) = In(Salinity) 93
Table 20. Acute Summary of Listed Species Tests 107
Table 21. Chronic Summary of Listed Species Tests 108
Table 22. Freshwater GMAVs Comparing Species Listed in the 2001 and 2016 Documents... 109
Table 23. Comparison of the Four Taxa Used to Calculate the Freshwater FAV and CMC in the
2001 Cadmium Document and 2016 Update 115
Table 24. Freshwater GMCVs Comparing Species Listed in the 2001 and 2016 Documents. ..116
Table 25. Comparison of the Four Taxa Used to Calculate the Freshwater FCV and CCC in the
2001 Cadmium Document and 2016 Update 119
Table 26. Hardness-Toxicity Relationship Data used in U.S. EPA (2001) Compared to this
Update 119
Table 27. Estuarine/Marine GMAVs Comparing Species Listed in the 2001 and 2016
Documents 120
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Table 28. Comparison of the Four Taxa Used to Calculate the Estuarine/Marine FAV and CMC
in the 2001 Cadmium Document and 2016 Update 126
Table 29. Estuarine/Marine GMCVs Comparing Species Listed in the 2001 and 2016
Documents 127
Table 30. Total Number of Toxicity Values for Species and Genera in 2001 AWQC and 2016
Update 127
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Conceptual Model Depicting the Major Sources, Transport and Exposure Media and
Ecological Effects of Cadmium in the Environment 16
Figure 2. Species Acute Hardness Slopes 33
Figure 3. Ranked Freshwater Cadmium GMAVs 43
Figure 4. Species Chronic Hardness Slopes 45
Figure 5. Ranked Freshwater Cadmium GMCVs 51
Figure 6. Ranked Estuarine/Marine Cadmium GMAVs 60
Figure 7. Ranked Estuarine/Marine Cadmium GMCVs 63
Figure 8. Individual Species Slopes Showing the Relationship between Natural Log Transformed
Salinity and Natural Log Transformed Acute Cadmium Toxicity 93
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A Acceptable Freshwater Acute Toxicity Data A-l
Appendix B Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Acute Toxicity Data B-l
Appendix C Acceptable Freshwater Chronic Toxicity Data C-l
Appendix D Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Chronic Toxicity Data D-l
Appendix E Acceptable Freshwater Plant Toxicity Data E-l
Appendix F Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Plant Toxicity Data F-l
Appendix G Acceptable Bioaccumulation Data G-l
Appendix H Other Freshwater Toxicity Data H-l
Appendix I Other Estuarine/Marine Toxicity Data 1-1
Appendix J Unused Studies J-l
Appendix K Issue Summary Regarding Test Conditions and Methods for Water Only Toxicity
Testing with Hyalella azteca K-l
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ACRONYMS
ACR Acute-to-Chronic Ratio
AWQC Ambient Water Quality Criteria
BAF Bioaccumulation Factor
CCC Criterion Continuous Concentration
CF Conversion Factor
CMC Criterion Maximum Concentration
CV Chronic Value (expressed in this document as an EC20 or MATC)
CWA Clean Water Act
ECX Effect Concentration at X Percent Effect Level
ELS Early Life Stage
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ESA Endangered Species Act
FACR Final Acute-to-chronic Ratio
FAV Final Acute Value
FCV Final Chronic Value
GMAV Genus Mean Acute Value
GMCV Genus Mean Chronic Value
LCX Lethal Concentration at X Percent Survival Level
LOEC Lowest Observed Effect Concentration
MATC Maximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentration (expressed mathematically as the
geometric mean of the NOEC and LOEC)
MDR Minimum Data Requirements
NOEC No Observed Effect Concentration
NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
SD Sensitivity Distribution
SMACR Species Mean Acute-to-chronic Ratio
SMAV Species Mean Acute Value
SMCV Species Mean Chronic Value
TMDL Total Maximum Daily Load
TRAP EPA's Statistical Program: Toxicity Relationship Analysis Program (Version
1.21)
WQBELS Water Quality-based Effluent Limitations
WQC Water Quality Criteria
WQS Water Quality Standards
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
EPA has updated the Agency's recommended cadmium aquatic life ambient water
quality criteria in accord with provisions of §304(a) of the Clean Water Act to periodically revise
Ambient Water Quality Criteria (AWQC) in order to reflect the latest scientific knowledge. EPA
originally developed recommended 304(a) water quality criteria for cadmium in 1980 (EPA
440/5-80-025, U.S. EPA 1980), and subsequently updated in 1985 (EPA 440/5-84-032, U.S.
EPA 1985c), 1995 (EPA-820-B-96-001, U.S. EPA 1996a) and 2001 (EPA-822-R-01-001, U.S.
EPA 2001). EPA has updated cadmium aquatic life criteria in this revision consistent with
methods described in U.S. EPA's "Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water Quality
Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses'" (1985 Guidelines) (Stephan et
al. 1985).
EPA based these revisions in this update on data that have become available since 2001.
Literature searches of laboratory aquatic toxicity tests with cadmium published prior to 2016
identified over 100 new studies containing acute and chronic toxicity data that are acceptable for
deriving the updated cadmium criteria. EPA also updated the relationship of cadmium toxicity to
total hardness with the newly acquired data (see Table 6 and Table 8). The 2016 update
incorporates data for 75 new species and 49 new genera. The dataset used to develop the updated
criteria is composed of 75 freshwater genera for acute toxicity (compared to 55 genera in the
2001 criteria), 20 freshwater genera for chronic toxicity (compared to 16 genera in the 2001
criteria), and 79 estuarine/marine genera for acute toxicity (compared to 54 genera in the 2001
criteria). No new chronic toxicity data were available for estuarine/marine genera.
Studies evaluating the freshwater acute toxicity of cadmium are available for nine
Federally-listed species (hereafter referred to as Listed Species). Eight of these species are fish
and one is a freshwater mussel. The most sensitive Listed species are in the family Salmonidae,
as represented by the genera Oncorhynchus (O. kisutch, O. mykiss and O. tshawytschd) and
Salvelinus (S. confluentus). Acute toxicity data are also available for the Listed freshwater
mussel Neosho mucket (Lampsilis rafinesqueand). Studies evaluating the freshwater chronic
toxicity of cadmium are available for four Federally-listed species, three of which are also
represented by the genus Oncorhynchus (O. kisutch, O. mykiss and O. tshawytschd) and one by
the genus Salmo (S. salar). Acute estuarine/marine toxicity data are available for the Listed
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Oncorhynchus kisutch. There are no acceptable chronic toxicity data for estuarine/marine Listed
species. Summaries provided in the document describe the best available data for Listed species
that have been tested for sensitivity to cadmium; these data demonstrate that the 2016 cadmium
criteria update is protective of these tested species.
Sufficient toxicity data were available to fulfill requirements of calculating acute and
chronic freshwater and acute estuarine/marine criteria using a species sensitivity distribution, as
described in the 1985 Guidelines. Data were not sufficient to calculate the chronic
estuarine/marine criterion, and Acute-Chronic Ratios (ACRs) were therefore used to derive this
criterion. The Final Acute-Chronic Ratio (FACR) for this update was derived from seven genera
ACRs (two freshwater invertebrate genera, four freshwater fish genera, and one acutely sensitive
saltwater mysid genus). The freshwater ACR values used represent a range of species acute
sensitivities, from very sensitive to moderately sensitive, and have taxonomically-related marine
species. This differs from the 2001 update, where only two saltwater ACRs were available and
used to calculate the saltwater FACR; however these two species are now re-classified as a
single genus, Americamysis.
EPA updated the acute and chronic hardness slopes with data for several new species.
The updated acute cadmium hardness slope incorporates data for 13 species (eight species used
in the 2001 criteria and five new species) (see Table 6). The updated chronic slope incorporates
data for four species (two species used in the 2001 criteria and two new species) (see Table 8).
The new chronic slope uses EC20 estimates for three of the four species, instead of only
Maximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentrations (MATCs) used for the 2001 chronic slope
(MATCs were used only for Daphnia magna in the 2016 slope to retain the invertebrate species).
The 2016 freshwater and estuarine/marine acute criteria, known as the Criterion
Maximum Concentrations (CMCs) and the chronic criteria, known as the Criterion Continuous
Concentrations (CCCs) values for cadmium are summarized and compared to corresponding
2001 criteria values in Table 1. The available freshwater toxicity data for cadmium, evaluated
using procedures described in the 1985 Guidelines, indicate that freshwater aquatic life should be
protected if the 1-hour average CMC does not exceed:
CMC (|ig/L, dissolved cone.) = e^-9789-1"^—)-3-866) x CF (Eq. 1)
Where CF (conversion factor from total to dissolved) = 1.136672 - [(In hardness) x (0.041838)];
and the four-day average CCC does not exceed:
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CCC (ug/L, dissolved cone.) = e(°-7977 xln(hardness) -3-909) x CF (Eq. 2)
Where CF (conversion factor from total to dissolved) = 1.101672 - [(In hardness) x (0.041838)].
These values are recommended not to be exceeded more than once every three years on average.
The 2016 freshwater acute criterion (CMC) is 1.8 ug/L dissolved cadmium based on a
hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCOs. EPA derived the CMC to be protective of the commercially and
recreationally important rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss\ consistent with procedures
described in the 1985 Guidelines, and is also protective of all salmonid species for which toxicity
data are available. This value is lower than the 2001 CMC of 2.0 ug/L dissolved cadmium, based
on a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCOs. For the 2016 acute criteria, EPA has changed the duration
to 1-hour from the 24 hours EPA applied in the 2001 final cadmium criteria document. EPA
made this change to the 2016 criteria to reflect the acute criteria duration recommended in the
1985 Guidelines (see Section 5.1.4). The 2016 freshwater chronic CCC is 0.72 ug/L dissolved
cadmium, based on a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCC>3; and is an increase (i.e., less stringent)
from the 2001 criteria of 0.25 ug/L dissolved cadmium, based on a hardness of 100 mg/L as
CaCOs. This increase is primarily due to use of EC2os over MATCs, new data for existing
species and the inclusion of a new sensitive genus (Cottus), which now represents the third most
sensitive genus.
The 2016 estuarine/marine acute CMC of 33 ug/L dissolved cadmium is more stringent
than the 2001 recommended criterion of 40 ug/L, which is primarily due to the addition of three
new sensitive genera, consisting of a mysid (Neomysis\ a copepod (Tigriopus), and a jellyfish
(Aurelid). The estuarine/marine chronic CCC based on the use of an acute-to-chronic ratio
(ACR) is now 7.9 ug/L dissolved cadmium compared to the 2001 CCC of 8.8 ug/L. The
estuarine/marine chronic criteria is lower than the 2001 value based primarily on the lowering of
the acute value in conjunction with use of an ACR to derive the chronic value. Available data
suggest the acute toxicity of cadmium may be influenced by salinity, with a trend of decreasing
sensitivity to cadmium with increasing salinity. However, this trend could not be definitively
characterized and a mathematical relationship could not be described to define the dependency
(see Section 5.4.1), thus salinity was not included in the estuarine/marine criteria derivation.
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Table 1. Summary of 2001 and 2016 Aquatic Life AWQC Recommendations for Dissolved
Cadmium.
Freshwater
(Total Hardness =
100mg/LasCaCO3)b
Estuarine/marine
2016 AWQC Update"
Acute
(1-hour,
dissolved Cd)d
1.8 |ig/Lc
33|ig/L
Chronic
(4-day,
dissolved Cd)
0.72 |ig/L
7.9 |ig/L
2001 AWQCa
Acute
(1-day,
dissolved Cd)
2.0 |ig/Lc
40|ig/L
Chronic
(4-day,
dissolved Cd)
0.25 |ig/L
8.8 |ig/L
a Values are recommended not to be exceeded more than once every three years on average.
b Freshwater acute and chronic criteria are hardness-dependent and were normalized to a hardness of 100
mg/L as CaCOs to allow the presentation of representative criteria values.
0 Lowered to protect the commercially and recreationally important species (rainbow trout), as per the
1985 Guidelines, Stephan et al. (1985).
dThe duration of the 2016 acute criteria was changed to 1-hour to reflect the 1985 Guidelines-based
recommended acute duration.
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1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
National Recommended Ambient Water Quality Criteria (AWQC) are established by the
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Clean Water Act (CWA).
Section 304(a)(l) aquatic life criteria serve as recommendations to states and tribes by defining
ambient water concentrations that will protect against unacceptable adverse ecological effects to
aquatic life resulting from exposure to pollutants found in water. Aquatic life criteria address the
CWA goals of providing for the protection and propagation offish and shellfish. Once EPA
publishes final section 304(a) recommended water quality criteria, states and authorized tribes
may adopt these criteria into their water quality standards to protect designated uses of water
bodies. States and authorized tribes may also modify these criteria to reflect site-specific
conditions or use other scientifically-defensible methods to develop criteria before adopting
these into standards. After adoption, states are to submit new and revised water quality standards
(WQS) to EPA for review and approval or disapproval. When approved by EPA, the state's
WQS become applicable WQS for CWA purposes. Such purposes include identification of
impaired waters and establishment of TMDLs under CWA section 303(d) and derivation of
water quality-based effluent limitations in permits issued under the CWA section 402 National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program.
As required by the CWA, EPA periodically reviews and revises section 304(a) AWQC to
ensure they are consistent with the latest scientific information. This 2016 peer-reviewed and
finalized update supersedes the AWQC for cadmium that EPA last updated in 2001 (EPA-822-
R-01-001, U.S. EPA 2001). EPA updated the cadmium water quality criteria provided in this
document in accordance with methods outlined in the Agency's "Guidelines for Deriving
Numerical National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their
Uses" (referred to as the 1985 Guidelines) (Stephan et al. 1985). This document describes
scientifically defensible water quality criteria values for cadmium pursuant to CWA section
304(a), derived utilizing best available data in a manner consistent with the 1985 Guidelines and
reflecting best professional scientific judgments of toxicological effects.
1.1 History of the EPA Cadmium AWQC for Aquatic Life
EPA first published AWQC for cadmium in 1980 (EPA 440/5-80-025), and updated the
criteria in 1985 (EPA 440/5-84-032), 1995 (EPA-820-B-96-001) and again in 2001 (EPA-822-R-
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01-0011). Each update supersedes the previous EPA aquatic life water quality criteria and uses
the most recent data to estimate maximum and continuous concentrations of cadmium that would
protect most aquatic organism populations from unacceptable short- or long-term effects.
The 1980 acute and chronic freshwater and saltwater criteria were expressed as total
recoverable cadmium. The acute and chronic freshwater criteria were adjusted for ambient water
hardness since the presence of calcium and other ions in freshwater are known to reduce the
toxicity of cadmium. An acute saltwater criterion was calculated and the effects of temperature
and salinity were considered, but no clear relationship to toxicity could be established with the
available data, thus the acute saltwater criteria was not adjusted for temperature or salinity.
Because of a limited dataset at the time, a chronic saltwater criterion was not developed. Data for
aquatic plants indicated that a reduction in growth occurred at concentrations above the lowest
effect concentrations for fish and invertebrates, so aquatic life criteria were not developed for
plants.
The 1985 criteria update was developed using the measurement of acid-soluble cadmium
instead of total recoverable cadmium, based on the conservatism of using total recoverable
cadmium in situations where it is occluded in minerals, clays, and sand, or strongly sorbed to
particulate matter. While the 1985 criteria provided extensive scientific and practical rationale
for using acid-soluble cadmium measurements, no standard analytical method was available. In
the absence of an EPA-approved method for the measurement of acid-soluble cadmium, total
recoverable cadmium was considered the preferred concentration measure.
Acute toxicity values for 44 freshwater genera (52 species) were used for the 1985
criteria update to develop a Final Acute Value (FAV), which was lowered further to protect the
commercially important rainbow trout, the most sensitive species. The acute freshwater criterion
was set at 3.589 |ig/L at a hardness of 50 mg/L as CaCOs, not to be exceeded over a 1-hour
average more than once every 3 years, on average. Acute toxicity values were available at that
time for 35 estuarine/marine species (33 genera)(Table 2) and the most sensitive genera was
Mysidopsis. Acute toxicity was generally found to increase with decreasing salinity, while the
effect of temperature on acute toxicity appeared to occur on a species-specific basis. However,
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correction factors were not developed for either due to limitations in supporting data. The
estuarine/marine FAV was 85.09 |ig/L, not to be exceeded over a 1-hour average more than once
every 3 years, on average.
Chronic freshwater toxicity values used to derive the 1985 criteria were available for 16
species (13 genera). The Final Chronic Value (FCV) was calculated in the same manner as the
FAV because the acute-to-chronic ratios, which were available for eight species, varied widely.
The resulting freshwater FCV was 0.6582 |ig/L at a hardness of 50 mg/L as CaCOs, not to be
exceeded over a 4-day average more than once every 3 years, on average. The mean acute-to-
chronic ratio for two saltwater species was used to calculate an estuarine/marine FCV of 9.345
Hg/L, not to be exceeded over a 4-day average more than once every 3 years, on average.
The 1995 criteria revision (U.S. EPA 1996a) updated freshwater criteria based on the
incorporation of new acute and chronic data and the re-evaluation of existing data. Several
Species Mean Acute Values (SMAVs) were changed based on a preference for flow-through
tests and measured test concentrations. Data from tests conducted with uncharacterized river
water were removed from the acceptable acute dataset. The resulting acute dataset consisted of
43 Genus Mean Acute Values (GMAVs). The FAV was 4.134 |ig/L total recoverable cadmium,
normalized to a hardness of 50 mg/L. The FAV was not lowered to protect a commercially or
recreationally important species. Genus Mean Chronic Values (GMCVs) were changed based on
the availability of additional test data, the removal of two test values conducted in river water,
and the removal of a test value where cadmium concentrations were not measured. The resulting
chronic dataset consisted of 12 GMCVs. The FCV was calculated using an "N" of 43, which was
the number of GMAVs, rather than 12, the number of GMCVs. The FCV was 1.429 |ig/L total
recoverable cadmium, normalized to a hardness of 50 mg/L.
The 2001 criteria update was based on dissolved cadmium (passing through a 0.45 jim
filter) to more accurately account for bioavailability and reflect the latest EPA policy for metals
risk assessment (U.S. EPA 1993b). Freshwater SMAVs for cadmium were available for 65
species in 55 genera (24 fish, 39 invertebrates, 1 frog, and 1 salamander) (Table 2). The most
sensitive vertebrate species was brown trout (Salmo trutta). The most sensitive invertebrate
species was Daphnia magna, which was approximately nine times less sensitive than brown
trout. Freshwater criteria were corrected for hardness based on separate acute and chronic
cadmium toxicity versus hardness slopes that were generated using acute data for 12 species and
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chronic data for three species. Conversion factors were applied to convert total recoverable to
dissolved cadmium concentrations.
Acceptable freshwater chronic test data were available for 14 fish species and 7
invertebrate species (Table 2), with the amphipod Hyalella azteca identified as the most
sensitive species in the 2001 criteria. Acute-to-chronic ratios were calculated for 6 species. The
2001 estuarine/marine acute criterion was based on SMAVs for 61 species in 54 genera (50
invertebrates and 11 fish species) (Table 2), with mysids and striped bass identified as the most
sensitive species. Chronic saltwater tests were available for two mysid species, from which
acute-to-chronic ratios were calculated.
Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) reported in the 2001 criteria document for freshwater
species ranged from 7 to 6,910 for invertebrates and from 3 to 2,213 for fishes. BCFs for
saltwater invertebrates ranged from 5 to 3,160. Toxicity values for freshwater and saltwater
aquatic plants were reviewed and acute values were found to be in the same range as toxicity
values for fish and invertebrates, while chronic values were found to be considerably higher.
The resulting 2001 freshwater acute criterion (or CMC) was 2.0 ug/L dissolved cadmium
and the resulting freshwater chronic criterion (or CCC) was 0.25 ug/L dissolved cadmium, when
normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCCb. The 2001 saltwater CMC was 40 ug/L
dissolved cadmium, while the 2001 saltwater CCC was 8.8 ug/L.
Table 2. Number of Aquatic Species Included in Cadmium AWQC.
1980
1985
1995
2001
2016
Freshwater Acute
29
52
NAa
65
101
Freshwater
Chronic
13
16
NA
21
27
Estuarine/Marine
Acute
31
35
NA
61
94
Estuarine/Marine
Chronic
1
2
NA
2
2
a NA = Not Available
For the 2016 update, EPA conducted a literature search and review of acute and chronic
toxicity data that have become available since the 2001 update. This update incorporates
additional toxicity data for the development of both freshwater and estuarine/marine acute and
chronic criteria and new toxicity data related to water hardness, which remains the primary
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quantitative correlation used to modify metal toxicity estimates in fresh water (U.S. EPA 1996a).
EPA also re-evaluated studies with Hyalella azteca and freshwater mussel glochidia (a larval
stage of unionid mussels), both of which were used in the development of the 2001 criteria. EPA
re-evaluated studies with H. azteca because recent research has shown that the outcome of
toxicity tests with H. azteca can be impacted by culture and test conditions (e.g., chloride
concentration, food quantity and composition) and that tests using standard recommended test
methods may not be acceptable. All Hyalella studies were therefore re-evaluated for
acceptability with newly developed guidelines (Appendix K). The acceptable duration of tests
using glochidia was also reconsidered. Glochidia are a larval stage of unionid freshwater mussels
that occur in the water column and remain viable for only a limited period of time prior to
attaching to a host fish. The duration of an acceptable toxicity test was adjusted to 24 hours to
account for potential adverse effects to glochidia during this larval stage, as recent information
indicates that glochidia can be the most sensitive life stage for some chemicals and plays an
important role in the viability of unionid mussel populations.
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2 PROBLEM FORMULATION
Problem formulation provides a strategic framework to develop water quality criteria by
providing an overview of a chemical's sources and occurrence, fate and transport in the
environment, and toxicological characteristics and factors affecting toxicity. A problem
formulation uses this information to develop a conceptual model and identify the most relevant
chemical properties and endpoints for evaluation. The structure of the problem formulation
developed for cadmium is consistent with U.S. EPA's Guidelines for Ecological Risk
Assessment (U.S. EPA 1998).
2.1 Overview of Cadmium Sources and Occurrence
Cadmium is a relatively rare, naturally occurring metal found in mineral deposits and
distributed widely at low concentrations in the environment. Cadmium is a minor metallic
element that was first discovered in Germany in 1817 as a by-product of the zinc refining process
(International Cadmium Association 2013). The primary current industrial uses of cadmium are
for manufacturing batteries, pigments, plastic stabilizers, metal coatings, alloys and electronics
(Fulkerson and Goeller 1973; Hutton 1983; Pickering and Gast 1972; Wilson 1988). Nickel-
cadmium (NiCd) batteries account for the majority (over 80%) of global cadmium consumption,
followed by its use in pigments, coatings and plating, stabilizers for plastics, nonferrous alloys
and other specialized uses (e.g., photovoltaic devices) (USGS 2013). Of particular note is the
recent use of cadmium (as cadmium selenide or cadmium sulfide) in the manufacture of
nanoparticles (also referred to as quantum dots) used as a semiconductor in photovoltaic devices
(e.g., solar cells and emitters for color displays). The ecological and toxicological effects of these
emerging materials to aquatic organisms are largely unknown at this time, and therefore
represent a new source of cadmium to the environment (Tang 2013). Demand for cadmium has
increased based on its use in NiCd batteries, while more traditional uses of cadmium in coatings,
pigments and stabilizers have been declining due to environmental and health concerns (USGS
2013). Cadmium is also present as an impurity in zinc, lead and copper ore mine wastes, fossil
fuels, iron and steel, cement, and fertilizers (Cook and Morrow 1995; International Cadmium
Association 2013), and is present as a natural or introduced constituent in inorganic phosphate
fertilizers (MNDH 2014).
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In 2012, approximately 70 percent of the world's new cadmium supply was produced in
Asia, with China, the Republic of Korea and Japan representing the leading producers (USGS
2013). Cadmium is no longer actively mined in the U.S. or Canada (USGS 2013), but it is
produced domestically as a by-product of the extraction, smelting and refining of zinc, copper
and lead ores. A leading source of cadmium (23% of the global supply) is from the recovery of
spent NiCd batteries and other cadmium-bearing scrap materials (International Cadmium
Association 2013; USGS 2013). In 2010, an estimated 637 metric tons of refined cadmium was
produced domestically from recovered materials (USGS 2013). The amount of cadmium
contained in products imported to the U.S. in 2007 was estimated to be about 1,900 metric tons
(USGS 2007).
Cadmium concentrations in natural sources vary with geographic location and type of
deposit. Concentrations of cadmium in mineral deposits, such as mineral sulfides, typically range
from 0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg, with an average concentration of 0.18 mg/kg (Babich and Stotzky 1978;
EC 2001; Nriagu 1980). As a phosphate rock impurity, cadmium can vary in concentration from
as low as 0.1 mg/kg in Tennessee ores to as high as 980 mg/kg in western ores (U.S. EPA
1993a). In the U.S., cadmium concentrations in coal range from 5.47 mg/kg in the Interior
Province, to 2.89 mg/kg in the Illinois Basin, 0.28 mg/kg in Alaska, and 0.13 mg/kg in the
Appalachian region. This range in cadmium concentration depends on the type of coal, with
bituminous coal having the highest average concentration (0.91 mg/kg) and anthracite coal
having the lowest average concentration (0.22 mg/kg).
Cadmium enters the environment as a result of both natural processes (weathering and
erosion of rock and soils, natural combustion from volcanoes and forest fires) and anthropogenic
sources (mining, agriculture, urban activities, and waste streams from industrial processes,
manufacturing, coal ash ponds/pits, fossil fuel combustion, incineration and municipal effluent)
(Hem 1992; Hutton 1983; Morrow 2001; Pickering and Gast 1972; Shevchenko et al. 2003; U.S.
EPA 2016; WHO 2010). Anthropogenic sources account for more than 90 percent of the total
cadmium present in surface water, with atmospheric particulate deposition from fossil fuel
combustion (including coal) contributing approximately 40 percent of the total cadmium present
in surface water (Wood et al. 2012). The agricultural application of phosphate fertilizer releases
33 to 56 percent of total anthropogenic cadmium to the environment (Pan et al. 2010; Panagapko
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2007). Waste from cement manufacturing and metallurgic smelting and refining operations
account for the other major sources (Pan et al. 2010; Wood et al. 2012).
In the U.S., industrial and manufacturing facilities and mining operations report the
volume of cadmium and other toxic substances released to the environment via the U.S. EPA
Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). Data from the TRI indicate the average yearly release of
cadmium and cadmium compounds to the environment from all industries (between 2002 and
2012) ranged from approximately 2.6 million pounds in 2009 to 10 million pounds in 2012. In
coastal zones, continental riverine runoff represents a major secondary source of cadmium to
estuaries and adjoining coastal waters (Cullen and Maldonado 2013), and elevated cadmium
concentrations are often detected in runoff from urban and industrial areas, which increases the
loading of cadmium to nearby waterways and sediments (Gobel et al. 2007).
Cadmium concentrations in unpolluted freshwaters are typically very low and frequently
below analytical detection limits (Mebane 2006). In natural waters, cadmium co-occurs with zinc
at a dissolved Cd/Zn ratio of approximately 0.3 percent (Wanty et al. 2009). Dissolved cadmium
concentrations in unpolluted waters of the U.S. have been estimated to range from 0.002 to 0.08
ug/L (Stephan et al. 1994). Surface water monitoring of the Great Lakes between 2003 and 2006
indicated cadmium concentrations ranging from <0.001 ug/L (below detection limit) to 0.015
ug/L in Lake Huron, 0.098 ug/L in Lake Erie, 0.028 ug/L in Lake Ontario, 0.015 ug/L in Lake
Superior and 0.005 ug/L in Lake Michigan (Lochner and Water Quality Monitoring and
Surveillance 2008; Rossmann and Barres 1992). Cadmium concentrations in the world's oceans
are estimated to range from <0.005 to 0.110 ug/L, with higher concentrations reported near some
coastal areas (Cook and Morrow 1995; Blinder 1985; Jensen and Bro-Rasmussen 1992; OECD
1994; Pan et al. 2010; WHO 1992). Cadmium concentrations in surface waters of impacted
environments are frequently 2-3 ug/L or greater (Abbasi and Soni 1986; Allen 1994; Annune et
al. 1994; Flick et al. 1971; Friberg et al. 1971; Henriksen and Wright 1978; Nilsson 1970; Spry
and Wiener 1991).
2.2 Environmental Fate and Transport of Cadmium in the Aquatic
Environment
Cadmium has two oxidation states. The metallic state (Cd°) is insoluble and rarely
present in water, while several salts of the divalent state (e.g., CdCb and CdSO/j) freely dissolve
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in water (Merck 1989). Divalent cadmium is the predominant form in most well oxygenated
freshwaters that are low in organic carbon. The physical and chemical properties of cadmium are
summarized in Table 3.
Table 3. Physical and Chemical Properties of Cadmium.
CAS Registry Number
Atomic weight
Physical form
Density
Melting point3
Boiling pointa
Vapor pressure13
Water solubility (g/L)a
Cadmium
Cadmium carbonate (CdCOs)
Cadmium chloride (CdCb)
Cadmium hydroxide (Cd(OH)2)
Cadmium nitrate (Cd(NO3)2)
Cadmium sulfate (CdSO4)
7440-43-9
1 12.40 g/mol
Soft, white solid
8.64 g/cm (@ room temperature)
321°C
765°C
1 torr at 394°C
Insoluble
Insoluble
1400 @ 20°C
0.0026 @ 26°C
Soluble
755 @ 0°C
a Reference: Merck 1989.
b Reference: ATSDR2012.
Upon entering the freshwater or estuarine/marine aquatic environment, cadmium
becomes strongly adsorbed to clays, muds, humic and organic materials and some hydrous
oxides (Watson 1973). This complexation tends to remove cadmium from the water column by
precipitation (Lawrence et al. 1996), where it may not be bioavailable except to benthic feeders
and bottom dwellers (Callahan et al. 1979; Kramer et al. 1997). It is estimated that up to 93
percent of cadmium entering surface waters will react with constituents in the water column and
will be removed to sediments (Lawrence et al. 1996), and the formation of these complexes is
considered to be the most important factor in determining the fate and transport of cadmium in
the aquatic environment.
Once in sediments, cadmium can be re-suspended in particulate form or can return to the
water column in dissolved form following hydrolysis or via upwelling in coastal zones (Bewers
et al. 1987; U.S. EPA 1979). The solubility of cadmium compounds in water depends both on the
specific cadmium compound (Table 3) and on abiotic conditions, such as pH, alkalinity,
hardness and organic matter. Sorption processes, for example, become increasingly important
with increasing pH.
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2.3 Mode of Action and Toxicity
Cadmium is a non-essential metal (NRC 2005) with no biological function in aquatic
animals (Eisler 1985; Lee et al. 1995; McGeer et al. 2012; Price and Morel 1990; Shanker 2008).
In one study comparing the acute toxicity of all 63 atomically stable heavy metals in the periodic
table, cadmium was found to be the most acutely toxic metal to the amphipod, Hyalella azteca,
based on the results of seven-day acute aquatic toxicity tests (Borgmann et al. 2005). In addition
to acute toxicity, cadmium is a known teratogen and carcinogen, is a probable mutagen and is
known to induce a variety of other short- and long-term adverse physiological effects in fish and
wildlife at both the cellular and whole-animal level (ATSDR 2012; Eisler 1985; Okocha and
Adedeji 2011). Chronic exposure leads to adverse effects on growth, reproduction, immune and
endocrine systems, development, and behavior in aquatic organisms (McGeer et al. 2012). Other
toxic effects include histopathologies of the gill, liver and kidney in fish, renal tubular damage,
alterations of free radical production and the antioxidant defense system, immunosuppression,
and structural effects on invertebrate gills (Giari et al. 2007; Jarup et al. 1998; McGeer et al.
2011; Okocha and Adedeji 2011; Shanker 2008).
Toxic effects are thought to result from the free ionic form of cadmium (Goyer et al.
1989), which causes acute and chronic toxicity in aquatic organisms primarily by disrupting
calcium homeostasis and causing oxidative damage. In freshwater fish, cadmium competes with
calcium at high affinity binding sites in the gill membrane and blocks the uptake of calcium from
water by interfering with ion uptake in specialized calcium channels that are located in the
mitochondria-rich chloride cells (Carroll et al. 1979; Evans 1987; McGeer et al. 2012; Morel and
Hering 1993; Pagenkopf 1983; Tan and Wang 2009). The combined effect of competition for the
binding sites and blockage of calcium uptake on the gill membrane results in acute
hypocalcaemia in freshwater fish, which is characterized by cadmium accumulation in tissues as
well as decreased calcium concentrations in plasma (McGeer et al. 2011; Roch and Maly 1979;
Wood et al. 1997). This mechanism is also thought to be the target of cadmium toxicity in
marine fish (McGeer et al. 2012; Schlenk and Benson 2005), although cadmium is generally
considered to be less toxic in sea water than in fresh water. The lesser sensitivity of marine fish
and aquatic organisms in general may be both a function of physiology and environmental
condition. Rocha et al. (2015) observed an increase in catalase activity (oxidative stress) in the
10
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marine mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, suggesting a possible mode of action for this taxon.
Mebane et al. (2006), for example, suggests the energy demands for fish to maintain homeostasis
in the lower ionic composition freshwater environment may make fish more sensitive to metals,
such as cadmium, which inhibit ion regulation. Higher levels of calcium and chloride in seawater
are also believed to compete to a greater degree with cadmium, potentially making it less
bioavailable to aquatic life (Engel and Flower 1979). However, application of the calcium
competition for apical entry and the subsequent osmoregulatory disturbance toxicity mechanism
for insects has been questioned by Poteat and Buchwalter (2013). Their research (Poteat et al.
2012, 2013) has demonstrated the lack of interaction between calcium and cadmium at the apical
surface of aquatic insects in dissolved exposures. Cadmium exposure is also associated with the
disruption of sodium balance and accompanying Na+/K+-ATPase activity (Atli and Canli 2007).
Once inside the cell, cadmium can disrupt enzymatic function (Okocha and Adedeji 2011), by
either directly affecting Ca-ATPase activity or inhibiting antioxidant processes. Cadmium also
inhibits enzymes such as catalase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase and reducing
agents such as GSH, ascorbate, b-carotene and a-tocopherol, all of which can lead to the
generation of excess reactive oxygen species and reduced ATP production (McGeer et al. 2012).
Cadmium can bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms, with total uptake depending on the
environmental cadmium concentration, exposure route and the duration of exposure (Annabi et
al. 2013; Francis et al. 2004; McGeer et al. 2000; Romeo et al. 1999). Cadmium concentrations
typically build up in tissues at the site of exposure, such as the gill surface and gut tract wall
(Chevreuil et al. 1995). Cadmium is then transferred via circulation to nearly all other tissues and
organs, with the liver and kidney (in addition to the gill or gut) typically accumulating high
concentrations relative to muscle tissues (Annabi et al. 2013; McGeer et al. 2012). Although
cadmium bioaccumulates in some aquatic species, there does not appear to be a consistent
relationship between body burden and toxicological effect. In a detailed review of this
relationship, Mebane (2006) concluded that for both aquatic invertebrates and fish, tissue
concentrations associated with adverse effects regularly overlap with tissue concentrations where
no adverse effects were observed. This inconsistent relationship between whole body tissue
concentration and effect may be related to specific organs and/or tissues within which the
accumulation is occurring and which would not be accurately quantified by whole body tissue
residue analysis, and/or to the metabolic bioavailability of cadmium in tissues. Detoxification
11
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mechanisms in aquatic organisms, including the formation and activation of antioxidants,
metallothionein, glutathione, and heat shock proteins (McGeer et al. 2011), effectively sequester
the metal in a detoxified form, thereby allowing the organism to accumulate elevated levels of
cadmium before displaying a toxic response. While the amount of detoxified metal that an
aquatic organism can accumulate is theoretically unlimited, an organism will only experience
toxic effects once the concentration of metabolically available metal is exceeded (Mebane 2006;
Rainbow 2002). Under natural conditions, most accumulated cadmium in tissues is expected to
exist in the detoxified state, which may explain the poor relationship between toxic effect and
whole body tissue residue concentrations of trace metals reported by Rainbow (2002) for aquatic
invertebrates and fish. Mebane (2006) concluded that, although there were not adequate data to
establish acceptable tissue effect concentrations for aquatic life, cadmium is unlikely to
accumulate in tissue to levels that would result in adverse effects to aquatic invertebrates or fish
at calculated chronic criterion concentrations. The evaluation of direct exposure effects to
organisms via water is therefore considered more applicable to the development of criteria for
aquatic life.
Mammals and avian wildlife could be exposed to cadmium while foraging in aquatic
habitats or via the ingestion of prey that have bioaccumulated cadmium from the aquatic
environment. Although few adverse effects to mammals and avian wildlife have been
demonstrated from the presence of cadmium in the aquatic environment, a number of laboratory-
based investigations have demonstrated a range of sublethal and lethal toxic effects, the majority
of which are associated with chronic exposure (Burger 2007; Cooke and Johnson 1996; Eisler
1985; Furness 1996; Henson and Chedrese 2004). However, the biological integrity of aquatic
systems is considered to be at greater risk from cadmium than terrestrial systems based on the
greater sensitivity of aquatic organisms relative to birds and mammals (Burger 2007; Wren et al.
1995). Freshwater biota are the most sensitive to cadmium, marine organisms are generally
considered to be more resistant than freshwater organisms, while mammals and birds are
considered to be comparatively resistant to cadmium (Burger 2007; Eisler 1985). Based on this
trend, criteria that are protective of aquatic life are also considered to be protective of
mammalian and avian wildlife (including aquatic-dependent wildlife) and are accordingly the
focus of this evaluation.
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2.3.1 Water quality parameters affecting cadmium toxicity
Water quality parameters such as hardness, pH, salinity, alkalinity, some metals, and
organic carbon can alter the toxicity of metals to aquatic organisms. When adequate data are
available, water quality criteria can be adjusted to quantify how these environmental factors
affect the toxicity of a chemical. Water hardness, which is the amount of minerals (primarily
calcium and to a lesser extent magnesium) dissolved in surface water, is one important water
quality parameter influencing the toxicity of cadmium.
The acute toxicity of cadmium has been shown to decrease with increasing water
hardness in most tested freshwater animals (Sprague 1985). Available data for 14 genera
(representing six of the eight required Minimum Data Requirements (MDR) families) listed in
Appendix A indicate that cadmium is more acutely toxic in soft than in hard water. Acute tests
conducted with Daphnia magna at three different water hardness levels, for example,
demonstrate that daphnids are at least five times more sensitive to cadmium in soft water than in
hard water (Chapman et al. 1980). Similarly, the acute toxicity of cadmium to D. magna was
reduced (48-hr LCso increased from 7.5 to 24.8 ug/L) as the calcium concentration was increased
from 0.46 to 192 mg/L (Tan and Wang 2011). The ability of calcium to reduce the toxicity of
cadmium was also observed in water with D. pulex (Clifford and McGeer 2010), rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss) (Niyogi et al. 2008) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) (Carroll et al.
1979).
In addition to hardness, other water quality characteristics have been shown to influence
the toxicity of cadmium to aquatic species. Increased levels of dissolved organic carbon, for
example, have been shown to reduce the toxicity of cadmium to daphnids by reducing the
bioavailability of cadmium through complexation (Clifford and McGeer 2010; Giesy et al. 1977;
Niyogi et al. 2008). Conversely, other water chemistry variables, including magnesium, pH and
alkalinity have been shown to have little or no effect on cadmium toxicity (Clifford and McGeer
2010; Niyogi et al. 2008). The relationship between salinity and temperature and cadmium
effects could not be quantitatively established. These analyses are described in detail in Section
5.4.1
Development of an initial (phase I) biotic ligand model (BLM - formerly the "gill
model") was attempted for cadmium to better account for the bioavailability of this metal to
aquatic life. The cadmium BLM is based on a conceptual model similar to the gill site model
13
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proposed by Pagenkopf (1983), but it is recognized that the gill itself may be a general surrogate
for the actual site of toxic action. For cadmium, it is thought that more highly specific enzymatic
binding sites affecting the activity of Ca2+-ATPase may be the actual site of toxic action (Fu et
al. 1989; Hogstrand and Wood 1996). Based on the preliminary findings in 2003 during the
Phase I development of a cadmium BLM (HydroQual 2003), a significant pH effect was also
observed when pH was decreased from 7.0 to 4.7 for steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. In
_l_ fj,
the BLM framework, this was explained as a competitive interaction between H and Cd at the
biotic ligand, rather than a change in cadmium speciation. Preliminary results for the cadmium
BLM for more complex interactions indicate the effect levels should generally increase with
increasing DOC, pH and hardness (both as calcium and magnesium) (U.S. EPA 2004). Further
development of the BLM for cadmium may help to better quantify the bioavailable fraction of
this chemical. However, because hardness is a surrogate for other ions affecting cadmium
toxicity, and based on available data, EPA believes that a cadmium BLM model is not necessary
for the current criteria update.
2.4 Conceptual Model
A conceptual model characterizes relationships between human activities, stressors, and
ecological effects on the assessment endpoints identified for evaluation (U.S. EPA 1998). The
conceptual model links exposure characteristics with the ecological endpoints important for the
development of management goals. Under the CWA, these management goals are established by
states and tribes as designated uses of waters of the United States (for example, the protection of
aquatic life). In deriving aquatic life criteria, EPA is developing acceptable thresholds for
pollutants that, if not exceeded, are expected to be protective of aquatic life. A state and/or tribe
may implement these criteria by adopting them into their respective water quality standards.
The conceptual model depicted in Figure 1 provides a broad overview of how aquatic
organisms could be exposed to cadmium. As depicted in Figure 1 and discussed in Section 2.1,
cadmium enters the environment from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Natural sources
of cadmium, which largely result from the weathering and erosion of rock and soils, represent a
relatively minor source to the environment compared to anthropogenic sources. Although there
are multiple anthropogenic sources (see Section 2.1), emissions of cadmium to the atmosphere
(e.g., combustion, smelting/refining, and manufacturing) and contributions from leaching/runoff
14
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(via the application of phosphate fertilizers) represent the major cadmium inputs (40 and up to 56
percent, respectively) to surface water (Pan et al. 2010).
Up to 93 percent of cadmium entering surface water will react with organic and inorganic
constituents in the water column, including particulate matter, iron oxides, and clay materials,
and will be removed to sediments (Lawrence et al. 1996). Sediments are therefore a reservoir for
cadmium in the aquatic environment and can become a source of exposure for benthic and water
column dwelling aquatic life and higher trophic level species. Figure 1 depicts exposure
pathways for the biological receptors of concern (e.g., aquatic animals) and the potential attribute
changes (i.e., effects such as reduced survival, growth and reproduction) in those receptors from
cadmium exposure. Although the multiple potential exposure pathways depicted in Figure 1 are
likely to be complete, the development of the water quality criteria for cadmium focuses on
evaluating the direct exposure of aquatic life to cadmium in surface water because this potential
exposure pathway, and the potential for adverse effects on survival, growth, and reproduction
from direct aqueous exposure, is considered to represent the greatest potential risk to most
aquatic species, and is consistent with the approach established in the 1985 Guidelines.
Nevertheless, consideration of the fate and transport mechanisms, exposure pathways, and
receptors depicted in Figure 1 may be helpful for states and tribes as they adopt criteria into
standards and evaluate potential exposure pathways affecting designated uses.
15
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TRANSPORT
PROCESS
ECOLOGICAL EFFECT
Figure 1. Conceptual Model Depicting the Major Sources, Transport and Exposure Media
and Ecological Effects of Cadmium in the Environment.
(Note: Solid line indicates potentially important pathway/media/receptor; dashed line indicates secondary
pathway/media/receptor).
2.5 Assessment Endpoints
Assessment endpoints are defined as the explicit expressions of the environmental values
to be protected and are comprised of both the ecological entity (e.g., a species, community, or
other entity) and the attributes or characteristics of the entity to be protected (U.S. EPA 1998).
Assessment endpoints may be identified at any level of organization (e.g., individual, population,
community). In context of the CWA, aquatic life criteria for toxic substances are typically
determined based on the results of toxicity tests with aquatic organisms, for which adverse
effects on growth, reproduction, or survival are measured. This information is aggregated into a
species sensitivity analysis that characterizes an impact to the aquatic community. Criteria are
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designed to be protective of the vast majority of aquatic animal species in an aquatic community
(i.e., approximately the 95th percentile of tested aquatic animals representing the aquatic
community). Assessment endpoints consistent with the criteria developed in this document are
summarized in Table 4.
The concept of using laboratory toxicity tests to protect North American bodies of water
and resident aquatic species and their uses is based on the theory that effects occurring to a
species in appropriate laboratory tests will generally occur to the same species in comparable
field situations. Since aquatic ecosystems are complex and diversified, the 1985 Guidelines
require acceptable data be available for at least eight genera with a specified taxonomic diversity
(the standard eight-family minimum data requirement, or MDR). The intent of the eight-family
MDR is to serve as a typical surrogate sample community representative of the larger and
generally much more diverse natural aquatic community, not necessarily the most sensitive
species in a given environment. For many aquatic life criteria, enough data are available to
describe a species sensitivity distribution to represent the distribution of sensitivities in natural
ecosystems. In addition, since aquatic ecosystems can tolerate some stress and occasional
adverse effects, protection of all species at all times and places are not deemed necessary (the
intent is to protect 95 percent of a group of diverse taxa, and any commercially and
recreationally important species). Thus, if properly derived and used, the combination of a
freshwater or estuarine/marine acute CMC and chronic CCC should provide an appropriate
degree of protection of aquatic organisms and their uses from acute and chronic toxicity to
animals, toxicity to plants, and bioaccumulation by aquatic organisms (Stephan et al. 1985).
2.6 Measurement Endpoints
Assessment endpoints require one or more measures of ecological effect, which are
termed "measurement endpoints". Measurement endpoints are the measures of ecological effect
used to characterize or quantify changes in the attributes of an assessment endpoint or changes in
a surrogate entity or attribute, in this case a response to chemical exposure. Toxicity data are
used as measures of direct and indirect effects on representative biological receptors. The
selected measures of effect for the development of aquatic life criteria encompass changes in the
growth, reproduction, and survival of aquatic organisms.
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The toxicity data used for the development of aquatic life criteria depend on the
availability of applicable toxicity test outcomes, the acceptability of test methodologies, and an
in-depth evaluation of the acceptability of each specific test, as performed by EPA. Measurement
endpoints for the development of aquatic life criteria are derived using acute and chronic toxicity
studies for representative test species, which are then quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed,
as described in the Analysis Plan below. Measurement endpoints considered for each assessment
endpoint in this criteria document are summarized in Table 4. The following sections discuss
toxicity data requirements for the fulfillment of these measurement endpoints.
Overview of Toxicity Data Requirements
EPA has specific data requirements to assess the potential effects of a stressor on an
aquatic ecosystem and develop 304(a) aquatic life criteria under the CWA. Acute toxicity test
data (short term effects on survival) for species from a minimum of eight diverse taxonomic
groups are required for the development of acute criteria to ensure the protection of various
components of an aquatic ecosystem.
• Acute freshwater criteria require data from the following taxonomic groups:
o the family Salmonidae in the class Osteichthyes
o a second family in the class Osteichthyes, preferably a commercially or
recreationally important warmwater species (e.g., bluegill, channel catfish)
o a third family in the phylum Chordata (may be in the class Osteichthyes or may
be an amphibian)
o a planktonic crustacean (e.g., cladoceran, copepod)
o a benthic crustacean (e.g., ostracod, isopod, amphipod, crayfish)
o an insect (e.g., mayfly, dragonfly, damselfly, stonefly, caddisfly, mosquito,
midge)
o a family in a phylum other than Arthropoda or Chordata (e.g., Rotifera, Annelida,
Mollusca)
o a family in any order of insect or any phylum not already represented
• Acute estuarine/marine criteria require data from the following taxonomic groups:
o two families in the phylum Chordata
o a family in a phylum other than Arthropoda or Chordata
o a family from either Mysidae or Penaeidae
o three other families not in the phylum Chordata (may include Mysidae or
Penaeidae, whichever was not used above)
o any other family
18
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Chronic toxicity test data (longer-term effects on survival, growth, or reproduction) are
generally required for a minimum of three taxa, with at least one chronic test being from an
acutely-sensitive species. Acute-chronic ratios (ACRs) can be calculated with data for species of
aquatic animals from at least three different families if the following data requirements are met:
• at least one is a fish
• at least one is an invertebrate
• at least one is an acutely sensitive freshwater species, for freshwater chronic criterion (the
other two may be saltwater species)
• at least one is an acutely sensitive saltwater species for estuarine/marine chronic criterion
(the other two may be freshwater species)
Because acceptable chronic values for all eight MDRs were available for cadmium in
fresh water, the chronic criterion was derived following the same genus level sensitivity
distribution (SD) approach used to calculate the acute criterion (see the 1985 Guidelines for
additional detail). The chronic estuarine/marine criterion for cadmium was derived using the
ACR approach.
The 1985 Guidelines also require at least one acceptable test with a freshwater alga or
vascular plant. If plants are among the aquatic organisms most sensitive to the chemical, results
of a plant in another phylum should also be available. Data on toxicity to aquatic plants are
examined to determine whether plants are likely to be unacceptably affected by concentrations
below those expected to cause unacceptable effects on aquatic animals. However, as discussed in
Section 2.7, the relative sensitivity of fresh and estuarine/marine algae and plants to cadmium
(Appendix E and Appendix F) is less than vertebrates and invertebrates, so plant criteria are not
developed.
Measures of Effect
Measure of cadmium exposure concentration
Consistent with previous AWQC documents for cadmium, only effects data from tests
that used the following cadmium salts (either anhydrous or hydrated) were used for development
of the AWQC:
• cadmium chloride (CdCl2) (CAS #10108-64-2)
• cadmium nitrate (Cd(NO3)2) (CAS # 10325-94-7)
• cadmium sulfate (CdSO4) (CAS # 10124-36-4)
19
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Measured concentrations of cadmium can be expressed as either total recoverable
cadmium, acid-soluble cadmium, or total dissolved cadmium (using a conversion factor) based
on the different forms of cadmium present in the aquatic environment. Previous aquatic life
criteria for cadmium were expressed either in terms of total recoverable cadmium (U.S. EPA
1980; 1983a) or as acid-soluble cadmium (U.S. EPA 1985c). Since 1993, EPA has recommended
using dissolved metal concentrations (defined as the metal in solution that passes through a 0.45-
um membrane filter) for developing criteria, based on the greater bioavailability of dissolved
metals in surface water. Cadmium criteria are accordingly expressed as dissolved metal
concentrations consistent with current recommendations (Prothro 1993; U.S. EPA 1993b,
1994a), which typically involves converting measured total recoverable cadmium concentrations
to estimated dissolved cadmium concentrations using a conversion factor. It should be noted,
however, the majority of cadmium present in natural surface water is in the dissolved form and
differences between the 0.45-um filtered (dissolved) and unfiltered (total) concentrations in
surface water samples are usually small, with dissolved concentrations typically averaging 90 to
95 percent of the concentration present in an unfiltered sample (Clark 2002; Mebane 2006;
Stephan 1995). These averages are generally consistent with the dissolved fraction present in
unfiltered concentrations of 94 percent for fresh water (at a total hardness of 100 mg/L as
CaCCb) and 99 percent for marine environments that are used for the updated criteria,
respectively.
The acute freshwater conversion factors were determined empirically whereby total and
dissolved cadmium concentrations were measured during actual 48- and 96-hour Daphnia
magna and fathead minnow fed and unfed static toxicity tests conducted at different total
hardness levels (Stephan 1995; University of Wisconsin - Superior 1995). Either cadmium
chloride or cadmium sulfate were spiked in Lake Superior water and measured at test initiation
and completion. The time weighted averages obtained for percent dissolved cadmium for each
simulation were used to determine the freshwater acute conversion factors of 0.973 at 50 mg/L,
0.944 at 100 mg/L and 0.915 at 200 mg/L total hardness (see Appendix Table A-3). Freshwater
chronic conversion factors obtained from the same acute tests and extrapolation procedures were
0.938, 0.909 and 0.880 at 50, 100 and 200 mg/L total hardness (see Appendix Table C-3),
respectively. The lower chronic conversion factors are due to the longer time weighted average
20
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period employed relative to the acute factors. The acute saltwater conversion factor of 0.99
determined by Lussier et al. (1999) was based on an Americamysis bahia 96-hr flow-through
exposure and mean weighted total and dissolved cadmium concentrations. Narragansett Bay
seawater was spiked with cadmium chloride and exposure concentrations were measured at 1-
and 96 hours after test initiation.
All concentrations for toxicity tests are expressed as total cadmium in this document, not
as the form of the chemical tested. In the aquatic environment, cadmium is measured as total
recoverable metal or free divalent metal.
Acute measures of effect
The acute measures of effect on aquatic organisms are the LCso, ECso, and ICso. LC
stands for "Lethal Concentration" and an LCso is the concentration of a chemical that is
estimated to kill 50 percent of the test organisms. EC stands for "Effect Concentration" and the
ECso is the concentration of a chemical that is estimated to produce a specific effect in 50 percent
of the test organisms. 1C stands for "Inhibitory Concentration" and the ICso is the concentration
of a chemical that is estimated to inhibit some biological process (e.g., growth) in 50 percent of
the test organisms. Data that were determined to have acceptable quality and to be useable in the
derivation of water quality criteria as described in EPA's 1985 Guidelines for the derivation of a
freshwater and estuarine/marine criteria are presented in Appendix A and Appendix B,
respectively.
Acute toxicity data on freshwater mussel glochidia life stage
Glochidia are an early parasitic life stage of unionid freshwater mussels, which are free
living in the water column prior to finding an appropriate fish host. Based on their unique life
history compared to most aquatic life, glochidia toxicity tests were carefully examined to
determine if they provided ecologically relevant toxicological information for the derivation of
aquatic life criteria. Glochidia may be present in the water column for a period of time ranging
from seconds to days, depending on the species, and they have potential to be exposed to
contaminants in surface water during that time. EPA determined it was important to consider the
potential for adverse effects to glochidia in the development of water quality criteria for
cadmium because adverse effects on this sensitive early life stage could have implications on the
21
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viability of unionid mussel populations. The potential for adverse effects to glochidia was also
considered in the development of ammonia criteria (U.S. EPA 2013).
In order for the toxicity test results with glochidia to be ecologically relevant, the
duration of the acute toxicity test must be comparable to the duration of the free-living stage of
glochidia prior to attaching to a host. Research conducted by Fritts et al. (2014) supports the
recommendation of a maximum test duration of 24 hours for glochidia, corresponding with the
ecologically relevant period of host infectivity of this parasitic life stage. Survival of glochidia at
the end of 24 hours should be at least 90% in the laboratory control and if the viability is less
than 90% at 24 hours in the control, then the next longest duration less than 24 hours that had at
least 90% survival in the control is considered acceptable for use. These requirements for the
acceptance of glochidia tests were put forward in the 2013 ammonia criteria document and were
peer reviewed at that time (U.S. EPA 2013). Acceptable cadmium glochidia data were available
only for the fatmucket (Lampsilis siliquoidea), but this life stage was less sensitive than the
juvenile life stage and therefore glochidia results were not used to calculate the SMAV for this
species.
Chronic measures of effect
The endpoint for chronic exposure is the £€20, which represents a 20 percent
effect/inhibition concentration. This is in contrast to a concentration that causes a low level of
reduction in response, such as an ECs or ECio, which is rarely statistically significantly different
from the control treatment. EPA selected an £€20 to estimate a low level of effect that would be
statistically different from control effects, but not severe enough to cause chronic effects at the
population level (see U.S. EPA 1999c). Reported NOECs (No Observed Effect Concentrations)
and LOECs (Lowest Observed Effect Concentrations) were only used for the derivation of
chronic criterion when an EC20 could not be calculated for the genus. A NOEC is the highest test
concentration at which none of the observed effects are statistically different from the control. A
LOEC is the lowest test concentration at which the observed effects are statistically different
from the control. When LOECs and NOECs are used, a Maximum Acceptable Toxicant
Concentration (MATC) is calculated, which is the geometric mean of the NOEC and LOEC.
Regression analysis was used to characterize a concentration-effect relationship and to
estimate concentrations at which chronic effects are expected to occur. For the calculation of
chronic criterion, point estimates were selected for use as the measure of effect in favor of
22
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MATCs, as MATCs are highly dependent on the concentrations tested. Point estimates also
provide additional information that is difficult to determine with an MATC, such as a measure of
effect level across a range of tested concentrations. Chronic toxicity data that met the test
acceptability and quality assurance/control criteria in EPA's 1985 Guidelines for the derivation
of freshwater and estuarine/marine criteria are presented in Appendix C and Appendix D,
respectively.
Table 4. Summary of Assessment Endpoints and Measures of Effect Used in Criteria
Derivation.
Assessment Endpoints for the Aquatic
Community
Survival, growth, biomass, and reproduction
offish and invertebrates (freshwater and
estuarine/marine)
Maintenance and growth of aquatic plants
from standing crop or biomass (freshwater
and estuarine/marine)
Measures of Effect
Acute: LCso, ECso
Chronic: EC 20, MATC (only used when an EC
could not be calculated for the genus)
LOEC, EC2o, ECso, ICso, reduced growth rate,
viability, calculated MATC
20
cell
MATC = Maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (geometric mean of NOEC and LOEC)
NOEC = No observed effect concentration
LOEC = Lowest observed effect concentration
LC50 = Lethal concentration to 50% of the test population
EC5o/EC2o = Effect concentration to 50%/20% of the test population
IC50 = Concentration of cadmium at which some effect is inhibited 50% compared to control organism
Use of data from chronic tests with Hyalella azteca
The use of//, azteca data for criteria derivation has created an uncertainty due to issues
with culture and testing conditions. Laboratory evidence indicates that sufficient levels of
bromide and chloride are required for maintaining healthy H. azteca cultures, which are
important to accurately characterizing the toxicity of pollutants to H. azteca (U.S. EPA 2009a).
In response to this concern, each H. azteca acute and chronic toxicity test was evaluated with the
acceptability criteria recommended by U.S. EPA (2012) (Appendix K). These criteria address
the minimum levels of bromide and chloride in dilution water, along with other factors such as
the use of a substrate and minimum survival of control to characterize test acceptability.
23
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2.7 Analysis Plan
During CWA §304(a) criteria development, EPA reviews and considers all relevant
toxicity test data. Information available for all relevant species and genera are reviewed to
identify: 1) data from acceptable tests that meet data quality standards; and 2) whether the
acceptable data meet the minimum data requirements (MDRs) as outlined in EPA's 1985
Guidelines (Stephan et al. 1985; U.S. EPA 1986a). The taxa represented by the different MDR
groups represent taxa with different ecological, trophic, taxonomic and functional characteristics
in aquatic ecosystems, and are intended to be a representative subset of the diversity within a
typical aquatic community.
For this cadmium criteria update, the MDRs described in Section 2.6 are met, and criteria
values are developed for acute and chronic freshwater and acute and chronic estuarine/marine
species. Table 5 provides a summary of the Phyla, Families, Genera and Species for which
toxicity data are available and that were used to fulfill the MDRs for calculation of acute and
chronic criteria for both freshwater and estuarine/marine organisms. A relatively large number of
tests from acceptable studies of aquatic algae and vascular plants are also available for possible
derivation of a Final Plant Value. However, the relative sensitivity of fresh and estuarine/marine
algae and plants to cadmium (Appendix E and Appendix F) is less than aquatic vertebrates and
invertebrates so plant criteria are not developed.
24
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Table 5. Summary Table of Acceptable Toxicity Data Used to Meet the Minimum Data Requirements in the "1985 Guidelines'
and Count of Phyla, Families, Genera and Species.
Family Minimum Data Requirement (Freshwater)
Family Salmonidae in the class Osteichthyes
Second family in the class Osteichthyes
Third family in the phylum Chordata
Planktonic Crustacean
Benthic Crustacean
Insect
Family in a phylum other than Arthropoda or Chordata
Family in any order of insect or any phylum not already represented
Family Minimum Data Requirement (Estuarine/Marine)
Family in the phylum Chordata
Family in the phylum Chordata
Either the Mysidae or Penaeidae family
Family in a phylum other than Arthropoda or Chordata
Family in a phylum other than Chordata
Family in a phylum other than Chordata
Family in a phylum other than Chordata
Any other family
Acute
(Phylum / Family / Genus)
Chordata / Salmonidae / Oncorhynchus
Chordata / Catostomidae / Catostomus
Chordata / Ambystomatidae / Ambystoma
Arthropoda / Daphniidae / Daphnia
Arthropoda / Cambaridae / Orconectes
Arthropoda / Baetidae / Baetis
Mollusca / Unionidae / Lampsilis
Annelida / Tubificidae / Tubifex
Acute
(Phylum / Family / Genus)
Chordata / Fundulidae / Fundulus
Chordata / Salmonidae / Oncorhynchus
Arthopoda / Mysidae / Americamysis
Mollusca / Mytilidae / Mytilus
Echinodermata / Strongylocentrotidae / Strongylocentrotus
Echinodermata / Asteriidae / Asterias
Annelida / Capitellidae / Capitella
Mollusca / Pectinidae / Argopecten
Chronic
(Phylum / Family / Genus)
Chordata / Salmonidae / Oncorhynchus
Chordata / Catostomidae / Catostomus
Chordata / Cyprinodontidae / Jordanella
Arthropoda / Daphniidae / Daphnia
Arthropoda / Hyalellidae / Hyalella
Arthropoda / Chironomidae / Chironomus
Mollusca / Unionidae / Lampsilis
Annelida / Lumbriculidae / Lumbriculus
Chronic
(Phylum / Family / Genus)
-
-
Arthopoda / Mysidae / Americamysis
-
-
-
-
-
Dash (-) indicates requirement not met (i.e., no acceptable data).
Phylum
Annelida
Arthropoda
Bryozoa
Chordata
Cnidaria
Echinodermata
Mollusca
Nematoda
Platyhelminthes
Total
Freshwater Acute
Families
4
18
3
15
1
-
4
-
2
47
GMAVs
11
22
3
27
1
-
9
-
2
75
SMAVs
12
32
3
35
4
-
13
-
2
101
Freshwater Chronic
Families
2
3
-
8
-
-
3
-
-
16
GMCVs
2
4
-
11
-
-
3
-
-
20
SMCVs
2
6
-
16
-
-
3
-
-
27
Estuarine/Marine Acute
Families
6
30
-
14
2
3
9
1
-
66
GMAVs
10
37
-
14
2
3
12
1
-
79
SMAVs
10
44
-
16
2
4
17
1
-
94
Estuarine/Marine Chronic
Families
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
GMCVs
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
SMCVs
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
25
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2.7.1 Hardness adjustment
The hardness adjustment is used as a surrogate for this criteria revision to estimate the
effect of all ions on the toxicity of cadmium. EPA's 1985 Guidelines state that when sufficient
data are available to demonstrate that toxicity is related to a water quality characteristic, the
relationship should be taken into account using an analysis of covariance (Stephan et al. 1985).
As noted in the 1985 Guidelines, the relationship between hardness and the toxicity of metals in
freshwater is best described by a log-log relationship. The ratio of calcium and magnesium ions
influence the toxicity of cadmium and the subsequent cadmium toxicity-hardness relationship,
especially since cadmium is known to behave like a calcium analog (Playle et al. 1993a). An
analysis of covariance was conducted to examine the relationship between hardness and
cadmium toxicity to freshwater aquatic animals. The analysis of covariance was performed
separately for acute and chronic toxicity, using the R statistical program (Dixon and Brown
1979; Neter and Wasserman 1974; R Core Team 2015).
Before conducting the analysis of covariance, currently available toxicity data with
available hardness values were evaluated for each species to determine if they were useful for
characterizing the relationship between hardness and cadmium toxicity in freshwater. The 1985
Guidelines do not provide explicit rules regarding whether data for a particular species are
useful, but they do emphasize the importance of having a range of tested hardness values for a
particular species. Since the publication of the 1985 Guidelines, EPA has determined that in
order to meet the precondition for inclusion in the covariance model for determining the hardness
relationship, a species should have definitive toxicity values available over a range of hardness
levels, such that the highest hardness is at least three times the lowest, and at least 100 mg/L
higher than the lowest (U.S. EPA 2001). As such, EPA evaluated the cadmium studies per the
1985 Guidelines conditions prior to inclusion in the covariance model and excluded studies from
the analysis where only a single acute toxicity value was available, or where multiple tests were
conducted at the same hardness. Examples of excluded tests include those that were conducted to
evaluate the effects of cadmium to a non-hardness parameter, such as Na or K (e.g., Clifford
2009). In cases where the hardness-toxicity relationship for a particular species is highly
divergent between studies, then data from these studies were only used when they were
specifically designed to investigate the effects of hardness, and when both the toxicity and
hardness values provided were definitive (not greater than or less than values). For example, the
26
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hardness-toxicity relationship for the fathead minnow is highly divergent from one life stage to
another. Adult fathead minnow responses are highly correlated, while fry responses are not, so
only tests conducted with adults were used (U.S. EPA 2001).
As noted above, this 2016 cadmium update evaluated definitive toxicity values available
over a specified range of hardness levels to develop the acute and chronic hardness-toxicity
relationships. This procedure was very similar to that used for the 2001 update and the 2015 draft
cadmium criteria, except that only studies where the concentrations of cadmium was measured
were used, multiple tests conducted at the same hardness level were excluded, and data from the
same study were favored over highly divergent data from multiple studies for a particular
species. In addition, £€20 and MATC values are used in the chronic slope for this effort, whereas
the 2001 update used only MATCs. The data used to calculate the acute and chronic hardness-
toxicity relationships are identified in Appendix Table A-2 and Appendix Table C-2,
respectively.
An analysis of covariance, to evaluate the relationship between natural log transformed
hardness and natural log transformed cadmium toxicity to the tested species, is the first step
following data selection. If the analysis of covariance model term describing the similarity of
hardness slopes among individual species is not statistically significant at an alpha of 0.05
(P>0.05), then a model with a single hardness slope is statistically equivalent to a model with
separate hardness slopes for each species, and a pooled slope can be calculated. The pooled
hardness slope is then calculated using linear regression, and is considered the best estimate for
characterizing the relationship between toxicity and hardness for all test species. The results of
the acute and chronic hardness correction procedures are described in Section 3.1.1 and Section
3.1.2, respectively, and individual species slopes are provided in Table 6 and Table 8.
2.7.2 Acute criterion
Acute criteria are derived from the sensitivity distribution (SD) of genus mean acute
values (GMAVs), calculated from species mean acute values (SMAVs) for available and
acceptable data. SMAVs are calculated using the geometric mean for all acceptable toxicity tests
for a given species (e.g., all tests for Daphnia magnet). If only one test is available, the SMAV is
that test value by default. As stated in the 1985 Guidelines, flow-through measured test data are
normally given preference over other test exposure types (i.e., renewal, static, unmeasured) for a
27
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species, when available. When relationships are apparent between life-stage and sensitivity, only
values for the most sensitive life-stage are considered.
GMAVs are calculated using the geometric means of all calculated SMAVs within a
given genus (e.g., all SMAVs for genus Daphnia - including Daphniapulex, Daphnia magna).
If only one SMAV is available for a genus, then the GMAV is represented by that value.
GMAVs derived for each of the genera are then rank-ordered by sensitivity, from most (Rank 1)
to least sensitive (Rank TV).
Acute freshwater and estuarine/marine criteria are based on the Final Acute Value
(FAV). The FAV is determined by first ordering the GMAVs by rank from most to least
sensitive for regression analysis. The regression analysis is typically driven by the four most
sensitive genera in the sensitivity distribution, based on the need to interpolate or extrapolate (as
appropriate) to the 5th percentile of the distribution represented by the tested genera. Use of a
sensitivity distribution where the criteria values are based on the four most sensitive taxa in a
triangular distribution represents a censored statistical approach that improves estimation of the
lower tail when the shape of the whole distribution is uncertain, while accounting for the total
number of genera within the whole distribution. Since there were more than 59 GMAVs in both
the freshwater and estuarine/marine cadmium acute datasets, the four GMAVs closest to the 5th
percentile of the distribution were used to calculate the FAV, consistent with procedures
described in the 1985 Guidelines. The acute criterion, defined as the Criterion Maximum
Concentration (CMC), is then calculated by dividing the FAV by two, which is intended to
provide an acute criterion protective of nearly all individuals in the distribution (Stephan et al.
1985); the FAV/2 approach was developed to estimate minimal effect levels, those which
approximate control mortality limits, and is based on the analysis of 219 acute toxicity tests for a
range of chemicals, as described in the Federal Register on May 18, 1978 (43 FR 21506-18).
2.7.3 Chronic criterion
A chronic criterion is typically determined by one of two methods. If MDRs are met with
acceptable chronic test data available for all eight families, then the chronic criteria can be
derived using the same method as for the acute criteria, employing chronic values (e.g., EC2o)
estimated from acceptable toxicity tests. While this is the case for the freshwater cadmium
chronic dataset, acceptable chronic data are not available for all eight families for estuarine/
28
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marine species. For the estuarine/marine chronic dataset, the chronic criterion was therefore
derived by determining an appropriate Final Acute-Chronic Ratio (FACR).
The procedure used to calculate an FACR involves dividing an acute toxicity test value
by a "paired" chronic test value. Tests for a chemical are considered paired when they are
conducted by the same laboratory, with the same test organism and with the same dilution water
(see Stephan et al. 1985). If there is a clear trend, the FACR may be the geometric mean of the
available ACRs, or an individual ACR (or combination thereof), based on the most sensitive
taxa. The Final Chronic Value (FCV) for estuarine/marine aquatic animals was obtained by
dividing the FAV by the FACR, consistent with procedures described in Section IV. A of Stephan
etal. (1985).
Available chronic toxicity data for freshwater and estuarine/marine plants were reviewed
to determine whether plants are more sensitive to cadmium than freshwater and estuarine/marine
animals (see Appendix A, Appendix B, Appendix E and Appendix F). Plants were found to be
less sensitive, and in most cases, at least an order of magnitude less sensitive to cadmium than
other aquatic species. It was therefore not necessary to develop chronic criteria based on plant
toxicity values in this update.
29
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3 EFFECTS ANALYSES FOR AQUATIC ORGANISMS
The data used to update the acute and chronic criteria for cadmium were collected via
literature searches of EPA's ECOTOX database, as described in the ECOTOX User Guide
Version 4.0 (see: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/blackbox/help/userhelp4.pdf). ECOTOX is an
extensive database of selected toxicity data for aquatic life, terrestrial plants, and wildlife created
and maintained by the U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and
Environmental Effects Research Laboratory's Mid-Continent Ecology Division (U.S. EPA
2007a). The search of cadmium and cadmium compounds for this update includes data entered in
ECOTOX through December 2015.
Newly acquired data were evaluated for acceptability based on data quality guidelines given
in the!985 Guidelines (Stephan et al. 1985). Selected data included in the 2001 cadmium criteria
were re-evaluated for various reasons (e.g., divergent values for a species, hardness
normalization derivation, etc.), as part of the 2016 update, as needed. All acute and chronic
toxicity data (see Appendices A-I) determined to be applicable and reliable were used to
recalculate the CMC and the CCC, consistent with the 1985 Guidelines and as described in the
following sections.
3.1 Freshwater Toxicity to Aquatic Animals
3.1.1 Acute toxicity
Acceptable data on the acute effects of cadmium in freshwater are available for a total of
101 species representing 75 genera (Appendix Table A-l), the diversity of which satisfy the
eight taxonomic MDRs specified in the 1985 Guidelines. Ranked GMAVs for cadmium in
freshwater based on acute toxicity are identified in Table 7 and plotted in Figure 3. The
following sections detail the derivation of these GMAV summaries.
Hardness correction
The hardness adjustment is used as a surrogate to estimate the effect of primarily calcium
on the toxicity of cadmium. Data to be used for the calculation of the hardness correction were
selected according to procedures described in Section 2.7.1. An analysis of covariance was then
performed using a subset of the data from Appendix A (each study used in the acute hardness
slope is compiled in Appendix Table A-2) for the 13 species for which the appropriate data
30
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were available, as shown in Table 6. These included eight species used in the determination of
the acute toxicity hardness slope in the 2001 criteria document (U.S. EPA 2001) and five new
species. For all 13 species, the highest hardness was at least three times the lowest, and the
highest hardness was at least 100 mg/L greater than the lowest (Appendix Table A-l). One
major difference between this 2016 update and previous cadmium criteria documents, including
the 2015 draft criteria, is that only measured studies were evaluated for use in the acute toxicity
hardness slope. In addition, for Hydra circumcincta, Daphniapulex, Chironomus riparius, and
Danio rerio, only studies for which multiple tests were conducted across a hardness gradient
were used. Consistent with data quality criteria used for development of the 2001 AWQC for
cadmium and as discussed in Section 2.7.1, the dataset used for Pimephalespromelas consisted
of only tests conducted with adults. For Daphnia magna, the relationship between acute toxicity
and hardness had a very shallow slope and a large confidence interval (and large standard error),
indicating a poor correlation. This outcome was based on the poor correlation between hardness
and acute toxicity for D. magna across the various studies. Accordingly, only the five D. magna
tests from Chapman et al. (1980) were used since the author specifically evaluated the effects of
hardness on the less than 24-hr old neonates. Finally, several data sources were eliminated from
further evaluation. Data from six tests by Davies et al. (1993) were excluded because hardness was
manipulated with magnesium instead of calcium; data from two tests by Davies and Brinkman (1994b)
were excluded based on the use of atypical control water; data from three tests by Niyogi et al. (2008)
were excluded because water quality parameters in addition to hardness were manipulated; data from
Niyogi et al. (2004b) were excluded because they were identified as possible outliers; and data from
studies by Hollis et al. (1999, 2000a) were excluded because fish may have been fed.
Based on the final dataset used to calculate the acute hardness slope and consistent with
the 1985 Guidelines, an analysis of covariance was performed to determine if a single pooled
species slope would be acceptable. The P-value of the model term describing the relationship
between hardness and species was 0.42, indicating that the individual species hardness slopes are
not significantly different from one another, and that a single pooled slope could be calculated.
The pooled slope for the log-log relationship between hardness and acute toxicity was
0.9789. A list of the species and accompanying slopes used to estimate the final acute hardness
slope is provided in Table 6 and graphically illustrated in Figure 2.
31
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Table 6. Pooled and Individual Species Slopes Calculated for the Cadmium Acute Toxicity
vs. Hardness Kelationsni
Species
Hydra circumdncta*
Limnodrilius hoffmeisteri
Villosa vibex
Daphnia magnab
Daphnia pulexc
Chironomus ripariusA
Oncorhynchus mykiss"
Salmo trutta
Carassius auratutJ
Danio rericf
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis cyanellus
Lepomis macrochirus
p.
n
3
2
2
5
7
2
28
6
2
2
13
2
6
Slope
0.5363*
0.7888
0.9286
1.182*
0.9307*
0.4571
0.9475*
1.256*
1.588
0.9270
1.814*
0.4220
0.8548*
R2 Value
1.000
—
—
0.915
0.867
—
0.681
0.900
—
—
0.475
—
0.955
95% Confidence Interval
0.4706-0.6020
—
—
0.5194-1.845
0.5113-1.350
—
0.6862-1.209
0.6762-1.837
—
—
0.5494-3.078
—
0.5975-1.112
df
1
0
0
3
5
0
26
4
0
0
11
0
4
Final Pooled Model
80
0.9789*#
0.971
0.7907-1.167
66
Species highlighted in bold are new for the 2016 updated hardness slope.
* Slope is significantly different than 0 (p<0.05)
# Individual species slopes not significantly different (p=0.42)
a - 3 tests from Clifford (2009) at different hardness levels where hardness was manipulated as Ca.
b - Following the procedure described in the 2001 AWQC document, used 5 tests from Chapman et
al. (Manuscript) performed at different hardness levels.
c - 7 tests from Clifford (2009); Clifford and McGeer (2010) at different hardness levels where
hardness was manipulated as Ca.
d - 2 tests from Gillis and Wood (2008) at different hardness levels.
e - Excluded 6 tests from Davies et al. (1993) where hardness manipulated as Mg; excluded 2 tests
from Davies and Brinkman (1994b) because of atypical control water; excluded 3 tests from
Niyogi et al. (2008) that manipulated water quality parameters in addition to hardness; excluded
possible outliers (Niyogi et al. 2004b); excluded studies where the fish were possibly fed (Hollis
etal. 1999, 2000a).
f - 2 tests from McCarty et al. (1978) at different hardness levels.
g - 2 tests from Alsop and Wood (2011) at different hardness levels.
32
-------
O
O)
16
14 -
12 -
10 -
Q .
S 6H
o
^i 4 -
2 -
0 -
-2
•
o
T
A
•
D
+
O
A
V
•
0
+
H. cirumcincta
L hoffmeisteri
V. vibex
D. magna
D. pulex
C. riparius
O. mykiss
S. trutta
C. auratus
D. rerio
P. promelas
L. cyanellus
L. macrochirus
1
7
8
In (Hardness - mg/L)
Figure 2. Species Acute Hardness Slopes.
Natural log transformed hardness and acute toxicity concentrations for each species used to calculate the
pooled acute hardness correction slope. Results of individual regression lines are shown in Table 6.
Summaries of studies used in acute criterion determination
The 2016 update includes acute toxicity data for 66 invertebrate species, 33 fish species,
one salamander species, and one frog species, for a total of 101 species grouped into 75 genera.
Of the 75 Genus Mean Acute Values (GMAV) in the updated dataset, 38 genera have new data
(Table 7 and Appendix A). The most sensitive genus is the fish Salvelinus with a GMAV of
4.190 |ig/L (normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCOs). The most sensitive
invertebrate genus is represented by the amphipod Hyalella azteca, with the seventh most
sensitive normalized GMAV of 23.00 |ig/L. As noted in Table 7, if the SMAVs for a genus
differ by greater than a factor of 10, then the most sensitive SMAV(s) is used in the GMAV
calculation. This difference was primarily due to the sensitivity between the life stage tested for
33
-------
each species and was applied to the GMAV calculation for Salvelinus, Ptychocheilus, Physa and
Orconectes. This approach ensures that the most sensitive effect level is used for each genus.
The pooled slope of 0.9789 was used to normalize the freshwater acute values in
Appendix A to a hardness =100 mg/L CaCOs, except where it was not possible because no
hardness value was reported or a value could not be estimated. SMAVs were calculated as
geometric means of the normalized acute values. Only the underlined ECso/LCso values shown in
Appendix A were used to calculate the SMAVs for each species.
The SMAVs for freshwater invertebrates ranged from 23.00 |ig/L total cadmium for the
amphipod, H. azteca, to >152,301 |ig/L total cadmium for the midge, Chironomus riparius. Of
the fish species tested, the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, had the lowest SMAV of 3.727
|ig/L total cadmium, and the tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, had the highest SMAV of 66,720
Hg/L total cadmium. As indicated by the data, both invertebrate and fish species display a wide
range of sensitivities to cadmium.
Fish species represent the six most acutely sensitive genera to cadmium (Table 7), and
salmonids (Salmo, Salvelinus, Oncorhynchus and Prosopium) represent four of the six most
sensitive fish genera. The most sensitive genus, Salvelinus, a vertebrate genus, is over 11,700
times more sensitive than the most resistant, Chironomus, an invertebrate genus.
The second through fifth most sensitive genera (out of a total of 75) were used in the
computation of the Final Acute Value (FAV). As stated above, whenever there are 59 or more
GMAVs in the acute criteria dataset, the FAV is calculated using the four GMAVs closest to the
5* percentile of the distribution. The distribution of ranked freshwater GMAVs for cadmium is
depicted in Figure 3 and is expressed as normalized total cadmium (see Section 4.3.1).
The four taxa and hardness-normalized associated endpoint (GMAV) used in calculating
the acute criterion (sensitivity rank 2-5) are ranked below from most to least sensitive:
2. Cottus (GMAV=4.411 |ig/L total Cd)
3. Salmo trutta, Brown trout (GMAV=5.642 |ig/L total Cd)
4. Morone saxatilis, Striped bass (GMAV=5.931 |ig/L total Cd)
5. Oncorhynchus (GMAV=6.141 |ig/L total Cd)
The most sensitive genus, Salvelinus (GMAV of 4.190 |ig/L total cadmium), represented
by brook trout data, is not included in the criteria numeric calculation because its rank falls
34
-------
below the 5* percentile in the distribution of 75 genera included in the dataset (see Section
2.7.2). Because there is a greater than 10-fold difference in SMAVs for the genus, consistent
with the 1985 Guidelines, only the most sensitive SMAV is used in the calculation. Therefore,
only bull trout, and not brook trout, was used to determine GMAV for Salvelinus. The calculated
FAV for Salvelinus is 5.733 ug/L total cadmium. However, despite the Salvelinus genus ranking
as the most sensitive taxa for the freshwater acute data, its GMAV is greater than the
commercially and recreationally important rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) SMAV (Table
7). The rainbow trout SMAV is also lower than the calculated FAV, and the SMAVs for
cutthroat trout, brown trout, bull trout, and shorthead and mottled sculpin. Thus, as
recommended by the 1985 Guidelines, the freshwater FAV for total cadmium is being lowered to
protect the commercially and recreationally important rainbow trout, resulting in an FAV of
3.727 ug/L at a hardness of 100 mg/L. Because rainbow trout was the most sensitive salmonid
species tested (and lowest SMAV in the acute dataset), this lowered value is also expected to be
protective of all the salmonid species for which toxicity data are available, and other sensitive
fish species as well. Summaries are provided below for the individual species or genera (in cases
where more than one species is included in the calculation of the GMAV) used to calculate the
freshwater FAV. All values are provided in terms of total cadmium.
Coitus
Two species of sculpin, Cottus bairdii and Cottus confusus, are used to derive the
normalized GMAV of 4.411 ug Cd/L, the second most sensitive genus in the acute dataset, and
the lowest of the four GMAVs used to calculate the FAV (Table 7). Besser et al. (2006, 2007)
and Brinkman and Vieira (2007) exposed fry of C. bairdii to flow-through measured conditions
to yield normalized 96-hr LC5os ranging from 2.817 to >65.08 ug/L, with the SMAV of 4.418
ug/L cadmium. The C. confusus normalized SMAV of 4.404 ug/L cadmium is based on the
static-renewal measured test result reported by Mebane et al. (2012).
Salmo trutta
The hardness-normalized SMAV/GMAV of 5.642 ug/L total cadmium for the brown
trout is based on the geometric mean of five 96-hr LCsos as reported by Davies and Brinkman
(1994c), Brinkman and Hansen (2004a, 2007) and Stubblefield (1990). All tests were flow-
35
-------
through measured exposures and used either the fingerling or fry life stage (see Appendix Table
A-l). The GMAV for the brown trout is the third lowest in the acute dataset.
Morone saxatilis
Two acceptable acute values from one study (Palawski et al. 1985) were used to calculate
the hardness-normalized SMAV/GMAV for the striped bass, Morone saxatilis. The 63-day old
fish were exposed in static, unmeasured chambers at two different test hardness levels (40 and
285 mg/L as CaCCb). The GMAV for the species is 5.931 ug/L total cadmium and is the fourth
lowest in the acute dataset.
Oncorhynchus
The hardness-normalized GMAV of 6.141 ug/L total cadmium for the genus
Oncorhynchus is the fifth lowest in the acute dataset, and is calculated from SMAVs of four
different species (cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii; coho salmon, O. kisutch; rainbow trout,
O mykiss; Chinook salmon, O. tshawytscha). Oncorhynchus is one of the most widely tested
genera in the freshwater acute dataset. All but the cutthroat trout are Listed species. Hardness-
normalized SMAVs range from 3.727 to 11.88 ug/L total cadmium (Table 7) and are composed
of anywhere from one (O. kisutch) to 30 (O. mykiss) acute values (Appendix Table A-l). As
noted above, despite Oncorhynchus ranking as the fifth most sensitive genus to acute cadmium
exposure, the SMAV for the commercially and recreationally important rainbow trout species
(3.727 ug/L at a hardness of 100 mg/L) is the basis for the acute criteria FAV, as recommended
by the 1985 Guidelines. Rainbow trout was the most sensitive species tested, thus the use of the
rainbow trout SMAV as the basis for the acute criteria is expected to be protective of all
salmonid species and all other sensitive species for which toxicity data are available.
As noted in the 1985 Guidelines, acute values that appear to be questionable in
comparison with other acute data for the same species and for other species in the same genus
probably should not be used in the calculation of a SMAV. Consistent with the 1985 Guidelines,
several values were identified as outliers and removed from the Oncorhynchus mykiss dataset.
Values from Hollis (1999, 2000a) (normalized LC50 of 15.82 and 10.00 ug/L, respectively) and
Niyogi (2004) (normalized LCso of 15.89 ug/L) were not used in the SMAV calculation for
rainbow trout because cadmium nitrate salts were used, and for salmonids, tests with cadmium
nitrate averaged three to four times higher than tests with chloride or sulfate, the dominant forms
36
-------
of cadmium in surface water. Acute values for Davies (1993) with high test water hardness
(>400 mg/L) were also removed from the SMAV calculation because magnesium alone was used
to adjust the test hardness which is not reflective of conditions in most water bodies where
calcium is the dominant mineral influencing water hardness (i.e., the acute values were lower
than expected). Values for insensitive life stages were also not used for chinook salmon and
rainbow trout SMAV calculations because data were available that demonstrated clear life stage
sensitivity differences. For chinook salmon, insensitive parr and smolt normalized LCso values of
14.75 ug/L and >12.22 ug/L, respectively, were not used in the SMAV calculation, while the
normalized LCso values for juveniles (5.477 ug/L) and swim-up fry (7.586 ug/L) were retained
from the Chapman study (1978). Similarly from Chapman (1978), insensitive smolt and alevin
rainbow trout normalized LCso values of >12.22 ug/L and >113.8 ug/L, respectively, were not
used, while the normalized LCso values for swim-up fry (5.479 ug/L) and parr (4.214 ug/L) were
retained for calculation of the SMAV (Appendix Table A-l).
Table 7. Ranked Freshwater GMAVs.
(Note: All data adjusted to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3 and expressed as total cadmium).
(Values in bold are new/revised data since the 2001 AWQC).
Rank3
75
-
74
73
-
72
71
70
69
68
GMAV
Oig/L total)
49,052
-
30,781
26,837
-
26,607
22,138
>20,132
12,100
11,627
Species
Midge,
Chironomus plumosus
Midge,
Chironomus riparius
Common carp,
Cyprinus carpio
Nile tilapia,
Oreochromis niloticus
Mozambique tilapia,
Oreochromis mossambica
Planarian,
Dendrocoelum lacteum
Mayfly,
Rhithrogena hageni
Little green stonefly,
Sweltsa sp.
Mosquitofish,
Gambusia affmis
Oligochaete,
Branchiura sowerbyi
SMAV
Oig/L total)
15,798
>152,301
30,781
66,720
10,795
26,607
22,138
>20,132
12,100
11,627
37
-------
Rank3
67
66
65
64
63
62
-
61
60
-
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
GMAV
Oig/L total)
11,171
11,045
9,917
9,752
7,798
7,752
-
7,716
7,037
-
6,808
6,738
5,947
5,674
5,583
4,929
4,467
4,193
3,350
3,121
2,967
Species
Oligochaete,
Rhyacodrilus montana
Threespine stickleback,
Gasterosteus aculeatus
Channel catfish,
Ictalums punctatus
Oligochaete,
Stylodrilus heringianus
Mayfly,
Hexagenia rigida
Green sunfish,
Lepomis cyanellus
Bluegill,
Lepomis macrochims
Red shiner,
Cyprinella lutrensis
Oligochaete,
Spirosperma ferox
Oligochaete,
Spirosperma nikolskyi
Yellow perch,
Perca flavescens
Earthworm,
Varichaetadrilus pacificus
White sucker,
Catostomus commersonii
Oligochaete,
Quistadrilus multisetosus
Flagfish,
Jordanella floridae
Guppy,
Poecilia reticulata
Mayfly,
Ephemerella subvaria
Tubificid worm,
Tubifex tubifex
Amphipod,
Crangonyx pseudogracilis
Copepod,
Diaptomus forbesi
Zebrafish,
Danio rerio
SMAV
Oig/L total)
11,171
11,045
9,917
9,752
7,798
6,276
9,574
7,716
6,206
7,979
6,808
6,738
5,947
5,674
5,583
4,929
4,467
4,193
3,350
3,121
2,967
38
-------
Rank3
48
47
-
-
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
GMAV
Oig/L total)
2,231
1,983
-
-
1,656
>1,637
1,593
1,582
1,023
983.8
>808.4
651.3
539.7
501.7
453.0
427.9
410.4
392.5
350.4
346.6
275.0
Species
African clawed frog,
Xenopus laevis
Crayfish,
Procambams acutus
Crayfish,
Procambams alleni
Red swamp crayfish,
Procambams clarkii
Goldfish,
Carassius auratus
Caddisfly,
Arctopsyche sp.
Oligochaete,
Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
Northwestern salamander,
Ambystoma gracile
Isopod,
Caecidotea bicrenata
Snail,
Gyraulus sp.
Lake whitefish,
Coregonus clupeaformis
Bryozoa,
Plumatella emarginata
Cladoceran,
Alona affmis
Cyclopoid copepod,
Cyclops varicans
Pond snail,
Lymnaea stagnalis
Planarian,
Dugesia dorotocephala
Leech,
Glossiphonia complanata
Mayfly,
Baetis tricaudatus
Bryozoa,
Pectinatella magnifica
Worm,
Lumbriculus variegatus
SMAV
Oig/L total)
2,231
812.8
6,592
1,455
1,656
>1,637
1,593
1,582
1,023
983.8
>808.4
651.3
539.7
501.7
453.0
427.9
410.4
392.5
350.4
346.6
275.0
39
-------
Rank3
29
-
28
27
26
25
-
-
-
24
23
22
-
-
-
21
20
19
18
17
-
GMAV
Oig/L total)
208.0
-
204.1
154.3
145.5
120.1
-
-
-
103.1
99.54
94.67
-
-
-
86.51
80.38
76.02
74.28
73.67
-
Species
Snail,
Physa acuta
Pouch snail,
Physa gyrina
Snail,
Aplexa hypnomm
Amphipod,
Gammams pseudolimnaeus
Worm,
Nais elinguis
Hydra,
Hydra circumcincta
Hydra
Hydra oligactis
Green hydra,
Hydra viridissima
Hydra,
Hydra vulgaris
Cladoceran,
Diaphanosoma brachyurum
Isopod,
Lirceus alabamae
Crayfish,
Orconectes immunis
Crayfish,
Orconectes juvenilis
Crayfish,
Orconectes placidus
Crayfish,
Orconectes virilis
Cladoceran,
Moina macrocopa
Bonytail,
Gila elegans (LS)
Razorback sucker,
Xyrauchen texanus (LS)
Bryozoa,
Lophopodella carteri
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia reticulata
SMAV
Oig/L total)
2,152b
208.0
204.1
154.3
145.5
184.8
154.8
38.85
187.1
103.1
99.54
>22,579b
134.0
66.89
22,800b
86.51
80.38
76.02
74.28
64.03
84.76
40
-------
Rank3
16
15
14
13
12
-
-
-
11
10
-
-
-
9
-
8
7
6
5
-
-
GMAV
Oig/L total)
71.76
70.76
68.51
67.90
61.42
-
-
-
57.71
51.34
-
-
-
46.79
-
<33.78
23.00
>15.72
6.141
-
-
Species
Mussel,
Utterbackia imbecillis
Southern rainbow mussel,
Villosa vibex
Mussel,
Lasmigona subviridis
Mussel,
Actinonaias pectorosa
Cladoceran,
Daphnia ambigua
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran,
Daphnia similis
Cladoceran,
Simocephalus sermlatus
Neosho mucket,
Lampsilis rafmesqueana (LS)
Fatmucket,
Lampsilis siliquoidea
Southern fatmucket,
Lampsilis straminea claibornensis
Yellow sandshell,
Lampsilis teres
Colorado pikeminnow,
Ptychocheilus lucius (LS)
Northern pikeminnow,
Ptychocheilus oregonensis
White sturgeon,
Acipenser transmontanus (LS)
Amphipod,
Hyalella azteca
Mountain whitefish,
Prosopium williamsoni
Cutthroat trout,
Oncorhynchus clarkii
Coho salmon,
Oncorhynchus kisutch (LS)
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss (LS)
SMAV
Oig/L total)
71.76
70.76
68.51
67.90
24.81
40.62
109.2
129.3
57.71
44.67
35.73
93.17
46.71
46.79
4,265b
<33.78
23.00
>15.72
5.401
11.88
3.727
41
-------
Rank3
-
4
3
2
-
1
-
GMAV
Oig/L total)
-
5.931
5.642
4.411
-
4.190
-
Species
Chinook salmon,
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (LS)
Striped bass,
Morone saxatilis
Brown trout,
Salmo tmtta
Mottled sculpin,
Cottus bairdii
Shorthead sculpin,
Cottus confusus
Bull trout,
Salvelinus confluentus
Brook trout,
Salvelinus fontinalis (LS)
SMAV
Oig/L total)
5.949
5.931
5.642
4.418
4.404
4.190
3,055b
a Ranked from least to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Acute Value.
b There is a 10-fold difference in SMAVs for the genus, only most sensitive SMAV is used in the calculation.
Therefore, only bull trout, and not brook trout, was used to determine GMAV for Salvelinus.
[The following species were not included in the Ranked GMAV Table because hardness was not reported and
therefore toxicity values could not be normalized to the standard total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3: Leech,
Nephelopsis obscura', Crayfish, Orconectes limosus; Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii', Mayfly, Drunella grandis
grandis', Stonefly, Pteronarcella badia; Midge, Culicoides furens; Grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus.]
LS = Federally-listed species
42
-------
q
:
O
I
c
OJ
u
O
u
ts
V
«^
«^
yj
E
3
*E
•o
ID
U
:
tQO :
1O :
of
Freshwater
Final Acute Value (calculated) = 5.733 p§/L cadnVum (at hardness =
Final Acute Value (trout lowered) = 3.72? ng/L tola cadm'um sat hardness = lOCmg/L as CaCOs)
Criteria Masimum Concentration = 1.9 (ig/LtotB: cadrn^uniat hardness = iOSmf/L as CaCO; j
0.0 0.1 O.2 03 0.4 0.5
Genus Acute Vafaes
(Cumulatiwe Friction)
0.6 0.7
D liwe rte brates
OFIsh
^Amphibians
OMoliusfes
O.i C.9 l.G
H In^e i'te brates - new
^ F ish ~ new
AAmphlbians- new
• Molusks- new
Figure 3. Ranked Freshwater Cadmium GMAVs.
3.1.2 Chronic toxicity
Acceptable data on the chronic effects of cadmium in freshwater are available for 27
species, grouped into 20 genera (Appendix C). As with the freshwater cadmium acute dataset,
the diversity of species representing the chronic dataset satisfy the eight MDRs specified in the
1985 Guidelines, and regression analysis was therefore used to derive the new freshwater CCC.
This is in contrast to the acute-chronic ratio methodology, which can be used when the MDRs
are not met. Ranked GMCVs for cadmium in fresh water based on chronic toxicity are identified
in Table 9 and plotted in Figure 5. The following sections detail the derivation of these GMCV
summaries.
43
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Hardness correction
Following the procedures described in Section 2.7.1, an analysis of covariance was
applied to the data in Appendix C (each study used in the chronic hardness slope derivation is
compiled in Appendix Table C-2) to calculate the chronic hardness correction slope for four
species (Daphnia magna, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Salmo trutta and Salvelinus fontmalis) (Table
8). Two of the four species (O. mykiss and S. fontmalis) were not included in the 2001 AWQC
dataset. Although included in the 2001 revision, data for P. promelas were not used for the
hardness correction slope in the 2016 update because no £€20 values and only MATCs were
available for these tests. For/), magna, both £€20 values and MATCs were available, but the
EC2o values from multiple studies were too divergent. Therefore, the same three MATC values
from Chapman et al. (Manuscript) used in the 2001 revision were retained in the 2016 update so
that an invertebrate species could be included in the calculation of the chronic cadmium toxicity-
hardness slope. The acceptable data for rainbow trout were limited to data from Brown et al.
(1994), Davies and Brinkman (1994b), Besser et al. (2007), and Mebane et al. (2008). Rainbow
trout data from Davies et al. (1993) were not included, as differences in toxicity due to different
levels of hardness were attributed entirely to magnesium amendments.
Using the final dataset to calculate the chronic cadmium toxicity-hardness slope, an
analysis of covariance test was performed to determine whether a single pooled species slope
was acceptable for use in the criteria derivation. The P-value of the resulting relationship
between hardness and individual species slopes was 0.15, indicating that individual species
hardness slopes were not significantly different from one another, and that a single pooled slope
could be used. The pooled slope for the log-log relationship between hardness and chronic
toxicity was 0.7977. A list of the species and accompanying slopes used to estimate the final
chronic hardness slope is provided in Table 8 and graphically illustrated in Figure 4.
44
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Table 8. Pooled and Individual Species Slopes Calculated for the Cadmium Chronic
Toxicity vs. Hardness Relationship.
Species
Daphnia magncf
Oncorhynchus mykissb
Salmo tnttta
Salvelinus fontinalis
n
3
6
6
3
Slope
0.7712
0.4602*
1.329*
1.078
R2 Value
0.962
0.705
0.765
0.862
95% Confidence
Interval
-1.166-2.709
0.04712-0.8732
0.3072-2.350
-4.406-6.563
df
1
4
4
1
Final Model
18
0.7977*#
0.841
0.4334-1.162
13
Species highlighted in bold are new relative to the 2001 AWQC hardness slope estimation.
* Slope is significantly different than 0 (p<0.05).
# Individual species slopes not significantly different (p=0.15).
a Includes 3 MATCs from Chapman et al. (Manuscript).
b Includes one value from Brown et al. (1994), two values from Davies and Brinkman (1994b), one
value from Besser et al. (2007) and two from Mebane et al. (2008). Excluded 3 values from Davies
et al. (1993) because hardness was manipulated using magnesium.
O)
4
3 -
2 -
" 1 -\
x
o
.y o -
o
O "1 '
_c
-2 -
-3
• O. mykiss
O S. trutta
V S. fontinalis
A D. magna
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
In (Hardness - mg/L)
Figure 4. Species Chronic Hardness Slopes.
Natural log transformed hardness and chronic toxicity concentrations for each species used to calculate
the pooled chronic hardness correction slope. Results of individual regression lines are shown in Table 8.
45
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Summaries of studies used in chronic freshwater criterion determination
Of the 20 Genus Mean Chronic Values (GMCV) in the updated chronic criteria dataset,
four of the genera included previously in the 2001 update have new data. A new species in the
updated dataset, mottled sculpin (C. bairdii) now represents the most sensitive fish species and
the third most sensitive genus in the distribution with a GMCV = 1.470 |ig/L (total cadmium and
normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCCb). The most sensitive invertebrate is the
amphipod Hyalella azteca with a normalized GMCV = 0.7453 |ig/L (based on the 42-day
reproduction endpoint). There are sufficient data to fulfill the requirements to calculate a chronic
freshwater criterion using the species sensitivity distribution (SD) method. Acceptable data on
the chronic effects of cadmium on freshwater animals include 11 species of invertebrates and 16
species offish grouped into 20 genera (Table 9). Six new species include the oligochaete
(Lumbriculus variegatus), the fatmucket (Lampsilis siliquoidea\ the snail (Lymnaea stagnalis),
the Rio Grande cutthroat trout (O. clarkii virginalis), the mottled sculpin (C. bairdii) and the
cladoceran (Ceriodaphnia reticulatd). All of the toxicity values and SMCVs derived are
tabulated and included in Appendix C. The first through fourth most sensitive genera (out of a
total of 20) were used in the computation of the Final Chronic Value (FCV) and are ranked
below from most to least sensitive:
I. Hyalella azteca, Amphipod (GMCV=0.7453 |ig/L total Cd)
2. Ceriodaphnia, Cladoceran (GMCV=1.293 |ig/L total Cd)
3. Cottus bairdii, Mottled sculpin (GMCV= 1.470 |ig/L total Cd)
4. Chironomus dilutus, Midge (GMCV=2.000 |ig/L total Cd)
The resulting calculated FCV is 0.7945 ug/L total cadmium. Summaries are provided
below for the individual species or genera (in cases where more than one species is included in
the calculation of the GMCV) used to calculate the freshwater FCV. All values are provided in
terms of total cadmium.
Hyalella azteca
One full-life cycle study satisfied the acceptability criteria for//, azteca (Ingersoll and
Kemble 2001) based on recently recommended culture and control conditions, which were also
used in the 2013 ammonia criteria (see Appendix K). H. azteca were exposed under flow-
through measured conditions (control, low, middle and high exposures) at a mean temperature of
46
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23°C and a total hardness of 280 mg/L as CaCOs. A 3-mm nylon mesh substrate was provided
during the test. The seven- to eight-day old amphipods were exposed to water only mean total
cadmium concentrations of 0.10 (control), 0.12, 0.32, 0.51, 1.9 and 3.2 ug/L for 42 days. The
water used for this test (USGS Columbia Lab well water) is acceptable for H. azteca studies
(around 25 mg Cl/L and 0.08 mg Br/L). For this study, both dry weight (measured by scale) and
length data were taken as measures of growth, and there are differences in the growth inferred by
these two measures. Through direct consultation with the study authors, it was determined that at
the time this study was conducted length provided a more accurate and reliable measure of
growth than the direct measure of weight. This was based largely on the small sizes of the
organisms and limitations in the accuracy of the scales at the time the study was conducted. This
same laboratory has developed a robust empirical relationship between amphipod length and
weight, which has been used in multiple peer reviewed publications (Besser et al. 2013, 2015a,b;
Ivey and Ingersoll 2016; Kemble et al. 2013). Applying this formula, the 28-d average control
length of 4.37 mm represents an average dry weight of 0.434 mg and the 42-d average control
length of 4.67 mm translates to an average dry weight of 0.524 mg. These weight values are
above the minimum control performance values listed in Appendix K and in ASTM (2005). In
addition, the average control reproduction (6.4 young/female) also met minimum performance
values. Although the feeding rate used in this test was below that recommended for H. azteca
exposures lasting longer than 10 days, the finding that control organisms met performance
criteria applied in tests using a higher feeding rate supports retaining these data for use in
deriving AWQC. The most sensitive endpoint from this test was reproduction; the reproduction
EC20 for this test is 1.695 ug/L, or 0.7453 ug/L when normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L
as CaCOs. H. azteca is now the most chronically sensitive genus in the dataset with a hardness-
normalized SMCV/GMCV of 0.7453 ug/L (Table 9). This value is a revision to the 42-day
MATC of 0.9844 ug/L that was previously used in the 2001 AWQC cadmium document (see
Section 5.2.1 for additional discussion on suitability of chronic Hyalella studies).
Ceriodaphnia dubia
An acceptable C. dubia seven-day static-renewal toxicity test was conducted by Jop et al.
(1995) using reconstituted soft laboratory water. The <24-hr old neonates were exposed to 1, 5,
10, 19 and 41 ug/L measured cadmium concentrations in addition to a laboratory water control at
25°C. The NOEC and LOEC were 10 and 19 ug/L cadmium, respectively, with a resulting
47
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chronic value of 13.78 ug/L cadmium. An EC20 could not be calculated with the information
provided for this test. Similarly, both Spehar and Fiandt (1986) and Brooks et al. (2004) lacked
the details necessary to calculate EC2os. MATCs for these tests were reported at 2.20 and 1.93
ug/L total cadmium, respectively. Chronic values for these three studies ranged from 1.264 to
49.75 ug/L total cadmium when normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCCb.
Researchers at Southwest Texas State University (2000) also evaluated the chronic
toxicity of cadmium to C. dubia. Five replicate tests were conducted using static-renewal
exposures and laboratory reconstituted hard water at a hardness of 270 mg/L as dilution water for
the five cadmium concentrations. For reproduction, NOECs ranged from 1.073 to 5.457 ug/L,
LOECs from 2.391 to 9.934 ug/L, and the MATCs from 1.602 to 7.259 ug/L cadmium.
Reproductive EC2oS for these tests were very similar to the MATCs, and ranged from 1.341 to
6.129 ug/L cadmium at 270 mg/L hardness, which is equivalent to 0.6071 to 2.775 ug/L when
normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCCb. An EC20 could not be estimated for C.
reticulata (Table 9), and data from this study were not used in the GMCV calculation. The
resultant hardness-normalized SMCV and GMCV for this species is 1.293 ug/L, and is the
second most sensitive genus in the chronic dataset.
Coitus bairdii
Besser et al. (2007) evaluated the chronic toxicity of cadmium to the mottled sculpin,
(Cottus bairdii), via a 28-day flow-through measured concentration early life stage (ELS) test.
Swim-up fry were exposed to five cadmium concentrations diluted with a well water/reverse
osmosis treated water mixture (103 mg/L average total hardness). Survival, growth and biomass
were evaluated at test termination. Survival was the most sensitive endpoint with a NOEC,
LOEC and MATC of 1.4, 2.6 and 1.91 ug/L cadmium, respectively. The estimated hardness-
normalized 28-day survival EC20 of 1.721 ug/L cadmium is very similar to the MATC at the test
hardness of 103 mg/L. The authors also conducted a 21-day ELS test with the mottled sculpin
using the same dilution water, and observed a more sensitive survival effect concentration of
0.8758 ug/L cadmium for the MATC, and an estimated EC20 of 1.285 ug/L cadmium. Both tests
were used to calculate a SMCV/GMCV of 1.470 ug/L cadmium, and ranks Cottus as the third
most chronically sensitive genus to cadmium.
48
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Chironomus dilutus
Ingersoll and Kemble (2001) exposed the midge Chironomus dilutus to cadmium under
the same conditions listed above for the amphipod H. azteca, except that a thin 5 mL layer of
sand was provided as a substrate. The <24-hr old larvae were exposed to water-only mean
measured total cadmium concentrations of 0.15 (control), 0.50, 1.5, 3.1, 5.8 and 16.4 ug/L
cadmium for 60 days. The mean weight, biomass, percent emergence and percent hatch 20-day
NOEC and LOEC values for all endpoints were 5.8 and 16.4 ug/L cadmium, respectively. The
calculated EC20 based on percent hatch was 4.548 ug/L total cadmium or 2.000 ug/L when
normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCCb, and is the fourth most sensitive genus to
cadmium in the chronic dataset
Table 9. Ranked Freshwater GMCVs.
(Note: All data adjusted to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3 and expressed as total cadmium).
(Values in bold are new/revised data since the 2001 AWQC).
Rank3
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
GMCV
(jig/L total)
>38.66
36.70
16.43
15.16
14.22
14.17
14.16
13.66
11.29
9.887
8.723
Species
Blue tilapia,
Oreochromis aureus
Oligochaete,
Aeolosoma headleyi
Bluegill,
Lepomis macrochirus
Oligochaete,
Lumbriculus variegatus
Smallmouth bass,
Micropterus dolomieu
Northern pike,
Esox lucius
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
White sucker,
Catostomus commersonii
Fatmucket,
Lampsilis siliquoidea
Pond snail,
Lymnaea stagnalis
Flagfish,
Jordanella floridae
SMCV
(jig/L total)
>38.66C
36.70
16.43
15.16
14.22C
14.17C
14.16
13.66C
11.29
9.887
8.723
49
-------
Rank3
9
8
-
7
-
-
-
6
-
5
-
4
3
2
-
1
GMCV
Oig/L total)
3.516
3.360
-
3.251
-
-
-
2.356
-
2.024
-
2.000
1.470
1.293
-
0.7453
Species
Snail,
Aplexa hypnorum
Atlantic salmon,
Salmo solar (LS)
Brown trout,
Salmo trutta
Rio Grande cutthroat trout,
Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis
Coho salmon,
Oncorhynchus kisutch (LS)
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss (LS)
Chinook salmon,
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (LS)
Brook trout,
Salvelinus fontinalis
Lake trout,
Salvelinus namaycush
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia pulex
Midge,
Chironomus dilutus
Mottled sculpin,
Cottus bairdii
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia reticulata
Amphipod,
Hyalella azteca
SMCV
Oig/L total)
3.516
2.389
4.725
3.543
NAb
2.192
4.426
2.356
NAb
0.9150
4.478
2.000
1.470
1.293
NAb
0.7453
a Ranked from most resistant to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Chronic Value.
b Not included in the GMCV calculation because normalized EC2o data are available for the genus.
0 Calculated from the MATC and not EC2o, but retained to avoid losing a GMCV.
[The following species were not included in the Ranked GMCV table because hardness test conditions were not
reported and therefore toxicity values could not be normalized to the standard hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3:
Mudsnail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum.}
LS = Federally-listed species
50
-------
100 -,
of
Freshwater
O
u
O
u
t*
(0
E
3
"E
"O
II
u
1 -
O O
n
Fins! ChronicVaiue=O.?9 |ig/L total cadmium (at hardness = lOOtng/L asCaCOj)
TIT
O.O
O.I
O.2
0.3
O.4
0.5
0.6
O.7
0.8
O.9
1.0
Fraction)
D Invertebrates
<>Flsh
O sks
• -
* Fish -
• MoIIusks-
Figure 5. Ranked Freshwater Cadmium GMCVs.
3.2 Estuarine Toxicity to Aquatic Animals
3.2.1 Acute toxicity
Acceptable acute data for cadmium are available for 94 different estuarine/marine species
representing 79 genera (Table 10). Figure 6 plots the ranked GMAVs for cadmium in
estuarine/marine environments based on acute toxicity. The following sections detail the
derivation of these GMAV summaries.
Water quality parameters affecting toxicity
Estuarine/marine fish species are generally more resistant to cadmium than freshwater
fish species with SMAVs ranging from 75.0 ug/L for the striped bass (at a salinity of 1 g/kg) to
>80,000 ug/L for the Mozambique tilapia (Appendix B). There are several water quality
51
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parameters that appear to affect the toxicity of cadmium to estuarine/marine species. In a study
of the interaction of dissolved oxygen and salinity on the acute toxicity of cadmium to the
mummichog, for example, Voyer (1975) found that 96-hr LCsoS at a salinity of 32 g/kg were
about one-half of 96-hr LCsoS at salinities of 10 and 20 g/kg. As discussed in Section 5.4.1, this
increase in toxicity with increasing salinity is not consistent with other data reported in
Appendix B and Appendix I, and a salinity correction factor could not be developed.
Limited investigations have been conducted to characterize the influence of temperature
on cadmium toxicity. O'Hara (1973a) investigated the effect of water temperature and salinity on
the toxicity of cadmium to the fiddler crab, Ucapugilator. LCsos at 20°C were 32,300, 46,600
and 37,000 ug/L at salinities of 10, 20 and 30 g/kg, respectively. Increasing the water
temperature from 20 to 30°C lowered the LCso at all of the salinities tested. Toudal and Riisgard
(1987) reported that increasing the water temperature from 13 to 21 °C at a salinity of 20 g/kg
also lowered the LCso value of cadmium for the copepod, Acartia tonsa. Thus, increasing
temperature levels generally resulted in the greater toxicity of cadmium to aquatic organisms, but
sufficient data are not available to develop a quantitative relationship.
Summaries of studies used in acute estuarine/marine criterion determination
Suitable cadmium acute toxicity test results for estuarine/marine organisms are now
available for 78 invertebrate species and 16 fish species, for a total of 94 species grouped into 79
genera (Appendix B). Forty of the 79 GMAVs in the updated dataset have new data. Three new
invertebrate species, Neomysis americana, Tigriopus brevicornis and Aurelia aurita now
represent the three most sensitive taxain the distribution (GMAVs of 28.14, 29.14 and 61.75
ug/L, respectively). The most sensitive fish is the striped bass, Morone saxatilis, with a GMAV
= 75.0 ug/L and ranked the 5* most sensitive species in the new dataset (Table 10).
Acute sensitivity ranges widely amongst the estuarine/marine genera for which acute
values are available, with the most sensitive species approximately 6,000 times more sensitive
than the most resistant species. The GMAVs for estuarine/marine invertebrate species range
from 28.14 ug/L for the mysid, Neomysis to 169,787 ug/L for the horseshoe crab, Limulus
(Table 10). The SMAVs for estuarine/marine polychaetes range from 200 ug/L for Capitella
capitata to 12,052 ug/L for Neanthes arenaceodentata. Estuarine/marine molluscs have SMAVs
that range from 60 ug/L for the horse clam (Tresus capax) to 23,200 (J,g/L for the dog whelk
(Nucella lapillus). Acute values are available for more than one species in each of 15 genera, and
52
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the range of SMAVs within each genus is no more than a factor of 10 for 14 of the 15 genera.
Oysters (Crassostrea) include SMAVs that differ by a factor of 21.9, which is possibly due to
different exposure conditions between the tested species. As described for the freshwater data,
only the most sensitive SMAV is used in calculating the GMAV for Crassostrea. Furthermore,
to avoid using test results from studies in which the life stage tested is known to be less sensitive
than other life stages (Appendix B), only the data from Reish et al. (1976) were used for C.
capitata, and only data from Martin et al. (1981) and Nelson et al. (1988) were used forM
edulis. Similarly, only data from Sullivan et al. (1983) were used for E. qffinis, while only data
from Wright and Frain (1981) were used for Marinogammarus obtusatus. Finally, only data from
Cripe (1994) were used for F. duorarum, only data from Park et al. (1994) were used for Rivulus
marmoratus and only data from Hilmy et al. (1985) were used forMugil cephalus. The
distribution of ranked estuarine/marine GMAVs for cadmium is depicted in Figure 6.
There are sufficient data to fulfill the necessary requirements to calculate an acute
criterion for cadmium in estuarine/marine water using the species sensitivity distribution (SD)
method. The second through fifth most sensitive genus were used in the computation of the Final
Acute Value (FAV) and are ranked below from most to least sensitive:
2. Tigriopus brevicornis, Copepod (GMAV=29.14 |ig/L total Cd)
3. Amelia aurita, Moon jellyfish (GMAV=61.75 |ig/L total Cd)
4. Americamysis (GMAV=67.39 |ig/L total Cd)
5. Morone saxatilis, Striped bass (GMAV=75.0 |ig/L total Cd)
The most sensitive genus was represented by the species, Neomysis americana
(GMAV=28.14 |ig/L total cadmium), which is not included in the criteria numeric calculation
because it is not within the four GMAVs closest to the 5th percentile of sensitivity in the
distribution of 79 genera included in the dataset. In the 2015 draft criteria document, this genus
was represented by the species Neomysis integer, which was the third most sensitive genus.
Neomysis integer has been subsequently removed from the database since it does not occur in
North America waters and data for the North American estuarine/marine species, Neomysis
americana, has been obtained, thus making the use of a non-native species as a surrogate for this
genus unnecessary. The resulting calculated FAV is 66.25 ug/L total cadmium. Summaries are
provided below for the individual species or genera (in cases where more than one species is
53
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included in the calculation of the GMAV) used to calculate the estuarine/marine FAV. All values
are provided in terms of total cadmium.
Tigriopus brevicornis
The GMAV/SMAV of 29.14 |ig/L cadmium for the copepod, Tigriopus brevicornis^ is
based on the geometric mean of three 96-hr LCsos from tests conducted with three different life
stages and a salinity that ranged from 34.5 to 35 g/kg. (Forget et al. 1998). The copepods were
exposed to unmeasured static cadmium chloride solutions and the resulting acute values were
17.4, 29.7 and 47.9 |ig/L cadmium for the nauplius, copepodid and ovigerous female life stages,
respectively (Appendix B).
Amelia aurita
Free-swimming larvae (ephyra) of the moon jellyfish, Aurelia aurita, were exposed to
cadmium nitrate in a static, unmeasured test for 48-hr (Faimali et al. 2013). The SMAV/GMAV
of 61.75 |ig/L cadmium is the fifth most sensitive species in the estuarine/marine acute dataset
and the third most sensitive genus (Table 10).
Americamysis
The GMAV of 67.39 |ig/L cadmium for Americamysis is the geometric mean of the
SMAVs for the two mysid species A. bahia and A. bigelowi (formerly identified as Mysidopsis
bigelowf). Acceptable acute values for A. bahia range from 11.1 to 110 |ig/L total cadmium.
While there are 14 acceptable acute values, the SMAV of 41.29 |ig/L total cadmium is calculated
from only the two flow-through measured exposures conducted at salinities of 10-17 g/kg
(Nimmo et al. 1977a) and 30 g/kg (Gentile et al. 1982; Lussier et al. 1985).
Morone saxatilis
The striped bass has a GMAV/SMAV of 75.0 jig/L cadmium and is the most sensitive
fish species and the fifth most sensitive genus in the estuarine/marine acute dataset (Palawski et
al. 1985). This value is based on a test where 63-day old fish were exposed to static and
unmeasured concentrations of cadmium chloride for 96-hr at a salinity of 1 g/kg.
54
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Table 10. Ranked Estuarine/Marine GMAVs.
(Values in bold are new/revised data since the 2001 AWQC).
Rank3
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
-
69
68
67
-
66
65
64
63
62
GMAV
Oig/L total)
169,787
135,000
>80,000
62,000
28,196
25,900
24,000
23,200
22,887
19,550
-
19,170
14,297
12,755
-
12,052
11,000
>10,200
10,114
10,000
Species
Horseshoe crab,
Limulus polyphemus
Oligochaete worm,
Monopylephorus cuticulatus
Mozambique tilapia,
Oreochromis mossambicus
Scorpionfish,
Scorpaena guttata
Sheepshead minnow,
Cyprinodon variegatus
Gunner,
Tautogolabms adspersus
Oligochaete worm,
Tubificoides gabriellae
Dog whelk,
Nucella lapillus
Amphipod,
Eohaustorius estuarius
Mummichog,
Fundulus heteroclitus
Striped killifish,
Fundulus majalis
Eastern mud snail,
Nassarius obsoletus
Winter flounder,
Pseudopleuronectes americanus
Fiddler crab,
Uca pugilator
Fiddler crab,
Uca triangularis
Polychaete worm,
Neanthes arenaceodentata
Shiner perch,
Cymatogaster aggregata
California market squid,
Loligo opalescens
Polychaete worm,
Alitta virens
Oligochaete,
Tectidrilus verrucosus
SMAV
Oig/L total)
169,787
135,000
>80,000
62,000
28,196
25,900
24,000
23,200
22,887
18,200
21,000
19,170
14,297
21,238
7,660
12,052
11,000
>10,200
10,114
10,000
55
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Rank3
61
-
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
-
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
GMAV
Oig/L total)
9,217
-
9,100
>8,000
7,400
7,120
6,700
6,600
4,900
4,700
4,100
4,058
-
3,925
3,500
3,142
2,900
2,600
2,413
2,110
2,060
Species
Striped mullet,
Mugil cephalus
White mullet,
Mugil curema
Nematode,
Rhabditis marina
Isopod,
Excirolana sp.
Sand dollar,
Dendraster excentricus
Wood borer,
Limnoria tripunctata
Amphipod,
Diporeia spp.
Atlantic oyster drill,
Urosalpinx cinerea
Mud crab,
Eurypanopeus depressus
Polychaete,
Nereis grubei
Green shore crab,
Carcinus maenas
Blue crab,
Callinectes sapidus
Lesser blue crab,
Callinectes similis
Polychaete,
Ophryotrocha diadema
Scud,
Marinogammarus obtusatus
Polychaete worm,
Ctenodrilus serratus
Amphipod,
Ampelisca abdita
Cone worm,
Pectinaria californiensis
Common starfish,
Aster ias forbesi
Pacific sand crab,
Emerita analoga
Gastropod,
Tenguella granulata
SMAV
Oig/L total)
7,079
12,000
9,100
>8,000
7,400
7,120
6,700
6,600
4,900
4,700
4,100
2,594
6,350
3,925
3,500
3,142
2,900
2,600
2,413
2,110
2,060
56
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Rank3
42
41
40
39
38
-
37
36
-
35
-
34
33
32
31
30
-
29
28
27
-
GMAV
Oig/L total)
1,720
1,708
1,672
1,510
1,506
-
1,500
1,271
-
1,228
-
1,184
1,054
1,041
1,000
862.9
-
800
794.5
765.6
-
Species
Tiger shrimp,
Penaeus monodon
Copepod,
Pseudodiaptomus coronatus
Soft-shell clam,
Mya arenaria
Amphipod,
Rhepoxynius abronius
Brown mussel,
Perna perna
Green mussel,
Perna viridis
Coho salmon,
Oncorhynchus kisutch (LS)
White shrimp,
Litopenaeus setifems
White shrimp,
Litopenaeus vannamei
Daggerblade grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes pugio
Grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes vulgaris
Starlet sea anemone,
Nematostella vectensis
Atlantic silverside,
Menidia menidia
Amphipod,
Corophium insidiosum
Pinfish,
Lagodon rhomboides
Green sea urchin,
Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis
Purple sea urchin,
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Rivulus,
Rivulus marmoratus
Harpacticoid copepod,
Nitokra spinipes
Bay scallop,
Argopecten irradians
Scallop,
Argopecten ventricosus
SMAV
Oig/L total)
1,720
1,708
1,672
1,510
1,146
1,981
1,500
990
1,632
1,983
760
1,184
1,054
1,041
1,000
1,800
413.7
800
794.5
1,480
396
57
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Rank3
26
25
-
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
-
13
12
11
10
-
9
GMAV
Oig/L total)
739.2
736.2
-
716.2
645.0
630.7
630
490
422.6
410.3
410.0
320
310.5
235.7
-
224
>200
200
188.1
-
173.2
Species
Amphipod,
Leptocheirus plumulosus
Blue mussel,
Mytilus edulis
Blue mussel,
Mytilus trossolus
Amphipod,
Elasmopus bampo
Longwrist hermit crab,
Pagurus longicarpus
Amphipod,
Grandidierellajaponica
Amphipod,
Chelura terebrans
Barnacle,
Amphibalanus amphitrite
Mangrove oyster,
Isognomon californicum
Mysid,
Praunus flexuosus
Isopod,
Joeropsis sp.
Sand shrimp,
Crangon septemspinosa
Northern pink shrimp,
Farfantepenaeus duoramm
Rock crab,
Cancer plebejus
Dungeness crab,
Cancer magister
Harpacticoid copepod,
Sarsamphiascus tenuiremis
Cabezon,
Scorpaenichthys marmoratus
Polychaete worm,
Capitella capitata
Horse clam,
Tresus capax
Horse clam,
Tresus nuttalli
Pacific oyster,
Crassostrea gigas
SMAV
Oig/L total)
739.2
1,073
505.0
716.2
645.0
630.7
630
490
422.6
410.3
410.0
320
310.5
250
222.3
224
>200
200
60
590
173.2
58
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Rank3
-
8
7
-
6
5
4
-
3
2
1
GMAV
Oig/L total)
-
147.7
130.7
-
78
75.0
67.39
-
61.75
29.14
28.14
Species
American oyster,
Crassostrea virginica
Calanoid copepod,
Eurytemora affmis
Copepod,
Acartia clausi
Calanoid copepod,
Acartia tonsa
American lobster,
Homarus americanus
Striped bass,
Morone saxatilis
Mysid,
Americamysis bahia
Mysid,
Americamysis bigelowi
Moon jellyfish,
Aurelia aurita
Harpacticoid copepod,
Tigriopus brevicornis
Mysid,
Neomysis americana
SMAV
Oig/L total)
3,800b
147.7
144
118.7
78
75.0
41.29
110
61.75
29.14
28.14
a Ranked from least to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Acute Value.
b There is a lOx difference in SMAVs for the genus, only most sensitive SMAV is used in the calculation.
LS = Federally-listed species
59
-------
q
:
E
.2 :
C
OJ
u
E
O
C
E
13
ra
o
100 :
10 :
of AVs
Estuarine/Marine
Final Acute Value = 66.25 |ig/L total
Criteria Maximum Concentration = 33 |ig/L total cadmium
0.0
O.I
0.2
0.3 0.4 0.5 O.6
Genys Acute
Fraction)
O,?
OJ
0.9
l.O
D Invertebrates
O Fish
OM dusks
• Irwetebrates -
*Fish- new
* Mollusks - new
Figure 6. Ranked Estuarine/Marine Cadmium GMAVs.
3.2.2 Chronic toxicity
Chronic studies were available for only two species of mysids for consideration in
deriving a chronic criterion for cadmium in estuarine/marine water. The taxonomic nomenclature
of one of those species has recently changed so there is now only one genus represented by the
two species (Table 11). Because the MDR is not met for derivation of the estuarine/marine FCV,
the ACR approach was employed whereby the estuarine/marine FAV is divided by the FACR
(see Section 4.4.2). Although three ACRs are typically required to calculate an FACR, only two
ACRs for estuarine/marine species were used in 2001 to calculate the estuarine/marine FACR.
Freshwater ACRs were not used in 2001 to support the derivation of the estuarine/marine FACR
because the range of freshwater ACR values was considered too large for inclusion (see Section
5.9.5). With the availability of additional freshwater toxicity data, the updated estuarine/marine
60
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FACR now incorporates six freshwater genus-level ACRs and one estuarine/marine genus-level
ACR. EPA believes that inclusion of the freshwater species ACRs (that are acutely sensitive and
have taxonomically-related marine species) with the estuarine/marine species ACRs is the most
appropriate and representative method for deriving the FACR.
The GMCV for estuarine/marine species based on chronic cadmium toxicity in a
saltwater medium is identified in Table 11. This GMCV is plotted in Figure 7 in relation to the
new FCV/CCC of 8.0 ug/L total cadmium. The following presents a discussion of
estuarine/marine chronic data used in deriving the estuarine/marine chronic criterion for
cadmium. The chronic values are based on estimated EC20 values for each of two species. The
EC2o values and SMCVs derived are tabulated and included in Appendix D.
Americamysis
Three chronic toxicity tests have been conducted with the estuarine/marine invertebrate,
Americamysis bahia., formerly classified as Mysidopsis bahia., and one acceptable study was
conducted with Americamysis bigelowi, formerly classified as Mysidopsis bigelowi. Nimmo et al.
(1977a) conducted a 23-day life-cycle test with A. bahia at a temperature ranging from 20 to
28°C and a salinity ranging from 15 to 23 g/kg. Survival was 10 percent at 10.6 ug/L cadmium,
84 percent at the next lower test concentration of 6.4 ug/L cadmium, and 95 percent in the
controls. No unacceptable effects were observed at cadmium concentrations < 6.4 ug/L. The
chronic toxicity limits, therefore, are 6.4 and 10.6 ug/L cadmium, with a MATC chronic value of
8.237 ug/L cadmium. The accompanying reproductive EC20 estimate was 5.605 ug/L cadmium
and the 96-hr LCso was 15.5 ug/L cadmium, resulting in an acute-chronic ratio of 2.765.
Another life-cycle test was conducted with A. bahia at a constant temperature of 21°C
and salinity of 30 g/kg (Gentile et al. 1982; Lussier et al. 1985). All organisms died in 28 days at
23 ug/L cadmium. At 10 ug/L cadmium, a series of morphological aberrations occurred at the
onset of sexual maturity. External genitalia in males were aberrant, females failed to develop
brood pouches, and both sexes developed a carapace malformation that prohibited molting after
release of the initial brood. Although initial reproduction at this concentration was successful,
successive broods could not be born because molting resulted in death. No reproductive effects
on initial or successive broods were noted in the controls or at 5.1 ug/L cadmium. Thus, the
chronic limits for this study are 5.1 and 10 ug/L cadmium, resulting in a MATC of 7.141 ug/L
cadmium. The corresponding EC20 estimate for survival was 10.93 ug/L cadmium and the LCso
61
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at 21°C and salinity of 30 g/kg was 110 ug/L cadmium, which results in an ACR of 10.06 from
this study (Gentile et al. 1982; Lussier et al. 1985).
These Nimmo et al. (1977a) and the Gentile et al. (1982) and Lussier et al. (1985) studies
had excellent agreement between the chronic values, but considerable divergence between the
acute values and acute-chronic ratios. As discussed in Section 5.4.1, several studies have
demonstrated an increase in the acute toxicity of cadmium with decreasing salinity and
increasing temperature (Appendix B and Appendix I), and the observed differences in acute
toxicity to the mysids might be partially explained on this basis. Nimmo et al. (1977a) conducted
their acute test at 20 to 28°C and salinity of 15 to 23 g/kg, whereas the test conducted by Gentile
et al. (1982) and Lussier et al. (1985) was performed at 21°C and salinity of 30 g/kg.
A third^. bahia chronic study was conducted by Carr et al. (1985) at a salinity of 30
g/kg, but the temperature varied from 14 to 26°C over the 33 day study. At test termination, >50
percent of the organisms had died in cadmium exposures >8 ug/L. After 18 days of exposure,
growth in 4 ug/L cadmium, the lowest concentration treatment group, was significantly reduced
when compared to the controls. The resultant chronic limits based on growth are a NOEC <4
ug/L and a LOEC of 4 ug/L (LOEC) cadmium. The accompanying survival EC20 estimate was
5.833 ug/L cadmium. The SMCV for A bahia is the geometric mean of the three EC 20 values, or
6.149 ug/L. Acute data were not reported for this study.
Gentile et al. (1982) also conducted a life-cycle test with the mysid, A. bigelowi, and the
results were very similar to those for A. bahia. The EC20 for this test was 11.61 ug/L cadmium
and the ACR is 9.475 when paired with the acute LCso for A. bigelowi of 110 ug/L cadmium.
The resulting GMCV for Americamysis is 8.449 ug/L cadmium (Table 11) and is the only
GMCV in the estuarine/marine chronic dataset.
Table 11. Ranked Estuarine/Marine GMCVs.
(Values in bold are new/revised data since the 2001 AWQC).
Rank3
1
-
GMCV
(jig/L total)
8.449
-
Species
Mysid,
Americamysis bahia
Mysid,
Americamysis bigelowi
SMCV
(jig/L total)
6.149
11.61
' Ranked from least to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Chronic Value.
62
-------
of GMCVs
Esluarine/NIarine
10 n
g
15
c
01
u
O
u
t>
10
E
3
"E
"O
II
u
n
Final Chronic Value (FAV/FACR) = 8.0 jH/L total cadmium
OB O.I
O.2
O.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
O.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Figure 7. Ranked Estuarine/Marine Cadmium GMCVs.
3.3 Bioaccumulation
No U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) action level or other maximum acceptable
concentration in tissue, as defined in the 1985 Guidelines, is available for cadmium. Therefore, a
Final Residue Value was not developed for fish tissue. However, as discussed in Section 2.3,
although cadmium can bioaccumulate in the tissues of aquatic life, at criteria concentrations it is
unlikely to accumulate to levels that would result in adverse effects to aquatic invertebrates, fish,
or wildlife from the ingestion of aquatic life that have accumulated cadmium in their tissues.
This conclusion is supported by the extensive amount of tissue residue-effects data in the
literature, more than is available for any other chemical (Jarvinen and Ankley 1999, Bridges and
Lutz 1999). Most aquatic organisms are considered to be more susceptible to cadmium from
direct aqueous exposure than through bioaccumulation, and the development of criteria
63
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protective of direct exposure effects are considered more applicable to the development of
criteria for aquatic life. Acceptable bioaccumulation data are provided in Appendix G and
discussed in Section 5.6.
3.4 Toxicity to Aquatic Plants
Available data for aquatic plants and algae were reviewed to determine if they were more
sensitive to cadmium than aquatic animals (see Appendix A and Appendix E for freshwater
species; see Appendix B and Appendix F for estuarine/marine species). Effect concentrations
for freshwater plants and algae were well above the freshwater criteria. With only a few
exceptions, estuarine/marine plants were less sensitive than estuarine/marine animals, and it was
therefore unnecessary to develop criteria based on the toxicity of cadmium to aquatic plants in
this update. The only two exceptions were the green algae Dunaliella viridis and Scenedesmus
sp., each having a static-unmeasured 10-d MATC of 7.07 |ig/L cadmium. As recommended in
the 1985 Guidelines (Stephan et al. 1985), these unmeasured plant studies were not used for the
derivation of a Final Plant Value.
64
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4 THE NATIONAL CRITERIA FOR CADMIUM
4.1 The Freshwater Cadmium Criteria
Freshwater Acute Criterion, the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC)
rivrr= (°-9789xln(hardness)-3-866) pp
Where CF (conversion factor from total to dissolved) = 1.136672 - [(In hardness) x (0.041838)].
The resultant CMC of 1.8 ug/L for dissolved cadmium at a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCCb.
The CMC was derived to be protective of the commercially and recreationally important rainbow
trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), consistent with procedures described in the 1985 Guidelines, and is
below all the SMAVs in Table 7, when the SMAVs are expressed on a dissolved basis. A
comparison of the updated CMC to the 2001 CMC across various hardness levels is presented in
Table 12
Freshwater Chronic Criterion, the Continuous Concentration (CCC)
ppp _ (0.7977 xIn(hardness) - 3.909) pp.
Where CF (conversion factor from total to dissolved) = 1.101672 - [(In hardness) x (0.041838)].
The resultant CCC of 0.72 ug/L for dissolved cadmium at a hardness of 100 mg/L is below all
the SMCVs in Table 9. A comparison of the updated CCC to the 2001 CCC across various
hardness levels is presented in Table 12.
Table 12. Freshwater CMC and CCC at Various Water Hardness.
Hardness
(mg/L as CaCO3)
25
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
CMC
(jig/L Cd dissolved)
2001 Criteria
(superseded)
0.52
1.0
1.5
2.0
3.0
3.9
4.9
5.9
6.8
7.7
2016 Criteria
0.49
0.94
1.4
1.8
2.6
3.4
4.2
5.0
5.8
6.5
CCC
(jig/L Cd dissolved)
2001 Criteria
(superseded)
0.09
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.33
0.40
0.46
0.53
0.59
0.64
2016 Criteria
0.25
0.43
0.58
0.72
.0
.2
.4
.6
.8
2.0
65
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4.2 The Estuarine/Marine Cadmium Criteria
Estuarine/Marine Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC)
CMC:
Total Cadmium Final Acute Value = 66.25 ug/L
Total Cadmium Criterion Maximum Concentration = (66.25 ug/L)/2 = 33.13 ug/L
Dissolved Cadmium Criterion Maximum Concentration = 0.994 x (33.13 ug/L) = 33
Estuarine/Marine Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC)
CCC:
Final Acute-Chronic Ratio = 8.291 (see Section 4.4.2)
Total Cadmium Final Chronic Value = (66.25 ug/L)/8.291 = 7.991 ug/L
Dissolved Cadmium Final Chronic Value = 0.994 x (7.991 ug/L) = 7.9 ug/L
4.3 Freshwater Criteria Calculations
4.3.1 Acute
The freshwater Final Acute Value (FAV) for total cadmium at a total hardness of 100
mg/L as CaCOs was calculated to be 5.733 ug/L total cadmium (Table 13), based on the
fGMAVs shown in Table 7. This value is below all other SMAVs listed in Table 7 (see also
Figure 3), with the exception of the SMAVs for rainbow trout, mottled sculpin, shorthead
sculpin, bull trout, cutthroat trout and brown trout. However, since the SMAV for the
commercially and recreationally important rainbow trout is below this value, the FAV was
lowered to 3.727 ug/L total cadmium (at a hardness of 100 mg/L) to protect this species. This
lowered value is also protective of all other species, including salmonids, for which toxicity data
are available. The resulting freshwater Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC) at a hardness
of 100 mg/L as CaCO3 for total cadmium is (in ug/L) = eC0-9789^^8)]-3-86^ and is equal to 1.9
ug/L. When the CMC based on total cadmium concentration is converted to dissolved cadmium
using the 0.944 conversion factor, which was determined at a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCCb
(Stephan 1995; Univ. of Wisconsin-Superior 1995), the freshwater CMC for dissolved cadmium
(in ug/L) = 0.944 x [e(0-9789[in(h*rdness)]-3.866)-| The resultant l 8 ^g/L CMC for dissolved cadmium
66
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at a hardness of 100 mg/L is lower than all of the SMAVs/GMAVs presented in Table 7, as
illustrated graphically in Figure 3.
Conversion factors
Although past water quality criteria for cadmium (and other metals) have been
established based upon the loosely defined term of "acid soluble metals," EPA made the decision
to allow the expression of metal criteria on the basis of dissolved metal concentration (U.S. EPA
1994), which is operationally defined as the portion of metal that passes through a 0.45 jim filter.
Because most of the data in existing databases are from tests that provide only total cadmium
concentrations, a procedure was required to convert total to dissolved concentrations. Conversion
factors (CFs), corresponding to the percent of the total recoverable metal that are dissolved, were
applied to total metal concentrations to estimate dissolved metal concentrations. The CFs for
cadmium were derived using data from "simulation tests" that were conducted to test the
relationship between total and dissolved cadmium concentrations at a range of different hardness
values. The objective of the simulation tests was to estimate the cadmium concentrations that
would have been detected if dissolved metal concentrations had been measured (Lussier et al.
1995; Stephan 1995; Univ. of Wisconsin-Superior 1995). Hardness was the focus of the
simulation tests (and development of the CFs) because it was determined to be the most
important variable affecting cadmium toxicity in freshwater.
The data presented in this document are in most cases provided as total cadmium. Only
the final cadmium criteria values are converted from total to dissolved concentrations using the
appropriate CFs, which are hardness-dependent in fresh water. Acute freshwater total cadmium
concentrations were converted to dissolved concentrations using the factor of 0.973 at a total
hardness of 50 mg/L as CaCO3, 0.944 at a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3, and 0.915 at a
total hardness of 200 mg/L as CaCCb. The equation for the acute freshwater conversion factor is
CF = 1.136672 - [(In hardness) x (0.041838)] where the (In hardness) is the natural logarithm of
the hardness (Stephan 1995; U.S. EPA 2009b).
67
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Table 13. Freshwater FAV Calculation.
GMAV
TV
75
Rank
5
4
3
2
Sum:
Genus
Oncorhynchus
Morone
Salmo
Cottus
GMAV
6.141
5.931
5.642
4.411
In(GMAV)
1.82
1.78
1.73
1.48
6.81
In(GMAV)2
3.29
3.17
2.99
2.20
11.66
P=R/(N+1)
0.066
0.053
0.039
0.026
0.184
sqrt(P)
0.256
0.229
0.199
0.162
0.847
S2= 13.60
L= 0.922
A= 1.746
FAV= 5.733
FAV (trout lowered) 3.727
CMC= 1.9
Where, S=slope, L=intercept, A=ln(FAV); and FAV=fmal acute value (total cadmium).
4.3.2 Chronic
All chronic values, which were expressed as EC2os whenever possible and MATCs when
necessary, were adjusted to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCCb using the pooled slope of
0.7977 (see Section 3.1.2). Normalized chronic values agreed well for most test organisms
within a species and for most species within a genus. The exception was the three values for
Atlantic salmon, which were very different. Twenty-seven SMCVs were calculated from the
underlined values in Appendix C. From these 27 SMCVs, 20 GMCVs were calculated and
ranked (Table 9). A freshwater Final Chronic Value was calculated from the 20 GMCVs using
regression analysis (Table 14). The freshwater Final Chronic Value for total cadmium at a
hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3 is (in ug/L) = GV-™W^™W-™\ and ig equal tQ Q ?9 ^
For dissolved cadmium, the Final Chronic value at a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCCb is (in ug/L)
= 0.909 X [e(0.7977[ln(haidness)]-3.909>jj ^ ^ equaj iQ Q ?2 ^ The equation for the chronic
freshwater conversion factor is CF = 1.101672 - [(In hardness) x (0.041838)]. At a hardness of
100 mg/L as CaCO3, all of the SMCVs and GMCVs are above the CCC (dissolved metal basis).
68
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Table 14. Freshwater FCV Calculation.
FCV
TV
20
Rank
4
3
2
1
Sum:
Genus
Chironomus
Cottus
Ceriodaphnia
Hyalella
GMCV
2.000
1.470
1.293
0.7453
In(GMCV)
0.69
0.39
0.26
-0.29
1.04
In(GMCV)2
0.48
0.15
0.07
0.09
0.78
P=R/(N+1)
0.190
0.143
0.095
0.048
0.476
sqrt(P)
0.436
0.378
0.309
0.218
1.34
S2= 19.27
L= -1.212
A= -0.230
FCV = 0.79 ug/L
Where, S=slope, L=intercept, A=ln(FCV); and FCV=final chronic value (total cadmium).
4.4 Estuarine/Marine Criteria Calculations
4.4.1 Acute
The estuarine/marine Final Acute Value for total cadmium calculated from the Genus
Mean Acute Values shown in Table 10 is 66.25 ug/L. This FAV is below the SMAV for striped
bass (75.0 ug/L), but higher than the SMAVs for the mysid N. americana (28.14 ug/L), copepod
T. brevicornis (29.14 ug/L), mysid A bahia (41.29 ug/L), moonjellyfishy4wre//'aawr/to (61.75
Ug/L) and horse clam Tresus capax (60 ug/L). The resultant estuarine/marine Criterion
Maximum Concentration (CMC) for total cadmium is 33 ug/L (FAV/2 or 66.25 ug/L/2). If the
total cadmium CMC is converted to dissolved cadmium using the 0.994 factor determined
experimentally by EPA according to the procedure described in Section 4.3.1, the
estuarine/marine CMC for dissolved cadmium is 33 ug/L (Table 15). The resultant CMC of 33
Ug/L based on dissolved cadmium is below all but two of the estuarine/marine SMAVs (the
copepod, Tigriopus brevicornis and mysid, Neomysis americana) presented in Table 10 (Figure
6).
69
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Table 15. Estuarine/Marine FAV Calculation.
GMAV
TV
79
Rank
5
4
3
2
Sum:
Genus
Morone
Americamysis
Aurelia
Tigriopus
GMAV
75.0
67.39
61.75
29.14
In(GMAV)
4.32
4.21
4.12
3.37
16.02
In(GMAV)2
18.64
17.73
17.00
11.37
64.74
P=R/(N+1)
0.063
0.050
0.038
0.025
0.18
sqrt(P)
0.250
0.224
0.194
0.158
0.83
S2 =
L =
A =
FAV =
CMC =
118.2
1.763
4.193
66.25
33
Where, S=slope, L=intercept, A=ln(FAV); and FAV=fmal acute value.
4.4.2 Chronic
While there were sufficient data to calculate a freshwater chronic criterion using
regression analysis, the estuarine/marine chronic database consists of data representing only one
Genus/Family (Appendix D). Therefore, the alternative ACR approach was used for deriving an
estuarine/marine chronic criterion. This AWQC document update for cadmium recommends the
use of seven genus-level ACRs to calculate the FACR for estuarine/marine water (four
freshwater fish genera represented by five species, two freshwater invertebrate genera
represented by three species, and one acutely sensitive saltwater mysid genera represented by
two species). Acceptable ACRs are available for six freshwater invertebrates, eight freshwater
fish and two saltwater invertebrate species representing a diverse number of families (Table 16).
Unfortunately, none of the four methods suggested in the 1985 Guidelines (Stephan et al. 1985)
for calculating the FACR are appropriate for cadmium (e.g., the species mean ACR does not
increase or decrease as the SMAV increases; the ACRs for a number of species are greater than a
factor often). Thus, an alternate approach was used to determine the FACR.
The recommended FACR of 8.291 was obtained from the geometric mean of seven
genus-level ACRs: one based on estuarine/marine mysids (7.070, which is the geometric mean of
5.275 for Americamysis bahia and 9.476 for A bigelowi), two based on freshwater invertebrates
(the cladocerans Ceriodaphnia dubia (19.84) and Daphnia (23.90, which is the geometric mean
of 57.23 for D. magna and 9.977 for D. pulex\ and four based on freshwater fish (the mottled
sculpin, Cottus bairdii (11.22), the salmonids Oncorhynchus and Salmo (both raised to 2.0 since
the ACRs for O. mykiss, O. tshawytscha and S. trutta were all below 2.0), and the fathead
70
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minnow, Pimephalespromelas (17.90)). The fish C. bairdii, S. trutta, Oncorhynchus and P.
promelcis represent the second, third, fifth and forty-third most acutely sensitive freshwater
genera, respectively, and the cladocerans Daphnia and C. dubia are the twelfth and seventeenth
most acutely sensitive genera. The seven ACRs differ by a factor of 11.95, represent a diverse
mix of species, and are protective of the marine environment. The ACRs for the other freshwater
species were not used because they have no taxonomically-related marine species (e.g.,
pulmonate snails), and/or the ACRs appear to be outliers.
This approach was chosen because EPA believes that use of combined ACRs for a
variety of freshwater and estuarine/marine species is the most appropriate and representative
method for deriving the FACR. When the estuarine/marine Final Acute Value of 66.25 ug/L is
divided by the FACR of 8.291, the resulting estuarine/marine FCV is 8.0 ug/L total cadmium.
The dissolved cadmium FCV is computed by multiplying the total FCV by the conversion factor
of 0.994, resulting in a concentration of 7.9 ug/L.
Table 16. Acute-to-Chronic Ratios.
Species
Acute
Value
(Ug/L)
Chronic
Value
(Ug/L)
Ratio
Species
ACR
Reference
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Snail,
Aplexa hypnorum
Snail,
Aplexa hypnorum
93
93
4.002
0.8737
23.24
106.4
-
49.74
Holcombe et al. 1984; Phipps and
Holcombe 1985
Holcombe et al. 1984; Phipps and
Holcombe 1985
Pond snail,
Lymnaea stagnalis
367.5
28.68
12.81
12.81
Pais2012
Fatmucket,
Lampsilis siliquoidea
16
5.868
2.727
2.727
Wangetal. 2010d
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia dubia
o o o
38.3
1.93
19.84
19.84
Brooks et al. 2004
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
9.9
33
49
30
12.663
0.1523
0.2118
0.3545
0.37
1.10
65.00
155.8
138.2
81.08
11.51
-
-
-
-
-
Chapman et al. manuscript
Chapman et al. manuscript
Chapman et al. manuscript
Canton and Slooff 1982
Bairdetal. 1990; 1991
71
-------
Species
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Acute
Value
(HS/L)
>6.85e
>3.43e
41.1
Chronic
Value
(HS/L)
2.496
2.373
1.528
Ratio
>2.745b
>1.446b
26.89
Species
ACR
-
-
57.23
Reference
Chadwick Ecological Consultants
2003
Chadwick Ecological Consultants
2003
Jemec et al. 2007; 2008
Cladoceran,
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran,
Daphnia pulex
62
>14.6e
6.214
3.051
9.977
>4.785b
-
9.977
Niederlehner 1984
Chadwick Environmental
Consultants 2003
Rio Grande cutthroat trout,
Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis
2.467
1.871
1.319
1.319
Brinkman2012
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
2.834f
4.391f
6.564f
8.54
13.4
2.79
5.200
>12
2.473
4.762
3.808
1.82
9.508
2.604
3.471
5.3
1.146
0.922
1.724
4.692
1.409
1.071
1.498
>2.264b
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.527
Daviesetal. 1993
Daviesetal. 1993
Daviesetal. 1993
Davies and Brinkman 1994b
Davies and Brinkman 1994b
Davies and Brinkman 1994b
Besser et al. 2007
Wangetal. 2014a
Chinook salmon,
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
1.41
1.465
0.9626
0.9626
Chapman 1975, 1982
Brown trout,
Salmo trutta
Brown trout,
Salmo trutta
Brown trout,
Salmo trutta
Brown trout,
Salmo trutta
2.37
10.1
3.9
1.23
0.6240
13.56
6.36
2.807
3.798
0.7448
0.6132
0.4382
-
-
-
0.9337
Davies and Brinkman 1994c
Brinkman and Hansen 2004a;
2007
Brinkman and Hansen 2004a;
2007
Brinkman and Hansen 2004a;
2007
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
5,995C
13.2
24.71
10.0
242.6
1.320
-
17.90
Pickering and Cast 1972
Spehar and Fiandt 1986
Flagfish,
Jordanella floridae
2,500
5.018
498.2
498.2
Spehar 1976a;b
72
-------
Species
Acute
Value
(HS/L)
Chronic
Value
(HS/L)
Ratio
Species
ACR
Reference
Bluegill,
Lepomis macrochirus
21,100
29.35
718.9
718.9
Eaton 1974, 1980
Mottled sculpin,
Cottus bairdii
19.77d
1.76
11.22
11.22
Besser et al. 2007
ESTUARINE/MARINE SPECIES
Mysid,
Americamysis bahia
Mysid,
Americamysis bahia
15.5
110
5.605
10.93
2.766
10.06
-
5.275
Nimmo et al. 1977a
Gentile et al. 1982; Lussier et al.
1985
Mysid,
(formerly, Mysidopsis bigelowi)
Americamysis bigelowi
110
11.61
9.476
9.476
Gentile etal. 1982
a Geometric mean of 6 LC50s from Baird et al. (1991).
b Not used to calculate the species ACR because it is an undefined value.
0 Geometric mean of 5 LC50s from Pickering and Cast (1972).
d Geometric mean of 2 LC50s from Besser et al. (2007).
e Test species fed.
f Geometric mean of 2 LC50s from Davies et al. 1993.
73
-------
5 EFFECTS CHARACTERIZATION
The purpose of this section is to characterize the potential effects of cadmium on aquatic
life based on available test data and to describe additional lines of evidence not used directly in
the criteria calculations, but which support the 2016 criteria values. This section also provides a
summary of the uncertainties and assumptions associated with the criteria derivation and
explanations for decisions regarding data acceptability and usage in the effects assessment.
Finally, this section describes substantive differences between the 2001 cadmium AWQC and
the 2016 update resulting from incorporation of the latest scientific knowledge.
All acceptable acute and chronic values used to derive criteria are presented in Appendix
A (Acceptable Freshwater Acute Toxicity Data), Appendix B (Acceptable Estuarine/Marine
Acute Toxicity Data), Appendix C (Acceptable Freshwater Chronic Toxicity Data) and
Appendix D (Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Chronic Toxicity Data). Acceptable aquatic plant
toxicity data are presented in Appendix E (Acceptable Freshwater Plant Toxicity Data) and
Appendix F (Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Plant Toxicity Data), though as discussed in Section
3.4, the vast majority of plants are less sensitive than other aquatic species and were not directly
used for the derivation of criteria. Acceptable bioaccumulation data are presented in Appendix
G (Acceptable Bioaccumulation Data), and since direct toxic effects occur more rapidly than
bioaccumulation effects, direct effects were therefore the focus of the criteria development.
Studies identified as scientifically sound, but that do not meet the screening guidelines for
inclusion in criterion calculations (e.g., duration too long or short, too few exposure
concentrations, unmeasured chronic test, atypical endpoint) are presented in Appendix H (Other
Freshwater Toxicity Data) and Appendix I (Other Estuarine/Marine Toxicity Data). Where
appropriate, these other data are often used qualitatively to support toxicity data compiled for
existing species to derive the criteria. The toxicity values in Appendix H and Appendix I for
Hyalella azteca and the glochidia and juvenile life stages of mussels represent studies that did
not satisfy the recommended test procedures and/or latest science as described in Sections 2.6,
5.1.2 and 5.2.1 of this document.
5.1 Freshwater Acute Toxicity Data
Acceptable acute toxicity data supporting the development of acute criteria are available
for 101 freshwater species grouped into 75 genera. In general, fish are more acutely sensitive to
74
-------
cadmium than are aquatic invertebrates. Fish comprise eight of the ten most sensitive genera to
cadmium, with an amphipod (H. azteca) ranked eighth, and a mussel (Lampsilis) ranked tenth.
The least sensitive genus is the midge Chironomus.
Several fish studies were identified as not meeting screening guidelines for inclusion in
the criteria calculations (Appendix H), but showed similar ranges of response to the most
sensitive fish species. Davies and Brinkman (1994a) reported a 96-hr LCso of 1.87 ug/L
cadmium for S. trutta (fed during the exposure), which is very similar to the unfed 96-hr LCso of
2.37 ug/L determined by the same authors using the same dilution water. The data generated for
rainbow trout and reported in Hansen et al. (2002b) showed similar sensitivities to other
acceptable data for rainbow trout. Five-day LCso values ranged from 1.108 to 2.729 ug/L when
normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCOs. Buhl and Hamilton (1991) and Chapman
and Stevens (1978) reported LC50s for Coho salmon of 14.36 ug/L (96-hr) and 8.804 ug/L (217-
hr), respectively, when normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCCb. In unmeasured,
flow-through cadmium exposures with sockeye salmon, Servizi and Martens (1978) reported
unnormalized 7-day LCso values ranging from 8 to 4,500 ug/L for fry and alevins, respectively.
The range in sensitivity of the life stages tested by these authors is similar to other salmonid
studies used quantitatively to derive the acute criterion (Appendix A).
Sublethal effects of cadmium to invertebrate and vertebrate species have been reported by
a number of authors (Appendix H), many above the 2016 criteria levels. Bluegill sunfish
(Lepomis macrochirus) cough rate increased when exposed to 50 ug/L cadmium for three days
(Bishop and Mclntosh 1981) and Low (2009) observed an increase in the auditory threshold for
fathead minnows exposed to 2.1 ug/L cadmium for four days. Ivankovic et al. (2010) reported
increased metallothionein levels in zebra mussels (Dreissenapolymorphd) exposed to 10 ug/L
cadmium for seven days, and after 10 days limb regeneration of the Northwestern salamander
(Ambystoma gracile) was adversely affected at 44.6 ug/L cadmium (Nebeker et al. 1994).
Shorter exposures using adult Daphnia magna (3-hr) and larval Chironomus dilutes (24-hr)
resulted in a reduced phototactic index at 30 ug/L and increased HSP gene expression at 200
ug/L cadmium, respectively (Yuan et al. 2003; Lee et al. 2006b). In addition, rainbow trout
exhibited significant avoidance to 52 ug/L cadmium after an 80 minute exposure (Black and
Birge 1980).
75
-------
5.1.1 Acute toxicity data for freshwater mussels
The only acceptable tests evaluating the acute toxicity of cadmium to glochidia were for
the fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea. However, the glochidia data were not used to derive the
SMAV for this species because data for a more sensitive life stage were available (Wang et al.
2010d). For the fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea, 5-day old juveniles (LCso of 35.73 |ig/L) were
much more sensitive than glochidia (LCso of >507.0 |ig/L), and the data for the 5-day old
juveniles were included in the acute toxicity dataset.
All other glochidia test results were considered unacceptable and were not included in the
acute dataset (see Section 2.6). These included results from tests conducted by Black (2001),
who exposed Fusconia masoni and Utterbackia imbecillis glochidia to cadmium for 24 hours but
did not report the control mortality adequately for the data to be used quantitatively.
5.1.2 Suitability of acute Hyalella azteca data
Eleven studies investigated the acute toxicity of cadmium to the amphipod, H. azteca. Of
those 11 studies, only one was considered acceptable for quantitative use, while the others were
classified as supporting data and not used to derive the SMAV for this species (Table 17). Data
from the ten studies were deemed unacceptable for the following reasons: test species were fed
(Schubauer-Berigan et al. 1993; Collyard et al. 1994; Suedel et al. 1997); dilution water was not
adequately characterized (Mackie 1989); the dilution water was river water and had high TOC
(Spehar and Carlson 1984); or the test duration was too short (<96 hr) (McNulty et al. 1999;
Gust 2006) or too long (Phipps et al. 1995; Borgmann et al. 2005).
Only results reported in Nebeker et al. (1986b) were considered acceptable and only the
ECso of 8 |ig/L cadmium from Nebeker et al. (1986b) was used to derive the H. azteca SMAV,
which is equivalent to 23.00 |ig/L cadmium when normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as
CaCOs. As demonstrated in Table 7, the amphipod H. azteca is the most acutely sensitive
invertebrate species in the cadmium database.
76
-------
Table 17. Acute Studies of Hyalella azteca Evaluated for Cadmium Freshwater Criterion.
Reference
Nebeker et al.
1986b
Spehar and
Carlson 1984a,b
Mackie 1989
Mackie 1989
Mackie 1989
Schubauer-
Berigan et al.
1993
Collyard et al.
1994
Collyard et al.
1994
Collyard et al.
1994
Collyard et al.
1994
Collyard et al.
1994
Collyard et al.
1994
Phipps et al.
1995
Suedel et al.
1997
McNulty et al.
1999
McNulty et al.
1999
McNulty et al.
1999
McNulty et al.
1999
McNulty et al.
1999
McNulty et al.
1999
Jackson et al.
2000
Jackson et al.
2000
Life stage
Large
juvenile &
young adult
-
-
-
-
-
0-2 d
2-4 d
4-6 d
10-12 d
16-18 d
24-26 d
-
14-21 d
-
-
-
-
-
-
7-10 d
7-10 d
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaCO3)
34
55-79
15.3
(pH=5.0)
15.3
(pH=5.5)
15.3
(pH=6.0)
280-300
90
90
90
90
90
90
44-47
17
217-301
(starved for 48
hr before test)
217-301
(starved for 72
hr before test)
217-301
(starved for 96
hr before test)
217-301
217-301
217-301
48
118
Concentration
(ng/L)
8
285
12
16
33
230
-13
-7.5
-9.5
^7
-11.5
-14
2.8
2.8
99.34
82.17
65.00
107.3
75.42
74.20
3.8
12.1
Normalized
Effect
Concentration
(Hg/Da
23.00
421.7
75.37
100.5
207.3
81.10
14.41
8.313
10.53
7.759
12.75
15.52
6.051
15.86
39.13
32.36
25.60
42.27
29.71
29.22
7.794
10.29
Result of Evaluation
Acceptable
High TOC; River dilution water not
characterized
Dilution water not adequately characterized
(Cl- concentration unknown)
Dilution water not adequately characterized
(Cl- concentration unknown)
Dilution water not adequately characterized
(Cl- concentration unknown)
Test species fed
Test species fed; Data graphed, could only
get approximate value
Test species fed; Data graphed, could only
get approximate value
Test species fed; Data graphed, could only
get approximate value
Test species fed; Data graphed, could only
get approximate value
Test species fed; Data graphed, could only
get approximate value
Test species fed; Data graphed, could only
get approximate value
Duration too long (10 d)
Test species fed; Did not meet specific
acceptability criteria for this species
Duration too short (24 hr)
Duration too short (24 hr)
Duration too short (24 hr)
Duration too short (24 hr)
Duration too short (24 hr)
Duration too short (24 hr)
Lack of control survival information; No
bromide in dilution water
Lack of control survival information; No
bromide in dilution water
77
-------
Reference
Borgmann et al.
2005
Borgmann et al.
2005
Gust 2006
Life stage
1-11 d
1-11 d
-
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaC03)
18
124
-
Concentration
(Hg/L)
0.15
1.60
1.9
Normalized
Effect
Concentration
(Hg/L)a
0.8036
1.296
-
Result of Evaluation
Duration too long (7 d)
Duration too long (7 d)
Duration too short (72 hr)
1 Normalized to a hardness of 100 mg/L using the pooled acute slope of 0.9789.
5.1.3 Uncertainty in the freshwater FAV calculation
A number of uncertainties are associated with calculation of the freshwater FAV as
recommended by the 1985 Guidelines (Stephan et al. 1985), and include use of limited data for a
species or genus, acceptability of widely variable data for a genus, application of safety factors,
and extrapolation of laboratory data to field situations. There are a number of cases in the acute
database where only one acute test is used to determine the SMAV and subsequently the GMAV
is based on the one acute test. In this situation there is a level of uncertainty associated with the
GMAV based on the one test result since it does not incorporate the range of values that would
be available if multiple studies were available. The GMAV is still valid, in spite of absence of
these additional data.
The acute database also includes several genera where two or more widely different
SMAVs (>10x factor) are available for estimating the GMAV. In this case the 1985 Guidelines
recommend that some or all of the values probably should not be used in calculations. To resolve
this, only the more sensitive SMAV (primarily due to a more sensitive life stage tested) was used
to calculate the GMAV, thereby ensuring protection of the genus, as explained in Section 3.1.1.
The final step in the acute criteria derivation process is to divide the FAV by a safety
factor of 2 to yield the CMC. The CMC is set equal to half of the FAV to represent a low level of
effect for the fifth percentile genus, rather than a 50% effect. This adjustment factor was derived
from an analysis of 219 acute toxicity tests with a variety of chemicals (see 43 FR 21506-21518
for a complete description) where mortality data were used to determine the highest tested
concentration that did not cause mortality greater than that observed in the control (or between 0
and 10%). Application of this safety factor is justified in that the concentration represents
minimal acute toxicity to the species.
78
-------
Application of water-only laboratory toxicity tests to protect aquatic species is a basic
premise of the 1985 Guidelines, supported by the requirements of a diverse assemblage of eight
families and the protection of 95 percent of all species. Confirmation has been reported by a
number of researchers, thereby indicating that on the whole, extrapolation of laboratory data
does a reasonably good job of protecting natural aquatic communities. Certain exoskeleton
bearing aquatic organisms (e.g., aquatic insects), however, may not be adequately protected due
to their differential accumulation of aqueous vs. dietary cadmium (Poteat and Buchwalter 2014),
and this therefore represents uncertainty in the derived CMC. As discussed in Section 5.6.1,
selected insect species evaluated by different researchers exhibited cadmium dietary effect levels
lower than aqueous exposed organisms. The most sensitive insect in the acute database based on
water-only laboratory toxicity tests is the mayfly Baetis, ranked as the 32nd most sensitive genus.
5.1.4 Acute criteria duration
For the 2016 acute cadmium criteria, EPA has changed the duration to 1-hour from the 24
hours EPA applied in the 2001 final cadmium criteria document. EPA made this change to the
2016 criteria to reflect the acute criteria duration recommended in the 1985 Guidelines. The draft
2001 cadmium criteria document used a 1-hour duration, which EPA subsequently revised to 24
hours in the final criteria document. The final cadmium criteria document did not detail the
rationale for this change, and EPA has further examined this issue as part of the 2016 criteria
update.
The 24-hour duration used in the 2001 final cadmium criteria document was based on a
limited number offish toxicity studies that were conducted in the mid-1990s and which
suggested that cadmium time-to-effect may be longer than reflected by the 1-hour averaging
period. These studies were focused on fish and did not address trends in duration for other
aquatic species, such as invertebrates. Because of the limited nature of these investigations and
absence of additional supporting information, EPA decided to revise the acute duration in this
document to be consistent with the more protective 1-hour duration, which is generally supported
by and consistent with the 1985 Guidelines. Page 5 of the 1985 Guidelines, for example, states
that "For the CMC the averaging period should again be substantially less than the lengths of the
tests it is based on, i.e., substantially less than 48 to 96 hours. One hour is probably an
appropriate averaging period because high concentrations of some materials can cause death in
79
-------
one to three hours. Even when organisms do not die within the first hour or so, it is not known
how many might have died due to delayed effects of this short of an exposure. Thus it is not
appropriate to allow concentrations above the CMC to exist for as long as one hour. The
durations of the averaging periods in national criteria have been made short enough to restrict
allowable fluctuations in the concentration of the pollutant in the receiving water and to restrict
the length of time that the concentration in the receiving water can be continuously above a
criterion concentration." Page 6 of the 1985 Guidelines further states that "the one-hour average
should never exceed the CMC."
Additional information supporting the 1-hour averaging period is presented in page 35 of
the Technical Support Document for Water Quality-based Toxics Control (U.S. EPA 1991)
which states that "For acute criteria, EPA recommends an averaging period of 1-hour. That is, to
protect against acute effects, the 1-hour average exposure should not exceed the CMC. The 1-
hour acute averaging period was derived primarily from data on response time for toxicity to
ammonia, a fast-acting toxicant. The 1-hour averaging period is expected to be fully protective
for the fastest-acting toxicants, and even more protective for slower-acting toxicants." The
frequency of allowed exceedances is once in three years on average, as recommended in the
Guidelines (Stephan et al. 1985). This is based on the ability of aquatic ecosystems to recover
from the exceedences, which will depend in part on the magnitudes and durations of the
exceedences. Frequency and duration will be further considered as part of the 1985 Guidelines
update, but the duration for the 2016 cadmium acute criteria will be 1-hour.
5.2 Freshwater Chronic Toxicity Data
Acceptable chronic toxicity data are available for 27 freshwater species representing 20
different genera (Appendix C). In contrast to the acute toxicity test results, invertebrates were
generally more sensitive to cadmium than fish based on chronic toxicity. The four most sensitive
genera were the amphipod Hyalella, followed by the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia, the sculpin
Cottus, and the midge Chironomus. For the acceptable chronic toxicity data, normalized chronic
toxicity values ranged from 0.7453 to 36.70 |ig/L for invertebrates, and from 1.470 to >38.66
|ig/L for fish. The blue tilapia was the least sensitive organism to cadmium and had a normalized
MATCof>38.66|ig/L.
80
-------
Additional chronic toxicity data that were not used quantitatively to derive a criterion are
available for cadmium (Appendix H). Suedel et al. (1997) conducted a C. dubia static, measured
life-cycle assessment. The normalized NOEC of 4.110 |ig/L and LOEC of 16.44 |ig/L reported
for this study are only slightly higher than chronic values that were used quantitatively to derive
a criterion (Appendix C). The 17 to 21-day NOEC and LOEC values reported for Daphnia
magna and D. pulex by Biesinger and Christensen (1972), Winner (1986), Winner and Whitford
(1987), Enserink et al. (1993), and Knops et al. (2001) were similar to other acceptable chronic
values reported in Appendix C for these species, as were values from long term studies with
Atlantic salmon (Rombough and Garside 1982; Peterson et al. 1983) and brown trout (Davies
and Brinkman 1994c; Brinkman and Hansen 2004a, 2007).
Other sublethal effects data also not used to derive criteria are provided in Appendix H,
with many studies again reporting effect levels above the criteria. Asian clams (Corbicula
flumined) exhibited reduced phagocytosis activity when exposed to 3 ug/L cadmium for 30 days
(Champeau et al. 2007), and goldfish (Carassius auratus) experienced reduced plasma sodium
levels when exposed to 44.5 ug/L cadmium for 50 days (McCarty and Houston 1976). Scherer et
al. (1997) evaluated lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) for eight months and reported decreased
thyroid follicle epithelial cell height at 5 ug/L cadmium. Delayed development and forelimb
emergence was observed in African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) embryos after a 47 day
exposure to 855 ug/L cadmium (Sharma and Patino 2008).
An artificial stream channel employed by Riddel et al. (2005a) assessed the prey choice
and capture efficiency of Salvelinus fontmalis exposed to two cadmium concentrations (0.5 and
5.0 ug/L) for 30 days using dechlorinated tap water at a total hardness of 156 mg/L (as CaCOs).
The juvenile brook trout preferred non-motile over motile prey, and prey capture efficiency
decreased by 20-55% with increasing Cd concentration. Additional artificial stream channel
studies by Riddel et al. (2005b) that employed the same two cadmium exposures and dilution
water evaluated the foraging and predator avoidance behaviors of mayfly nymphs (Baetis
tricaudatus), and predator-prey interactions of stonefly nymphs (Kogotus norms) and the
longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae). Altered mayfly and stonefly behaviors were observed at
5.0 ug/L, whereas the foraging behavior of the dance was unaffected by the highest cadmium
exposure. Mebane et al. (2104) exposed larval insects for 32 days to four cadmium
concentrations (0.018, 0.091, 0.35 and 1.02 ug/L) in experimental streams that circulated river
81
-------
water with a total hardness of 17 mg/L. Preliminary results indicate that reduced mayfly
abundance EC2os normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L ranged from 0.41 |ig/L for
Ephemerella infrequens to 3.29 |ig/L for Rhithrogena sp.
For the 2016 chronic cadmium criteria, the duration is a four-day averaging period as
recommended in the Guidelines (Stephan et al 1985). This averaging period is short enough to
restrict allowable fluctuations in the concentration of the pollutant in the receiving water and to
restrict the length of time that the concentration in the receiving water can be continuously above
a criterion concentrations. In addition, the frequency of allowed exceedances is once in three
years on average, same as for the acute criteria.
5.2.1 Suitability of chronic Hyalella azteca data
A total of eight H. azteca chronic studies were reviewed for acceptability as
recommended in Appendix K. Only data from the Ingersoll and Kemble (2001) study using
USGS Columbia, Missouri Lab well water as dilution water was considered acceptable for
deriving a freshwater chronic criterion (Appendix C). Thus, the//, azteca normalized SMCV
(and GMCV) of 0.7453 |ig/L cadmium is based on only this study. Although the seven other
studies were not used for deriving the updated cadmium freshwater chronic criterion, the effect
levels observed for each study are provided below and demonstrate the similar sensitivity of the
amphipod to cadmium, despite the issues which precluded their use in developing the SMCV and
GMCV. The normalized effect concentrations for these seven studies ranged from 0.3749 to
4.907 ug/L cadmium, with the majority of values ranging from 0.4-2.0 ug/L (Table 18).
Table 18. Chronic Studies of Hyalella azteca Evaluated for Cadmium Freshwater
Criterion.
Reference
Ingersoll and
Kemble (2001)
Borgmann et al.
1989b
Borgmann et al.
1991
Method"
F, M
R,M
R,M
Life stage
7-8 d old
<7-d old
<7-d old
Exposure
42 days
42 days
42 days
Effect
Reproduction
Survival
Survival
EC20/
MATC
(TH=100)
(HS/L)
0.7453
0.6348
0.4299
(EC50)
Result of Evaluation
Acceptable
Not acceptable
Only 64% control survival
(need>80%)
Not acceptable
Low control weight of 0.34 mg dwt
(need > 0.50 mg dwt after 42 days of
testing)
82
-------
Reference
Suedel et al.
1997
Chadwick
Ecological
Consultants
2003
Chadwick
Ecological
Consultants
2003
Stanley et al
2005
Straus 20 11
Straus 20 11
Pais2012
Method"
S,M
F,M
F,M
R,M
R,M
R,M
R,M
Life stage
14-21 d
old
7-8 d old
7-8 d old
7-14 d old
2-9 d old
2-9 d old
2-9 d old
Exposure
14 days
28 days
(recon lab
28 days
(surface
water)
42 days
21 days
28 days
28 days
Effect
Survival/
growth
Survival
Survival
Survival
Survival
Survival
Survival
EC20/
MATC
(TH=100)
(Hg/L)
0.6576
0.3749
0.4461
2.414
4.907
2.277
0.5127
Result of Evaluation
Not acceptable
Test organisms underfed (control
weights not reported). Low ionic
composition of dilution water.
Not acceptable
Low control weight of 0.25 mg dwt
(need > 0.35 mg dwt after 28 days of
testing)
Not acceptable
0.2 ug Cd/L in dilution water
Not acceptable
Only 45% control survival
(need >80%)
Not acceptable
Low control weight of 0.136 mg dwt
(need > 0.35 mg dwt after 28 days of
testing)
Not acceptable
Low control weight of 0.064 mg dwt
(need > 0.35 mg dwt after 28 days of
testing)
Not acceptable
Low control weight of 0.135 mg dwt
(need > 0.35 mg dwt after 28 days of
testing)
S=static, R=renewal, F=flow-through, U=unmeasured, M=measured; TH=total hardness
Borgmann et al. (1989b) Chronic Survival Study
This long-term (6 week) study investigated the effect of cadmium on H. azteca survival,
growth and reproduction and was primarily a methods development effort. The static-renewal
life cycle test was initiated with <7-day old organisms and was conducted at 25°C in
dechlorinated Burlington City tap water with exposure concentrations of 0.28 (control), 0.57,
0.92, 1.49, 2.23, 3.42 and 6.28 |ig/L cadmium. The water used for testing is acceptable, with a
chloride concentration of approximately 26 mg/L and bromide concentration of around 0.047
mg/L. Other common ion (Na, K, Ca, Mg, SO4, and HCOs) concentrations in this water are
reasonable for testing with H. azteca. However, the food and feeding levels used in this test are
questionable. The authors tested up to 20 organisms in each beaker and added 4 mg Tetramin
flakes once per week to each test beaker, with additional feedings given up to two times each
week on an as needed basis. It is not clear how they determined when more food was required.
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Furthermore, the reported control survival was only 64 percent, while 80 percent is considered to
be the minimum acceptable control survival for a 6-week test. The calculated EC 20 for survival
was 0.7827 |ig/L, or 0.6348 |ig/L when normalized to a hardness of 100 mg/L as
Borgmann et al. (1991) Chronic Survival Study
An additional H. azteca 6-week chronic test was conducted by Borgmann using the same
dechlorinated Burlington City tap water. As mentioned previously, this tap water is considered
acceptable for H. azteca testing. However, it appears that organisms in this long-term test were
also underfed (similar to other tests conducted by this group). The authors state that the animals
were fed Tetramin at a rate of only 5 mg Tetramin/beaker/week, which equates to about 0.25
mg/organism/week. This feeding rate is much lower than currently recommended for chronic
tests. Results of other chronic amphipod tests with diets limited to Tetramin had limited success,
suggesting that amphipods require dietary supplements in addition to the Tetramin (e.g., YCT or
diatoms) to achieve acceptable growth and reproduction (J.R. Hockett, personal communication).
Based on the organism control weights obtained at the end of the test (0.34 mg estimated average
dry weight), it appears amphipod growth was limited by the feeding rate and dietary
composition. Acceptable average ending dry weights typically fall within the range of 0.7 to 1.0
mg/organism for a 42-d test. This poor growth and low feeding rate excluded the use of these
data in calculating the SMCV for this species. The reported ECso for survival in the study was
0.53 |ig/L, or 0.4299 |ig/L when normalized to a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCCb.
Suedel et al. (1997) Chronic Survival and Growth Study
This paper presents the results of several toxicity tests. Although limited information is
provided, the tests appear to be static exposure without renewal. Five tests were conducted (48-
hr, 96-hr, 7-day, 10-day, and 14-day exposures). Organisms were fed in each test by adding
leached, ground maple leaves to the test chambers at the beginning of each exposure. Especially
for the longer duration tests (10-day and 14-day), it does not appear the test organisms were fed
sufficiently, although this remains unclear because body weight data were not reported. Little
information is provided about the test/control water other than hardness (6 to 28 mg/L),
alkalinity (8 to 18 mg/L) and conductivity (22 to 130 |iS/cm), which indicates the dilution water
was low in ion composition. The authors noted that water conditions represent the limits of
environmental tolerance for the tested species. The chronic value of 0.16 jig/L (based on growth
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and survival), or 0.6576 ug/L when normalized to a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCOs, was not
used quantitatively in this assessment.
Chadwick Ecological Consultant (2003) Chronic Survival Study
The chronic toxicity of cadmium to H. azteca was tested with 28-day flow-through
measured test procedures using two different dilution waters (reconstituted laboratory water and
natural surface water from Horsetooth Reservoir) with different hardness levels. Both dilution
waters were augmented with bromide and chloride to achieve nominal concentrations of
approximately 0.80 mg/L Br and 60 mg/L Cl", which are above the minimum recommended
levels of 0.02 mg/L Br and 15 mg/L Cl. The 28-day control survival was >90 percent for each
test, which exceeds the 80 percent minimum requirement. The test organisms were fed 1.0 ml
YCT daily and the authors reported mean control dry weights at day 28 of 0.25 mg for the
reconstituted water test and 0.43 mg for the natural surface water test. The recommended mean
control dry weight at day 28 is >0.35 mg and only the natural surface water test met the
feeding/average control dry weight requirement. Even though the control dry weight of the
natural surface water test met the recommended 0.35 mg average, there is an elevated level of
cadmium in the Horsetooth Reservoir water (about 0.2 ug/L cadmium). In addition, the cadmium
concentration measured at day 28 in the lowest nominal exposure concentration (0.6 ug/L) was
very similar to the next higher concentration, which raises questions about whether organism
response in the lowest concentration was exaggerated by an excursion in cadmium concentration,
or if the measured concentration was an analytical anomaly. The 28-day MATC for the surface
water test was 1.02 ug/L cadmium, which was slightly higher than the estimated 28-day survival
EC20 of 0.6264 ug/L, or 0.4461 ug/L when normalized to a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCCb. The
MATC for the reconstituted water was 0.74 ug/L, which was also higher than the normalized
calculated EC20 of 0.3749 ug/L cadmium.
Stanley et al. (2005) Chronic Survival Study
Stanley et al. (2005) conducted one//, azteca 42-day chronic test in laboratory
reconstituted water (ASTM hard water) and at a feeding rate of 1 ml YCT/test chamber/day. The
lack of sufficient chloride and bromide ions in the dilution water and sub-optimal diet would not
support the health of//, azteca, especially after 10 days of testing (Appendix K). Additionally,
the control survival in this test was poor (45%). The results of this test were accordingly not used
85
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to develop AWQC. The non-normalized chronic limits based on survival are 2.49 and 5.09 |ig/L
with a MATC of 2.414 jig cadmium/L when normalized to a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCCb.
Straus (2011) Chronic Survival Studies
H. azteca neonates (2-9 days old) were exposed to cadmium for 21 days in artificial Lake
Ontario reconstituted laboratory water (total hardness of 120-140 mg/L as CaCOs) and for 28
days in a mixture of reverse osmosis and dechlorinated City of Waterloo tap water (blended to a
total hardness of 22 mg/L as CaCOs). Water in both tests was renewed every 48 hours and cotton
gauze was used as a substrate. Although the test organisms were cultured in artificial media
containing bromide, it is not clear if the artificial Lake Ontario water or the reverse osmosis/tap
water mix contained bromide. The chloride concentrations also were not reported for either
dilution water, although the nominal chloride concentration of the artificial Lake Ontario water is
estimated to be approximately 28 mg/L. Test recommendations in Appendix K note that natural
waters with a hardness of <80 mg/L as CaCOs typically have <10 mg C17L. Control organism
survival was 93 percent in the 21 -day test and 81.8 percent in the 28-day test. Control organism
mean dry weight averaged 0.136 for the 21-day test and 0.064 mg for the 28-day test. When all
factors are considered, these two studies do not meet the test acceptability requirements outlined
in Appendix K. The EC2os calculated for these two tests based on survival are 6.42 |ig/L for the
21-day test and 0.68 |ig/L for the 28-day test, or 4.907 for the 21-day test and 2.277 |ig/L for the
28-day test when normalized to a hardness of 100 mg/L as
Pais (2012) Chronic Survival Study
H. azteca neonates (2-9 days old) were exposed to cadmium for 28 days in laboratory
water that was renewed every 48 hours. The dilution water was a mix of reverse osmosis and
dechlorinated City of Waterloo tap water blended to a total hardness of 90 mg/L as CaCOs. A
cotton gauze substrate was used during the test. The bromide and chloride levels were not
reported by the author, but since the total hardness of the reverse osmosis/tap water blend was 90
mg/L as CaCOs, the dilution water may have contained an acceptable amount of chloride. U.S.
EPA (2012) notes that natural waters with a hardness of <80 mg/L as CaCOs typically have
chloride concentrations of <10 mg/L. The bromide level was not reported, but the tap water may
have supplied the minimum bromide level (0.02 mg Br/L) recommended in Appendix K. The
28-day control survival was 100 percent, which exceeds the 80 percent minimum requirement.
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However, the authors reported a mean control organism weight of 0.135 mg, which is much less
than the recommended >0.35 mg dwt at day 28. Accordingly, this study does not meet the test
acceptability requirements and the normalized 28-day survival EC20 of 0.5127 |ig/L was not used
for criteria derivation.
5.2.2 Uncertainty in the freshwater FCV calculation
In addition to the uncertainties described above for the freshwater acute criteria derivation
(Section 5.1.3), the freshwater FCV calculation is also influenced by the availability of limited
data, estimation of chronic values with either EC20 or MATC methods, selection of either life
cycle or early life-stage test results for a species, and the use of the most representative test
duration for the C. bairdii ELS test.
The freshwater chronic database is comprised of 27 species and 20 genera that satisfy the
eight-family MDR as recommended in the 1985 Guidelines (Stephan 1985). There are several
factors that contribute some uncertainty to the freshwater FCV (e.g., use of EC2os over MATCs,
the limited data used to develop the hardness relationship, limited data for H. azteca, selection of
most appropriate exposure scenarios, and other data that is only used qualitatively). In this
update EC2os were selected as the most appropriate effect level, but not all studies reported EC2os
or did not provide the raw data in the paper so EC2os could be calculated (Note: for all studies
where raw data necessary to calculate EC2os were not provided, authors were contacted to
request the raw data, if available. Some requests are still outstanding). While EC2os are the
preferred effect level, so that chronic toxicity can be compared equally, this preference limits the
amount of data that are used quantitatively in SMCV and GMCV calculations (Table 9 and
Appendix C). This was the case for several species (C. dubia, C. reticulata, D. magna, O.
kisutch, O. mykiss, S. tmtta, S.fontinalis, S. namaycush, and P. promelas). Conversely, only
MATCs were available for several genera, and therefore the effect levels associated with those
MATC concentrations are unknown (Oreochromis, Micropterus, Esox, and Catostomus). These
values were retained in the ranked table to avoid losing the genus.
The use of EC2os also limited the amount of data that were used to develop the chronic
hardness relationship. Currently there are only enough EC20 data to explore this relationship for
three fish species. This preference for EC2oS precluded the inclusion of data for P. promelas, but
MATC data from a single study for D. magna (Chapman et al. Manuscript) were used so that an
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invertebrate could be included in the analysis. The rationale for the exclusion of P. promelas is
that the effect of hardness would be better evaluated without the confounding factor of the level
of effect being unknown (see Section 2.6, Chronic measures of effect)
The 1985 Guidelines recommend the use of full life-cycle (LC) tests over early life-cycle
tests (ELS), with the rationale that LC tests will be more sensitive. However, this relationship
was not always apparent. Normalized EC2os of LC tests were more sensitive (lower effect
concentrations) for S. fontinalis and O. mykiss, but ELS tests were more sensitive for S. trutta.
To be conservative, the ELS tests were used to derive the SMAV for S. trutta.
As discussed above there is only one acceptable study using the new test requirements for
H. azteca. While the other unacceptable data were not used quantitatively it appears that effect
concentrations were similar, however the SMAV/GMAV for the most sensitive species in the
freshwater chronic database is based on the results from one study (Ingersoll and Kemble 2001).
5.3 Additional Aquatic Life Water Quality Assessments for Cadmium
Mebane (2006) recently derived freshwater ambient water quality criteria for cadmium and
included data from studies that focused on species and surface water conditions in Idaho. Acute
and chronic toxicity were calculated from available effects data and normalized for hardness
based on hardness-toxicity regression analyses. The four most sensitive genera to acute
exposures were the fish Oncorhynchus (Northwest trout and Pacific salmon), Salvelinus ("char"
trout), Salmo (other trout and Atlantic salmon), and Coitus (sculpin). The four most sensitive
genera to chronic exposures were the aquatic invertebrates Hyalella and Gammarus and the fish
Cottus and Salvelinus. Mebane (2006) reported a CMC of 0.75 ug/L total cadmium and a CCC
of 0.37 ug/L total cadmium, based on a hardness of 50 mg/L as CaCCb. Mebane (2006) reported
cadmium in total (unfiltered) instead of dissolved (0.45-um filtered) concentrations, but indicated
that because cadmium is highly soluble in water, the difference between total and dissolved
concentrations would be small, with dissolved cadmium concentrations expected to average
about 90 to 95 percent of total concentrations (Stephan 1995; Clark 2002; Mebane 2006). When
adjusted to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCCb, the CMC and CCC calculated using
equations reported by Mebane (2006) are 1.35 and 0.55 ug/L, respectively. These values are
lower than the 2016 updated EPA CMC of 1.9 ug/L and CCC of 0.79 ug/L, based on total
cadmium and a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCOs. The differences in the criteria derived by
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Mebane (2006) and this 2016 update are primarily due the addition of new data since 2006, the
subsequent estimation of different updated acute and chronic hardness-toxicity slopes, and
exclusion of specific test results based on EPA data acceptability criteria.
The British Columbia Ministry of Environment (BC-MOE) recently released a draft
assessment of ambient water quality criteria for cadmium in freshwater to protect species
resident to British Columbia, Canada (BC-MOE 2014). The proposed acute and chronic criteria
are based on dissolved cadmium concentrations in freshwater. The criteria were adjusted for
hardness using established methods to derive an equation from the results of multiple published
studies (Mebane 2006; Stephan et al. 1985; U.S. EPA 2001). The BC-MOE used the lowest
value from a primary study and applied a factor of 3.5 to account for uncertainty and protect the
survival of the most sensitive species (<10% mortality) at all life stages. The resulting draft CMC
of 0.339 ug/L total cadmium at a water hardness of 100 mg/L CaCOs was based on effects on
rainbow trout fry growth after a 5-d exposure, as reported in Hansen et al. (2002b). The resulting
draft CCC (30 days) of 0.0772 ug/L at a water hardness of 100 mg/L CaCO3 was based on
effects on Hyalella azteca survival, as reported in Ingersoll and Kemble (2001). The short-term
hardness slope factor was 1.04 and the long-term hardness slope factor was 0.762; compared to
the 2016 hardness slope factors of 0.9789 and 0.7977, respectively. The BC-MOE (2014)
cadmium water quality guideline for long term exposure in marine environments is 0.12 ug/L.
This is in contrast to the higher EPA 2016 estuarine/marine chronic CCC of 7.9 ug/L dissolved
cadmium. No short term exposure guideline has been developed by BC-MOE for the marine
environment. The BC-MOE proposed cadmium criteria are all lower than the EPA 2016 criteria,
primarily due to differences in the methodology employed (use of lowest value), larger safety
factors applied and hardness slope factor differences.
5.4 Estuarine/Marine Acute Toxicity Data
Acute toxicity data are available for 94 estuarine/marine species representing 79 genera.
These data are adequate to support the development of an estuarine/marine acute criterion.
SMAVs for cadmium range from 28.14 to 169,787 ug/L. The four most sensitive genera were
invertebrates with GMAVs ranging from 28.14 to 67.39 ug/L (Appendix B).
Additional toxicity data on the effect of cadmium on estuarine/marine species were
available, but did not meet standards of acceptability and were not used quantitatively in
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development of the criteria (Appendix I). However, the acute and chronic toxicity values for
these tests are similar to those of the accepted studies, providing additional supporting evidence
about the toxicity of cadmium to estuarine/marine aquatic life. These include data from Roast et
al. (2001b), who reported a 6-day LCso for P. flexuosus of 83.11 |ig/L, which represents a similar
outcome to those provided in Appendix B. Nimmo et al. (1977a) and Gentile et al. (1982)
reported similar outcomes for A bahia with 8 to 17-day ECso values ranging from 11.3 to 60
Other non-traditional endpoints for marine/estuarine organisms exposed to cadmium for
shorter time periods are presented in Appendix I. Daggerblade grass shrimp (Palaemonetes
pugio) had increased LPO and ubiquitin levels when exposed for eight hours to 112.4 |ig/L
cadmium (Downs et al. 2001a). Reduction in swimming speed and reduced serum osmolality
were observed for nauplii of the calanoid copepod Eurytemora a/finis and the mysid
Americamysis bahia subjected for 24 hours to 130 and 3.62 |ig/L cadmium, respectively
(Sullivan et al. 1983; De Lisle and Roberts 1994). Bellas et al. (2004) determined a 70-hr larval
attachment ECso of 752 |ig/L for the sea squirt dona intestinalis, and the mud snail Nassarius
obsoletus had increased oxygen consumption when exposed to 500 |ig/L cadmium for 72 hours
(Maclnnes and Thurberg 1973). Osmotic pressure of the shore crab Carcinus maenas was
affected at 34 jig/L cadmium after 10 days, but not at 3.4 jig/L (Burke et al. 2003). Choi et al.
(2008) found that Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) exposed to 10 |ig/L cadmium for 11 days
had an increased expression of MT mRNA in digestive gland and gills. Coho salmon
(Oncorhynchus kisutch) exposed to 3.7 |ig/L cadmium over 48 hours exhibited histological
injury to the olfactory epithelium, and a significant loss of olfaction at concentrations greater
than 347 |ig/L, with the adverse effects of each still evident after a 16-day depuration in clean
water (Williams and Gallagher 2013). The persistent nature of these effects could adversely alter
the return rates of anadromous salmon species as noted by Baldwin et al. (2009).
5.4.1 Uncertainty in estuarine/marine FAV calculation
The influence of salinity on the acute toxicity of cadmium was investigated with 10
different genera of estuarine/marine animals. A general trend of decreasing toxicity with
increasing salinity was observed for the majority of genera (Appendix B). Frank and Robertson
(1979) reported that the acute toxicity of cadmium to juvenile blue crabs was reduced by
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increasing salinity levels, with 96-hr LCsoS of 320, 4,700 and 11,600 ug/L at salinities of 1, 15
and 35 g/kg, respectively (Appendix B). The same trend was observed by Bengtsson and
Bergstrom (1987) for the harpacticoid copepod, Nitocra spinipes, Ringwood (1990) for the
mangrove oyster, Isognomon californicum, Wu and Chen (2004) and Frias-Espericueta et al.
(2001) for the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, and De Lisle and Roberts (1988) for the
mysid, Americamysis bahia, amongst other species.
In contrast to the results presented above, several authors reported possible relationships
with salinity that seem contradictory, some of which may have been influenced by other test
variables. In a study of the interaction of dissolved oxygen and salinity on the acute toxicity of
cadmium to the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, Voyer (1975) found that 96-hr LCsos at a
salinity of 32 g/kg were about half of what they were at lower salinities of 10 and 20 g/kg. When
tested at approximately 20°C, the 96-hr LC50s were 73,000, 78,000 and 30,000 ug/L at salinities
of 10, 20 and 32 g/kg, respectively (all exposures had sufficient dissolved oxygen levels
throughout the test). The fiddler crab, Ucapugilator, showed a similar trend in that the crab was
more sensitive to cadmium at the highest salinity tested (30 g/kg) as compared to the mid-level
salinity (20 g/kg) test, and about the same sensitivity as the lowest salinity (10 g/kg) (O'Hara
1973a). Cadmium also appears to be more toxic to purple sea urchin embryos
(Strongylocentrotuspurpuratus) at a higher salinity, although salinity levels differed by only 4
mg/kg and test temperatures were higher in the higher salinity exposure, which may have
confounded potential conclusions (Dinnel et al. 1989; Phillips et al. 2003). The potential
relationship between salinity and cadmium saltwater acute toxicity was investigated using an
analysis of covariance (Dixon and Brown 1979; Neter and Wasserman 1974) as noted in the
1985 Guidelines (Stephan et al. 1985). Despite the general relationship of decreasing toxicity
with increasing salinity, a pooled species slope could not be calculated.
As noted in the 1985 Guidelines, a final acute equation should be derived based on a
water quality parameter if acute toxicity is shown to be related to that parameter (Stephan et al.
1985). In order to derive a final acute equation from a water quality parameter, however,
sufficient data are required to show that the factor similarly affects the results of tests with a
variety of species (U.S. EPA 2001). Because a general trend was observed between increasing
salinity and decreasing acute toxicity for the majority of genera, an analysis of covariance
(Dixon and Brown 1979; Neter and Wasserman 1974) as noted in the 1985 Guidelines (Stephan
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et al. 1985) using the "R" statistical program, version 3.2.2 (R Core Team 2015), was performed
to examine whether a salinity correction equation could be calculated.
Data for the ten species comprising ten genera were included in the analysis of
covariance. These species had definitive acute values (less than or greater than values were not
used) over a salinity range of at least 7 g/kg. For any given species, data were limited to studies
conducted at representative and similar temperatures and dissolved oxygen concentrations. When
test data for multiple life stages were available, data for the most sensitive life stage was used.
In the analysis of covariance model equation, the natural logarithm of the acute value is
the dependent variable, species is the grouping variable, and the natural logarithm of salinity is
the covariate or independent variable. A species-salinity interaction variable is included to assess
the similarity of slopes among species. An F-test is then used to test whether a model with
separate slopes for each species gives a statistically significantly better fit to the data than a
model with a single pooled slope. If the P-value of the species-salinity interaction term is
statistically significant (defined as a P-value of less than 0.05), then the model with separate
species slopes provides the better fit to the data, and a single pooled slope cannot be calculated.
When data for all nine species were fit to the analysis of covariance model, the species-
salinity interaction term used to test for equality of slopes produced a P=0.008, meaning that the
model with separate species slopes provides the better fit to the data, and a single pooled slope
could not be calculated. Individual species slopes were variable, ranging from -0.6998 for the
mummichogF. heteroclitus to 5.538 for the amphipod G.japonica (Table 19). Individual
species slopes were also plotted in Figure 8. As can be seen in Figure 8, eight of the nine
species experience a decrease in acute cadmium toxicity with increasing salinity (i.e., a positive
slope).
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Table 19. Individual Species Slopes and Selected Regression Statistics for the Equation
In(LCsoCd) = In(Salinity).
A pooled species slope could not be calculated from these data.
Species name
Scientific
M. edulis
I. californicum
N. spinipes
A. bahia
G. japonica
L. vannamei
C. sapidus
U. pugilator
F. heteroclitus
Common
Blue mussel
Mangrove oyster
Harpacticoid copepod
Mysid
Amphipod
Whiteleg shrimp
Blue crab
Fiddler crab
Mummichog
Slope
0.7399
1.467
0.3725
1.010
5.538
1.032
1.006
0.1673
-0.6998
95% CI
LCL
na
na
-0.6744
0.7158
na
na
0.8249
-3.499
-8.129
UCL
na
na
1.419
1.305
na
na
1.186
3.834
6.729
r'
na
na
0.95
0.98
na
na
1.00
0.25
0.59
P
na
na
0.14
<0.01
na
na
<0.01
0.67
0.44
n
2
2
3
5
2
2
3
3
3
12
10 -
8 -
O)
in c
O 6 -
_i
O
£ 4 H
2 -
O
T
A
D
M. edulis
I. californicum
N. spinipes
A. bahia
G. japonica
L. vannamei
C. sapidus
U. pugilator
F. heteroclitus
0123
In (Salinity (g/kg))
Figure 8. Individual Species Slopes Showing the Relationship between Natural Log
Transformed Salinity and Natural Log Transformed Acute Cadmium Toxicity.
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Data used to generate species slopes in Table 19 have already accounted for the most
sensitive life stage for a particular species. In addition to that consideration, following the
recommendations of the EPA Guidelines (Stephan et al. 1985), individual species slopes were
examined and a subsequent analysis of covariance model was used to test whether a pooled
species slope could be calculated using only those species with slopes determined to cover a
relatively broad range of the relevant water quality parameter, defined here as at least 50% of the
range of reported salinities. Five species: A. bahia, C. sapidus, F. heteroclitus, L. vannamei and
U. pugilator, had test data across a salinity range greater than 50% of the salinity range for all
species. When data for these five species were fit to the analysis of covariance model, the
species-salinity interaction term used to test for equality of slopes produced a P=0.009. As
before, the model with separate species slopes provides the better fit to the data, and a single
pooled slope could not be calculated. Despite the positive relationship between acute toxicity and
salinity observed for eight of the nine species with available data, the species slopes are
sufficiently variable that no pooled slope can be calculated. Thus, the estuarine/marine acute data
are not normalized for salinity.
In addition to the uncertainties described above for the freshwater acute criteria derivation
(Section 5.1.3), the lack of a statistically defensible salinity-toxicity relationship to normalize the
acute data adds additional uncertainty to the estuarine/marine FAV. Despite the positive
relationship between acute toxicity and salinity observed for eight of the nine species included in
the analysis of covariance, a pooled slope could not be calculated, precluding salinity
normalization of the data. As such, the data are used at the tested salinity level, which may or
may not be the most sensitive for the species. Not all studies, however, reported a salinity level
which would potentially exclude them from the FAV calculation if the data were salinity
normalized.
5.5 Estuarine/Marine Chronic Toxicity Data
Data for only two estuarine/marine mysid species (Americamysis bahia, SMCV = 6.149
|ig/L and Americamysis bigelowi, SMCV = 11.61 |ig/L) are suitable for the derivation of a
chronic criterion, and limited toxicity data are available for qualitative consideration in this
document (see Appendix I). A 21-day survival chronic value of 111.8 |ig/L was determined for
the starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis (Harter and Matthews 2005), and 28-day LCsos
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for the polychaete worms Capitella capitata and Neanthes arenaceodentata ranged from 630 to
3,000 ug/L (Reish et al. 1976). White shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), pink shrimp
(Farfantepenaeus duorarum), daggerblade grass shrimp (Palaemonetespugio), rock crab
(Cancer irroratus) and blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) 21 to 30-day effect levels (LCsoS and
LOECs) ranged from 19 to 720 ug/L (Nimmo et al. 1977b; Vernberg et al. 1977; Johns and
Miller 1982; Guerin and Stickle 1995; Wu and Chen 2005a). Scallops were more sensitive to
cadmium, with Argopecten irradiam and A ventricosus 42-day ECso and 30-day LOEC growth
effect levels at 10 and 78 ug/L, respectively (Pesch and Stewart 1980; Sobrino-Figueroa et al.
2007). Similarly, Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia), cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) and
winter flounder (Pseodopleuronectes americanus) 17 to 60-day survival effects ranged from 100
to >970 ug/L (Maclnnes et al. 1977; Voyer et al. 1979). All of these effect levels are above those
reported for the two mysid species that were used quantitatively for derivation of the chronic
criterion.
Additional studies have reported the chronic sublethal effects of cadmium on
estuarine/marine species (Appendix I). Delayed development and reduced food consumption
were observed for rock crab larvae (Cancer irroratus) and white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamef)
exposed for 28 days to 50 and 200 ug/L cadmium, respectively (Johns and Miller 1982; Wu and
Chen 2005a). Increased ATPase activity was exhibited by the American lobster (Homarus
americanus) exposed to 6 ug/L cadmium for 30 days (Tucker 1979), and mud crab larvae
(Eurypanopeus depressus) experienced a delay in metamorphosis when exposed to 10 ug/L
cadmium for 44 days (Mirkes et al. 1978). When evaluating fish, significant reduction in gill
tissue respiratory rate was reported for the cunner after a 30-day exposure to 50 ug/L (Maclnnes
et al. 1977). Dawson et al. (1977) also reported a significant decrease in gill-tissue respiration of
striped bass at 5 ug/L after a 30-day exposure, as did Calabrese et al. (1975) after a 60-day
exposure to 5 ug/L.
5.5.1 Final Acute-to-Chronic Ratio
The limited amount of acceptable estuarine/marine chronic toxicity data precluded the
use of regression analysis to calculate the estuarine/marine CCC (as was done with the
freshwater CCC). As stipulated in the 1985 Guidelines, the CCC was calculated as the FAV
divided by the FACR. As previously mentioned, a minimum of three ACRs (a fish species and
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an invertebrate species, with one being acutely sensitive in saltwater) are typically used to
estimate the FACR. This update has ACRs available for six freshwater invertebrates, eight
freshwater fish and two saltwater invertebrate species representing a diverse number of families
(Table 16). The 1985 Guidelines outline four primary ways to combine ACRs to calculate an
appropriate FACR.
• If the species mean acute-chronic ratios seems to increase or decrease as the SMAV
increases, the Final Acute-Chronic Ratio should be calculated as the geometric mean of
the acute-chronic ratios for species whose SMAVs are close to the Final Acute Value.
• If no major trend is apparent and the acute-chronic ratios for a number of species are
within a factor often, the Final Acute-Chronic Ratio should be calculated as the
geometric mean of all the species mean acute-chronic ratios available for both freshwater
and saltwater species.
• For acute tests conducted on metals and possibly other substances with embryos and
larvae of barnacles, bivalve molluscs, sea urchins, lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and abalones,
it is probably appropriate to assume that the acute-chronic ratio is 2. Thus, if the lowest
available SMAVs were determined with embryos and larvae of such species, the Final
Acute-Chronic Ratio should probably be assumed to be 2, so that the Final Chronic Value
is equal to the Criterion Maximum Concentration.
• If the most appropriate species mean acute-chronic ratios are less than 2.0, and especially
if they are less than 1.0, acclimation has probably occurred during the chronic test.
Because continuous exposure and acclimation cannot be assured to provide adequate
protection in field situations, the Final Acute-Chronic Ratio should be assumed to be 2,
so that the Final Chronic Value is equal to the Criterion Maximum Concentration.
None of the four methods listed above could be used to calculate the FACR for cadmium.
Therefore another approach was chosen to incorporate ACRs of sensitive species from both
freshwater and estuarine/ marine environments to calculate an appropriate FACR. There were
several possible methods to compile these values. One option would have been to use the ACRs
available for the two Americamysis species (5.275 for A. bahia and 9.476 for A. bigelowi), the
chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (0.9626), and the fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea
(2.727). All are acutely sensitive, and the geometric mean of these four values yields an FACR
of 3.385. If the freshwater fish is replaced by the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss
(ACR=1.527), the resulting FACR is 3.798. Alternatively, using the acutely sensitive mottled
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sculpin (Coitus bairdif) ACR of 11.22 instead of the ACR for the Chinook salmon results in an
FACR of 6.254.
A final option would be to use ACRs from a diverse mix of freshwater and
estuarine/marine species representing both invertebrates and fish, with the freshwater species
having taxonomically-related marine species. Using this approach, seven genus-level ACRs were
used to calculate the FACR for estuarine/marine water (representing five freshwater fish species,
three freshwater invertebrate species, and the two acutely sensitive estuarine/marine mysids). An
FACR of 8.291 was obtained from the geometric mean of seven genus-level ACRs:
Americamysis (7.070), Ceriodaphnia (19.84), Daphnia (23.90), Coitus (11.22), Oncorhynchus
(2.0), Salmo (2.0) and Pimephales (17.90). The fish C. bairdii, S. trutta, Oncorhynchus and P.
promelas represent the second, fourth, fifth and forty-fourth most sensitive freshwater genera,
respectively, and the cladocerans Daphnia and C. dubia are the eleventh and eighteenth most
sensitive genera. This approach was chosen because EPA believes that use of combined ACRs
for a variety of freshwater and estuarine/marine species is the most appropriate and
representative method for deriving the FACR.
5.5.2 Uncertainty in the estuarine/marine FCV calculation
The primary source of uncertainty with the derivation of the estuarine/marine FCV is the
lack of available data. There have been no new acceptable estuarine/marine chronic data
generated since the 2001 AWQC was published. The only data available are for one genus of
mysid, Americamysis, which is the fourth most sensitive acute genus. The chronic criterion is
therefore based on the use of a FACR. The FACR assumes that the relationship between acute
and chronic toxicity for each species is constant. Acceptable ACRs are averaged across taxa to
calculate the final overall relationship between the acute and chronic toxicity values. Since
freshwater ACRs are used to bolster the calculation of the FACR, due to only one
estuarine/marine genus-level ACR being available, this creates an additional uncertainty in the
estuarine/marine FCV.
The estuarine/marine FAV is also hampered by the lack of a statistically defensible
salinity-toxicity relationship to normalize the acute data. Since the FAV is divided by the FACR
to calculate the FCV, the FAV may not be representative of the true toxicity of cadmium across
various salinity gradients (i.e., may be under protective in low salinity waters).
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5.6 Bioaccumulation
Test level bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for cadmium in freshwater (Appendix G)
range from 3 for brook trout muscle (Benoit et al. 1976) to 65,600 for the amphipod, H. azteca
(Straus 2011). Fish typically accumulate only small amounts of cadmium in muscle as compared
to most other tissues and organs (Benoit et al. 1976; Sangalang and Freeman 1979; Jarvinen and
Ankley 1999). However, studies summarized by Jarvinen and Ankley (1999) showed that the
skin, spleen, gill, fin, otolith and bone also have low bioconcentration factors. Sangalang and
Freeman (1979) found that cadmium residues in fish reach steady-state only after exposure
periods greatly exceed 28 days. D. magna, and presumably other invertebrates with about the
same body size, were found to reach steady-state within a few days (Poldoski 1979).
Cadmium accumulated by fish from water is eliminated slowly (Benoit et al. 1976;
Kumada et al. 1980), but Kumada et al. (1980) found that cadmium accumulated from food is
eliminated much more rapidly. When all variables, except temperature, are kept the same,
Tessier et al. (1994a) found that increased exposure temperature generally increased the rate of
soft tissue bioconcentration for the snail, Viviparus georgianus, but not for the mussel, Elliptic
complanata. Poldoski (1979) reported that humic acid decreased the uptake of cadmium by D.
magna, but Winner (1984) did not find any effect. Ramamoorthy and Blumhagen (1984)
reported that fulvic and humic acids increased the uptake of cadmium by rainbow trout.
The only BCF reported for an estuarine/marine fish is a value of 48 from a 21-day
exposure of mummichog (Eisler et al. 1972) (Appendix I). However, among nine species of
invertebrates for which values were available, the BCFs range from 22 to 3,160 for whole body
and from 5 to 2,040 for muscle (Appendix G). The highest BCF (3,160) was reported for the
polychaete, Ophryotrocha diadema (Klockner 1979). This BCF was reached after sixty-four
days exposure using the renewal technique; however, tissue residues had not reached steady-state
at the end of the exposure period.
BCFs for four species of estuarine/marine bivalve molluscs range widely, from 113 for
the blue mussel (George and Coombs 1977) to 2,150 for the eastern oyster (Zaroogian and Cheer
1976). The range of reported BCFs is also large for some individual species. For example, two
studies with the bay scallop resulted in BCFs of 168 (Eisler et al. 1972) and 2,040 (Pesch and
Stewart 1980) and three studies with the blue mussel reported BCFs of 113, 306, and 710
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(Appendix G and Appendix I). George and Coombs (1977) studied the importance of metal
speciation on cadmium accumulation in the soft tissues ofMytilus edulis. Cadmium complexed
as Cd-EDTA, Cd-alginate, Cd-humate, and Cd-pectate (Appendix I) was bioconcentrated
(directly taken up from water) at twice the rate of inorganic cadmium (Appendix G). Because
bivalve molluscs usually do not reach steady-state, comparisons between species may be
difficult, and the length of exposure may be the major determinant of the BCF.
BCFs for five species of estuarine/marine crustaceans range from 22 to 307 for whole
body and from 5 to 25 for muscle (Appendix G and Appendix I). Nimmo et al. (1977b)
reported whole-body BCFs of 203 and 307 for two species of grass shrimp, Palaemonetespugio
and P. vulgaris. Vernberg et al. (1977) reported a BCF of 140 for P. pugio at 25°C (Appendix
I), and Pesch and Stewart (1980) reported a BCF of 22 for the same species exposed at 10°C,
indicating that temperature might be an important variable determining the rate of
bioaccumulation. The commercially important crustaceans, the pink shrimp and lobster, were not
effective bioaccumulators of cadmium with factors of 57 for whole body and 25 for muscle,
respectively (Appendix G and Appendix I). It should be noted that the inverse relation
relationship between BCF and exposure concentration explains much of the variation in the
observed BCFs (McGeer et al. 2003; DeForest et al. 2007).
5.6.1 Uncertainty with cadmium exposure routes
As reported in the literature, aquatic organisms can accumulate cadmium from both
aqueous and dietary exposure routes. The relative importance of each, however, is dependent
upon the species. The filter feeding cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia was found to accumulate
more cadmium from water than diet, and at a more rapid rate (Sofyan et al. 2007a). Barata et al.
(2002d) observed during a 24-hour laboratory water exposure experiment that Daphnia magna
juveniles accumulated approximately twice as much cadmium from laboratory water exposure
than from an algal food diet. Water exposure accounted for over 50 percent of the cadmium body
burden in the isopod Asellus aquaticus (van Hattum et al. 1998). Fisher et al. (2000) found that in
Acartia tonsa approximately 60 percent of the cadmium was assimilated from water and 40
percent from food. The same trend of accumulating over 50 percent of cadmium from water was
observed for the clam Macoma balthica (Harvey and Luoma 1985b) and the blue mussel Mytilus
edulis (Borchardt 1983). In contrast, diet, rather than water, accounted for more than 50 percent
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of cadmium accumulated in the predatory insects Chaoboruspunctipennis (Munger and Hare
1997), Cryptochironomus sp. and Stalls velata (Roy and Hare 1999), the water mite Limnesia
maculate., the caddisfly Mystacicks spp. (Timmermans et al. 1992), and in five of the seven
stonefly species evaluated by Martin et al. (2007). Diet also accounted for most (>95%) of the
observed cadmium tissue burden of mayflies in the field (Cain et al. 2011). This field
observation is consistent with the observations of Xie et al. (2010), who noted that periphyton is
often a sink for cadmium in aquatic environments. In a natural lake experiment, Stephenson and
Turner (1993) found that the grazing amphipod, Hyalella azteca derived more than half (58%) of
accumulated cadmium from periphyton, when compared to the aqueous exposure route. In a
different lake experiment, rainbow trout and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis)
accumulated approximately five times as much cadmium from the food only exposure relative to
the water only dose (Harrison and Klaverkamp 1989). Mebane (2006) summarized the
contribution of aqueous versus dietary cadmium exposure to the bioaccumulation observed in
various aquatic organisms and found the same species specific differences. In summary, the
primary route of cadmium accumulation varies among species, with no discernable pattern.
The specific tissues/organs affected in an aquatic organism are also dependent on the
exposure route. Wang and Fisher (1996) noted that bivalve molluscs primarily accumulate
dissolved cadmium across the gills, and particulate forms via the gut, suggesting that cadmium
speciation influences exposure route and the subsequent tissues and organs affected. In
crustaceans, aqueous cadmium can be adsorbed to the body surface or taken up internally by
ingestion, passive diffusion, or facilitated transport (Wang and Fisher 1998). For example,
dissolved cadmium adsorbs onto the chitosan exoskeleton of pelagic and benthic crustaceans
(Hook and Fisher 2001; Mohlenberg and Jensen 1980), or inert chitin surfaces of insects (Hare
1992), where it is rendered unavailable to interfere with internal metabolic processes. In contrast,
ingested cadmium can accumulate into internal tissues potentially interfering with a variety of
metabolic and reproductive processes, such as egg production in copepods (Hook and Fisher
2001). Cadmium assimilated from food is stored in the soft tissue of the oyster Crassostrea gigas
(Nassiri et al. 1997). Norway lobsters (Neohrops norvegicd) accumulated aqueous cadmium
primarily in their gills and digestive gland, with most of the dietary cadmium deposited in the
digestive gland (Canli and Furness 1995). The freshwater crayfish Astacus leptodactylus exposed
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to cadmium in water accumulated the greatest amount of cadmium in the hepatopancreas, with
lesser amount in the gills, exoskeleton and abdominal muscles (Guner 2010).
In fish, uptake of dissolved cadmium is mainly across the gills, the primary site of toxic
action, followed by transport to different organs (Wang and Fisher 1996; Wood et al. 2012).
Accumulation of dissolved cadmium by the gills can be by either passive (diffusion) or active
(pump) transport (Neff 2002). Fish exposed to cadmium in the presence of food initially absorb
cadmium in the intestinal tract and to some degree the stomach, and subsequently transfer it to
other tissues via the circulatory system (Wood et al. 2012). Water-borne cadmium primarily
accumulated in the gills of rainbow trout and lake whitefish (Harrison and Klaverkamp 1989),
the kidney of brook trout (Sangalang and Freeman 1979) and Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus
(Cogun et al. 2003), and the liver of the perch Percafluviatilis (Edgren and Notter 1980). In
comparison, cadmium-spiked food accumulated mainly in muscle and the intestinal tract of
rainbow trout (Kumada et al. 1980) and in the intestine, kidney and liver of the eel Anguilla
anguilla (Haesloop and Schirmer 1985).
In an effort to determine the most toxic exposure route, a number of investigators have
compared the adverse effects of cadmium to organisms exposed separately to both aqueous and
dietary cadmium. Hook and Fisher (2001) reported that dietary exposure of marine copepods
(Acartia hudsonica and A. tonsd) to cadmium was approximately 200 times more toxic than an
aqueous exposure. Marine copepod reproduction significantly decreased at 0.5 jig/L dietary
cadmium (algal food at 7.19 jig Cd/g dw), but it was not affected when the animals were exposed
to dissolved cadmium at a similar concentration (reported aqueous LCso of 112.4 |ig/L). The
hatching rate, ovarian development and egg protein content all decreased at the dietary effect
level, suggesting that the process of yolk development (vitellogenesis) was affected. The more
than two-fold difference (dietary LOEC of 0.5 |ig/L vs. aqueous LOEC of >1.12 |ig/L) in effect
levels is likely due to the adsorption of aqueous cadmium to the exoskeleton where it is largely
unavailable, whereas the food-borne cadmium accumulates in internal tissues and disrupts
metabolic and reproductive processes.
Irving et al. (2003) exposed grazing mayfly nymphs (Baetis tricaudatus) to cadmium-
contaminated diatom mats during a 13-day partial life-cycle experiment and observed
significantly reduced grazing and growth at 10 |ig/g cadmium (LOEC). The corresponding 96-hr
determined for this was 1,611 |ig/L. When evaluating the mayfly Centroptilum triangulifer,
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Xie and Buchwalter (2011) found that larvae exposed to dietary cadmium had significantly
suppressed catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. Aqueous exposed larvae with similar
cadmium tissue levels, however, had normal antioxidant enzyme activity. As shown by these
studies, aqueous cadmium is adsorbed onto the chitin surface and potentially rendered
unavailable to disrupt metabolic processes, whereas the food-borne cadmium accumulates in
tissues and organs, and if not sequestered or detoxified, could interfere with a variety of
metabolic and reproductive processes.
Female goldfish (Carassius auratus) were exposed to dietary cadmium for three years by
Szczerbik et al. (2006) and the authors reported that the highest food dose of 10 mg/g (wet wt.)
inhibited growth, disrupted behavior, prevented ovulation and decreased the gonado-somatic
index. The lack of ovulation was due to disrupted oocyte development (most likely at the stages
of vitellogenesis and oocyte maturation), thereby suggesting the site of toxic action. The only
water exposure effects data available for this species were a 50-day reduced plasma sodium
LOEC of 44.5 |ig/L, a 7-day LC50 of 170 |ig/L, and a SMAV (96-hr) of 1,656 |ig/L.
Understanding the toxicological link between accumulated cadmium tissue levels and
observation of adverse effects remains difficult to characterize, and therefore has received
considerable interest in recent years (Adams et al. 2011; Mebane 2006; Wood et al 2012). The
poorly understood link between cadmium tissue levels and corresponding adverse effects is in
part due to the various mechanisms utilized by different species to detoxify and/or sequester
cadmium, thereby rendering it biologically unavailable. A well-known and widespread cadmium
detoxification mechanism is the production of metal binding proteins (e.g., metallothioneins) by
a number of invertebrates and fish in response to a metal exposure. As pointed out by Mebane
(2006), it is unclear if the cadmium accumulated in the kidneys offish is bioavailable or
sequestered. Therefore, the link between total cadmium tissue levels and adverse effects is
difficult to quantify since the majority of accumulated cadmium may be in a detoxified form
(Wood etal. 2012).
A summary of tissue residue levels for various aquatic organisms indicating the presence
or absence of adverse cadmium effects is provided by Mebane (2006). He concluded that "the
data reviewed on effects of cadmium tissue-residues in fish and invertebrates were insufficient to
analyze quantitatively similarly to data on the effects of waterborne cadmium." For example,
data compiled by Mebane (2006) for various studies indicate that different fish species can
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tolerate gill tissue residues ranging from 2 to 30 mg Cd/kg dw (Benoit et al 1976; Farag et al.
2003), whereas brook trout males died during spawning after exposure to 5.1 mg Cd/kg dw
(Benoit et al. 1976). Likewise, kidney residue levels ranging from 10 to 94 mg Cd/kg dw
produced no adverse effects, yet 50 mg Cd/kg dw also resulted in brook trout mortality during
spawning (Benoit et al. 1976; McGeer et al. 2000). In addition, mayfly adverse effects were
reported at whole body residues of 2 mg Cd/kg dw, while no effects were observed at 30 mg
Cd/kg dw (Besser et al. 2001; Birge et al. 2000). Mebane (2006) also stated "the data reviewed
on bioaccumulation and effects of dietary exposures to cadmium indicate that at chronic criterion
concentrations, cadmium is unlikely to bioaccumulate to tissue residue levels expected to cause
obvious adverse effects to aquatic invertebrates or fish." Adams et al. (2011) likewise noted that
aquatic organisms contain a diverse array of homeostatic mechanisms that are both metal- and
species-specific, and therefore the risk to the aquatic organism could not be determined by
whole-body tissue residue levels for metals, further suggesting a tissue-based cadmium criteria
may not accurately reflect ecotoxicological effects of cadmium under real-world exposure
scenarios at the national-level.
5.7 Effects on Aquatic Plants
Ninety acceptable cadmium toxicity tests from 66 studies are available for a large number
of freshwater algae and vascular plant species (Appendix E). These tests lasted anywhere from 4
to 32 days, and a reduction in growth was the most prominent toxic effect observed. Cadmium
effect concentrations for most freshwater aquatic algae and plant species were well above 50
ug/L, and cadmium does not appear to be algicidal at a concentration less than 250,000 ug/L
(Appendix E). However, several adverse effect concentrations are in the range known to cause
chronic toxicity to aquatic life. For example, the growth rate of the diatom, Asterionellaformosa,
was reduced by an order of magnitude at 2 ug/L, while the growth ECso for the green alga,
Chara vulgaris, is 9.5 ug/L (Appendix E). Similarly, a significant reduction in the number of
fronds of two aquatic vascular plant species, Lemna valdiviana and Salvina natans, occurred at
10 ug/L, and the MATC for growth of water lettuce, Pistia stmtiotes, is 12.72 ug/L. A
comparison of the freshwater plant and animal data presented in this document demonstrated that
the lowest toxicity values for fish and aquatic invertebrate species are lower than the lowest
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toxicity values for plants. Thus, water quality criteria which protect freshwater animals should
also protect freshwater plants and a final freshwater plant value was therefore not calculated.
Toxicity values are available for 10 species of estuarine/marine diatoms, five species of
green microalgae, one dinoflagellate species, and eight species of macroalgae (Appendix F).
Concentrations causing fifty percent reductions in the growth rates of diatoms range from 50
ug/L for Chaetoceros calcitrans and Isochrysis galbana to 7,560,000 ug/L for Phaeodactylum
tricornutum. Green algae were the most sensitive species to cadmium, with reduced chlorophyll
production observed for Dunaliella viridis and Scenedesmus sp. at 7.071 ug/L cadmium. The
brown macroalga (kelp) exhibited mid-range sensitivity to cadmium, with an ECsos that ranged
from 355.5 to >1,124 ug/L. The most sensitive estuarine/marine macroalgae tested was the red
alga, Champiaparvula, with significant reductions in the growth of both the tetrasporophyte
plant and female plant occurring at 22.8 |^g/L. The estuarine/marine plant and animal data were
also compared, and the most sensitive plant species (C. parvuld) is more resistant than the most
sensitive animal species in chronic tests. Therefore, water quality criteria for cadmium that
protect estuarine/marine animals should also protect estuarine/marine plants and a final
estuarine/marine plant value was therefore not calculated.
5.8 Protection of Listed Species
The dataset for cadmium is particularly extensive and includes data representing species
that are Federally-listed as threatened or endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and/or
NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service. Summaries provided here describing the best
available data for the Federally-listed species that have been tested for sensitivity to cadmium
demonstrate that the 2016 cadmium criteria update is protective of these tested species.
5.8.1 Acute toxicity data for listed species
There are nine Federally-listed freshwater species and one estuarine/marine species that
have acceptable acute toxicity data. Eight of these species are fish and one is a freshwater mussel
(Table 20). All of the freshwater data has been normalized to a hardness of 100 mg/L to
facilitate comparison to the acute criteria value expressed at that hardness.
The least sensitive of the Listed freshwater species are bonytail chub, Gila elegans, and
razorback sucker, Xyrauchen texanus, with normalized SMAVs of 80.38 and 76.02 ug/L total
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cadmium, respectively (Appendix A). Another Listed fish from the family Cyprinidae, Colorado
pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius), had a similar level of sensitivity with a normalized SMAV
of 46.79 |ig/L total cadmium. This species was much more sensitive to cadmium than the non-
Listed northern pikeminnow, Ptychocheilus oregonensis, which is in the same genus and has a
normalized SMAV of 4,265 |ig/L total cadmium. All three endangered species were tested in the
laboratory at the U.S. Geological Survey in Yankton, South Dakota, with laboratory test
conditions designed to replicate conditions present in the Green River, Utah (Buhl 1997). One
endangered freshwater mussel, Neosho mucket (Lampsilis rafmesqueand), has a normalized
SMAV of 44.67 |ig/L total cadmium, indicating a sensitivity that falls within the range of three
other freshwater mussel species within the genus, with normalized SMAVs ranging from 93.17
{Lampsilis straminea claibornensis) to 35.73 (Lampsilis siliquoided) |ig/L total cadmium
(Appendix A). All of these SMAVs are an order of magnitude higher than the freshwater acute
cadmium criteria value.
The most sensitive Listed freshwater species with acceptable acute toxicity data are all
from the family Salmonidae. Three species from the genus Oncorhynchus had normalized
SMAVs that ranged from 3.727 to 11.88 |ig/L total cadmium. The bull trout, Salvelinus
confluentus, was almost as sensitive as the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, with a
normalized SMAV of 4.190 |ig/L total cadmium (O. mykiss SMAV of 3.727 |ig/L total
cadmium). As recommended by the 1985 Guidelines, the freshwater FAV for total cadmium at a
hardness of 100 mg/L was lowered to 3.727 ug/L (3.518 ug/L dissolved cadmium) to protect the
commercially and recreationally important rainbow trout, which also addresses the Listed
steelhead trout. This lowered FAV, and resultant CMC of 1.8 ug/L dissolved cadmium yielded
by the 1985 Guidelines procedure of dividing the LCso-based FAV by a factor of 2, is also
protective of the bonytail chub, razorback sucker, Colorado pikeminnow, and the freshwater
mussel, Neosho mucket, which are less sensitive than all tested species with acceptable acute
toxicity data from the family Salmonidae. The FAV/2 approach was developed to estimate
minimal effect levels, with approximately equal control mortality limits, based on analysis of
219 acute toxicity tests on a range of chemicals, as described in the Federal Register on May 18,
1978 (43 FR 21506-18).
Several life stages of the white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus, were exposed in
flow-through measured exposures by Calfee et al. (2014) and Wang et al. (2014a). The most
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sensitive life stage were the 61 day post hatch fish with a non-definitive normalized acute value
of <33.78 |ig/L total cadmium. However, all other test life stages were much less sensitive with
normalized effect concentrations that ranged from >11.65 to >355.0 |ig/L total cadmium
(Appendix A)
While the 96-hr acute and 7-d chronic toxicity tests for the fountain darter, Etheostoma
fonticola, conducted by Southwest Texas State University (2000) indicated this species was very
sensitive, the study was determined to be unacceptable for inclusion in the core dataset because
the test species was fed in the acute test and the duration was too short for the chronic test to be
included (Appendix H). While this species is endemic to Texas and has a very limited
distribution, the genus Etheostoma has several Listed species and widespread distribution across
the United States. Despite these data being unacceptable for inclusion in the core criteria dataset,
it is noteworthy that the 1.8 |ig/L acute and 0.72 |ig/L chronic dissolved cadmium criteria are
protective of this species. (The reported LCso was 9.62 |ig/L dissolved cadmium for this test and
found to be unacceptable for use in criteria derivation; the chronic values were in the 1.4 to 11.5
|ig/L range).
The mottled sculpin (Coitus bairdif) represents the most sensitive of the acutely tested
freshwater species with acceptable toxicity data. Similarly, shorthead sculpin (C. confusus) is
also very sensitive. Although C. bairdii and C. confusus are not Listed freshwater species, the
grotto sculpin (Cottus specus) is Listed as endangered and the pygmy sculpin (Cottus paulus) is
Listed as threatened. Grotto sculpin are found in five cave systems and two surface streams in
Perry County, Missouri, while pygmy sculpin is endemic to Alabama. Although no direct
toxicity data are available for either of these sculpin species, C. bairdii and C. confusus had
normalized SMAVs of 4.418 and 4.404 |ig/L total cadmium, respectively. Dividing the GMAV
for Cottus by two, which is consistent with the procedure used to derive the CMC from the FAV
as indicated above, results in a concentration of 2.205 |ig/L total cadmium (or 2.082 |ig/L
dissolved cadmium), which is a concentration that is expected to result in survival that is no
different from the test controls. This normalized concentration is slightly higher than the 2016
freshwater CMC of 1.8 ug/L dissolved cadmium, based on a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCOs.
The available data suggest the 2016 freshwater CMC would be protective of these Listed species.
Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) smolts tested in natural filtered seawater with
28.83 g/kg salinity were relatively insensitive to cadmium, with an LCso of 1,500 |ig/L total
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cadmium (Dinnel et al. 1989). The estuarine/marine CMC of 33 |ig/L total cadmium would be
protective of this species.
Table 20. Acute Summary of Listed Species Tests.
Species
Number of
normalized acute
values
Range of normalized acute
values
(Hardness=100 mg/L)
SMAV
(Mg/L)
(total cadmium)
Freshwater - Acute
Neosho mucket,
Lampsilis rafmesqueana
Bonytail,
Gila elegans
Razorback sucker,
Xyrauchen texanus
Colorado pikeminnow,
Ptychocheilus Indus
Coho salmon,
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Chinook salmon,
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Bull trout,
Salvelinus confluentus
White sturgeon,
Acipenser transmontanus
1*
2
2
2
4
56
8
6
7*
44.67
75.45-85.64
70.86-81.56
39.76-55.06
8.137-77.03
1.227 ->113.8
5.068 ->109.6
2.891-9.390
>11.65->355.0
44.67
80.38
76.02
46.79
11.88
3.727
5.949
4.190
<33.78
Estuarine/Marine - Acute
Coho salmon,
Oncorhynchus kisutch
1
1,500
1,500
* Indicates new species included since the 2001 cadmium document.
5.8.2 Chronic toxicity data for listed species
Four Listed freshwater fish in the family Salmonidae representing two genera
(Oncorhynchus and Salmo) have acceptable chronic toxicity data for cadmium (Table 21). Of
the 20 genera in the Ranked SMCV Table, these two genera are ranked seventh and eighth,
respectively (Table 9). The Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) and rainbow trout (O. mykiss)
have similar normalized SMCVs of 4.426 and 2.192 |ig/L total cadmium, based on early life
stage growth and survival, respectively. Insufficient detail was reported for Coho salmon (O.
kisutch), the third Listed species in this genus, thus a normalized EC20 could not be calculated. A
normalized SMCV based on the two MATCs reported for Coho salmon would be 7.467 |ig/L
total cadmium (Appendix C). The most sensitive endangered freshwater species, Atlantic
salmon (Salmo salar), had a normalized SMCV of 2.389 |ig/L total cadmium, which is
107
-------
somewhat more sensitive than brown trout (Salmo truttd), the other species in the genus. All of
these freshwater fish species are expected to be adequately protected at the freshwater CCC of
0.80 |ig/L total cadmium.
Mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdii) represent the third most sensitive of the chronically
tested freshwater species with acceptable toxicity data. As discussed in the preceding section
(Section 5.8.1), although C. bairdii is not a Listed species, grotto sculpin (Cottus specus) is
Listed as endangered and pygmy sculpin (Cottus paulus) is Listed as threatened. C. bairdii had a
normalized SMCV of 1.470 |ig/L total cadmium. This normalized concentration is above the
2016 freshwater CCC of 0.72 ug/L dissolved cadmium based on a hardness of 100 mg/L as
CaCOs. The 2016 freshwater CCC is expected to be protective of these species. There are no
acceptable chronic toxicity data for estuarine/marine Listed species.
Table 21. Chronic Summary of Listed Species Tests.
Species
Number of chronic
values
Range of normalized chronic
values
Freshwater - Chronic
Coho salmon,
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Chinook salmon,
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Atlantic salmon,
Salmo solar
2
12
1
3
4.046-13.78
(MATCs)
0.7962-6.989
(EC20s and MATCs)
4.426
(EC20)
2.389-392.5
(EC20s)
5.9 Comparison of 2001 and 2016 Criteria Values
5.9.1 Comparison of acute freshwater criterion to 2001 document
The 2001 cadmium freshwater acute criterion was based on data from 39 species of
invertebrates, 24 species offish and 1 species each of salamander and frog for a total of 65
species grouped into 55 genera (Table 22). This 2016 update now includes 66 species of
invertebrates, 33 species offish, one salamander species, and one frog species for a total of 101
species grouped into 75 genera.
Of the 75 Genus Mean Acute Values (GMAV) in the updated dataset, 38 genera have
new data for either species represented in the 2001 database or new species added to the GMAV
calculation in this update (Table 7). A new genus in the updated dataset, sculpin (Cottus), also
represents the second most sensitive genera in the distribution with a GMAV of 4.411 |ig/L
108
-------
(normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCOs). The most sensitive invertebrate genus is
represented by the amphipod Hyalella azteca with a normalized GMAV of 23.00 |ig/L.
Table 22. Freshwater GMAVs Comparing Species Listed in the 2001 and 2016 Documents.
(Note: All data adjusted to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3).
(Values in bold new/revised data since the 2001 AWQC).
2016
GMAV
(HS/L)
49,052
-
30,781
26,837
-
26,607
22,138
>20,132
12,100
11,627
11,171
11,045
9,917
9,752
7,798
7,752
-
2001
GMAV
(ng/L)
195,967
-
8,573
21,569
-
28,454
-
-
13,146
4,754
12,479
11,002
10,225
10,894
-
8,551
-
Species
Midge,
Chironomus plumosus
Midge,
Chironomus riparius
Common carp,
Cyprinus carpio
Nile tilapia,
Oreochromis niloticus
Mozambique tilapia,
Oreochromis mossambica
Planarian,
Dendrocoelum lacteum
Mayfly,
Rhithrogena hageni
Little green stonefly,
Sweltsa sp.
Mosquitofish,
Gambusia affmis
Oligochaete,
Branchiura sowerbyi
Oligochaete,
Rhyacodrilus montana
Threespine stickleback,
Gasterosteus aculeatus
Channel catfish,
Ictalurus punctatus
Oligochaete,
Stylodrilus heringianus
Mayfly,
Hexagenia rigida
Green sunfish,
Lepomis cyanellus
Bluegill,
Lepomis macrochirus
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
195,967
8,573
-
21,569
28,454
-
-
13,146
4,754
12,479
11,002
10,225
10,894
-
5,997
12,194
2016
SMAV
(ng/L)
15,798
>152,301
30,781
66,720
10,795
26,607
22,138
>20,132
12,100
11,627
11,171
11,045
9,917
9,752
7,798
6,276
9,574
Comment
New species added to GMAV
calculation
Revised the effect concentration from
Williams et al. 1985
New data for existing species
New species added to GMAV
calculation
New data for existing species
Acute value edited from re -review of
Hametal. 1995
New genus
New genus
-
New data for existing species
-
-
-
-
New genus
-
-
109
-------
2016
GMAV
(HS/L)
7,716
7,037
-
6,808
6,738
5,947
5,674
5,583
4,929
4,467
4,193
3,350
3,121
2,967
2,231
1,983
-
-
1,656
>1,637
2001
GMAV
(HS/L)
7,762
7,861
-
-
7,527
6,344
6,338
5,759
4,981
4,607
2,753
3,439
-
-
3,093
3,536
-
-
1,707
-
Species
Red shiner,
Cyprinella lutrensis
Oligochaete,
Spirosperma ferox
Oligochaete,
Spirosperma nikolskyi
Yellow perch,
Perca flavescens
Earthworm,
Varichaetadrilus pacificus
White sucker,
Catostomus commersonii
Oligochaete,
Quistadrilus multisetosus
Flagfish,
Jordanella floridae
Guppy,
Poecilia reticulata
Mayfly,
Empherella subvaria
Tubificid worm,
Tubifex tubifex
Amphipod,
Crangonyx pseudogracilis
Copepod,
Diaptomus forb esi
Zebrafish,
Danio rerio
African clawed frog,
Xenopus laevis
Crayfish,
Procambams acutus
Crayfish,
Procambams alleni
Red swamp crayfish,
Procambams clarkii
Goldfish,
Carassius auratus
Caddisfly,
Arctopsyche sp.
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
7,762
6,933
8,913
-
7,527
6,344
6,338
5,759
4,981
4,607
2,753
3,439
-
-
3,093
-
-
3,536
1,707
-
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
7,716
6,206
7,979
6,808
6,738
5,947
5,674
5,583
4,929
4,467
4,193
3,350
3,121
2,967
2,231
812.8
6,592
1,455
1,656
>1,637
Comment
-
-
-
New genus
(formerly, Varichaeta pacified)
-
-
-
-
-
New data for existing species
-
New genus
New genus
New data for existing species
New species added to GMAV
calculation
New species added to GMAV
calculation
New data for existing species
-
New genus
110
-------
2016
GMAV
(HS/L)
1,593
1,582
1,023
983.8
>808.4
651.3
539.7
501.7
453.0
427.9
410.4
392.5
350.4
346.6
275.0
208.0
-
204.1
154.3
145.5
2001
GMAV
(HS/L)
1,568
59.08
1,055
955.0
-
-
525.3
500.1
451.6
-
-
389.5
-
337.4
264.2
202.6
-
210.3
159.2
-
Species
Oligochaete,
Limnodrilus hoffineisteri
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
Northwestern salamander,
Ambystoma gracile
Isopod,
Caecidotea bicrenata
Snail,
Gyraulus sp.
Lake whitefish,
Coregonus clupeaformis
Bryozoa,
Plumatella emarginata
Cladoceran,
Alona affinis
Cyclopoid copepod,
Cyclops varicans
Pond snail,
Lymnaea stagnalis
Planarian,
Dugesia dorotocephala
Leech,
Glossiphonia complanata
Mayfly,
Baetis tricaudatus
Bryozoa,
Pectinatella magnifica
Worm,
Lumbriculus variegatus
Snail,
Physa acuta
Pouch snail,
Physa gyrina
Snail,
Aplexa hypnomm
Amphipod,
Gammams pseudolimnaeus
Worm,
Nais elinguis
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
1,568
59.08
1,055
955.0
-
-
525.3
500.1
451.6
-
-
389.5
-
337.4
264.2
-
202.6
210.3
159.2
-
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
1,593
1,582
1,023
983.8
>808.4
651.3
539.7
501.7
453.0
427.9
410.4
392.5
350.4
346.6
275.0
2,152b
208.0
204.1
154.3
145.5
Comment
-
Same studies but only used F,M tests to
calculate GMAV
-
(formerly, Asellus bicrenata)
New genus
New genus
-
-
-
New genus
New genus
-
New genus
-
-
New species for existing genus, but ten-
fold difference in SMAVs for the genus,
only most sensitive SMAV used in
GMAV calculation
-
-
-
New genus
111
-------
2016
GMAV
(HS/L)
120.1
-
-
-
103.1
99.54
94.67
-
-
-
86.51
80.38
76.02
74.28
73.67
-
71.76
70.76
68.51
67.90
2001
GMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
97.98
>23,632
-
-
-
87.16
78.32
74.08
72.29
72.61
-
86.82
71.16
-
68.38
Species
Hydra,
Hydra circumcincta
Hydra
Hydra oligactis
Green hydra,
Hydra viridissima
Hydra,
Hydra vulgaris
Cladoceran,
Diaphanosoma brachyurum
Isopod,
Lirceus alabamae
Crayfish,
Orconectes immunis
Crayfish,
Orconectes juvenilis
Crayfish,
Orconectes placidus
Crayfish,
Orconectes virilis
Cladoceran,
Moina macrocopa
Bonytail,
Gila elegans
Razorback sucker,
Xyrauchen texanus
Bryozoa,
Lophopodella carteri
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia reticulata
Mussel,
Utterbackia imbecillis
Southern rainbow mussel,
Villosa vibex
Mussel,
Lasmigona subviridis
Mussel,
Actinonaias pectorosa
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
97.98
>23,281
-
-
23,988
87.16
78.32
74.08
72.29
63.46
83.08
86.82
71.16
-
68.38
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
184.8
154.8
38.85
187.1
103.1
99.54
>22,579b
134.0
66.89
22,800b
86.51
80.38
76.02
74.28
64.03
84.76
71.76
70.76
68.51
67.90
Comment
New genus (formerly, Hydra attenuata)
New genus
New genus
New genus
New genus
-
Ten-fold difference in SMAVs for the
genus, only most sensitive SMAV used
in GMAV calculation
New species added to GMAV
calculation
New species added to GMAV
calculation
Ten-fold difference in SMAVs for the
genus, only most sensitive SMAV used
in GMAV calculation
-
-
-
-
New data for existing species
-
New data for existing species
-
New genus
-
112
-------
2016
GMAV
(HS/L)
61.42
-
-
-
57.71
51.34
-
-
-
46.79
-
<33.78
23.00
>15.72
6.141
-
-
-
5.931
2001
GMAV
(HS/L)
50.44
-
-
-
61.10
68.29
-
-
-
452.6
Acipense
r
-
-
7.760
-
-
-
5.916
Species
Cladoceran,
Daphnia ambigua
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran,
Daphnia similis
Cladoceran,
Simocephalus serrulatus
Neosho mucket,
Lampsilis rafmesqueana
Fatmucket,
Lampsilis siliquoidea
Southern fatmucket,
Lampsilis straminea
claibornensis
Yellow sandshell,
Lampsilis teres
Colorado pikeminnow,
Ptychocheilus lucius
Northern pike minnow,
Ptychocheilus oregonensis
White sturgeon,
Acipenser transmontanus
Amphipod,
Hyalella azteca
Mountain whitefish,
Prosopium williamsoni
Cutthroat trout,
Oncorhynchus clarkii
Coho salmon,
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Chinook salmon,
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Striped bass,
Morone saxatilis
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
27.14
93.77
-
61.10
-
-
96.44
48.35
45.59
4,493
-
-
-
-
12.58
4.265
8.708
5.916
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
24.81
40.62
109.2
129.3
57.71
44.67
35.73
93.17
46.71
46.79
4,265b
<33.78
23.00
>15.72
5.401
11.88
3.727
5.949
5.931
Comment
New species added to GMAV
calculation
New data for existing species and Attar
and Maly (1982) was not used to
calculate SMAV, see Unused data
(Appendix J)
New data for existing species
New species added to GMAV
calculation
-
New species added to GMAV
calculation
New species added to GMAV
calculation
-
-
Ten-fold difference in SMAVs for the
genus, only most sensitive SMAV used
in GMAV calculation
-
New genus
New genus
New genus
New species added to GMAV
calculation
-
New data for existing species
No new data, but only the most
sensitive life stage used for SMAV
calculation
-
113
-------
2016
GMAV
(HS/L)
5.642
4.411
-
4.190
-
2001
GMAV
(HS/L)
3.263
-
-
<3.971
-
Species
Brown trout,
Salmo trutta
Mottled sculpin,
Coitus bairdii
Shorthead sculpin,
Coitus confusus
Bull trout,
Salvelinus confluenius
Brook trout,
Salvelinus fontinalis
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
3.263
-
-
4.353
<3.623
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
5.642
4.418
4.404
4.190
3,055b
Comment
New data for existing species
New genus
New genus
Ten-fold difference in SMAVs for the
genus, only most sensitive SMAV used
in GMAV calculation
Carroll et al. 1979 was not used to
calculate SMAV, see Unused data
(Appendix J)
a Ranked from most resistant to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Acute Value.
b There is a lOx difference in SMAVs for the genus, only most sensitive SMAV is used in the GMAV calculation.
[The following species were not included in the Ranked GMAV Table because hardness test conditions were not
reported and therefore toxicity values could not be normalized: Leech, Nephelopsis obscura; Crayfish, Orconectes
limosus; Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii', Mayfly, Dmnella grandis grandis; Stonefly, Pteronarcella badia;
Midge, Culicoides furens; Grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus.}
Table 23 provides a comparison of the second to fifth most sensitive taxa (>59 genera)
used to calculate the freshwater CMC in this 2016 AWQC update document compared to the
four most sensitive taxa used to calculate the CMC in the 2001 AWQC document. The 2016
CMC of 1.9 |ig/L total cadmium is slightly lower than the 2.1 |ig/L total cadmium CMC given in
the 2001 document, both of which are normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCOs and
lowered to protect a commercially and recreationally important salmonid species. Several genera
(Morone, Salmo, Salvelinus and Oncorhynchus) are the most sensitive in both the 2001 and 2016
document, but the new genus, Cottus, is now one of the most sensitive in the current update.
One additional difference is that Salvelinus, previously the second most sensitive genus
in the 2001 document, is now the most sensitive genus in the 2016 document. This is due to the
reassessment and reclassification of the brook trout test by Carroll et al. (1979) as an
unacceptable study because the measured concentration of cadmium in control water was greater
than the LCso value of 1.5 |ig/L and the control had 100% survival. Elimination of this LCso
yields the normalized SMAV of 3,055 |ig/L based on the studies by Drummond and Benoit
(1976) and Holcombe et al. (1983). However, since there is greater than a 10-fold difference in
the SMAVs for the genus only the SMAV for the more sensitive species, S. confluentus, was
used in the GMAV calculation.
114
-------
In addition, the number of GMAVs used to calculate the CMC increased from 55 in the
2001 criteria document to 75 in the current update based on the addition of the GMAVs for
Hydra, worm Nais, planarian Dugesia, mussel Lasmigona, snails Lymnaea and Gyraulus,
copepod Diaptomus, amphipod Hyalella, cladoceran Diaphanosoma, mayflies Baetis, Hexagenia
and Rhithrogena, stonefly Sweltsa, caddisfly Arctopsyche, and fishAcipenser, Coregonus,
Coitus, Danio, Perca and Prosopium.
Table 23. Comparison of the Four Taxa Used to Calculate the Freshwater FAV and CMC
in the 2001 Cadmium Document and 2016 Update.
2001 Cadmium Freshwater FAV and CMC
Species
Coho salmon,
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Chinook salmon,
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Striped bass,
Morone saxatilis
Brook trout,
Salvelinus fontinalis
Bull trout,
Salvelinus confluentus
Brown trout,
Salmo trutta
SMAV
(HS/L)
6.221
4.305
2.108
2.925
<1.791
2.152
1.613
SMAVb
(HS/L)
12.58
8.708
4.265
5.916
<3.623
4.353
3.263
GMAVb
[Rank]
(HS/L)
7.760
[4]
5.916
[3]
<3.971
[2]
3.263
[1]
2016 Cadmium Update Freshwater FAV and CMC
Species
Cutthroat trout,
Oncorhynchus clarkii
Coho salmon,
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Chinook salmon,
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Striped bass,
Morone saxatilis
Brown trout,
Salmo trutta
Mottled sculpin,
Cottus bairdii
Shorthead sculpin,
Cottus confusus
Bull trout,
Salvelinus confluentus
Brook trout,
Salvelinus fontinalis
SMAVC
(HS/L)
5.401
11.88
3.727
5.949
5.931
5.642
4.418
4.404
4.190
3,055d
GMAVC
[Rank]
(HS/L)
6.141
[5]
5.931
[4]
5.642
[3]
4.411
[2]
4.190e
[1]
Number of GMAVs 55 Number of GMAVs 75
FAV (calculated) 2.764a 5.590b FAV (calculated) 5.733C
FAV u FAV
2 108a 4265 r/\v 3727
(lowered to protect O. mykiss) ' ' (lowered to protect O. mykiss)
CMC 1.0543 2.132b CMC 1.9C
a Normalized to total hardness of 50 mg/L as CaCO3 (using pooled slope of 1.0166).
b Normalized to total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3 (using pooled slope of 1.0166).
0 Normalized to total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3 (using pooled slope of 0.9789).
d There is a lOx difference in SMAVs for the genus, only most sensitive SMAV is used in the GMAV calculation.
e Not used in FAV calculation due to the number of genera (N>59) (see text).
115
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5.9.2 Comparison of chronic freshwater criterion to 2001 document
Of the 20 Genus Mean Chronic Values (GMCV) in the updated dataset, nine genera have
new data for either species represented in the 2001 database or new species added to the GMCV
calculation in this update (Table 24). A new species in the updated dataset, mottled sculpin (C.
bairdif) represents the most sensitive fish species and the third most sensitive genus in the
distribution with a GMCV of 1.470 |ig/L (normalized to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCOs).
The most sensitive invertebrate is the amphipod, Hyalella azteca, with a normalized GMCV of
0.7453 ng/L. There are sufficient data to fulfill the requirements to calculate chronic criteria
using species sensitivity distribution (SD) method.
Acceptable data on the chronic effects of cadmium on freshwater animals include 11
species of invertebrates and 16 species offish grouped into 20 genera (Table 9). The previous
updated criteria (2001) contained data from 7 species of invertebrates and 14 species offish
grouped into 16 genera. The update includes data for six new species added to the dataset,
consisting of the oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus, fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea, snail,
Lymnaea stagnalis, Rio Grande cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis, mottled sculpin,
C. bairdii, and cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia reticulata.
One additional difference between the 2001 document and this 2016 update is the
estimation of EC20 values as the chronic endpoint for each acceptable toxicity test. EC20 values
were used to estimate a low level of effect observed in chronic datasets that are available for
cadmium (see Section 2.6, Chronic measures of effect).
Table 24. Freshwater GMCVs Comparing Species Listed in the 2001 and 2016 Documents.
(Note: All data adjusted to a total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3).
(Values in bold new/revised data since the 2001 AWQC).
2016
GMCV
(Hg/L)
>38.66
36.70
16.43
15.16
2001
GMCV
(HS/L)
>39.48
34.66
29.05
-
Species
Blue tilapia,
Oreochromis aureus
Oligochaete,
Aeolosoma headleyi
Bluegill,
Lepomis macrochirus
Oligochaete,
Lumbriculus variegatus
2001
SMCV
(HS/L)
>39.48
34.66
29.05
-
2016
SMCV
(HS/L)
>38.66C
36.70
16.43
15.16
Comment
(formerly, Oreochromis aurea)
Different values used from Niederlehner
et al. 1984 that was a more appropriate
duration
-
New genus
116
-------
2016
GMCVa
(Hg/L)
14.22
14.17
14.16
13.66
11.29
9.887
8.723
3.516
3.360
-
3.251
-
-
-
2.356
-
2.024
-
2.000
1.470
2001
GMCV
(HS/L)
13.58
13.52
27.37
13.04
-
-
8.886
8.055
10.52
-
4.082
-
-
-
7.726
-
0.6340
-
4.686
-
Species
Smallmouth bass,
Micropterus dolomieu
Northern pike,
Esox lucius
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
White sucker,
Catostomus commersonii
Fatmucket,
Lampsilis siliquoidea
Pond snail,
Lymnaea stagnalis
Flagfish,
Jordanella floridae
Snail,
Aplexa hypnorum
Atlantic salmon,
Salmo solar
Brown trout,
Salmo trutta
Rio Grande cutthroat trout,
Oncorhynchus clarkii
virginalis
Coho salmon,
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Chinook salmon,
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Brook trout,
Salvelinus fontinalis
Lake trout,
Salvelinus namaycush
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia pulex
Midge,
Chironomus dilutus
Mottled sculpin,
Cottus bairdii
2001
SMCV
(HS/L)
13.58
13.52
27.37
13.04
-
-
8.886
8.055
13.24
8.360
-
7.127
2.186
4.366
4.416
13.51
0.6340
10.30b
4.686
-
2016
SMCV
(HS/L)
14.22C
14.17C
14.16
13.66C
11.29
9.887
8.723
3.516
2.389
4.725
3.543
NAb
2.192
4.426
2.356
NAb
0.9150
4.478
2.000
1.470
Comment
-
-
-
-
New genus
New genus
-
-
-
New data for existing species, and more
sensitive exposure scenario used
New species added to GMCV
calculation
See footnote
New data for existing species
-
-
See footnote
New data for existing species
New data for existing species
(formerly, Chironomus tentans)
New genus
117
-------
2016
GMCVa
(Hg/L)
1.293
-
0.7453
2001
GMCV
(HS/L)
45.40
-
0.4590
Species
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia reticulata
Amphipod,
Hyalella azteca
2001
SMCV
(HS/L)
45.40
-
0.4590
2016
SMCV
(HS/L)
1.293
NAb
0.7453
Comment
New data for existing species
See footnote
-
a Ranked from most resistant to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Chronic Value.
b Not included in the GMCV calculation because normalized EC2o data are available for the genus.
0 Calculated from the MATC and not EC2o but retained to avoid losing a GMCV.
d Not used in GMCV calculation because species values are too divergent to use the geometric mean for the genus
value, therefore, the most sensitive value used.
[The following species were not included in the Ranked GMCV Table because hardness test conditions were not
reported and therefore toxicity values could not be normalized: Mudsnail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum.]
Four new genera were added to the 2016 chronic freshwater database. The amphipod
Hyalella is the most sensitive in both documents, but the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia, the mottled
sculpin Cottus and the midge Chironomus are now the second, third and fourth most sensitive
genera in the 2016 update (Table 9). The change in the four most sensitive genera presented in
the 2016 update is partly due to the inclusion of the new sensitive genus Cottus, but also to the
estimation of the chronic value by £€20 analysis and not the MATC (geometric mean of the
NOEC and LOEC) as was done in the 2001 document.
As indicated in Table 25, the 2016 freshwater CCC is about 3 times the magnitude of the
2001 CCC (0.79 vs. 0.27 |ig/L total cadmium) due to differences in the data used for the CCC
derivations. As a result, the four lowest GMCVs in the 2016 CCC have a smaller range of
variation in values (0.7453 to 2.000) when compared to the four lowest GMCVs in the 2001
CCC, which decreases the uncertainty of the 5th percentile GMCV estimation. In the 2001 CCC,
there were also only 16 GMCVs in the dataset used to derive the CCC. In the 2016 CCC, there
are 20 GMCVs used to derive the CCC, based on the addition of the GMCVs for the oligochaete,
Lumbriculus, snail, Lymnaea, fatmucket, Lampsilis and the mottled sculpin, Cottus. The new
GMCVs affect the chronic species sensitivity distribution. The cumulative probability (P)
decreases as a function of the increased number of GMCVs and results in an increase in the
FCV.
118
-------
Table 25. Comparison of the Four Taxa Used to Calculate the Freshwater FCV and CCC
in the 2001 Cadmium Document and 2016 Update.
2001 Cadmium Freshwater FCV and CCC
Species
Midge,
Chironomus tentans
Coho salmon,
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Chinook salmon,
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia pulex
Amphipod,
Hyalella azteca
SMCV
(HS/L)
2.804
4.265
2.612
1.308
O.3794
6.167
0.2747
SMCVb
(HS/L)
4.686
7.127
4.366
2.186
O.6340
10.30d
0.4590
GMCVb
[Rank]
(HS/L)
4.686
[4]
4.082
[3]
0.6340
[2]
0.4590
[1]
2016 Cadmium Update Freshwater FCV and CCC
Species
Midge,
Chironomus dilutus
Mottled sculpin,
Coitus bairdii
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia reticulata
Amphipod,
Hyalella azteca
SMCVC
(HS/L)
2.000
1.470
1.293
NAe
0.7453
GMCVC
[Rank]
(HS/L)
2.000
[4]
1.470
[3]
1.293
[2]
0.7453
[1]
Number of GMCVs 16 Number of GMCVs 20
FCV (calculated) 0.16183 0.2703b FCV (calculated) 0.79C
a Normalized to total hardness of 50 mg/L as CaCO3 (using pooled slope of 0.7490).
b Normalized to total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3 (using pooled slope of 0.7490).
0 Normalized to total hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3 (using pooled slope of 0.7977).
dNot used in GMCV calculation because species values are too divergent to use the geometric mean for the genus
value, therefore, the most sensitive value used.
e Not included in the GMCV calculation because normalized EC20 data available for the genus.
5.9.3 Hardness correlation and equations for cadmium toxicity adjustment
Hardness is used as a surrogate for the ions that can affect the results of toxicity tests on
cadmium. In spite of its limitations, hardness is currently the best surrogate available for metal
toxicity adjustment. The hardness toxicity relationship applies the same methodology
(covariance) as presented in the 2001 update. The hardness-toxicity relationship used to
normalize the data for this revision is described above. A comparison of the data used in 2001
and this update is shown in Table 26.
Table 26. Hardness-Toxicity Relationship Data used in U.S. EPA (2001) Compared to this
Update.
2001
AWQC
20 16 Update
Acute
Chronic
Acute
Chronic
Sample size
64
7
80
18
Number of Vertebrates /
Invertebrates Species
7/5
2/1
7/6
3/1
Hardness Range
(mg CaCO3/L)
5.3-360
44 - 250
5.3-350
19.7-301
119
-------
5.9.4 Comparison of acute estuarine/marine criterion to 2001 document
Of the 79 Genus Mean Acute Values (GMAV) in the updated dataset, 40 genera have
new data for either species represented in the 2001 database or new species added to the GMAV
calculation in this update (Table 27). Three new species in the updated dataset, the mysid,
Neomysis americana, the copepod, Tigriopus brevicornis, and moon jellyfish, Aurelia aurtia,
represent the three most sensitive species in the distribution with GMAVs of 28.14, 29.14 and
61.75 |ig/L, respectively. The most sensitive fish species is the striped bass, Morone saxatilis,
with a GMAV of 75.0 |ig/L. There are sufficient data to fulfill the requirements to calculate
acute criterion using the species sensitivity distribution (SD) method.
Suitable tests of the acute toxicity of cadmium to estuarine/marine organisms are now
available for 78 species of invertebrates and 16 species offish, or a total of 94 species grouped
into 79 genera. The 2001 criteria were based on data from 50 species of invertebrates and 10
species offish for a total of 60 species grouped into 54 genera (Table 27).
Table 27. Estuarine/Marine GMAVs Comparing Species Listed in the 2001 and 2016
Documents.
2016
GMAV
(Hg/L)
169,787
135,000
>80,000
62,000
28,196
25,900
24,000
23,200
22,887
2001
GMAV
(Hg/L)
-
135,000
-
-
50,000
-
24,000
-
27,992
Species
Horseshoe crab,
Limulus polyphemus
Oligochaete worm,
Monopylephoms cuticulatus
Mozambique tilapia,
Oreochromis mossambicus
Scorpionfish,
Scorpaena guttata
Sheepshead minnow,
Cyprinodon variegatus
Gunner,
Tautogolabms adspersus
Oligochaete worm,
Tubificoides gabriellae
Dog whelk,
Nucella lapillus
Amphipod,
Eohaustorius estuarius
2001
SMAV
(Hg/L)
-
135,000
-
-
50,000
-
24,000
-
27,992
2016
SMAV
(Hg/L)
169,787
135,000
>80,000
62,000
28,196
25,900
24,000
23,200
22,887
Comment
New genus
-
New genus
New genus
New data for existing species
New genus
-
New genus
New data for existing species
120
-------
2016
GMAV
(HS/L)
19,550
-
19,170
14,297
12,755
-
12,052
11,000
>10,200
10,114
10,000
9,217
-
9,100
>8,000
7,400
7,120
6,700
6,600
4,900
2001
GMAV
(HS/L)
19,550
-
19,170
14,297
21,238
-
12,836
11,000
>10,200
6,895
10,000
7,079
-
-
-
7,400
7,120
6,700
6,600
-
Species
Mummichog,
Fundulus heteroclitus
Striped killifish,
Fundulus majalis
Eastern mud snail,
Nassarius obsoletus
Winter flounder,
Pseudopleuronectes
americanus
Fiddler crab,
Uca pugilator
Fiddler crab,
Uca triangularis
Polychaete worm,
Neanthes arenaceodentata
Shiner perch,
Cymatogaster aggregata
California market squid,
Loligo opalescens
Polychaete worm,
Alitta virens
Oligochaete,
Tectidrilus verrucosus
Striped mullet,
Mugil cephalus
White mullet,
Mugil curema
Nematode,
Rhabditis marina
Isopod,
Excirolana sp.
Sand dollar,
Dendraster excentricus
Wood borer,
Limnoria tripunctata
Amphipod,
Diporeia spp.
Atlantic oyster drill,
Urosalpinx cinerea
Mud crab,
Eurypanopeus depressus
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
18,200
21,000
19,170
14,297
21,238
-
12,836
11,000
>10,200
10,114
10,000
7,079
-
-
-
7,400
7,120
6,700
6,600
-
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
18,200
21,000
19,170
14,297
21,238
7,660
12,052
11,000
>10,200
10,114
10,000
7,079
12,000
9,100
>8,000
7,400
7,120
6,700
6,600
4,900
Comment
-
-
-
-
-
New species added to GMAV calculation
New data for existing species
-
-
(formerly, Nereis virens)
(formerly, Limnodriloides verrucosus)
-
New species added to GMAV calculation
New genus
(formerly, Pellioditis marina)
New genus
-
-
-
-
New genus
121
-------
2016
GMAV
(HS/L)
4,700
4,100
4,058
-
3,925
3,500
3,142
2,900
2,600
2,413
2,110
2,060
1,720
1,708
1,672
1,510
1,506
-
1,500
1,271
2001
GMAV
(HS/L)
6,895
4,100
2,594
-
-
3,500
-
2,900
2,600
2,413
-
-
-
1,708
1,672
-
-
-
1,500
-
Species
Polychaete,
Nereis grubei
Green shore crab,
Carcinus maenas
Blue crab,
Callinectes sapidus
Lesser blue crab,
Callinectes similis
Polychaete,
Ophryotrocha diadema
Scud,
Marinogammarus obtusatus
Polychaete worm,
Ctenodrilus serratus
Amphipod,
Ampelisca abdita
Cone worm,
Pectinaria californiensis
Common starfish,
Asteriasforbesi
Pacific sand crab,
Emerita analoga
Gastropod,
Tenguella granulata
Tiger shrimp,
Penaeus monodon
Copepod,
Pseudodiaptomus coronatus
Soft-shell clam,
Mya arenaria
Amphipod,
Rhepoxynius abronius
Brown mussel,
Perna perna
Green mussel,
Perna viridis
Coho salmon,
Oncorhynchus kisutch
White shrimp,
Litopenaeus setiferus
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
4,700
4,100
2,594
-
-
3,500
-
2,900
2,600
2,413
-
-
-
1,708
1,672
-
-
-
1,500
-
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
4,700
4,100
2,594
6,350
3,925
3,500
3,142
2,900
2,600
2,413
2,110
2,060
1,720
1,708
1,672
1,510
1,146
1,981
1,500
990
Comment
-
-
-
New species added to GMAV calculation
New genus
-
New genus
-
-
-
New genus
New genus
(formerly, Morula granulata)
New genus
-
-
New genus
New genus
(formerly, Perna indica)
New genus
-
New genus
(formerly, Penaeus setiferus)
122
-------
2016
GMAV
(HS/L)
-
1,228
-
1,184
1,054
1,041
1,000
862.9
-
800
794.5
765.6
-
739.2
736.2
-
716.2
645.0
630.7
630
2001
GMAV
(HS/L)
-
1,228
-
-
779.8
929.3
-
948.7
-
800
794.5
1,480
-
590.5
1,073
-
716.2
645.0
1,170
630
Species
White shrimp,
Litopenaeus vannamei
Daggerblade grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes pugio
Grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes vulgaris
Starlet sea anemone,
Nematostella vectensis
Atlantic silverside,
Menidia menidia
Amphipod,
Corophium insidiosum
Pinfish,
Lagodon rhomboides
Green sea urchin,
Strongylocentrotus
droebachiensis
Purple sea urchin,
Strongylocentrotus
purpuratus
Rivulus,
Rivulus marmoratus
Harpacticoid copepod,
Nitokra spinipes
Bay scallop,
Argopecten irradians
Scallop,
Argopecten ventricosus
Amphipod,
Leptocheirus plumulosus
Blue mussel,
Mytilus edulis
Blue mussel,
Mytilus trossolus
Amphipod,
Elasmopus bampo
Longwrist hermit crab,
Pagums longicarpus
Amphipod,
Grandidierellajaponica
Amphipod,
Chelura terebrans
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
1,983
760
-
779.8
929.3
-
1,800
500
800
794.5
1,480
-
590.5
1,073
-
716.2
645.0
1,170
630
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
1,632
1,983
760
1,184
1,054
1,041
1,000
1,800
413.7
800
794.5
1,480
396
739.2
1,073
505.0
716.2
645.0
630.7
630
Comment
New genus
-
-
New genus
Acute value removed after re -review of
Cardin 1985
New data for existing species
New genus
-
New data for existing species
-
(formerly, Nitocra spinipes)
-
New species added to GMAV calculation
New data for existing species
-
New species added to GMAV calculation
-
-
New data for existing species
-
123
-------
2016
GMAV
(HS/L)
490
422.6
410.3
410.0
320
310.5
235.7
-
224
>200
200
188.1
-
173.2
-
147.7
130.7
-
78
75.0
2001
GMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
410.0
320
310.5
235.7
-
224
>200
200
-
-
930.6
-
147.7
130.7
-
78
75.0
Species
Barnacle,
Amphibalanus amphitrite
Mangrove oyster,
Isognomon californicum
Mysid,
Praunus flexuosus
Isopod,
Joeropsis sp.
Sand shrimp,
Crangon septemspinosa
Northern pink shrimp,
Farfantepenaeus duorarum
Rock crab,
Cancer plebejus
Dungeness crab,
Cancer magister
Harpacticoid copepod,
Sarsamphiascus tenuiremis
Cabezon,
Scorpaenichthys
marmoratus
Polychaete worm,
Capitella capitata
Horse clam,
Tresus capax
Horse clam,
Tresus nuttalli
Pacific oyster,
Crassostrea gigas
American oyster,
Crassostrea virginica
Calanoid copepod,
Eurytemora affmis
Copepod,
Acartia clausi
Calanoid copepod,
Acartia tonsa
American lobster,
Homarus americanus
Striped bass,
Morone saxatilis
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
410.0
320
310.5
250
222.3
224
>200
200
-
-
227.9
3,800
147.7
144
118.7
78
75.0
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
490
422.6
410.3
410.0
320
310.5
250
222.3
224
>200
200
60
590
173.2
3,800b
147.7
144
118.7
78
75.0
Comment
New genus
New genus
New genus
(Formerly, Jaeropsis sp. )
-
(formerly, Penaeus duorarum)
(formerly, Cancer irroratus)
-
(formerly, Amphiascus tenuiremis)
-
-
New genus
New genus
U.S. EPA (2001) did not use the >100
values from Watling 1982 in the SMAV
calculation
Ten-fold difference in SMAVs for the
genus, only most sensitive SMAV used in
GMAV calculation
-
-
-
-
-
124
-------
2016
GMAV
(HS/L)
67.39
-
61.75
29.14
28.14
2001
GMAV
(HS/L)
41.29
110
-
-
-
Species
Mysid,
Americamysis bahia
Mysid,
Americamysis bigelowi
Moon jellyfish,
Aurelia aurita
Harpacticoid copepod,
Tigriopus brevicornis
Mysid,
Neomysis americana
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
41.29
110
-
-
-
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
41.29
110
61.75
29.14
28.14
Comment
-
(formerly, Mysidopsis bigelowi)
New genus
New genus
New genus
a Ranked from most resistant to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Acute Value.
b There is a lOx difference in SMAVs for the genus, only most sensitive SMAV is used in the GMAV calculation.
New acute data for estuarine/marine species have also been added to the 2016 document.
A total of 79 genera are now used to derive the estuarine/marine CMC of 33 jig/L in the 2016
update in contrast to 54 genera and resultant CMC of 40.28 |ig/L in the 2001 document (Table
28). The four most sensitive genera are once again used to calculate the CMC in the 2001
document (n<59), and the second to fifth most sensitive genera are used in the 2016 update
(n>59). The approximately 18 percent lower 2016 CMC is primarily due to the addition of three
new sensitive genera, the mysid, Neomysis, the jellyfish, Aurelia and the copepod, Tigriopus.
Both A. bahia (mysid) and the striped bass GMAVs are used to calculate the CMC in each
document version. Additional genera included in the 2016 update include the polychaete worms,
Ctenodrilus and Ophryotrocha, nematode, Rhabditis, mussel, Perna, clam, Tresus, whelk,
Nucella, gastropod, Tenguella, barnacle, Amphibalanus, oyster, Isognomon, horseshoe crab,
Limulus, isopod, Excirolana, copepod Tigriopus, amphipod, Rhepoxynius, mysids, Neomysis and
Praunus, sea anemone Nematostella, shrimps, Litopenaeus andPenaeus, crabs, Emerita and
Eurypanopeus, jellyfish Aurelia, and fish, Lagodon, Oreochromis, Scorpaena and
Tautogolabrus.
125
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Table 28. Comparison of the Four Taxa Used to Calculate the Estuarine/Marine FAV and
CMC in the 2001 Cadmium Document and 2016 Update.
2001 Cadmium Estuarine/Marine FAV and CMC
Species
Mysid,
Mysidopsis bigelowi
American lobster,
Homarus americanus
Striped bass,
Morone saxatilis
Mysid,
Americamysis bahia
SMAV
(ng/L)
110
78
75.0
41.29
GMAV
[Rank]
(ng/L)
110
[4]
78
[3]
75.0
[2]
41.29
[1]
2016 Cadmium Update Estuarine/Marine FAV and CMC
Species
Striped bass,
Morone saxatilis
Mysid,
Americamysis bahia
Mysid,
(formerly, Mysidopsis bigelowi)
Americamysis bigelowi
Moon jellyfish,
Aurelia aurita
Harpacticoid copepod,
Tigriopus brevicornis
Mysid,
Neomysis americana
SMAV
(HS/L)
75.0
41.29
110
61.75
29.14
28.14
GMAV
[Rank]
(HS/L)
75.0
[5]
67.39
[4]
61.75
[3]
29.14
[2]
28.143
[1]
Number of GMAVs 54 Number of GMAVs 79
FAV (calculated) 80.55 FAV (calculated) 66.25
CMC 40.28 CMC 33.13
a Not used in FAV calculation due to the number of genera (N>59) (see text).
5.9.5 Comparison of chronic estuarine/marine criterion to 2001 document
No new data were identified on the chronic effects of cadmium to estuarine/marine
species since the 2001 update (Table 29 and Table 30). The same estuarine/marine chronic data
presented in the 2001 cadmium document are also used in the 2016 document update (note that
the mysid Mysidopsis bigelowi is now classified as Americamysis bigelowi). Due to the limited
amount of estuarine/marine chronic data the CCC is derived by dividing the FAV by the FACR.
In the 2001 document the FACR was determined based only on the two estuarine/marine ACRs.
This is because the freshwater ACRs covered such a wide range, it was deemed inappropriate to
use any of the available freshwater ACRs in the calculation of the saltwater FCV. Also the two
estuarine/marine species for which acute-chronic ratios were available had SMAVs in the same
range as the saltwater FAV, and it seemed reasonable to use the geometric mean of only those
two ACRs. Given the addition of new sensitive estuarine/marine species to the acute criteria
dataset, a new FACR was calculated using a combination of both freshwater and
estuarine/marine ACRs (see Section 5.5.1). The 2016 estuarine/marine chronic CCC is 8.0 ug/L
total cadmium (66.25 / 8.291) and the 2001 CCC is 8.9 ug/L total cadmium (80.55 / 9.106).
126
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Table 29. Estuarine/Marine GMCVs Comparing Species Listed in the 2001 and 2016
Documents.
2016
GMCV
(Hg/L)a
8.449
-
2001
GMCV
(HS/L)
6.173
7.141
Species
Mysid,
Americamysis bahia
Mysid,
Americamysis bigelowi
2001
SMCV
(HS/L)
6.173
7.141
2016
SMCV
(HS/L)
6.149
11.61
Comment
-
(formerly, Mysidopsis bigelowi)
' Ranked from most resistant to most sensitive based on 2016 Genus Mean Chronic Value.
Table 30. Total Number of Toxicity Values for Species and Genera in 2001 AWQC and
2016 Update.
2001 Criteria
2016 Update
Freshwater Acute Criterion
Total # new acute toxicity values
SMAV
GMAV
-
65
55
53a
101
75
Freshwater Chronic Criterion
Total # new chronic toxicity values
SMCV
GMCV
-
21
16
14b
27
20
Estuarine/Marine Acute Criterion
Total # new acute toxicity values
SMAV
GMAV
-
61
54
43C
94
79
Estuarine/Marine Chronic Criterion
Total # new chronic toxicity values
SMCV
GMCV
-
2
2
Od
2
1°
a See Table 22
b See Table 24
c See Table 27
d See Table 29
eNote: Americamysis bigelowi was formerly called Mysidopsis bigelowi.
6 UNUSED DATA
For this 2016 criteria update document, EPA considered and evaluated all available data
that could possibly be used to derive the new acute and chronic criteria for cadmium in fresh and
estuarine/marine waters. A substantial amount of those data were associated with studies that did
not meet the basic QA/QC requirements described in the 1985 Guidelines (see Stephan et al.
1985). A list of all other studies considered but removed from consideration for use in deriving
127
-------
the criteria is provided in Appendix J with rationale indicating the reason(s) for exclusion. Note
that unused studies from previous AWQC documents were not reevaluated.
128
-------
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377
-------
Appendix A Acceptable Freshwater Acute Toxicity Data
A-l
-------
Appendix Table A-l. Acceptable Freshwater Acute Toxicity Data
(Values normalized to total hardness=100 mg/L as CaCOs using pooled hardness slope of 0.9789 and expressed as total cadmium).
(Underlined values are used in SMAV calculation and values in bold represent new/revised values since 2001 AWQC document).
(Species are organized phylogenetically).
Species
Hydra,
(formerly, Hydra attenuata)
Hydra circumcincta
Hydra,
Hydra circumcincta
Hydra,
Hydra circumcincta
Hydra,
Hydra circumcincta
Hydra,
Hydra circumcincta
Hydra,
Hydra circumcincta
Hydra,
Hydra circumcincta
Hydra,
Hydra circumcincta
Hydra,
Hydra circumcincta
Hydra,
Hydra circumcincta
Method"
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
Chemical
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
27.0
85.1
145
27.0
73.8
125
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
Acute Value
(HS/L)
69.69
128.1
172.0
69.69
83.18
76.44
69.69
61.83
84.31
66.32
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
251.1
150.0
119.5
251.1
112.0
61.43
251.1
222.7
303.7
238.9
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Reference
Clifford 2009
Clifford 2009
Clifford 2009
Clifford 2009
Clifford 2009
Clifford 2009
Clifford 2009
Clifford 2009
Clifford 2009
Clifford 2009
A-2
-------
Species
Hydra,
Hydra circumcincta
Hydra,
Hydra circumcincta
Hydra,
Hydra circumcincta
Hydra,
Hydra circumcincta
Method"
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
Chemical
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
Acute Value
(HS/L)
69.69
58.45
43.84
57.33
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
251.1
210.6
157.9
206.5
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
184.8
Reference
Clifford 2009
Clifford 2009
Clifford 2009
Clifford 2009
Hydra (Monecious species),
Hydra oligactis
S,M
-
210
320.00
154.8
-
154.8
Karntanut and Pascoe 2002
Green hydra (non-budding),
Hydra viridissima
Green hydra
(Monecious species),
Hydra viridissima
S,U
S,M
Cadmium
chloride
-
19.5
(19-20)
210
3.0
210.0
14.86
101.6
-
-
-
38.85
Holdwayetal. 2001
Karntanut and Pascoe 2002
Hydra
(male clone, Zurich strain),
Hydra vulgaris
Hydra (non-budding),
Hydra vulgaris
Hydra
(male clone, Zurich strain),
Hydra vulgaris
Hydra (Dioecious strain),
Hydra vulgaris
S,M
S,U
S,M
S,M
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
204
19.5
(19-20)
210
210
310
82.5
520
160
154.2
408.7
251.5
77.38
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
187.1
Karntanut and Pascoe 2000
Holdwayetal. 2001
Karntanut and Pascoe 2002
Karntanut and Pascoe 2002
Planarian,
Dendrocoelum lacteum
R,M
Cadmium
chloride
87
23,220
26.607
28,454
26,607
Hametal. 1995
A-3
-------
Species
Planarian (10-15 mm),
Dugesia dorotocephala
Method"
S,U
Chemical
Cadmium
sulfate
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
170
(160-180)
Acute Value
(HS/L)
690
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
410.4
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
410.4
Reference
Garcia-Medina et al. 2013
Worm (adult),
Lumbriculus variegatus
S,M
Cadmium
nitrate
290
780
275.0
264.2
275.0
Schubauer-Berigan et al.
1993
Worm (adult, 1.0cm),
Nais elinguis
R,M
Cadmium
chloride
17.89
27
145.5
-
145.5
Shuhaimi-Othman et al.
2012b
Oligochaete,
Branchiura sowerbyi
Oligochaete (2.0 cm, 2.05
mg),
Branchiura sowerbyi
S,M
S,U
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
chloride
5.3
185
240
58,020
4.255
31,767
-
4,754
-
11,627
Chapman etal. 1982
Ghosal and Kaviraj 2002
Oligochaete,
Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri
Oligochaete (30-44 mm),
Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri
S,M
F,M
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
5.3
152
170
2,400
3,014'
1.593
-
1,568
-
1,593
Chapman etal. 1982
Williams et al. 1985
Oligochaete,
Quistadrilus multisetosus
S,M
Cadmium
sulfate
5.3
320
5.674
6,338
5,674
Chapman etal. 1982
Oligochaete,
Rhyacodrilus montana
S,M
Cadmium
sulfate
5.3
630
11.171
12,479
11,171
Chapman etal. 1982
Oligochaete,
Spirosperma ferox
S,M
Cadmium
sulfate
5.3
350
6.206
6,933
6,206
Chapman etal. 1982
Oligochaete,
Spirosperma nikolskyi
S,M
Cadmium
sulfate
5.3
450
7.979
8,913
7,979
Chapman etal. 1982
Oligochaete,
Stylodrilus heringianus
S,M
Cadmium
sulfate
5.3
550
9.752
10,894
9,752
Chapman etal. 1982
A-4
-------
Species
Tubificid worm,
Tubifex tubifex
Tubificid worm,
Tubifex tubifex
Tubificid worm,
Tubifex tubifex
Tubificid worm,
Tubifex tubifex
Tubificid worm,
Tubifex tubifex
Tubificid worm,
Tubifex tubifex
Tubificid worm,
Tubifex tubifex
Tubificid worm,
Tubifex tubifex
Tubificid worm,
Tubifex tubifex
Tubificid worm,
Tubifex tubifex
Tubificid worm,
Tubifex tubifex
Tubificid worm,
Tubifex tubifex
Tubificid worm,
Tubifex tubifex
Tubificid worm (4-5 wk),
Tubifex tubifex
Method"
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,U
S,U
S,U
S,U
S,U
S,U
S,U
S,U
S,U
S,U
S,M
Chemical
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
5.3
128
128
-
237
(15°C)
237
(20°C)
237
(25°C)
237
(30°C)
12
45
173
305
250
-
Acute Value
(HS/L)
320
3,200
1,700
1,032
56,000
51,900
61,470
28,550
130
440
7,950
8,500
1,658
400
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
5.674
2.513
1.335
NAd
24,059
22,297
26,409
12,266
1,036
961.3
4,648
2,853
676.0
NAd
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2,753
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4,193
Reference
Chapman etal. 1982
Reynoldson et al. 1996
Reynoldson et al. 1996
Fargasova 1994a
Rathore and Khangarot
2002
Rathore and Khangarot
2002
Rathore and Khangarot
2002
Rathore and Khangarot
2002
Rathore and Khangarot
2003
Rathore and Khangarot
2003
Rathore and Khangarot
2003
Rathore and Khangarot
2003
Redeker and Blust 2004
Maestre et al. 2009
Earthworm,
(formerly, Varichaeta
pacified)
Varichaetadrilus pacificus
S,M
Cadmium
sulfate
5.3
380
6.738
7,527
6,738
Chapman etal. 1982
Leech (1-20 mm),
Glossiphonia complanata
R,M
Cadmium
chloride
122.8
480
392.5
389.5
392.5
Brown and Pascoe 1988
A-5
-------
Species
Method"
Chemical
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
Acute Value
(HS/L)
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
Reference
Leech (cocoon),
Nephelopsis obscura
S,M
Cadmium
chloride
-
832.6
-
-
NAe
Wicklumetal. 1997
Pond snail
(juvenile, stage I, 4 wk),
Lymnaea stagnalis
Pond snail
(juvenile, stage II, 9 wk),
Lymnaea stagnalis
Pond snail (adult, 20 wk),
Lymnaea stagnalis
Pond snail (juvenile, 25 mm),
Lymnaea stagnalis
S,M
S,M
S,M
R,M
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
250
250
250
135
(130-140)
752
1,515
1,585
367.5'
(347 reported-dissolved)
306.6
617.7
646.3
273.9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
427.9
Coeurdassier et al. 2004
Coeurdassier et al. 2004
Coeurdassier et al. 2004
Pais2012
Snail,
Aplexa hypnomm
F,M
Cadmium
chloride
44.8
93
204.1
210.3
204.1
Holcombe et al. 1984;
Phipps and Holcombe
1985
Snail,
Gyraulus sp.
Snail,
Gyraulus sp.
R,M
R,M
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
24
21
>467.7'
(>455 reported dissolved)
>75.04'
(>73 reported dissolved)
>1,891
>345.7
-
-
-
>808.4
Mebaneetal. 2012
Mebaneetal. 2012
Snail (adult, 3.3-15 mm),
Physa acuta
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
44
963.6
2,152
-
2,152
Woodard 2005
Pouch snail (adult),
Physa gyrina
Pouch snail (juvenile),
Physa gyrina
S,M
S,M
-
-
200
200
1,370
410
695.0C
208.0
-
202.6
-
208.0
Wier and Walter 1976
Wier and Walter 1976
Mussel (juvenile),
Actinonaias pectorosa
Mussel (juvenile),
Actinonaias pectorosa
S,M
S,M
-
-
82
84
46.40
69
56.34
81.83
-
68.38
-
67.90
Keller, Unpublished
Keller, Unpublished
A-6
-------
Species
Method"
Chemical
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
Acute Value
(HS/L)
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
Reference
Neosho mucket
(juvenile, 5 d),
Lampsilis rafmesqueana
R,M
Cadmium
nitrate
44
(40-48)
20
44.67
-
44.67
Wangetal. 2010d
Fatmucket (glochidia),
Lampsilis siliquoidea
Fatmucket (juvenile, 5 d),
Lampsilis siliquoidea
Fatmucket (juvenile, 2 mo.),
Lampsilis siliquoidea
Fatmucket (juvenile, 6 mo.),
Lampsilis siliquoidea
S,M
R,M
R,M
R,M
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
44
(40-48)
44
(40-48)
44
(40-48)
44
(40-48)
>227
16
>62
199
>507.0C
35.73
>138.5C
444.4C
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
35.73
Wangetal. 2010d
Wangetal. 20 lOd
Wangetal. 20 lOd
Wangetal. 20 lOd
Southern fatmucket,
Lampsilis straminea
claibornensis
S,M
-
40
38
93.17
96.44
93.17
Keller, Unpublished
Yellow sandshell,
Lampsilis teres
Yellow sandshell (juvenile),
Lampsilis teres
S,M
S,M
-
-
40
40
11
33
26.97
80.91
-
48.35
-
46.71
Keller, Unpublished
Keller, Unpublished
Mussel (juvenile),
Lasmigona subviridis
R,M
Cadmium
chloride
84
57.77
68.51
-
68.51
Black 2001
Mussel,
Utterbackia imbecillis
Mussel,
Utterbackia imbecillis
Mussel (juvenile),
Utterbackia imbecillis
Mussel (juvenile),
Utterbackia imbecillis
Mussel (juvenile, 12 d),
Utterbackia imbecillis
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
90
90
86
92
39
114.7
111.8
93.0
81.9
9
127.1
123.9
107.8
88.85
22.62
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Keller, Unpublished
Keller, Unpublished
Keller, Unpublished
Keller, Unpublished
Keller and Zam 1991
A-7
-------
Species
Mussel (juvenile, 12 d),
Utterbackia imbecillis
Mussel (juvenile),
Utterbackia imbecillis
Method"
S,M
R,M
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
90
84
Acute Value
(HS/L)
107
20.42
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
118.6
24.22
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
86.82
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
71.76
Reference
Keller and Zam 1991
Black 2001
Southern rainbow mussel
(juvenile),
Villosa vibex
Southern rainbow mussel
(juvenile),
Villosa vibex
S,M
S,M
-
-
40
186
30
125
73.55
68.08
-
71.16
-
70.76
Keller, Unpublished
Keller, Unpublished
Cladoceran,
Alona affmis
S,U
Cadmium
nitrate
109
546
501.7
500.1
501.7
Ghosh etal. 1990
Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr),
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr),
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr),
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran (3rd-4th instar),
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran (neonate),
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Ceriodaphnia dubia
S,U
R,M
S,U
S,M
S,U
S,M
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
90
80
90
80
90
40
54
54.5
55.9
64.26
40.1
31.47
59.86
67.79
61.96
79.93
44.45
77.16
-
-
-
-
-
63.46
-
-
-
-
-
64.03
Bittonetal. 1996
Diamond etal. 1997
Lee etal. 1997
Black 2001
Jun et al. 2006
Shaw et al. 2006
Cladoceran
(1st instar larva, <24 hr),
Ceriodaphnia reticulata
Cladoceran (<6hr),
Ceriodaphnia reticulata
S,U
S,U
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
240
120
184
110
78.08
92.00
-
83.08
-
84.76
Elnabarawy et al. 1986
Hall etal. 1986
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia ambigua
S,M
Cadmium
chloride
40
10.12
24.81
-
24.81
Shaw et al. 2006
A-8
-------
Species
Method"
Chemical
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
Acute Value
(HS/L)
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
Reference
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran
(1st instar larva, <24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<4 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<4 hr),
Daphnia magna
S,U
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
R,M
R,M
S,U
s,u
s,u
S,M
S,M
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
45
-
-
-
51
104
105
197
209
105
209.2
240
120
120
76
74
<1.6
65
27.07
28.36
35.45
9.9
33
34
63
49
30
30
178
20
40
59
84
NAd
142.0
NAd
NAd
NAd
19.13
31.75
32.41
32.44
23.81
28.60
14.56
75.54
16.73
33.46
77.17
112.8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Anderson 1948
Biesinger and Christensen
1972
Canton and Adema 1978
Canton and Adema 1978
Canton and Adema 1978
Chapman et al.
Manuscript, 1980
Chapman et al.
Manuscript, 1980
Chapman et al.
Manuscript, 1980
Chapman et al.
Manuscript, 1980
Chapman et al.
Manuscript, 1980
Canton and Slooff 1982
Canton and Slooff 1982
Elnabarawy et al. 1986
Halletal. 1986
Halletal. 1986
Nebekeretal. 1986a
Nebekeretal. 1986a
A-9
-------
Species
Cladoceran (<4 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<4 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<4 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<4 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<4 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<4 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (1 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (1 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (1 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (1 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (genotype A),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (genotype A-l),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (genotype A-2),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (genotype B),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (genotype E),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (genotype S-l),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Method"
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,U
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
41
38
76
74
74
71
71
41
38
74
170
170
170
170
170
170
10
Acute Value
(HS/L)
99
164
71
178
116
101
4
8
16
146
3.6
9.0
9.0
4.5
27.1
115.9
37.9
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
236.9
422.8
92.87
239.0
155.7
141.2
5.592
19.15
41.25
196.0
2.141
5.353
5.353
2.676
16.12
68.93
361.0
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Reference
Nebekeretal. 1986a
Nebekeretal. 1986a
Nebekeretal. 1986a
Nebekeretal. 1986a
Nebekeretal. 1986a
Nebekeretal. 1986a
Nebekeretal. 1986a
Nebekeretal. 1986a
Nebekeretal. 1986a
Nebekeretal. 1986a
Bairdetal. 1991
Bairdetal. 1991
Bairdetal. 1991
Bairdetal. 1991
Bairdetal. 1991
Bairdetal. 1991
Hickey and Vickers 1992
A-10
-------
Species
Cladoceran
(<24 hr, clone S-l),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr, clone F),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran
(neonate, 3 d, clone S-l),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran
(neonate, 3 d, clone F),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran
(neonate, 6 d, clone F),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran
(neonate, 6 d, clone S-l),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran
(neonate, 10 d, clone F),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran
(neonate, 10 d, clone S-l),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran
(neonate, 20 d, clone S-l),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran
(neonate, 20 d, clone F),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran
(neonate, 30 d, clone F),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran
(neonate, 30 d, clone S-l),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Method"
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,U
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
sulfate
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
250
Acute Value
(HS/L)
129.4
24.5
228.8
25.4
49.1
250.1
131.2
319.3
326.3
139.9
146.7
355.3
280
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
76.96
14.57
136.1C
15.11C
29.20C
148.7C
78.03C
189.9C
194.1C
83.21C
87.25C
211. 3C
114.2
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Reference
Stuhlbacher et al. 1992,
1993
Stuhlbacher et al. 1992,
1993
Stuhlbacher et al. 1993
Stuhlbacher et al. 1993
Stuhlbacher et al. 1993
Stuhlbacher et al. 1993
Stuhlbacher et al. 1993
Stuhlbacher et al. 1993
Stuhlbacher et al. 1993
Stuhlbacher et al. 1993
Stuhlbacher et al. 1993
Stuhlbacher et al. 1993
Crisinel et al. 1994
A-ll
-------
Species
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (clone S-l),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (clone S-l),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (clone S-l),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (clone A),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (clone A),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (clone A),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran
(< 24 hr; Source 1),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran
(< 24 hr; Source 2),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran
(< 24 hr; Source 3),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran
(< 24 hr; Source 4),
Daphnia magna
Method"
S,U
s,u
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,U
S,U
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
-
170
46.1
90.7
179
46.1
90.7
179
18
18
170
170
170
170
170
Acute Value
(HS/L)
360
9.5
112
106
233
30.1
23.4
23.6
66
69
3.3
26
34
39
48
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
NAd
5.650
239.0
116.6
131.8
64.22
25.74
13.35
353.6
369.6
1.963
15.46
20.22
23.20
28.55
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Reference
Fargasova 1994a
Guilhermino et al. 1996
Barata et al. 1998
Barata et al. 1998
Barata et al. 1998
Barata et al. 1998
Barata et al. 1998
Barata et al. 1998
Baer et al. 1999
Baer et al. 1999
Barata and Baird 2000
Ward and Robinson 2005
Ward and Robinson 2005
Ward and Robinson 2005
Ward and Robinson 2005
A-12
-------
Species
Cladoceran
(< 24 hr; Source 5),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran
(< 24 hr; Source 6),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran
(< 24 hr; Source 7),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran
(< 24 hr; Source 8),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr, clone O),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr, clone E),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr, clone R),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr, clone F),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr, clone B),
Daphnia magna
Method"
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,U
S,U
S,M
S,U
S,M
S,U
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
170
170
170
170
40
44
150
-
93
240
170
-
-
-
-
-
Acute Value
(HS/L)
55
63
100
>120
101.20
3
4
41.1
318.76
77.6
79.05
250
260
285
320
330
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
32.71
37.47
59.48
>71.37
248.1
6.700
2.689
NAd
342.2
32.91
47.02
NAd
NAd
NAd
NAd
NAd
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
_
_
_
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
_
_
_
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Reference
Ward and Robinson 2005
Ward and Robinson 2005
Ward and Robinson 2005
Ward and Robinson 2005
Shaw et al. 2006
Yim et al. 2006
Yim et al. 2006
Jemec et al. 2007
Mohammed 2007
Xie et al. 2007
Ferreira et al. 2008a
Haap and Kohler 2009
Haap and Kohler 2009
Haap and Kohler 2009
Haap and Kohler 2009
Haap and Kohler 2009
A-13
-------
Species
Cladoceran (<24 hr, clone X),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr, clone K),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (7 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (7 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (7 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (7 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (7 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (7 d),
Daphnia magna
Method"
S,M
S,M
S,U
S,U
S,U
S,U
S,U
S,U
S,U
S,U
s,u
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
-
-
85
(80-90)
170
(160-180)
-170
Ca2+=0.46 mg/L
(pH=8.1)
Ca2+=19 mg/L
(pH=8.1)
Ca2+=192 mg/L
(pH=8.1)
Ca2+=19 mg/L
(pH=5.8)
Ca2+=19 mg/L
(pH=7.0)
Ca2+=19 mg/L
(pH=8.2)
Acute Value
(HS/L)
355
550
19.87
571.5
20.1
7.5
14.2
24.8
>170
46.2
17.5
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
NAd
NAd
23.29
339.9
11.95
NAd
NAd
NAd
NAd
NAd
NAd
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
27.14
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
40.62
Reference
Haap and Kohler 2009
Haap and Kohler 2009
Kim et al. 2009
PerezandBeiras2010
Loureiro etal. 2011
Tan and Wang 20 11
Tan and Wang 20 11
Tan and Wang 20 11
Tan and Wang 20 11
Tan and Wang 20 11
Tan and Wang 20 11
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran,
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (neonate),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran
(1st instar larva, <24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
s,u
s,u
S,M
S,U
s,u
s,u
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
57
65
240
120
120
90.23
47
62
319
80
100
NAd
81.47
94.51
135.4
66.91
83.64
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Canton and Adema 1978
Bertram and Hart 1979
Niederlehner 1984
Elnabarawy et al. 1986
Hall etal. 1986
Hall etal. 1986
A-14
-------
Species
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran,
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran,
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran,
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (< 24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Method"
S,M
S,U
S,U
S,U
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
53.5
85
85
85
40
17.0
24.0
30.0
47.0
67.1
119
175
19.0
32.0
Acute Value
(HS/L)
70.1
66
99
70
44.96
16.86
23.61
46.09
24.73
71.94
116.9
155.1
26.98
46.09
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
129.3
77.37
116.1
82.06
110.2
95.53
95.43
149.7
51.78
106.3
98.59
89.68
137.1
140.6
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Reference
Stackhouse and Benson
1988
Rouxetal. 1993
Rouxetal. 1993
Rouxetal. 1993
Shaw et al. 2006
Clifford 2009; Clifford and
McGeer2010
Clifford 2009; Clifford and
McGeer2010
Clifford 2009; Clifford and
McGeer2010
Clifford 2009; Clifford and
McGeer2010
Clifford 2009; Clifford and
McGeer2010
Clifford 2009; Clifford and
McGeer2010
Clifford 2009; Clifford and
McGeer2010
Clifford 2009; Clifford and
McGeer2010
Clifford 2009; Clifford and
McGeer2010
A-15
-------
Species
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Method"
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
Chemical
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Cadmium
reference
standard
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
66.9
112
158
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
Acute Value
(HS/L)
70.82
89.93
68.57
46.09
33.72
42.72
46.09
52.83
43.84
48.34
73.07
62.95
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
104.9
80.47
43.81
140.6
102.9
130.3
140.6
161.2
133.7
147.4
222.9
192.0
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Reference
Clifford 2009; Clifford and
McGeer2010
Clifford 2009; Clifford and
McGeer2010
Clifford 2009; Clifford and
McGeer2010
Clifford 2009; Clifford and
McGeer2010
Clifford 2009; Clifford and
McGeer2010
Clifford 2009; Clifford and
McGeer2010
Clifford 2009; Clifford and
McGeer2010
Clifford 2009; Clifford and
McGeer2010
Clifford 2009; Clifford and
McGeer2010
Clifford 2009; Clifford and
McGeer2010
Clifford 2009; Clifford and
McGeer2010
Clifford 2009; Clifford and
McGeer2010
A-16
-------
Species
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Method"
S,M
Chemical
Cadmium
reference
standard
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
32
Acute Value
(HS/L)
52.83
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
161.2
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
93.77
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
109.2
Reference
Clifford 2009; Clifford and
McGeer2010
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia similis
S,M
Cadmium
nitrate
44
57.89
129.3
-
129.3
Rodgheretal. 2010
Cladoceran,
Diaphanosoma brachyumm
S,U
Cadmium
chloride
67.1
69.80
103.1
-
103.1
Manoetal. 2011
Cladoceran,
Moina macrocopa
S,U
Cadmium
chloride
82
71.25
86.51
87.16
86.51
Hatakeyama and Yasuno
1981b
Cladoceran,
Simocephalus sermlatus
Cladoceran,
Simocephalus sermlatus
S,M
S,M
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
11.1
43.5
7
24.5
60.19
55.33
-
61.10
-
57.71
Giesyetal. 1977
Spehar and Carlson
1984a,b
Cyclopoid copepod,
Cyclops varicans
S,U
Cadmium
nitrate
109
493
453.0
451.6
453.0
Ghosh etal. 1990
Copepod (0.58 mm),
Diaptomus forbesi
S,U
Cadmium
chloride
185
5,700
3,121
-
3,121
Ghosal and Kaviraj 2002
Isopod,
(formerly, Asellus bicrenata)
Caecidotea bicrenata
F,M
Cadmium
chloride
220
2,129
983.8
955.0
983.8
Bosnak and Morgan 1981
Isopod,
Lirceus alabamae
F,M
Cadmium
chloride
152
150
99.54
97.98
99.54
Bosnak and Morgan 1981
Amphipod (4 mm),
Crangonyx pseudogracilis
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
50
1,700
3.350
3,439
3,350
Martin and Holdich 1986
Amphipod,
Gammarus pseudolimnaeus
S,M
Cadmium
chloride
43.5
68.3
154.3
159.2
154.3
Spehar and Carlson
1984a,b
A-17
-------
Species
Method"
Chemical
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
Acute Value
(HS/L)
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
Reference
Amphipod
(large juvenile & young adult),
Hyalella azteca
S,M
Cadmium
chloride
34
8
23.00
-
23.00
Nebekeretal. 1986b
Prawn (post larva),
Macrobrachium rosenbergii
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
-
36.12
-
-
NAe
Sowdeswari et al. 2012
Crayfish (adult, 1.8 g),
Orconectes immunis
F,M
Cadmium
chloride
44.4
>10,200
>22.579
>23,281
>22,579
Phipps and Holcombe
1985
Crayfish (adult, 4.58 g),
Orconectes juvenilis
Crayfish (3rd-5th instar, 0.2
g),
Orconectes juvenilis
R,M
R,M
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
44.1
44
2,440
60
5,437C
134.0
-
-
-
134.0
Wigginton and Birge 2007
Wigginton2005;
Wigginton and Birge 2007
Crayfish,
Orconectes limosus
S,M
Cadmium
chloride
-
400
-
NAe
NAe
Boutet and Chaisemartin
1973
Crayfish (adult, 7.06 g),
Orconectes placidus
Crayfish (3rd-5th instar, 0.2
g),
Orconectes placidus
R,M
R,M
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
44.1
54.6
487
37
1,085C
66.89
-
-
-
66.89
Wigginton and Birge 2007
Wigginton 2005;
Wigginton and Birge 2007
Crayfish,
Orconectes virilis
Crayfish (adult, 12.8 g),
Orconectes virilis
F,M
R,M
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
26
42.5
6,100
3,300
22.800
7,625'
-
23,988
-
22,800
Mirenda 1986
Wigginton and Birge 2007
Crayfish (adult, 15.5 g),
Procambarus acutus
R,M
Cadmium
chloride
44.5
368
812.8
-
812.8
Wigginton and Birge 2007
Crayfish (adult, 5.14 g),
Procambarus alleni
R,M
Cadmium
chloride
45.8
3,070
6.592
-
6,592
Wigginton and Birge 2007
A-18
-------
Species
Method"
Chemical
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
Acute Value
(HS/L)
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
Reference
Red swamp crayfish
(juvenile),
Procambams clarkii
Red swamp crayfish
(adult, 18.5 g),
Procambams clarkii
Red swamp crayfish
(3rd to 5th instar, 0.02 g),
Procambams clarkii
S,M
R,M
R,M
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
30
52.9
42.1
1,040
2,660
624
3,379C
4,960C
1,455
-
-
3,536
-
-
1,455
Naqvi and Ho well 1993
Wigginton and Birge 2007
Wigginton2005;
Wigginton and Birge 2007
Mayfly,
Baetis tricaudatus
Mayfly,
Baetis tricaudatus
R,M
R,M
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
24
21
>456.4'
(>444 reported dissolved)
76.07'
(74 reported dissolved)
>l,845g
350.4
-
-
-
350.4
Mebaneetal. 2012
Mebaneetal. 2012
Mayfly,
Ephemerella subvaria
S,U
Cadmium
sulfate
44
2,000
4.467
4,607
4,467
Warnick and Bell 1969
Mayfly (formerly,
Ephemerella grandis grandis)
Drunella grandis grandis
F,M
Cadmium
chloride
-
28,000
-
NAe
NAe
Clubbetal. 1975
Mayfly (nymph, 24 mm),
Hexagenia rigida
S,M
Cadmium
79.1
6,200
7,798
-
7,798
Leonhard et al. 1980
Mayfly (nymph),
Rhithrogena hageni
F, M
Cadmium
sulfate
48
10,794f
(10,500 reported dissolved)
22.138
-
22,138
Brinkman and Vieira 2007;
Brinkman and Johnston
2008
Stonefly,
Pteronarcella badia
F, M
Cadmium
chloride
-
18,000
-
NAe
NAe
Clubbetal. 1975
Little green stonefly,
Sweltsa sp.
R,M
Cadmium
chloride
26
>5,386'
(>5,239 reported dissolved)
>20.132
-
>20,132
Mebaneetal. 2012
A-19
-------
Species
Caddisfly,
Arctopsyche sp.
Method"
R,M
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
28
Acute Value
(HS/L)
>470.8'
(>458 reported dissolved)
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
>1.637
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
>1,637
Reference
Mebaneetal. 2012
Midge (larva),
Culicoides furens
Midge (larva),
Culicoides furens
Midge (larva),
Culicoides furens
Midge (larva),
Culicoides furens
S,U
S,M
S,M
S,M
-
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
(35°C)
(25°C)
(10°C)
300
245.2
245.2
183.9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
NAe
Vedamanikam and Shazilli
2008a
Vedamanikam and Shazilli
2008b
Vedamanikam and Shazilli
2008b
Vedamanikam and Shazilli
2008b
Midge (3rd-4th instar larva),
Chironomus plumosus
Midge (larva),
Chironomus plumosus
Midge (larva),
Chironomus plumosus
Midge (larva),
Chironomus plumosus
Midge (larva),
Chironomus plumosus
S,U
S,U
S,M
S,M
S,M
Cadmium
chloride
-
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
80
-
(35°C)
(25°C)
(10°C)
12,700
400
367.8
245.2
183.9
15,798
NAd
NAd
NAd
NAd
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
15,798
Fargasova 200 1,2003
Vedamanikam and Shazilli
2008a
Vedamanikam and Shazilli
2008b
Vedamanikam and Shazilli
2008b
Vedamanikam and Shazilli
2008b
Midge (10-12 mm),
Chironomus riparius
Midge (4th instar larva),
Chironomus riparius
Midge (3rd instar larva),
Chironomus riparius
Midge (3rd-4th instar larva),
Chironomus riparius
Midge (3rd-4th instar larva),
Chironomus riparius
F,M
R,M
S,U
S,M
S,M
-
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
152
124
170
(160-180)
10
140
>229,500
140,000
128,840
331,000
1,106,000
>152.301
113,398'
76,629*
3,152,504*
795,496'
-
-
-
-
195,967
-
-
-
-
>152,301
Williams et al. 1985
Pascoe et al. 1990
Lee et al. 2006a
Gillis and Wood 2008
Gillis and Wood 2008
Bryozoa (ancenstrulae 2-3 d),
Pectinatella magnifica
S,U
-
205
700
346.6
337.4
346.6
Pardue and Wood 1980
A-20
-------
Species
Method"
Chemical
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
Acute Value
(HS/L)
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
Reference
Bryozoa (ancenstrulae 2-3 d),
Lophopodella carteri
S,U
-
205
150
74.28
72.29
74.28
Pardue and Wood 1980
Bryozoa (ancenstrulae 2-3 d),
Plumatella emarginata
s,u
-
205
1,090
539.7
525.3
539.7
Pardue and Wood 1980
Westslope cutthroat trout,
Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi
Westslope cutthroat trout,
Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi
Westslope cutthroat trout
(young of the year),
Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi
Rio Grande cutthroat trout
(fry, 0.26 g),
Oncorhynchus clarkii
virginalis
R,M
R,M
R,M
F,M
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
sulfate
32
31
21
44.9
1.542'
(1.5 reported dissolved)
1.234'
(1.2 reported dissolved)
0.9663f
(0.94 reported dissolved)
2.467f
(2.40 reported dissolved)
4.7031
3.8831
4.4521
5.401
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5.401
Mebaneetal. 2012
Mebaneetal. 2012
Mebaneetal. 2012
Brinkman2012
Coho salmon (adult),
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Coho salmon (parr),
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Coho salmon (yearling),
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Coho salmon (juvenile),
Oncorhynchus kisutch
F,M
F,M
S,U
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
Cadmium
chloride
22
22
90
41
17.5
2.7
10.4
3.4
77.03C
11.88
11.531
8.1371
-
-
-
12.58
-
-
-
11.88
Chapman 1975
Chapman 1975
Lorzetal. 1978
Buhl and Hamilton 1991
Rainbow trout (4 mo.),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (smolt),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
F,U
s,u
s,u
F, M
-
-
-
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
-
23
0.95
6
7
4.1
NAd
NAd
NAd
17.28C
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Chapman 1973
Kumadaetal. 1973
Kumadaetal. 1973
Chapman 1975
A-21
-------
Species
Rainbow trout (130 mm),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (2 mo.),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(smolt, 68.19 g),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(swim-up fry, 0. 17 g),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (parr, 6.96 g),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (alevin),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (8.8 g),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (fry),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(juvenile, 18.3 g),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (juvenile),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (36 g),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (36 g),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (36 g),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (36 g),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Method"
F, M
F, M
F,M
F,M
F,M
F,M
S,U
S,M
F,M
F,M
F, M
S,U
F, M
F, M
F, M
F, M
Chemical
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
-
-
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
31
-
23
23
23
23
-
43.5
44.4
9.2
52
41
47
204
427
49
Acute Value
(HS/L)
1.75
6.60
>2.9
1.3
1.0
>27
6.0
2.3
3.0
0.5
1.88
1.50
2.66
3.15
7.56
3.02
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
5.506
NAd
>12.22C
5.479
4.214
>113.8C
NAd
5.1941
6.641
<5.167g
3.565
3.5901
5.569
1.567
1.825k
6.070
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Reference
Davies 1976a
Hale 1977
Chapman 1978
Chapman 1978
Chapman 1978
Chapman 1978
Kumadaetal. 1980
Spehar and Carlson
1984a;b
Phipps and Holcombe
1985
Cusimano et al. 1986
Stubblefield 1990
Buhl and Hamilton 1991
Davies etal. 1993
Davies etal. 1993
Davies etal. 1993
Davies etal. 1993
A-22
-------
Species
Rainbow trout (36 g),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (36 g),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (fry, 1.0 g),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (fry, 2.5 g),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (fry, 2.5 g),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (fry, 1.0 g),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (fry, 2.5 g),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (fry, 2.5 g),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(juvenile, 4.5 g),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (263 mg),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (659 mg),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (1,150 mg),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (1,130 mg),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (299 mg),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (289 mg),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (juvenile, 12 g),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(juvenile, 8-12 g),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Method"
F, M
F, M
F,M
F,M
F,M
F,M
F,M
F,M
F,M
F,M
F,M
F,M
F, M
F, M
F, M
F, M
F, M
Chemical
-
-
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmiun
nitrate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
224
422
29
258
(aged solution)
281
28
276
(aged solution)
281
140
30.7
29.3
31.7
30.2
30.0
89.3
20
120
Acute Value
(HS/L)
6.12
5.70
2.79
8.54
13.4
2.09
10.5
10.0
22
0.71
0.47
0.51
0.38
1.29
2.85
2.07
19.00
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
2.779
1.392k
9.371
3.376
4.873
7.265
3.886
3.637
15.82j
2.255
1.563
1.570
1.227
4.191
3.183
10.00j
15.89j
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Reference
Daviesetal. 1993
Daviesetal. 1993
Davies and Brinkman
1994b
Davies and Brinkman
1994b
Davies and Brinkman
1994b
Davies and Brinkman
1994b
Davies and Brinkman
1994b
Davies and Brinkman
1994b
Hollisetal. 1999
Stratus Consulting 1999
Stratus Consulting 1999
Stratus Consulting 1999
Stratus Consulting 1999
Stratus Consulting 1999
Stratus Consulting 1999
Hollis et al. 2000a
Niyogi et al. 2004b
A-23
-------
Species
Rainbow trout
(swim-up fry, 0. 13 1 g),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(juvenile, 0.496 g),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(juvenile, 1-3 g),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(swim-up fry, 0.2-0.4 g),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(swim-up fry, 0.2-0.4 g),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(juvenile, 6-8 g),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(juvenile, 6-8 g),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(juvenile, 6-8 g),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(juvenile, 6-8 g),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Method"
F, M
F,M
S,M
R,M
R,M
R,M
R,M
R,M
R,M
R,M
R,M
R,M
R,M
Chemical
-
-
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
103
103
-
19.7
29.4
44
(40-48)
44
(40-48)
(pH=5.8)
44
(40-48)
(pH=8.8)
44
(40-48)
(Alkalinity=90
mg/L)
21
7
13
24
Acute Value
(HS/L)
3.7
5.2
0.753
0.864f
(0.84 reported-dissolved)
0.915f
(0.89 reported-dissolved)
2.75
3.21
3.08
1.02
0.8224'
(0.8 reported dissolved)
0.4934'
(0.48 reported dissolved)
1.018'
(0.99 reported dissolved)
1.336'
(1.3 reported dissolved)
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
3.594
5.051
NAd
4.237
3.032'
6.142'
7.169'
6.879'
2.278'
3.789'
6.663'
7.500'
5.401'
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Reference
Besser et al. 2007
Besser et al. 2007
Birceanu et al. 2008
Mebane et al. 2007; 2008
Mebane et al. 2007; 2008
Niyogi et al. 2008
Niyogi et al. 2008
Niyogi et al. 2008
Niyogi et al. 2008
Mebane etal. 2012
Mebane etal. 2012
Mebane etal. 2012
Mebane etal. 2012
A-24
-------
Species
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(young of the year),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(1 dph, 0.08 g, 14.3 cm),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(18 dph, 0.1 g, 24.33cm),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(32 dph, 0.12 g, 26.67 cm),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(46 dph, 0.22 g, 32.1cm),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(60 dph, 0.33 g, 37.1cm),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(74 dph, 0.42 g, 40.3 cm),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(95 dph, 0.7 g, 45.43 cm),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (1 dph),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(juvenile, 26 dph),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Method"
R,M
R,M
R,M
F,M
F,M
F,M
F,M
F, M
F, M
F, M
F, M
F, M
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
32
29
21
103
104
107
107
104
96
103
100
100
Acute Value
(HS/L)
0.9560'
(0.93 reported dissolved)
0.8532'
(0.83 reported dissolved)
0.3495f
(0.34 reported dissolved)
>52.31f
(>49.40 reported dissolved)
3.061f
(2.89 reported dissolved)
5.115f
(4.83 reported dissolved)
2.933f
(2.77 reported dissolved)
3.929f
(3.71 reported dissolved)
4.808f
(4.54 reported dissolved)
3.135f
(2.96 reported dissolved)
>12.7l'
(>12 reported dissolved)
5.401f
(5.1 reported dissolved)
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
2.916'
2.866'
1.610'
>50.81C
2.945
4.786
2.745
3.780
5.003
3.045
>12.71C
5.400
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4.265
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3.727
Reference
Mebaneetal. 2012
Mebaneetal. 2012
Mebaneetal. 2012
Calfeeetal. 2014
Calfeeetal. 2014
Calfeeetal. 2014
Calfeeetal. 2014
Calfeeetal. 2014
Calfeeetal. 2014
Calfeeetal. 2014
Wangetal. 2014a
Wangetal. 2014a
Chinook salmon (at hatch),
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
F,U
-
-
>25
NAd
-
-
Chapman 1973
A-25
-------
Species
Chinook salmon (swim-up),
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Chinook salmon (juvenile),
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Chinook salmon
(alevin, 0.05 g),
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Chinook salmon
(swim-up fry, 0.23 g),
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Chinook salmon
(parr, 11.58 g),
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Chinook salmon
(smolt, 32.46 g),
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Chinook salmon (juvenile),
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Chinook salmon (9-13 wk),
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Chinook salmon (18-21 wk),
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Method"
F,U
F, M
F,M
F,M
F,M
F,M
F,M
S,U
s,u
Chemical
-
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
-
25
23
23
23
23
21
211
343
Acute Value
(HS/L)
1.9
1.41
>26
1.8
3.5
>2.9
1.1
26
57
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
NAd
5.477
>109.6g
7.586
14.75C
>12.22C
5.068
12.521
17.051
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8.708
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5.949
Reference
Chapman 1973
Chapman 1978; 1982
Chapman 1978
Chapman 1978
Chapman 1978
Chapman 1978
Finlayson and Verrue 1982
Hamilton and Buhl 1990
Hamilton and Buhl 1990
Lake whitefish
(yearling, 140 mm, 22 g),
Coregonus clupeaformis
F, M
-
81
530
651.3
-
651.3
McNicol 1997
Mountain whitefish (209 g),
Prosopium williamsoni
F, M
Cadmium
chloride
52
>8.29
>15.72
-
>15.72
Stubblefield 1990
Brown trout,
Salmo trutta
Brown trout
(fingerling, 22.4 g),
Salmo trutta
S,M
F, M
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
43.5
48
1.4
2.85
3.1621
5.845
-
-
-
-
Spehar and Carlson
1984a;b
Stubblefield 1990
A-26
-------
Species
Brown trout (fingerling),
Salmo trutta
Brown trout (fry),
Salmo trutta
Brown trout (fry),
Salmo trutta
Brown trout (fry),
Salmo trutta
Bull trout (76. 1 mg),
Salvelmus confluentus
Bull trout (200 mg),
Salvelmus confluentus
Bull trout (221 mg),
Salvelmus confluentus
Bull trout (21 8 mg),
Salvelmus confluentus
Bull trout (84.2 mg),
Salvelmus confluentus
Bull trout (72.7 mg),
Salvelmus confluentus
Brook trout
(yearling, 21 cm, 110 g),
Salvelmus fontinalis
Brook trout (1 00 g),
Salvelinus fontinalis
Goldfish,
Carassius auratus
Goldfish,
Carassius auratus
Goldfish,
Carassius auratus
Goldfish (8.8 g),
Carassius auratus
Method"
F, M
F, M
F,M
F,M
F,M
F,M
F,M
F,M
F,M
F,M
F,M
F,M
S,U
S,M
S,M
F, M
Chemical
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
37.6
29.2
67.6
151
30.7
(pH-7.5)
29.3
(pH-7.5)
31.7
(pH-7.5)
30.2
(pH-7.5)
30.0
(pH-6.5)
89.3
(pH-7.5)
45
(44-46)
47.4
20
20
140
44.4
Acute Value
(HS/L)
2.37
1.23
3.9
10.1
0.91
0.99
1.00
0.90
2.89
6.06
>405
5,080
2,340
2,130
46,800
748.0
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
6.173
4.104
5.721
6.746
2.891
3.292
3.079
2.905
9.390
6.769
>884.8
10.548
11,307'
10,293'
33,661'
1.656
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
.
.
_
3.263
.
.
.
.
.
4.353
<3.623
-
-
-
1,707
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
.
.
_
5.642
.
.
.
.
.
4.190
3,055h
-
-
-
1,656
Reference
Davies and Brinkman
1994c
Brinkman and Hansen
2004a, 2007
Brinkman and Hansen
2004a, 2007
Brinkman and Hansen
2004a, 2007
Stratus Consulting 1999
Stratus Consulting 1999
Stratus Consulting 1999
Stratus Consulting 1999
Stratus Consulting 1999
Stratus Consulting 1999
Drummond and Benoit
1976
Holcombe et al. 1983
Pickering and Henderson
1966
McCarty et al. 1978
McCarty et al. 1978
Phipps and Holcombe
1985
A-27
-------
Species
Method"
Chemical
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
Acute Value
(HS/L)
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
Reference
Grass carp (18 mm, 17 g),
Ctenopharyngodon idellus
S,U
Cadmium
sulfate
-
9,420
-
-
NAe
Yorulmazlar and Gul 2003
Common carp (fry),
Cyprinus carpio
Common carp (fmgerling),
Cyprinus carpio
Common carp (yolk
absorbed),
Cyprinus carpio
Common carp (fry),
Cyprinus carpio
Common carp (advanced fry),
Cyprinus carpio
Common carp (fmgerling),
Cyprinus carpio
Common carp
(fry, 3. 34 cm, 0.33 g),
Cyprinus carpio
Common carp
(fry, 3.5 cm, 0.65 g),
Cyprinus carpio
Common carp
(fry, 3.5 cm, 0.65 g),
Cyprinus carpio
Common carp
(fry, 3.5 cm, 0.65 g),
Cyprinus carpio
Common carp
(fry, 3.5 cm, 0.65 g),
Cyprinus carpio
s,u
s,u
R,U
R,U
R,U
R,U
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
100
100
-
-
-
-
185
<125
187.5
(125-250)
312.5
(250-375)
>375
4,300
17,100
140
2,840
2,910
4,560
220,770
43,170
48,390
116,450
310,480
4.299
17.097
NAd
NAd
NAd
NAd
120,874
34,693
26.148
38.164
85.122
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8,573
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
30,781
Sureshetal. 1993a
Sureshetal. 1993a
Rameshaetal. 1997
Rameshaetal. 1997
Rameshaetal. 1997
Rameshaetal. 1997
Ghosal and Kaviraj 2002
Datta et al. 2003
Datta et al. 2003
Datta et al. 2003
Datta et al. 2003
Red shiner (adult, 0.80-2.0 g),
Cyprinella lutrensis
S,M
Cadmium
sulfate
85.5
6,620
7.716
7,762
7,716
Carrier 1987; Carrier and
Beitinger 1988a
A-28
-------
Species
Zebrafish (3-7 d, larva),
Danio rerio
Zebrafish (adult),
Danio rerio
Zebrafish (larva),
Danio rerio
Zebrafish (larva),
Danio rerio
Zebrafish (adult),
Danio rerio
Zebrafish (adult),
Danio rerio
Zebrafish (adult),
Danio rerio
Zebrafish (adult),
Danio rerio
Method"
R,U
R,M
R,M
R,M
S,U
s,u
s,u
s,u
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
177.5
141
(28°C)
141
(26.6°C)
7.8
(26.6°C)
250
(18°C)
250
(26°C)
250
(30°C)
250
(34°C)
Acute Value
(HS/L)
2,113
4,047'
(3,822 reported dissolved)
1,832'
(1,730 reported dissolved)
125.2'
(121.8 reported dissolved)
13,657
11,510
14,005
14,241
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
1.205
2.891
1,309
1,521
5.569
4.693
5.710
5.807
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2,967
Reference
Blechinger et al. 2002
AlsopandWood2011
AlsopandWood2011
AlsopandWood2011
Vergauwen2012;
Vergauwen et al. 2013
Vergauwen2012;
Vergauwen et al. 2013
Vergauwen 20 12;
Vergauwen et al. 2013
Vergauwen 20 12;
Vergauwen et al. 2013
Fathead minnow
(1.5-2.5 in., 1-2 g),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow
(1.5-2.5 in., 1-2 g),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow
(1.5-2.5 in., 1-2 g),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow
(1.5-2.5 in., 1-2 g),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (2 g),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (2 g),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (2 g),
Pimephales promelas
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
F,M
F,M
F,M
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
20
20
360
360
201
201
201
1,050
630
72,600
73,500
11,200
12,000
6,400
5,074'
3,044'
20,716'
20,973'
5.654
6.058
3.231
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Pickering and Henderson
1966
Pickering and Henderson
1966
Pickering and Henderson
1966
Pickering and Henderson
1966
Pickering and Cast 1972
Pickering and Cast 1972
Pickering and Cast 1972
A-29
-------
Species
Fathead minnow (2 g),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (2 g),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (fry),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (fry),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (fry),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (fry),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (fry),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (fry),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (adult),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (adult),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (adult),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (adult),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (30 d),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (0.6 g),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (larva),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (30 d),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (juvenile),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (juvenile),
Pimephales promelas
Method"
F, M
F, M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
F, M
S,U
F, M
S,M
S,M
Chemical
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
201
201
40
48
39
45
44
47
103
103
103
262.5
43.5
44.4
120
44
141
141
Acute Value
(HS/L)
2,000
4,500
21.5
11.7
19.3
42.4
29.0
54.2
3,060
2,900
3,100
7,160
1,280
1,500
>150
13.2
3,420
3,510
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
1.010
2.272
52.711
24.001
48.511
92.631
64.771
113.51
2,972'
2,817'
3,011'
2,783'
2,891'
3.320
>125.5'
29.48
2,443'
2,507'
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Reference
Pickering and Cast 1972
Pickering and Cast 1972
Spehar 1982
Spehar 1982
Spehar 1982
Spehar 1982
Spehar 1982
Spehar 1982
Birgeetal. 1983
Birgeetal. 1983
Birgeetal. 1983
Birgeetal. 1983
Spehar and Carlson
1984a;b
Phipps and Holcombe
1985
Halletal. 1986
Spehar and Fiandt 1986
Sherman etal. 1987
Sherman etal. 1987
A-30
-------
Species
Fathead minnow (0.8-2.0 g),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (<24 hr),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (<24 hr),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (<24 hr),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (<24 hr),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (1-2 d),
Pimephales promelas
Method"
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,U
S,U
Chemical
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
85.5
290
(pH=6-6.5)
290
(pH=7-7.5)
290
(pH=8-8.8)
60
60
Acute Value
(HS/L)
3,580
73
60
65
210
180
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
4,173'
25.471
21. 161
22.921
346.21
296.71
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
59.08
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
1,582
Reference
Carrier 1987; Carrier and
Beitinger 1988a
Schubauer-Berigan et al.
1993
Schubauer-Berigan et al.
1993
Schubauer-Berigan et al.
1993
Rificietal. 1996
Rificietal. 1996
Colorado pikeminnow
(larva, 9 mm),
Ptychocheilus lucius
Colorado pikeminnow
(juvenile, 43 mm),
Ptychocheilus lucius
S,U
S,U
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
199
199
78
108
39.76
55.06
-
45.59
-
46.79
Buhl 1997
Buhl 1997
Northern pikeminnow
(juvenile, 56 mm),
Ptychocheilus oregonensis
Northern pikeminnow
(juvenile, 60 mm),
Ptychocheilus oregonensis
F,M
F, M
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
25
25
1,092
1,104
4.241
4.288
-
4,493
-
4,265
Andros and Carton 1980
Andros and Garton 1980
Bonytail (larva),
Gila elegans
Bonytail (juvenile),
Gila elegans
S,U
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
199
199
148
168
75.45
85.64
-
78.32
-
80.38
Buhl 1997
Buhl 1997
White sucker,
Catostomus commersoni
F, M
Cadmium
chloride
18
1,110
5.947
6,344
5,947
Duncan and Klaverkamp
1983
A-31
-------
Species
Razorback sucker (larva),
Xyrauchen texanus
Razorback sucker (juvenile),
Xyrauchen texanus
Method"
S,U
s,u
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
199
199
Acute Value
(HS/L)
139
160
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
70.86
81.56
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
74.08
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
76.02
Reference
Buhl 1997
Buhl 1997
Channel catfish (7.4 g),
Ictalums punctatus
F,M
Cadmium
chloride
44.4
4,480
9.917
10,225
9,917
Phipps and Holcombe
1985
Flagfish,
Jordanella floridae
F,M
Cadmium
chloride
44
2,500
5.583
5,759
5,583
Spehar 1976a;b
Mosquitofish,
Gambusia affmis
Mosquitofish,
Gambusia affmis
Mosquitofish (juvenile),
Gambusia affmis
Mosquitofish (adult),
Gambusia affmis
F,M
F,M
s,u
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
11.1
11.1
-
-
900
2,200
2,354
1,447
7.739
18.918
NAd
NAd
-
-
-
13,146
-
-
-
12,100
Giesyetal. 1977
Giesyetal. 1977
Annabi et al. 2009
Annabi et al. 2009
Guppy,
Poecilia reticulata
Guppy (3-4 wk),
Poecilia reticulata
Guppy (3-4 wk),
Poecilia reticulata
Guppy,
Poecilia reticulata
s,u
R,M
R,M
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
20
105
209.2
-
1,270
3,800
11,100
18,635
6.137
3.622
5.388
NAd
-
-
-
4,981
-
-
-
4,929
Pickering and Henderson
1966
Canton and Slooff 1982
Canton and Slooff 1982
Yilmaz et al. 2004
Threespine stickleback,
Gasterosteus aculeatus
Threespine stickleback,
Gasterosteus aculeatus
s,u
R,M
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
115
107
6,500
23,000
5.668
21,522
-
11,002
-
11,045
Pascoe and Cram 1977
Pascoe and Mattey 1977
Striped bass (63 d),
Morone saxatilis
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
40
4
9.807
-
-
Palawski et al. 1985
A-32
-------
Species
Striped bass (63 d),
Morone saxatilis
Method"
S,U
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
285
Acute Value
(HS/L)
10
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
3.587
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
5.916
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
5.931
Reference
Palawski et al. 1985
Green sunfish,
Lepomis cyanellus
Green sunfish,
Lepomis cyanellus
Green sunfish,
Lepomis cyanellus
Green sunfish (juvenile),
Lepomis cyanellus
s,u
s,u
F,M
S,M
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
sulfate
20
360
335
85.5
2,840
66,000
20,500
11,520
13,724'
18,832'
6.276
13,427'
-
-
-
5,997
-
-
-
6,276
Pickering and Henderson
1966
Pickering and Henderson
1966
Jude 1973
Carrier 1987; Carrier and
Beitinger 1988b
Bluegill (juvenile, 1.5-3.5 g),
Lepomis macrochirus
Bluegill (juvenile, 1.5-3.5 g),
Lepomis macrochirus
Bluegill (juvenile, 1.5-3.5 g),
Lepomis macrochirus
Bluegill,
Lepomis macrochirus
Bluegill,
Lepomis macrochirus
Bluegill,
Lepomis macrochirus
Bluegill,
Lepomis macrochirus
Bluegill (l.Og),
Lepomis macrochirus
F,M
F,M
F,M
S,U
F,M
S,M
S,M
F,M
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
20
20
350
20
207
18
18
44.4
1,700
>2,100
22,200
1,940
21,100
2,300
2,300
6,470
8,215
>10,148
6,512
9,375'
10.349
12,322'
12,322'
14.322
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
12,194
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9,574
Lemke 1965
Lemke 1965
Lemke 1965
Pickering and Henderson
1966
Eaton 1980
Bishop and Mclntosh 1981
Bishop and Mclntosh 1981
Phipps and Holcombe
1985
Yellow perch
(juvenile, 8-12 g),
Perca flavescens
F, M
Cadmium
nitrate
120
8,140
6.808
-
6,808
Niyogi et al. 2004b
Nile tilapia
(adult, 13. 1cm, 77.2 g),
Oreochromis niloticus
S,M
Cadmium
chloride
36.17
24,660
66.720
-
66,720
Garcia-Santos et al. 2006
A-33
-------
Species
Method"
Chemical
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
Acute Value
(HS/L)
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
Reference
Mozambique tilapia,
Oreochromis mossambica
Mozambique tilapia (1.52 g),
Oreochromis mossambica
R,U
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
sulfate
28.4
17
6,000
1,000
20,570
5.666
-
21,569
-
10,795
Gaikwad 1989
James and Sampath 1999
White sturgeon (2 dph, 0.03g),
Acipenser transmontanus
White sturgeon
(30dph, 0.17g, 30.6cm),
Acipenser transmontanus
White sturgeon
(61 dph, 1. 15 g, 62.5 cm),
Acipenser transmontanus
White sturgeon
(72 dph, 1.89 g, 75.6cm),
Acipenser transmontanus
White sturgeon
(89 dph, 3.73 g, 97.57 cm),
Acipenser transmontanus
White sturgeon (2 dph),
Acipenser transmontanus
White sturgeon (larva, 27
dph),
Acipenser transmontanus
F,M
F,M
F,M
F,M
F,M
F,M
F, M
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
103
106
108
105
104
100
100
>49.98'
(>47.2 reported dissolved)
>375.9f
(>355 reported dissolved)
<36.43f
(<34.4 reported dissolved)
>158.3f
(>149.5 reported dissolved)
>289.6f
(>273.5 reported dissolved)
>11.65'
(>1 1 reported dissolved)
>11.65f
(>1 1 reported dissolved)
>48.55C
>355.0C
<33.78
>150.9C
>278.6C
>11.65C
>11.65C
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
<33.78
Calfeeetal. 2014
Calfeeetal. 2014
Calfeeetal. 2014
Calfeeetal. 2014
Calfeeetal. 2014
Wangetal. 2014a
Wangetal. 2014a
Mottled sculpin
(swim-up fry, 0.033 g),
Coitus bairdi
Mottled sculpin
(juvenile, 0.104 g),
Coitus bairdi
Mottled sculpin
(juvenile, 0.260 g),
Coitus bairdi
F, M
F, M
F, M
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
103
103
103
7.9
17
23
7.673
16.51C
22.34C
-
-
-
-
-
-
Besser et al. 2006; 2007
Besser et al. 2006; 2007
Besser et al. 2006; 2007
A-34
-------
Species
Mottled sculpin
(yearling, 2.3 g),
Cottus bairdi
Mottled sculpin
(newly hatched),
Cottus bairdi
Mottled sculpin (fry),
Cottus bairdi
Method"
F, M
F,M
F,M
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
sulfate
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
103
103
48.7
Acute Value
(HS/L)
>67
2.9
1.973'
(1.92 reported-dissolved)
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
>65.08C
2.817
3.990
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
4.418
Reference
Besser et al. 2006; 2007
Besser et al. 2006; 2007
Brinkman and Vieira 2007
Shorthead sculpin,
Cottus confusus
R,M
Cadmium
chloride
21
0.9560'
(0.93 reported dissolved)
4.404
-
4.404
Mebaneetal. 2012
African clawed frog,
Xenopus laevis
African clawed frog
(blastulastage8-ll),
Xenopus laevis
R,U
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
nitrate
116
-100
3,597
1,600
3.110
1,600
-
3,093
-
2,231
Sunderman et al. 1991
Gungordu et al. 2010
Northwestern salamander
(larva),
Ambystoma gracile
F,M
Cadmium
chloride
45
468.4
1.023
1,055
1,023
Nebekeretal. 1995
a S=static, R=renewal, F=flow-through, U=unmeasured, M=measured
b Normalized to a hardness of 100 mg/L using the pooled acute slope of 0.9789.
0 Data not used to calculate SMAV because more sensitive lifestage available.
d Not used to calculate SMAV because other normalized data available.
e Freshwater data not normalized so no SMAV calculated.
f Study reported a dissolved value only and this value was converted to total cadmium with a conversion factor of 1.028, 1.059 and 1.093 for total hardness levels of
50, 100 and 200 mg/L, respectively for freshwater species and 1.006 for saltwater species.
8 Not used to calculate SMAV because either a more definitive value available or value is considered an outlier.
h Carroll et al. 1979 not used in the 2016 AWQC update because the authors noted that the Cd measured concentration in the control water was greater than the
LCso value of 1.5 (ig/L and had 100% survival.
'Data not used to calculate SMAV because flow-through measured test(s) available.
1 Cadmium nitrate salt was not used in the SMAV calcualtion for rainbow trout because the values appear to be outliers. This difference may be based on the use of
nitrate, which resulted in LC50 values for salmonids that averaged 3 to 4 times higher than tests with chloride or sulfate, which are the dominant forms of
cadmium in surface water.
A-35
-------
Species
Method"
Chemical
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
Acute Value
(HS/L)
Normalized
Acute Valueb
(HS/L)
2001
SMAV
(HS/L)
2016
SMAV
(HS/L)
Reference
High hardness values for Davies et al. (1993) were not used in the SMAV calculation for rainbow trout because the dilution water maniupluated total hardness
with Mg only, and the protective effects of Ca were not in the dilution water (values abnormally low).
A-36
-------
Appendix Table A-2. Acute Values used to develop the Acute Hardness Correction Slope
Species
Hydra circumcincta
Hydra circumcincta
Hydra circumcincta
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
27.0
85.1
145
Acute Value
(ng/L)
69.69
128.1
172.0
Reference
Clifford 2009
Clifford 2009
Clifford 2009
Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri
Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri
5.3
152
170
2,400
Chapman etal. 1982
Williams et al. 1985
Villosa vibex
Villosa vibex
40
186
30
125
Keller, Unpublished
Keller, Unpublished
Daphnia magna
Daphnia magna
Daphnia magna
Daphnia magna
Daphnia magna
51
104
105
197
209
9.9
33
34
63
49
Chapman et al. Manuscript, 1980
Chapman et al. Manuscript, 1980
Chapman et al. Manuscript, 1980
Chapman et al. Manuscript, 1980
Chapman et al. Manuscript, 1980
Daphnia pulex
Daphnia pulex
Daphnia pulex
Daphnia pulex
Daphnia pulex
Daphnia pulex
Daphnia pulex
17.0
24.0
30.0
47.0
67.1
119
175
16.86
23.61
46.09
24.73
71.94
116.9
155.1
Clifford 2009; Clifford and McGeer 2010
Clifford 2009; Clifford and McGeer 2010
Clifford 2009; Clifford and McGeer 2010
Clifford 2009; Clifford and McGeer 2010
Clifford 2009; Clifford and McGeer 2010
Clifford 2009; Clifford and McGeer 2010
Clifford 2009; Clifford and McGeer 2010
Chironomus riparius
Chironomus riparius
10
140
331,000
1,106,000
Gillis and Wood 2008
Gillis and Wood 2008
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
31
23
23
43.5
44.4
52
29
281
28
281
30.7
29.3
31.7
30.2
30.0
89.3
103
103
19.7
29.4
44
21
7
1.75
1.3
1.0
2.3
3.0
1.88
2.79
13.4
2.09
10.0
0.71
0.47
0.51
0.38
1.29
2.85
3.7
5.2
0.864
0.915
2.75
0.8224
0.4934
Davies 1976a
Chapman 1975; 1978
Chapman 1978
Spehar and Carlson 1984a;b
Phipps andHolcombe 1985
Stubblefield 1990
Davies and Brinkman 1994b
Davies and Brinkman 1994b
Davies and Brinkman 1994b
Davies and Brinkman 1994b
Stratus Consulting 1999
Stratus Consulting 1999
Stratus Consulting 1999
Stratus Consulting 1999
Stratus Consulting 1999
Stratus Consulting 1999
Besser et al. 2007
Besser et al. 2007
Mebane et al. 2007; 2008
Mebane et al. 2007; 2008
Niyogi et al. 2008
Mebane etal. 2012
Mebane etal. 2012
A-37
-------
Species
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
13
24
32
29
21
Acute Value
(ng/L)
1.018
1.336
0.9560
0.8532
0.3495
Reference
Mebane etal. 2012
Mebane etal. 2012
Mebane etal. 2012
Mebane etal. 2012
Mebane etal. 2012
Salmo trutta
Salmo trutta
Salmo trutta
Salmo trutta
Salmo trutta
Salmo trutta
43.5
48
37.6
29.2
67.6
151
1.4
2.85
2.37
1.23
3.9
10.1
Spehar and Carlson 1984a;b
Stubblefield 1990
Davies and Brinkman 1994c
Brinkman and Hansen 2004a; 2007
Brinkman and Hansen 2004a; 2007
Brinkman and Hansen 2004a; 2007
Carassius auratus
Carassius auratus
20
140
2,130
46,800
McCartyetal. 1978
McCartyetal. 1978
Danio rerio
Danio rerio
141
7.8
1,832
125.2
AlsopandWood2011
AlsopandWood2011
Pimephales promelas
Pimephales promelas
Pimephales promelas
Pimephales promelas
Pimephales promelas
Pimephales promelas
Pimephales promelas
Pimephales promelas
Pimephales promelas
Pimephales promelas
Pimephales promelas
Pimephales promelas
Pimephales promelas
201
201
201
201
201
103
103
103
262.5
43.5
44.4
44
85.5
11,200
12,000
6,400
2,000
4,500
3,060
2,900
3,100
7,160
1,280
1,500
13.2
3,580
Pickering and Cast 1972
Pickering and Cast 1972
Pickering and Cast 1972
Pickering and Cast 1972
Pickering and Cast 1972
Birgeetal. 1983
Birgeetal. 1983
Birgeetal. 1983
Birgeetal. 1983
Spehar and Carlson 1984a;b
Phipps andHolcombe 1985
Spehar and Fiandt 1986
Carrier 1987; Carrier and Beitinger 1988a
Lepomis cyanellus
Lepomis cyanellus
335
85.5
20,500
11,520
Jude 1973
Carrier 1987; Carrier and Beitinger 1988b
Lepomis macrochirus
Lepomis macrochirus
Lepomis macrochirus
Lepomis macrochirus
Lepomis macrochirus
Lepomis macrochirus
20
350
207
18
18
44.4
1,700
22,200
21,100
2,300
2,300
6,470
Lemke 1965
Lemke 1965
Eaton 1980
Bishop and Mclntosh 1981
Bishop and Mclntosh 1981
Phipps andHolcombe 1985
A-38
-------
Appendix Table A-3. Acute Freshwater Total to Dissolved Conversion Factors for
Cadmium based on Hardness.
Hardness
(mg/L as CaCO3)
25
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Conversion Factor"
1.0020
0.9730
0.9560
0.9440
0.9270
0.9150
0.9057
0.8980
0.8916
0.8860
a The conversion factor (CF) is calculated as: CF = 1.136672 - (In (hardness) x 0.041838).
A-3 9
-------
Appendix B Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Acute Toxicity Data
B-l
-------
Appendix Table B-l. Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Acute Toxicity Data
(Underlined values are used in SMAV calculation and values in bold represent new/revised values since 2001 AWQC document).
(Species are organized phylogenetically).
Species
Nematode (juvenile, 2.5 d),
(formerly, Pellioditis marina)
Rhabditis marina
Method"
S,U
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Salinity
(g/kg)
30
Acute Value
(HS/L)
9.100
2001 SMAV
(HS/L)
-
2016 SMAV
(HS/L)
9,100
Reference
Vrankenetal. 1985
Polychaete worm (adult),
Neanthes arenaceodentata
Polychaete worm (juvenile),
Neanthes arenaceodentata
Polychaete worm (2 mo.),
Neanthes arenaceodentata
Polychaete worm (2 mo.),
Neanthes arenaceodentata
Polychaete worm (2 mo.),
Neanthes arenaceodentata
Polychaete worm (2 mo.),
Neanthes arenaceodentata
Polychaete worm,
Neanthes arenaceodentata
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
32
(20°C)
32
(20°C)
32
(15°C)
32
(15°C)
-
12,000
12,500
18.540
5.600
>5.600
30.030
14.100
-
-
-
-
-
-
12,836
-
-
-
-
-
-
12,052
Reishetal. 1976
Reishetal. 1976
Reishetal. 1977
Reishetal. 1977
Reishetal. 1977
Reishetal. 1977
Reish and LeMay 1991
Polychaete,
Nereis grubei
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
-
4.700
4,700
4,700
Reish and LeMay 1991
Polychaete worm,
(formerly, Nereis virens)
Alitta virens
Polychaete worm,
Alitta virens
s,u
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
20
20
11.000
9.300
-
10,114
-
10,114
Eisler 1971
Eisler and Hennekey 1977
Polychaete,
Ophryotrocha diadema
Polychaete,
Ophryotrocha diadema
Polychaete,
Ophryotrocha diadema
s,u
s,u
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
32
32
(20°C)
32
(15°C)
1,770
1,370
4.790
-
-
-
-
-
-
Reishetal. 1977
Reishetal. 1977
Reishetal. 1977
B-2
-------
Species
Polychaete,
Ophryotrocha diadema
Polychaete,
Ophryotrocha diadema
Method"
S,U
s,u
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Salinity
(g/kg)
32
(15°C)
32
Acute Value
(HS/L)
19,090
4,200
2001 SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
2016 SMAV
(HS/L)
-
3,925
Reference
Reishetal. 1977
Reish 1978
Polychaete worm,
Ctenodrilus serratus
Polychaete worm,
Ctenodrilus serratus
Polychaete worm,
Ctenodrilus serratus
Polychaete worm,
Ctenodrilus serratus
Polychaete worm,
Ctenodrilus serratus
Polychaete worm,
Ctenodrilus serratus
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
32
(20°C)
32
(20°C)
32
(15°C)
32
(15°C)
32
(10°C)
32
(10°C)
2.720
2,240
3.330
6.030
3.690
2.130
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3,142
Reishetal. 1977
Reishetal. 1977
Reishetal. 1977
Reishetal. 1977
Reishetal. 1977
Reishetal. 1977
Polychaete worm (adult),
Capitella capitata
Polychaete worm (larva),
Capitella capitata
Polychaete worm (15 d),
Capitella capitata
Polychaete worm (15 d),
Capitella capitata
Polychaete worm (15 d),
Capitella capitata
Polychaete worm (15 d),
Capitella capitata
Polychaete worm (15 d),
Capitella capitata
Polychaete worm (15 d),
Capitella capitata
Polychaete worm,
Capitella capitata
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
32
(20°C)
32
(20°C)
32
(15°C)
32
(15°C)
32
(10°C)
32
(10°C)
-
7,500C
200
5,030C
5,140C
16,300C
6,000C
28,444C
5,880C
2,800C
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
200
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
200
Reishetal. 1976
Reishetal. 1976
Reishetal. 1977
Reishetal. 1977
Reishetal. 1977
Reishetal. 1977
Reishetal. 1977
Reishetal. 1977
Reish and LeMay 1991
B-3
-------
Species
Method"
Chemical
Salinity
(g/kg)
Acute Value
(HS/L)
2001 SMAV
(HS/L)
2016 SMAV
(HS/L)
Reference
Starlet sea anemone
(adult, female),
Nematostella vectensis
Starlet sea anemone
(adult, female),
Nematostella vectensis
S,M
S,M
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
10
12
1.284
1,092
-
-
-
1,184
Harter and Matthews 2005
Harter and Matthews 2005
Cone worm,
Pectinaria californiensis
S,U
Cadmium
chloride
-
2.600
2,600
2,600
Reish and Lemay 1991
Oligochaete,
(formerly, Limnodriloides
verrucosus)
Tectidrilus verrucosus
R,U
Cadmium
sulfate
-
10.000
10,000
10,000
Chapman etal. 1982
Oligochaete worm,
Monopylephorus cuticulatus
R,U
Cadmium
sulfate
-
135.000
135,000
135,000
Chapman etal. 1982
Oligochaete worm,
Tubificoides gabriellae
R,U
Cadmium
sulfate
-
24.000
24,000
24,000
Chapman etal. 1982
Atlantic oyster drill,
Urosalpinx cinerea
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
-
6.600
6,600
6,600
Eisler 1971
Gastropod (2-15 cm),
(formerly, Morula granulata)
Tenguella granulata
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
32
2,060
-
2,060
Devi 1997
Dog whelk
(29.6mm, 601 mg),
Nucella lapillus
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
34
23.200
-
23,200
Leung and Furness 1999
Eastern mud snail,
Nassarius obsoletus
Eastern mud snail,
Nassarius obsoletus
s,u
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
10,500
35,000
-
19,170
-
19,170
Eisler 1971
Eisler and Hennekey 1977
B-4
-------
Species
Method"
Chemical
Salinity
(g/kg)
Acute Value
(HS/L)
2001 SMAV
(HS/L)
2016 SMAV
(HS/L)
Reference
Barnacle (larva-nauplii II),
Amphibalanus amphitrite
S,U
Cadmium
nitrate
37
490
-
490
Piazza etal. 2012
Blue mussel,
Mytilus edulis
Blue mussel,
Mytilus edulis
Blue mussel,
Mytilus edulis
Blue mussel,
Mytilus edulis
Blue mussel (embryo),
Mytilus edulis
Blue mussel (juvenile),
Mytilus edulis
s,u
S,M
F,M
F,M
S,U
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
-
-
33.8
25
25,000C
1,620C
3600C
4300C
1.200
960
-
-
-
-
-
1,073
-
-
-
-
-
1,073
Eisler 1971
Ahsanullah 1976
Ahsanullah 1976
Ahsanullah 1976
Martin et al. 1981
Nelson etal. 1988
Blue mussel (embryo),
Mytilus trossolus
S,M
Cadmium
chloride
-
505.0'
(502 reported-dissolved)
-
505.0
Nadella et al. 2009
Bay scallop (juvenile),
Argopecten irradians
S,U
Cadmium
chloride
-
1.480
1,480
1,480
Nelson etal. 1976
Scallop
(juvenile, 35 d, 3 mm),
Argopecten ventricosus
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
36
396
-
396
Sobrino-Figueroa et al. 2007
Pacific oyster (embryo),
Crassostrea gigas
Pacific oyster (larva, 6 d),
Crassostrea gigas
Pacific oyster (larva, 16 d),
Crassostrea gigas
s,u
R,U
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
33.8
34
34
611
85
>100
-
-
227.9
-
-
173.2
Martin et al. 1981
Watling 1982
Watling 1982
American oyster (larva),
Crassostrea virginica
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
25
3.800
3,800
3,800
Calabrese et al. 1973
B-5
-------
Species
Brown mussel (20-24 mm),
(formerly, Perna indica)
Perna perna
Brown mussel (20-24 mm),
Perna perna
Brown mussel (20-24 mm),
Perna perna
Brown mussel (20-24 mm),
Perna perna
Method"
S,U
R,U
R,U
R,U
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
nitrate
Salinity
(g/kg)
-
32
32
32
Acute Value
(HS/L)
2.213
1.357
818.0
701.3
2001 SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
2016 SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
1,146
Reference
Baby and Menon 1986
Baby and Menon 1987
Baby and Menon 1987
Baby and Menon 1987
Green mussel (20-25 mm),
Perna viridis
Green mussel,
Perna viridis
s,u
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
33
2.500
1,570
-
-
-
1,981
Mohan etal. 1986
Chan 1988
Mangrove oysters (embryo),
Isognomon californicum
Mangrove oysters
(larva, 3 d),
Isognomon californicum
Mangrove oysters
(larva, 10 d),
Isognomon californicum
Mangrove oysters
(larva, 24 d),
Isognomon californicum
Mangrove oysters
(larva, 36 d),
Isognomon californicum
Mangrove oysters (embryo),
Isognomon californicum
Mangrove oysters
(larva, 3 d),
Isognomon californicum
Mangrove oysters
(larva, 10 d),
Isognomon californicum
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
34
34
34
34
34
24
24
24
500
500
500
4,000C
4,000C
300
380
400
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Ringwood 1990
Ringwood 1990
Ringwood 1990
Ringwood 1990
Ringwood 1990
Ringwood 1990
Ringwood 1990
Ringwood 1990
B-6
-------
Species
Mangrove oysters
(larva, 24 d),
Isognomon californicum
Mangrove oysters
(larva, 36 d),
Isognomon californicum
Method"
S,U
s,u
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Salinity
(g/kg)
24
24
Acute Value
(HS/L)
2,000C
2,000C
2001 SMAV
(HS/L)
-
2016 SMAV
(HS/L)
422.6
Reference
Ringwood 1990
Ringwood 1990
Horse clam
(newly hatched embryos),
Tresus capax
s,u
Cadmium
sulfate
30
60
-
60
Cardwell et al. 1979
Horse clam, Pacific gaper
(newly hatched embryos),
Tresus nuttalli
s,u
Cadmium
sulfate
29
590
-
590
Cardwell et al. 1979
Soft-shell clam,
Mya arenaria
Soft-shell clam,
Mya arenaria
Soft-shell clam,
Mya arenaria
s,u
s,u
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
-
2.200
850
2.500
-
-
1,672
-
-
1,672
Eisler 1971
Eisler 1977
Eisler and Hennekey 1977
Horseshoe crab
(1st instar larva, 3.3 mm),
Limulus polyphemus
Horseshoe crab (embryo),
Limulus polyphemus
R,U
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
20
20
167,700
171,900
-
-
169,787
Botton 2000
Botton 2000
California market squid
(larva),
Loligo opalescens
S,M
Cadmium
chloride
30
>10,200
>10,200
>10,200
Dinneletal. 1989
Copepod,
Pseudodiaptomus coronatus
S,U
Cadmium
chloride
-
1.708
1,708
1,708
Gentile 1982
Calanoid copepod,
Eurytemora affmis
S,U
Cadmium
chloride
-
1,080C
-
-
Gentile 1982
B-7
-------
Species
Calanoid copepod
(newly hatched nauplii),
Eurytemora affmis
Method"
S,U
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Salinity
(g/kg)
-
Acute Value
(HS/L)
147.7
2001 SMAV
(HS/L)
147.7
2016 SMAV
(HS/L)
147.7
Reference
Sullivan et al. 1983
Copepod,
Acartia clausi
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
-
144
144
144
Gentile 1982
Calanoid copepod,
Acartia tonsa
Calanoid copepod,
Acartia tonsa
Calanoid copepod,
Acartia tonsa
Calanoid copepod,
Acartia tonsa
Calanoid copepod (adult),
Acartia tonsa
Calanoid copepod (adult),
Acartia tonsa
Calanoid copepod (adult),
Acartia tonsa
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
-
-
15
(18°C)
20
(13°C)
21
(21°C)
337
90
220
122
93
151
29
-
-
-
-
-
-
118.7
-
-
-
-
-
-
118.7
Sosnowski and Gentile 1978
Sosnowski and Gentile 1978
Sosnowski and Gentile 1978
Sosnowski and Gentile 1978
Toudal and Riisgard 1987
Toudal and Riisgard 1987
Toudal and Riisgard 1987
Harpacticoid copepod,
(formerly, Nitocra spinipes)
Nitokra spinipes
Harpacticoid copepod,
Nitokra spinipes
Harpacticoid copepod,
Nitokra spinipes
Harpacticoid copepod,
Nitokra spinipes
s,u
F,U
F,U
F,U
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
3
7
15
1.800
430
660
780
-
-
-
794.5
-
-
-
794.5
Bengtsson 1978
Bengtsson and Bergstrom 1987
Bengtsson and Bergstrom 1987
Bengtsson and Bergstrom 1987
Harpacticoid copepod,
(formerly, Amphiascus
tenuiremis)
Saramphiascus tenuiremis
S,M
Cadmium
nitrate
30.7
224
224
224
Green etal. 1993
B-8
-------
Species
Harpacticoid copepod
(nauplii),
Tigriopus brevicornis
Harpacticoid copepod
(copepodid),
Tigriopus brevicornis
Harpacticoid copepod
(ovigerous female),
Tigriopus brevicornis
Method"
S,U
s,u
s,u
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Salinity
(g/kg)
34.5-35
34.5-35
34.5-35
Acute Value
(HS/L)
17.4
29.7
47.9
2001 SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
2016 SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
29.14
Reference
Forget etal. 1998
Forget etal. 1998
Forget etal. 1998
Mysid,
Americamysis bahia
Mysid,
Americamysis bahia
Mysid (7 d),
Americamysis bahia
Mysid (7 d),
Americamysis bahia
Mysid (7 d),
Americamysis bahia
Mysid (7 d),
Americamysis bahia
Mysid (7 d),
Americamysis bahia
Mysid (7 d),
Americamysis bahia
Mysid (<24 hr),
Americamysis bahia
Mysid (<24 hr),
Americamysis bahia
Mysid (<24 hr),
Americamysis bahia
Mysid (<24 hr),
Americamysis bahia
Mysid (<24 hr),
Americamysis bahia
F,M
F,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
-
-
-
10-17
30
20
6
14
22
30
38
10
(20°C)
10
(25°C)
10
(30°C)
30
(20°C)
30
(25°C)
15.5
110
23'
14.71
38.01
70.41
77.31
90.31
30.91
20.71
-------
Species
Mysid (<24 hr),
Americamysis bahia
Method"
S,M
Chemical
-
Salinity
(g/kg)
30
(30°C)
Acute Value
(HS/L)
8,000
-
>8,000
Boeseetal. 1997
Isopod,
(formerly, Jaeropsis sp. )
Joeropsis sp.
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
35
410.0
410.0
410.0
Hong and Reish 1987
Wood borer,
Limnoria tripunctata
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
35
7.120
7,120
7,120
Hong and Reish 1987
Amphipod (adult),
Ampelisca abdita
F,M
Cadmium
chloride
-
2.900
2,900
2,900
Scott et al. Manuscript
Amphipod,
Chelura terebrans
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
35
630
630
630
Hong and Reish 1987
Amphipod,
Corophium insidiosum
Amphipod (8-12 mm),
Corophium insidiosum
Amphipod,
Corophium insidiosum
s,u
s,u
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
35
-
28
1.270
680
960
-
-
-
-
-
-
Hong and Reish 1987
Reish 1993
Boeseetal. 1997
B-10
-------
Species
Amphipod (2-4 mm),
Corophium insidiosum
Amphipod (2-4 mm),
Corophium insidiosum
Method"
S,M
S,M
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Salinity
(g/kg)
35.9
(10°C)
35.9
(25°C)
Acute Value
(HS/L)
2.110
700
2001 SMAV
(HS/L)
-
929.3
2016 SMAV
(HS/L)
-
1,041
Reference
Prato et al. 2008
Prato et al. 2008
Amphipod (juvenile),
Diporeia spp.
Amphipod (juvenile),
Diporeia spp.
Amphipod (juvenile),
Diporeia spp.
S,M
S,M
S,M
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
20
(4°C)
20
(10°C)
20
(15°C)
49,400g
17,500g
6.700
-
-
6,700
-
-
6,700
Gossiaux et al. 1992
Gossiaux et al. 1992
Gossiaux et al. 1992
Amphipod,
Elasmopus bampo
Amphipod (8-12 mm),
Elasmopus bampo
S,U
S,U
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
35
-
570
900
-
716.2
-
716.2
Hong and Reish 1987
Reish 1993
Amphipod (3-5 mm),
Eohaustorius estuarius
Amphipod (3-5 mm),
Eohaustorius estuarius
Amphipod (3-5 mm),
Eohaustorius estuarius
Amphipod,
Eohaustorius estuarius
R,M
R,M
R,M
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
30
(held 11 days
before testing)
30
(held 17 days
before testing)
30
(held 121 days
before testing)
28
41.900
36.100
14.500
12,510
-
-
-
27,992
-
-
-
22,887
Meador 1993
Meador 1993
Meador 1993
Boeseetal. 1997
Amphipod,
Grandidierella japonica
Amphipod,
Grandidierella japonica
S,U
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
35
28
1.170
340
-
1,170
-
630.7
Hong and Reish 1987
Boeseetal. 1997
Amphipod,
Leptocheirus plumulosus
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
20
1.450
-
-
Boeseetal. 1997
B-ll
-------
Species
Amphipod (500 um),
Leptocheirus plumulosus
Amphipod (700 um),
Leptocheirus plumulosus
Amphipod (1,000 um),
Leptocheirus plumulosus
Method"
S,U
s,u
s,u
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Salinity
(g/kg)
8
8
8
Acute Value
(HS/L)
360
650
880
2001 SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
590.5
2016 SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
739.2
Reference
McGeeetal. 1998
McGeeetal. 1998
McGeeetal. 1998
Amphipod,
Rhepoxynius abronius
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
28
1,510
-
1,510
Boeseetal. 1997
Scud (adult),
Marinogammarus obtusatus
Scud (young),
Marinogammarus obtusatus
S,M
S,M
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
13,000C
3.500
-
3,500
-
3,500
Wright and Frain 1981
Wright and Frain 1981
Northern pink shrimp
(subadult),
(formerly, Penaeus duorarum)
Farfantepenaeus duorarum
Northern pink shrimp
(2nd post larva),
Farfantepenaeus duorarum
F,M
S,U
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
25
3,500C
310.5
-
310.5
-
310.5
Nimmoetal. 1977b
Cripe 1994
White shrimp (juvenile),
(formerly, Penaeus setiferus)
Litopenaeus setiferus
S,M
Cadmium
chloride
11
990
-
990
Vanegasetal. 1997
Whiteleg shrimp
(post larva),
Litopenaeus vannamei
White shrimp
(post larva, 7.13 mg),
Litopenaeus vannamei
R,U
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
-
34
15
2.490
1.070
-
-
-
1,632
Frias-Espericueta et al. 2001
Wu and Chen 2004
Tiger shrimp (juvenile),
Penaeus monodon
R,M
Cadmium
chloride
28
1,720
-
1,720
Raj Kumar 20 12
B-12
-------
Species
Daggerblade grass shrimp
(adult),
Palaemonetes pugio
Daggerblade grass shrimp
(adult),
Palaemonetes pugio
Daggerblade grass shrimp
(juvenile),
Palaemonetes pugio
Method"
S,U
s,u
S,M
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Salinity
(g/kg)
20
20
10
Acute Value
(HS/L)
3.280
1.830
1.300
2001 SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
1,983
2016 SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
1,983
Reference
Khanetal. 1988
Khanetal. 1988
Burton and Fisher 1990
Grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes vulgaris
Grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes vulgaris
S,U
F,M
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
4201
760
-
760
-
760
Eisler 1971
Nimmoetal. 1977b
Sand shrimp,
Crangon septemspinosa
S,U
Cadmium
chloride
-
320
320
320
Eisler 1971
American lobster (larva),
Homarus americanus
s,u
Cadmium
nitrate
-
78
78
78
Johnson and Gentile 1979
Longwrist hermit crab,
Pagurus longicarpus
Longwrist hermit crab,
Pagurus longicarpus
s,u
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
320
1.300
-
645.0
-
645.0
Eisler 1971
Eisler and Hennekey 1977
Rock crab (zoea),
(formerly, Cancer irroratus)
Cancer plebejus
F,M
Cadmium
chloride
-
250
250
250
Johns and Miller 1982
Dungeness crab (zoeae),
Cancer magister
Dungeness crab (zoeae),
Cancer magister
s,u
S,M
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
33.8
30
247
200
-
222.3
-
222.3
Martin et al. 1981
Dinneletal. 1989
Blue crab (juvenile),
Callinectes sapidus
S,U
Cadmium
chloride
35
11,600
-
-
Frank and Robertson 1979
B-13
-------
Species
Blue crab (juvenile),
Callinectes sapidus
Blue crab (juvenile),
Callinectes sapidus
Method"
S,U
s,u
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Salinity
(g/kg)
15
1
Acute Value
(HS/L)
4.700
320
2001 SMAV
(HS/L)
-
2,594
2016 SMAV
(HS/L)
-
2,594
Reference
Frank and Robertson 1979
Frank and Robertson 1979
Lesser blue crab
(intermolt, 1-5 g),
Callinectes similis
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
30
6,350
-
6,350
Ramirez et al. 1989
Green shore crab,
Carcinus maenas
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
-
4.100
4,100
4,100
Eisler 1971
Mud crab (1 g),
Eurypanopeus depressus
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
25
4,900
-
4,900
Collier etal. 1973
Pacific sand crab (juvenile),
Emerita analoga
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
28
2,110
-
2,110
Boeseetal. 1997
Fiddler crab,
Uca pugilator
Fiddler crab,
Uca pugilator
Fiddler crab,
Uca pugilator
Fiddler crab,
Uca pugilator
Fiddler crab,
Uca pugilator
Fiddler crab,
Uca pugilator
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
10
(20°C)
20
(20°C)
30
(20°C)
10
(30°C)
20
(30°C)
30
(30°C)
32.300
46,600
37,000
6.800
10.400
23,300
-
-
-
-
-
21,238
-
-
-
-
-
21,238
O'Hara 1973a
O'Hara 1973a
O'Hara 1973a
O'Hara 1973a
O'Hara 1973a
O'Hara 1973a
Fiddler crab (intermolt, males,
24-29 mm carapace),
Uca triangularis
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
25
7.660
-
7,660
Devi 1987
Common starfish,
Asterias forbesii
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
-
820
-
-
Eisler 1971
B-14
-------
Species
Common starfish,
Asterias forb esii
Method"
S,U
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Salinity
(g/kg)
-
Acute Value
(HS/L)
7.100
2001 SMAV
(HS/L)
2,413
2016 SMAV
(HS/L)
2,413
Reference
Eisler and Hennekey 1977
Green sea urchin (embryo),
Strongylocentrotus
droebachiensis
S,M
Cadmium
chloride
30
1.800
1,800
1,800
Dinneletal. 1989
Purple sea urchin (embryo),
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Purple sea urchin (embryo),
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
S,M
S,M
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
30
34
500
342.3
-
500
-
413.7
Dinneletal. 1989
Phillips et al. 2003
Sand dollar (embryo),
Dendraster excentricus
S,M
Cadmium
chloride
30
7.400
7,400
7,400
Dinneletal. 1989
Moon jellyfish (ephyra),
Aurelia aurita
S,U
Cadmium
nitrate
37
61.75
-
61.75
Faimalietal. 2013
Coho salmon (smolt),
Oncorhynchus kisutch
F,M
Cadmium
chloride
28.3
1.500
1,500
1,500
Dinneletal. 1989
Sheepshead minnow
(36 mm, 1.1 g),
Cyprinodon variegatus
Sheepshead minnow
(25.8 mm, 0.27 g),
Cyprinodon variegatus
S,U
S,M
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
10
50.000
15,900
-
50,000
-
28,196
Eisler 1971
Roberts etal. 1982
Mummichog (adult),
Fundulus heteroclitus
Mummichog (juvenile),
Fundulus heteroclitus
Mummichog (juvenile),
Fundulus heteroclitus
Mummichog (juvenile),
Fundulus heteroclitus
S,U
S,U
S,U
S,U
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
20
20
20
49,000'
114,000'
92,000'
78,000'
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Eisler 1971
Voyer 1975
Voyer 1975
Voyer 1975
B-15
-------
Species
Mummichog (juvenile),
Fundulus heteroclitus
Mummichog (juvenile),
Fundulus heteroclitus
Mummichog (juvenile),
Fundulus heteroclitus
Mummichog (juvenile),
Fundulus heteroclitus
Mummichog (juvenile),
Fundulus heteroclitus
Mummichog (juvenile),
Fundulus heteroclitus
Mummichog (adult),
Fundulus heteroclitus
Mummichog (12-20 mm),
Fundulus heteroclitus
Method"
S,U
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
F,M
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
sulfate
Salinity
(g/kg)
10
10
10
32
32
32
-
14
Acute Value
(HS/L)
73,000'
73,000'
63,000'
31,000'
30,000'
29,000'
22,000'
18.200
2001 SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
18,200
2016 SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
18,200
Reference
Voyer 1975
Voyer 1975
Voyer 1975
Voyer 1975
Voyer 1975
Voyer 1975
Eisler and Hennekey 1977
Lin and Dunson 1993
Striped killifish (adult),
Fundulus majalis
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
-
21.000
21,000
21,000
Eisler 1971
Rivulus (11-18 mm),
Rivulus marmoratus
Rivulus (11-18 mm),
Rivulus marmoratus
Rivulus (adult, 120 d),
Rivulus marmoratus
Rivulus (juvenile, 30 d),
Rivulus marmoratus
Rivulus (larvae, 7 d),
Rivulus marmoratus
F,M
F,M
S,M
S,M
S,M
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
14
14
10
10
10
23,700C
18,500C
32,200C
18,800C
800
-
-
-
-
800
-
-
-
-
800
Lin and Dunson 1993
Lin and Dunson 1993
Parketal. 1994
Parketal. 1994
Parketal. 1994
Atlantic silverside
(59.4mm, 2.15 g),
Menidia menidia
Atlantic silverside (adult),
Menidia menidia
S,M
S,U
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
10
30
6,400C
2,032C
-
-
-
-
Roberts etal. 1982
Cardin 1985
B-16
-------
Species
Atlantic silverside (juvenile),
Menidia menidia
Atlantic silverside (juvenile),
Menidia menidia
Atlantic silverside
(larva, Id),
Menidia menidia
Method"
S,U
s,u
s,u
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Salinity
(g/kg)
30
30
30.4
Acute Value
(HS/L)
28,532C
13,652C
1.054
2001 SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
779.8
2016 SMAV
(HS/L)
-
-
1,054
Reference
Cardin 1985
Cardin 1985
Cardin 1985
Striped bass (63 d),
Morone saxatilis
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
1
75.0
75.0
75.0
Palawski et al. 1985
Cabezon (larva),
Scorpaenichthys marmoratus
S,M
Cadmium
chloride
27
>200
>200
>200
Dinneletal. 1989
Pinfish (subadult),
Lagodon rhomboides
S,U
Cadmium
1
1,000
-
1,000
Sharp 1988
Shiner perch
(adult, 87 mm),
Cymatogaster aggregata
F,M
Cadmium
chloride
30.1
11.000
11,000
11,000
Dinneletal. 1989
Striped mullet
(juvenile, 50 mm),
Mugil cephalus
Striped mullet (fry, 10 mm),
Mugil cephalus
S,U
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
37.3
37.3
28,000C
7.079
-
7,079
-
7,079
Hilmyetal. 1985
Hilmyetal. 1985
White mullet,
Mugil curema
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
36
12,000
-
12,000
Chung 1978
Mozambique tilapia
(27 mm),
Oreochromis mossambicus
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
1
>80.000
-
>80,000
Chung 1983
Gunner
(2-3 yr, 1 cm, 14-29 g),
Tautogolabrus adspersus
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
-
25,900
-
25,900
Robohm 1986
B-17
-------
Species
Method"
Chemical
Salinity
(g/kg)
Acute Value
(HS/L)
2001 SMAV
(HS/L)
2016 SMAV
(HS/L)
Reference
Winter flounder (larva),
Pseudopleuronectes
americanus
S,U
Cadmium
chloride
-
14,297
14,297
14,297
Cardin 1985
Scorpionfish (287 g),
Scorpaena guttata
R,M
Cadmium
chloride
-
62.000
-
62,000
Brown etal. 1984
a S=static, R=renewal, F=flow-through, U=unmeasured, M=measured
0 Data not used to calculate SMAV because more sensitive lifestage available.
f Study reported a dissolved value only and this value was converted to total cadmium with a conversion factor of 1.028, 1.059 and 1.093 for total hardness levels of 50, 100
and 200 mg/L, respectively for freshwater species and 1.006 for saltwater species.
8 Not used to calculate SMAV because either a more definitive value available or value is considered an outlier.
1 Data not used to calculate SMAV because flow-through measure test(s) available.
B-18
-------
Appendix C Acceptable Freshwater Chronic Toxicity Data
c-i
-------
Appendix Table C-l. Acceptable Freshwater Chronic Toxicity Data
(Values normalized to total hardness=100 mg/L as CaCOs using pooled hardness slope of 0.7977 and expressed as total cadmium).
(Underlined values are used in SMCV calculation and values in bold represent new/revised values since 2001 AWQC document).
(Species are organized
Species
Oligochaete,
Aeolosoma headleyi
Method"
R,M
pnylogenetically).
Test3
LC
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Hardness
(mg/L
CaC03)
175
(160-190)
Chronic
Limits
(Hg/L)
32-50.2
MATC
(Hg/L)
40.08
(growth &
reproduction)
EC20
(Hg/L)
57.35
(growth)
Normalized
Chronic
Valueb
(Hg/L)
36.70
2001
SMCV
(Hg/L)
34.66
2016
SMCV
(Hg/L)
36.70
Reference
Niederlehner et
al. 1984
Oligochaete (2-2.5 cm),
Lumbriculus variegatus
Oligochaete (adult),
Lumbriculus variegatus
R,M
R,M
28 d
28 d
-
-
140
22
86.9-107.6
2.3->2.3
96.70
(reproduction)
>2.3
(survival)
19.83
(reproduction)
-
15.16
>7.695C
-
-
-
15.16
Straus 20 11
Straus 20 11
Snail
(<24 hr, egg masses),
Aplexa hypnorum
Snail
(<24 hr, egg masses),
Aplexa hypnorum
F,M
F,M
LC
LC
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
45.3
45.3
4.41-7.63
2.50-4.79
5.801
(-)
3.460
(-)
4.002
(reproduction)
0.8737
(survival)
7.525
1.643
-
8.055
3.516
Holcombe et al.
1984
Holcombe et al.
1984
Pond snail (5 mm),
Lymnaea stagnalis
Pond snail (10 mm),
Lymnaea stagnalis
Pond snail (15 mm),
Lymnaea stagnalis
Pond snail (5 mm),
Lymnaea stagnalis
R,M
R,M
R,M
R,M
31d
31d
31d
28 d
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
135
(130-140)
135
(130-140)
135
(130-140)
90
9.43-28.3
28.3-94.3
94.3->94.3
5.20->5.20
16.34
(growth)
51.66
(survival)
>94.3
(growth)
>5.20
(survival &
growth)
1.944
(survival)
35.56
(growth)
28.68
(growth)
-
1.530
27.99
22.57
>5.655C
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9.887
Pais2012
Pais2012
Pais2012
Pais2012
Mudsnail,
Potamopyrgus
antipodarum
R,M
28 d
Cadmium
sulfate
-
0.806-3.44
1.665
(reproduction)
2.641
(reproduction)
-
-
NAf
Sieratowicz et
al. 2011
C-2
-------
Species
Fatmucket (juvenile),
Lampsilis siliquoidea
Method"
F,M
Test3
28 d
Chemical
Cadmium
nitrate
Hardness
(mg/L
CaC03)
44
(40-48)
Chronic
Limits
(Hg/L)
4.4-8.2
MATC
(Hg/L)
6.007
(survival &
growth)
EC20
(Hg/L)
5.868
(growth)
Normalized
Chronic
Valueb
(Hg/L)
11.29
2001
SMCV
(Hg/L)
-
2016
SMCV
(Hg/L)
11.29
Reference
Wang et al.
2010d
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia dubia
-
R,M
R,M
R,M
R,M
R,M
R,M
-
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
-
-
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
100
20
270
270
270
270
270
170
-
10-19
5.304-
9.934
1.073-
2.391
3.066-
4.108
5.457-
7.174
1.748-
2.391
1.1-3.4
2.20
(-)
13.78
(-)
7.259
(survival &
reproduction)
1.602
(reproduction)
3.549
(reproduction)
6.257
(survival &
reproduction)
2.044
(reproduction)
1.93
(reproduction)
-
-
6.129
(reproduction)
2.262
(reproduction)
3.029
(reproduction)
3.376
(reproduction)
1.341
(reproduction)
-
2.200C
49.75C
2.775
1.024
1.371
1.528
0.6071
1.264C
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
45.40
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.293
Spehar and
Fiandt 1986
Jop et al. 1995
Southwest
Texas State
Univeristy 2000
Southwest
Texas State
Univeristy 2000
Southwest
Texas State
Univeristy 2000
Southwest
Texas State
Univeristy 2000
Southwest
Texas State
Univeristy 2000
Brooks et al.
2004
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia reticulata
-
LC
-
44
3.6-7.5
5.20
(-)
-
10.01
-
NAg
Spehar and
Carlson 1984a,b
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
R,M
R,M
LC
LC
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
53
103
0.08-0.29
0.16-0.28
0.1523
(reproduction)
0.2117
(reproduction)
-
0.2118
(reproduction)
0.2527C
0.2068
-
-
-
-
Chapman et al.
Manuscript,
1980
Chapman et al.
Manuscript,
1980
C-3
-------
Species
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Method"
R,M
R,M
R,M
R,M
R,M
R,M
R,M
R,M
Test3
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
-
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Hardness
(mg/L
CaC03)
209
200
150
130
170
99
51
-
Chronic
Limits
(Hg/L)
0.21-0.91
0.37-0.48
5.0-10
<1.86-1.86
0.6-2.0
1.67-3.43
1.97-3.43
0.328-
0.656
MATC
(Hg/L)
0.4371
(reproduction)
0.37
(EC20)
7.07
(reproduction)
<1.86
(reproduction)
1.10
(growth)
2.39
(reproduction)
2.60
(reproduction)
0.46
(reproduction)
EC20
(Hg/L)
0.3545
(reproduction)
0.37
(-)
6.166
(survival)
1.677
(reproduction)
-
2.496
(reproduction)
2.373
(reproduction)
1.528
(survival)
Normalized
Chronic
Valueb
(Hg/L)
0.1969
0.2128
4.461
1.360
0.7203C
2.516
4.059
NAC
2001
SMCV
(Hg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
O.634
0
2016
SMCV
(Hg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.9150
Reference
Chapman et al.
Manuscript,
1980
Canton and
Slooff 1982
Bodar et al.
1988b
Borgmann et al.
1989a; b
Bairdetal. 1990
Chadwick
Ecological
Consultants
2003
Chadwick
Ecological
Consultants
2003
Jemec et al.
2008
Cladoceran,
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran,
Daphnia pulex
R,M
R,M
-
LC
LC
LC
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
65
52
52
5.5-10.2
14.6->14.6
-
7.49
(survival &
reproduction)
>14.6
(reproduction)
-
6.214
(growth)
3.051
(reproduction)
1.45
(survival)
8.761
5.140
2.443
-
-
-
-
-
-
Niederlehner
1984
Chadwick
Ecological
Consultants
2003
Chadwick
Ecological
Consultants
2004a
C-4
-------
Species
Cladoceran,
Daphnia pulex
Method"
-
Test3
LC
Chemical
-
Hardness
(mg/L
CaC03)
52
Chronic
Limits
(Hg/L)
-
MATC
(Hg/L)
-
EC20
(Hg/L)
2.17
(reproduction)
Normalized
Chronic
Valueb
(Hg/L)
3.655
2001
SMCV
(Hg/L)
10.30
2016
SMCV
(Hg/L)
4.478
Reference
Chadwick
Ecological
Consultants
2004a
Amphipod (7-8 d),
Hyalella azteca
F,M
LC
Cadmium
chloride
280
0.51-1.9
0.984
(growth &
survival)
1.695
(reproduction)
0.7453
0.4590
0.7453
Ingersoll and
Kemble2001
Midge (larva, <24 hr),
Chironomus dilutus
F,M
LC
Cadmium
chloride
280
5.8-16.4
9.753
(growth)
4.548
(percent hatch)
2.000
4.686
2.000
Ingersoll and
Kemble2001
Rio Grande cutthroat
trout (eyed egg),
Oncorhynchus clarkii
virginalis
F,M
ELS
Cadmium
sulfate
44.9
1.48-3.37
2.296e
(2.233
dissolved)
(survival,
growth &
biomass)
1.871e
(1.82
dissolved)
(survival,
growth &
biomass)
3.543
-
3.543
Brinkman2012
Coho salmon
(Lake Superior),
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Coho salmon
(West Coast),
Oncorhynchus kisutch
-
-
ELS
ELS
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
44
44
1.3-3.4
4.1-12.5
2.102
(-)
7.159
(-)
-
-
4.046
13.78
-
7.127
-
NAg
Eaton et al.
1978
Eaton et al.
1978
Rainbow trout
(adult, female, 270 d),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
-
F, M
F, M
F, M
LC
PLC
PLC
PLC
-
-
-
-
250
46
217
413.8
3.39-5.48
1.25-1.74
2.55-5.03
2.57-5.16
4.310
(-)
1.47
(lethal to 1%)
3.58
(lethal to 1%)
3.64
(lethal to 1%)
3.319
(reproduction)
2.473
(survival)
4.762
(survival)
3.808
(survival)
1.598
4.593
2.567
1.226
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Brown et al.
1994
Davies et al.
1993
Davies et al.
1993
Davies et al.
1993
C-5
-------
Species
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(4 hr post fert),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (1 dph),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Method"
F,M
F,M
F,M
F,M
R,M
F,M
F, M
F, M
Test3
ELS
ELS
ELS
ELS
ELS
ELS
ELS
ELS
Chemical
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
-
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Hardness
(mg/L
CaC03)
301
282
29
103
6.8
19.7
29.4
100
Chronic
Limits
(Hg/L)
8.20-14.2
1.48-2.24
(aged
solution)
1.02-1.89
1.3-2.7
0.25-2.5
0.6-1.3
<0. 16-0. 16
-
MATC
(Hg/L)
10.8
(survival)
1.82
(survival)
1.39
(survival)
1.87
(survival)
0.79
(delayed hatch
& growth)
0.905e
(0.88
dissolved)
(survival)
<0.164e
(<0.16
dissolved)
(growth)
-
EC20
(Hg/L)
9.508
(survival)
-
2.604
(survival)
3.471
(survival)
-
1.312e
(1.276
dissolved)
(survival)
2.386e
(2.321
dissolved)
(survival)
5.613e
(5.3 dissolved)
(survival)
Normalized
Chronic
Valueb
(Hg/L)
3.947d
0.7962C
6.989d
3.389d
6.743C
4.794d
6.334d
5.612d
2001
SMCV
(Hg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2.186
2016
SMCV
(Hg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2.192
Reference
Davies and
Brinkman
1994b
Davies and
Brinkman
1994b
Davies and
Brinkman
1994b
Besser et al.
2007
Lizardo-Daudt
and Kennedy
2008
Mebane et al.
2008
Mebane et al.
2008
Wang et al.
2014a
Chinook salmon
(egg-fry),
Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
F, M
ELS
Cadmium
chloride
25
1.30-1.88
1.563
(survival)
1.465
(growth)
4.426
4.366
4.426
Chapman 1975
Atlantic salmon,
Salmo solar
Atlantic salmon,
Salmo solar
-
-
ELS
(5°C)
ELS
(8.9°C)
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
23.5
24.5
90-270
300-800
155.9
(survival &
hatch)
489.9
(survival)
19.37
(biomass)
127.8
(biomass)
61.47d
392.5d
-
-
-
-
Rombough and
Garside 1982
Rombough and
Garside 1982
C-6
-------
Species
Atlantic salmon (alevin),
Salmo salar
Method"
-
Test3
ELS
(9.6°C)
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Hardness
(mg/L
CaC03)
23.5
Chronic
Limits
(Hg/L)
2.5-8.2
MATC
(Hg/L)
4.53
(survival)
EC20
(Hg/L)
0.7528
(biomass)
Normalized
Chronic
Valueb
(Hg/L)
2.389
2001
SMCV
(Hg/L)
13.24
2016
SMCV
(Hg/L)
2.389
Reference
Rombough and
Garside 1982
Brown trout,
Salmo tmtta
Brown trout
(adult, female),
Salmo tmtta
Brown trout,
Salmo tmtta
Brown trout (fmgerling),
Salmo tmtta
Brown trout (eggs),
Salmo tmtta
Brown trout (eggs),
Salmo tmtta
Brown trout (eggs),
Salmo tmtta
-
-
F,M
F,M
F,M
F,M
F, M
ELS
LC
ELS
ELS
ELS
ELS
ELS
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
44
250
36.9
37.6
149
71.3
30.6
3.8-11.7
9.34-29.1
1.11-1.6
0.7-0.7
9.62-19.1
4.68-8.64
2.54-4.87
6.668
(-)
16.49
(growth)
1.33
(survival)
0.7
(growth &
survival)
13.56
(survival)
6.36
(survival)
3.52
(survival)
-
15.15
(survival)
1.368
(survival)
0.624
(survival)
16.02
(biomass)
5.187
(biomass)
2.807
(biomass)
12.83C
7.294d
3.030
1.361
11.65
6.793
7.218
-
-
-
-
-
-
8.360
-
-
-
-
-
-
4.725
Eaton et al.
1978
Brown et al.
1994
Davies and
Brinkman 1994a
Davies and
Brinkman 1994c
Brinkman and
Hansen 2004a;
2007
Brinkman and
Hansen 2004a;
2007
Brinkman and
Hansen 2004a;
2007
Brook trout,
Salvelinus fontinalis
Brook trout,
Salvelinus fontinalis
Brook trout,
Salvelinus fontinalis
Brook trout,
Salvelinus fontinalis
-
-
-
-
LC
ELS
ELS
ELS
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
44
37
188
44
1.7-3.4
1-3
7-12
1.1-3.8
2.404
(growth of F3
juveniles)
1.732
(growth)
9.165
(survival &
growth)
2.045
(-)
1.224
(reproduction)
2.187
(survival)
9.172
(survival)
-
2.356
4.833d
5.543d
3.935C
-
-
-
4.416
-
-
-
2.356
Benoit et al.
1976
Sauter et al.
1976
Sauter et al.
1976
Eaton et al.
1978
C-7
-------
Species
Lake trout,
Salvelinus namaycush
Method"
-
Test3
ELS
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Hardness
(mg/L
CaC03)
44
Chronic
Limits
(Hg/L)
4.4-12.3
MATC
(Hg/L)
7.357
(-)
EC20
(Hg/L)
-
Normalized
Chronic
Valueb
(Hg/L)
14.16
2001
SMCV
(Hg/L)
13.51
2016
SMCV
(Hg/L)
NAg
Reference
Eaton et al.
1978
Northern pike,
Esox Indus
-
ELS
Cadmium
chloride
44
4.2-12.9
7.361
(-)
-
14.17
13.52
14.17
Eaton et al.
1978
Fathead minnow
(0.23 g),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
-
-
-
LC
ELS
ELS
Cadmium
sulfate
-
Cadmium
nitrate
201
44
44
37-57
9-18
-
45.92
(-)
12.73
(-)
10.0
(-)
24.71
(reproduction)
-
-
14.16
24.50C
19.25C
-
-
27.37
-
-
14.16
Pickering and
Cast 1972
Spehar and
Carlson 1984a,b
Spehar and
Fiandt 1986
White sucker,
Catostomus commersoni
-
ELS
Cadmium
chloride
44
4.2-12.0
7.099
(-)
-
13.66
13.04
13.66
Eaton et al.
1978
Flagfish,
Jordanella floridae
Flagfish,
Jordanella floridae
Flagfish,
Jordanella floridae
-
-
-
LC
LC
LC
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
44
47.5
47.5
4.1-8.1
3.0-6.5
3.4-7.3
5.763
(-)
4.416
(-)
4.982
(-)
5.018
(reproduction)
6.274
(reproduction)
3.341
(reproduction)
9.659
11.36
6.050
-
-
8.886
-
-
8.723
Spehar 1976a,b
Carlson et al.
1982
Carlson et al.
1982
Bluegill,
Lepomis macrochirus
-
LC
Cadmium
sulfate
207
31-80
49.80
(-)
29.35
(survival)
16.43
29.05
16.43
Eaton 1974
Smallmouth bass,
Micropterus dolomieui
-
ELS
Cadmium
chloride
44
4.3-12.7
7.390
(-)
-
14.22
13.58
14.22
Eaton et al.
1978
Blue tilapia,
Oreochromis aurea
-
LC
Cadmium
nitrate
145
>52.0
>52.0
(-)
-
>38.66
>39.48
>38.66
Papoutsoglou
and Abel 1988
Mottled sculpin,
Coitus bairdi
F, M
ELS
Cadmium
chloride
103
1.4-2.6
1.908
(survival)
1.762
(biomass)
1.721
-
-
Besser et al.
2007
-------
Species
Mottled sculpin,
Cottus bairdii
Method"
F, M
Test3
ELS
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Hardness
(mg/L
CaC03)
103
Chronic
Limits
(Hg/L)
0.59-1.3
MATC
(Hg/L)
0.8758
(survival)
EC20
(Hg/L)
1.285
(survival)
Normalized
Chronic
Valueb
(Hg/L)
1.255
2001
SMCV
(Hg/L)
-
2016
SMCV
(Hg/L)
1.470
Reference
Besser et al.
2007
a R=renewal, F=flow-through, U=unmeasured, M=measured, ELS=early life-cycle test, PLC=partial life-cycle test, LC=life-cycle test.
b Freshwater data normalized to a hardness of 100 mg/L using the pooled acute slope of 0.7977.
0 Not used to calculate SMCV because other normalized data available or normalized EC20 values available.
d Not used to calculate SMCV because either a more definitive value available, value is considered an outlier, or preference was given to the more sensitive exposure scenario (LC
versus ELS tests).
e Study reported a dissolved value only and was converted to total cadmium with a conversion factor of 1.028, 1.059, and 1.093 for hardness of 50, 100, and 200 mg/L, respectively for
freshwater species and 1.006 for saltwater species.
f Freshwater data not normalized so no SMCV calculated.
g No SMCV calculated because normalized EC2o data available for the genus.
C-9
-------
Appendix Table C-2. Chronic Values used to develop the Chronic Hardness Correction
Slope
Species
Daphnia magna
Daphnia magna
Daphnia magna
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
53
103
209
Chronic Value
(HS/L)
0.1523
0.2117
0.4371
Endnoint
MATC
MATC
MATC
Reference
Chapman et al. Manuscript, 1980
Chapman et al. Manuscript, 1980
Chapman et al. Manuscript, 1980
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss
250
301
29
103
19.7
29.4
3.319
9.508
2.604
3.471
1.312
2.386
EC20
EC20
EC20
EC20
EC20
EC20
Brown et al. 1994
Davies and Brinkman 1994b
Davies and Brinkman 1994b
Besser et al. 2007
Mebane et al. 2008
Mebane et al. 2008
Salmo trutta
Salmo trutta
Salmo trutta
Salmo trutta
Salmo trutta
Salmo trutta
250
36.9
37.6
149.2
71.3
30.6
15.15
1.368
0.624
16.02
5.187
2.807
EC20
EC20
EC20
EC20
EC20
EC20
Brown et al. 1994
Davies and Brinkman 1994a
Davies and Brinkman 1994c
Brinkman and Hansen 2004a; 2007
Brinkman and Hansen 2004a; 2007
Brinkman and Hansen 2004a; 2007
Salvelinus fontinalis
Salvelinus fontinalis
Salvelinus fontinalis
44
37
188
1.224
2.187
9.172
EC20
EC20
EC20
Benoitetal. 1976
Sauteretal. 1976
Sauteretal. 1976
Appendix Table C-3. Chronic Freshwater Total to Dissolved Conversion Factors for
Cadmium based on Hardness.
Hardness
(mg/L as CaCO3)
25
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Conversion Factor"
0.9670
0.9380
0.9210
0.9090
0.8920
0.8800
0.8707
0.8630
0.8566
0.8510
a The conversion factor (CF) is calculated as: CF = 1.101672 - (In (hardness) x 0.041838).
C-10
-------
Appendix D Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Chronic Toxicity Data
D-l
-------
Appendix Table D-l. Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Chronic Toxicity Data
(Underlined values are used in SMCV calculation and values in bold represent new/revised values since 2001 AWQC document).
(Species are organized phylogenetically).
Species
Mysid,
Americamysis bahia
Mysid,
Americamysis bahia
Mysid,
Americamysis bahia
Method"
-
-
-
Test
LC
LC
LC
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Salinity
(g/kg)
15-23
30
30
Chronic
Limits
(HS/L)
6.4-10.6
5.1-10
<4-4
MATC
(HS/L)
8.237
7.141
<4d
EC2o
(HS/L)
5.605
10.93
5.833
2001
SMCV
(HS/L)
-
-
6.173
2016
SMCV
(HS/L)
-
-
6.149
Reference
Nimmo et al. 1977a
Gentile etal. 1982;
Lussieretal. 1985
Carr etal. 1985
Mysid,
(formerly, Mysidopsis
bigelowi)
Americamysis bigelowi
-
LC
Cadmium
chloride
-
5.1-10
7.141
11.61
7.141
11.61
Gentile etal. 1982
a S=static, R=renewal; F=flow-through, U=unmeasured, M=measured, ELS=early life-cycle test, LC=life-cycle test
D-2
-------
Appendix E Acceptable Freshwater Plant Toxicity Data
E-l
-------
Appendix Table E-l. Acceptable Freshwater Plant Toxicity Data
Species
Alga,
Euglena gracilis
Method3
-
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaCO3)
-
Duration
-
Effect
Morphological
abnormalities
Chronic
Limits
(ng/L)
-
Concentration
(HS/L)
5,000
Reference
Nakanoetal. 1980
Alga,
Euglena gracilis anabaena
-
Cadmium
nitrate
-
-
Cell division inhibition
-
20,000
Nakanoetal. 1980
Blue-green alga,
Anabaena doliolum
Blue-green alga,
Anabaena doliolum
R,U
R,U
-
-
-
-
12 d
12 d
EC50
(lethal)
Algicidal
-
-
75,000
250,000
Kaur et al. 2002
Kaur et al. 2002
Blue-green alga,
Anabaena flos-aquae
Blue-green alga (15 d),
Anabaena flos-aquae
-
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
nitrate
-
-
96 hr
96 hr
EC50
EC50
-
-
120
140
Rachlinetal. 1984
Heng et al. 2004
Blue-green alga,
Microcystis aeruginosa
Blue-green alga,
Microcystis aeruginosa
-
s,u
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
-
14 d
Incipient inhibition
Growth
-
56.21-112.41
70
79.49
Bringmann 1975
Zhou et al. 2006
Blue-green alga,
Spirulina platensis
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
-
96 hr
EC50
(growth)
-
18,350
Rangsayatorn et al. 2002
Diatom,
Asterionella formosa
-
-
-
-
Factor of 10 growth rate
decrease
-
2
Conway 1978
Diatom,
Navicula incerta
-
Cadmium
chloride
-
96hr
EC50
-
310
Rachlinetal. 1982
Diatom,
Navicula pelliculosa
S,M
Cadmium
chloride
-
96 hr
EC50
(mat formation)
-
31
Irving et al. 2009
Diatom,
Nitzschia costerium
-
Cadmium
chloride
-
96 hr
EC50
-
480
Rachlinetal. 1982
E-2
-------
Species
Method"
Chemical
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaC03)
Duration
Effect
Chronic
Limits
(HS/L)
Concentration
(HS/L)
Reference
Diatom,
Nitzschia palea
S,U
Cadmium
chloride
-
5d
EC50
(growth)
-
27.6
Brancoetal. 2010
Green alga,
Ankistrodesmus falcatus
-
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
58% reduction in growth
-
2,500
Devi Prasad and Devi
Prasad 1982
Green alga,
Chara vulgaris
Green alga,
Chara vulgaris
S,M
S,M
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
-
-
7d
14 d
Lethal dose
EC50
(growth)
-
-
56.2
9.5
Heumann 1987
Heumann 1987
Green alga,
Chlamydomonas sp.
S,U
Cadmium
chloride
-
12 d
EC50
(growth)
-
22,482
Aguilera and Amils 2005
Green alga,
Chlamydomonas moewusii
S,U
Cadmium
chloride
-
96 hr
EC50
(growth)
-
4,100
Suarezetal. 2010
Green alga,
Chlamydomonas reinhardii
Green alga,
Chlamydomonas reinhardii
Green alga,
Chlamydomonas reinhardii
Green alga,
Chlamydomonas reinhardii
Green alga,
Chlamydomonas reinhardii
Green alga,
Chlamydomonas reinhardii
F,M
F,M
F,M
S,U
s,u
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
24
24
24
-
-
-
96 hr
7d
10 d
96hr
96 hr
96 hr
EC50
(cell density)
EC50
(cell density)
EC50
(cell density)
EC50
(growth)
EC50
(cell density)
EC50
(Chlorophyll a)
-
-
-
-
-
-
203
130
99
3,020
2,690
1,820
Schaferetal. 1993
Schaferetal. 1993
Schaferetal. 1993
Lietal. 2012b
Lietal. 2013
Lietal. 2013
Green alga,
Chlorella pyrenoidosa
Green alga,
Chlorella pyrenoidosa
-
s,u
-
Cadmium
nitrate
-
-
-
96 hr
Reduction in growth
EC50
(growth)
-
-
250
5,170
Hart and Scaife 1977
Lietal. 20 12b
E-3
-------
Species
Green alga,
Chlorella pyrenoidosa
Method"
S,U
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaC03)
-
Duration
96 hr
Effect
Reduced O2 evolution
Chronic
Limits
(HS/L)
-
Concentration
(HS/L)
2,810
Reference
Wang etal. 2013
Green alga,
Chlorella saccharophila
-
Cadmium
chloride
-
96 hr
EC50
-
105
Rachlinetal. 1984
Green alga,
Chlorella vulgaris
Green alga,
Chlorella vulgaris
Green alga,
Chlorella vulgaris
Green alga,
Chlorella vulgaris
Green alga
(South Laguna de Bay strain),
Chlorella vulgaris
Green alga
(West Laguna de Bay strain),
Chlorella vulgaris
Green alga,
Chlorella vulgaris
-
-
-
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
-
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
50
-
-
-
-
-
-
96 hr
15 d
12 d
12 d
7d
EC50
(growth)
EC50
(growth)
EC50
(growth)
Growth
EC50
(growth)
EC50
(growth)
Stimulated growth
-
-
-
<17.99-17.99
-
-
<562. 1-562.1
50
60
3,700
<17.99
1,850
2,500
<562.1
Hutchinson and Stokes
1975
Rosko and Rachlin 1977
Canton and Slooff 1982
Awasthi and Das 2005
Nacorda et al. 2007
Nacorda et al. 2007
Huang et al. 2009
Green alga,
Chlorococcum sp.
Green alga,
Chlorococcum sp.
-
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
-
10 d
42% reduction in growth
Growth
-
1,000-5,000
2,500
2,236
Devi Prasad and Devi
Prasad 1982
Qiu et al. 2006
Green alga,
Gonium pectorale
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
-
96 hr
EC50
(growth)
-
109
Pereira et al. 2005
Green alga,
Parachlorell kessleri
S,M
-
-
5d
Growth and chlorophyll a
content
2-8
4.000
Ngo et al. 2009
E-4
-------
Species
Green alga,
Pseudokirchneriella
subcapitata
Green alga,
Pseudokirchneriella
subcapitata
Green alga,
Pseudokirchneriella
subcapitata
Green alga,
Pseudokirchneriella
subcapitata
Green alga,
Pseudokirchneriella
subcapitata
Green alga,
Pseudokirchneriella
subcapitata
Method"
S,U
-
-
s,u
s,u
S,M
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
nitrate
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaC03)
171
-
-
-
-
-
Duration
96 hr
-
-
96hr
96 hr
96 hr
Effect
EC50
(growth)
Reduction in growth
Reduction in growth
EC50
(growth)
EC50
(growth)
IC50
(growth rate)
Chronic
Limits
(HS/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Concentration
(HS/L)
130
50
255
10,500
23.2
67.44
Reference
Versteeg 1990
Bartlett et al. 1974
Slooffetal. 1983a
Bozemanetal. 1989
Thellenetal. 1989
Rodgheretal. 2012
Green alga,
Scenedesmus obliquus
Green alga,
Scenedesmus obliquus
-
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
nitrate
-
-
-
96 hr
39% reduction in growth
EC50
(growth)
-
-
2,500
2,660
Devi Prasad and Devi
Prasad 1982
Lietal. 2012b
Green alga,
Scenedesmus quadricauda
Green alga,
Scenedesmus quadricauda
Green alga,
Scenedesmus quadricauda
-
-
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
-
-
-
144 hr
Reduction in cell count
Incipient inhibition
Growth rate and
chlorophyll a concentration
-
-
<50-50
6.1
310
<50
Klassetal. 1974
Bringmann and Kuhn
1977a,c
Mohammed and Markert
2006
Green alga,
Spirogyra decimina
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
-
96 hr
Growth
<1, 124.1-
1,124.1
<1, 124.1
Pribyl et al. 2005
Duckweed,
Lemna gibba
S,M
Cadmium
nitrate
-
7d
EC50
(growth)
-
800
Devietal. 1996
E-5
-------
Species
Duckweed,
Lemna gibba
Duckweed,
Lemna gibba
Duckweed,
Lemna gibba
Method"
S,M
S,U
R,U
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
nitrate
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaC03)
-
-
-
Duration
96 hr
96 hr
7d
Effect
Growth
Total chlorophyll
Reduced chlorophyll
pigment
Chronic
Limits
(HS/L)
<1-1
100-500
-
Concentration
(HS/L)
<1
223.6
5,000
Reference
Megateli et al. 2009
Doganlar2013
Uruc Parlak and Yilmaz
2013
Duckweed,
Lemna minor
Duckweed,
Lemna minor
Duckweed,
Lemna minor
Duckweed,
Lemna minor
Duckweed,
Lemna minor
Duckweed,
Lemna minor
Duckweed,
Lemna minor
Duckweed,
Lemna minor
Duckweed,
Lemna minor
R,M
S,U
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
s,u
R,M
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
-
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
sulfate
39
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
96 hr
96 hr
9d
9d
7d
7d
7d
7d
96 hr
Reduced chlorophyll
EC50
(growth)
Chlorosis symptoms
Growth
EC50
(growth)
Growth rate, chlorosis
EC20
(frond abscission)
EC50
(growth)
Total chlorophyll
-
-
<112.41-
112.41
112.41-562.05
-
11.24-112.4
-
-
500-1,500
54
200
<112.41
251.4
<2,500
35.54
56.0
112.4
866.0
Taraldsen and Norberg-
King 1990
Wang 1986
Paczkowska et al. 2007
Paczkowska et al. 2007
Uysal and Taner 2007
Razinger et al. 2008
Henkeetal. 2011
Basileetal. 2012
Doganlar2013
Duckweed,
Lemna triscula
s,u
Cadmium
sulfate
-
7d
LOEC
(Chi a reduction)
-
112.4
Malecetal. 2010
Duckweed,
Lemna valdiviana
-
Cadmium
nitrate
-
-
Reduction in number of
fronds
-
10
Hutchinson and Czyrska
1972
Giant duckweed,
Spirodela polyrrhiza
Giant duckweed,
Spirodela polyrrhiza
R,U
s,u
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
28 d
7d
Growth
Multiplication rate and
fresh weight
<7.63-7.63
<1,000-1,000
<7.63
<1,000
Sajwan and Ornes 1994
Singh etal. 2011
E-6
-------
Species
Giant duckweed,
Spirodela polyrrhiza
Method"
S,U
Chemical
Cadmium
sulfate
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaC03)
-
Duration
96 hr
Effect
Total chlorophyll
Chronic
Limits
(HS/L)
10-50
Concentration
(HS/L)
22.36
Reference
Doganlar2013
Duckweed,
Wolffia arrhiza
Duckweed,
Wolffia arrhiza
S,M
S,M
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
-
-
7d
14 d
Fresh weight
Fresh weight
112.41-1,124.1
<112.41-
112.41
355.5
<112.41
Piotrowskaetal. 2010
Piotrowskaetal. 2010
Duckweed (3 wk),
Wolffia globosa
Duckweed (3 wk),
Wolffia globosa
Duckweed (3 wk),
Wolffia globosa
S,U
S,U
S,U
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
-
12 d
9d
9d
Algal lethal
EC50
(biomass)
EC50
(total chlorophyll content)
-
-
-
8,000
1,500
500
Boonyapookana et al.
2002
Boonyapookana et al.
2002
Boonyapookana et al.
2002
Pondweed,
Elodea canadensis
R,M
Cadmium
chloride
-
7d
EC50
(growth)
-
112.4
Basileetal. 2012
Feathered fern,
Azolla pinnata
S,U
-
-
96hr
Decrease chlorophyll
100-500
223.6
PrasadandSingh2011
Macrophyte,
Bacopa monnieri
Macrophyte,
Bacopa monnieri
Macrophyte,
Bacopa monnieri
R,M
R,M
R,M
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
-
-
-
96hr
96 hr
96 hr
Cysteine content in roots
TEARS content in leaves
and roots
Cysteine content in leaves
1,124.1-
5,620.5
1,124.1-
5,620.5
<1, 124.1-
1,124.1
2,514
2,514
<1, 124.1
Singh et al. 2006
Singh et al. 2006
Singh et al. 2006
Water hyacinth (mature),
Eichhornia crassipes
S,U
Cadmium
nitrate
-
16 d
Growth
2,500-4,000
3,162
Hasan et al. 2007
Moss,
Leptodictyum riparium
R, M
Cadmium
chloride
-
7d
EC50
(growth)
-
562.5
Basileetal. 2012
E-7
-------
Species
Crome sphagnum
(young shorts),
Sphagnum squarrosum
Method"
S,U
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaC03)
-
Duration
25 d
Effect
LOEC
(reduced chlorophyll)
Chronic
Limits
(HS/L)
-
Concentration
(HS/L)
1,124
Reference
Saxena and Saxena 2012
Eurasian watermilfoil,
Myriophyllum spicatum
-
-
-
32 d
EC50
(root weigtht)
-
7,400
Stanley 1974
Water lettuce,
Pistia stratiotes
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
-
21 d
Growth
8.993-17.98
12.72
Wangetal. 2010b
Macrophyte,
Potamogeton crispus
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
-
7d
Decreased chlorophyll a, b
and carotenoid pigments in
leaves
<2,248-2,248
<2,248
Xuetal. 2012
Sage pond weed,
Potamogeton pectinatus
S,M
Cadmium
chloride
-
96 hr
Chlorophyll a content
2,810-5,620
3,974
Rai et al. 2003
Aquatic fern,
Salvinia cucullata
S,U
Cadmium
chloride
-
8d
% biomass, total
chlorophyll content
<500-500
<500
Phetsombat et al. 2006
Fern,
Salvina natans
-
Cadmium
nitrate
-
-
Reduction in number of
fronds
-
10
Hutchinson and Czyrska
1972
Macrophyte,
Vallisneria spiralis
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
-
14 d
Growth
4.496-8.993
6.359
Wang et al. 2009e
' S=static, R=renewal; F=flow-through, U=unmeasured, M=measured
E-8
-------
Appendix F Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Plant Toxicity Data
F-l
-------
Appendix Table F-l. Acceptable Estuarine/Marine Plant Toxicity Data
Species
Diatom,
Asterionella j aponica
Method3
-
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Salinity
(g/kg)
-
Duration
72 hr
Effect
EC50
(growth rate)
Chronic
Limits
(HS/L)
-
Concentration
(HS/L)
224.8
Reference
Fisher and Jones 1981
Diatom,
Chaetoceros calcitrans
S,U
Cadmium
chloride
30
96 hr
EC50
(growth)
-
50-70
Ismail et al. 2002
Diatom,
Ditylum brightwellii
-
Cadmium
chloride
-
5d
EC50
(growth)
-
60
Canterford and Canterford
1980
Diatom,
Isochrysis galbana
Diatom,
Isochrysis galbana
s,u
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
30
30
96hr
96hr
EC50
(growth-well test)
EC50
(growth-shaken flask)
-
-
50-70
60
Ismail et al. 2002
Ismail et al. 2002
Diatom,
Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Diatom (3 -5 d),
Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Diatom (3 -5 d),
Phaeodactylum tricornutum
s,u
s,u
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
35
-
-
96hr
96hr
336hr
EC50
(growth)
EC50
(growth)
EC50
(growth)
-
-
-
22,390
15,720
7,560,000
Torres etal. 1998
Horvatic and Persic 2007
Horvatic and Persic 2007
Dinoflagellate,
Prorocentrum minimum
Dinoflagellate,
Prorocentrum minimum
s,u
s,u
-
-
-
-
96hr
96hr
EC50
(growth, nutrient rich medium)
EC50
(growth, P-starved medium)
-
-
674.5
113.5
Miao and Wang 2006
Miao and Wang 2006
Diatom,
Skeletonema costatum
-
Cadmium
chloride
-
96hr
EC50
(growth rate)
-
175
Gentile and Johnson 1982
Diatom,
Tetraselmis sp.
Diatom,
Tetraselmis sp.
s,u
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
30
30
96 hr
96 hr
EC50
(growth-well test)
EC50
(growth-shaken flask)
-
-
3,900-7,500
5,199
Ismail et al. 2002
Ismail et al. 2002
F-2
-------
Species
Diatom,
Tetraselmis tetrahele
Diatom,
Tetraselmis tetrahele
Method"
S,U
s,u
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Salinity
(g/kg)
30
30
Duration
96 hr
96 hr
Effect
EC50
(growth-well test)
EC50
(growth-shaken flask)
Chronic
Limits
(HS/L)
-
-
Concentration
(HS/L)
4,500-5,800
6,900
Reference
Ismail et al. 2002
Ismail et al. 2002
Diatom,
Thalassiosira
nordenskioeldii
s,u
-
-
15 d
IC50
(growth)
-
67.00
Wang and Wang 20 11
Diatom,
Thalassiosira pseudonana
-
Cadmium
chloride
-
96 hr
EC50
(growth rate)
-
160
Gentile and Johnson 1982
Green alga,
Cladophora rupestris
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
-
14 d
Growth
112.41-
1,124.1
355.5
Baumann et al. 2009
Green alga,
Dunaliella viridis
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
35
10 d
Chlorophyll production
5-10
7.071
Marcano et al. 2009
Green alga,
Scenedesmus sp.
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
35
10 d
Chlorophyll production
5-10
7.071
Marcano et al. 2009
Green alga,
Ulva intestinalis
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
-
14 d
NOEC
(growth)
>1, 124.1
>1, 124.1
Baumann et al. 2009
Green alga,
Ulva pertusa
Green alga,
Ulva pertusa
Green alga,
C//va pertusa
s,u
s,u
s,u
-
-
-
35
35
35
5d
5d
96 hr
EC50
(growth)
Sporulation inhibition
EC50
(spore inhibition)
-
63->63
-
326
>63
95
Han and Choi 2005
Han and Choi 2005
Han et al. 2008
Brown alga,
Ascophyllum nodosum
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
-
14 d
NOEC
(growth)
>1, 124.1
>1, 124.1
Baumann et al. 2009
Brown alga,
Fucus vesiculosus
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
-
14 d
Growth
112.41-
1,124.1
355.5
Baumann et al. 2009
F-3
-------
Species
Method"
Chemical
Salinity
(g/kg)
Duration
Effect
Chronic
Limits
(HS/L)
Concentration
(HS/L)
Reference
Kelp,
Laminana saccharina
-
Cadmium
chloride
-
8d
EC50
(growth rate)
-
860
Markham et al. 1980
Red alga,
Champia parvula
Red alga,
Champia parvula
Red alga,
Champia parvula
Red alga,
Champia parvula
Red alga,
Champia parvula
-
-
-
-
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
-
-
28-30
-
-
-
-
14 d
Reduced tetrasporophyte growth
Reduced tetrasporangia
production
Reduced female growth
Stopped sexual production
Sexual reproduction
-
-
-
-
77->77
24.9
>189
22.8
22.8
>77
Steele and Thursby 1983
Steele and Thursby 1983
Steele and Thursby 1983
Steele and Thursby 1983
Thursby and Steele 1986
Red alga,
Chondrus crispus
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
-
14 d
NOEC
(growth)
>1, 124.1
>1, 124.1
Baumann et al. 2009
Red alga,
Gracilaria lemaneiformis
s,u
-
-
96 hr
Growth
5,620-11,241
7,948
Xia et al. 2004
Red alga,
Hypnea musciformis
s,u
Cadmium
chloride
34
7d
LOEC
(Chi a)
-
5,620
Bouzonetal. 2011
Red alga,
Palmaria palmata
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
-
14 d
Growth
112.41-
1,124.1
355.5
Baumann et al. 2009
Red alga,
Polysiphonia lanosa
R,U
Cadmium
chloride
-
14 d
Growth
112.41-
1,124.1
355.5
Baumann et al. 2009
' S=static, R=renewal; F=flow-through, U=unmeasured, M=measured
F-4
-------
Appendix G Acceptable Bioaccumulation Data
G-l
-------
Appendix Table G-l. Acceptable Bioaccumulation Data
(Species are organized phylogenetically).
Species
Chemical
Concentration
in water
(ng/L)
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaCO3)
Tissue
Concentration
Qig/g)
Duration
(days)
BCFor
BAF
Reference
FRESHWATER
Aufwuchs
(attached microscopic plants
and animals)
Aufwuchs
(attached microscopic plants
and animals)
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
365
365
720
580
Giesyetal. 1979
Giesyetal. 1979
Duckweed,
Lemna valdiviana
Cadmium
nitrate
-
-
Whole plant
-
21
603
Hutchinson and Czyrska
1972
Fern,
Salvinia natans
Cadmium
nitrate
-
-
Whole plant
-
21
960
Hutchinson and Czyrska
1972
Oligochaete (2-2.5 cm),
Lumbriculus variegatus
Oligochaete (2-2.5 cm),
Lumbriculus variegatus
Oligochaete (2-2.5 cm),
Lumbriculus variegatus
Oligochaete (2-2.5 cm),
Lumbriculus variegatus
Oligochaete (2-2.5 cm),
Lumbriculus variegatus
Oligochaete (2-2.5 cm),
Lumbriculus variegatus
Oligochaete (2-2.5 cm),
Lumbriculus variegatus
Oligochaete (2-2.5 cm),
Lumbriculus variegatus
Oligochaete (2-2.5 cm),
Lumbriculus variegatus
Oligochaete (2-2.5 cm),
Lumbriculus variegatus
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4.6
32.4
57.4
86.9
107.6
153
205.3
0.3
0.5
1.3
140
140
140
140
140
140
140
22
22
22
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
51.3
(dry wt.)
156.4
(dry wt.)
533.1
(dry wt.)
649.9
(dry wt.)
739.2
(dry wt.)
989.3
(dry wt.)
1,620.6
(dry wt.)
15.9
(dry wt.)
21.6
(dry wt.)
45.5
(dry wt.)
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
28
28
28
2,230
965
1,857
1,496
1,374
1,293
1,579
10,600
8,640
7,000
Straus 20 11
Straus 20 11
Straus 20 11
Straus 20 11
Straus 20 11
Straus 20 11
Straus 20 11
Straus 20 11
Straus 20 11
Straus 20 11
G-2
-------
Species
Oligochaete (2-2.5 cm),
Lumbriculus variegatus
Chemical
-
Concentration
in water
(HS/L)
2.3
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaC03)
22
Tissue
Whole body
Concentration
Qig/g)
99.4
(dry wt.)
Duration
(days)
28
BCFor
BAF
8,643
Reference
Straus 20 11
Pond snail
(juvenile, 4-5 mm),
Lymnaea stagnalis
Pond snail
(juvenile, 4-5 mm),
Lymnaea stagnalis
Pond snail
(juvenile, 4-5 mm),
Lymnaea stagnalis
Pond snail
(juvenile, 4-5 mm),
Lymnaea stagnalis
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
0.35
0.53
1.41
2.51
20.5
(20-21)
20.5
(20-21)
20.5
(20-21)
20.5
(20-21)
Soft tissue
Soft tissue
Soft tissue
Soft tissue
25
(dry wt.)
30
(dry wt.)
61
(dry wt.)
117
(dry wt.)
28 d
28 d
28 d
28 d
14,285
11,320
8,652
9,322
Pais2012
Pais2012
Pais2012
Pais2012
Snail,
Physa Integra
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
Whole body
-
28
1,750
Speharetal. 1978
Snail (1 yr),
Vivipams georgianus
Snail (1 yr),
Vivipams georgianus
Snail (1 yr),
Vivipams georgianus
Snail (2 yr),
Vivipams georgianus
Snail (2 yr),
Vivipams georgianus
Snail (2 yr),
Vivipams georgianus
Snail (3 yr),
Vivipams georgianus
Snail (3 yr),
Vivipams georgianus
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
(10°C)
(15°C)
(25°C)
(10°C)
(15°C)
(25°C)
(10°C)
(15°C)
Soft tissue
Soft tissue
Soft tissue
Soft tissue
Soft tissue
Soft tissue
Soft tissue
Soft tissue
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
71
74
109
28
42
60
27
42
Tessieretal. 1994a
Tessieretal. 1994a
Tessieretal. 1994a
Tessieretal. 1994a
Tessieretal. 1994a
Tessieretal. 1994a
Tessieretal. 1994a
Tessieretal. 1994a
G-3
-------
Species
Snail (3 yr),
Viviparus georgianus
Snail (1 yr),
Viviparus georgianus
Snail (1 yr),
Viviparus georgianus
Snail (2 yr),
Viviparus georgianus
Snail (2 yr),
Viviparus georgianus
Snail (3 yr),
Viviparus georgianus
Snail (3 yr),
Viviparus georgianus
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Concentration
in water
(HS/L)
100
10
50
10
50
10
50
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaC03)
(25°C)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Tissue
Soft tissue
Soft tissue
Soft tissue
Soft tissue
Soft tissue
Soft tissue
Soft tissue
Concentration
Qig/g)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Duration
(days)
20
60
60
60
60
60
60
BCFor
BAF
26
6,910
2,238
1,758
758
1,258
617
Reference
Tessieretal. 1994a
Tessieretal. 1994b
Tessieretal. 1994b
Tessieretal. 1994b
Tessieretal. 1994b
Tessieretal. 1994b
Tessieretal. 1994b
Mussel (0-74 mm),
Elliptic complanata
Mussel (0-74 mm),
Elliptic complanata
Mussel (0-74 mm),
Elliptic complanata
Mussel (74-86 mm),
Elliptic complanata
Mussel (74-86 mm),
Elliptic complanata
Mussel (74-86 mm),
Elliptic complanata
Mussel (86-100 mm),
Elliptic complanata
Mussel (86-100 mm),
Elliptic complanata
Mussel (86-100 mm),
Elliptic complanata
Mussel (0-74 mm),
Elliptic complanata
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
10
(10°C)
(15°C)
(25°C)
(10°C)
(15°C)
(25°C)
(10°C)
(15°C)
(25°C)
-
Soft tissue
Soft tissue
Soft tissue
Soft tissue
Soft tissue
Soft tissue
Soft tissue
Soft tissue
Soft tissue
Soft tissue
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
60
15
16
28
16
16
14
8
7
8
1,256
Tessieretal. 1994a
Tessieretal. 1994a
Tessieretal. 1994a
Tessieretal. 1994a
Tessieretal. 1994a
Tessieretal. 1994a
Tessieretal. 1994a
Tessieretal. 1994a
Tessieretal. 1994a
Tessieretal. 1994b
G-4
-------
Species
Mussel (0-74 mm),
Elliptic* complanata
Mussel (74-86 mm),
Elliptic complanata
Mussel (74-86 mm),
Elliptic complanata
Mussel (86-100 mm),
Elliptic complanata
Mussel (86-100 mm),
Elliptic complanata
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Concentration
in water
(HS/L)
50
10
50
10
50
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaC03)
-
-
-
-
-
Tissue
Soft tissue
Soft tissue
Soft tissue
Soft tissue
Soft tissue
Concentration
Qig/g)
-
-
-
-
-
Duration
(days)
60
60
60
60
60
BCFor
BAF
918
945
613
574
254
Reference
Tessieretal. 1994b
Tessieretal. 1994b
Tessieretal. 1994b
Tessieretal. 1994b
Tessieretal. 1994b
Zebra mussel (19-25 mm),
Dreissena polymorpha
Zebra mussel (19-25 mm),
Dreissena polymorpha
Zebra mussel (19-25 mm),
Dreissena polymorpha
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
2.2
7.3
23.9
-
-
-
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
22
(dry wt.)
42.7
(dry wt.)
129.3
(dry wt.)
31
31
31
2,000
1,170
1,082
Voets et al. 2004
Voets et al. 2004
Voets et al. 2004
Asian clam,
Corbicula fluminea
Asian clam,
Corbicula fluminea
Asian clam (adult),
Corbicula fluminea
Asian clam (adult),
Corbicula fluminea
Asian clam (adult),
Corbicula fluminea
Asian clam (adult),
Corbicula fluminea
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
3
5
9.2
20.2
-
-
55.8
55.8
55.8
55.8
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
-
-
175
(dry wt.)
227.4
(dry wt.)
175
(dry wt.)
175
(dry wt.)
28
28
28
28
28
28
3,770
1,752
11,667
9,096
3,804
1,733
Graneyetal. 1983
Graneyetal. 1983
Barfield et al. 2001
Barfield et al. 2001
Barfield etal. 2001
Barfield etal. 2001
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
-
-
-
-
Whole body
Whole body
-
-
2-4
7
320
484
Poldoski 1979
Winner 1984
G-5
-------
Species
Amphipod,
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod,
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod,
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod,
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod,
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod,
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod,
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod (2-9 d, neonate),
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod (2-9 d, neonate),
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod (2-9 d, neonate),
Hyalella azteca
Chemical
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
-
-
-
-
-
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Concentration
in water
(HS/L)
0.48
5.09
0.3
0.5
1.25
2.5
5
0.64
1.38
2.65
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaC03)
162.7
162.7
22
22
140
140
140
90
90
90
Tissue
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Concentration
Qig/g)
0.59
(wet wt.)
41.18
(wet wt.)
98.4
(dry wt.)
145.0
(dry wt.)
82.4
(dry wt.)
128.3
(dry wt.)
106.7
(dry wt.)
15
(dry wt.)
110
(dry wt.)
145
(dry wt.)
Duration
(days)
28
28
28
28
21
21
21
28 d
28 d
28 d
BCFor
BAF
1,229
8,090
65,600
58,000
13,184
10,264
4,268
4,688
15,942
10,943
Reference
Stanley et al. 2005
Stanley et al. 2005
Straus 20 11
Straus 20 11
Straus 20 11
Straus 20 11
Straus 20 11
Pais2012
Pais2012
Pais2012
Crayfish,
Orconectes propinquus
-
-
-
Whole body
-
8
184
Gillespie et al. 1977
Mayfly,
Ephemeroptera sp.
Mayfly,
Ephemeroptera sp.
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
-
-
Whole body
Whole body
-
-
365
365
1,630
3,520
Giesyetal. 1979
Giesyetal. 1979
Dragonfly,
Pantala hymenea
Dragonfly,
Pantala hymenea
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
-
-
Whole body
Whole body
-
-
365
365
736
3,520
Giesyetal. 1979
Giesyetal. 1979
Damselfly,
Ischnura sp.
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
Whole body
-
365
1,300
Giesyetal. 1979
G-6
-------
Species
Damselfly,
Ischnura sp.
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Concentration
in water
(HS/L)
-
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaC03)
-
Tissue
Whole body
Concentration
Qig/g)
-
Duration
(days)
365
BCFor
BAF
928
Reference
Giesyetal. 1979
Stonefly,
Pteronarcys dorsata
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
Whole body
-
28
373
Speharetal. 1978
Beetle,
Dytiscidae
Beetle,
Dytiscidae
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
-
-
Whole body
Whole body
-
-
365
365
164
260
Giesyetal. 1979
Giesyetal. 1979
Caddisfly,
Hydropsyche sp.
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
Whole body
-
2-8
228.2
Dressing et al. 1982
Caddisfly,
Hydropsyche betteni
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
Whole body
-
28
4,190
Speharetal. 1978
Biting midge,
Ceratopogonidae
Biting midge,
Ceratopogonidae
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
-
-
Whole body
Whole body
-
-
365
365
936
662
Giesyetal. 1979
Giesyetal. 1979
Midge,
Chironomidae
Midge,
Chironomidae
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
-
-
Whole body
Whole body
-
-
365
365
2,200
1,830
Giesyetal. 1979
Giesyetal. 1979
Midge,
Chironomus riparius
-
10,000
-
Whole body
-
28
1,370
Timmermans et al. 1992
Lake whitefish,
Coregonus clupeqformis
Cadmium
chloride
2.07
82.5
Whole body
-
72
42
Harrison and Klaverkamp
1989
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
-
-
-
Whole body
-
140
540
Kumadaetal. 1973
G-7
-------
Species
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Concentration
in water
(HS/L)
-
3.39
1.8
3.4
5.5
1.8
3.4
5.5
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaC03)
-
82.5
250
250
250
250
250
250
Tissue
Whole body
Whole body
Muscle
Muscle
Muscle
Muscle
Muscle
Muscle
Concentration
(ng/g)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Duration
(days)
70
72
231
231
231
455
455
455
BCFor
BAF
33
55
333
294
509
89
182
127
Reference
Kumadaetal. 1980
Harrison and Klaverkamp
1989
Brown etal. 1994
Brown etal. 1994
Brown etal. 1994
Brown etal. 1994
Brown etal. 1994
Brown etal. 1994
Atlantic salmon (egg),
Salmo salar
Atlantic salmon (egg),
Salmo salar
Atlantic salmon (egg),
Salmo salar
Atlantic salmon (egg),
Salmo salar
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
0.87
1.74
1.01
2.09
(pH=6.8)
(pH=6.8)
(pH=4.5)
(pH=4.5)
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
-
-
-
-
91
91
91
91
229
176
4
7
Peterson et al. 1985
Peterson et al. 1985
Peterson et al. 1985
Peterson et al. 1985
Brookl trout,
Salvelinus fontinalis
Brook trout,
Salve linusfontinalis
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
-
-
Muscle
Muscle
-
-
490
84
3
151
Benoitetal. 1976
Benoitetal. 1976
Bull trout,
Salvelinus confluentus
Bull trout
(juvenile, 30.5 mm, 212mg),
Salvelinus confluentus
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
0.052
-
30.6
Muscle
Whole body
-
0.170
(dry wt.)
93
55
22
817
Sangalang and Freeman
1979
Hansen et al. 2002a
G-8
-------
Species
Bull trout
(juvenile, 30.5 mm, 212mg),
Salvelinus confluentus
Bull trout
(juvenile, 30.5 mm, 212mg),
Salvelinus confluentus
Bull trout
(juvenile, 30.5 mm, 212mg),
Salvelinus confluentus
Bull trout
(juvenile, 30.5 mm, 212mg),
Salvelinus confluentus
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Concentration
in water
(HS/L)
0.089
0.197
0.383
0.786
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaC03)
30.6
30.6
30.6
30.6
Tissue
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Concentration
Qig/g)
0.204
(dry wt.)
0.379
(dry wt.)
0.572
(dry wt.)
0.913
(dry wt.)
Duration
(days)
55
55
55
55
BCFor
BAF
573
481
373
290
Reference
Hansen et al. 2002a
Hansen et al. 2002a
Hansen et al. 2002a
Hansen et al. 2002a
Mosquitofish,
Gambusia affinis
Mosquitofish,
Gambusia affinis
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
-
-
Whole body
(estimated steady
state)
Whole body
(estimated steady
state)
-
-
180
180
2,213
1,891
Giesyetal. 1979
Giesyetal. 1979
Guppy,
Poecilia reticulata
-
-
-
Whole body
-
32
280
Canton and Sloof 1982
Bluegill sunfish,
Lepomis macrochirus
Bluegill sunfish,
Lepomis macrochirus
Bluegill sunfish,
Lepomis macrochirus
Bluegill sunfish,
Lepomis macrochirus
Bluegill sunfish,
Lepomis macrochirus
Bluegill sunfish,
Lepomis macrochirus
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
0.8
1.8
2.2
2.8
3.6
4.4
134
134
134
134
134
134
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
-
-
-
-
-
-
28
28
28
28
28
28
113
78
86
68
67
66
Copeetal. 1994
Copeetal. 1994
Copeetal. 1994
Copeetal. 1994
Copeetal. 1994
Copeetal. 1994
G-9
-------
Species
Bluegill sunfish,
Lepomis macrochirus
Bluegill sunfish,
Lepomis macrochirus
Bluegill sunfish,
Lepomis macrochirus
Bluegill sunfish,
Lepomis macrochirus
Bluegill sunfish,
Lepomis macrochirus
Bluegill sunfish,
Lepomis macrochirus
Bluegill sunfish,
Lepomis macrochirus
Bluegill sunfish,
Lepomis macrochirus
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Concentration
in water
(HS/L)
5.2
6.2
7.7
8.4
13.2
16.1
19.7
32.3
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaC03)
134
134
134
134
134
134
134
134
Tissue
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Concentration
Qig/g)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Duration
(days)
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
BCFor
BAF
69
50
48
62
55
37
34
41
Reference
Copeetal. 1994
Copeetal. 1994
Copeetal. 1994
Copeetal. 1994
Copeetal. 1994
Copeetal. 1994
Copeetal. 1994
Copeetal. 1994
Blue tilapia,
Tilapia aurea
Blue tilapia,
Tilapia aurea
Blue tilapia,
Tilapia aurea
Blue tilapia,
Tilapia aurea
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
6.8
14
28
52
145
145
145
145
Muscle
Muscle
Muscle
Muscle
-
-
-
-
112
112
112
112
17.6
16.4
25.7
17.7
Papoutsoglou and Abel
1988
Papoutsoglou and Abel
1988
Papoutsoglou and Abel
1988
Papoutsoglou and Abel
1988
African clawed frog,
Xenopus laevis
African clawed frog
(embryo),
Xenopus laevis
African clawed frog
(embryo),
Xenopus laevis
-
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
0.1
0.8
-
-
-
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
-
2.5
(dry wt.)
6.6
(dry wt.)
100
47
47
130
6,250
2,063
Canton and Sloof 1982
Sharma and Patino 2008
Sharma and Patino 2008
G-10
-------
Species
African clawed frog
(embryo),
Xenopus laevis
African clawed frog
(embryo),
Xenopus laevis
African clawed frog
(embryo),
Xenopus laevis
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Concentration
in water
(HS/L)
8
84
855
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaC03)
-
-
-
Tissue
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Concentration
Qig/g)
8.4
(dry wt.)
14
(dry wt.)
100
(dry wt.)
Duration
(days)
47
47
47
BCFor
BAF
263
42
29
Reference
Sharma and Patino 2008
Sharma and Patino 2008
Sharma and Patino 2008
Species
Chemical
Concentration
in water
(HS/L)
Salinity
Tissue
Concentration
Qig/g)
Duration
BCFor
BAF
Reference
ESTUARINE/MARINE WATER
Polychaete worm,
Ophryotrocha diadema
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
Whole body
-
64
3,160
Klockner 1979
Common bay mussel,
Mytilus edulis
Common bay mussel,
Mytilus edulis
Common bay mussel
(adult, 40-50 mm),
Mytilus edulis
Common bay mussel
(adult, 40-50 mm),
Mytilus edulis
Common bay mussel
(adult, 40-50 mm),
Mytilus edulis
Common bay mussel
(9.5 g, 43.2cm),
Mytilus edulis
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
o o
J.J
(dissolved)
3.1
(dissolved)
3.2
(dissolved)
55.9
-
-
(6°C)
(16°C)
(26°C)
-
Soft parts
Soft parts
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Soft tissue
-
-
8
(dry wt.)
16
(dry wt.)
21
(dry wt.)
85
(dry wt.)
35
28
28
28
28
14
306
113
485
1,032
1,313
Phillips 1976
George and Coombs 1977
Mubiana and Blust 2007
Mubiana and Blust 2007
Mubiana and Blust 2007
Amachree et al. 2013
G-ll
-------
Species
Bay scallop,
Argopecten irradians
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Concentration
in water
(HS/L)
-
Salinity
-
Tissue
Muscle
Concentration
Qig/g)
-
Duration
42
BCFor
BAF
2,040
Reference
Pesch and Stewart 1980
Eastern oyster,
Crassostrea virginica
Eastern oyster,
Crassostrea virginica
Eastern oyster,
Crassostrea virginica
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
-
-
-
-
Soft parts
Soft parts
Soft parts
-
-
-
98
280
280
1,220
2,150
1,830
Schuster and Pringle 1969
Zaroogian and Cheer
1976
Zaroogian 1979
Soft-shell clam,
Mya arenaria
Cadmium
nitrate
-
-
Soft parts
-
70
160
Pringle etal. 1968
Pink shrimp,
Penaeus duorarum
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
Whole body
-
30
57
Nimmoetal. 1977b
Grass shrimp,
Paleomonetes pugio
Grass shrimp,
Paleomonetes pugio
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
-
-
Whole body
Whole body
-
-
28
42
203
22
Nimmoetal. 1977b
Pesch and Stewart 1980
Grass shrimp,
Paleomonetes vulgaris
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
Whole body
-
28
307
Nimmoetal. 1977b
Green crab,
Carcinus maenas
Green crab,
Carcinus maenas
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
-
-
Muscle
Muscle
-
-
68
40
5
7
Wright 1977
Jennings and Rainbow
1979a
G-12
-------
Appendix H Other Freshwater Toxicity Data
H-l
-------
Appendix Table H-l. Other Freshwater Toxicity Data
(Species are organized phylogenetically).
Species
Chemical
Duration
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
Effect
Concentration
(MM
Reference
Reason Other Data
FRESHWATER
Mixed natural fungi and
bacterial colonies on leaf litter
Mixed algal species
Mixed algal species
Phytoplankton community
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
196 d
-
10 d
7 week
10.7
11.1
-
-
Inhibition of leaf
decomposition
Significant reduction in
population
Growth inhibition
Positive biodiversity-
production relationship
5
5
50
120,000
Giesy 1978
Giesyetal. 1979
Lasheenetal. 1990
Lietal. 2010b
Mixed community
exposure
Mixed community
exposure
Mixed community
exposure
Mixed community
exposure
Stream microcosm
Mixed zooplankton community
Mixed macro -invertebrates
Cadmium
nitrate
-
Cadmium
chloride
21 d
52 wk
-
14 d
11.1
No effect on periphyton
structure, but adverse
effects on invertebrate
grazers and collectors
60% reduced biomass
Reduced taxa
22
1
5
Selbyetal. 1985
Lawrence and
Holoka 1987
Giesyetal. 1979
Mixed community
exposure
Mixed community
exposure
Mixed community
exposure
Blue-green alga,
Microcystis aeruginosa
Blue-green alga,
Microcystis aeruginosa
Blue-green alga,
Microcystis aeruginosa
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
24 hr
48 hr
48 hr
-
-
-
EC50
(growth)
EC50
(growth, non-toxic strain)
EC50
(growth, toxic strain)
0.56
19.78
11.58
Guanzonetal. 1994
Zeng et al. 2009
Zeng et al. 2009
Duration
Duration
Duration
Cyanobacteria,
Anacystis nidulans
Cadmium
chloride
14 d
-
No growth
50,000
Leeetal. 1992
Cyanobacteria,
Synechococcus sp.
Cyanobacteria,
Synechococcus sp.
-
Cadmium
chloride
72 hr
-
-
EC50
Reduced growth
5,400
562
Satoh et al. 2005
Tothetal. 2012
H-2
-------
Species
Diatom,
Entomoneis cf punctulata
Diatom,
Entomoneis cf punctulata
Chemical
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Duration
24 hr
72 hr
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
-
-
Effect
EC50
(fluorescence inhibition)
EC50
(growth)
Concentration
(HS/L)
3,700
2,400
Reference
Adams and Stauber
2004
Adams and Stauber
2004
Reason Other Data
Duration
Duration
Green alga,
Acetabularia acetabulum
Cadmium
chloride
3 wk
-
Morphological deformities
100
Karezetal. 1989
Green alga,
Chlamydomonas acidophila
Cadmium
sulfate
72hr
-
EC50
(growth)
1,562
Nishikawa and
Tominaga2001
Duration
Green alga,
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Green alga,
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Cadmium
chloride
-
72hr
24hr
-
-
EC50
(growth)
NOEC-LOEC
(specific growth rate)
789
2.248-4.496
Schaferetal. 1994
Stoiberetal. 2010
Duration
Duration
Green alga,
Chlorella pyrenoidosa
Green alga,
Chlorella pyrenoidosa
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
24hr
24hr
-
-
EC50
(growth-batch test)
EC50
(growth-continuous test)
170
28
Lin et al. 2007
Lin et al. 2007
Duration
Duration
Green alga,
Chlorella vulgaris
Green alga,
Chlorella vulgaris
Green alga,
Chlorella vulgaris
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
sulfate
72hr
72hr
72hr
-
-
-
EC50
(growth)
Reduced progeny
formation
LOEC
(reduced nitrate reductase
activity)
50,000
100
17.99
Wren and
McCarroll 1990
Wilczoketal. 1994
Awasthi and Das
2005
Duration
Duration
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Green alga,
Chlorococcum sp.
-
72hr
-
EC50
(growth)
11,200
Satoh et al. 2005
Duration
Green alga,
Chlorococcum littorale
-
72 hr
-
EC50
(growth)
9,700
Satoh et al. 2005
Duration
Green alga,
Prasinococcus sp.
-
72 hr
-
EC50
(growth)
5,900
Satoh et al. 2005
Duration
H-3
-------
Species
Chemical
Duration
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
Effect
Concentration
(HS/L)
Reference
Reason Other Data
Green alga,
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
Green alga,
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
Green alga,
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
Green alga,
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
Green alga,
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
Green alga,
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
Green alga,
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
Green alga,
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
Green alga,
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
Green alga,
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
Green alga,
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
Green alga,
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
Green alga,
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
Green alga,
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
Green alga,
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
Green alga,
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
Green alga,
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
-
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
5d
72hr
72hr
72hr
72hr
72hr
72hr
72hr
24hr
24hr
72hr
24hr
24 hr
24 hr
60 min
48 hr
48 hr
-
24.2
24.2
-
-
3.5
13.5
43.5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
LOEC
(growth)
EC50
(cell counts)
EC50
(cell counts)
EC50
(cell number)
EC50
(chlorophyll)
EC50
(growth rate)
EC50
(growth rate)
EC50
(growth rate)
EC50
(growth rate-total cell
volume)
EC50
(growth rate-cell density)
EC50
(cell division)
EC50
(growth)
EC50
(growth)
EC50
(growth)
EC50
(photosynthesis inhibition)
EC50
(growth)
EC50
(cell density)
30
20.6
42.7
164
97
31
62
131
82
13
15
15,370
18,000
16,440
200
35
25
Thompson and
Couture 1991
Radetski et al. 1995
Radetski et al. 1995
Van der Heever and
Grobbelaar 1996
Van der Heever and
Grobbelaar 1996
Kallqvist 2009
Kallqvist 2009
Kallqvist 2009
Chao and Chen
2001
Chao and Chen
2001
Franklin etal. 2001
Bascik-Remisiewicz
and Tukaj 2002
Bascik-Remisiewicz
and Tukaj 2002
Bascik-Remisiewicz
and Tukaj 2002
Koukal et al. 2003
Lin et al. 2005
Lin et al. 2005
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration too short;
Lack of exposure
details
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
H-4
-------
Species
Green alga,
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
Chemical
-
Duration
48hr
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
-
Effect
EC50
(D.O. production)
Concentration
(HS/L)
80
Reference
Lin et al. 2005
Reason Other Data
Duration
Green alga,
Scenedesmus dimorphus
Cadmium
nitrate
48 hr
11.3
LC50
(density)
63
Ghosh etal. 1990
Duration
Green alga,
Scenedesmus quadricauda
Green alga,
Scenedesmus quadricauda
Green alga,
Scenedesmus quadricauda
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
96 hr
20 d
24 hr
-
-
-
Incipient inhibition
(river water)
LC50
EC50
(growth)
100
9
1.9
Bringmann and
Kuhn 1959a;b
Fargasova 1993
Guanzonetal. 1994
Duration
Green alga,
Stichococcus bacillaris
Cadmium
chloride
96 hr
-
Reduced growth
5,000
Skowronski et al.
1985
Duckweed,
Lemna minor
Duckweed,
Lemna minor
Duckweed,
Lemna minor
-
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
chloride
10 d
48hr
24 hr
-
-
-
EC50
(frond production)
NOEC-LOEC
(relative pigment
concentration)
EC50
(growth)
191
562,050-
1,124,100
57,000
Smith and Kwan
1989
Prasad etal. 2001
Drinovec et al. 2004
Duration
Duration
Duckweed,
Lemna pavcicostata
Cadmium
chloride
48 hr
-
NOEC-LOEC
(increase colony break-up)
44.96-89.93
Li and Xiong 2004
Duration
Giant duckweed,
Spirodela polyrrhiza
-
12 d
-
NOEC-LOEC
(inhibit chlorophyll
synthesis)
100-500
Rolli etal. 2010
Lack of exposure
details
Duckweed,
Spirodela punctata
-
30 d
-
Reduced growth rate
25
Outridge 1992
Fungi,
Cylindrotheca sp.
-
72 hr
-
EC50
(growth)
9,300
Satoh et al. 2005
Duration
H-5
-------
Species
Garden cress (seeds),
Lepidium sativum
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
72 hr
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
-
Effect
EC50
(growth)
Concentration
(HS/L)
33,723
Reference
Gianazza et al. 2007
Reason Other Data
Duration
Water fern,
Salvinia minima
-
30 d
-
Reduced growth rate
10
Outridge 1992
Bacteria,
Escherichia coli
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
Incipient inhibition
150
Bringmann and
Kuhn 1959a,b
Bacteria
Bacteria,
Salmonella typhimurium
Cadmium
chloride
8hr
50
EC50
(growth inhibition)
10,400
Canton and Slooff
1982
Bacteria
Bacteria,
Pseudomonas putida
Cadmium
chloride
16 hr
-
Incipient inhibition
80
Bringmann and
Kuhn 1976;
1977a,c; 1979;
1980b
Bacteria
Bacteria,
Vibrio fischeri
Cadmium
chloride
30 min
-
EC50
14,240
Macken et al. 2009
Bacteria
Bacteria (6 species)
Cadmium
chloride
18 hr
-
Reduced growth
5,000
Seyfreid and
Morgan 1983
Bacteria
Protozoan community
Protozoan community
Protozoan community
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
48 hr
28 d
10 d
70
70
-
EC50
(number of species)
EC20
(colonization)
Reduced biomass
4,600
1
1
Niederlehner et al.
1985
Niederlehner et al.
1985
Fernandez-Leborans
and Novillo-Villajos
1993
Protozoan
Protozoan
Protozoan
Protozoan,
Chilomonas paramecium
Cadmium
nitrate
48 hr
-
Incipient inhibition
160
Bringmann et al.
1980
Protozoan
Ciliate,
Colpidium campylum
Cadmium
sulfate
24 hr
-
EC50
(growth)
75
Diveetal. 1989
Protozoan
H-6
-------
Species
Protozoan,
Colpidium colpoda
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
24hr
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
103
Effect
LC50
Concentration
(HS/L)
890
Reference
Madoni and Romeo
2006
Reason Other Data
Protozoan
Protozoan,
Colpoda steinii
-
24hr
-
LC50
500
Martin-Gonzalez et
al. 2005
Protozoan
Protozoan,
Cyrtolophosis elongata
-
24hr
-
LC50
2,000
Martin-Gonzalez et
al. 2005
Protozoan
Protozoan,
Dexiotricha granulosa
Cadmium
chloride
24hr
103
LC50
300
Madoni and Romeo
2006
Protozoan
Protozoan,
Drepanomonas revoluta
-
24hr
-
LC50
2,000
Martin-Gonzalez et
al. 2005
Protozoan
Protozoa,
Entosiphon sulcatum
Cadmium
nitrate
72hr
-
Incipient inhibition
11
Bringmann 1978;
Bringmann and
Kuhn 1979; 1980b;
1981
Protozoan
Protozoa,
Euglena gracilis
Cadmium
nitrate
24hr
-
EC50
(motility)
860
Ahmed and Hader
2010
Protozoan
Protozoa,
Euplotes aediculatus
Cadmium
chloride
24hr
103
LC50
590
Madoni and Romeo
2006
Protozoan
Protozoan,
Halteria grandinella
Cadmium
chloride
24hr
103
LC50
70
Madoni and Romeo
2006
Protozoan
Protozoan,
Microregma heterostoma
Cadmium
chloride
28hr
-
Incipient inhibition
100
Brinmgmann and
Kuhn 1959b
Protozoan
Protozoan,
Spirostomum ambiguum
Protozoan,
Spirostomum ambiguum
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
24 hr
24 hr
28
250
LC50
LC50
78.1
5,270
Nalecz-Jawecki et
al. 1993
Nalecz-Jawecki et
al. 1993
Protozoan
Protozoan
H-7
-------
Species
Protozoan,
Spirostomum ambiguum
Protozoan,
Spirostomum ambiguum
Protozoan,
Spirostomum ambiguum
Protozoan,
Spirostomum ambiguum
Protozoan,
Spirostomum ambiguum
Chemical
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Duration
48hr
48hr
48hr
48hr
48 hr
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
-
<10
<10
200
200
Effect
LC50
LC50
EC50
(deformity)
LC50
EC50
(deformity)
Concentration
(HS/L)
168
160
130
3,870
3,250
Reference
Nalecz-Jawecki and
Sawicki 1998
Nalecz-Jawecki and
Sawicki 2005
Nalecz-Jawecki and
Sawicki 2005
Nalecz-Jawecki and
Sawicki 2005
Nalecz-Jawecki and
Sawicki 2005
Reason Other Data
Protozoan
Protozoan
Protozoan
Protozoan
Protozoan
Protozoan,
Spirostomum teres
Cadmium
chloride
24 hr
-
LC50
1,950
Twagilimana et al.
1998
Protozoan
Ciliate,
Tetrahymena pyriformis
Ciliate,
Tetrahymena pyriformis
Ciliate,
Tetrahymena pyriformis
Ciliate,
Tetrahymena pyriformis
Ciliate,
Tetrahymena pyriformis
Ciliate,
Tetrahymena pyriformis
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
acetate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
90min
60 min
72 hr
30 min
96hr
9hr
-
-
-
-
-
-
Reduced loco motor rate
Decrease in swimming
rate
Growth inhibition
Complete mortality
EC50
(growth)
IC50
(growth)
750
1,000
3,372
56,205
1,045
3,000
Bergquist and
Bovee 1976
Bergquist and
Bovee 1976
Krawczynska et al.
1989
Larsen and
Svensmark 1991
Schaferetal. 1994
Sauvantetal. 1995
Protozoan
Protozoan
Protozoan
Protozoan
Protozoan
Protozoan
Protozoan,
Tetrahymena thermophila
Protozoan,
Tetrahymena thermophila
Protozoan,
Tetrahymena thermophila
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
24hr
24hr
24 hr
-
<10
200
LC50
EC50
(feeding inhibition)
EC50
(feeding inhibition)
195
130
260
Gallego et al. 2007
Nalecz-Jawecki and
Sawicki 2005
Nalecz-Jawecki and
Sawicki 2005
Protozoan
Protozoan
Protozoan
Protozoan,
Uronema parduezi
Cadmium
nitrate
20 hr
-
Incipient inhibition
26
Bringmann and
Kuhn 1980a; 1981
Protozoan
H-8
-------
Species
Paramecium,
Paramecium caudatum
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
5d
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
-
Effect
IC50
(growth)
Concentration
(HS/L)
94.40
Reference
Miyoshi et al. 2003
Reason Other Data
Protozoan
Paramecium,
Paramecium bursaria
-
24 hr
-
LC50
640
Wanick et al. 2008
Protozoan
Paramecium,
Paramecium trichium
Cadmium
chloride
5d
-
IC50
(growth)
11.71
Miyoshi et al. 2003
Protozoan
Heliozoon,
Raphidiophrys contractilis
Cadmium
chloride
20 min
-
LOEC
(axopodial degradation)
11.24
Khan et al. 2006a
Protozoan
Hydra,
Hydra littoralis
Cadmium
chloride
12 d
70
Reduced growth
20
Santiago-Fandino
1983
Duration; Exposure
methods unknown
Hydra,
Hydra oligactis
Cadmium
nitrate
48 hr
-
LC50
583
Slooffl983;Slooff
etal. 1983a
Duration
Green hydra,
Hydra viridissima
Green hydra
(symbiotic, with algae),
Hydra viridissima
Green hydra
(aposymbiotic, without algae),
Hydra viridissima
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
7d
48 hr
48 hr
19-20
207
207
NOEC-LOEC
(population growth rate)
LC50
LC50
0.4-0.8
160
140
Holdwayetal. 2001
Karntanut and
Pascoe 2005
Karntanut and
Pascoe 2005
Duration;
Unmeasured exposure
Duration
Duration
Pink hydra,
Hydra vulgaris
Cadmium
chloride
7d
19-20
LOEC
(population growth rate)
12.5
Holdwayetal. 2001
Duration;
Unmeasured exposure
Planarian,
Dendrocoelum lacteum
Cadmium
chloride
48 hr
122.8
LC50
46,000
Brown and Pascoe
1988
Duration
Planarian,
Dugesia lugubris
Cadmium
nitrate
48 hr
-
LC50
>20,000
Slooff 1983
Duration
H-9
-------
Species
Rotifer,
Brachionus calyciflorus
Rotifer,
Brachionus calyciflorus
Rotifer,
Brachionus calyciflorus
Rotifer,
Brachionus calyciflorus
Rotifer,
Brachionus calyciflorus
Rotifer,
Brachionus calyciflorus
Rotifer,
Brachionus calyciflorus
Rotifer (<2 hr),
Brachionus calyciflorus
Rotifer,
Brachionus calyciflorus
Chemical
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
24 hr
48hr
48 hr
24 hr
35 min
72hr
72hr
48hr
24 hr
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
80-100
80-100
80-100
250
170
80-100
80-100
80-100
-
Effect
LC50
EC50
Chronic value
EC50
NOEC
(ingestion rate)
Chronic value
(asexual reproduction)
Chronic value
(sexual reproduction)
EC50
Concentration
(HS/L)
1,300
70
60
120
250.00
20
20
10
180
Reference
Snelletal. 1991a
Snell and Moffat
1992
Snell and Moffat
1992
Crisinel et al. 1994
Juchelka and Snell
1994
Snell and Carmona
1995
Snell and Carmona
1995
Radix etal. 1999
Sarma et al. 2006
Reason Other Data
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Rotifer,
Brachionus macracanthus
Rotifer,
Brachionus macracanthus
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
24 hr
21 d
-
-
LC50
LOEC
(population growth)
118.9
0.383
Nandini et al. 2007
Nandini et al. 2007
Duration
Unmeasured chronic
exposure
Rotifer,
Brachionus rubens
Rotifer,
Brachionus rubens
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
24hr
24hr
80-100
80-100
LC50
NOEC
(survival)
810
280
Snell and Persoone
1989a
Snell and Persoone
1989a
Duration
Duration
Rotifer,
Philodina acuticornis
Rotifer,
Philodina acuticornis
Rotifer,
Philodina acuticornis
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
96hr
96 hr
96 hr
Soft water
Soft water
Hard water
EC50
(death and immobility)
EC50
(death and immobility)
EC50
(death and immobility)
500
200
300
Buikemaetal. 1973
Buikemaetal. 1973
Buikemaetal. 1973
Test species fed
Test species fed
Test species fed
H-10
-------
Species
Rotifer,
Streptocephalus rubricaudatus
Chemical
Cadmium
sulfate
Duration
24hr
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
250
Effect
EC50
Concentration
(HS/L)
250
Reference
Crisinel et al. 1994
Reason Other Data
Duration
Rotifer,
Thamnocephalus platyurus
Cadmium
chloride
24hr
80-100
LC50
400
Centenoetal. 1995
Duration
Parasite (embryo, blastula stage),
Chordodes nobilli
Parasite (larva),
Chordodes nobilli
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
96hr
48hr
162
162
Infective capacity of larva
Infective capacity of larva
630
360
Achiorno etal. 2010
Achiorno etal. 2010
Atypical endpoint
Atypical endpoint;
Duration
Nematode,
Caenorhabditis elegans
Nematode (adult),
Caenorhabditis elegans
Nematode (adult),
Caenorhabditis elegans
Nematode (adult),
Caenorhabditis elegans
Nematode (adult),
Caenorhabditis elegans
Nematode (adult),
Caenorhabditis elegans
Nematode (LI larva),
Caenorhabditis elegans
Nematode (adult),
Caenorhabditis elegans
Nematode (larva),
Caenorhabditis elegans
Nematode (3 d),
Caenorhabditis elegans
Nematode (L1-L4 larva),
Caenorhabditis elegans
Nematode (adult),
Caenorhabditis elegans
Nematode (L4 larva),
Caenorhabditis elegans
Cadmium
chloride
-
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
96hr
48hr
24hr
24hr
24hr
72hr
48hr
48hr
24hr
24hr
4hr
72 hr
48 hr
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
LC50
EC50
(growth)
EC50
(movement)
EC50
(feeding)
EC50
(reproduction)
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LOEC
(reproduction)
LOEC
(reproduction)
EC50
(number of offsprings)
61
2,000
16,524
18,772
14,388
16,973
66,884
620,503
169,920
518,598
11,240
11,240
20,906
Williams and
Dusenbery 1990
Cressman and
Williams 1997
Anderson et al.
2001
Anderson et al.
2001
Anderson et al.
2001
Anderson et al.
2001
Chu and Chow 2002
Chu and Chow 2002
Ura et al. 2002
Roh et al. 2006
Quo et al. 2009
Quo et al. 2009
Boyd etal. 2010
Test species fed
Duration
Test species fed;
Duration
Test species fed;
Duration
Test species fed;
Duration
Test species fed;
Duration
Test species fed;
Duration
Test species fed;
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
H-ll
-------
Species
Nematode (L4 larva),
Caenorhabditis elegans
Nematode (L4 larva),
Caenorhabditis elegans
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
48 hr
48 hr
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
-
-
Effect
EC50
(number of offsprings)
EC50
(number of offsprings)
Concentration
(HS/L)
19,784
21,583
Reference
Boydetal. 2010
Boydetal. 2010
Reason Other Data
Duration
Duration
Polychaete worm
(non-reproductive),
Aelosoma headleyi
Polychaete worm
(non-reproductive),
Aelosoma headleyi
Oligochaete,
Aeolosoma headleyi
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
48 hr
48 hr
10 d
60-70
160-190
65
(60-70)
LC50
LC50
NOEC-LOEC
(growth and reproduction)
1,200
4,980
17.2-36.9
Niederlehner et al.
1984
Niederlehner et al.
1984
Niederlehner et al.
1984
Test species fed;
Duration
Test species fed;
Duration
Duration
Oligochaete (adult) worm,
Lumbriculus variegatus
Oligochaete worm,
Lumbriculus variegatus
Oligochaete worm,
Lumbriculus variegatus
Oligochaete worm,
Lumbriculus variegatus
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
10 d
48 hr
48 hr
48 hr
44-47
20
50
250.25
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
158
270
410
2,161
Phippsetal. 1995
Penttinen et al. 2011
Penttinen et al. 2011
Penttinen etal. 2011
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Oligochaete,
Pristina sp.
Cadmium
chloride
52 week
11.1
Population reduction
5
Giesyetal. 1979
Exposure methods
unknown
Oligochate,
Prstina leidyi
Cadmium
chloride
48 hr
95
LC50
215
Smith etal. 1991
Duration
Tubificid worm,
Tubifex tubifex
Tubificid worm,
Tubifex tubifex
Tubificid worm (adult, 4 cm),
Tubifex tubifex
Tubificid worm (adult, 4 cm),
Tubifex tubifex
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
48 hr
96 hr
24 hr
24 hr
224
245
-
-
LC50
LC50
LC50
EC50
(locomotion)
320,000
47,530
4,900
1,100
Qureshietal. 1980
Khangarot 1991
Gerhardt 2009
Gerhardt 2009
Duration
Duration
Duration
H-12
-------
Species
Chemical
Duration
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
Effect
Concentration
(HS/L)
Reference
Reason Other Data
Spire snail,
Amnicola limosa
Spire snail,
Amnicola limosa
Spire snail,
Amnicola limosa
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
96hr
96 hr
96 hr
15.3
(pH=3.5)
15.3
(pH=4.0)
15.3
(pH=4.5)
LC50
LC50
LC50
6,350
3,800
2,710
Mackie 1989
Mackie 1989
Mackie 1989
pH is artificially low
as part of study
pH is artificially low
as part of study
pH is artificially low
as part of study
Snail (egg, strain BS90),
Biomphalaria glabrata
Snail (egg, strain NMRI),
Biomphalaria glabrata
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
3 mo
3 mo
-
-
LOEC
(hatching success)
LOEC
(hatching success)
1.14
2.81
Salice and Miller
2003
Salice and Miller
2003
Unmeasured chronic
exposure
Unmeasured chronic
exposure
Pond snail (6-9 mo., 10.32 mm),
Lymnaea palustris
Pond snail (6-9 mo., 10.32 mm),
Lymnaea palustris
Pond snail (6-9 mo., 10.32 mm),
Lymnaea palustris
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
28 d
28 d
28 d
-
-
-
LC50
EC50
(growth)
NOEC-LOEC
(reproduction)
>320
58.2
40-80
Coeurdassier et al.
2003
Coeurdassier et al.
2003
Coeurdassier et al.
2003
Unmeasured chronic
exposure
Unmeasured chronic
exposure
Unmeasured chronic
exposure
Pond snail,
Lymnaea stagnalis
Pond snail (6-9 mo., 20.62 mm),
Lymnaea stagnalis
Pond snail (5 mm),
Lymnaea stagnalis
Pond snail (10 mm),
Lymnaea stagnalis
Pond snail (10 mm),
Lymnaea stagnalis
Pond snail (15 mm),
Lymnaea stagnalis
Pond snail (15 mm),
Lymnaea stagnalis
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
48 hr
28 d
31d
31d
31d
31d
31d
-
-
135
(130-140)
135
(130-140)
135
(130-140)
135
(130-140)
135
(130-140)
LC50
EC50
(growth)
LC50
NOEC
(length and weight)
LC50
NOEC
(length and weight)
LC50
583
142.2
12.8
(dissolved)
94.3
49.7
(dissolved)
94.3
45.7
(dissolved)
Slooffl983;Slooff
etal. 1983a
Coeurdassier et al.
2003
Pais2012
Pais2012
Pais2012
Pais2012
Pais2012
Duration
Unmeasured chronic
exposure
Duration
More sensitive
endpoint available for
this study
Duration
More sensitive
endpoint available for
this study
Duration
H-13
-------
Species
Pond snail (juvenile, 7 mm),
Lymnaea stagnalis
Pond snail (juvenile, 7 mm),
Lymnaea stagnalis
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
28 d
28 d
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
20.5
(20-21)
20.5
(20-21)
Effect
LC50
NOEC-LOEC
(length and weight)
Concentration
(HS/L)
7.3
(dissolved)
2.47-4.76
Reference
Pais2012
Pais2012
Reason Other Data
Duration; Too few
exposure
concentrations
Too few exposure
concentrations
Snail,
Physa Integra
Cadmium
chloride
28 d
44-58
LC50
10.4
Speharetal. 1978
Exposure methods
unknown; Duration
New Zealand mud snail
(clone A, 3-4 mm),
Potamopyrgus antipodamm
New Zealand mud snail
(clone B, 3-4 mm),
Potamopyrgus antipodamm
New Zealand mud snail
(clone C, 3-4 mm),
Potamopyrgus antipodamm
New Zealand mudsnail,
Potamopyrgus antipodarum
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
sulfate
48 hr
48 hr
48 hr
28 d
197
197
197
-
LC50
LC50
LC50
EC50
(reproduction)
1,920
1,290
560
11.5
Jensen and Forbes
2001
Jensen and Forbes
2001
Jensen and Forbes
2001
Sieratowicz et al.
2011
Duration
Duration
Duration
Atypical endpoint
Snail,
Viviparus bengalensis
Cadmium
chloride
96 hr
140-190
LC50
1,550
Gadkari and
Marathe 1983
Mussel (glochidia),
Fusconia masoni
Cadmium
chloride
24 hr
88
LC50
168.1
Black 2001
Control mortality was
not reported
adequately to use for
this lifestage
Fatmucket (juvenile),
Lampsilis siliquoidea
Cadmium
nitrate
28 d
40-48
LC50
8.1
Wangetal. 2010d
Atypical endpoint
Mussel,
Utterbackia imbecillis
Mussel,
Utterbackia imbecillis
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
48 hr
48 hr
39
80-100
LC50
LC50
57
137
Keller and Zam
1991
Keller and Zam
1991
Duration
Duration
H-14
-------
Species
Mussel (glochidia),
Utterbackia imbecillis
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
24 hr
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
88
Effect
LC50
Concentration
(HS/L)
56.76
Reference
Black 2001
Reason Other Data
Control mortality was
not reported
adequately to use for
this lifestage
Zebra mussel (3.0-3.5 cm),
Dreissena polymorpha
Zebra mussel,
Dreissena polymorpha
Zebra mussel,
Dreissena polymorpha
Zebra mussel,
Dreissena polymorpha
Zebra mussel (18-25 mm),
Dreissena polymorpha
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
8hr
77 d
77 d
48 hr
7d
-
268
268
150
290
Caused valve closure
LOEC
(filtration rate)
EC50
EC50
Increased metallothionein
level
200-560
9
130
388
10
Slooffetal. 1983b
Kraaketal. 1992b
Kraaketal. 1992b
Kraaketal. 1994a
Ivankovic et al.
2010
Atypical endpoint;
Duration
Atypical endpoint
Duration
Duration
Atypical endpoint;
Duration
Asian clam (adult, 15-20 mm),
Corbicula fluminea
Asian clam (adult, 15-20 mm),
Corbicula fluminea
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
30 d
30 d
90
90
LOEC
(reduced phagocytosis
activity)
NOEC-LOEC
(decrease lysosomal value,
surface, size and number)
3
21.5-46.5
Champeau et al.
2007
Champeau et al.
2007
Unmeasured chronic
exposure; Atypical
endpoint
Unmeasured chronic
exposure; Atypical
endpoint
Bivalve,
Pisidium casertanum
Bivalve,
Pisidium casertanum
Bivalve,
Pisidium casertanum
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
96hr
96hr
96hr
15.3
(pH=3.5)
15.3
(pH=4.0)
15.3
(pH=4.5)
LC50
LC50
LC50
1,370
480
700
Mackie 1989
Mackie 1989
Mackie 1989
pH is artificially low
as part of study
pH is artificially low
as part of study
pH is artificially low
as part of study
Bivalve,
Pisidium compressum
Bivalve,
Pisidium compressum
Bivalve,
Pisidium compressum
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
96hr
96 hr
96 hr
15.3
(pH=3.5)
15.3
(pH=4.0)
15.3
(pH=4.5)
LC50
LC50
LC50
2,080
700
360
Mackie 1989
Mackie 1989
Mackie 1989
pH is artificially low
as part of study
pH is artificially low
as part of study
pH is artificially low
as part of study
H-15
-------
Species
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran (<48 hr),
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran (< 24hr),
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran (neonate),
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr),
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr),
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Chemical
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
-
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
Duration
48 hr
10 d
7d
48hr
Ihr
Ihr
48 hr
LC
7d
120 min
48 hr
1.5 hr
7d
7d
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
100
90
169
290
280-300
80-100
80-100
17
17
80-100
160-180
80-100
-
100
100
Effect
LC50
NOEC
(reproduction)
Chronic value
(reproduction)
LC50
EC50
(feeding inhibition)
EC50
(feeding inhibition)
LC50
NOEC-LOEC
Chronic value
Reduced mobility
LC50
EC50
LOEC
(reproduction)
LOEC
(reproduction)
Concentration
(HS/L)
27.3
0.5
<14
120
560
54
76.2
63.1
1.0-4.0
1.4
2,500
(dissolved)
78.2
34.2
5.22
5
Reference
Spehar and Fiandt
1986
Winner 1988
Masters et al. 1991
Schubauer-Berigan
etal. 1993
Schubauer-Berigan
etal. 1993
Bittonetal. 1996
Lee etal. 1997
Suedeletal. 1997
Suedeletal. 1997
Zuiderveen and
Birge 1997
Brent and Herricks
1998
Nelson and Roline
1998
Jun et al. 2006
Sofyan et al. 2007a
Sofyan et al. 2007b
Reason Other Data
High TOC; River
dilution water not
characterized
Duration;
Unmeasured chronic
exposure
Duration;
Unmeasured chronic
exposure
Test species fed
Test species fed
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Test species fed
Static exposure
Duration;
Unmeasured chronic
exposure
Duration
Test species fed
Duration
Duration
Duration;
Unmeasured chronic
exposure
H-16
-------
Species
Cladoceran (neonate, <24 hr),
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Chemical
-
Duration
7d
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
100
Effect
NOEC-LOEC
(survival)
Concentration
(HS/L)
5-10
Reference
Sofyan et al. 2007b
Reason Other Data
Duration;
Unmeasured chronic
exposure
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia reticulata
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia reticulata
Cladoceran (< 6hr),
Ceriodaphnia reticulata
-
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
48 hr
48 hr
48 hr
45
55-79
200
LC50
LC50
LC50
66
129
79.4
Mount and Norberg
1984
Spehar and Carlson
1984a;b
Halletal. 1986
Test species fed
High TOC; River
dilution water not
characterized
Well water (not
characterized)
Cladoceran,
Daphnia galeata mendotae
Cladoceran,
Daphnia galeata mendotae
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
154 d
15 d
-
-
Reduced biomass
Reduced rate of increase
4.0
5.0
Marshall 1978a
Marshall 1978b
Exposure methods
unknown
Exposure methods
unknown
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (3 -5 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (3 -5 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (3 -5 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (3 -5 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (adult),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (adult),
Daphnia magna
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
48 hr
21 d
72hr
24hr
72hr
72hr
72hr
72hr
72 hr
72 hr
-
45
163
-
(10°C)
(15°C)
(25°C)
(30°C)
(10°C)
(15°C)
EC50
Reproductive impairment
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
100
0.17
15.8
600
224
224
12
0.1
479
187
Bringmann and
Kuhn 1959a;b
Biesinger and
Christensen 1972
Debelak 1975
Bringmann and
Kuhn 1977b
Braginskly and
Shcherban 1978
Braginskly and
Shcherban 1978
Braginskly and
Shcherban 1978
Braginskly and
Shcherban 1978
Braginskly and
Shcherban 1978
Braginskly and
Shcherban 1978
River dilution water
not characterized
Exposure methods
unknown
Test species fed
Duration
Duration; Atypical
lifestage for species
Duration; Atypical
lifestage for species
Duration; Atypical
lifestage for species
Duration; Atypical
lifestage for species
Duration; Atypical
lifestage for species
Duration; Atypical
lifestage for species
H-17
-------
Species
Cladoceran (adult),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (adult),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Chemical
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
chloride
-
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
72 hr
72 hr
24 hr
20 d
48hr
48hr
48hr
48hr
48hr
48 hr
48 hr
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
-
(25°C)
-
(30°C)
200
200
45
55-79
160-180
160-180
160-180
160-180
160-180
Effect
LC50
LC50
EC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
Concentration
(HS/L)
10 2
2 4
160
670
118
166
37
6.1
43
31
18
Reference
Braginskly and
Shcherban 1978
Braginskly and
Shcherban 1978
Bellavere and Gorbi
1981
Canton and Sloof
1982
Mount and Norberg
1984
Spehar and Carlson
1984a;b
Lewis and Weber
1985
Lewis and Weber
1985
Lewis and Weber
1985
Lewis and Weber
1985
Lewis and Weber
1985
Reason Other Data
Duration; Atypical
lifestage for species
Duration; Atypical
lifestage for species
Duration
Other endpoints used
Test species fed
High TOC; River
dilution water not
characterized
Mean control survial
was >90% for 16 of
22 tests, but author
did not present control
survival for each test
Mean control survial
was >90% for 16 of
22 tests, but author
did not present control
survival for each test
Mean control survial
was >90% for 16 of
22 tests, but author
did not present control
survival for each test
Mean control survial
was >90% for 16 of
22 tests, but author
did not present control
survival for each test
Mean control survial
was >90% for 16 of
22 tests, but author
did not present control
survival for each test
H-18
-------
Species
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (1 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (2 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (2 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (2 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (2 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (2 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (2 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (2 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (2 d),
Daphnia magna
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
48hr
48hr
48hr
48hr
48hr
48hr
48hr
48hr
48hr
48hr
48 hr
48 hr
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
160-180
160-180
200
38
76
74
41
38
76
74
74
71
Effect
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
Concentration
(HS/L)
12
24
49.0
64
55
306
98
307
37
94
277
135
Reference
Lewis and Weber
1985
Lewis and Weber
1985
Halletal. 1986
Nebekeretal. 1986a
Nebekeretal. 1986a
Nebekeretal. 1986a
Nebekeretal. 1986a
Nebekeretal. 1986a
Nebekeretal. 1986a
Nebekeretal. 1986a
Nebekeretal. 1986a
Nebekeretal. 1986a
Reason Other Data
Mean control survial
was >90% for 16 of
22 tests, but author
did not present control
survival for each test
Mean control survial
was >90% for 16 of
22 tests, but author
did not present control
survival for each test
Well water (not
characterized)
Test species fed
Typically tests with
cladocerans are <24
hrold
Typically tests with
cladocerans are <24
hrold
Typically tests with
cladocerans are <24
hrold
Typically tests with
cladocerans are <24
hrold
Typically tests with
cladocerans are <24
hrold
Typically tests with
cladocerans are <24
hrold
Typically tests with
cladocerans are <24
hrold
Typically tests with
cladocerans are <24
hrold
H-19
-------
Species
Cladoceran (5 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (5 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (5 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (5 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (5 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (5 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (5 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (5 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (5 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (5 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (5 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Duration
48 hr
48hr
48hr
48hr
48hr
48hr
48hr
48hr
48hr
48 hr
48 hr
25 d
25 d
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
76
74
41
38
38
76
74
71
34
34
34
100
(20°C)
100
(25°C)
Effect
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
NOEC
(reproduction)
NOEC
(reproduction)
Concentration
(HS/L)
17
40
30
131
92
25
36
18
33
24
40
2.25
0.75
Reference
Nebekeretal. 1986a
Nebekeretal. 1986a
Nebekeretal. 1986a
Nebekeretal. 1986a
Nebekeretal. 1986a
Nebekeretal. 1986a
Nebekeretal. 1986a
Nebekeretal. 1986a
Nebeker et al.
1986b
Nebeker et al.
1986b
Nebeker et al.
1986b
Winner and
Whitford 1987
Winner and
Whitford 1987
Reason Other Data
Typically tests with
cladocerans are <24
hrold
Typically tests with
cladocerans are <24
hrold
Typically tests with
cladocerans are <24
hrold
Typically tests with
cladocerans are <24
hrold
Typically tests with
cladocerans are <24
hr old; Test species
fed
Typically tests with
cladocerans are <24
hrold
Typically tests with
cladocerans are <24
hrold
Typically tests with
cladocerans are <24
hrold
Typically tests with
cladocerans are <24
hrold
Typically tests with
cladocerans are <24
hrold
Typically tests with
cladocerans are <24
hrold
Unmeasured chronic
exposure
Unmeasured chronic
exposure
H-20
-------
Species
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (egg),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (small neonate),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (large neonate),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (5 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (14 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (< 24 hr)
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (juvenile, 4-5 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (juvenile, 4-5 d),
Daphnia magna
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
acetate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Duration
25 d
10 d
46 hr
48 hr
24 hr
24 d
48hr
48hr
48 hr
48 hr
21 d
48hr
48hr
24hr
48hr
48 hr
48 hr
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
150
90
150
240
-
-
250
250
160-180
(20°C)
160-180
(26°C)
225
-
160-180
-
17
160-180
160-180
Effect
NOEC-LOEC
(reproduction)
NOEC
(reproduction)
Profound effect on egg
development
LC50
EC50
NOEC
(reproduction)
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LOEC
(reproduction)
LC50
LC50
EC50
LC50
EC50
(death and immobility)
EC50
(feeding inhibition)
Concentration
(HS/L)
5.0-10
2.5
> 1,000
1,880
1,900
0.6
98
294
38
9
2.3
48
80
980
26.4
30-219
9-41
Reference
Bodaretal. 1988b
Winner 1988
Bodaretal. 1989
Khangarot and Ray
1989a
Kuhnetal. 1989
Kuhnetal. 1989
Enserink et al. 1990
Enserink et al. 1990
Lewis and Horning
1991
Lewis and Horning
1991
Enserink et al. 1993
Domal-
Kwiatkowska et al.
1994
Allen etal. 1995
Sorvari and
Sillanpaa 1996
Suedeletal. 1997
Barata et al. 2000
Barata et al. 2000
Reason Other Data
More sensitive
endpoint available
from this study
Duration;
Unmeasured chronic
exposure
Duration
Dilution water not
fully characterized
Duration
Test species fed
Test species fed
Test species fed
Test species fed
Test species fed
Duration
Test species fed
Test species fed
Test species fed;
Atypical endpoint
H-21
-------
Species
Cladoceran (neonate, <48 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (4th instar, 4-5 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (adult, 12-15 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran
(neonate, >14 d, female),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran
(neonate, >14 d, female),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (juvenile, 5 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (4th instar, 4-5 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (juvenile, <24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
-
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
17 d
24 hr
96 hr
96 hr
3hr
14 d
14 d
48 hr
21 d
24 hr
4hr
24 hr
24 hr
21 d
48 hr
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
-
-
50
100
-
-
-
-
125-140
125-140
240
160-180
-
-
250
Effect
NOEC-LOEC
(reproduction)
IC50
(feeding inhibition)
LC50
LC50
LOEC
(reduce phototactic index)
NOEC-LOEC
(Survival-low food ration
groups)
NOEC-LOEC
(Survival -high food ration
groups)
Reduced feeding and egg
production
EC50
(survival)
LC50
LOEC
(ROS production)
EC50
(feeding inhibition)
50% reduced survival
NOEC-LOEC
(ChE activities)
EC50
(respiration)
Concentration
(HS/L)
1.7-3.7
1.31
>3.43
>6.85
30
2.81-5.62
1.12-2.81
2.473
0.64
180
>112.41
35.54
36.79
0.041-0.082
160
Reference
Knopsetal. 2001
Me William and
Baird 2002
Chadwick
Environmental
Consultants 2003
Chadwick
Environmental
Consultants 2003
Yuan et al. 2003
Smolders et al. 2005
Smolders et al. 2005
Barata et al. 2007
Poynton et al. 2007
Poynton et al. 2007
Xie et al. 2007
Ferreira et al. 2008a
Connon et al. 2008
Jemec et al. 2008
Zitova et al. 2009
Reason Other Data
Duration;
Unmeasured chronic
exposure
Duration; Atypical
endpoint; Test species
fed
Test species fed
Test species fed
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Duration
Duration
Atypical endpoint
Unmeasured chronic
exposure
Duration
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Duration
Atypical endpoint
Atypical endpoint
H-22
-------
Species
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (14 d),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (6-24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (6-24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (6-24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (6-24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran (6-24 hr),
Daphnia magna
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Duration
48hr
48hr
24hr
24hr
Ihr
24hr
24hr
24hr
24 hr
24 hr
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
(20°C)
(24°C)
-
90
(80-110)
(20°C)
90
(80-110)
(36.5°C)
135.5
(pH=5.0)
135.5
(pH=6.0)
135.5
(pH=7.0)
135.5
(pH=8.0)
135.5
(pH=9.0)
Effect
EC50
(immobility)
EC50
(immobility)
LC50
EC50
EC50
EC50
(immobility)
EC50
(immobility)
EC50
(immobility)
EC50
(immobility)
EC50
(immobility)
Concentration
(HS/L)
112
(dissolved)
64
(dissolved)
71
6.34
26.9
1,210
1,160
420
390
350
Reference
Muyssen et al. 2010
Muyssenetal. 2010
Taylor etal. 2010
Kimetal. 2012a
Kim etal. 20 12a
Qu etal. 2013
Qu etal. 2013
Qu etal. 2013
Qu etal. 2013
Qu etal. 2013
Reason Other Data
Elevated DOC (3.7-
5.74 mg/L) in dilution
water
Elevated DOC (3.7-
5.74 mg/L) in dilution
water
Lack of exposure
details; Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Cladoceran,
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran,
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran,
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran,
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran,
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (< 24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
chloride
140 d
48 hr
58 d
48hr
72 hr
48 hr
57
57
106
45
100
80-90
Reduced reproduction
LC50
NOEC-LOEC
LC50
LC50
LC50
1
104-127
5-10
68
80-92
130
Bertram and Hart
1979
Ingersoll and
Winner 1982
Ingersoll and
Winner 1982
Mount and Nerberg
1984
Winner 1984
Lewis and Weber
1985
Lack of exposure
details
Test species fed
Lack of exposure
details
Test species fed
Test species fed
Test species fed
H-23
-------
Species
Cladoceran (< 24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (< 24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (< 24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (< 24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (< 24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (< 24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (< 24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (< 24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (< 24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (< 24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
48hr
48hr
48hr
48hr
48hr
48hr
48hr
48hr
48 hr
48 hr
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
80-90
80-90
80-90
80-90
80-90
80-90
80-90
80-90
80-90
80-90
Effect
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
Concentration
(HS/L)
120
170
130
190
160
150
130
150
100
180
Reference
Lewis and Weber
1985
Lewis and Weber
1985
Lewis and Weber
1985
Lewis and Weber
1985
Lewis and Weber
1985
Lewis and Weber
1985
Lewis and Weber
1985
Lewis and Weber
1985
Lewis and Weber
1985
Lewis and Weber
1985
Reason Other Data
Test species fed
Test species fed
Test species fed
Test species fed
Test species fed
Mean control survial
was >90% for 12 of
16 tests, but author
did not present control
survival for each test
Mean control survial
was >90% for 12 of
16 tests, but author
did not present control
survival for each test
Mean control survial
was >90% for 12 of
16 tests, but author
did not present control
survival for each test
Mean control survial
was >90% for 12 of
16 tests, but author
did not present control
survival for each test
Mean control survial
was >90% for 12 of
16 tests, but author
did not present control
survival for each test
H-24
-------
Species
Cladoceran (< 24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (adult),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Cladoceran (<24 hr),
Daphnia pulex
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
48 hr
48 hr
21 d
21 d
21 d
48hr
48 hr
48 hr
21 d
96hr
96 hr
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
80-90
200
58
115
230
124-130
80-90
(20°C)
80-90
(26°C)
80-90
50
100
Effect
LC50
LC50
NOEC
(survival)
NOEC
(brood size)
NOEC
(brood size)
LC50
LC50
LC50
NOEC
(reproduction)
LC50
LC50
Concentration
(HS/L)
130
100
3.8
7.5
7.5
87.9
42
6
0.003
>14.6
>20
Reference
Lewis and Weber
1985
Halletal. 1986
Winner 1986
Winner 1986
Winner 1986
Jindal and Verma
1990
Lewis and Horning
1991
Lewis and Horning
1991
Rouxetal. 1993
Chadwick
Environmental
Consultants 2003
Chadwick
Environmental
Consultants 2003
Reason Other Data
Mean control survial
was >90% for 12 of
16 tests, but author
did not present control
survival for each test
Well water (not
characterized)
Pond water (not
characterized)
Test species fed
Test species fed
Static, unmeasured
exposure
Test species fed
Test species fed
Cladoceran (24 hr),
Macrothrix triserialis
Cadmium
chloride
24 hr
-
LC50
420
Garcia et al. 2004
Duration
Cladoceran,
Moina macrocopa
Cladoceran,
Moina macrocopa
Cladoceran (24 hr),
Moina macrocopa
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
20 d
10 d
24 hr
80-84
-
-
Reduced survival
Reduced survival
LC50
0.2
10
680
Hatakeyama and
Yasuno 1981b
Wong and Wong
1990
Garcia et al. 2004
Duration; Unknown
exposure methods
Duration
Duration
H-25
-------
Species
Chemical
Duration
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
Effect
Concentration
(HS/L)
Reference
Reason Other Data
Cladoceran,
Simocephalus serrulatus
Cadmium
chloride
48hr
55-79
LC50
123
Spehar and Carlson
1984a;b
High TOC; River
dilution water not
characterized
Cladoceran,
Simocephalus vetulus
Cladoceran,
Simocephalus vetulus
-
Cadmium
chloride
48hr
48 hr
45
55-79
LC50
LC50
24
89.3
Mount and Norberg
1984
Spehar and Carlson
1984a;b
Test species fed
High TOC; River
dilution water not
characterized
Copepod,
Acanthocyclops viridis
Cadmium
sulfate
72 hr
-
LC50
0.5
Braginskly and
Shcherban 1978
Duration
Copepod,
Eucyclops agilis
Cadmium
chloride
52 wk
11.1
Population reduction
5
Giesyetal. 1979
Lack of exposure
details
Copepod,
Tropocyclops prasinus
mexicanus
Cadmium
chloride
48hr
10
LC50
149
Lalande and Pinel-
Alloul 1986
Duration
Aquatic sowbug
(3-6 mm, land population),
Asellus aquaticus
Aquatic sowbug
(3-6 mm, pond population),
Asellus aquaticus
Aquatic sowbug
(3-6 mm, canal population),
Asellus aquaticus
-
-
-
176
176
176
76
160
233
Pascoe and Carroll
2004
Pascoe and Carroll
2004
Pascoe and Carroll
2004
Test species fed
Test species fed
Test species fed
Amphipod,
Diporeia sp.
Amphipod,
Diporeia sp.
Amphipod,
Diporeia sp.
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
96hr
96 hr
96 hr
(4°C)
(10°C)
(15°C)
LC50
LC50
LC50
800
280
60
Gossiaux et al. 1992
Gossiaux et al. 1992
Gossiaux et al. 1992
Dilution water not
fully characterized
Dilution water not
fully characterized
Dilution water not
fully characterized
H-26
-------
Species
Chemical
Duration
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
Effect
Concentration
(HS/L)
Reference
Reason Other Data
Amphipod (0-1 wk),
Gammarus fasciatus
Cadmium
130
1.49-2.23
NOEC - LOEC
(survival)
1.49-2.23
Borgmann et al.
1989b
Poor control survival
(45%)
Amphipod,
Gammarus pseudolimnaeus
Cadmium
chloride
96 hr
55-79
LC50
54.4
Spehar and Carlson
1984a;b
River dilution water
not characterized
Amphipod (adult, 9 mm),
Gammarus tigrinus
Cadmium
chloride
72 hr
116
LC50
146.5
Boetsetal. 2012
Duration
Scud,
Gammarus sp.
Cadmium
S,U
50
70
Rehwoldt et al.
1973
Lack of detail since
other acceptable study
available with specific
species
Amphipod,
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod (0-1 wk),
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod,
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod,
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod,
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod,
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod,
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod (0-2 d),
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod (2-4 d),
Hyalella azteca
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
96 hr
LC
96hr
96 hr
96 hr
6wk
96hr
96 hr
96 hr
55-79
130
15.3
(pH=5.0)
15.3
(pH=5.5)
15.3
(pH=6.0)
130
280-300
90
90
LC50
NOEC-LOEC
(survival)
LC50
LC50
LC50
EC50
(survival)
LC50
LC50
LC50
285
0.57-0.92
12
16
33
0.53
230
-13
-7.5
Spehar and Carlson
1984a,b
Borgmann et al.
1989b
Mackie 1989
Mackie 1989
Mackie 1989
Borgmann et al.
1991
Schubauer-Berigan
etal. 1993
Collyard et al. 1994
Collyard et al. 1994
High TOC; River
dilution water not
characterized
Low control weights
and poor (64%)
control survival
pH is artificially low
as part of study
pH is artificially low
as part of study
pH is artificially low
as part of study
Inadequate control
performance
Test species fed
Test species fed; Data
graphed, could only
get approximate value
Test species fed; Data
graphed, could only
get approximate value
H-27
-------
Species
Amphipod (4-6 d),
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod (10-12 d),
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod (16-18 d),
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod (24-26 d),
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod,
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod,
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod (2-3 wk),
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod,
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod,
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod,
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod,
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod,
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod,
Hyalella azteca
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
96hr
96hr
96 hr
96 hr
10 d
JGS
(juvenile
growth
and
survival
test
96hr
24hr
24hr
24hr
24hr
24 hr
24 hr
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
90
90
90
90
44-47
17
17
217-301
217-301
217-301
217-301
217-301
217-301
Effect
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
Chronic value
(growth and survival)
LC50
LC50
(starved for 48 hr before
test)
LC50
(starved for 72 hr before
test)
LC50
(starved for 96 hr before
test)
LC50
LC50
LC50
Concentration
(HS/L)
-9.5
-7
-11.5
-14
2.8
0.16
2.8
99.34
82.17
65.00
107.3
75.42
74.20
Reference
Collyard et al. 1994
Collyard et al. 1994
Collyard et al. 1994
Collyard et al. 1994
Phippsetal. 1995
Suedeletal. 1997
Suedeletal. 1997
McNulty et al. 1999
McNulty et al. 1999
McNulty et al. 1999
McNulty et al. 1999
McNulty etal. 1999
McNulty etal. 1999
Reason Other Data
Test species fed; Data
graphed, could only
get approximate value
Test species fed; Data
graphed, could only
get approximate value
Test species fed; Data
graphed, could only
get approximate value
Test species fed; Data
graphed, could only
get approximate value
Duration
Static exposure
Did not meet specific
acceptability criteria
for this species
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
H-28
-------
Species
Amphipod (7-10 d),
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod (7-10 d),
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod (7-8 d),
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod (7-8 d),
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod (1-11 d),
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod (1-11 d),
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod,
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod,
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod (neonate 2-9 d),
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod (neonate 2-9 d),
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod (neonate 2-9 d),
Hyalella azteca
Amphipod (neonate 2-9 d),
Hyalella azteca
Chemical
-
-
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
Cadmium
sulfate
-
-
-
-
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
96 hr
96 hr
LC
LC
7d
7d
LC
72 hr
21 d
21 d
28 d
7d
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
48
118
153
126
18
124
162.7
-
140
140
22
90
Effect
LC50
LC50
NOEC-LOEC
(survival)
NOEC-LOEC
(survival)
LC50
LC50
NOEC-LOEC
(survival)
LC50
NOEC-LOEC
(survival)
NOEC-LOEC
(growth)
NOEC-LOEC
(survival)
LC50
Concentration
(HS/L)
3.8
12.1
0.8-1.3
0.5-1.1
0.15
1.60
2.49-5.09
1.9
5-10
<1.25-1.25
0.5-1.3
4.6
(dissolved)
Reference
Jackson et al. 2000
Jackson et al. 2000
Chadwick
Ecological
Consultants 2003
Chadwick
Ecological
Consultants 2003
Borgmann et al.
2005
Borgmann et al.
2005
Stanley et al. 2005
Gust 2006
Straus 20 11
Straus 20 11
Straus 20 11
Pais2012
Reason Other Data
Did not meet specific
acceptability criteria
for this species
Did not meet specific
acceptability criteria
for this species
Low control weights;
does not meet feeding
recommendations for
chronic test with this
species
Low control weights;
does not meet feeding
recommendations for
chornic test with this
species
Duration
Duration
Low control weights;
does not meet feeding
recommendations for
chornic test with this
species
Duration
More sensitive
endpoint available for
this study
Does not meet chronic
test requirements for
this species
Does not meet chronic
test requirements for
this species
Duration
H-29
-------
Species
Amphipod (neonate 2-9 d),
Hyalella azteca
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
28 d
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
90
Effect
LC50
Concentration
(HS/L)
0.70
(dissolved)
Reference
Pais2012
Reason Other Data
Duration
Crayfish,
Cambarus latimanus
Cadmium
chloride
50 mo
11.1
Significant mortality
5
Thorp etal. 1979
Lack of exposure
details
Crayfish,
Orconectes immunis
Crayfish (juvenile, 2 g),
Orconectes immunis
Crayfish (juvenile, 2 g),
Orconectes immunis
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
96 hr
5d
2.51 d
50.3
-
-
LC50
LC50
LT50=2.51d
>10,000
7,000
22,000
Thorp and Gloss
1986
Khan et al. 2006b
Khan et al. 2006b
Effect level based on
nominal, but
substantial loss per
measured levels was
observed
Duration; Test species
fed
Duration; Test species
fed
Fairy shrimp
(2nd-3rd instar nauplii),
Streptocephalus proboscideus
Fairy shrimp
(2nd-3rd instar nauplii),
Streptocephalus proboscideus
Fairy shrimp,
Streptocephalus proboscideus
-
-
Cadmium
sulfate
24hr
24hr
24hr
-
-
250
-
-
-
460
510
250
Centenoetal. 1993
Centenoetal. 1993
Crisinel et al. 1994
Duration
Duration
Duration
Fairy shrimp,
Thamnocephalus platyurus
Cadmium
chloride
24hr
80-100
400
Centenoetal. 1995
Duration
Mayfly,
Clean dipterum
Mayfly,
Clean dipterum
Mayfly,
Clean dipterum
Mayfly,
Clean dipterum
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
72hr
72hr
72 hr
72 hr
(10°C)
(15°C)
(25°C)
(30°C)
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
70,600
28,600
6,990
930
Braginskly and
Shcherban 1978
Braginskly and
Shcherban 1978
Braginskly and
Shcherban 1978
Braginskly and
Shcherban 1978
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
H-30
-------
Species
Mayfly,
Clean dipterum
Chemical
Cadmium
nitrate
Duration
48 hr
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
-
Effect
LC50
Concentration
(HS/L)
56,000
Reference
Slooffetal. 1983a
Reason Other Data
Duration
Mayfly,
Ephemerella sp.
Cadmium
chloride
28 d
44-48
LC50
<3.0
Speharetal. 1978
Lack of exposure
details
Mayfly,
Paraleptophlebia praepedita
Cadmium
chloride
96 hr
55-77
LC50
449
Spehar and Carlson
1984a;b
River dilution water
not characterized
Mayfly,
Rhithrogena sp.
Mayfly,
Rhithrogena sp.
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
96 hr
96 hr
25
21
LC50
LC50
157
(dissolved)
>50
(dissolved)
Mebaneetal. 2012
Mebaneetal. 2012
Other data avilable for
a specific species in
the genus
Other data avilable for
a specific species in
the genus
Mayfly (nymph),
Rhithrogena hageni
Cadmium
sulfate
10 d
48
NOEC-LOEC
(survival)
1,880-3,520
Brinkman and
Johnston 2008
Duration
Mosquito,
Aedes aegypti
Cadmium
nitrate
48 hr
-
LC50
4,000
Slooffetal. 1983a
Duration
Mosquito,
Culexpipiens
Cadmium
nitrate
48 hr
-
LC50
765
Slooffetal. 1983a
Duration
Midge (2nd instar),
Chironomus riparius
Midge (3rd instar),
Chironomus riparius
Midge (4th instar),
Chironomus riparius
Midge,
Chironomus riparius
Midge,
Chironomus riparius
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
5d
10 d
100-110
100-110
100-110
98
98
LC50
LC50
LC50
LOEC
(egg viability)
LOEC
(number of eggs
ovipositioned)
13,000
22,000
54,000
30,000
100,000
Williams et al. 1986
Williams et al. 1986
Williams et al. 1986
Williams et al. 1987
Williams et al. 1987
Test species fed
Test species fed
Test species fed
Duration; Static,
unmeasured exposure
Duration; Static,
unmeasured exposure
H-31
-------
Species
Midge (Istinstar),
Chironomus riparius
Midge (1st instar),
Chironomus riparius
Midge (Istinstar),
Chironomus riparius
Midge (4th instar),
Chironomus riparius
Midge (4th instar),
Chironomus riparius
Midge (1st instar larva, <24 hr),
Chironomus riparius
Midge (4th instar),
Chironomus riparius
Midge (4th instar),
Chironomus riparius
Chemical
-
-
-
-
-
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
17 d
Ihr
10 hr
Ihr
10 hr
24 hr
24 hr
72 hr
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
98
100
100
100
100
8
-
-
Effect
LOEC
(survival, development
and growth)
Reduced emergence
Reduced emergence
Reduced emergence
Reduced emergence
LC50
LC50
Downregulation of
CrSTARTl mRNA
Concentration
(HS/L)
150
2,100
210
2,000
200
9,380
212,230
2,000
Reference
Pascoeetal. 1989
McCahon and
Pascoe 1991
McCahon and
Pascoe 1991
McCahon and
Pascoe 1991
McCahon and
Pascoe 1991
Bechard et al. 2008
Choi and Ha 2009
NairandChoi2012
Reason Other Data
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Midge,
Chironomus dilutus
Midge (2nd instar, 10-12 d),
Chironomus dilutus
Midge (4th instar larva),
Chironomus dilutus
Midge (4th instar larva),
Chironomus dilutus
Midge (4th instar larva),
Chironomus dilutus
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
48 hr
96 hr
24 hr
48 hr
24 hr
25
17
-
-
-
LC50
LC50
LOEC
(increased HSP gene
expression)
NOEC
(growth)
LC50
8,050
2,956
200
20,000
169,500
Khangarot and Ray
1989b
Suedeletal. 1997
Lee et al. 2006b
Lee et al. 2006b
Ha and Choi 2008
Dilution water
(natural surface water)
not characterized
Test species fed
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Duration
Duration
Midge,
Tanytarsus dissimilis
Cadmium
chloride
10 d
47
LC50
o o
3.8
Anderson et al.
1980
Duration
Damselfly,
Enallagma sp.
Cadmium
chloride
96 hr
15.3
(pH=3.5)
LC50
7,050
Mackie 1989
pH is artificially low
as part of study
H-32
-------
Species
Damselfly,
Enallagma sp.
Damselfly,
Enallagma sp.
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
96 hr
96 hr
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
15.3
(pH=4.0)
15.3
(pH=4.5)
Effect
LC50
LC50
Concentration
(HS/L)
8,660
10,660
Reference
Mackie 1989
Mackie 1989
Reason Other Data
pH is artificially low
as part of study
pH is artificially low
as part of study
Rio Grande cutthroat trout
(eyed egg),
Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis
Cadmium
sulfate
ELS
(53d)
44.9
NOEC
(hatch success)
8f\1
.03
(dissolved)
Brinkman2012
More sensitive
endpoint available for
this study
Pink salmon (alevin),
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha
Pink salmon (fry),
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha
Pink salmon
(alevin, newly hatched),
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
7d
7d
7d
83.1
83.1
83.1
LC50
LC50
LC50
3,160
2,700
3,600
Servizi and Martens
1978
Servizi and Martens
1978
Servizi and Martens
1978
Duration
Duration
Duration
Coho salmon (juvenile),
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Coho salmon (adult),
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Coho salmon (alevin),
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
217hr
215 hr
96 hr
22
22
41
LC50
LC50
LC50
2.0
3.7
6.0
Chapman and
Stevens 1978
Chapman and
Stevens 1978
Buhl and Hamilton
1991
Duration
Duration
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (embryo, larva),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
-
-
-
-
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
chloride
7d
24 hr
10 d
10 d
96 hr
28 d
290
290
-
-
326
104
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC20
EC50
(death and deformity)
8.944
(8-10)
30,000
7
5
20
140
Ball 1967
Ball 1967
Kumadaetal. 1973
Kumadaetal. 1973
Davies 1976b
Birge 1978; Birge et
al. 1980
Lack of exposure
details; Duration;
Unmeasured exposure
Lack of exposure
details; Duration
Duration
Duration
Atypical endpoint for
this duration
Lack of exposure
details
H-33
-------
Species
Rainbow trout (alevin),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (swim-up fry),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (parr),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (smolt),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (adult),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (embryo, larva),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (larva),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
stearate
Cadmium
acetate
-
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
186hr
200hr
200 hr
200 hr
17 d
243d
10 d
10 d
10 d
SOmin
96 hr
96 hr
18 mo
62 d
4 mo
47 d
7d
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
23
23
23
23
54
240
125
(18°C)
125
(12°C)
125
(6°C)
112
-
-
112
100
320
98.6
89-107
Effect
LC10
LC10
LC10
LC10
LC50
Increased gill diffusion
LC50
LC50
LC50
Significant avoidance
LC50
LC50
Reduced survival
Reduced survival
Physiological effects
Reduced growth and
survival
LC50
Concentration
(HS/L)
>6
1.0
0.7
0.8
5.2
2
10-30
30
10-30
52
6
6.2
0.2
<5
10
100
700
Reference
Chapman 1978
Chapman 1978
Chapman 1978
Chapman 1978
Chapman and
Stevens 1978
Hughes etal. 1979
Roch and Maly
1979
Roch and Maly
1979
Roch and Maly
1979
Black and Birge
1980
Kumadaetal. 1980
Kumadaetal. 1980
Birge etal. 1981
Dave etal. 1981
Arilloetal. 1982;
1984
Woodworth and
Pascoe 1982
Birge etal. 1983
Reason Other Data
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Duration
Lack of exposure
details; Atypical
endpoint
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Inappropriate form of
toxicant
Inappropriate form of
toxicant
Lack of exposure
details
Lack of exposure
details
Lack of exposure
details; Atypical
endpoint
Lack of exposure
details
Duration
H-34
-------
Species
Rainbow trout (larva),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (egg, 0 hr),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (egg, 24 hr),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (eyed egg, 14 d),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (eyed egg, 28 d),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (sac fry, 42 d),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (early fry, 77 d),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (fry),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (fry),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (5 d post fert.),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
7d
48 hr
lid
8d
178 d
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
48 hr
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
89-107
-
82
(10°C)
82
(15°C)
82
55-79
50
50
50
50
50
50
9.2
(pH=4.7)
9.2
(pH=5.7)
63
300
87.7
Effect
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
Physiological effects
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
Concentration
(HS/L)
1,590
55
16.0
16.6
4.8
10.2
13,000
13,000
7,500
9,200
30
10
28
0.7
1,300
(dissolved)
2,600
(dissolved)
>100,000
Reference
Birgeetal. 1983
Slooffetal. 1983a
Majewski and Giles
1984
Majewski and Giles
1984
Majewski and Giles
1984
Spehar and Carlson
1984a;b
Van Leeuwen et al.
1985a
Van Leeuwen et al.
1985a
Van Leeuwen et al.
1985a
Van Leeuwen et al.
1985a
Van Leeuwen et al.
1985a
Van Leeuwen et al.
1985a
Cusimano et al.
1986
Cusimano et al.
1986
Pascoeetal. 1986
Pascoeetal. 1986
Shazili and Pascoe
1986
Reason Other Data
Duration; Acclimated
to5.9ug/Lfor24
days
Duration
Duration
Duration
Atypical endpoint
High TOC; River
dilution water not
characterized
Exposure at low pH
Exposure at low pH
Test species fed
Test species fed
Duration
H-35
-------
Species
Rainbow trout (10 d post fert),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (15 d post fert.),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (22 d post fert.),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (29 d post fert.),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (36 d post fert.),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(alevin, 2 d post hatch),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(alevin, 7 d post hatch),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (alevin),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (juvenile),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (juvenile),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(33.3 mm, 263 mg),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(33.6mm, 289 mg),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(34 mm, 299 mg),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(42.6 mm, 659 mg),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(49.4mm, 1,150 mg),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
48 hr
48 hr
48 hr
48 hr
48 hr
48 hr
48 hr
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
5d
5d
5d
5d
5d
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
87.7
87.7
87.7
87.7
87.7
87.7
87.7
41
140
140
30.7
89.3
30.0
29.3
31.7
Effect
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
Concentration
(HS/L)
3,300
7,200
8,000
12,500
16,500
5,800
8,300
37.9
280
250
0.53
2.07
0.84
0.35
0.36
Reference
Shazili and Pascoe
1986
Shazili and Pascoe
1986
Shazili and Pascoe
1986
Shazili and Pascoe
1986
Shazili and Pascoe
1986
Shazili and Pascoe
1986
Shazili and Pascoe
1986
Buhl and Hamilton
1991
Hollisetal. 1999
Hollisetal. 1999
Hansen et al. 2002b
Hansen et al. 2002b
Hansen et al. 2002b
Hansen et al. 2002b
Hansen et al. 2002b
Reason Other Data
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Prior exposed to 3
ug/L for 30 d
Prior exposed to 10
ug/L for 30 d
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
H-36
-------
Species
Rainbow trout
(48.2 mm, 1,030 mg),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(larvae, 1 mo., 1.2-1.5 g),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(swim-up fry, 4-5 wk),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout (1 dph),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Rainbow trout
(juvenile, 26 dph),
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
5d
Ihr
96 hr
21 d
28 d
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
30.2
210
101
100
100
Effect
LC50
NOEC
(decrease oxygen
consumption rates)
LC50
EC20
(survival)
EC20
(biomass)
Concentration
(HS/L)
0.35
200
5.4
12
1.9
Reference
Hansen et al. 2002b
Jezierska and
Sarnowski 2002
Besser et al. 2006;
2007
Wang etal. 201 4a
Wang etal. 201 4a
Reason Other Data
Duration
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Test species fed
Duration too short
Exposure started too
late for true ELS test
Sockeye salmon
(newly hatched alevin),
Oncorhynchus nerka
Sockeye salmon (alevin),
Oncorhynchus nerka
Sockeye salmon (alevin),
Oncorhynchus nerka
Sockeye salmon (fry),
Oncorhynchus nerka
Sockeye salmon (fry),
Oncorhynchus nerka
Sockeye salmon (smolt),
Oncorhynchus nerka
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
7d
7d
7d
7d
7d
7d
83.1
83.1
83.1
83.1
83.1
83.1
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
4,500
1,000
500
30
8
360
Servizi and Martens
1978
Servizi and Martens
1978
Servizi and Martens
1978
Servizi and Martens
1978
Servizi and Martens
1978
Servizi and Martens
1978
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Chinook salmon (alevin),
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Chinook salmon (swim-up fry),
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Chinook salmon (parr),
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Chinook salmon (smolt),
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
200 hr
200hr
200 hr
200 hr
23
23
23
23
LC10
LC10
LC10
LC10
18-26
1.2
1.3
1.5
Chapman 1978
Chapman 1978
Chapman 1978
Chapman 1978
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
H-37
-------
Species
Chemical
Duration
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
Effect
Concentration
(HS/L)
Reference
Reason Other Data
Atlantic salmon (alevin),
Salmo solar
Atlantic salmon,
Salmo solar
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
92 d
70 d
28
13
Net water uptake inhibited
Reduced growth
0.78
2
Rombough and
Garside 1982
Peterson et al. 1983
Atypical endpoint
Lack of exposure
details
Brown trout,
Salmo tmtta
Brown trout,
Salmo tmtta
Brown trout,
Salmo tmtta
Brown trout (fry),
Salmo tmtta
Brown trout (fry),
Salmo tmtta
Brown trout (fry),
Salmo tmtta
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
96 hr
96 hr
12 wk
30 d
30 d
30 d
55-79
36.9
37.6
29.2
67.6
151
LC50
LC50
Chronic value
(growth and survival)
NOEC-LOEC
(survival)
NOEC-LOEC
(survival)
NOEC-LOEC
(survival)
15.1
1.87
0.70
0.74-1.40
1.30-2.58
4.81-8.88
Spehar and Carlson
1984a;b
Davies and
Brinkman 1994a
Davies and
Brinkman 1994c
Brinkman and
Hansen 2004a; 2007
Brinkman and
Hansen 2004a; 2007
Brinkman and
Hansen 2004a; 2007
River dilution water
not characterized
Test species fed
Per author chronic
values does not have a
clear effect level
Duration
Duration
Duration
Bull trout
(juvenile, 30.5 mm, 212 mg),
Salvelinus confluentus
Bull trout (23.8 mm, 76. 1 mg),
Salvelinus confluentus
Bull trout (23.4 mm, 72.7 mg),
Salvelinus confluentus
Bull trout (26.0 mm, 84.2 mg),
Salvelinus confluentus
Bull trout (30.2 mm, 200 mg),
Salvelinus confluentus
Bull trout (32.0 mm, 221 mg),
Salvelinus confluentus
Bull trout (31.8 mm, 218 mg),
Salvelinus confluentus
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
55 d
5d
5d
5d
5d
5d
5d
30.6
30.7
89.3
30.0
29.3
31.7
30.2
NOEC-LOEC
(growth and survival)
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
0.383-0.786
0.83
5.23
2.41
0.83
0.88
0.83
Hansen et al. 2002a
Hansen et al. 2002b
Hansen et al. 2002b
Hansen et al. 2002b
Hansen et al. 2002b
Hansen et al. 2002b
Hansen et al. 2002b
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
H-38
-------
Species
Brook trout,
Salvelinus fontinalis
Brook trout (8 mo.),
Salvelinus fontinalis
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
-
Duration
21 d
10 d
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
10
20
Effect
Testicular damage
NOEC-LOEC
(survival)
Concentration
(HS/L)
10
8-18
Reference
Sangalang and
O'Halloran 1972;
1973
Jopetal. 1995
Reason Other Data
Lack of exposure
details; Atypical
endpoint
Duration
Lake trout,
Salvelinus namaycush
Cadmium
chloride
8-9 mo
90
Decreased thyroid follicle
epithelial cell height
5
Schereretal. 1997
Atypical endpoint
Arctic grayling (alevin),
Thymallus arcticus
Arctic grayling (juvenile),
Thymallus arcticus
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
96 hr
96 hr
41
41
LC50
LC50
6.1
4.0
Buhl and Hamilton
1991
Buhl and Hamilton
1991
Only acclimated to
test water for 1 d
Low D.O.
Goldfish,
Carassius auratus
Goldfish (embryo, larva),
Carassius auratus
-
Cadmium
chloride
50 d
7d
-
195
Reduced plasma sodium
EC50
(death and deformity)
44.5
170
McCarty and
Houston 1976
Birge 1978
Lack of exposure
details; Atypical
endpoint
Duration
Common carp (embryo),
Cyprinus carpio
Common carp (embryo, larva),
Cyprinus carpio
Common carp (fry),
Cyprinus carpio
Common carp (fmgerling),
Cyprinus carpio
Common carp (30 g),
Cyprinus carpio
Common carp (30 g),
Cyprinus carpio
Common carp
(larva, 0.9-1.39 g),
Cyprinus carpio
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
8d
96 hr
96 hr
29 d
29 d
Ihr
360
101.6
100
100
-
-
210
EC50
(hatch)
LC50
LC50
LC50
NOEC-LOEC
(survival)
NOEC-LOEC
(survival)
LOEC
(decrease oxygen
consumption rates)
2,094
139
4,260
17,050
449.64-2,248
56.2-280.25
200
Kapur and Yadav
1982
Birge etal. 1985
Sureshetal. 1993a
Sureshetal. 1993a
De Smet and Blust
2001
De Smet etal. 2001
Jezierska and
Sarnowski 2002
Duration unknown
Multiple-species test;
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
H-39
-------
Species
Golden shiner (3 mo, 6.75 g),
Notemigonus crysoleucas
Chemical
Cadmium
sulfate
Duration
96 hr
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
100-119
Effect
Elevated metabolic rate
Concentration
(HS/L)
200
Reference
Pelesetal. 2012
Reason Other Data
Atypical endpoint
Common shiner (0.75-3.5 mg),
Notropis cornutus
Cadmium
chloride
7d
48
67% reduced growth
200
(dissolved)
Borgmann and
Ralph 1986
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Zebrafish (embryo),
Danio rerio
Zebrafish (embryo),
Danio rerio
Zebrafish (embryo),
Danio rerio
Zebrafish (embryo),
Danio rerio
Zebrafish (embryo),
Danio rerio
Zebrafish (embryo),
Danio rerio
Zebrafish (embryo),
Danio rerio
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
12 d
12 d
48 hr
80 hr
48 hr
48 hr
72 hr
200
200
100
100
-
-
250
LC50
NOEC-LOEC
(survival)
NOEC
(enlarged edema)
NOEC
(hatching time)
EC50
LC50
EC50
(deformation rate)
100
50-150
753.1
<22.48
3,372
24,185
4,856
Nguyen and Janssen
2001
Nguyen and Janssen
2001
Fraysse et al. 2006
Fraysse et al. 2006
Lahnsteiner 2008
Notch etal. 2011
Sawleetal. 2010
Duration
Duration
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Duration
Duration
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
63
55
59
66
65
74
79
62
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
80.8
40.9
64.8
135
120
86.3
86.6
114
Spehar 1982
Spehar 1982
Spehar 1982
Spehar 1982
Spehar 1982
Spehar 1982
Spehar 1982
Spehar 1982
H-40
-------
Species
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (larva),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (larva),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (30 d),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow
(embryo, larva),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow
(embryo, larva),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow
(embryo, larva),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow
(embryo, larva),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow
(embryo, larva),
Pimephales promelas
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
96hr
6.8 hr
3.7 hr
7d
7d
48hr
48hr
96hr
96 hr
96 hr
8d
8d
8d
8d
8d
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
63
103
254-271
89-107
89-107
-
209
-
55-79
55-79
101.6
(20. PC)
101.6
(22.8°C)
101.6
(25.7°C)
101.6
(27.9°C)
101.6
Effect
LC50
LT50=6.8 hr
LT50=3.7 hr
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
Histological effects
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
Concentration
(HS/L)
80.8
6,000
16,00
200
540
2,200
802
12,000
3,390
1,830
125
84
76
87
41
Reference
Spehar 1982
Birgeetal. 1983
Birgeetal. 1983
Birgeetal. 1983
Birgeetal. 1983
Slooffetal. 1983a
Slooffetal. 1983a
Stromberg et al.
1983
Spehar and Carlson
1984a;b
Spehar and Carlson
1984a;b
Birgeetal. 1985
Birgeetal. 1985
Birgeetal. 1985
Birgeetal. 1985
Birgeetal. 1985
Reason Other Data
Atypical endpoint
Atypical endpoint
Duration
Duration; Acclimated
to 5.6 ug/L
for4d
Duration
Duration
Atypical endpoint
River dilution water
not characterized
River dilution water
not characterized
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
H-41
-------
Species
Fathead minnow
(embryo, larva),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (14-30 d),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (1-7 d),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (2-4 d),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow
(larva, 96-144 hr),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow
(larva, 96-144 hr),
Pimephales promelas
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
8d
96hr
48 hr
96 hr
juvenile
growth &
survival
test
Juvenile
growth &
survival
test
7d
7d
7d
7d
7d
7d
7d
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
101.6
200
70-90
17
17
17
270
261
285
272
292
-
-
Effect
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
NOEC-LOEC
(growth and survival)
NOEC-LOEC
(growth and survival)
NOEC-LOEC
(growth and survival)
NOEC-LOEC
(growth and survival)
NOEC-LOEC
(growth and survival)
NOEC-LOEC
(growth and survival)
NOEC-LOEC
(growth and survival)
LC50
LC50
Concentration
(HS/L)
107
90
35.4
4.8
1.0-2
2.0-3
10.7-21.9
11.5-21.3
8.5-11.3
9.6-12.2
5.3-6.9
15.43
16.99
Reference
Birgeetal. 1985
Halletal. 1986
Diamond etal. 1997
Suedeletal. 1997
Suedeletal. 1997
Suedeletal. 1997
Southwest Texas
State University
2000
Southwest Texas
State University
2000
Southwest Texas
State University
2000
Southwest Texas
State University
2000
Southwest Texas
State University
2000
Southwest Texas
State University
2000
Southwest Texas
State University
2000
Reason Other Data
Duration; Multiple -
species test
Duration
Test species fed
Static exposure
Static exposure
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
H-42
-------
Species
Fathead minnow (adult pairs),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (larva, 8 d),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (larva, 8 d),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (adult),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (29-55 mm),
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow (larva, <24 hr),
Pimephales promelas
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
21 d
21 d
21 d
96hr
96 hr
48 hr
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
169
173
173
117.9
120
38-66
Effect
NOEC-LOEC
(spawning frequency)
NOEC-LOEC
(# of pairs to spawn per
day)
NOEC
(hatching success,
offspring mortality)
LOEC
(increase metabolic rate)
Increase in auditory
threshold
LC50
Concentration
(HS/L)
24.3-39.7
25-50
50
250
2.1-2.9
47.7
Reference
Sellin and Kolok
2006a
Sellin and Kolok
2006b
Sellin and Kolok
2006b
Pistole et al. 2008
Low 2009
Robison2011
Reason Other Data
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Duration
Duration
Atypical endpoint
Atypical endpoint
Duration
White sucker (larva),
Catostomus commersoni
Cadmium
chloride
7d
48
46% reduced growth
36
(dissolved)
Borgmann and
Ralph 1986
Duration
Walking catfish
(12-14 cm, 25 g),
Clarias batrachus
Walking catfish,
Clarias batrachus
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
96 hr
14 d
250
(240-260)
-
LC50
60% mortality
315,000
8,993
Banerjee et al. 1978
Jana and Sahana
1989
Lack of exposure
details
Duration;
Unmeasured exposure
Stickleback,
Gasterosteus aculeatus
Stickleback,
Gasterosteus aculeatus
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
18 d
30 d
299
299
Kidney cell tissue
breakdown
NOEC-LOEC
(kidney cytological
alteration)
6,000
4,000-6,000
Oronsaye 1989
Oronsaye2001
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Brown bullhead,
Ictalurus nebulosus
Cadmium
chloride
2hr
-
Affected gills and kidney
61,300
Blickens 1978;
Garofano 1979
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Channel catfish,
Ictalurus punctatus
Channel catfish,
Ictalurus punctatus
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
96 hr
-
55-79
Increased albinism
LC50
0.5
7,940
Westerman and
Birge 1978
Spehar and Carlson
1984a;b
Duration unknown;
Atypical endpoint
River dilution water
not characterized
H-43
-------
Species
Chemical
Duration
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
Effect
Concentration
(HS/L)
Reference
Reason Other Data
Mosquitofish,
Gambusia affmis
Cadmium
sulfate
48hr
45
LC50
7,260
Chagnon and
Guttman 1989
Duration
Guppy (fry),
Poecilia reticulata
Guppy (male),
Poecilia reticulata
Guppy (female),
Poecilia reticulata
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
96hr
96hr
96hr
140-190
140-190
140-190
LC50
LC50
LC50
2,500
12,750
16,000
Gadkari and
Marathe 1983
Gadkari and
Marathe 1983
Gadkari and
Marathe 1983
Guppy,
Poecilia reticulata
Cadmium
nitrate
48hr
209
LC50
41,900
Slooffetal. 1983a
Duration
Striped bass (larva),
Morone saxatilis
Striped bass (fingerling),
Morone saxatilis
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
72hr
72 hr
34.5
34.5
LC50
LC50
1
2
Hughes 1973
Hughes 1973
Duration
Duration
Bluegill,
Lepomis macrochirus
Bluegill,
Lepomis macrochirus
Bluegill,
Lepomis macrochirus
Bluegill (juvenile),
Lepomis macrochirus
Bluegill (3 1.1 mm),
Lepomis macrochirus
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
SOmin
3d
96 hr
32 d
22 d
112
340-360
55-79
134
174
Significant avoidance
Increased cough rate
LC50
NOEC
(growth)
LOEC
(prey attack rate)
>41.1
50
8,810
>32.3
37.3
Black and Birge
1980
Bishop and
Mclntosh 1981
Spehar and Carlson
1984a;b
Copeetal. 1994
Bryan etal. 1995
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
River dilution water
not characterized
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Largemouth bass
(embryo, larva),
Micropterus salmoides
Largemouth bass,
Micropterus salmoides
Largemouth bass,
Micropterus salmoides
Cadmium
chloride
-
Cadmium
chloride
8d
24 hr
SOmin
99
-
112
EC50
(death and deformity)
Affected opercular activity
Significant avoidance
1,640
150
8.83
Birge etal. 1978
Morgan 1979
Black and Birge
1980
Duration
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
H-44
-------
Species
Largemouth bass
(embryo, larva),
Micropterus salmoides
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
8d
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
101.6
Effect
LC50
Concentration
(HS/L)
244
Reference
Birgeetal. 1985
Reason Other Data
Duration; Multiple -
species test
Fountain darter
(larva, 96-144 hr),
Etheostoma fonticola
Fountain darter,
Etheostoma fonticola
Fountain darter,
Etheostoma fonticola
Fountain darter,
Etheostoma fonticola
Fountain darter,
Etheostoma fonticola
Fountain darter,
Etheostoma fonticola
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
96 hr
7d
7d
7d
7d
7d
254-282
270
261
285
270
292
LC50
NOEC-LOEC
(growth and survival)
NOEC-LOEC
(growth and survival)
NOEC-LOEC
(growth and survival)
NOEC-LOEC
(growth and survival)
NOEC-LOEC
(growth and survival)
9.62 (reported-
dissolved)
1.4-2.8
5.5-11.5
5.7-8.5
6.6-9.6
4-5.3
Southwest Texas
State University
2000
Southwest Texas
State University
2000
Southwest Texas
State University
2000
Southwest Texas
State University
2000
Southwest Texas
State University
2000
Southwest Texas
State University
2000
Test species fed
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Orangethroat darter (embryo),
Etheostoma spectabile
Cadmium
chloride
96 hr
180
LC50
>500
Sharp and
Kaszubski 1989
River dilution water
not characterized
Nile tilapia
(adult, 13. 1cm, 77.2 g),
Oreochromis niloticus
Nile tilapia (15.7 cm, 61.5 g),
Oreochromis niloticus
Nile tilapia (15.7 cm, 61.5 g),
Oreochromis niloticus
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
96 hr
14 d
14 d
36.17
324
324
Reduction in plasma Ca
2+ concentration
LOEC
(increase CAT activity)
LOEC
(decrease intestine Na, K-
ATPase activity)
5,000
562
562
Garcia-Santos et al.
2006
Atli and Canli 2007
Atli and Canli 2007
Atypical endpoint
Unmeasured chronic
exposure; Duration;
Atypical endpoint
Unmeasured chronic
exposure; Duration;
Atypical endpoint
H-45
-------
Species
Nile tilapia (15.7 cm, 61.5 g),
Oreochromis niloticus
Nile tilapia (15.7 cm, 61.5 g),
Oreochromis niloticus
Nile tilapia (15.7 cm, 61.5 g),
Oreochromis niloticus
Nile tilapia (fmgerling, 4-6 cm),
Oreochromis niloticus
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
14 d
14 d
14 d
28 d
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
324
324
324
-
Effect
NOEC-LOEC
(decrease muscle Na, K-
ATPase activity)
NOEC
(gill, blood, and muscle
and GSH level)
LOEC
(increase liver MT level)
NOEC
(brain and muscle ChE
activity)
Concentration
(HS/L)
562-1,124
>2,248
562
30
Reference
Atli and Canli 2007
Atli and Canli 2008
Atli and Canli 2008
Silva and Pathiratne
2008
Reason Other Data
Unmeasured chronic
exposure; Duration;
Atypical endpoint
Unmeasured chronic
exposure; Duration;
Atypical endpoint
Unmeasured chronic
exposure; Duration;
Atypical endpoint
Atypical endpoint
Mozambique tilapia
(12-14 cm, 25 g),
Oreochromis mossambica
Mozambique tilapia
(larva, <1 d),
Oreochromis mossambica
Mozambique tilapia (larva, 1 d),
Oreochromis mossambica
Mozambique tilapia (larva, 2 d),
Oreochromis mossambica
Mozambique tilapia (larva, 3 d),
Oreochromis mossambica
Mozambique tilapia (larva, 7 d),
Oreochromis mossambica
Mozambique tilapia (72 hr),
Oreochromis mossambica
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
96hr
96hr
96hr
96hr
96hr
96hr
96 hr
250
(240-260)
-
-
-
-
-
28
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
200,000
205
83
33
22
29
21.4
Banerjee et al. 1978
Hwang etal. 1995
Hwang etal. 1995
Hwang etal. 1995
Hwang etal. 1995
Hwang etal. 1995
Chang etal. 1998
Lack of exposure
details
Dilution water not
characterized
Dilution water not
characterized
Dilution water not
characterized
Dilution water not
characterized
Dilution water not
characterized
Mummichog,
Fundulus heteroclitus
Cadmium
chloride
96 hr
5
TL50
12.2
Gill and Epple 1992
Atypical endpoint
White sturgeon (embryo),
Acipenser transmontanus
Cadmium
chloride
66 d
70
NOEC-LOEC
(mortality)
11 o o
.1-8.3
Vardy etal. 2011
No true control group
- control water had Cd
level similar to lowest
exposure group
H-46
-------
Species
White sturgeon (embryo),
Acipenser transmontanus
White sturgeon (larva, 2 dph),
Acipenser transmontanus
White sturgeon
(juvenile, 28 dph),
Acipenser transmontanus
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
66 d
14 d
28 d
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
70
100
100
Effect
LC20
EC20
(survival)
EC20
(biomass)
Concentration
(HS/L)
1.5
>11
3.2
Reference
Vardyetal. 2011
Wangetal. 2014a
Wang etal. 201 4a
Reason Other Data
No true control group
Duration too short
Exposure started too
late for true ELS test
Southern gray treefrog (embryo),
Hyla chrysoscelis
Southern gray treefrog (embryo),
Hyla chrysoscelis
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
72 hr
7d
90
90
LC50
LC50
49.9
40.3
Westerman 1977
Westerman 1977
Duration
Duration
Pipfrog (embryo),
Rana grylio
Pipfrog (embryo),
Rana grylio
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
6d
10 d
90
90
LC50
LC50
81.8
69.3
Westerman 1977
Westerman 1977
Duration
Duration
River frog (embryo),
Rana heckscheri
River frog (embryo),
Rana heckscheri
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
6d
10 d
90
90
LC50
LC50
69.2
60.5
Westerman 1977
Westerman 1977
Duration
Duration
Leopard frog (embryo),
Rana pipiens
Leopard frog (embryo),
Rana pipiens
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
6d
10 d
90
90
LC50
LC50
56.1
50.1
Westerman 1977
Westerman 1977
Duration
Duration
Southern leopard frog
(tadpole, GS 25),
Rana sphenocephala
Cadmium
chloride
48 hr
130.8
NOEC-LOEC
(decreased tadpole
activity)
750-1,200
Moyer2012
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
American toad
(tadpoles, Gosner stage 25),
Bufo americanus
Cadmium
chloride
60 d
51.2
LOEC
(metamorph wet weight
and days to tail resorption)
5
James and Little
2003
Duration
H-47
-------
Species
American toad
(tadpoles, Gosner stage 25),
Bufo americanus
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
60 d
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
51.2
Effect
NOEC-LOEC
(survival)
Concentration
(HS/L)
54-540
Reference
James and Little
2003
Reason Other Data
Duration
Red-spotted toad (embryo),
Bufo punctatus
Red-spotted toad (embryo),
Bufo punctatus
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
72 hr
7d
90
90
LC50
LC50
9,800
6,781
Westerman 1977
Westerman 1977
Duration
Duration
Narrow-mouthed toad
(embryo, larva),
Gastrophyryne carolinensis
Narrow-mouthed toad (embryo),
Gastrophyryne carolinensis
Narrow-mouthed toad (embryo),
Gastrophyryne carolinensis
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
7d
72 hr
7d
195
90
90
EC50
(death and deformity)
LC50
LC50
40
47.9
41.5
Birge 1978
Westerman 1977
Westerman 1977
Duration
Duration
Duration
African clawed frog,
Xenopus laevis
African clawed frog,
Xenopus laevis
African clawed frog,
Xenopus laevis
African clawed frog (stage 40),
Xenopus laevis
African clawed frog (stage 40),
Xenopus laevis
African clawed frog (stage 47),
Xenopus laevis
African clawed frog
(adult, female),
Xenopus laevis
African clawed frog
(adult, male),
Xenopus laevis
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
48 hr
48 hr
100 d
24 hr
72 hr
72 hr
30 d
30 d
209
170
170
-
-
-
-
-
LC50
LC50
Inhibited development
LC50
LC50
LC50
NOEC-LOEC
(total egg count)
NOEC-LOEC
(total sperm count)
11,700
3,200
650
1,000
0.2
1.6
500-1,000
2,500-5,000
Slooff and
Baerselman 1980;
Slooff etal. 1983a
Canton and Slooff
1982
Canton and Slooff
1982
Herkovits et al.
1997
Herkovits et al.
1998
Herkovits et al.
1998
Fort etal. 2001
Fort etal. 2001
Duration
Duration
Lack of exposure
details
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
H-48
-------
Species
African clawed frog (stage 50),
Xenopus laevis
African clawed frog (stage 50),
Xenopus laevis
African clawed frog,
Xenopus laevis
African clawed frog (embryo),
Xenopus laevis
African clawed frog
(embryo,<24 hr),
Xenopus laevis
African clawed frog
(embryo,<24 hr),
Xenopus laevis
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
6d
6d
96 hr
47 d
86 d
86 d
Hardness
(mg/L CaCO3)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Effect
40% mortality
60% mortality
Increased toxicity and
teratogenicity
NOEC-LOEC
(delayed development and
forelimb emergence)
NOEC-LOEC
(survival)
NOEC-LOEC
(growth)
Concentration
(HS/L)
5,000
10,000
562
84-855
85-860
8-85
Reference
Mouchet et al. 2007
Mouchet et al. 2007
Boga et al. 2008
Sharma and Patino
2008
Sharma and Patino
2009
Sharma and Patino
2009
Reason Other Data
Duration; Test species
fed
Duration; Test species
fed
Atypical endpoint
Duration
Duration
Duration
Marbled salamander
(embryo, larva),
Ambystoma gracile
Northwestern salamander,
Ambystoma gracile
Northwestern salamander,
Ambystoma gracile
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
8d
10 d
10 d
99
45
45
EC50
(death and deformity)
LOEC
(limb regeneration)
LOEC
(growth)
150
44.6
227
Birgeetal. 1978
Nebekeretal. 1994
Nebekeretal. 1995
Duration
Duration
Duration
H-49
-------
Appendix I Other Estuarine/Marine Toxicity Data
1-1
-------
Appendix Table 1-1. Other Estuarine/Marine Toxicity Data
(Species are organized phylogenetically).
Species
Chemical
Duration
Salinity
(g/kg)
Effect
Concentration
(MM
Reference
Reason Other Data
ESTUARINE/MARINE
WATER
Bacterium,
Vibrio fischeri
Bacteria,
Vibrio fischeri
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
chloride
22 hr
15 min
35
35
EC50
EC50
(luminescence)
214
56,800
Radix etal. 1999
Rosen et al. 2008
Bacteria
Bacteria
Phytoplankton population
Phytoplankton community
Cadmium
nitrate
-
4d
-
-
-
Reduced biomass
LC50
112
0.23-498.7
Hollibaugh et al.
1980
Echeveste etal. 2012
Mixed community
exposure
Mixed community
exposure, exposure
duration not well
defined
Phytoflagellate,
Olisthodiscus luteus
Cadmium
chloride
192 hr
-
27% biovolume reduction
500
Fernandez-Leborans
andNovillo 1996
Dinoflagellate,
Alexandrium catenella
Cadmium
sulfate
30 d
-
30% decreased growth
5.83
Herzi etal. 2013
Duration
Dinoflagellate,
Ceratocorys horrida
Cadmium
chloride
24hr
35
EC50
(bioluminescence)
1,710
Rosen et al. 2008
Duration
Dinoflagellate,
Heterocapsa sp.
-
72hr
-
EC50
(growth)
13,800
Satoh et al. 2005
Duration
Dinoflagellate,
Lingulodinium polyedrum
Cadmium
chloride
24hr
35
EC50
(bioluminescence)
843
Rosen et al. 2008
Duration
Dinoflagellate,
Prorocentrum minimum
Dinoflagellate,
Prorocentrum minimum
Cadmium
chloride
-
2hr
72 hr
20
-
LC50
(growth)
IC50
(cell-specific growth rate)
12,000
116.9
Roberts et al. 1982
Wang 20 10
Duration
Duration
1-2
-------
Species
Dinoflagellate (4 wk),
Pyrocystis lunula
Chemical
-
Duration
48hr
Salinity
(g/kg)
35
Effect
EC50
(bioluminescence)
Concentration
(HS/L)
750
Reference
Heimann et al. 2002
Reason Other Data
Duration
Dinoflagellate,
Pyrocystis noctiluca
Cadmium
chloride
24hr
35
EC50
(bioluminescence)
1,130
Rosen et al. 2008
Duration
Haptophyte,
Pseudoisochrysis paradoxa
Cadmium
chloride
2hr
20
LC50
(growth)
167,000
Roberts et al. 1982
Duration
Diatom,
Chaetoceros gracilis
Cadmium
chloride
72hr
-
EC50
(growth)
8,500
Koutsaftis and
Aoyama 2006
Duration
Diatom,
Isochrysis galbana
-
72hr
-
EC50
(growth)
2,900
Satoh et al. 2005
Duration
Diatom,
Minutocellus polymorphus
Cadmium
chloride
48 hr
-
EC50
66
Walsh etal. 1988
Duration
Diatom,
Skeletonema costatum
Diatom,
Skeletonema costatum
Diatom,
Skeletonema costatum
Cadmium
chloride
-
Cadmium
chloride
2hr
10 d
72hr
20
-
-
LC50
(growth)
EC50
(growth)
EC50
681,000
450
144
Roberts et al. 1982
Govindarajan et al.
1993
Walsh etal. 1988
Duration
Duration
Diatom,
Tetraselmis gracilis
-
96hr
-
EC50
(survival)
1,800
Okamotoetal. 1996
Diatom,
Tetraselmis tetrahele
-
72hr
-
EC50
(growth)
9,800
Satoh et al. 2005
Duration
Diatom,
Thalassiosira nor denskioeldii
Diatom,
Thalassiosira nor denskioeldii
Diatom,
Thalassiosira nor denskioeldii
-
-
-
72hr
72 hr
72 hr
(18°C)
(24°C)
(30.5°C)
EC50
(growth)
EC50
(growth)
EC50
(growth)
291.1
210.2
33.72
Wang and Wang
2008; Wang 20 10
Wang and Wang
2008; Wang 20 10
Wang and Wang
2008; Wang 20 10
Duration
Duration
Duration
1-3
-------
Species
Diatom,
Thalassiosira nor denskioeldii
Diatom,
Thalassiosira nor denskioeldii
Diatom,
Thalassiosira nor denskioeldii
Chemical
-
-
-
Duration
72hr
72hr
72hr
Salinity
(g/kg)
High
irradiance
Low
irradiance
Med.
irradiance
Effect
IC50
(cell-specific growth rate)
IC50
(cell-specific growth rate)
IC50
(cell-specific growth rate)
Concentration
(HS/L)
77.56
303.5
236.1
Reference
Wang 20 10
Wang 20 10
Wang 20 10
Reason Other Data
Duration
Duration
Duration
Diatom,
Thalassiosira pseudonana
-
72hr
-
IC50
(cell-specific growth rate)
7.862
Wang 20 10
Duration
Diatom,
Thalassiosira weissflogii
Diatom,
Thalassiosira weissflogii
Diatom,
Thalassiosira weissflogii
-
-
-
48hr
48hr
48 hr
-
-
-
EC50
(growth-nutrient rich
medium)
EC50
(growth-N-starved medium)
EC50
(growth-P-starved medium)
157.4
22.48
73.07
Miao and Wang 2006
Miao and Wang 2006
Miao and Wang 2006
Duration
Duration
Duration
Green alga,
Acetabularia acetabulum
Green alga,
Acetabularia acetabulum
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
3wk
3wk
-
-
Morphological deformities
Decreased cell elongation
100
1
Karezetal. 1989
Karezetal. 1989
Green alga,
Chlorella autotrophica
-
72 hr
-
IC50
(cell-specific growth rate)
1,248
Wang 20 10
Duration
Green alga,
C//va pertusa
Cadmium
chloride
72-120 hr
35
EC50
(reproduction)
217
Han etal. 2007
Duration not
specifically identified
Red alga,
Champia parvula
Cadmium
chloride
48 hr
28-30
NOEC
(sexual reproduction)
>100
Thursby and Steele
1986
Duration
Hydroid,
Ca/w/)awM/ar/ay7exMO5a
-
-
-
Enzyme inhibition
40-75
Moore and Stebbing
1976
Duration not
specifically identified
1-4
-------
Species
Hydroid,
Campanularia flexuosa
Chemical
-
Duration
lid
Salinity
(g/kg)
-
Effect
Growth rate
Concentration
(HS/L)
110-280
Reference
Stebbing 1976
Reason Other Data
Starlet sea anemone
(adult, female),
Nematostella vectensis
Cadmium
chloride
21 d
12
NOEC-LOEC
(survival)
50-250
Harter and Matthews
2005
Duration
Rotifer,
Brachionus plicatilis
Rotifer,
Brachionus plicatilis
Rotifer,
Brachionus plicatilis
Rotifer,
Brachionus plicatilis
Rotifer,
Brachionus plicatilis
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
nitrate
24hr
24hr
24 hr
24 hr
7d
15
30
15
-
-
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
No survival
54,900
56,800
>3 9,000
490.6
429.2
Snell and Personne
1989b
Snell and Personne
1989b
Snell etal. 1991b
Arulvasuetal. 2010
Arulvasu etal. 2010
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Unmeasured chronic
exposure; Duration
Polychaete,
Capitella capitata
Polychaete,
Capitella capitata
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
28 d
28 d
-
-
LC50
LC50
630
700
Reishetal. 1976
Reishetal. 1976
Duration
Duration
Polychaete,
Neanthes arenaceodentata
Cadmium
chloride
28 d
-
LC50
3,000
Reishetal. 1976
Duration
Polychaete worm,
Nereis virens
Cadmium
chloride
144 hr
-
LC50
170
McLeese and Ray
1986
Duration
Sea squirt (sperm),
dona intestinalis
Sea squirt (gamete),
Ciona intestinalis
Sea squirt (embryo),
Ciona intestinalis
Sea squirt (larva),
Ciona intestinalis
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
30 min
Ihr
20 hr
48 hr
33
33
33
33
NOEC-LOEC
(% fertilization)
LOEC
(% fertilization)
EC50
(development)
EC50
(attachmnet)
4,096-16,384
>16,384
809.4
>16,366
Bellas etal. 2001
Bellas etal. 2001
Bellas etal. 2001
Bellas etal. 2001
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
1-5
-------
Species
Sea squirt (egg/sperm),
Ciona intestinalis
Sea squirt (egg/sperm),
Ciona intestinalis
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
20hr
70hr
Salinity
(g/kg)
33
33
Effect
EC50
(embryonic development)
EC50
(larva attachment)
Concentration
(HS/L)
721
752
Reference
Bellas et al. 2004
Bellas et al. 2004
Reason Other Data
Duration
Duration
Gastropod (larva),
Crepidula fornicata
Cadmium
chloride
48 hr
-
LOEC
(% larval mortality)
2,189
Pechenik et al. 2001
Duration; Test
species fed
Mud snail (0.24-1. 14 g),
Nassarius obsoletus
Cadmium
chloride
72 hr
25
Increased O2 consumption
500
Maclnnes and
Thurberg 1973
Atypical endpoint
Mussel,
Mytilus edulis
Cadmium
chloride
9.5 d
28
LT50 = 9.5 d
(anoxic conditions)
47
Veldhuizen-Tsoerkan
etal. 1991
Atypical endpoint
Bay scallop,
Argopecten irradians
Cadmium
chloride
42 d
-
EC50
(growth)
78
Pesch and Stewart
1980
Scallop (juvenile, 3 mm),
Argopecten ventricosus
Cadmium
chloride
30 d
36
LOEC
(growth)
10
Sobrino-Figueroa et
al. 2007
Unmeasured chronic
exposure; Duration
Pacific oyster (larva, 6 d),
Crassostrea gigas
Pacific oyster (larva, 16 d),
Crassostrea gigas
Pacific oyster,
Crassostrea gigas
Pacific oyster,
Crassostrea gigas
Pacific oyster,
Crassostrea gigas
Pacific oyster
(lyr, 112mm, 20.3 g),
Crassostrea gigas
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
96 hr
96 hr
6d
14 d
23d
lid
-
-
-
-
-
35
EC50
(growth)
EC50
(growth)
50 % reduction in settlement
Growth reduction
LC50
LOEC
(increase expression of MT
mRNA in digestive gland and
gills)
75
120
20-25
10
50
10
Watling 1982
Watling 1982
Watling 1983b
Watling 1983b
Watling 1983b
Choi et al. 2008
Atypical endpoint
Atypical endpoint
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration;
Unmeasured chronic
exposure; Atypical
endpoint
1-6
-------
Species
Pacific oyster
(lyr, 112mm, 20.3 g),
Crassostrea gigas
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
lid
Salinity
(g/kg)
35
Effect
LOEC
(increase expression of
HSP90 mRNA in digestive
gland and gills)
Concentration
(HS/L)
10
Reference
Choi et al. 2008
Reason Other Data
Duration;
Unmeasured chronic
exposure; Atypical
endpoint
American or Virginia oyster,
Crassostrea virginica
Cadmium
chloride
48 hr
-
Reduction in embryonic
development
15
Zaroogian and
Morrison 1981
Duration
Brown mussel (20-24 mm),
Perna perna
Cadmium
acetate
96 hr
32
LC50
877.5
Baby and Menon
1987
Inappropriate form of
toxicant
Clam,
Macoma balthica
Cadmium
chloride
6d
-
LC50
1,710
McLeese and Ray
1986
Duration
Hard clam (juvenile),
Mercenaria mercenaria
Hard clam
(juvenile, 212-350 mm),
Mercenaria mercenaria
Cadmium
chloride
-
7d
24 hr
25
32
EC50
(growth)
LC50
86.7
420
Keppler and
Ringwood 2002
Chung et al. 2007
Duration; Test
species fed
Duration
Japanese carpet shell
(6.7-7. 1mm),
Ruditapes philippinarum
-
5d
-
LC50
3,114
Figueira et al. 2012
Duration
Sand gaper,
Mya arenaria
Sand gaper,
Mya arenaria
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
7d
7d
-
-
LC50
LC50
150
700
Eisler 1977
Eisler and Hennekey
1977
Duration
Duration
Calanoid copepod
(newly hatched nauplii),
Eurytemora affinis
Calanoid copepod
(newly hatched nauplii),
Eurytemora affinis
Calanoid copepod,
Eurytemora affinis
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
24hr
48 hr
96 hr
-
-
5
Reduction in swimming
speed
Reduction in development
rate
LC50
130
116
51.6
Sullivan et al. 1983
Sullivan et al. 1983
Halletal. 1995
Duration
Duration
Test species fed
1-7
-------
Species
Calanoid copepod,
Eurytemora affinis
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
96hr
Salinity
(g/kg)
15
Effect
LC50
Concentration
(HS/L)
213
Reference
Halletal. 1995
Reason Other Data
Test species fed
Harpacticoid copepod,
Nitokra spinipes
Cadmium
sulfate
96hr
30
NOEC
(survival)
500
Ward etal. 2011
Atypical endpoint
Copepod,
Tisbe holothurlae
Cadmium
chloride
48hr
-
LC50
970
Moraitou-
Apostolopoulou and
Verriopoulos 1982
Duration
Barnacle
(larva, stage 2 nauplii),
Balanus improvisus
Barnacle
(larva, stage 2 nauplii),
Balanus improvisus
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
96 hr
96 hr
15
30
LC50
LC50
>100.5
>201.8
Lang etal. 1981
Lang etal. 1981
According to the
author no attempt
was made to
determine a LC50;
Test species fed
According to the
author no attempt
was made to
determine a LC50;
Test species fed
Mysid,
Americamysis bahia
Mysid,
Americamysis bahia
Mysid,
Americamysis bahia
Mysid,
Americamysis bahia
Mysid (8 d),
Americamysis bahia
Mysid (8 d),
Americamysis bahia
Mysid,
Americamysis bahia
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
-
17 d
16 d
8d
28 d
7d
96 hr
24 hr
15-23
30
-
13-29
25
25
12
LC50
LC50
LC50
NOEC
(survival, growth and
reproduction)
NOEC
(survival and growth)
NOEC
(survival and growth)
Reduced serum osmolality
11.3
28
60
4-5
5
5
3.62
Nimmo etal. 1977a
Gentile etal. 1982
Gentile etal. 1982
Voyer and
McGovern 1991
Khan etal. 1992
Khan etal. 1992
De Lisle and Roberts
1994
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration;
Unmeasured
exposure
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
1-8
-------
Species
Chemical
Duration
Salinity
(g/kg)
Effect
Concentration
(HS/L)
Reference
Reason Other Data
Mysid,
Mysidopsis bigelowi
Mysid,
Mysidopsis bigelowi
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
28 d
8d
-
-
LC50
LC50
18
70
Gentile etal. 1982
Gentile etal. 1982
Duration
Duration
Mysid (adult, 18 mm),
Praunus flexuosus
Cadmium
chloride
6d
10
LC50
83.11
Roast etal. 200 Ib
Duration
Isopod,
Idotea baltica
Isopod,
Idotea baltica
Isopod,
Idotea baltica
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
5d
3d
1.5 d
3
21
14
LC50
LC50
LC50
10,000
10,000
10,000
Jones 1975
Jones 1975
Jones 1975
Duration
Duration
Duration
White shrimp (0.02 cm, 0.1 g),
Litopenaeus vannamei
White shrimp
(0.22 cm, 0.49 g),
Litopenaeus vannamei
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
sulfate
28 d
28 d
15
15
LOEC
(growth)
NOEC-LOEC
(food consumption)
100
100-200
Wu and Chen 2005a
Wu and Chen 2005a
Unmeasured chronic
exposure
Unmeasured chronic
exposure; Atypical
endpoint
Pink shrimp,
Penaeus duoramm
Cadmium
chloride
30 d
-
LC50
720
Nimmo etal. 1977b
Lack of exposure
details
Daggerblade grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes pugio
Daggerblade grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes pugio
Daggerblade grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes pugio
Daggerblade grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes pugio
Daggerblade grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes pugio
Daggerblade grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes pugio
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
29 d
21 d
21 d
21 d
21 d
6d
-
5
10
20
-
10
LC50
LC25
LC10
LC5
BCF = 140
LC75
120
50
50
50
-
300
Nimmo etal. 1977b
Vernberg et al. 1977
Vernberg et al. 1977
Vernberg et al. 1977
Vernberg et al. 1977
Middaugh and Floyd
1978
Lack of exposure
details
Lack of exposure
details
Lack of exposure
details
Lack of exposure
details
Steady state not
documented
Duration
1-9
-------
Species
Daggerblade grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes pugio
Daggerblade grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes pugio
Daggerblade grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes pugio
Daggerblade grass shrimp
(juvenile),
Palaemonetes pugio
Daggerblade grass shrimp
(25-35 mg),
Palaemonetes pugio
Daggerblade grass shrimp
(25-35 mg),
Palaemonetes pugio
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
6d
6d
42 d
48hr
8hr
8hr
Salinity
(g/kg)
15
30
-
10
20
20
Effect
LC50
LC25
LC50
LC50
NOEC-LOEC
(increase GSH)
LOEC
(increase LPO and ubiquitin)
Concentration
(HS/L)
300
300
300
1,300
562.05-5,620.5
112.41
Reference
Middaugh and Floyd
1978
Middaugh and Floyd
1978
Pesch and Stewart
1980
Burton and Fisher
1990
Downs etal. 2001a
Downs etal. 2001a
Reason Other Data
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration too short for
juvenile shrimp
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Shrimp,
Palaemon sp.
-
5d
-
2,300
Ahsanullah 1976
Duration
Spot shrimp,
Pandalus platyceros
-
-
-
4,970
Cardwell et al. 1979
Unknown duration
Pink shrimp,
Pandalus montagui
Cadmium
chloride
6d
-
LC50
1,280
McLeese and Ray
1986
Duration
Common shrimp (post-molt),
Crangon crangon
-
5.3d
-
350
Price and Uglow
1979
Duration
Bay shrimp,
Crangon septemspinosa
Cadmium
chloride
6d
-
LC50
1,160
McLeese and Ray
1986
Duration
American lobster,
Homarus americanus
American lobster,
Homarus americanus
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
21 d
30 d
-
-
BCF = 25
Increase in ATPase activity
-
6
Eisleretal. 1972
Tucker 1979
Steady state not
documented
Atypical endpoint
1-10
-------
Species
Longwrist hermit crab,
Pagurus longicarpus
Longwrist hermit crab,
Pagurus longicarpus
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
7d
60 d
Salinity
(g/kg)
-
-
Effect
25% mortality
LC56
Concentration
(HS/L)
270
70
Reference
Eisler and Hennekey
1977
Pesch and Stewart
1980
Reason Other Data
Duration
Lack of exposure
details; Atypical
endpoint
Yellow crab,
Cancer anthonyi
Cadmium
chloride
7d
34
28% mortality
1,000
MacDonald et al.
1988
Duration
Rock crab,
Cancer irroratus
Rock crab (larva),
Cancer irroratus
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
96 hr
28 d
-
-
Enzyme activity
Delayed development
1,000
50
Gould etal. 1976
Johns and Miller
1982
Atypical endpoint
Lack of exposure
details
Blue crab,
Callinectes sapidus
Blue crab,
Callinectes sapidus
Blue crab,
Callinectes sapidus
Blue crab,
Callinectes sapidus
Blue crab,
Callinectes sapidus
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
7d
7d
21 d
21 d
6-8 d
10
30
2.5
25
28
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
EC50
(hatching)
50
150
19
186
0.25
Rosenberg and
Costlow 1976
Rosenberg and
Costlow 1976
Guerin and Stickle
1995
Guerin and Stickle
1995
Lee etal. 1996
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Shore crab (45.6 g),
Carcinus maenas
Shore crab (45.6 g),
Carcinus maenas
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
10 d
10 d
32
10.5
NOEC-LOEC
(osmotic pressure)
LOEC
(osmotic pressure)
3.4-34
3.4
Burke et al. 2003
Burke et al. 2003
Duration; Only two
exposure
concentrations
Duration; Only two
exposure
concentrations
Mud crab (larva),
Eurypanopeus depressus
Mud crab (larva),
Eurypanopeus depressus
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
8d
44 d
-
-
LC50
Delay in metamorphysis
10
10
Mirkesetal. 1978
Mirkesetal. 1978
Duration; Lack of
exposure details
Lack of exposure
details
1-11
-------
Species
Mud crab,
Rhithropanopeus harrisil
Mud crab,
Rhithropanopeus harrisil
Mud crab,
Rhithropanopeus harrisil
Chemical
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
nitrate
Duration
lid
lid
lid
Salinity
(g/kg)
10
20
30
Effect
LC80
LC75
LC40
Concentration
(HS/L)
50
50
50
Reference
Rosenberg and
Costlow 1976
Rosenberg and
Costlow 1976
Rosenberg and
Costlow 1976
Reason Other Data
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Fiddler crab,
Uca pugilator
Fiddler crab,
Uca pugilator
-
Cadmium
chloride
10 d
-
-
-
LC50
Effect on respiration
2,900
1.0
O'Hara 1973a
Vernberg et al. 1974
Duration
Duration not
provided
Northern Pacific seastar
(egg/sperm),
Asterias amurensis
Cadmium
chloride
60 min
32
Fertilization rate
154,000
Lee et al. 2004
Duration
Common starfish,
Asterias forb esii
Cadmium
chloride
7d
-
25% mortality
270
Eisler and Hennekey
1977
Duration
Sea urchin (sperm cell),
Arbacia punctulata
Sea urchin (embryo),
Arbacia punctulata
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Ihr
4hr
30
30
EC50
(sperm cell)
EC50
(embryo growth)
38,000
13,900
Naccietal. 1986
Naccietal. 1986
Duration
Duration
Green sea urchin (sperm),
Strongylocentrotus
droebachiensis
Green sea urchin (embryo),
Strongylocentrotus
droebachiensis
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
80 min
120 hr
30
30
EC50
(sperm fertilization)
EC50
(development)
26,000
1,800
Dinneletal. 1989
Dinneletal. 1989
Duration
Duration
Red sea urchin (sperm),
Strongylocentrotus
franciscanus
Cadmium
chloride
80 min
30
EC50
(sperm fertilization)
12,000
Dinneletal. 1989
Duration
Purple sea urchin (sperm),
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Cadmium
chloride
80 min
30
EC50
(sperm fertilization)
18,000
Dinneletal. 1989
Duration
1-12
-------
Species
Purple sea urchin (embryo),
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Purple sea urchin,
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
120 hr
40 min
Salinity
(g/kg)
30
30
Effect
EC50
(development)
NOEC
(sperm fertilization)
Concentration
(HS/L)
500
>67
Reference
Dinneletal. 1989
Bailey etal. 1995
Reason Other Data
Duration
Duration
Sand dollar (sperm),
Dendraster excentricus
Sand dollar,
Dendraster excentricus
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
80 min
40 min
30
30
EC50
(sperm fertilization)
NOEC
(sperm fertilization)
8,000
>67
Dinneletal. 1989
Bailey etal. 1995
Duration
Duration
Herring (larvae),
Clupea harengus
Cadmium
chloride
-
-
100% embryonic survival
5,000
Westernhagen et al.
1979
Duration not
provided
Pacific herring (embryo),
Clupea harengus pallasi
Pacific herring (embryo),
Clupea harengus pallasi
Pacific herring (embryo),
Clupea harengus pallasi
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
<24hr
96hr
48 hr
-
-
-
17% reduction in volume
Decrease in capsule strength
Reduced osmolality of
periviteline fluid
10,000
1,000
1,000
Alderdice et al.
1979a
Alderdice et al.
1979b
Alderdice et al.
1979c
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Atypical endpoint
Duration; Atypical
endpoint
Sheepshead minnow,
Cyprinodon variegatus
Sheepshead minnow,
Cyprinodon variegatus
Sheepshead minnow,
Cyprinodon variegatus
Sheepshead minnow,
Cyprinodon variegatus
Sheepshead minnow,
Cyprinodon variegatus
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
96 hr
7d
96hr
96 hr
96 hr
34-35
34-35
5
15
25
LC50
NOEC
(survival and growth)
LC50
LC50
LC50
1,230
560
180
(dissolved)
312
(dissolved)
496
(dissolved)
Hutchinson et al.
1994
Hutchinson et al.
1994
Hall etal. 1995
Hall etal. 1995
Hall etal. 1995
Test species fed
Duration
Test species fed
Test species fed
Test species fed
Mummichog,
Fundulus heteroclitus
Mummichog (adult),
Fundulus heteroclitus
Mummichog (adult),
Fundulus heteroclitus
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
21 d
48 hr
48 hr
-
20
30
BCF = 48
LC50
LC50
-
60,000
43,000
Eisleretal. 1972
Middaugh and Dean
1977
Middaugh and Dean
1977
Steady state not
documented
Duration
Duration
1-13
-------
Species
Mummichog (larva),
Fundulus heteroclitus
Mummichog (larva),
Fundulus heteroclitus
Mummichog (<23 d),
Fundulus heteroclitus
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
48hr
48hr
48hr
Salinity
(g/kg)
20
30
10
Effect
LC50
LC50
LC50
Concentration
(HS/L)
32,000
7,800
44,400
Reference
Middaugh and Dean
1977
Middaugh and Dean
1977
Burton and Fisher
1990
Reason Other Data
Duration
Duration
Duration
Atlantic silverside (adult),
Menidia menidia
Atlantic silverside (adult),
Menidia menidia
Atlantic silverside (larva),
Menidia menidia
Atlantic silverside (larva),
Menidia menidia
Atlantic silverside,
Menidia menidia
Atlantic silverside,
Menidia menidia
Atlantic silverside,
Menidia menidia
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
48hr
48hr
48 hr
48 hr
19 d
19 d
19 d
20
30
20
30
12
20
30
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
13,000
12,000
2,200
1,600
<160
540
>970
Middaugh and Dean
1977
Middaugh and Dean
1977
Middaugh and Dean
1977
Middaugh and Dean
1977
Voyeretal. 1979
Voyeretal. 1979
Voyeretal. 1979
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Duration
Striped bass (juvenile),
Morone saxatilis
Striped bass (juvenile),
Morone saxatilis
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
90 d
30 d
-
-
Significant decrease in
enzyme activity
NOEC-LOEC
(significant decrease in
oxygen consumption)
5
0.5-5
Dawsonetal. 1977
Dawsonetal. 1977
Atypical endpoint
Atypical endpoint
Gunner (adult),
Tautogolabrus adspersus
Gunner (adult),
Tautogolabrus adspersus
Gunner (adult),
Tautogolabrus adspersus
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
96 hr
60 d
30 d
-
-
-
Decreased enzyme activity
37.5% mortality
Depressed gill tissue oxygen
consumption
3,000
100
50
Gould and Karolus
1974
Maclnnes et al. 1977
Maclnnes et al. 1977
Atypical endpoint
Lack of exposure
details
Atypical endpoint
1-14
-------
Species
Winter flounder,
Pseodopleuronectes
americanus
Winter flounder,
Pseudopleuronectes
americanus
Winter flounder,
Pseodopleuronectes
americanus
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Duration
60 d
8d
17 d
Salinity
(g/kg)
-
-
-
Effect
Increase gill tissue respiration
50% viable hatch
Reduction of viable hatch
Concentration
(HS/L)
5
300
586
Reference
Calabrese et al. 1975
Voyeretal. 1977
Voyeretal. 1982
Reason Other Data
Atypical endpoint
Duration
Lack of exposure
details
Spot (larva),
Leiostomus xanthurus
Cadmium
chloride
9d
-
Incipient LC50
200
Middaugh and Dean
1977
Duration
1-15
-------
Appendix J Unused Studies
j-i
-------
Appendix Table J-l. Unused Studies
Authors
Abbasi and Soni
Abbasi and Soni
Abdallah
AbdAllah and Moustafa
Abdel-Baky et al.
Abel and Barlocher
Abel and Garner
Abel and Papoutsoglou
Abrahim et al.
Abtahi et al.
Adam et al.
Adami et al.
Adams et al.
Adeyemi and Deaton
Adham et al.
Adhikari et al.
Adhikari et al.
Title
An examination of environmentally safe levels of zinc (II), cadmium (II)
and lead (II) with reference to impact on channelfish Nuria denricus
Relative toxicity of seven heavy metals with respect to impact towards
larvae of amphibian Rana tigrina.
Trace Element Levels in Some Commercially Valuable Fish Species from
Coastal Waters of Mediterranean Sea, Egypt
Accumulation of lead and cadmium in the marine prosobranch Nerita
saxtilis, chemical analysis, light and electron microscopy
Seasonal variations of some heavy metals accumulated in the organs of
Glorias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) in Lake Manzala, Egypt
Uptake of cadmium by Gammarus fossarum (Amphipoda) from food and
water.
Comparisons of median survival times and median lethal exposure times
for Gammarus pu lex exposed to cadmium, permethrin and cyanide.
Lethal toxicity of cadmium to Cyprinus carpio and Tilapia aurea.
Distribution and Assessment of Sediment exposure Toxicity in Tamaki
Estuary, Auckland, New Zealand
Study of Histopathological Effect of Environmental Factors of Caspian
Sea on Sturgeon Fishes
Impact of Cadmium and Zinc Prior Exposure on 1 lOmSilver,
58+60Cobalt and 137Cesium Uptake by Two Freshwater Bivalves During
a Brief Field Experiment
Levels of cadmium and zinc in hepatopancreas of reared Mytilus
galloprovincialis from the Gulf of Trieste (Italy)
The Impact of an Industrially Contaminated Lake on Heavy Metal Levels
in Its Effluent Stream
The effect of cadmium exposure on digestive enzymes in the Eastern
oyster Crassostrea virginica
Impaired Functions in Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus,
1757), from Polluted Waters
Effect of calcium hardness on toxicity and accumulation of water-borne
lead, cadmium and chromium to Labeo rohita (Hamilton)
Combined effects of water pH and alkalinity on the accumulation of lead,
cadmium and chromium to Labeo rohita (Hamilton)
Year
1986
1989
2008
2002
1998
1988
1986
1986
2007
2007
2002
2002
1980
2012
2002
2007
2006
Reason Unused
Not North American species
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Non-applicable
Non-applicable
Not North American species
Not North American species
Not North American species
Sediment exposure
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Non-applicable
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only two exposure concentrations
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
(only 14 day exposure); not North American
speciess
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
(only 14 day exposure); not North American
species
J-2
-------
Authors
Adiele
Adiele et al.
Adiele et al.
Adiele et al.
Adiele et al.
Afonso et al.
Agnello et al.
Agrahari and Gopal
Ahmad et al.
Ahmed et al.
Ahn et al.
Ahn et al.
Ahsanullah and Arnott
Ahsanullah and Williams
Ahsanullah et al.
Ai et al.
Airas et al.
Title
Involvement of mitochondria in cadmium toxicity in rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Reciprocal Enhancement of Uptake and Toxicity of Cadmium and
Calcium in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Liver Mitochondria.
Cadmium- and calcium- mediated toxicity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss) in vivo', interactions on fitness and mitochondria! endpoints.
Differential inhibition of electron transport chain enzyme complexes by
cadmium and calcium in isolated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
hepatic mitochondria.
Features of Cadmium and Calcium Uptake and Toxicity in Rainbow Trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss) Mitochondria.
Contaminant metals in black scabbard fish (Aphanopus carbo) caught off
Madeira and the Azores
Cadmium induces an apoptotic response in sea urchin embryos
Fate and toxicity of cadmium and lead accumulation in different tissues
(gills, liver, kidney, brain) of a freshwater fish Channa punctatus
Effect of cadmium chloride on the histoarchitecture of liver and kidney of
a freshwater catfish, Glorias batrachus
Measurements of genotoxic potential of cadmium in different tissues of
fresh water climbing perch Anabas testudineus (Bloch), using the comet
assay
The effect of body size on metal accumulations in the bivalve Laternula
elliptica
Spatial Variations of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Manila Clam
Ru ditapes philippinarum From Some Selected Intertidal Flats of Korea
Acute toxicity of copper, cadmium, and zinc to larvae of the crab
Paragrapsus quadridentatus (H. Milne Edwards), and implications for
water quality criteria
Sublethal effects and bioaccumulation of cadmium, chromium, copper and
zinc in the marine amphipodAllorchestes compressa
Toxicity of zinc, cadmium, and copper to the shrimp Callianassa
australiensis
Effects of Heavy Metal and Pollutants on the Non-Special Immunity of
the Shrimp and Crab.
Copper, Zinc, Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury, and Lead in Blue Mussels
(Mytilus edulis) in the Bergen Harbor Area, Western Norway
Year
2012
2010
2011
2012a
2012b
2007
2007
2007
2011
2010
2001
2006
1978
1991
1981
2008
2004
Reason Unused
Excised tissue/cells
In vitro
Only two exposure concentrations
In vitro
In vitro
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species, only one exposure
concentration, duration too short
Not North American species, lack of exposure
details
Only two exposure concentrations
Excised tissue/cells
Non-applicable
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Not North American species
Not North American species
Non-applicable
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-3
-------
Authors
Akinola and Ekiyoyo
Aktac et al.
Albers and Camardese
Albers and Camardese
Albrecht et al.
Albright et al.
Alhashemi et al.
Al-Homaidan
Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen et al.
Al-Madfa
Almaguer-Cantu et al.
Almeida et al.
Almli et al.
Title
Accumulation of Lead, Cadmium and Chromium in Some Plants
Cultivated Along the Bank of River Ribila at Odo-Nla Area of Ikorodu,
Lagos State, Nigeria
The effects of short-term exposure to cadmium and copper on sialic acid
in carp (Cyprinus carpio) tissues
Effects of Acidification on Metal Accumulation by Aquatic Plants and
Invertebrates. 1. Constructed Wetlands
Effects of Acidification on Metal Accumulation by Aquatic Plants and
Invertebrates. 2. Wetlands, Ponds and Small Lake.
Heavy Metal Levels in Ribbon Snakes (Thamnophis sauritus) and Anuran
Larvae From the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta, Alabama, USA
Technique for Measuring Metallic Salt Effects Upon the Indigenous
Heterotrophic Microflora of Natural Water.
Bioaccumulation of trace elements in trophic levels of wetland plants and
waterfowl birds.
Heavy Metal Concentrations in Three Species of Green Algae from the
Saudi Coast of the Arabian Gulf
Accumulation profiles of lead and the influence of cadmium and mercury
in Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner) during chronic exposure
Soft-tissue accumulation of lead in the blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus
(Steindachner), and the modifying effects of cadmium and mercury
Accumulation profiles of lead and cadmium in the edible tissues of
Oreochromis aureus during acute exposure
Development and Application of Long-Term Sublethal Whole Sediment
exposure Tests WithArenicola marina and Corophium volutator Using
Ivermectin as the Test Compound
Metals accumulation in the marine ecosystem around Qatar (Arabian
Gulf)
Biosorption of Lead (II) and Cadmium (II) Using Escherichia coli
Genetically Engineered With Mice Metallothionein I.
Environmental cadmium exposure and metabolic responses of the Nile
tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus
Hepatic and renal concentrations of 10 trace elements in crocodiles
(Crocodylus niloticus) in the Kafue and Luangwa rivers in Zambia
Year
2006
2010
1993a
1993b
2007
1972
2011
2007
1994
1995a
1995b
2007
2002
2011
2001
2005
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only three exposure concentrations, too few
organisms per concentration; Bioaccumulation:
steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bacteria
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Sediment exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bacteria
Dilution water not characterized, duration too
short, unmeasured chronic exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-4
-------
Authors
Alonso et al.
Alonso et al.
Alonso et al.
Alquezar et al.
Alquezar et al.
Alquezar et al.
Al-Shami et al.
Al-Shwafi and Rushdi
Altlndag and Yigit
Alvarado et al.
Alvarez-Legorreta et al.
Alves de Oliveira et al.
Amado-Filho et al.
Amenu
Amiard et al.
Amiard et al.
Amiard et al.
Title
Development of a feeding behavioural bioassay using the freshwater
amphipod Gammarus pulex and the multispecies freshwater biomonitor.
Contrasting sensitivities to toxicants of the freshwater amphipods
Gammarus pulex and G. fossarum
Effects of animal starvation on the sensitivity of the freshwater amphipod
Gammarus pulex to cadmium
Metal Accumulation in the Smooth Toadfish, Tetractenos glaber, in
Estuaries Around Sydney, Australia
Effects of Metals on Condition and Reproductive Output of the Smooth
Toadfish in Sydney Estuaries, South-Eastern Australia
Comparative Accumulation of 109Cd and 75Se from Water and Food by
an Estuarine Fish (Tetractenos glaber)
Genotoxicity of heavy metals to the larvae of Chironomus kiiensis
Tokunaga after short-term exposure
Heavy Metal Concentrations in Marine Green, Brown, and Red Seaweeds
From Coastal Waters of Yemen, the Gulf of Aden
Assessment of heavy metal concentrations in the food web of lake
Beysehir, Turkey
Cellular biomarkers of exposure and biological effect in hepatocytes of
turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) exposed to Cd, Cu and Zn and after
depuration
Thiol peptides in the seagrass Thalassia testudinum (Banks ex Konig) in
response to cadmium exposure
Sulphate uptake and metabolism in water hyacinth and salvinia during
cadmium stress
Heavy Metals in Benthic Organisms From Todos Os Santos Bay, Brazil
A comparative study of water quality conditions between heavily
urbanized and less urbanized watersheds of Los Angeles Basin
Influence of some ecological and biological factors on metal
bioaccumulation in young oysters (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg) during
their spat rearing
Influence of ploidy and metal -metal interactions on the accumulation of
Ag, Cd, and Cu in oysters Crassostrea gigas Thunberg
Relationship Between the Liability of Sediment exposure-Bound Metals
(Cd, Cu, Zn) and Their Bioaccumulation in Benthic Invertebrates
Year
2009
2010a
2010b
2006a
2006b
2008
2012
2008
2005
2005
2008
2009
2008
2011
1994
2005
2007
Reason Unused
Not North American species, duration too short,
a typical endpoint
Not North American species
Not North American species, atypical endpoint
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Non-applicable
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only three exposure concentrations
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dilution water not characterized, only two
exposure concentrations, duration too short, not
North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only one exposure concentration, duration too
short
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not applicable (no cadmium toxicity
information)
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
(only 15 day exposure)
Sediment exposure
J-5
-------
Authors
Amiard-Triquet et al.
Amiard-Triquet et al.
Amiard-Triquet et al.
Amin et al.
Amin et al.
Amutha and Subramanian
Amweg and Weston
An et al.
Anadu
Anadu et al.
Anajjar et al.
Anan et al.
Anderson
Anderson et al.
Anderson et al.
Anderson et al.
Title
Contribution to the ecotoxicological study of cadmium, copper and zinc in
the mussel Mytilus edulis
Etudes in situ et experimentales de leotoxicologie de quatre metaux (Cd,
Pb, Cu, Zn) chez des algues et des mollusques gasteropodes brouteurs
Field and experimental study of the bioaccumulation of some trace metals
in a coastal food chain: seston, oyster (Crassostrea gigas), drill (Ocenebra
erinacea)
Toxicity of cadmium, lead, and zinc to larval stages ofLithodes santolla
(Decapoda, Anomura)
Heavy Metal Concentrations in Sediment exposure and Intertidal
Gastropod Nerita lineata From Two Opposing Sites in the Straits of
Malacca
Cadmium alters the reproductive endocrine disruption and enhancement
of growth in the early and adult stages of Oreochromis mossambicus
Whole-Sediment exposure Toxicity Identification Evaluation Tools for
Pyrethroid Insecticides: I. Piperonyl Butoxide Addition
Heavy Metals Contents in Haplocladium and Their Relationships With
Shanghai City Environment
Fish acclimation and the development of tolerance to zinc as a modifying
factor in toxicity
Effect of zinc exposure on subsequent acute tolerance to heavy metals in
rainbow trout
Monitoring of Trace Metal Contamination in the Souss Estuary (South
Morocco) Using the Clams Cerastoderma edule and Scrobicularia plana
Subcellular distribution of trace elements in the liver of sea turtles
Concentration of Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in Thirty -Five
Genera of Freshwater Macroinvertebrates From the Fox River, Illinois
and Wisconsin.
The distribution of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the biota of two freshwater sites
with different trace metal inputs
A Comparison of in Situ and Laboratory Toxicity Tests With the
Estuarine Amphipod Eohaustorius estuarius
DNA- and RNA-derived assessments of fungal community composition
in soil amended with sewage sludge rich in cadmium, copper and zinc
Year
1986
1987
1988
2003
2008
2013
2007
2006
1983
1989
2008
2002
1977
1978
2004
2008
Reason Unused
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Not North American species
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Dilution water not characterized, not North
American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only two exposure concentrations
Sediment exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture, prior exposure to zinc
Organisms were selected, adapted or acclimated
for increased resistance to cadmium
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation field study not used because an
insufficient number of measurements of the
concentration of cadmium in the water
Non-applicable
Sludge
J-6
-------
Authors
Andosch et al.
Andreji et al.
Andreji et al.
Andres et al.
Ankley et al.
Annabi et al.
Annabi et al.
Annune et al.
Ansaldo et al.
Anu et al.
Anushia et al.
Apeti et al.
Aramphongphan et al.
Aravind and Prasad
Aravind and Prasad
Aravind and Prasad
Aravind et al.
Title
A freshwater green alga under cadmium stress: Ameliorating calcium
effects on ultrastructure and photosynthesis in the unicellular model
Micrasterias
Heavy Metals Content and Microbiological Quality of Carp (Cyprinus
carpio, L.) Muscle From Two Southwestern Slovak Fish Farms
Accumulation of Some Metals in Muscles of Five Fish Species from
Lower Nitra River
Field transplantation of the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea along a
polymetallic contamination gradient (River Lot, France): I. Geochemical
characteristics of sampling sites and cadmium and zinc bioaccumulation
kinetics
Evaluation of the Toxicity of Marine Sediments and Dredge Spoils With
the Microtox Bioassay.
Cadmium accumulation and histological lesion in mosquitofish
(Gambusia affinis) tissues following acute and chronic exposure
Influence of cadmium exposure on growth and fecundity of freshwater
mosquitofish Gambusia affinis: In situ and in vivo studies
Acute toxicity of cadmium to juveniles of Clarias gariepinus (Teugels)
and Oreochromis niloticus (Trewavas). J.
Effect of cadmium, lead and arsenic on the oviposition, hatching and
embryonic survival of Biomphalaria glabrata
Monitoring of Heavy Metal Partitioning in Reef Corals of Lakshadweep
Archipelago, Indian Ocean
Heavy metal induced enzyme response in Tilapia mossambicus
Cadmium Distribution in Coastal Sediment exposures and Mollusks of the
US
Snakehead-Fish Cell Line, Ssn-1 (Ophicephalus striatus) as a Model for
Cadmium Genotoxicity Testing
Zinc Alleviates Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Stress in Ceratophyllum
demersum L. : A Free Floating Freshwater Macrophyte
Zinc Protects Chloroplasts and Associated Photochemical Functions in
Cadmium Exposed Ceratophyllum demersum L., a Freshwater
Macrophyte
Zinc Mediated Protection to the Conformation of Carbonic Anhydrase in
Cadmium Exposed Ceratophyllum demersum L.
Zinc Protects Ceratophyllum demersum L. (Free -Floating Hydrophyte)
Against Reactive Oxygen Species Induced by Cadmium
Year
2012
2006a
2006b
1999
1989
2011
2012
1994
2009
2007
2012
2009
2009
2003
2004
2005
2009
Reason Unused
No control group, only two exposure
concentrations
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Bacteria
Bioaccumulation: exposure not measured
Only one exposure concentration
Not North American species
Only two exposure concentration, test species
fed, unmeasured chronic exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dilution water not characterized
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
In vitro
Mixture
Mixture
Mixture
Mixture
J-7
-------
Authors
Arias-Almeida and Rico-
Martinez
Arias-Almeida and Rico-
Martinez
Arikpo et al.
Arini et al.
Arnac and Lassus
Arshaduddin et al.
Arts et al.
Asagba et al.
Asagba et al.
Asato and Reish
Ashraf
Ashraf et al.
Askary Sary et al.
Atici et al.
Attar and Maly
Au et al.
Au et al.
Title
Inhibition of Two Enzyme Systems in Euchlanis dilatata (Rotifera:
Monogononta) as Biomarker of Effect of Metals and Pesticides.
Toxicity of cadmium, lead, mercury and methyl parathion on Euchlanis
dilatata Ehrenberg 1832 (Rotifera: Monogononta).
Cadmium uptake by the green alga Chlorella emersonii
Field Translocation of Diatom Biofilms Impacted by Cd and Zn to Assess
Decontamination and Community Restructuring Capacities.
Heavy metal accumulation (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) by smelt (Osmems
mordax) from the north shore of the St. Lawrence estuary
Effect of two heavy metals (lead and cadmium) on growth in the rotifer
Asplanchna intermedia
Sensitivity of submersed freshwater macrophytes and endpoints in
laboratory toxicity tests
Bioaccumulation of cadmium and its biochemical effect on selected
tissues of the catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
Oxidative enzymes in tissues of the catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed
to varying levels of cadmium
The effects of heavy metals on the survival and feeding of Holmesimysis
costata (Crustacea: Mysidacea)
Accumulation of heavy metals in kidney and heart tissues of Epinephelus
microdon fish from the Arabian Gulf
Seasonal Variation of Metal Concentration in Barnacles (Balanus spp.) Of
Cochin Estuary, South West Coast of India
Cadmium, Iron, Lead and Mercury Bioaccumulation in Abu mullet, Liza
abu, Different Tissues From Karoun and Karkheh Rivers, Khozestan, Iran
Sensitivity of freshwater microalgal strains (Chlorella vulgaris Beijernick
and Scenedesmus obliquus (Turpin) Kutzing) to heavy metals
Acute toxicity of cadmium, zinc, and cadmium-zinc mixtures to Daphnia
magna
Reproductive impairment of sea urchins upon chronic exposure to
cadmium. Part I: effects on gamete quality
Reproductive impairment of sea urchin upon chronic exposure to
cadmium. Part II: effects on sperm development
Year
2011a
20 lib
2004
2012
1985
1989
2008
2008
2010
1988
2005
2007
2012
2008
1982
2001a
200 Ib
Reason Unused
In vitro
Duration too short, not North American species
Adsorption not absorption study
Mixture
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Not North American species
No cadmium toxicity information
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
(only 21 day exposure); not North American
species
Dilution water not characterized, not North
American species, only three exposure
concentrations
High control mortality reported
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Excessive EDTA
Prior exposure (1.0 ug/L Cd in city water used
for culturing organisms)
Dilution water not characterized, only two
exposure concentrations, Not North American
species
Dilution water not characterized, only two
exposure concentrations, Not North American
species
J-8
-------
Authors
Audet and Couture
Augier et al.
Auslander et al.
Austen and McEvoy
Austin and Deniseger
Avery et al.
Awasthi and Rai
Awasthi and Rai
Ayas et al.
Azeez and Banerjee
Baas et al.
Babich and Stotzky
Babich et al.
Backer et al.
Badr and Fawzy
Bagwe
Bagy et al.
Bah et al.
Bai et al.
Title
Seasonal variations in tissue metabolic capacities of yellow perch (Perca
flavescens) from clean and metal-contaminated environments
Variation of heavy metal contents of the green alga Caulerpa taxifolia
(Vahl) C. agardh in its area of expansion in the French Mediterranean Sea
Pollution-affected fish hepatic transcriptome and its expression patterns
on exposure to cadmium
The use of offshore meiobenthic communities in laboratory microcosm
experiments: response to heavy metal contamination
Periphyton Community Changes Along a Heavy Metals Gradient in a
Long Narrow Lake. Environ.
The detection of pollutant impact in marine environments: condition
index, oxidative DNA damage, and their associations with metal
bioaccumulation in the Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea commercialis
Toxicity of Nickel, Zinc, and Cadmium to Nitrate Uptake in Free and
Immobilized Cells of Scenedesmus quadricauda
Interactions Between Zinc and Cadmium Uptake by Free and
Immobilized Cells of Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.)
Heavy Metal Accumulation in Water, Sediment exposures and Fishes of
Nallihan Bird Paradise, Turkey
Influence of light on chlorophyll, a content of blue -green algae treated
with heavy metals
Modeling the Effects of Binary Mixtures on Survival in Time
Influence of chloride ions on the toxicity of cadmium to fungi
In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Metals to Bluegill (Bf-2) Cells
Response to Copper and Cadmium Stress in Wild-Type and Copper
Tolerant Strains of the Lichen Alga Trebouxia erici: Metal Accumulation,
Toxicity and Non-Protein Thiols
Bioaccumulation and Biosorption of Heavy Metals and Phosphorous by
Potamogeton pectinatus L. And Ceratophyllum demersum L. In Two Nile
Delta Lakes
Effect of cadmium and seasonality on critical temperatures of aerobic
metabolism in eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin 1791
Effect of pH and organic matter on the toxicity of heavy metals to growth
of some fungi
Comparative proteomic analysis of Typha angustifolia leaf under
chromium, cadmium and lead stress
Effect of H2O2 pretreatment on Cd tolerance of different rice cultivars
Year
2003
1999
2008
1997
1985
1996
2005
2006
2007
1987
2007
1982
1986
2007
2008
2012
1991
2010
2011
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dietary and injected exposure; not North
American species
Sediment, no species name given, only one
exposure concentration
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Mixture
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Modeling
Non-aquatic species, only one exposure
concentration
In vitro
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only one exposure concentration, unmeasured
chronic exposure
Only three exposure concentrations
Soil exposure
Not applicable (non-aquatic plant)
J-9
-------
Authors
Baillieul and Blust
Baines and Fisher
Baines et al.
Baird and Van den Brink
Bajguz
Bajguz
Bakhmet et al.
Bako and Daudu
Baldisserotto et al.
Baldisserotto et al.
Baldisserotto et al.
Ball
Ball et al.
Balog and Shalanki
Balogh and Salanki
Bambang et al.
Title
Analysis of the swimming velocity of cadmium-stressed Daphnia magna
Modeling the Effect of Temperature on Bioaccumulation of Metals by a
Marine Bioindicator Organism, Mytilus edulis
Effects of Temperature on Uptake of Aqueous Metals by Blue Mussels
Mytilus edulis From Arctic and Temperate Waters
Using Biological Traits to Predict Species Sensitivity to Toxic Substances
An enhancing effect of exogenous brassinolide on the growth and
antioxidant activity in Chlorella vulgaris cultures under heavy metals
stress
Suppression of Chlorella vulgaris growth by cadmium, lead, and copper
stress and its restoration by endogenous brassinolide
Effect of copper and cadmium ions on heart function and calpain activity
in blue mussel Mytilus edulis
Trace Metal Contents of the Emergent Macrophytes Polygonum sp. And
Ludwigia sp. In Relation to the Sediment exposures of Two Freshwater
Lake Ecosystems in the Nigerian Savanna
Effects of Dietary exposure Calcium and Cadmium on Cadmium
Accumulation, Calcium and Cadmium Uptake from the Water, and Their
Interactions in Juvenile Rainbow Trout
Acute and waterborne cadmium uptake in rainbow trout is reduced by
Dietary exposure calcium carbonate
A protective effect of Dietary exposure calcium against acute waterborne
cadmium uptake in rainbow trout
The toxicity of cadmium to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii Richardson)
Toxicity of a cadmium-contaminated diet to Hyalella azteca
Crustacean Zooplankton as Indicators of Lake Balaton Pollution With
Heavy Metals (Ispol'zovanie Rachkovogo Zooplanktons (Crustacea) Dlya
Otsenki Zagryazneniya Oz. Balaton Tyazhelymi Metallami)
The dynamics of mercury and cadmium uptake into different organs of
Anodonta cygnea L
Effect of cadmium on survival and osmoregulation of various
developmental stages of the shrimp Penaeusjaponicus (Crustacea:
Decapoda)
Year
1999
2008
2006
2007
2010
2011
2012
2007
2005
2004a
2004b
1967
2006
1984
1984
1994
Reason Unused
Inappropriate medium of medium contained too
much of a complexing agent for algal studies
Modeling
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Modeling
Only three exposure concentrations
Mixture
Dilution water not characterized
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dietary exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
(only 3 hour exposure); lack of exposure details
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
lack of exposure details
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Dietary exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Not North American species
J-10
-------
Authors
Banni et al.
Banni et al.
Baraj et al.
Barata et al.
Barata et al.
Barata et al.
Barata et al.
Barbieri
Barbieri
Bargagli et al.
Barhoumi et al.
Barjaktarovic and
Bendell-Young
Barjhoux et al.
Barka
Title
Mixture toxicity assessment of cadmium and benzo[a]pyrene in the sea
worm Hediste diversicolor
Mechanisms Underlying the Protective Effect of Zinc and Selenium
Against Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish Danio rerio
Assessing the effects of Cu, Cd, and exposure period on metallothionein
production in gills of the Brazilian brown mussel Pernaperna by using
factorial design
Toxicity of Binary Mixtures of Metals and Pyrethroid Insecticides to
Daphnia magna Straus. Implications for Multi-Substance Risks
Assessment
Among- and within-population variability in tolerance to cadmium stress
in natural populations of Daphnia magna: implications for ecological risk
assessment
Genetic variability in sublethal tolerance to mixtures of cadmium and zinc
in clones of Daphnia magna Straus
Demographic responses of a tropical cladoceran to cadmium: effects of
food supply and density
Use of oxygen consumption and ammonium excretion to evaluate the
sublethal toxicity of cadmium and zinc on Litopenaeus schmitti
(Burkenroad, 1936, Crustacea)
Effects of Zinc and Cadmium on Oxygen Consumption and Ammonium
Excretion in Pink Shrimp (Farfantepenaeuspaulensis, Perez-Farfante,
1967, Crustacea)
Elevated cadmium accumulation in marine organisms from Terra Nova
Bay (Antarctica)
Cadmium Bioaccumulation in Three Benthic Fish Species, Solaria
basilisca, Zosterisessor ophiocephalus and Solea vulgaris Collected From
the Gulf of Gabes in Tunisia
Accumulation of 109Cd by Second-Generation Chironominae Propagated
from Wild Populations Sampled from Low-, Mid-, and high-Saline
Environments
Effects of Copper and Cadmium Spiked-Sediments on Embryonic
Development of Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes)
Insoluble Detoxification of Trace Metals in a Marine Copepod Tigriopus
brevicornis Exposed to Copper, Zinc, Nickel, Cadmium, Silver and
Mercury
Year
2009
2011
2011
2006
2002a
2002b
2002c
2007
2009
1996
2009
2001
2012
2007
Reason Unused
Mixture
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure
Mixture
Lack of detail
Water and dietary exposure simultaneously
Dietary exposure
Not North American species, dilution water not
characterized
Mixture, Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Sediment
Mixture
J-ll
-------
Authors
Barka et al.
Barnthouse et al.
Barrento et al.
Barrera-Escorcia and
Wong
Barrera-Escorcia et al.
Barrera-Escorcia et al.
Bartsch et al.
Barwick and Maher
Basha and Rani
Basic et al.
Batista et al.
Battaglini et al.
Baudrimont et al.
Baudrimont et al.
Baudrimont et al.
Title
Metal distributions in Tigriopus brevicornis (Crustacea, Copepoda)
exposed to copper, zinc, nickel, cadmium, silver, and mercury, and
implication for subsequent transfer in the food web
Estimating responses of fish populations to toxic contaminants
Influence of Season and Sex on the Contents of Minerals and Trace
Elements in Brown Crab (Cancer pagurus, Linnaeus, 1758)
Lipid Peroxidation and Metallothionein Induction by Chromium and
Cadmium in Oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) From Mandinga
Lagoon, Veracruz
Mean Lethal Body Concentration of Cadmium in Crassostrea virginica
from a Mexican Tropical Coastal Lagoon
Filtration rate, assimilation and assimilation efficiency in Crassostrea
virginica (Gmelin) fed with Tetraselmis suecica under cadmium exposure
Effects of cadmium-spiked sediment on cadmium accumulation and
bioturbation by nymphs of the burrowing mayfly Hexagenia bilineata
Biotransferance and biomagnification of selenium copper, cadmium, zinc,
arsenic and lead in a temperate seagrass ecosystem from Lake Macquarie
Estuary, NSW, Australia
Cadmium-induced antioxidant defense mechanism in freshwater teleost
Oreochromis mossambicus (Tilapia)
Cadmium hyperaccumulation and genetic differentiation of Thlaspi
caerulescens populations
Impacts of warming on aquatic decomposers along a gradient of cadmium
stress
The effects of cadmium on the gills of the goldfish Carassius auratus L. :
metal uptake and histochemical changes
Bioaccumulation and metallothionein response in the asiatic clam
(Corbicula fluminea) after experimental exposure to cadmium and
inorganic mercury
The Key Role of Metallothioneins in the Bivalve Corbicula fluminea
During the Depuration Phase, After In Situ Exposure to Cd and Zn
Geochemical survey and metal bioaccumulation of three bivalve species
(Crassostrea gigas, Cerastoderma edule and Ruditapes philippinarum) in
the Nord Medoc salt marshes (Gironde estuary, France)
Year
2010
1987
2009
2010
2005
2010
1999
2003
2003
2006
2012
1993
1997
2003
2005
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure
Review of previously published data
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented.
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only two exposure concentrations
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dilution water not characterized, only one
exposure concentration, exposure methods
unknown
Non-aquatic plant
Dilution water not characterized, unmeasured
exposure
No useable data on cadmium toxicity or
bioconcentration
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-12
-------
Authors
Baumann and Fisher
Baumann and Fisher
Baunemann and Hofner
Bay et al.
Bazzaz and Govindjee
Beattie and Pascoe
Beauvais et al.
Bednarz and Warkowska-
Dratnal
Beiras and Albentosa
Beiras et al.
Bektas et al.
Belabed et al.
Beltrame et al.
Benaduce et al.
Bendell
Title
Relating the sediment phase speciation of arsenic, cadmium, and
chromium with their bioavailability for the deposit-feeding polychaete
Nereis succinea
Modeling metal bioaccumulation in a deposit-feeding polychaete from
labile sediment fractions and from pore water
Influence of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn on the Synthesis of Metalloproteins by
Scenedesmus subspicatus (Einfluss Von Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn Auf Die
Synthese Metallothionein-Ahnlicher Substanzen in Scenedesmus
Subspicatus).
Status and applications of echinoid (Phylum echinodermata) toxicity test
methods
Effects of cadmium nitrate on spectral characteristics and light reactions
of chloroplasts
Cadmium uptake by rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri eggs and alevins
Cholinergic and behavioral neurotoxicity of carbaryl and cadmium to
larval rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
Toxicity of zinc, cadmium, lead, copper, and their mixture for Chlorella
pyrenoidosa Chick
Inhibition of embryo development of the commercial bivalves Ruditapes
decussatus and Mytilus galloprovincialis by trace metals; implications for
the implementation of seawater quality criteria.
Effects of storage temperature and duration on toxicity of sediments
assessed by Crassostrea gigas oyster embryo bioassay
Inhibition effect of cadmium on carbonic anhydrase in rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Toxicity study of some heavy metals with daphnia test
Cadmium and zinc in Mar Chiquita Coastal Lagoon (Argentina): salinity
effects on lethal toxicity in juveniles of the burrowing crab
Chasmagnathus granulatus
Toxicity of cadmium for silver catfish Rhamdia quelen (Heptapteridae)
embryos and larvae at different alkalinities
Cadmium in Shellfish: the British Columbia, Canada Experience~a Mini-
Review
Year
2011a
20 lib
1991
1993
1974
1978
2001
19837
1984
2004
1998
2008
1994
2008
2008
2010
Reason Unused
Mixture
Dilution water not characterized, mixture,
sediment
Text in foreign language
Review of previously published data
Not applicable
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Only two exposure concentrations
Not North American species
Not North American species
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Dietary exposure
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Not North American species
Lack of detail; not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-13
-------
Authors
Bendell and Feng
Bendell-Young
Bendell-Young
Bendell-Young et al.
Bender
Bennett et al.
Bentley
Bere and Tundisi
Bere and Tundisi
Bere and Tundisi
Berglind
Berglind
Bernds
Berntssen and Lundebye
Title
Spatial and Temporal Variations in Cadmium Concentrations and Burdens
in the Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) Sampled From the Pacific
North- West. Marine Pollution Bulletin
Comparison of metal concentrations in the fore and hindguts of the
crayfish Cambarus bartoni and Orconectes virilis and implications
regarding metal absorption efficiencies
Application of a kinetic model of bioaccumulation across a pH and
salinity gradient for the prediction of cadmium uptake by the sediment
dwelling chironomidae
Accumulation of cadmium by white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) in
relation to fish growth and lake acidification
Trace Metal Levels In Beach Dipterans And Amphipods
Pilot Sampling For Heavy Metals In Fish Flesh From Killarney Lake,
CoeurD'alene River System, Idaho
Accumulation of cadmium by channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus):
Influx from environmental solutions
Toxicity and sorption kinetics of dissolved cadmium and chromium III on
tropical freshwater phytoperiphyton in laboratory mesocosm experiments
Cadmium and lead toxicity on tropical freshwater periphyton
communities under laboratory -based mesocosm experiments
Effects of cadmium stress and sorption kinetics on tropical freshwater
periphytic communities in indoor mesocosm experiments
The effects of cadmium on ala-d activity, growth and haemoglobin
content in the water flea, Daphnia magna
Combined and separate effects of cadmium, lead and zinc on ala-d
activity, growth and hemoglobin content in Daphnia magna
Bioaccumulation of trace metals in polychaetes from the German Wadden
Sea: evaluation and verification of toxicokinetic models
Energetics in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo solar L.) Parr fed Elevated Dietary
exposure Cadmium
Year
2009
1994
1999
1986
1975
1996
1991
2011
2012a
2012b
1985
1986
1998
2001
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Only two exposure concentrations
Mixture, Mixed species exposure
Dilution water not characterized
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Dietary exposure
J-14
-------
Authors
Berntssen et al.
Berntssen et al.
Bervoets et al.
Bervoets et al.
Bervoets et al.
Bervoets et al.
Besser and Rabeni
Besser et al.
Besser et al.
Besson et al.
Besson-Bard and
Wendehenne
Besson-Bard et al.
Beyrem et al.
Bhamre et al.
Bhamre and Desai
Title
Tissue Metallothionein, Apoptosis and Cell Proliferation Responses in
Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Parr Fed Elevated Dietary exposure
Cadmium
Effects of dietary exposure cadmium on calcium homeostasis, Ca
mobilization and bone deformities in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)
Parr
The uptake of cadmium by the midge larvae Chironomus riparius as a
function of salinity
Effect of temperature on cadmium and zinc uptake by the midge larvae
Chironomus riparius
Accumulation of Metals in the Tissues of Three Spined Stickelback
(Gastemsteus aculeatus) From Natural Fresh Waters
Comparison of Accumulation of Micropollutants Between Indigenous and
Transplanted Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha)
Bioavailability and toxicity of metals leached from lead-mine tailings to
aquatic invertebrates
Bioavailability of Metals in Stream Food Webs and Hazards to Brook
Trout (Salve linus fontinalis) in the Upper Animas River Watershed,
Colorado
Ecological Impacts of Lead Mining on Ozark Streams: Toxicity of
Sediment and Pore Water
NO contributes to cadmium toxicity mArabidopsis thaliana
NO Contributes to Cadmium Toxicity mArabidopsis thaliana by
Mediating an Iron Deprivation Response
Nitric Oxide Contributes to Cadmium Toxicity in Arabidopsis by
Promoting Cadmium Accumulation in Roots and by up-Regulating Genes
Related to Iron Uptake
Individual and combined effects of cadmium and diesel on a nematode
community in a laboratory microcosm experiment
Effects of cadmium intoxication on the gills of freshwater mussel
Parreysiafavidens
Impact of heavy metal compounds on oxygen consumption of freshwater
mussel Lamellidens consobrinus (Lea)
Year
2001
2003
1995
1996
2001
2004
1987
2001
2009
2007
2009
2009
2007
2010
2012
Reason Unused
Dietary exposure
Dietary exposure
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Non-applicable
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
Mixture
Mixture
Mixture
Sediment exposure
Only one exposure concentration
Only one exposure concentration
J-15
-------
Authors
Bhattacharya et al.
Bhilave et al.
Bicho et al.
Biddinger and Gloss
Biesinger et al.
Bigelow and Lasenby
Bigot et al.
Billoir et al.
Billoir et al.
Billoir et al.
Bird et al.
Birge and Black
Birmelin et al.
Bisova et al.
Biswas and Kaviraj
Bitton et al.
Title
Heavy Metals Accumulation in Water, Sediment exposure and Tissues of
Different Edible Fishes in Upper Stretch of Gangetic West Bengal
Biochemical changes in the fish cirrhinus mrigala after acute and chronic
exposure of heavy metals
Accumulation in Livers and Excretion Through Eggs of Heavy Metals in
a Nesting Population of Green Turtles, Chelonia mydas, in the NW Indian
Ocean
The Importance of Trophic Transfer in the Bioaccumulation of Chemical
Contaminants in Aquatic Ecosystems
Effects of metal salt mixtures on Daphnia magna reproduction
Particle size selection in cadmium uptake by the opossum shrimp, Mysis
relicta
Early defense responses in the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea
exposed to copper and cadmium: Transcriptional and histochemical
studies
Integrating the lethal and sublethal effects of toxic compounds into the
population dynamics of Daphnia magna: a combination of the DEBtox
and matrix population models
Bayesian modeling of daphnid responses to time-varying cadmium
exposure in laboratory aquatic microcosms
Comparison of bioassays with different exposure time patterns: the added
value of dynamic modeling in predictive ecotoxicology
To What Extent Are Hepatic Concentrations of Heavy Metals mAnguilla
anguilla at a Site in a Contaminated Estuary Related to Body Size and
Age and Reflected in the Metallothionein Concentrations?
In Situ Acute/Chronic Toxicological Monitoring of Industrial Effluents
for the NPDES Biomonitoring Program Using Fish and Amphibian
Embryo-Larval Stages as Test Organisms
The mysid Siriella armata as a test organisms in toxicology: effects of
cadmium
Cell growth and division processes are differentially sensitive to cadmium
in Scenedesmus quadricauda
Size dependent tolerance of indian cat fish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)
to toxicity of cadmium and composted vegetation
Evaluation of a microplate assay specific for heavy metal toxicity
Year
2008
2008
2008
1984
1986
1991
2011
2007
2011
2012
2008
1981
1995
2003
2002
1994
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dilution water not characterized, lack of
exposure details, not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Review
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Only three exposure concentrations, dilution
water not characterized
No original data; modeling
Mixed species exposure
Mixed species exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Effluent
Not North American species
Excessive EDTA in growth media (18,000 ug/L),
duration too short
Dilution water not characterized, not North
American species
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
J-16
-------
Authors
Bitton et al.
Bjerregaard
Bjerregaard
Bjerregaard
Bjerregaard and Depledge
Bjerregaard and Depledge
Bjerregaard et al.
Blackmore and Wang
Blinova
Block and Glynn
Block and Part
Block et al.
Blondin et al.
Title
Short-term toxicity assay based on daphnid feeding behavior
Accumulation of cadmium and selenium and their mutual interaction in
the shore crab Carcinus maenas
Effect of selenium on cadmium uptake in the shore crab Carcinus maenas
(L.)
Relationship between physiological condition and cadmium accumulation
in Carcinus maenas (L.)
Cadmium accumulation in Littorina littorea, Mytilus edulis and Carcinus
maenas: the influence of salinity and calcium ion concentrations
Trace metal concentrations and contents in the tissues of the shore crab
Carcinus maenas: effects of size and tissue hydration
Cadmium in the Shore Crab Carcinus maenas: Seasonal Variation in
Cadmium Content and Uptake and Elimination of Cadmium After
Administration via Food
Uptake and Efflux of Cd and Zn by the Green Mussel Perna viridis After
Metal Preexposure
Use of freshwater algae and duckweeds for phytotoxicity testing
Influence of xanthates on the uptake of 109Cd by Eurasian dace (Phoxinus
phoxinus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Uptake of 109Cd by cultured gill epithelial cells from rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Xanthate effects on cadmium uptake and intracellular distribution in
rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gills
An in vitro submitochondrial bioassay for predicting acute toxicity in fish
Year
1995
1982
1985
1991
1994
2002
2005
2002
2004
1992
1992
1991
1989
Reason Unused
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
Review
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
J-17
-------
Authors
Bocchetti et al.
Bochenek et al.
Bodar et al.
Bodar et al.
Bodar et al.
Bohn and Mcelroy
Boisson et al.
Bolanos et al.
Bonneris et al.
Borane et al.
Borchardt
Borchardt
Borcherding and Wolf
Bordajandi et al.
Title
Trace Metal Concentrations and Susceptibility to Oxidative Stress in the
Polychaete Sabella spallanzanii (Gmelin) (Sabellidae): Potential Role of
Antioxidants in Revealing Stressful Environmental Conditions in the
Mediterranean
Concentrations of Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu in Roach, Rutilus rutilis (L.) From
the Lower Reaches of the Oder River, and Their Correlation With
Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Bottom Sediment exposures Collected
in the Same Area
Effects of cadmium on consumption, assimilation and biochemical
parameters ofDaphnia magna: possible implications for reproduction
Ecdysteroids in Daphnia magna: their role in moulting and reproduction
and their levels upon exposure to cadmium
Cadmium resistance in Daphnia magna
Trace metals arsenic cadmium copper iron and zinc in arctic cod
Boreogadus saida and selected zoo plankton from Strathcona Sound
Northern Baffin Island
Comparative radiotracer study of cadmium uptake, storage, detoxification
and depuration in the oyster Crassostrea gigas: potential adaptive
mechanisms
Differential lexicological response to cadmium inAnabaena strain PCC
7119 grown with NO3" or NH4+ as nitrogen source
Sub-cellular Partitioning of Cd, Cu and Zn in Tissues of Indigenous
Unionid Bivalves Living Along a Metal Exposure Gradient and Links to
Metal-Induced Effects
Ascorbate effect on the cadmium induced alterations in the behavior of
the fresh water fish Channa orientalis (Schneider)
Influence of food quantity on the kinetics of cadmium uptake and loss via
food and seawater in Mytilus edulis
Biological monitoring in the central and southern north sea heavy metal
contamination of mussels Mytilus edulis
The influence of suspended particles on the acute toxicity of 2-chloro-4-
nitro-aniline, cadmium, and pentachlorophenol on the valve movement
response of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)
Study onPCBs, PCDD/Fs, organochlorine pesticides, heavy metals and
arsenic content in freshwater fish species from the River Turia (Spain)
Year
2004
2008
1988a
1990a
1990b
1976
2003
1992
2005
2008
1983
1988
2001
2003
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or
by injection or gavage
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Organisms were selected, adapted or acclimated
for increased resistance to cadmium
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
(only 15 day exposure)
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only one exposure concentration, not North
American species
No useable data on cadmium toxicity or
bioconcentration
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only one exposure concentration, duration too
short, concentration decreased over time
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-18
-------
Authors
Borgmann et al.
Boscher et al.
Bouallam and
Nejmeddine
Boughammoura et al.
Boullemant et al.
Bouquegneau and Martoja
Bouraoui et al.
Bourgeault et al.
Bourret et al.
Bovee
Bowen and Engel
Bowmer et al.
Boyden
Boyer
Boyle et al.
Bozcaarmutlu and Arinc
Title
Relative Contribution of Food and Water to 27 Metals and Metalloids
Accumulated by Caged Hyalella azteca in Two Rivers Affected by Metal
Mining
Chemical contaminants in fish species from rivers in the North of
Luxembourg: Potential impact on the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra)
Effects of Heavy Metals - Cu, Hg, Cd - on Three Species of Mosquitoes
Larvae (Diptera: Culicidae)
Effects of cadmium and high temperature on some parameters of calcium
metabolism in the killifish (Aphanius fasciatus)
Uptake of lipophilic cadmium complexes by three green algae: influence
of humic acid and its pH dependence
La teneur en cuivre et son degre de complexation chez quatre
gasteropodes marins. Donnees sur le cadmium et zinc
Acute effects of cadmium on liver phase I and phase II enzymes and
metallothionein accumulation on sea bream Spams aurata
Modeling the effect of water chemistry on the bioaccumulation of
waterborne cadmium in zebra mussels
Evolutionary Ecotoxicology of Wild Yellow Perch (Percaflavescens)
Populations Chronically Exposed to a Fob/metallic Gradient
Effects of certain chemical pollutants on small aquatic plants
Effects of protracted cadmium exposure on gametes of the purple sea
urchin, Arbacia punctulata
The Detection of Chronic Biological Effects in the Marine Intertidal
Bivalve Cerastoderma edule, in Model Ecosystem Studies With
Pulverised Fuel Ash: Reproduction and Histopathology
Effect of size upon metal content of shellfish
Trace Elements In The Water Sediment exposures And Fish Of The
Upper Mississippi River Twin Cities Metropolitan Area USA
Natural Arsenic Contaminated Diets Perturb Reproduction in Fish
Effect of Mercury, Cadmium, Nickel, Chromium and Zinc on Kinetic
Properties of NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Reductase Purified From
Leaping Mullet (Liza saliens)
Year
2007
2010
2001
2013
2011
1982
2008
2010
2008
1975
1996
1994
1977
1984
2008
2007
Reason Unused
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
Only one exposure concentration; not North
American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not achieved (only
40 minute exposure)
Bioaccumulation field study not used because an
insufficient number of measurements of the
concentration of cadmium in the water
Injected toxicant, not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not achieved
Mixture
Lack of exposure details; cannot determine effect
concentration
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Mixture
Bioaccumulation field study not used because an
insufficient number of measurements of the
concentration of cadmium in the water
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dietary exposure
Mixture
J-19
-------
Authors
Bradac et al.
Bradac et al.
Brand et al.
Brandao et al.
Brauwers
Bresler and Yanko
Bressan and Brunetti
Bringmann and Kuhn
Brinke et al.
Brinkhurst et al.
Brinkman and Vieira
Brinza et al.
Brix et al.
Brix et al.
Brkovic-Popovic and
Popovic
Brkovic-Popovic and
Popovic
Brooks et al.
Brooks et al.
Brouwer et al.
Brown
Title
Kinetics of cadmium accumulation in periphyton under freshwater
conditions
Cadmium Speciation and Accumulation in Periphyton in a Small Stream
With Dynamic Concentration Variations
Reduction of marine phytoplankton reproduction rates by copper and
cadmium.
Correlation between the in vitro cytotoxicity to cultured fathead minnow
fish cells and fish lethality data for 50 chemicals
Algae and Heavy Metal Pollution
Acute toxicity of heavy metals for benthic epiphytic foraminifera
Pararotalia spinigera (Le Calvez) and influence of seaweed-derived DOC
The effects of nitriloacetic acid, Cd and Hg on the marine algae
Dunaliella tertiolecta and Isochrysis galbana
Results of toxic action of water pollutants on Daphnia magna Straus
tested by an improved standardized procedure
Using Meiofauna to Assess Pollutants in Freshwater Sediments: a
Microcosm Study With Cadmium
Comparative study of respiration rates of some aquatic oligochaetes in
relation to sublethal stress
Water pollution studies
Cadmium Tolerance and Adsorption by the Marine Brown Alga Fucus
vesiculosus From the Irish Sea and the Bothnian Sea
Effects of Copper, Cadmium, and Zinc on the Hatching Success of Brine
Shrimp (Artemia franciscana)
The Sensitivity of Aquatic Insects to Divalent Metals: a Comparative
Analysis of Laboratory and Field Data
Effects of heavy metals on survival and respiration rate of tubificid
worms: Part I-effects on survival
Effects of heavy metals on survival and respiration rate of tubificid
worms: Part II -effects on respiration rate
Sublethal Effects and Predator-Prey Interactions: Implications for
Ecological Risk Assessment
A simple indoor artificial stream system designed to study the effects of
toxicant pulses on aquatic organisms
In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus:
effect of cadmium accumulation in tissues on proton relaxation properties
Effects of Polluting Substances on Enzymes of Aquatic Organisms
Year
2009
2010
1986
1992
1985
1995
1988
1982
2011
1983
2008
2009
2006
2011
1977a
1977b
2009
1996
1992
1976
Reason Unused
Mixed species exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Inappropriate medium of medium contained too
much of a complexing agent for algal studies
Not applicable per ECOTOX Duluth; in vitro
Review
Not North American species
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Cultured daphnids in one dilution water and
tested them in another one
Sediment
Only two exposure concentrations
Scientific name not given, just common name
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
Review
The dilution water or medium used was open to
questions because of its origin or content
The dilution water or medium used was open to
questions because of its origin or content
Multiple species exposed
Not North American species
Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or
by injection or gavage
In vitro
J-20
-------
Authors
Brown and Ahsanullah
Brown et al.
Brucka-Jastrzebska and
Protasowicki
Brumbaugh et al.
Brunelli et al.
Brunetti et al.
Brunham and Bendell
Bryan
Bryan and Langston
Bryan et al.
Bryson et al.
Bryson et al.
Buchwalter et al.
Buckley et al.
Budambula and
Mwachiro
Buikema et al.
Buikema et al.
Title
Effect of heavy metals on mortality and growth
A comparison of the differential accumulation of cadmium in the tissues
of three species of freshwater fish, Salmo Gairdneri, Rutilus rutilus and
Noemacheilus barbatulus
Elimination Dynamics of Cadmium, Administered by a Single
Intraperitoneal Injection, in Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio L
Concentrations of cadmium, lead, and zinc in fish from mining-influenced
waters of northeastern Oklahoma: sampling of blood, carcass, and liver
for aquatic biomonitoring
Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical investigation on the gills of the
teleost, Thalassoma pavo L., exposed to cadmium
Effects of the chelating agent nitrilotriacetic acid (NT A) on the toxicity of
metals (Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb) in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus LMK
The effect of temperature on the accumulation of cadmium, copper, zinc,
and lead by Scirpus acutus and Typha latifolia: a comparative analysis
The effects of heavy metals (other than mercury) on marine and estuarine
organisms
Bioavailability, Accumulation and Effects of Heavy Metals in Sediments
With Special Reference to United Kingdom Estuaries: a Review.
An assessment of the gastropod, Littorina littorea, as an indicator of
heavy metal contamination in United Kingdom estuaries
Roxboro Steam Electric Plant Preliminary Hyco Bioassay Report for 1983
Roxboro Steam Electric Plant 1982 Environmental Monitoring Studies
Volume II Hyco Reservoir Bioassay Studies
Using Biodynamic Models to Reconcile Differences Between Laboratory
Toxicity Tests and Field Biomonitoring With Aquatic Insects
Toxicities of total and chelex-labile cadmium to salmon in solutions of
natural water and diluted sewage with potentially different cadmium
complexing capacities
Metal Status of Nairobi River Waters and Their Bioaccumulation in
Labeo cylindricus
Rotifer sensitivity to combinations of inorganic water pollutants
Rotifers as monitors of heavy metal pollution in water
Year
1971
1986
2004
2005
2011
1991
2011
1971
1992
1983
1984a
1984b
2007
1985
2006
1977
1974a
Reason Unused
Brine shrimp
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
In vitro
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Not North American species
Sediment exposure
Questionable treatment of test organisms or
inappropriate test conditions or methodology
Review
Bioaccumulation field study not used because an
insufficient number of measurements of the
concentration of cadmium in the water
Effluent
Mixture
Modeling
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
The 96 hour values reported were subject to error
because of possible reproductive interactions
The 96 hour values reported were subject to error
because of possible reproductive interactions
J-21
-------
Authors
Buikema et al.
Bulus Rossini and Ronco
Bunluesin et al.
Bu-Olayan and Thomas
Bu-Olayan et al.
Burdin and Bird
Burger
Burger and Campbell
Burger and Gochfeld
Burger et al.
Burger et al.
Burger et al.
Burger et al.
Burger et al.
Burger et al.
Burger et al.
Burgos and Rainbow
Burnison et al.
Burnison et al.
Title
Evaluation ofPhilodina acuticornis (Rotifera) as a bioassay organism for
heavy metals
Sensitivity of Cichlasoma facetum (Cichlidae, Pisces) to metals
Influences of Cadmium and Zinc Interaction and Humic Acid on Metal
Accumulation in Ceratophyllum demersum
Trace metals toxicity and bioaccumulation in mudskipper Periophthalmus
waltoni Koumans 1941 (Gobiidae: Perciformes)
Trace metals toxicity to the body structures of mullet Liza klunzingeri
(Mugilidae: Perciformes)
Heavy metal accumulation by carrageenan and agar producing algae
Assessment and Management of Risk to Wildlife From Cadmium
Species differences in contaminants in fish on and adjacent to the Oak
Ridge Reservation, Tennessee
Heavy metals in commercial fish in New Jersey
Exposure Assessment for Heavy Metal Ingestion From a Sport Fish in
Puerto Rico: Estimating Risk for Local Fishermen.
Metal Levels in Fish from the Savannah River: Potential Hazards to Fish
and Other Receptors
Metal levels in horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) from Maine to
Florida
Metal levels in tissues of Florida gar (Lepisosteus platyrhincus) from
Lake Okeechobee
Metal Levels in Blood, Muscle and Liver of Water Snakes (Nerodia spp.)
from New Jersey, Tennessee and South Carolina
Metal Levels in Flathead Sole (Hippoglossoides elassodon) and Great
Sculpin (Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus) From Adak Island,
Alaska: Potential Risk to Predators and Fishermen
Heavy Metals in Pacific Cod (Gadus macrocephalus) From the Aleutians:
Location, Age, Size, and Risk
Availability of Cadmium and Zinc from Sewage Sludge to the Flounder,
Platichthysflesus, via a Marine Food Chain
Toxicity of cadmium to freshwater algae
Cadmium accumulation in zebrafish (Danio rerio) eggs in modulated by
dissolved organic matter (DOM)
Year
1974b
2004
2007
2008
2008
1994
2008
2004
2005
1992
2002a
2002b
2004
2007a
2007b
2007c
2001
1975
2006
Reason Unused
The 96 hour values reported were subject to error
because of possible reproductive interactions
Not North American species
Mixture
Dilution water not characterized, not North
American species
Mixture, dilution water not characterized
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Review
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Sludge
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
(only 5 hour exposure)
J-22
-------
Authors
Burrell and Weihs
Burt et al.
Burton and Pinkney
Busch et al.
Bustamante et al.
Bustamante et al.
Byzitter et al.
Cadena-Cardenas et al.
Cain et al.
Cain et al.
Cain et al.
Cairns et al.
Cairns et al.
Calabro et al.
Calevro et al.
Calevro et al.
Title
Uptake of cadmium by marine bacteria and transfer to a deposit feeding
clam
The Accumulation of Zn, Se, Cd, and Pb and Physiological Condition of
Anadara trapezia Transplanted to a Contamination Gradient in Lake
Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia
Yellow Perch Larval Survival in the Zekiah Swamp Watershed
(Wicomico River, Maryland) Relative to the Potential Effects of a Coal
Ash Storage Facility
Effects of changing salt concentrations and other physical -chemical
parameters on bioavailability and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in
exposed Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771)
Biokinetics of zinc and cadmium accumulation and depuration at different
stages in the life cycle of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis
Distribution of trace elements in the tissues of benthic and pelagic fish
from the Kerguelen Islands
Acute Combined Exposure to Heavy Metals (Zn, Cd) blocks memory
formation in a freshwater snail.
Heavy Metal Levels in Marine Mollusks From Areas With, or Without,
Mining Activities Along the Gulf of California, Mexico
Linking metal bioaccumulation of aquatic insects to their distribution
patterns in a mining-impacted river
Influence of metal exposure history on the bioaccumulation and
subcellular distribution of aqueous cadmium in the insect Hydropsyche
californica
Bioaccumulation dynamics and exposure routes of Cd and Cu among
species of aquatic mayflies
The effects of temperature upon the toxicity of chemicals to aquatic
organisms
A simple, cost-effective multispecies toxicity test using organisms with a
cosmopolitan distribution
Survey on the Presence of Heavy Metals in Patella caerulea Specimens
Collected Along Coastlines in Messina Province (Italy)
Tests of toxicity and teratogenicity inbiphasic vertebrates treated with
heavy metals (Cr3+, A13+, Cd2+)
Toxic effects of aluminum, chromium and cadmium in intact and
regenerating freshwater planarians
Year
1983
2007
1994
1998
2002
2003
2012
2009
2004
2006
2011
1975
1986
2006
1998a
1998b
Reason Unused
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Effluent
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Mixture; not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only one exposure concentration, duration too
short
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
(only 6 day exposure)
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented,
not renewal or flow-through
Not applicable per ECOTOX Duluth; review
Review of previously published data
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
J-23
-------
Authors
Caliceti et al.
Call et al.
Cambier et al.
Campbell and Evans
Campbell et al.
Campos
Camusso et al.
Canli and Furness
Canli and Furness
Canli and Kargin
Canli et al.
Canli et al.
Cannicci et al.
Canton and Slooff
Cao et al.
Cao et al.
Cao et al.
Title
Heavy metal contamination in the seaweeds of the Venice Lagoon
Variation of acute toxicity with water source
Cadmium-induced genotoxicity in zebrafish at environmentally relevant
doses
Cadmium concentrations in the freshwater mussel (Elliptic* complanata)
and their relationship to water chemistry
Cadmium-Handling Strategies in Two Chronically Exposed Indigenous
Freshwater Organisms-The Yellow Perch (Percaflavescens) and the
Floater Mollusc (Pyganodon grandis)
Heavy Metal Concentrations In Some Oyster Species Of The Caribbean
Coast Of Columbia
Bioconcentration of trace metals in rainbow trout: a field study
Toxicity of heavy metals dissolved in sea water and influences of sex and
size on metal accumulation and tissue distribution in the Norway lobster
Nephrops norvegicus
Mercury and cadmium uptake from seawater and from food by the
Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus
A Comparative Study on Heavy Metal (Cd, Cr, Pb and Ni) Accumulation
in the Tissue of the Carp Cyprinus carpio and the Nile Fish Tilapia
nilotica
The induction of metallothionein in tissues of the Norway lobster
Nephrops norvegicus following exposure to cadmium, copper and zinc:
the relationships between metallothionein and the metals
Metal (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe, Cr, Ni) Concentrations in Tissues of a Fish
Sardina pilchar dus and a Prawn Penaeus japonicus from Three Stations
on the Mediterranean Sea
Effects of Urban Wastewater on Crab and Mollusc Assemblages in
Equatorial and Subtropical Mangroves of East Africa
A proposal to classify compounds and to establish water quality based on
laboratory data
Cadmium toxicity to embryonic -larval development and survival in red
sea bream Pagrus major
Accumulation and oxidative stress biomarkers in Japanese flounder larvae
and juveniles under chronic cadmium exposure
Tissue-specific accumulation of cadmium and its effects on antioxidative
responses injapanese flounder juveniles
Year
2002
1983
2010
1991
2005
1985
1995
1993
1995
1995
1997
2001
2009
1979
2009
2010
2012
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Report appears to be missing data tables and
LC50 values
Only two exposure concentrations
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Non-applicable
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Not North American species
Not North American species
Mixture
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Not North American species
Not North American species, usually Unused
data
Not North American species, lack of exposure
details
J-24
-------
Authors
Capelli et al.
Caplat et al.
Carattino et al.
Cardwell et al.
Carline et al.
Carlisle and Clements
Carmichael and Fowler
Carpene and Boni
Carpene et al.
Carr and Neff
Carranza- Alvarez et al.
Carriquiriborde and
Ronco
Carriquiriborde and
Ronco
Carroll et al.
Casado -Martinez et al.
Casas et al.
Title
Distribution of Trace Elements in Organs of Six Species of Cetaceans
From the Ligurian Sea (Mediterranean), and the Relationship With Stable
Carbon and Nitrogen Ratios
Comparative toxicities of aluminum and zinc from sacrificial anodes or
from sulfate salt in sea urchin embryos and sperm
Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Cu2+ and Cd2+ on the Pentose
Phosphate Pathway Dehydrogenase Activities in the Ovary of Adult Bufo
arenarum: Possible Role as Biomarker for Cu2+ Toxicity
Metal accumulation in aquatic macrophytes from southeast Queensland,
Australia
Long-Term Effects of Treated Domestic Wastewater on Brown Trout
Sensitivity and variability of metrics used in biological assessments of
running waters
Cadmium accumulation and toxicity in the kidney of the bay scallop
Argopecten irradians
Effects of heavy metals on the algae Nitzschia closterium and
Prorocentmm micans
Cadmium-binding proteins from the mantle ofMytilus edulis (L.) after
exposure to cadmium
Biochemical indices of stress in the sandworm Neanthes virens (Sars). II.
sublethal responses to cadmium
Accumulation and Distribution of Heavy Metals in Scirpus americanus
and Typha latifolia from an Artificial Lagoon in San Luis Potosi, Mexico
Sensitivity of the neotropical teleost Odonthestes bonariensis (Pisces,
Atherinidae) to chromium(VI), copper(II), and cadmium(II)
Distinctive Accumulation Patterns of Cd(II), Cu(II), and Cr(VI) in Tissue
of the South American Teleost, Pejerrey (Odontesthes bonariensis)
Influences of hardness constituents on the acute toxicity of cadmium to
brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)
Biodynamic Modeling and the Prediction of Accumulated Trace Metal
Concentrations in the Polychaete Arenicola marina
Relation between metal concentration in water and metal content of
marine mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis)'. impact of physiology
Year
2008
2010
2004
2002
1987
1999
1981
1992
1980
1982
2008
2002
2008
1979
2009
2008
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not applicable, not cadmium toxicity
information
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Effluent
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Exposure concentration not measured
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured, No pertinent adverse effects reported
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species, duration too short,
test species fed
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Authors noted that the Cd measured cone in the
control water was greater than the LC50 value of
1.5 ug/L and had 100% survival
Modeling
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
not North American species
J-25
-------
Authors
Casini and Depledge
Casiot et al.
Cassini et al.
Cassis et al.
Castano et al.
Castille and Lawrence
Cavas et al.
Cearley and Coleman
Cearley and Coleman
Cebrian and Uriz
Celik et al.
Cesar et al.
Cevik et al.
Chadwick Ecological
Consultants
Chadwick Ecological
Consultants
Chaharlang et al.
Chan and Cheng
Title
Influence of copper, zinc, and iron on cadmium accumulation in the
Talitrid amphipod, Platorchestia platensis
Hydrological and Geochemical Control of Metals and Arsenic in a
Mediterranean River Contaminated by Acid Mine Drainage (the Amous
River, France) Preliminary Assessment of Impacts on Fish (Leuciscus
cephalus)
Cadmium bioaccumulation studies in the freshwater molluscs Anodonta
cygnea and Unio elongatulus
The Role of Phytoplankton in the Modulation of Dissolved and Oyster
Cadmium Concentrations in Deep Bay, British Columbia, Canada
Correlations between the RTG-2 cytotoxicity test EC50 and in vivo LC50
rainbow trout bioassay
The effects of EDTA (ethylenedinitrotetraacetic acid) on the survival and
development of shrimp nauplii (Penaeus stylirostris Stimpson) and the
interactions of EDTA and the toxicities of cadmium, calcium, and phenol
Induction of micronuclei and binuclei in blood, gill and liver cells of
fishes subchronically exposed to cadmium chloride and copper sulphate
Cadmium toxicity and accumulation in southern naiad
Cadmium toxicity and bioconcentration in largemouth bass and bluegill
Contrasting effects of heavy metals and hydrocarbons on larval settlement
and juvenile survival in sponges
Determination of the lead and cadmium burden in some northeastern
Atlantic and Mediterranean fish species by DPSAV
Sensitivity of mediterranean amphipods and sea urchins to reference
toxicants
Assessment of Metal Element Concentrations in Mussel (M.
galloprovincialis) in Eastern Black Sea, Turkey
U.S. EPA Cadmium water quality criteria document-technical review and
criteria update
Addendum to U.S. EPA Cadmium water quality criteria document-
technical review and criteria update
Assessment of Cadmium, Copper, Lead and Zinc Contamination Using
Oysters (Saccostrea cucullata) as Biomonitors on the Coast of the Persian
Gulf, Iran
Cadmium-induced ectopic apoptosis in zebrafish embryos
Year
1997
2009
1986
2011
1996
1981
2005
1973
1974
2007
2004
2002
2008
2004b
2004c
2012
2003
Reason Unused
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Mixture
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Not North American species
Mixture
The dilution water or medium used was open to
questions because of its origin or content
The dilution water or medium used was open to
questions because of its origin or content
Not North American species, only one exposure
concentration, duration too short
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species, duration too short
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Review
Review
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Lack of details
J-26
-------
Authors
Chan et al.
Chan et al.
Chan et al.
Chander et al.
Chandini
Chandini
Chandini
Chandini
Chandra and Garg
Chandra and Khuda-
Bukhsh
Chandrudu and
Radhakrishnaiah
Chandrudu et al.
Chandurvelan et al.
Chandurvelan et al.
Title
Effects of polyethylene glycol on growth and cadmium accumulation of
Chlorella salina CU-1
Uptake of zinc and cadmium by two populations of shore crabs Carcinus
maenas at different salinities
The Uptake of Cd, Cr, and Zn by the Macroalga Enteromorpha crinita
and Subsequent Transfer to the Marine Herbivorous Rabbitfish, Siganus
canaliculatus
Response ofPithophora oedogonia to cadmium
Changes in food (Chlorella) levels and the acute toxicity of cadmium to
Daphnia carinata (daphnidae) and Echinisca triserialis (macrothricidae)
(Crustacea: cladocera)
Effects of different food (Chlorella) concentrations on the chronic toxicity
of cadmium to survivorship, growth and reproduction of Echinisca
triserialis (crustacea: cladocera)
Survival, growth and reproduction of Daphnia carinata (crustacea:
cladocera) exposed to chronic cadmium stress at different food
(Chlorella) levels
Reproductive value and the cost of reproduction in Daphnia carinata and
Echinisca triserialis (crustacea: cladocera) exposed to food and cadmium
stress
Absorption and toxicity of chromium and cadmium in Limnanthemum
cristatum Griseb
Genotoxic effects of cadmium chloride and azadirachtin treated singly and
in combination in fish
Effect of cadmium on the histology of hepatopancreas and foot of the
freshwater mussels Lamellidens marginalis (Lam.)
Effect of subacute concentration of cadmium on the energetics of
freshwater mussel Lamellidens marginalis (Lam.) and fish Labeo rohita
(Ham.)
Impairment of green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) physiology by
waterborne cadmium: relationship to tissue bioaccumulation and effect of
exposure duration
Waterborne cadmium impacts immunocytotoxic and cytogenotoxic
endpoints in green-lipped mussel, Perna canaliculus
Year
1981
1992
2003
1991
1988a
1988b
1989
1991
1992
2004
2008
2007
2012
2013a
Reason Unused
Questionable treatment of test organisms or
inappropriate test conditions or methodology
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Not North American species, dilution water not
characterized
Not North American species
Not North American species
Not North American species
Not North American species
Injected pollutant
Lack of detail, not North American species
Only one exposure concentration, not North
American species
Not North American species
Not North American species; only two exposure
concentrations
J-27
-------
Authors
Chandurvelan et al.
Chang et al.
Chang et al.
Chang et al.
Chapman et al.
Charpentier et al.
Chassard-Bouchaud
Chattopadhyay et al.
Chaumot et al.
Chawla et al.
Chelomin et al.
Chen and Fang
Chen et al.
Chen et al.
Chen et al.
Chen et al.
Title
Biochemical biomarker responses of green-lipped mussel, Perna
canaliculus, to acute and subchronic waterborne cadmium toxicity
Element concentrations in shell ofPinctada margaritifera from French
Polynesia and evaluation for using as a food supplement
Effects of cadmium on respiratory burst, intracellular Ca2+ and DNA
damage in the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.
Influence of Divalent Metal Ions on E2 -Induced ER Pathway in Goldfish
(Carassius auratus) Hepatocytes
Global Geographic Differences in Marine Metals Toxicity
Toxicity and bioaccumulation of cadmium in experimental cultures of
duckweed, Lemna polyrrhiza L.
Ultrastructural Study of Cadmium Concentration by the Digestive Gland
of the Crab Carcinus maenas (Crustacea Decapoda).
Bioassay evaluation of acute toxicity levels of mercuric chloride and
cadmium chloride on the early growing stages of Labeo rohita
Additive vs non-additive genetic components in lethal cadmium tolerance
of Gammarus (Crustacea) : novel light on the assessment of the potential
for adaptation to contamination
Effect of pH and temperature on the uptake of cadmium by Lemna minor
L.
An in vitro study of the effect of reactive oxygen species on subcellular
distribution of deposited cadmium in digestive gland of mussel
Crenomytilus grayanus
Safety assessment and acute toxicity of copper, zinc and cadmium to the
embryo and larval fish of Tanichthys albonubes
Comparison of the relative toxicity relationships based on batch and
continuous algal toxicity tests
Use of Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes) and Tilapia (Oreochromis
mossambicus) in Toxicity Tests on Different Industrial Effluents in
Taiwan
Expression Pattern of Metallothionein, MTF-1 Nuclear Translocation, and
Its DNA-Binding Activity in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Induced by Zinc and
Cadmium
Accumulation and Release Characteristics of Heavy Metals in
Crassostrea rivalaris Under Mixed Exposure
Year
2013b
2007
2009
2011
2006
1987
1982
1995
2009
1991
2005
2011
1997
2001
2007
2008
Reason Unused
Not North American species; only two exposure
concentrations
Field bioaccumulation: steady state not
documented, exposure concentration unknown
Dilution water not characterized, duration too
short
In vitro
Non-applicable
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Only one exposure concentration, dilution water
not characterized, not North American species
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
In vitro
Not North American species; text in foreign
language, abstract only in English
Inappropriate medium of medium contained too
much of a complexing agent for algal studies
Effluent
Mixture
Mixture
J-28
-------
Authors
Chen et al.
Chen et al.
Chen et al.
Chen et al.
Chen et al.
Chen et al.
Cherkasov et al.
Cherkasov et al.
Cherkasov et al.
Chernova and Sergeeva
Cherry and Guthrie
Cherry et al.
Cheung and Lam
Cheung and Wong
Cheung et al.
Cheung et al.
Title
Effects of Cd and Zn on Oxygen Consumption and Ammonia Excretion in
Sipuncula (Phascolosoma esculenta)
Accumulation and Elimination Characteristics of Heavy Metal Cadmium
mBullacta exarata from Intertidal Zone of Tianjin, China.
Toxicity Assessment of Simulated Urban Runoff Containing Polycyclic
Musks and Cadmium in Carassius auratus Using Oxidative Stress
Biomarkers
Assessing abalone growth inhibition risk to cadmium and silver by linking
toxicokinetics/toxicodynamics and subcellular partitioning
Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of receptor
for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) from pearl oyster (Pinctada martensii)
challenged with bacteria and exposed to cadmium
Differential effect of waterborne cadmium exposure on lipid metabolism
in liver and muscle of yellow catfish Pelteobagrusfulvidraco
Effects of acclimation temperature and cadmium exposure on cellular
energy budgets in the marine mollusk Crassostrea virginica: linking
cellular and mitochondria! responses
Combined effects of temperature and cadmium exposure on haemocyte
apoptosis and cadmium accumulation in the eastern oyster Crassostrea
virginica (Gmelin)
Seasonal variation in mitochondria! responses to cadmium and
temperature in eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) from
different latitudes
Metal Concentrations in Sargassum Algae From Coastal Waters of Nha
Trang Bay (South China Sea)
Toxic Metals in Surface Waters From Coal Ash
Coal Ash Basin Effects (Particulates, Metals, Acidic Ph) Upon Aquatic
Biota: an Eight- Year Evaluation
Effect of cadmium on the embryos and juveniles of a tropical freshwater
snail, Physa acuta (Draparnaud, 1805)
Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Shrimp Farming in
Mai Po Nature Reserve, Hong Kong
Effects of heavy metals on the survival and feeding behaviour of the
sandy shore scavenging gastropod Nassarius festivus (Powys)
Metal Concentrations of Common Freshwater and Marine Fish From the
Pearl River Delta, South China
Year
2009
2010
2012
2011a
20 lib
2013
2006
2007
2010
2008
1977
1984
1998
2006
2002
2008
Reason Unused
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
Analyzed data from another study
Mixture
Only two exposure concentrations
Only one exposure concentration
Bioaccumulation: not whole body or muscle
content
Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow-through;
Excised cells
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Effluent
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-29
-------
Authors
Chevreuil et al.
Chiarelli et al.
Chiarelli et al.
Chigbo et al.
Chiodi Boudet et al.
Chishty et al.
Chitguppa et al.
Choi et al.
Choi et al.
Choi et al.
Chojnacka et al.
Chora et al.
Chou and Uthe
Chou et al.
Title
Evaluation of the Pollution by Organochlorinated Compounds
(Polychlorobiphenyls and Pesticides) and Metals (Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb) in
the Water and in the Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha Pallas) of the
River Seine
Sea urchin embryos as a model system for studying autophagy induced by
cadmium stress
Sea urchin embryos exposed to cadmium as an experimental model for
studying the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis
Uptake of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead and Mercury Form Polluted Waters
by the Water Hyacinth Eichornia crassipes
Lethal and sublethal effects of cadmium in the white shrimp
Palaemonetes argentinus: A comparison between populations from
contaminated and reference sites
Evaluation of acute toxicity of zinc, lead and cadmium to zooplanktonic
community in upper Berach river system, Rajasthan, India
Reusability of seaweed biosorbent in multiple cycles of cadmium
adsorption and desorption
Cadmium bioaccumulation and detoxification in the gill and digestive
gland of the Antarctic bivalve Laternula elliptica
Cadmium affects the expression of metallothionein (MT) and glutathione
peroxidase (GPX) mRNA in goldfish, Carassius auratus
Biosorption of heavy metals and uranium by starfish and Pseudomonas
putida
Biosorption of Cr3+, Cd2+ and Cu2+ Ions by Blue-Green Algae Spimlina
sp.\ Kinetics, Equilibrium and the Mechanism of the Process
Effect of cadmium in the clam Ruditapes decussatus assessed by
proteomic analysis
Effect of starvation on trace metal levels in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis)
Effect of dietary cadmium on growth, survival, and tissue concentrations
of cadmium, zinc, copper, and silver in juvenile american lobster
(Homarus americanus)
Year
1996
2011
2013
1982
2013
2012
1997
2007a
2007b
2009
2005
2009
1991
1987
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Lack of exposure details
Only one exposure concentration
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species; dilution water not
characterized
Mixture (lead, zinc and cadmium)
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
not North American species
Injected pollutant
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or
by injection or gavage
J-30
-------
Authors
Chou et al.
Chou et al.
Chouchene et al.
Chowdhury et al.
Christoffers and Ernst
Ciardullo et al.
Cicik et al.
Cid et al.
Gilbert! et al.
Cincinelli et al.
Ciocan and Rotchell
Cirillo et al.
Ciutat and Boudou
Ciutat et al.
Clason et al.
Title
Cadmium, Copper, Manganese, Silver, and Zinc in Rock Crab (Cancer
irroratus) from Highly Copper Contaminated Sites in the Inner Bay of
Fundy, Atlantic Canada
Effect of magnesium deficiency on antioxidant status and cadmium
toxicity in rice seedlings.
Cadmium-induced ovarian pathophysiology is mediated by change in
gene expression pattern of zinc transporters in zebrafish (Danio rerio).
Gastrointestinal Uptake and Fate of Cadmium in Rainbow Trout
Acclimated to Sublethal Dietary exposure Cadmium
The in-vivo fluorescence of Chlorella fusca as a biological test for the
inhibition of photosynthesis
Bioaccumulation Potential of Dietary exposure Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead,
Mercury, and Selenium in Organs and Tissues of Rainbow Trout
(Oncorhyncus mykiss) as a Function of Fish Growth
Effects of lead and cadmium interactions on the metal accumulation in
tissue and organs of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Determination of trace metals in fish species of the Ria de Aveiro
(Portugal) by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry
The Nile Monitor (Varanus niloticus, Squamata: Varanidae) as a Sentinel
Species for Lead and Cadmium Contamination in Sub-Saharan Wetlands
Organochlorine Pesticide Air- Water Exchange and Bioconcentration in
Krill in the Ross Sea
Cadmium induction of metallothionein isoforms in juvenile and adult
mussels (Mytilus edulis)
Cadmium accumulation and antioxidant responses in Spams aurata
exposed to waterborne cadmium
Bioturbation Effects on Cadmium and Zinc Transfers from a
Contaminated Sediment exposure and on Metal Bioavailability to Benthic
Bivalves
Cadmium bioaccumulation in Tubificidae from the overlying water source
and effects on bioturbation
Bioaccumulation of Trace Metals in the Antarctic Amphipod Paramoera
walkeri (Stebbing, 1906): Comparison of Two -Compartment and
Hyperbolic Toxicokinetic Models
Year
2002
2011
2011
2004
1983
2008
2004
2001
2011
2009
2004
2012
2003
2005
2003
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only one exposure concentration
Only one exposure concentrations
Dietary exposure
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Dietary exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
(only 15 day exposure); not renewal or flow-
through exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
dilution water not characterized
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
(only 1 1 day exposure)
Sediment exposure
Sediment exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-31
-------
Authors
Clausen et al.
Coban et al.
Cogun et al.
Cogun et al.
Cohen et al.
Collado et al.
Collard and Matagne
Company et al.
Company et al.
Conti and Cecchetti
Conway
Conway and Williams
Cooke et al.
Cooper and De
Cooper et al.
Cooper et al.
Title
Passive and active cadmium uptake in the isolated gills of the shore crab,
Carcinus maenas (L.)
Heavy Metals in Livers, Gills and Muscle of Dicentrarchus labrax
(Linnaeus, 1758) Fish Species Grown in the Dardanelles
Accumulation of copper and cadmium in small and large Nile tilapia
Oreochromis niloticus
Metal Concentrations in Fish Species from the Northeast Mediterranean
Sea
Trace Metals in Fish and Invertebrates of Three California Coastal
Wetlands
Heavy Metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) in Two Species of Limpets (Patella
rustica and Patella candei crenata) in the Canary Islands, Spain
Cd2+ resistance in wild-type and mutant strains of Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii
Effect of Cadmium, Copper and Mercury on Antioxidant Enzyme
Activities and Lipid Peroxidation in the Gills of the Hydrothermal Vent
Mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus
Sub-lethal effects of cadmium on the antioxidant defense system of the
hydrothermal vent mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus
A biomonitoring study: trace metals in algae and molluscs from
Tyrrhenian coastal areas
Ecological Impact of Cadmium on Aquatic Organisms
Sorption and desorption of cadmium by Asterionella formosa and
Fragilaria crotonensis
Biological Availability of Sediment-Bound Cadmium to the Edible
Cockle, Cerastoderma edule
Reducing the Toxicity of Cadmium Sulphate to Rainbow Trout (Salmo
gairdneri) by Preliminary Exposure of Fish to Zinc Sulphate, With and
Without Intermittent Exposure to Cadmium
The Effects of Dietary exposure Iron Concentration on Gastrointestinal
and Branchial Assimilation of both Iron and Cadmium in Zebrafish
(Danio rerio)
Subcellular partitioning of cadmium in the freshwater bivalve, Pyganodon
grandis, after separate short-term exposures to waterborne or diet-borne
metal
Year
1993
2009
2003
2006
2001
2006
1994
2004
2010
2003
1981
1977
1979
1978
2006
2010a
Reason Unused
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure, dilution
water not characterized
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Review
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Sediment
Mixture
Dietary exposure
Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow-through
J-32
-------
Authors
Cooper et al.
Cope et al.
Copes et al.
Coppellotti
Corami et al.
Cordero et al.
Cornellier
Costa et al.
Costa et al.
Costa et al.
Coteur et al.
Couch
Couillard
Couture and Kumar
Cox
Craig et al.
Title
Modeling cadmium uptake from water and food by the freshwater bivalve
Pyganodon grandis
Differential exposure, duration, and sensitivity of unionoidean bivalve life
stages to environmental contaminants
Uptake of Cadmium From Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in British
Columbia Oyster Growers
Effects of cadmium on Uronema marinum (Ciliophora, Scuticociliatida)
from Antarctica
Complexation of Cadmium and Copper by Fluvial Humic Matter and
Effects on Their Toxicity
Effect of Heavy Metals on the Growth of the Tropical Microalgae
Tetrasermis chuii (Prasinophyceae)
Cinetique De Bioaccumulation Et Distribution Tissulaire Du Cadmium-
109 Par La Nourriture Et Par L'eau Chez Le Petoncle Geant (Placopecten
magellanicus) Et Le Petoncle D'islande (Chlamys islandica)
Biochemical Endpoints on Juvenile Solea senegalensis Exposed to
Estuarine Sediment exposures: the Effect of Contaminant Mixtures on
Metallothionein and Cypla Induction
Histological Biomarkers in Liver and Gills of Juvenile Solea senegalensis
Exposed to Contaminated Estuarine Sediment exposures: a Weighted
Indices Approach
Multi-organ histological observations on juvenile Senegalese soles
exposed to low concentrations of waterborne cadmium
Alteration of Cellular Immune Responses in the SeastarAsterias rubens
Following Dietary Exposure to Cadmium
Ultrastructural study of lesions in gills of a marine shrimp exposed to
cadmium
Acute toxicity of six metals to the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus, with
comparisons to other freshwaer organisms
Impairment of Metabolic Capacities in Copper and Calcium
Contaminated Wild Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens)
Interactions of Cadmium, Zinc, and Phosphorus in Marine
Synechococcus: Field Uptake, Physiological and Proteomic Studies.
Effect of exposure regime on the internal distribution of cadmium in
Chironomus staegeri larvae (insecta, diptera)
Year
2010b
2008
2008
1994
2007
2005
2010
2009a
2009b
2013
2005
1977
1989
2003
2011
1998
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
(only 60 hour exposure)
Dilution water not characterized, lack of details,
duration too short
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Mixture
Non-applicable
Text in foreign language
Sediment exposure
Sediment exposure
Not North American species, only three exposure
concentrations
Dietary exposure
Only one exposure concentration
Inappropriate medium of medium contained too
much of a complexing agent for algal studies
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
No useable data on cadmium toxicity or
bioconcentration
J-33
-------
Authors
Craig et al.
Cravo et al.
Creighton and Twining
Crichton et al.
Croisetiere et al.
Croteau and Luoma
Croteau et al.
Cruz et al.
Cruz Rodriguez
Cubadda et al.
Culshaw et al.
Cunha et al.
Cunningham
Currie et al.
Cuthbert et al.
Cuvin-Aralar
Title
Experimental evidence for cadmium uptake via calcium channels in the
aquatic insect Chironomus staegeri
Metal concentrations in the shell of Bathymodiolus azoricus from
contrasting hydrothermal vent fields on the mid-Atlantic ridge
Bioaccumulation from food and water of cadmium, selenium and zinc in
an estuarine fish, Ambassisjacksoniensis
Assessing Stream Grazer Response to Stress: A Post-Exposure Feeding
Bioassay Using the Freshwater Snail Lymnaea peregra (Muller)
A Field Experiment to Determine the Relative Importance of Prey and
Water as Sources of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, and Zn for the Aquatic
Invertebrate Stalls velata
A Biodynamic Understanding of Dietborne Metal Uptake by a Freshwater
Invertebrate
Differences in Cd Accumulation Among Species of the Lake-Dwelling
Biomonitor Chaoborus
Kinetic modeling and equilibrium studies during cadmium biosorption by
dead Sargassum sp. biomass
Heat Shock Protein (HSP70) Response in the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea
virginica, Exposed to Various Contaminants (PAHs, PCBs and Cadmium)
Size-dependent concentrations of trace metals in four Mediterranean
gastropods
Concentrations of Cd, Zn and Cu in Sediment exposures and brown
shrimp (Crangon crangon L.) from the Severn Estuary and Bristol
Channel, UK
Effects of Copper and Cadmium on Cholinesterase and Glutathione S-
Transferase Activities of Two Marine Gastropods (Monodonta lineata and
Nucella lapillus)
The effect of cadmium exposure on repeat swimming performance and
recovery in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), brown trout (Salmo
trutta) and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis)
Influence of nutrient additions on cadmium bioaccumulation by aquatic
invertebrates in littoral enclosures
Toxicity of cadmium to Bullla digitalis (prosobranchiata: nassaridae)
Survival and heavy metal accumulation of two Oreochromis niloticus (L.)
strains exposed to mixtures of zinc, cadmium and mercury
Year
1999
2008
2010
2004
2006
2008
2001
2004
2002
2001
2002
2007
2012
1998
1976
1994
Reason Unused
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dietary exposure
Mixture
Dietary exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Modeling
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
Only one exposure concentration
Organisms were selected, adapted or acclimated
for increased resistance to cadmium
Not North American species, dilution water not
characterized
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
J-34
-------
Authors
Cuvin-Aralar and Aralar
Cyrille et al.
D'Agostino andFinney
D'Aniello et al.
da Cruz et al.
da Silva et al.
da Silva et al.
Dabas et al.
Daka and Hawkins
Daka et al.
Dallinger and Kautzky
Dallinger et al.
Dallinger et al.
Damiens et al.
Dang and Wang
Dang et al.
Dangre et al.
Darmono
Title
Effects of long-term exposure to a mixture of cadmium, zinc, and
inorganic mercurey on two strains of Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.)
Cadmium accumulation in tissues of Sarotherodon melanotheron
(Ruppel, 1852) from the Aby Lagoon system in Cote d'lvoire
The effect of copper and cadmium on the development of Tigriopus
japonicas
Effect of mercury, cadmium and copper on the development and viability
ofLoligo vulgaris and Sepia officinalis embryos
Estimation of the critical effect level for pollution prevention based on
oyster embryonic development toxicity test: The search for reliability
Relative contribution of food and water to the Cd burden in Balanus
amphitrite in an urban tidal creek discharging into the Great Barrier Reef
lagoon
Can body burden in the barnacle Balanus amphitrite indicate seasonal
variation in cadmium concentrations?
Assessment of tissue-specific effect of cadmium on antioxidant defense
system and lipid peroxidation in freshwater murrel, Channa punctatus
Interactive Effects of Copper, Cadmium and Lead on Zinc Accumulation
in the Gastropod Mollusc Littorina saxatilis
Tolerance to Heavy Metals in Littorina saxatilis from a Metal
Contaminated Estuary in the Isle of Man
The Importance of Contaminated Food for the Uptake of Heavy Metals by
Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri): a Field Study
Effects of cadmium onMurex trunculus from the Adriatic Sea. I.
Accumulation of metal and binding to a metallothionein-like protein
The role of metallothionein in cadmium accumulation of Arctic char
(Salvelinus alpinus) from high alpine lakes
Metal bioaccumulation and metallothionein concentrations in larvae of
Crassostrea gigas
Assessment of tissue-specific accumulation and effects of cadmium in a
marine fish fed contaminated commercially produced diet
Metallothionein and Cortisol Receptor Expression in Gills of Atlantic
Salmon, Salmo salar, Exposed to Dietary exposure Cadmium
Effects of Cadmium on Hypoxia-Induced Expression of Hemoglobin and
Erythropoietin in Larval Sheepshead Minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus
Uptake of cadmium and nickel in banana prawn (Penaeus merguiensis de
Man)
Year
1993
2012
1974
1990
2007
2004
2005
2012
2006
2004
1985
1989
1997
2006
2009
2001
2010
1990
Reason Unused
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Not North American species, duration too short
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Prior exposure, dilution water not characterized
Dietary exposure
Dietary exposure
In vitro
Not North American species
J-35
-------
Authors
Darmono et al.
Das and Gupta
Das and Khagarot
Das and Maiti Subodh
Das et al.
Datta et al.
Dautremepuit et al.
Dauvin
Daverat et al.
Davies and Woodling
Davies et al.
Davies et al.
Davis et al.
Davis et al.
Dayeh et al.
De Boeck et al.
Title
The pathology of cadmium and nickel toxicity in the banana shrimp
(Penaeus merguiensis de Man)
Effects of cadmium chloride on oxygen consumption and gill morphology
of Indian flying barb, Esomus danricus
Bioaccumulation and toxic effects of cadmium on feeding and growth of
an Indian pond snail Lymnaea luteola L. under laboratory conditions
Metal Accumulation in A baccifera Growing Naturally on Abandoned
Copper Tailings Pond
The temperature dependence of the acute toxicity of heavy metals
(cadmium, copper and mercury) to a freshwater pond snail, Lymnae
aluteola L
Estimation of acute toxicity of cadmium, a heavy metal, in a carnivorous
freshwater teleost, Mystus vittatus (Bloch)
Gill and Head Kidney Antioxidant Processes and Innate Immune System
Responses of Yellow Perch (Percaflavescens) Exposed to Different
Contaminants in the St. Lawrence River, Canada
Effects of Heavy Metal Contamination on the Macrobenthic Fauna in
Estuaries: the Case of the Seine Estuary
Otolith Microchemistry Interrogation of Comparative Contamination by
Cd, Cu and PCBs of Eel and Flounder, in a Large SW France Catchment.
Importance of laboratory -derived metal toxicity results in predicting in-
stream response of resident salmonids
Field and experimental studies on cadmium in the edible crab Cancer
pagums
The influence of particle surface characteristics on pollutant metal uptake
by cells
Bioaccumulation of Arsenic, Chromium and Lead in Fish: Constraints
Imposed by Sediment Geochemistry
Cadmium biosorption by S.fluitans: treatment, resilience and uptake
relative to other Saragassum spp. and brown algae
Cytotoxicity of metals common in mining effluent to rainbow trout cell
lines and to the ciliated protozoan, Tetrahymena thermophila
Metal accumulation and metallothionein induction in the spotted dogfish
Scyliorhinus canicula
Year
1990
2012
2010
2007
2012
1987
2009
2008
2011
1980
1981
1997
1996
2004
2005
2010
Reason Unused
Not North American species
Not North American species, only three exposure
concentrations
Dilution water not characterized
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Not North American species
Mixture
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not applicable per ECOTOX Duluth; effluent,
survey
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or
by injection or gavage
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Lack of details, not renewal or flow-through
accumulation study
Excised tissue/cells
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
(only 7 day exposure)
J-36
-------
Authors
De Coninck et al.
De Conto Cinier et al.
De Conto Cinier et al.
de March
de Mora et al.
De Nicola Guidici and
Guarino
De Nicola Guidici and
Migliore
De Nicola et al
De Nicola et al
De Vries et al.
De Wolf and Rashid
DeWolfetal.
Decho and Luoma
DeFilippis et al.
Defo et al.
Title
An investigation of the inter-clonal variation of the interactive effects of
cadmium and Microcystis aeruginosa on the reproductive performance of
Daphnia magna
Cadmium bioaccumulation in carp (Cyprinus carpio) tissues during long-
term high exposure: analysis by inductively coupled plasma-mass
spectrometry
Cadmium accumulation and metallothionein biosynthesis in Cyprinus
carpio tissues
Acute toxicity of binary mixtures of five cations (Cu 2+, Cd 2+, Zn2+, Mg2+
and K+) to the freshwater amphipod Gammarus lacustris (Sars):
alternative descriptive models
Distribution of heavy metals in marine bivalves, fish and coastal Sediment
exposures in the Gulf and Gulf of Oman
Effects of cadmium on survival, bioaccumulation, histopathology, and
PGM polymorphism in the marine isopod Idotea baltica.
Ecotoxicological Assessment of Pollutants by Chemico-Biological
Analysis: a Mini review
Effects of chronic exposure to cadmium or copper on Idothea baltica
(crustacea, isopoda)
Long term effect of cadmium of copper onAsellus aquaticus (L.)
(Crustacea, isopoda)
Critical Soil Concentrations of Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury in View of
Health Effects on Humans and Animals
Heavy Metal Accumulation in Littoraria scabra Along Polluted and
Pristine Mangrove Areas of Tanzania
Sensitivity to cadmium along a salinity gradient in populations of the
periwinkle, Littorina littorea, using time-to-death analysis
Humic and fulvic acids: ink or source in the availability of metals to the
marine bivalves Macoma balthica and Potamocorbula amurensisl
The effects of sublethal concentrations of zinc, cadmium and mercury on
Euglena. II. Respiration, photosynthesis and photochemical activities
Evidence for Metabolic Imbalance of Vitamin A2 in Wild Fish
Chronically Exposed to Metals
Year
2013
1997
1998
1988
2004
1993
1996
1989
1988
2007
2008
2004
1994
1981
2012
Reason Unused
Only one exposure concentration
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Review
Not North American species
Not North American species
Review
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Prior exposure
Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or
by injection or gavage
No pertinent adverse effects reported
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-37
-------
Authors
Dekker et al.
Dekker et al.
Del Castillo Arias and
Robinson
Delmail et al.
Delmotte et al.
Delval et al.
Demirak et al.
Demon et al.
Den Besten et al.
Den Besten et al.
Deng et al.
Deniseger et al.
Denton and Burdon- Jones
Denton and Burdon- Jones
Denton and Burdon- Jones
Title
Life History Changes in the Benthic Cladoceran Chydorus piger Induced
by Low Concentrations of Sediment expo sure -Bound Cadmium
Development and Application of a Sediment exposure Toxicity Test
Using the Benthic Cladoceran Chydorus sphaericus
Nuclear and Cytosolic Distribution of Metallothionein in the Edible Blue
Mussel, Mytilus edulis Linnaeus Exposed to Cadmium and
Benzo[a]Pyrene and in Gill Tissue from Three Natural Populations Along
the Massachusetts Coast
Physiological, anatomical and phenotypical effects of a cadmium stress in
different-aged chlorophyllian organs of Myriophyllum alterniflorum DC
(Haloragaceae)
Cadmium Transport in Sediment exposures by Tubificid Bioturbation: an
Assessment of Model Complexity
Responses of a Flat Fish, the Flounder (Platichtysflesus L.) To Metal
Pollutions by Elaborating Metallothioneins. Competition Between Zinc,
Copper (Responses D'un Poisson Plat: Le Flet (Platichtys Flesus L.) Aux
Pollutions Metalliques Par Elaboration De Metallothioneines:
Competition Entre Zinc, Cuivre Et Cadmium)
Heavy Metals in Water, Sediment exposure and Tissues of Leuciscus
cephalus From a Stream in Southwestern Turkey
The influence of pre -treatment, temperature and calcium ions on trace
element uptake by an alga (Scenedesmus pannonicus subsp. Berlin) and
fungus (Aureobasidium pullulans)
Effects of cadmium and PCBs on reproduction of the sea stex Asterias
mbens: aberrations in the early development
Effects of cadmium on gametogenesis in the sea star Asterias rubens L
Trace Metal Concentration in Great Tit (Parus major) and Greenfinch
(Carduelis sinica) at the Western Mountains of Beijing, China
Periphyton Communities in a Pristine Mountain Stream Above and Below
Heavy Metal Mining Operations
Influence of temperature and salinity on the uptake, distribution, and
depuration of mercury, cadmium, and lead by the black -lip oyster
Saccostrea echinata
Trace Metals In Corals From The Great Barrier Reef
Environmental effects on toxicity of heavy metals to two species of
tropical marine fish from northern Australia.
Year
2002
2006
2009
2011
2007
1988
2006
1989
1989
1991
2007
1986
1981
1986a
1986b
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Sediment exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only one exposure concentration
Modeling
Text in foreign language
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Not North American species
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Effluent
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
J-38
-------
Authors
Department of the
Environment
Desouky
Desouky et al.
Desrosiers et al.
Dethlefsen
Deveau
Devi
Devi and Kumaraguru
Devi and Rao
Devier et al.
Devineau and Triquet
Dhamotharan et al.
Diamond et al.
Dickson et al.
Dierickx and Bredael-
Rozen
Dierking et al.
Title
Metallothionein is up-regulated in molluscan responses to cadmium, but
not aluminum, exposure.
Effect of orthosilic acid on the accumulation of trace metals by the pond
snail Lymnaea stagnalis
Relationships Among Total Recoverable and Reactive Metals and
Metalloid in St. Lawrence River Sediment exposure: Bioaccumulationby
Chironomids and Implications for Ecological Risk Assessment
Uptake, retention and loss of cadmium by brown shrimp (Crangon
crangon)
Use of the Edible Seaweed Taqq'astan (Porphyra abbottiae
Krishnamurthy: Bangiaceae) and Metal Bioaccumulation at Traditional
Harvesting Sites in Queen Charlotte Strait and Broughton Strait
Bioaccumulation and metabolic effects of cadmium on marine fouling
dressinid bivalve, Mytilopsis sallei (Recluz)
Toxicity of Heavy Metals Copper and Cadmium on the Brown
Macroalgal Species of Pudumadam Coast, Gulf of Mannar
Cadmium accumulation in fiddler crabs Uca annulipes latelle and Uca
triangularis (Milne Edwards)
One-Year Monitoring Survey of Organic Compounds (PAHs, PCBs,
TBT), Heavy Metals and Biomarkers in Blue Mussels from the Arcachon
Bay, France
Patterns of bioaccumulation of an essential trace element (zinc) and a
pollutant metal (cadmium) in larvae of the prawn Palaemon serratus
Bioremediation of Tannery Effluent Using Cyanobacterium
Effects of pulsed contaminant exposures on early life stages of the fathead
minnow
The effect of chronic cadmium exposure on phosphoadenylate
concentrations and adenylate energy charge of gills and dorsal muscle
tissue of crayfish
Correlation between the in vitro cytotoxicity of inorganic metal
compounds to cultured fathead minnow fish cells and the toxicity to
Daphnia magna
Spatial patterns in PCBs, pesticides, mercury and cadmium in the
common sole in the NW Mediterranean Sea, and a novel use of
contaminants as biomarkers
Year
1973
2012
2003
2008
1978
2011
1996
2008
1989
2005
1985
2009
2005
1982
1996
2009
Reason Unused
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Only one exposure concentration
Bioaccumulation: not whole body or muscle
content
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dilution water not characterized
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species; prior exposure
(collected from a polluted harbor)
Mixture
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Effluent
Pulsed exposure
No pertinent adverse effects reported
Review of previously published data
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-39
-------
Authors
Dietrich et al.
Dietrich et al.
Dixon et al.
Dobrovoljc et al.
Dong et al.
Dorfman
Dorgelo et al.
Dorts et al.
Dorts et al.
Dorts et al.
Douben
Dovzhenko et al.
Downs et al.
Dragun et al.
Dragun et al.
Drastichova et al.
Drastichova et al.
Drava et al.
Title
Exposure of rainbow trout milt to mercury and cadmium alters sperm
motility parameters and reproductive success
Carp transferrin can protect spermatozoa against toxic effects of cadmium
ions
Cadmium Uptake by Marine Micro -Organisms in the English Channel
and Celtic Sea
Uptake and elimination of cadmium in Rana dalmatina (Anura, amphibia)
tadpoles
Concentrations of Heavy Metals and Safe Assessments of Fishes in Main
Lakes From Wuhan City
Tolerance of Fundulus hetemclitus to different metals in salt waters
Effects of diet and heavy metals on growth rate and fertility in the deposit-
feeding snail Potamopyrgusjenkinsi (Smith) (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae)
Sub-lethal cadmium toxicity in bullhead Coitus gobio. Biochemical and
proteomic approaches
Proteomic response to sublethal cadmium exposure in a sentinel fish
species, Cottus gobio
Proteasome and antioxidant responses in Cottus gobio during a combined
exposure to heat stress and cadmium
Uptake and elimination of waterborne cadmium by the fish Noemacheilus
barbatulus L. (stone loach)
Cadmium-induced oxidative stress in the bivalve mollusk Modiolus
modiolus
A molecular biomarker system for assessing the health of gastropods
(Ilyanassa obsoleta) exposed to natural and anthropogenic stressors
The Influence of the Season and the Biotic Factors on the Cytosolic Metal
Concentrations in the Gills of the European Chub (Leuciscus cephalus L.)
Assessment of low-level metal contamination using the Mediterranean
mussel gills as the indicator tissue
Effect of cadmium on hematological indices of common carp (Cyprinus
carpio L.)
Effect of cadmium on blood plasma biochemistry in carp (Cyprinus
carpio L.)
Trace elements in the muscle of red shrimp Aristeus antennatus (Risso,
1816) (Crustacea, Decapoda) from Ligurian sea (NW Mediterranean):
variations related to the reproductive cycle
Year
2010
2011
2006
2003
2006
1977
1995
2009
2011
2012
1989
2005
200 Ib
2007
2010
2004a
2004b
2004
Reason Unused
In vitro
Only one exposure concentration, dilution water
not characterized
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
dilution water not characterized; not North
American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Questionable treatment of test organisms or
inappropriate test conditions or methodology
Not North American species
Lack of detail
Not North American species
Not North American species, only two exposure
concentrations
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Duration too short, only two exposure
concentrations
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dilution water not characterized, not definitive
value, usually Unused data
Dilution water not characterized, only one
exposure concentration
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-40
-------
Authors
Drazkiewicz and
Baszynaski
Drbal et al.
Dressing
Drost et al.
Du Laing et al.
Duan et al.
Dugmonits et al.
Dulymamode et al.
Duman et al.
Duman and Kar
Duman et al.
Duman et al.
Duong et al.
Duong et al.
Duquesne and Coll
Duquesne et al.
Dural et al.
Title
Calcium Protection of Ps2 Complex of Phaseolus coccineus From
Cadmium Toxicity: in Vitro Study
Toxicity and accumulation of copper and cadmium in the alga
Scenedesmus obliquus LH.
The effect of chemical speciation on the equilibrium, whole -body
cadmium content of larvae of the caddisfly, Hydropsyche sp.
Heavy metal toxicity to Lemna minor. Studies on the time dependence of
growth inhibition and the recovery after exposure
Factors Affecting Metal Concentrations in Reed Plants (Phragmites
australis) of Intertidal Marshes in the Scheldt Estuary
Differential survivorship among allozyme genotypes oflfyalella azteca
exposed to cadmium, zinc or low pH
Major distinctions in the antioxidant responses in liver and kidney of
Cd2+-treated common carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Evaluation ofPadina boergesenii (Phaeophyceae) as a bioindicator of
heavy metals: some preliminary results from Mauritius
Bioaccumulation of nickel, copper, and cadmium by Spirodela polyrhiza
and Lemna gibba
Temporal variation of metals in water, sediment and tissues of the
European chup (Squalius cephalus L.)
Seasonal Changes of Metal Accumulation and Distribution in Common
Club Rush (Schoenoplectus lacustris) and Common Reed (Phragmites
australis)
Effects of exogenous glycinebetaine and trehalose on cadmium
accumulation and biological responses of an aquatic plant (Lemna gibba
L.)
Seasonal Effects of Cadmium Accumulation in Periphytic Diatom
Communities of Freshwater Biofilms
Experimental toxicity and bioaccumulation of cadmium in freshwater
periphytic diatoms in relation with biofilm maturity
Metal accumulation in the clam Tridacna crocea under natural and
experimental conditions
Sub-lethal effects of metal exposure: physiological and behavioural
responses of the estuarine bivalve Macoma balthica
Bioaccumulation of some heavy metals in different tissues of
Dicentrarchus labrax L, 1758, Spams aurata L, 1758 wAMugil cephalus
L, 1758 from the Camlik Lagoon of the eastern coast of Mediterranean
(Turkey)
Year
2008
1985
1980
2007
2009
2001
2013
2001
2009
2012
2007
2011
2008
2010
1995
2004
2006
Reason Unused
In vitro
Not North American species
Chelator present in test media (NTA
(nitrilotriacetic acid))
Excessive EDTA in the medium (1, 177 ug/L)
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only one exposure concentration, duration too
short
Only one exposure concentration
Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow-through
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
(only 10 day duration); unmeasured exposure
Field survey
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
No control group; only three exposure
concentrations
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only one exposure concentration, mixed species
exposure
Not North American species
Lack of details, not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-41
-------
Authors
Dutta and Kaviraj
Button and Fisher
Button and Fisher
Button and Fisher
Byer et al.
Eaton
Ebau et al.
Ebrahimi
Ebrahimi
Ebrahimi and
Taherianfard
Ebrahimpour and
Mushrifah
Ebrahimpour and
Mushrifah
Edema and Egborge
Edge et al.
EIFAC Working Party on
Water Quality Criteria for
European Freshwater Fish
Eimers et al.
Eisler
Title
Acute Toxicity of Cadmium to Fish Labeo rohita and Copepod
Diaptomus forbesi Pre-Exposed to CaO and KMnO4
Salinity effects on the bioavailability of aqueous metals for the estuarine
killifish Fundulus heteroclitus
Bioaccumulation of As, Cd, Cr, Hg(II), and MeHg in killifish (Fundulus
heteroclitus) from amphipod and worm prey
Influence of humic acid on the uptake of aqueous metals by the killifish
Fundulus heteroclitus
An initial evaluation of the use of Euro/North American fish species for
tropical effects assessments
Chronic Toxicity Of A Copper, Cadmium And Zinc Mixture To The
Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas Rafinesque)
Toxicity of cadmium and lead on tropical midge larvae, Chironomus
kiiensis Tokunaga and Chironomus javanus Kieffer (Biptera:
Chironomidae)
Using Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA) to Monitoring the
Effects of Zinc and Cadmium Pollution on Fish Sperm
Effects of in Vivo and in Vitro Zinc and Cadmium Treatment on Sperm
Steroidogenesis of the African Catfish Clarias gairepinus
Concentration of Four Heavy Metals (Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, and
Arsenic) in Organs of Two Cyprinid Fish (Cyprinus carpio and Capoeta
sp.) From the Kor River (Iran)
Heavy Metal Concentrations (Cd, Cu and Pb) in Five Aquatic Plant
Species in Tasik Chini, Malaysia
Seasonal Variation of Cadmium, Copper, and Lead Concentrations in Fish
From a Freshwater Lake
Heavy metal content of crabs from Warri River, Nigeria
Indicators of environmental stress: cellular biomarkers and reproductive
responses in the Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata)
Report on cadmium and freshwater fish
Cadmium accumulation in the freshwater isopod Asellus racovitzai'. the
relative importance of solute and paniculate sources at trace
concentrations
Radio cadmium exchange with seawater by Fundulus heteroclitus (L.)
(Pisces: Cyprinodontidae)
Year
2001
2011a
20 lib
2012
1997
1973
2012
2005
2007
2010
2008
2010
2001
2012
1978
2001
1974
Reason Unused
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow-through
Bietary exposure
Bioaccumualtion: steady state not documented
Review of previously published data
Non-applicable
Not North American species; test species fed
Mixture
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
Review
Sediment exposure
Bioconcentration tests used radioactive isotopes
and were not used because of the possibility of
isotope discrimination
J-42
-------
Authors
Eisler
Eisler and Gardner
Eisler et al.
Eissa et al.
Eissa et al.
Elder and Mattraw
Eletta et al.
Elliott et al.
Elliott et al.
Engel
Engel and Fowler
Enserink et al.
Erdogrul and Ates
Erickson et al.
Errecalde et al.
Escobedo-Fregoso et al.
Title
Trace metal concentrations in marine organisms
Acute toxicology to an estuarine teleost of mixtures of cadmium, copper,
and zinc salts
Metal Survey of the Marine Clam Pitar morrhauna Collected Near a
Rhode Island (USA) Electroplating Plant
Behavioral alterations in juvenile Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758)
exposed to sublethal waterborne cadmium
Quantitative behavioral parameters as toxicity biomarkers: fish responses
to waterborne cadmium
Accumulation of Trace Elements, Pesticides, and Fob/chlorinated
Biphenyls in Sediments and the Clam Corbicula manilensis of the
Apalachicola River, Florida.
Determination of concentration of heavy metals in two common fish
species from Asa River, Ilorin, Nigeria
The influence of cyclic exposure on the accumulation of heavy metals by
Mytilus edulis planulatus (Lamarck)
Metal interaction during accumulation by the mussel Mytilus edulis
planulatus
Accumulation and cytosolic partitioning of metals in the american oyster
Crassostrea virginica
Copper and cadmium induced changes in the metabolism and structure of
molluscan gill tissue
Combined effects of metals; an ecotoxicological evaluation
Determination of Cadmium and Copper in Fish Samples From Sir and
Menzelet Dam Lake Kahramanmaras, Turkey
Effects of copper, cadmium, lead, and arsenic in a live diet on juvenile
fish growth
Influence of a low molecular weight metabolite (citrate) on the toxicity of
cadmium and zinc to the unicellular green alga Selenastrum
capricornutum'. and exception to the free-ion model
Assessment of Metallothioneins in Tissues of the Clam Megapi taria
squalida as Biomarkers for Environmental Cadmium Pollution From
Areas Enriched in Phosphorite
Year
1981
1973
1978
2006
2010
1984
2004
1985
1986
1999
1979
1991
2006
2010
1998
2010
Reason Unused
Review of previously published data
Questionable treatment of test organisms or
inappropriate test conditions or methodology
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only two exposure concentrations, test species
fed, usually Unused data
Dilution water not characterized
Sediment
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Excised tissue/cells
Review of previously published data
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dietary exposure
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-43
-------
Authors
Eslami et al.
Espana et al.
Espinoza et al.
Esposito et al.
Essumang
Estabrook et al.
Esvelt et al.
Etnier et al.
Eustace
Evans et al.
Everaarts
Everaarts and Fischer
Everard and Swain
EVS Environment
Consultants
Evtushenko et al.
Evtushenko et al.
Ezemonye and Enuneku
Title
Trace element level in different tissues of Rutilus frisii kutum collected
from Taj an River, Iran
Manganese, nickel, selenium and cadmium in molluscs from the Magellan
Strait, Chile
Effect of cadmium on glutathione s-transferase and metallothionein gene
expression in coho salmon liver, gill and olfactory tissues
Effects of heavy metals on ultrastructure and HSP70s induction in the
aquatic moss Leptodictyum riparium Hedw
Analysis and Human Health Risk Assessment of Arsenic, Cadmium, and
Mercury inManta birostris (Manta Ray) Caught Along the Ghanaian
Coastline
Comparison of Heavy Metals in Aquatic Plants on Charity Island,
Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, USA, With Plants Along the Shoreline of
Saginaw Bay
Toxicity Removal From Municipal Wastewaters. Volume IV of a Study of
Toxicity and Biostimulation in San Francisco Bay -Delta Waters
Update of Acute and Chronic Aquatic Toxicity Data for Heavy Metals
and Organic Chemicals Found at Hazardous Waste Sites
Zinc, cadmium, copper and manganese in species of finfish and shellfish
caught in the Derwent estuary, Tashmania
Simultaneous measurements of uptake and elimination of cadmium by
caddisfly (Trichoptera: hydropsychidae) larvae using stable isotope tracers
Uptake and release of cadmium in various organs of the common mussel,
Mytilus edulis (L.)
Micro Contaminants In Surface Sediment exposures And Macrobenthic
Invertebrates Of The North Sea
Isolation, charaterization and induction of metallothionein in the stonefly
Eusthenia spectabilis following exposure to cadmium
Site-Specfic Toxicity Testing Methods for the South Fork Coeur D' Alene
River-Results and Recommendations
Cadmium accumulation in organs of the scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis
- 1. activities of phosphatases and composition and amount of lipids
Cadmium bioaccumulation in organs of the scallop Mizuhopecten
yessoensis
Evaluation of acute toxicity of cadmium and lead to amphibian tadpoles
(toad: Bufo Maculatus and frog: Ptychadena Birroni)
Year
2011
2004
2012
2012
2009
1985
1971
1987
1974
2002
1990
1991
1983
1996
1986
1990
2005
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only two exposure concentrations
Lack of exposure details (duration), effect
concentration not clear
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Effluent
Review
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dilution water not characterized
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species, dilution water not
characterized
Dilution water not characterized
Not North American species
Not North American species
Lack of exposure details, not North American
species
J-44
-------
Authors
Fabacher
Fabris et al.
Fair and Sick
Falfushynska et al.
Fan et al.
Fang
Fang et al.
Fang et al.
Fang et al.
Fang et al.
Farag et al.
Farag et al.
Farag et al.
Farag et al.
Fargasova
Title
Hepatic Microsomes From Freshwater Fish - 1. In Vitro Cytochrome P-
450 Chemical Interactions
Trace Metal Concentrations in Edible Tissue of Snapper, Flathead,
Lobster, and Abalone from Coastal Waters of Victoria, Australia
Accumulations of naphthalene and cadmium after simultaneous ingestion
by the Black Sea Bass, Centropristis striata
Population-related molecular responses on the effect of pesticides in
Carassius auratus gibelio
Metal accumulation and biomarker responses in Daphnia magna
following cadmium and zinc exposure
Comparative studies on uptake pathway of cadmium by Perna viridis
Heavy Metals in Oysters, Mussels and Clams Collected From Coastal
Sites Along the Pearl River Delta, South China
Trace Metals in Seawater and Copepods in the Ocean Outfall Area off the
Northern Taiwan Coast
Metal Concentrations in Green-Lipped Mussels (Perna viridis) and
Rabbitfish (Siganus oramin) From Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong After
Pollution Abatement
Metallothionein and superoxide dismutase responses to sublethal
cadmium exposure in the clam Mactra veneriformis .
Physiological changes and tissue metal accumulation in rainbow trout
exposed to foodborne and waterborne metals
Concentrations of metals associated with mining waste in sediments,
biofilm, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish from the Coeur d' Alene
River basin, Idaho
Characterizing Aquatic Health Using Salmonid Mortality, Physiology,
and Biomass Estimates in Streams with Elevated Concentrations of
Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in the Boulder River
Watershed, Montana
Concentrations of Metals in Water, Sediment exposure, Biofilm, Benthic
Macroinvertebrates, and Fish in the Boulder River Watershed, Montana,
and the Role of Colloids in Metal Uptake
Comparative toxicity of five metals on various biological subjects
Year
1982
2006
1983
2012
2009
2006
2003
2006
2008
2010
1994
1998
2003
2007
1994b
Reason Unused
In vitro
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Mixture
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species, only three exposure
concentrations
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
J-45
-------
Authors
Faria et al.
Faria et al.
Farkas et al.
Fattorini et al.
Faucher et al.
Faucher et al.
Faupel and Traunspurger
Faupel et al.
Fava et al.
Favorite et al.
Fayed and Abdel-Shafy
Fdil et al.
Felten et al.
Feng et al.
Feng et al.
Fennikoh et al.
Fernandez and Beiras
Title
In situ and laboratory bioassays with Chironomus riparius larvae to
assess toxicity of metal contamination in rivers: the relative toxic effect of
sediment versus water contamination
Contaminant accumulation and multi-biomarker responses in field
collected zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and crayfish
(Procambarus clarkii), to evaluate toxicological effects of industrial
hazardous dumps in the Ebro river (NE Spain).
Age- and size-specific patterns of heavy metals in the organs of
freshwater fish Abramis brama L. populating a low-contaminated site
Seasonal, Spatial and Inter- Annual Variations of Trace Metals in Mussels
From the Adriatic Sea: a Regional Gradient for Arsenic and Implications
for Monitoring the Impact of Off-Shore Activities
Impact of acute cadmium exposure on the trunk lateral line neuromasts
and consequences on the "C-Start" response behaviour of the sea bass
(Dicentrarchus labrax L.; Teleostei, Moronidae).
Impact of cadmium exposure at environmental dose on escape behaviour
in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.; Teleostei, Moronidae)
Secondary Production of a Zoobenthic Community Under Metal Stress
The functional response of a freshwater benthic community to cadmium
pollution
Comparative Toxicity of Whole and Liquid Phase Sewage Sludges to
Marine Organisms
Bioaccumulation of cadmium and its cytotoxic effect on zebrafish brain
Accumulation of Cu, Cd, and Pb by algae
Valve movement response of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis to
metals (Cu, Hg, Cd and Zn) and phosphate industry effluents from
moroccan Atlantic coast
Physiological and behavioural responses of Gammams pulex (Crustacea:
Amphipoda) exposed to cadmium
Exploring spatial and temporal variations of cadmium concentrations in
Pacific oysters from British Columbia
Indication function of aquatic algae for environment
Cadmium toxicity in planktonic organisms of a freshwater food web
Combined Toxicity of Dissolved Mercury with Copper, Lead and
Cadmium on Embryogenesis and Early Larval Growth of the
Paracentrotus lividus Sea-Urchin
Year
2007
2010
2003
2008
2006
2008
2012
2012
1985
2011
1986
2006
2008
2011
2012
1978
2001
Reason Unused
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dilution water not characterized, not North
American species, duration too short
Pulsed exposure, not North American species
Mixture
Sediment; only two exposure concentrations
Sludge
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure
Duration unknown, dilution water not
characterized, not North American species
Not North American species, test species fed,
usually Unused data
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Review of previously published data
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Mixture
J-46
-------
Authors
Fernandez et al.
Fernandez Severini et al.
Fernandez -Leborans and
Antonio -Garcia
Fernandez -Pinas et al.
Ferrari et al.
Ferrari et al.
Ferreira da Silva et al.
Ferreira et al.
Ferrer et al.
Fialkowski et al.
Filazi et al.
Filosto et al.
Finger and Bulak
Finlayson et al.
Firat and Kargin
Firat and Kargin
Firat and Kargin
Title
Assessment of the mechanisms of detoxification of chemical compounds
and antioxidant enzymes in the digestive gland of mussels, Mytilus
galloprovincialis , from Mediterranean coastal sites.
Spatial and temporal distribution of cadmium and copper in water and
zooplankton in the Bahia Blanca estuary, Argentina
Effects of lead and cadmium in a community of protozoans
Cadmium toxicity in Nostoc UAM208: protection by calcium
Selective protection of temperature against cadmium acute toxicity to
Bufo arenamm tadpoles
Energy balance of juvenile Cyprinus carpio after a short-term exposure to
sublethal water-borne cadmium
Heavy Metal Pollution Downstream the Abandoned Coval Da Mo Mine
(Portugal) and Associated Effects on Epilithic Diatom Communities
Metal Accumulation and Oxidative Stress Responses in, Cultured and
Wild, White Seabream from Northwest Atlantic
Acute toxicities of four metals on the early life stages of the crab
Chasmagnathus granulata from Bahia Blanca Estuary, Argentina
Seasonal variation in trace metal concentrations in three talitrid
amphipods from the Gulf of Gdansk, Poland
Metal concentrations in tissues of the Black Sea fish Mugil auratus from
Sinop-Icliman, Turkey
Environmentally relevant cadmium concentrations affect development and
induce apoptosis of Paracentrotus lividus larvae cultured in vitro
Toxicity of Water From Three South Carolina Rivers to Larval Striped
Bass
Toxicity of metal-contaminated Sediment exposures from Keswick
Reservoir, California, USA
Biochemical alterations induced by Zn and Cd individually or in
combination in the serum of Oreochromis niloticus
Effects of zinc and cadmium on erythrocyte antioxidant systems of a
freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus
Individual and combined effects of heavy metals on serum biochemistry
of Nile Tilapia Oreochromis Niloticus
Year
2012
2009
1988
1995
1993
2011
2009
2008b
2006
2003
2003
2008
1988
2000
2010a
2010b
2010c
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Not North American species
Only one exposure concentration
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species, unmeasured
chronic exposure
Mixture
Sediment exposure
Only one exposure concentration
Only one exposure concentration
Only one exposure concentration
J-47
-------
Authors
Firat and Kargin
Fisher and Fabris
Fisher et al.
Fitzsimons et al.
Flament et al.
Fleeger et al.
Flegal
Florence et al.
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the
United Nations
Foran et al.
Foran et al.
Forbes
Forget et al.
Formicki et al.
Formicki et al.
Foster
Fowler et al.
Title
Protein intensity changes in the hemoglobin and plasma electrophoretic
patterns of Oreochromis niloticus in response to single and combined Zn
and Cd exposure
Complexation of Cu, Zn and Cd by metabolites excreted from marine
diatoms
Accumulation and retention of metals in mussels from food and water: a
comparison under field and laboratory conditions
Occurrence of a Swim-up Syndrome in Lake Ontario Lake Trout in
Relation to Contaminants and Cultural Practices
Effect of cadmium on gonadogenesis and metamorphosis in Pleumdeles
waltl (Urodele Amphibian)
Does Bioturbation by a Benthic Fish Modify the Effects of Sediment
exposure Contamination on Saltmarsh Benthic Microalgae and
Meiofauna?
Trace Element Concentrations of the Rough Limpet, Acmaea scabra, in
California
Determination of trace element speciation and the role of speciation in
aquatic toxicity
Report on Cadmium and Freshwater Fish
Influence of parental and developmental cadmium exposure on endocrine
and reproductive function in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)
A survey of metals in tissues of farmed Atlantic and wild Pacific salmon
Response offfydmbia ventrosa (Montagu) to environmental stress:
Effects of salinity fluctuations and cadmium exposure on growth
Joint action of pollutant combinations (pesticides and metals) on survival
(LC50 values) and acetylcholinesterase activity of Tigriopus brevicornis
(Copepoda, Harpacticoida)
Combined effects of cadmium and ultraviolet radiation on mortality and
mineral content in common frog (Rana temporaria) larvae
Cadmium Availability to Freshwater Mussel (Unio tumidus) in the
Presence of Organic Matter and UV Radiation
Metal resistances of chlorophyta from rivers polluted by heavy metals
Levels of Toxic Metals in Marine Organisms Collected From Southern
California Coastal Waters
Year
2010d
1982
1996
1995
2003
2006
1978
1992
1977
2002
2004
1991
1999
2008
2009
1982
1975
Reason Unused
Only two exposure concentrations
No pertinent adverse effects reported
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species, duration too short
Sediment exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Review of previously published data
Review
Prior exposure, not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Mixture
Not North American species, duration too short
Mixture
Organisms were not exposed to cadmium in
water
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-48
-------
Authors
Fracacio et al.
France
Francesco ni
Francesconi et al.
Francesconi et al.
Franchi et al.
Frankenne et al.
Franklin et al.
Franzellitti et al.
Franzin and McFarlane
Fraser et al.
Frazier
Frazier and George
Freeman
Title
In situ and laboratory evaluation of toxicity with Danio rerio Buchanan
(1822) and Poecilia reticulata Peters (1859)
Calcium and Trace Metal Composition of Crayfish (Orconectes virilis) in
Relation to Experimental Lake Acidification
Distribution of cadmium in the pearl oyster, Pinctada albina albina
(Lamarck), following exposure to cadmium in seawater
Cadmium uptake from seawater and food by the western rock lobster
Panulims Cygnus
Cadmium in the saucer scallop, Amusium balloti, from Western Australian
waters: Concentrations in adductor muscle and redistribution following
frozen storage
Bioconcentration of Cd and Pb by the river crab Trichodactylus fluviatilis
(Crustacea: Decapoda)
Isolation and characterization of metallothioneins from cadmium-loaded
mussel Mytilus edulis
Toxicity of Metal Mixtures to a Tropical Freshwater Alga (Chlorella sp.):
The Effect of Interactions Between Copper, Cadmium, and Zinc on Metal
Cell Binding and Uptake
Heavy metals in tissues of loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) from the
northwestern Adriatic Sea
An Analysis of the Aquatic Macrophyte, Myriophyllum exalbescens, as an
Indicator of Metal Contamination of Aquatic Ecosystems Near a Base
Metal Smelter
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Heavy Metal Concentrations in
Mussels (Mytilus edulis) From the Baie Des Chaleurs, New Brunswick,
Canada
Bioaccumulation of cadmium in marine organisms
Cadmium kinetics in oyster - a comparative study of Crassostrea gigas
and Ostrea edulis
Accumulation of cadmium, chromium, and lead by bluegill sunfish
(Lepomis macrochims Rafmesque) under temperature and oxygen stress
Year
2009
1987
1989
1994
1993
2011
1980
2002
2004
1980
2011
1979
1983
1978
Reason Unused
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dilution water not characterized
Dilution water not characterized
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation field study not used because an
insufficient number of measurements of the
concentration of cadmium in the water
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
J-49
-------
Authors
Freeman
Freitas and Rocha
Frias-Espericueta et al.
Frias-Espericueta et al.
Frias-Espericueta et al.
Frias-Espericueta et al.
Frias-Espericueta et al.
Fridman et al.
Friedrich and Halden
Fritioff and Greger
Fritioff et al.
Fujii and Sugiyama
Fulladosa et al.
Fulladosa et al.
Gaal et al.
Gachter
Gachter and Geiger
Title
Accumulation of cadmium, chromium, and lead by bluegill sunfish
(Lepomis macrochims Rafmesque) under temperature and oxygen stress
Acute toxicity tests with the tropical cladoceran Pseudosida ramosa'. The
importance of using native species as test organisms
Heavy Metals in the Tissues of the Sea Turtle Lepidochelys olivacea From
a Nesting Site of the Northwest Coast of Mexico
Metal Content of the Gulf of California Blue Shrimp Litopenaeus
stylirostris (Stimpson)
Histological effects of a combination of heavy metals on Pacific white
shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
The Metal Content of Bivalve Molluscs of a Coastal Lagoon of NW
Mexico
Cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in Mugil cephalus from seven coastal
lagoons of NW Mexico
Estradiol uptake, toxicity, metabolism, and adverse effects on cadmium-
treated amphibian embryos
Determining exposure history of northern pike and walleye to tailings
effluence using trace metal uptake in otoliths
Uptake and distribution of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb in an aquatic plant,
Potamogeton natans
Influence of Temperature and Salinity on Heavy Metal Uptake by
Submersed Plants
Toxic effect of cadmium to early life stages of fishes and a simple method
for toxicity evaluation of environmental pollutants
Study on the Toxicity of Binary Equitoxic Mixtures of Metals Using the
Luminescent Bacteria Vibrio fischeri as a Biological Target
Stress proteins induced by exposure to sublethal levels of heavy metals in
sea bream (Spams sarba) blood levels
The Heavy Metal Content Of Fish In Lake Balaton The Danube And The
Tisza From 1979-1982
Heavy Metal Toxicity and Synergism to Natural Phytoplankton
(Untersuchungen Uber Die Beeinflussung Der Planktischen
Photosynthese Durch Anorganische Metallsalze Im Eutrophen
Alpnachersee Und Der Mesotrophen Horwer Bucht)
Melimex, an Experimental Heavy Metal Pollution Study: Behaviour of
Heavy Metals in an Aquatic Food Chain
Year
1980
2011
2006
2007
2008a
2008b
2011
2004
2010
2006
2005
1983
2005
2006
1984
1976
1979
Reason Unused
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture, not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
(only 5 day exposure); unmeasured exposure
Non-applicable
Not applicable per ECOTOX Duluth; text in
foreign language
Mixture
Excised tissue/cells
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Text in foreign language
Mixture
J-50
-------
Authors
Gachter and Mares
Gaete and Parades
Gagnaire et al.
Gagne et al.
Gagne et al.
Gagnon et al.
Gale et al.
Gale et al.
Gale et al.
Galic et al
Gallo et al.
Galvao et al.
Gama-Flores et al.
Gama-Flores et al.
Gama-Flores et al.
Gao et al.
Garceau et al.
Garcia et al.
Title
Melimex, an Experimental Heavy Metal Pollution Study: Effects of
Increased Heavy Metal Loads on Phytoplankton Communities
Toxicity of chemical pollutant mixtures towards Daphnia magna
In vitro effects of cadmium and mercury on Pacific oyster, Crassostrea
gigas (Thunberg), haemocytes
Biomarker study of a municipal effluent dispersion plume in two species
of freshwater mussels
Immunocompetence and Alterations in Hepatic Gene Expression in
Rainbow Trout Exposed to Cds/Cdte Quantum Dots.
Exposure of Caged Mussels to Metals in a Primary -Treated Municipal
Wastewater Plume
Aquatic Organisms and Heavy Metals in Missouri's New Lead Belt.
Lead, Zinc, Copper, and Cadmium in Fish and Sediment exposures from
the Big River and Flat River Creek of Missouri's Old Lead Belt
Chronic Sublethal Sediment exposure Toxicity Testing Using the
Estuarine Amphipod, Meli ta plumulosa (Zeidler): Evaluation Using
Metal-Spiked and Field-Contaminated Sediment exposures
Toxicity of cadmium and nitrilotriacetic acid in sea water to the
photobacteria Vibrio fisheri
The impact of metals on the reproductive mechanisms of the ascidian
dona intestinalis
Sudden Cadmium Increases in the Digestive Gland of Scallop, Nodipecten
nodosus L., Farmed in the Tropics
Exposure time-dependent cadmium toxicity to Moina macrocopa
(Cladocera): a life table demographic study
Effect of Pulsed Exposure to Heavy Metals (Copper and Cadmium) on
Some Population Variables of Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas (Rotifera:
Brachionidae: Monogononta)
Prey (Brachionus calyciflorus and Brachionus havanaensis) Exposed to
Heavy Metals (Cu and Cd) for Different Durations and Concentrations
Affect Predator's (Asplanchna brightwellii) Population Growth
Expression of metallothionein cDNA in a freshwater crab, Sinopotamon
yangtsekiense, exposed to cadmium
Inhibition of Goldfish Mitochondrial Metabolism by in Vitro Exposure to
Cd, Cu and Ni
Comparative sensitivity of a tropical mysid metamysidopsis insularis and
the temperate species Americamysis bahia to six toxicants
Year
1979
1996
2004
2002
2010
2006
1973
2004
2006
1987
2011
2010
2007a
2007b
2007c
2012
2010
2008
Reason Unused
Mixture
Non-applicable
In vitro
Effluent
Inappropriate toxicant
Effluent
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Sediment exposure
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Excised tissue/cells
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Pulsed exposure
Pulsed exposure
Pulsed exposure
Dilution water not characterized
In vitro
Not North American species
J-51
-------
Authors
Garcia et al.
Garcia et al.
Garcia-Fernandez et al.
Garcia-Hernandez et al.
Garcia-Santos et al.
Garg and Chandra
Garg et al.
Gargiulo et al.
Gauley and Heikkila
Gaur et al.
Gauthier et al.
Gauthier et al.
Geffard et al.
Geffard et al.
Geffard et al.
Geffard et al.
George et al.
Title
Age-related differential sensitivity to cadmium in Hyalella curvispina
(Amphipoda) and implications in ecotoxicity studies
Age differential response of Hyalella curvispina to a cadmium pulse:
Influence of sediment particle size
Heavy Metals in Tissues From Loggerhead Turtles (Caretta caretta) From
the Southwestern Mediterranean (Spain)
Concentrations of heavy metals in Sediment exposure and organisms
during a harmful algal bloom (HAD) at Kun Kaak Bay, Sonora, Mexico
Metabolic and osmoregulatory alterations and cell proliferation in gilthead
seam bream (Spams aurata) exposed to cadmium
The duckweed Wolffia globosa as an indicator of heavy metal pollution:
sensitivity to Cr and Cd
Sublethal effects of heavy metals on biochemical composition and their
recovery in Indian major carps
Action of cadmium on the gills of Carassius auratus L. in the presence of
catabolic NH3
Examination of the expression of the heat shock protein gene, hspl 10, in
Xenopus laevis cultured cells and embryos
Relationship between heavy metal accumulation and toxicity in Spirodela
polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. andAzollapinnata R
Metal effects on fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) under field and
laboratory conditions
Condition and Pyloric Caeca as Indicators of Food Web Effects in Fish
Living in Metal-Contaminated Lakes
Relationships between metal bioaccumulation and metallothionein levels
in larvae ofMytilus galloprovincialis exposed to contaminated estuarine
Sediment exposure elutriate
Bioaccumulation of Metals in Sediment exposure Elutriates and Their
Effects on Growth, Condition Index, and Metallothionein Contents in
Oyster Larvae
Effects of chronic dietary and waterborne cadmium exposures on the
contamination level and reproduction of Daphnia magna
Ovarian cycle and embryonic development in Gammarus fossarum'.
Application for reproductive toxicity assessment
Effects of cadmium exposure on metal -containing amoebocytes of the
oyster Ostrea edulis
Year
2010
2012
2009
2005
2008
1994
2009
1996
2006
1994
2006
2009
2002
2007
2008
2010
1983
Reason Unused
Not North American species; test species fed
Pulsed exposures; sediment present in test
chambers
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Injected toxicant
Excessive EDTA (>200 ug/L FeEDTA)
Not North American species, unmeasured
chronic exposure
No useable data on cadmium toxicity or
bioconcentration
Cannot determine effect concentration, lack of
details
Not North American species
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Sediment exposure
Mixture
Cannot determine effect concentration, lack of
details
Not North American species, only three exposure
concentrations
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
J-52
-------
Authors
Geret and Cosson
Geret et al.
Geret et al.
Gerhardt
Gerhardt
Gerhardt
Gerhardt
Gharbi-Bouraoui et al.
Ghedira et al.
Ghiasi et al.
Ghidini et al.
Ghnaya et al.
Ghosh and Chakrabarti
Giarratano et al.
Giesy and Wiener
Giguere et al.
Giguere et al.
Title
Induction of specific isoforms of metallothionein in mussel tissues after
exposure to cadmium and mercury
Effect of cadmium on antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation
in the gills of the clam Ruditapes decussatus
Influence of metal exposure on metallothionein synthesis and lipid
peroxidation in two bivalve mollusks: The oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and
the mussel (Mytilus edulis)
Effects of subacute doses of cadmium on pH-stressed Leptophlebia
marginata (L.) And Baetis rhodani Pictet (Insecta: Ephemeroptera)
Acute toxicity of Cd in stream invertebrates in relation to pH and test
design
Review of Impact of Heavy Metals on Stream Invertebrates With Special
Emphasis on Acid Conditions
Joint and single toxicity of Cd and Fe related to metal uptake in the
mayfly Leptophlebia marginata (L.) (Insecta)
Field Study of Metal Concentrations and Biomarker Responses in the
Neogastropod, Murex trunculus, From Bizerta Lagoon (Tunisia)
Metallothionein and metal levels in liver, gills and kidney of Spams
aurata exposed to sublethal doses of cadmium and copper
Effects of low concentration of cadmium on the level of ly sozyme in
serum, leukocyte count and phagocytic index in Cyprinus carpio under
the wintering conditions
Cd, Hg and As Concentrations in Fish Caught in the North Adriatic Sea
Cd-induced growth reduction in the halophyte Sesuvium portulacastrum is
significantly improved by NaCl
Toxicity of arsenic and cadmium to a freshwater fish
Heavy metal toxicity in Exosphaeroma gigas (Crustacea, Isopoda) from
the coastal zone of beagle channel
Frequency Distributions of Trace Metal Concentrations in Five
Freshwater Fishes
Influence of lake chemistry and fish age on cadmium, copper, and zinc
concentrations in various organs of indigenous yellow perch (Perca
flavescens)
Metal bioaccumulation and oxidative stress in yellow perch (Perca
flavescens) collected from eight lakes along a metal contamination
gradient (Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni)
Year
2002
2002a
2002b
1990
1992
1993
1995
2008
2010
2010
2003
2007
1990
2007
1977
2004
2005
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
dilution water not characterized
Dilution water not characterized, not North
American species
Dilution water not characterized, only one
exposure concentration
Dilution water not characterized, mixture,
sediment
Not North American species
Review
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Injected toxicant
Only one exposure concentration
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Lack of details
Not North American species
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-53
-------
Authors
Gil et al.
Giles
Gillis et al.
Gillis et al.
Gillis et al.
Gillis et al.
Gingrich et al.
Gismondi et al.
Gismondi et al.
Gismondi et al.
Giusto et al.
Glubokov
Glynn
Glynn
Glynn et al.
Glynn et al.
Title
Heavy metal concentrations in the general population of Andalusia, South
of Spain: A comparison with the population within the area of influence
of Aznalcollar mine spill (SW Spain)
Accumulation of cadmium by rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, during
extended exposure
Cadmium-Induced Production of a Metallothioneinlike Protein in Tubifex
tubifex (Oligochaeta) and Chironomus riparius (Diptera): Correlation
with Reproduction and Growth
Uptake and Depuration of Cadmium, Nickel, and Lead in Laboratory-
Exposed Tubefix tubifex and Corresponding Changes in the Concentration
of a Metallothionein-Like Protein
Metallothionein-Like Protein and Tissue Metal Concentrations in
Invertebrates (Oligochaetes and Chironomids) Collected From Reference
and Metal Contaminated Field Sediment exposures
Bioavailability of Sediment exposure-Associated Cu and Zn to Daphnia
magna
Zinc and cadmium metabolism in Euglena gracilis: metal distribution in
normal and zinc -deficient cells
Microsporidia parasites disrupt the responses to cadmium exposure in a
gammarid
Acanthocephalan parasites: Help or burden in gammarid amphipods
exposed to cadmium?
Do male and female gammarids defend themselves differently during
chemical stress?
Cadmium toxicity assessment in juveniles of the Austral South America
amphipod Hyalella curvispina.
Growth of three species offish during early ontogeny under normal and
toxic conditions
The concentration dependency of branchial intracellular cadmium
distribution and influx in the zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio)
The Influence of Zinc on Apical Uptake of Cadmium in the Gills and
Cadmium Influx to the Circulatory System in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Chronic toxicity and metabolism of Cd and Zn in juvenile minnows
(Phoxinus phoxinus) exposed to a Cd and Zn mixture.
Differences in uptake of inorganic mercury and cadmium in the gills of
the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio
Year
2006
1988
2002
2004
2006a
2006b
1984
2012a
2012b
2013
2012
1990
1996
2001
1992
1994
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Non-applicable
Non-applicable
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Sediment exposure
No control group; only one exposure
concentration
Multiple stressors (Cd and parasite)
Not North American species
Not North American species, only two exposure
concentrations
Not North American species; only 3 exposure
concentrations, duration too long
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Not North American species
Mixture
Not North American species
Not North American species
J-54
-------
Authors
Gnandi et al.
Goatcher et al.
Gold et al.
Golding et al.
Golding et al.
Golding et al.
Gomez-Mendikute and
Cajaraville
Gomot
Gonzalez et al.
Gopal and Devi
Gopalakrishnan et al.
Gordon et al.
Gorman and Skogerboe
Gorski and Nugegoda
Gorski and Nugegoda
Gosselin and Hare
Goto and Wallace
Title
The Impact of Phosphate Mine Tailings on the Bioaccumulation of Heavy
Metals in Marine Fish and Crustaceans from the Coastal Zone of Togo
Evaluation and Refinement of the Spirillum volutans Test for Use in
Toxicity Screening
Effects of cadmium stress on periphytic diatom communities in indoor
artificial streams
Cadmium bioavailability to Hyalella azteca from a periphyton diet
compared to an artificial diet and application of a biokinetic model
Validation of a chronic dietary cadmium bioaccumulation and toxicity
model for Hyalella azteca exposed to field-contaminated periphyton and
lake water
Modeling chronic dietary cadmium bioaccumulation and toxicity from
periphyton to Hyalella azteca
Comparative Effects of Cadmium, Copper, Paraquat and Benzo[a]pyrene
on the Actin Cytoskeleton and Production of Reactive Oxygen Species
(ROS) in Mussel Haemocytes
Toxic effects of cadmium on reproduction, development, and hatching in
the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis for water quality monitoring
Comparative effects of direct cadmium contamination on gene expression
in gills, liver, skeletal muscles and brain of zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Influence of nutritional status on the median tolerance limits (LC50) of
Ophiocephalus striatus for certain heavy metal and pesticide toxicants
Comparison of heavy metal toxicity in life stages (spermiotoxicity, egg
toxicity, embryotoxicity and larval toxicity) offfydmides elegans
Mytilus californianus as a bioindicator of trace metal pollution:
Variability and statistical considerations
Speciation of cadmium in natural waters and their effect on rainbow trout
Sublethal toxicity of trace metals to larvae of the blacklip abalone,
Haliotis rubra.
Toxicity of trace metals to juvenile abalone, Haliotis rubra following
short-term exposure
Effect of Sedimentary exposure Cadmium on the Behavior of a
Burrowing Mayfly (Ephemeroptera, Hexagenia limbata)
Interaction of Cd and Zn During Uptake and Loss in the Polychaete
Capitella capitata: Whole Body and Subcellular Perspectives
Year
2006
1984
2003
2013
2011a
20 lib
2003
1998
2006
1991
2008
1980
1987
2006a
2006b
2004
2007
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bacteria
No specific species
Dietary exposure
Prior exposure
Water and dietary exposure simultaneously
In vitro
No useable data on cadmium toxicity or
bioconcentration
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation field study not used because an
insufficient number of measurements of the
concentration of cadmium in the water
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Dilution water not characterized, high control
mortality (<13%), not North American species
Dilution water not characterized, not North
American species
Sediment exposure
Mixture
J-55
-------
Authors
Goto and Wallace
Goto and Wallace
Gottofrey and Tjalve
Gottofrey et al.
Goulet et al.
Grabowski and Trybus
Grajeda Y Ortega et al.
Graney et al.
Green and Williams
Green et al.
Greenwood and Fielder
Greichus et al.
Greig
Greig and Wenzloff
Title
Relevance of intracellular partitioning of metals in prey to differential
metal bioaccumulation among populations of mummichogs (Fundulus
heteroclitus)
Influences of prey- and predator-dependent processes on cadmium and
methylmercury trophic transfer to mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus)
Axonal transport of cadmium in the olfactory nerve of the pike
Effect of sodium isopropylxanthate, potassium amylxanthate and sodium
diethyldithiocarbamate or the uptake and distribution of cadmium in the
brown trout (Salmo trutta)
Dynamic multipathway modeling of Cd bioaccumulation in Daphnia
magna using waterborne and dietary exposures
Some Results on Toxicity of Heavy Metals, Fly Ash and Chemical
Solvents as Measured by the Method of a Substrate (FDA) With
Fluorogenic Product (Badania Toksycznosci Metali Ciezkich, Pylu
Lotnego I Rozpuszczalnikow Chemicznych Metoda Substrata Z
Fluorogennym Produktem)
Cadmium, iron, and zinc uptake individually and as a mixture by
Limnodrillus hoffmeisteri and impact on adenosine triphosphate content
The influence of substrate, pH, diet and temperature upon cadmium
accumulation in the asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) in laboratory
artificial streams
A continuous flow toxicity testing apparatus for macroinvertebrates
The acute and chronic toxicity of cadmium to different life history stages
of the freshwater crnstaceanAsellus aquaticus (L)
Acute toxicity of zinc and cadmium to zoeae of three species of portnid
crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura)
Insecticides, Fob/chlorinated Biphenyls and Metals in African Lake
Ecosystems. II. Lake Mcilwaine, Rhodesia
Trace metal uptake by three species of mollusks
Metal accumulation and depuration by the american oyster, Crassostrea
virginica
Year
2009a
2009b
1991
1986
2007
2001
2008
1984
1983
1986
1983
1978
1979
1978
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dietary exposure
Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or
by injection or gavage
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Dietary exposure
Text in foreign language
Sediment exposure
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Cannot determine effect concentration; testing
methodology; no cadmium toxicity information
Not North American species
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Questionable treatment of test organisms or
inappropriate test conditions or methodology
Bioaccumulation field study not used because an
insufficient number of measurements of the
concentration of cadmium in the water
J-56
-------
Authors
Griscom and Fisher
Griscom et al.
Griscom et al.
Gross et al.
Gross et al.
Gstoettner and Fisher
Gu et al.
Guan and Wang
Guan and Wang
Guan and Wang
Guan and Wang
Guan and Wang
Guardiola et al.
Gueguen et al.
Guerin et al.
Guilhermino et al.
Gul et al.
Title
Uptake of Dissolved Ag, Cd, and Co by the Clam, Macoma balthica:
Relative Importance of Overlying Water, Oxic Pore Water, and Burrow
Water
Effects of Gut Chemistry in Marine Bivalves on the Assimilation of
Metals from Ingested Sediment exposure Particles
Kinetic modeling of Ag, Cd and Co bioaccumulation in the clam Macoma
balthica: quantifying Dietary exposure and dissolved sources
Lethal and sublethal effects of chronic cadmium exposure on northern
leopard frog (Rana pipiens) tadpoles
Critical period of sensitivity for effects of cadmium on frog growth and
development
Accumulation of cadmium, chromium, and zinc by the moss Sphagnum
papillosum Lindle
The toxic effect of Hg2+ and Cd2+ combined pollution onMyriophyllum
verticillatum Linn
Multipahse biokinetic modeling of cadmium accumulation in Daphnia
magna from dietary and aqueous sources
Cd and Zn uptake kinetics in Daphnia magna to Cd exposure history
Dietary assimilation and elimination of Cd, Se, and Zn by Daphnia magna
at different metal concentrations
Multigenerational cadmium acclimation and biokinetics in Daphnia
magna
Comparison between two clones of Daphnia magna: effects of
multigenerational cadmium exposure on toxicity, individual fitness, and
biokinetics
Accumulation, histopathology and immunotoxicological effects of
waterborne cadmium on gilthead seabream (Spams aurata)
Competition Between Alga (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), Humic
Substances and EDTA for Cd and Zn Control in the Algal Assay
Procedure (AAP) Medium
Effects of cadmium on survival, osmoregulatory ability and bioenergetics
of juvenile blue crabs Callinectes sapidus at different salinities.
Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity as effect criterion in acute tests
with juvenile Daphnia magna.
Investigation of Zinc, Copper, Lead and Cadmium Accumulation in the
Tissues of Sander lucioperca (L., 1758) Living in Hirfanli Dam Lake,
Turkey.
Year
2002
2002a
2002b
2007
2009
1997
2001
2006c
2004a
2004b
2006a
2006b
2013
2003
1994
1997
2011
Reason Unused
Mixture
Sediment exposure
Modeling
High control mortality (60%)
Only two exposure concentrations
Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow-through
Text in foreign language
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented,
dietary exposure
Dietary exposure and prior exposure
Dietary exposure
Dietary exposure
Lack of detail
Only two exposure concentrations
Mixture
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Review of previously published data
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-57
-------
Authors
Gully and Mason
Guner
Gunkel et al.
Guo et al.
Guo et al.
Gupta and Devi
Gupta and Rajbanshi
Gupta et al.
Gupta et al.
Gust and Fleeger
Gust and Fleeger
Guthrie and Cherry
Guven and De Pomerai
Guven et al.
Guzman-Garcia et al.
Title
Cytosolic redistribution and enhanced accumulation of Cu in gill tissue of
Littorina littorea as a result of Cd exposure
Effects of Copper and Cadmium Interaction on Total Protein Levels in
Liver of Carassius carassius
A Fish Test on the Basic of the Avoidance Reaction (Die Fluchtreaktion
Von Fischen Als Grundlage Eines Fischtests).
Effect of dissolved organic matter on the uptake of trace metals by
American oysters
Levels and Bioaccumulation of Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPS) and
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDES) in Fishes From the Pearl River
Estuary and Daya Bay, South China
Uptake and toxicity of cadmium in aquatic ferns
Toxicity of copper and cadmium to Hetempneustes fossilis (Bloch)
Effects of long-term low-dose exposure to cadmium during the entire life
cycle of Ceratopteris thalictroides, a water fern
Analysis of some heavy metals in the riverine water, sediments and fish
from river Ganges at Allahabad
Exposure-related effects on Cd bioaccumulation explain toxicity of Cd-
phenanthrene mixtures in Hyalella azteca
Exposure to Cadmium-Phenanthrene Mixtures Elicits Complex Toxic
Responses in the Freshwater Tubificid Oligochaete, Ilyodrilus templetoni
Trophic Level Accumulation of Heavy Metals in a Coal Ash Basin
Drainage System
Differential Expression of Hsp70 Proteins in Response to Heat and
Cadmium in Caenorhabditis elegans
Heavy Metals Concentrations in Marine Algae From the Turkish Coast of
the Black Sea
Effects of heavy metals on the oyster (Crassostrea virginica) at Mandinga
Lagoon, Veracruz, Mexico.
Year
1993
2008
1983
2001
2008
1995
1991
1992
2009
2005
2006
1979
1995
2007
2009
Reason Unused
Mixture (Cu and Cd), Cadmium was a
component of a drilling mud, effluent, mixture,
sediment or sludge
Mixture
Text in foreign language
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Not North American species
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
(only 96 hour exposure)
Non-applicable
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-58
-------
Authors
Hackstein
Hader et al.
Hadjispyrou et al.
Haines and Brumbaugh
Hakanson
Hall
Hall and Brown
Hall et al.
Hall et al.
Hall et al.
Hall et al.
Hall et al.
Hall et al.
Hamed and Emara
Hameed and
Muthukumaravel
Hammock et al.
Title
Changes in the Population Dynamics of Gammarus tigrinus Sexton
(Crustacea: Amphipoda) as Expression of Sublethal Effects by Reciprocal
Interactions of Temperature and Cadmium Enriched Food (Die
Veranderung Populations Dynamischer Parameter Bei Gammarus
Tigrinus Sexton (Crustacea: Amphipoda) Ala Ausdruck Subletaler Effekte
Durch Die Wechselwirkung Von Temperate Und Cadmium
Kontaminiertem Putter)
The Erlanger flagellate test (EFT): photo synthetic flagellates in biological
dosimeters
Toxicity, Bioaccumulation, and Interactive Effects of Organotin,
Cadmium, and Chromium on Artemia franciscana
Metal concentration in the gill, gastrointestinal tract, and carcass of white
suckers (Catostomus commersoni) in relation to lake acidity
Metals in Fish and Sediments From the River Kolbacksan Water System,
Sweden
Studies of Striped Bass in Three Chesapeake Bay Spawning Habitats
Copper and Manganese Influence the Uptake of Cadmium in Marine
Macroalgae
Effects of organic and inorganic chemical contaminants on fertilization,
hatching success, and prolarval survival of striped bass
Survival of Striped Bass Larvae and Yearlings in Relation to
Contaminants and Water Quality in the Upper Chesapeake Bay
In situ striped bass (Morone saxatilis) contaminant and water quality
studies in the Potomac River
Concurrent mobile on-site and in situ striped bass contaminant and water
quality studies in the Choptank River and upper Chesapeake Bay
Ambient Toxicity Testing in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Using
Freshwater and Estuarine Water Column Tests
A ten-year summary of concurrent ambient water column and Sediment
exposure toxicity tests in the Chesapeake Bay watershed: 1990-1999
Marine Molluscs as Biomonitors for Heavy Metal Levels in the Gulf of
Suez, Red Sea
Impact of cadmium on the biochemical constituents of fresh water fish
Oreochromis mossambicus.
The effect of humic acid on the uptake of mercury(II), cadmium(II), and
zinc(II) by Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) eggs
Year
1988
1997
2001
1994
1984
1988
2002
1984
1987a
1987b
1988
1992
2002
2006
2006
2003
Reason Unused
Text in foreign language
Not North American species
Mixture
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Sediment
Mixture
Mixture
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Mixture
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Mixture
Review
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Lack of exposure details, dilution water not
characterized
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-59
-------
Authors
Hanafy and Soltan
Handy
Handy
Hannam et al.
Hannas et al.
Hansen et al.
Hansen et al.
Hansen et al.
Hansen et al.
Hanson and Evans
Hansten et al.
Harada et al.
Hardy and O'Keeffe
Hardy and Raber
Hare
Hare et al.
Title
Comparative changes in absorption, distribution and toxicity of copper
and cadmium chloride in toads during the hibernation and the role of
vitamin C against their toxicity
The effect of acute exposure to dietary Cd and Cu organ toxicant
concentrations in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss
Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals in Fish
Immune Modulation in the Blue Mussel Mytilus edulis Exposed to North
Sea Produced Water
Regulation and Dysregulation of Vitellogenin MRNA Accumulation in
Daphnids (Daphnia magna).
Accumulation of copper, zinc, cadmium and chromium by the marine
sponge Halichondria panicea Pallas and the implications for
biomonitoring
Behavioral Avoidance: Possible Mechanism for Explaining Abundance
and Distribution of Trout Species in a Metal-Impacted River
Gill Metal Binding and Stress Gene Transcription in Brown Trout (Salmo
trutta) Exposed to Metal Environments: the Effect of Pre -Expo sure in
Natural Populations
Induction and activity of oxidative stress-related proteins during
waterborne Cd/Zn exposure in brown trout (Salmo trutta)
Metal Contaminant Assessment For The Southeast Atlantic And Gulf Of
Mexico Coasts: Results Of The National Benthic Surveillance Project
Over The First Four Years 1984-87
Viability of glochidia ofAnodonta anatina (Unionidae) exposed to
selected metals and chelating agents
Shortened Lifespan of Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans After Prolonged
Exposure to Heavy Metals and Detergents
Cadmium uptake by the water hyacinth: Effects of root mass, solution
volume, complexers and other metal ions
Zinc uptake by the water hyacinth: Effect of solution factors
Aquatic insects and trace metals: bioavailability, bioaccumulation, and
toxicity
Trace Element Distributions in Aquatic Insects: Variations Among
Genera, Elements, and Lakes
Year
2007
1993
1996
2009
2011
1995
1999
2007a
2007b
1992
1996
2007
1985
1985
1992
1991a
Reason Unused
Dietary exposure, not North American species
Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or
by injection or gavage
Review
Mixture
In vitro
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Mixture
Pre-exposure
Mixture
Review
Not North American species
Mixture
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Review of previously published data
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-60
-------
Authors
Hare et al.
Hare et al.
Hare et al.
Haritonidis et al.
Harper et al.
Harper et al.
Hartmann
Hartmann et al.
Hartmann et al.
Hartwell
Hartwell et al.
Hartwell et al.
Harvey and Luoma
Harvey et al.
Hashemi et al.
Hashim and Chu
Hashim et al.
Title
Dynamics of cadmium, lead, and zinc exchange between nymphs of the
burrowing mayfly Hexagenia rigida (Ephemeroptera) and the
environment
A field study of metal toxicity and accumulation by benthic invertebrates;
implications for the acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) model
Cadmium Accumulation by Invertebrates Living at the Sediment
exposure-Water Interface
Trace metal interactions in the macroalga Enteromorpha prolifera (O.F.
Muller) grown in water of the Scheldt estuary (Belgium and SW
Netherlands), in response to cadmium exposure
Effects of Acclimation on the Toxicity of Stream Water Contaminated
with Zinc and Cadmium to Juvenile Cutthroat Trout
Trout Density and Health in a Stream With Variable Water Temperatures
and Trace Element Concentrations: Does a Cold- Water Source Attract
Trout to Increased Metal Exposure?
Synergistic Effects of Heavy Metal Ions on the Activity of Bacteria and
Other Aquatic Microorganisms
Algal Testing of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles - Testing
Considerations, Inhibitory Effects and Modification of Cadmium
Bioavailability
The Potential of Tio2 Nanoparticles as Carriers for Cadmium Uptake in
Lumbriculus variegatus and Daphnia magna
Demonstration of a toxicological risk ranking method to correlate
measures of ambient toxicity and fish community diversity
Avoidance Responses of Schooling Fathead Minnows (Pimephales
Promelas) to a Blend of Metals During a 9-Month Exposure.
Fish Behavioral Assessment of Pollutants.
Separation of solute and paniculate vectors of heavy metal uptake in
controlled suspension-feeding experiments withMaco/wa balthica
Contaminant Concentrations in Whole-Body Fish and Shellfish From US
Estuaries
Copper resistance mAnabaena variabilis'. effects of phosphate nutrition
and polyphosphate bodies
Biosorption by brown, green, and red seaweeds
Adsorption equilibria of cadmium on algal biomass
Year
1991b
1994
2001
1994
2008
2009
1980
2010
2012
1997
1987
1988
1985a
2008
1994
2004
1997
Reason Unused
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Sediment exposure
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Mixture
Mixture
Bacteria
Mixture
Mixture
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Mixture
Mixture
No useable data on cadmium toxicity or
bioconcentration
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not applicable; No cadmium toxicity
information
Not in vivo study
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
J-61
-------
Authors
Has-Schon et al.
Has-Schon et al.
Has-Schon et al.
Hatakeyama
Hatakeyama and Yasuno
Hatakeyama et al.
Hatano and Shoji
Hattink et al.
Haye et al.
Haynes et al.
Hazen and Kneip
Hedouin et al.
Hedouin et al.
Heininger et al.
Heinis et al.
Heit and Klusek
Heit et al.
Title
Heavy Metal Profile in Five Fish Species Included in Human Diet,
Domiciled in the End Flow of River Neretva (Croatia)
Heavy Metal Concentration in Fish Tissues Inhabiting Waters of "Busko
Blato" Reservoir (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Heavy Metal Distribution in Tissues of Six Fish Species Included in
Human Diet, Inhabiting Freshwaters of the Nature Park (Bosnia and
Herzegovina)
Chronic effects of Cd on reproduction of Polypedilum nubifer
(Chironomidae) through water and food
The effects of cadmium-accumulated Chlorella on the reproduction of
Moina macrocopa (Cladocera)
Flora and Fauna in Heavy Metal Polluted Rivers. I. Density ofEpeorus
latifolium (Ephemeroptera) and Heavy Metal Concentrations ofBaetis
spp. (Ephemeroptera) Relating to Cd, Cu and Zn Concentrations.
Toxicity of Copper and Cadmium in Combinations to Duckweed
Analyzed by the Biotic Ligand Model
The toxicokinetics of cadmium in carp under normoxic and hypoxic
conditions
Protective Role of Alginic Acid Against Metal Uptake by American
Oyster (Crassostrea virginica)
Gender-dependent problems in toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia
Biogeochemical cycling of cadmium in a marsh ecosystem
Allo metric Relationships in the Bioconcentration of Heavy Metals by the
Edible Tropical Clam Gafrarium tumidum
Trends in Concentrations of Selected Metalloid and Metals in Two
Bivalves From the Coral Reefs in the SW Lagoon of New Caledonia
Nematode Communities in Contaminated River Sediment exposures
Short-term sublethal effects of cadmium on the filter feeding chironomid
larva Glyptotendipes pollens (Meigen) (Diptera)
Trace Element Concentrations in the Dorsal Muscle of White Suckers and
Brown Bullheads From Two Acidic Adirondack Lakes
Trace Element, Radionuclide, and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Concentrations in Unionidae Mussels From Northern Lake George.
Year
2006
2008a
2008b
1987
1981a
1986
2008
2005
2006
1989
1980
2006
2009
2006
1990
1985
1980
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Organisms were not exposed to cadmium in
water
Text in foreign language
Mixture
Species tested is a hybrid of wild and domestic
populations
Mixture
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Bioaccumulation field study not used because an
insufficient number of measurements of the
concentration of cadmium in the water
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Sediment exposure
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-62
-------
Authors
Hendriks
Hendrix et al.
Henebry and Ross
Henry et al.
Henry et al.
Herkovits and Perez-Coll
Herkovits and Perez-Coll
Herkovits and Perez-Coll
Hermesz et al.
Hernandez et al.
Herve-Fernandez et al.
Herwig et al.
Heugens et al.
Heugens et al.
Hewitt et al.
Heydari et al.
Hickey and Clements
Title
Modelling equilibrium concentrations of microcontaminants in organisms
of the Rhine delta: Can average field residues in the aquatic food chain be
predicted from laboratory accumulation?
Microcosms as test systems for the ecological effects of toxic substances:
an appraisal with cadmium
Use of Protozoan Communities to Assess the Ecotoxicological Hazard of
Contaminated Sediments.
Contamination accidentelle par le cadmium d'un mollusque Rudifapes
decussatus: bioaccumulation et toxicite
Heavy metals in four fish species from the French coast of the Eastern
English Channel and Southern Bight of the North Sea
Stage -dependent susceptibility ofBufo arenarum embryos to cadmium
Zinc protection against delayed development produced by cadmium
Increased resistance against cadmium toxicity by means of pretreatment
with low cadmium-zinc concentrations in Bufo arenarum embryos
Tissue-specific expression of two metallothionein genes in common carp
during cadmium exposure and temperature shock
Accumulation of toxic metals (Pb and Cd) in the sea urchin Diadema aff.
antillarum Philippi, 1845, in an oceanic island (Tenerife, Canary Islands)
Cadmium bioaccumulation and retention kinetics in the Chilean blue
mussel Mytilus chilensis: seawater and food exposure pathways
Bioaccumulation and histochemical localization of cadmium in Dreissena
polymorpha exposed to cadmium chloride
Population growth ofDaphnia magna under multiple stress conditions:
joint effects of temperature, food, and cadmium
Temperature-dependent effects of cadmium on Daphnia magna:
accumulation versus sensitivity
Influence of water quality and associated contaminants on survival and
growth of the endangered Cape Fear shiner (Notropis mekistocholas)
Cadmium and Lead Concentrations in Muscles and Livers of Stellate
Sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) From Several Sampling Stations in the
Southern Caspian Sea.
Effects of heavy metals on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in
New Zealand streams
Year
1995
1981
1989
1984
2004
1993
1990
1995
2001
2010
2010
1989
2006
2003
2006
2011
1998
Reason Unused
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Mixed species exposure, only three exposure
concentrations
Mixture
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Not North American species, only one exposure
concentration
Organisms were selected, adapted or acclimated
for increased resistance to cadmium
No control exposure, dilution water not
characterized
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Excessive EDTA (testing used Elendt M7
medium which complexes the metal)
Excessive EDTA (testing used Elendt M7
medium which complexes the metal)
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
J-63
-------
Authors
Hickey and Martin
Hickey and Roper
Hildebrand et al.
Hinck et al.
Hinrichsen and Tran
Hiraoka
Hiraoka et al.
Hoang and Klaine
Hockett and Mount
Hockner et al.
Hofer et al.
Hofslagare et al.
Hogstrand et al.
Hollis et al.
Hollis et al.
Hollis et al.
Hollis et al.
Title
Relative sensitivity of five benthic invertebrate species to reference
toxicants and resin-acid contaminated sediments
Acute toxicity of cadmium to two species of infaunal marine amphipods
(tube-dwelling and burrowing) from New Zealand
The Potential Toxicity and Bioaccumulation in Aquatic Systems of Trace
Elements Present in Aqueous Coal Conversion Effluents
Chemical Contaminants, Health Indicators, and Reproductive Biomarker
Responses in Fish From the Colorado River and Its Tributaries
A Circadian Clock Regulates Sensitivity to Cadmium in Paramecium
tetraurelia
Reduction of Heavy Metal Content in Hiroshima Bay Oysters
(Crassostrea gigas) by Purification
Acute toxicity of 14 different kinds of metals affecting medaka (Oryzias
latipes) fry
Influence of organism age on metal toxicity to Daphnia magna
Use of metal chelating agents to differentiate among sources of acute
aquatic toxicity
Coping with cadmium exposure in various ways: the two helicid snails
Helix pomatia and Cantareus aspersus share the metal transcription
factor-2, but differ in promoter organization and transcription of their Cd-
metallothionein genes
Organochlorine and Metal Accumulation in Fish (Phoxinus phoxinus)
Along a North-South Transect in the Alps
Cadmium effects on photosynthesis and nitrate assimilation in
Scenedesmus obliquus. A potentiometric study in an open CO2-system
The importance of metallothionein for the accumulation of copper, zinc
and cadmium in environmentally exposed perch, Percafluviatilis
Does the age of metal-dissolved organic carbon complexes influence
binding of metals to fish gills?
Influence of dissolved organic matter on copper binding, and calcium on
cadmium binding by gills of rainbow trout
Tissue-specific cadmium accumulation, metallothionein induction, and
tissue zinc and copper levels during chronic sublethal cadmium exposure
in juvenile rainbow trout
Protective Effects of Calcium Against Chronic Waterborne Cadmium
Exposure to Juvenile Rainbow Trout
Year
1995
1992
1976
2007
2010
1991
1985
2007
1996
2009
2001
1985
1991
1996
1997
2001
2000b
Reason Unused
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Effluent
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bacteria
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
No cadmium toxicity information
Only 5 organisms per concentration and
excessive chelant used
Dietary exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Dietary exposure
Prior exposure
J-64
-------
Authors
Holmes et al.
Hongve et al.
Hook and Fisher
Hook and Fisher
Hook and Lee
Hooten and Can-
Hopkins et al.
Horike et al.
Horng et al.
Hornstrom
Hoss et al.
Hsiao et al.
Hsu et al.
Hu et al.
Hu et al.
Hu et al.
Hu et al.
Huang et al.
Huang et al.
Title
Trace-Metal Content in Antipatharian Corals From the Jacksonville
Lithoherm, Florida
Effect of heavy metals in combination with NT A, humic acid, and
suspended sediment on natural phytoplankton photosynthesis
Reproductive toxicity of metals in calanoid copepods
Relating the Reproductive Toxicity of Five Ingested Metals in Calanoid
Copepods with Sulfur Affinity
Interactive Effects of UV, Benzo(a)Pyrene, and Cadmium on DNA
Damage and Repair in Embryos of the Grass Shrimp Paleomonetes pugio
Development and application of a marine sediment pore -water toxicity
test using Ulvafasciata zoospores
Responses of benthic fish exposed to contaminants in outdoor
microcosms-examining the ecological relevance of previous laboratory
toxicity tests
Usefulness of flagellar regeneration in Dunaliella sp. as an endpoint for
the bioassay of seawater pollution
Effects of Sediment exposure-Bound Cd, Pb, and Ni on the Growth,
Feeding, and Survival of Capitella sp.
Toxicity test with algae - a discussion on the batch method
Toxicity of cadmium to Caenorhabditis elegans (nematoda) in whole
sediment and pore water-the ambiguous role of organic matter
The Bioconcentration of Trace Metals in Dominant Copepod Species Off
the Northern Taiwan Coast
Sublethal levels of cadmium down-regulate the gene expression of DNA
mismatch recognition protein MutS homolog 6 (MSH6) in zebrafish
(Danio rerio) embryos
Cadmium accumulation by several seaweeds
Bioaccumulation and chemical forms of cadmium, copper and lead in
aquatic plants
Combined Effects of Titanium Dioxide and Humic Acid on the
Bioaccumulation of Cadmium in Zebrafish
Root-induced changes to cadmium speciation in the rhizosphere of two
rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes
Bioaccumulation of silver, cadmium and mercury in the abalone Haliotis
diversicolor from water and food sources
Cadmium and copper accumulation and toxicity in the macroalga
Gracilaria tenuistipitata
Year
2006
1980
2001
2002
2004
1997
2004
2002
2009
1990
2001
2006
2010
1996
2010
2011a
20 lib
2008
2010a
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Lack of exposure details; mixed species
exposure
Dietary exposure
Dietary exposure
Mixture
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Non-applicable
Text in foreign language
Sediment exposure
Review of previously published data
Sediment exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dilution water not characterized
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
Sediment (soil) exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
(only 7 day exposure)
Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure
J-65
-------
Authors
Huang et al.
Huang et al.
Huang et al.
Huebert and Shay
Huebert and Shay
Huebert and Shay
Huebert et al.
Huebner and Pynnonen
Huelya
Huiskes and
Nieuwenhuize
Hung
Hung et al.
Hungspreugs et al.
Husaini et al.
Hutcheson
Hutchins et al.
Hutchinson and Collins
Hylland et al.
Title
Responses of abalone Haliotis diversicolor to sublethal exposure of
waterborne and dietary silver and cadmium
Differential protein expression of kidney tissue in the scallop
Patinopecten yessoensis under acute cadmium stress
Alteration of heart tissue protein profiles in acute cadmium-treated
scallops Patinopecten yessoensis
The effect of cadmium and its interaction with external calcium in the
submerged aquatic macrophyte Lemna trisulca L.
Zinc toxicity and its interaction with cadmium in the submerged aquatic
macrophyte Lemna trisulca L.
The response of Lemna trisulca L. to cadmium
The effect of EDTA on the assessment of Cu toxicity in the submerged
aquatic macrophyte, Lemna trisulca L
Viability of glochidia of two species ofAnodonta exposed to low pH and
selected metals
Seasonal Variations of Heavy Metals in Water, Sediment exposures,
Pondweed (P. Pectinatus L.) And Freshwater Fish (C. C. Umbla) of Lake
Hazar (Elazig-Turkey)
Uptake Of Heavy Metals From Contaminated Sediment exposures By
Salt-Marsh Plants
Effects of temperature and chelating agents on cadmium uptake in the
American oyster
Trace metals in different species of mollusca, water and Sediment
exposures from Taiwan coastal area
Heavy Metals and Fob/cyclic Hydrocarbon Compounds in Benthic
Organisms of the Upper Gulf of Thailand.
Cadmium toxicity to photosynthesis and associated electron transport
system of Nostoc linckia
The effects of temperature and salinity on cadmium uptake by the blue
crab, Callinectes sapidus
Transcriptomic Signatures in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as Cd
Biomarkers in Metal Mixtures
Effect of H+ Ion Activity and Ca2+ on the Toxicity of Metals in the
Environment
Interactions between eutrophication and contaminants. IV. Effects on
sediment-dwelling organisms
Year
2010b
2011a
20 lib
1991
1992
1993
1993
1992
2009
1990
1982
2001
1984
1991
1975
2010
1978
1997
Reason Unused
Not North American species, dilution water not
characterized, only one exposure concentration
Dilution water not characterized; Not North
American species
Dilution water not characterized; Not North
American species
Inappropriate medium of medium contained too
much of a complexing agent for algal studies
Inappropriate medium of medium contained too
much of a complexing agent for algal studies
Inappropriate medium of medium contained too
much of a complexing agent for algal studies
Inappropriate medium of medium contained too
much of a complexing agent for algal studies
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Sediment exposure
Questionable treatment of test organisms or
inappropriate test conditions or methodology
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Questionable treatment of test organisms or
inappropriate test conditions or methodology
Mixture
Review
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
J-66
-------
Authors
lannacone and Alvarino
Idardare et al.
leradi et al.
Iftode et al.
Ikemoto et al.
Ikuta
Ikuta
Ikuta
Ikuta
Ikuta
Ilangovan et al.
Iliopoulou-Georgudaki
and Kotsanis
Illuminati et al.
Ingersoll et al.
Inza et al.
Ip et al.
Title
Acute ecotoxicity of heavy metals using juveniles of freshwater snail
Physa venustula (Gould, 1847)
Metal Concentrations in Sediment exposure and Nereis diversicolor in
Two Moroccan Lagoons: Khnifiss and Oualidia
Mutagenicity test and heavy metals in teleost fish from Tiber River
(Rome, Italy)
Action of a heavy ion, Cd2+, and the antagonistic effect of Ca2+, on two
ciliates Tetrahymena pyriformis and Euplotes vannus.
Biomagnification of Trace Elements in the Aquatic Food Web in the
Mekong Delta, South Vietnam Using Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope
Analysis
A Comparison On Heavy Metal Contents Between Batillus cornutus And
Babylonia japonica
Distribution And Localization Of Some Heavy Metals In Female And
Male Of A Herbivorous Gastropod Haliotis discus
Distribution Of Heavy Metals In Female And Male Of A Herbivorous
Gastropod Batillus cornutus
Distribution Of Heavy Metals In Female And Male Of A Scallop
Patinopecten yessoensis
Cadmium accumulation by a top shell Batillus cornutus
Effect of cadmium and zinc on respiration and photosynthesis in
suspended and immobilized cultures of Chlorella vulgaris and
Scenedesmus acutus
Toxic effects of cadmium and mercury in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss): a short-term bioassay
Cadmium bioaccumulation and metallothionein induction in the liver of
the Antarctic teleost Trematomus bernacchii during an on-site short-term
exposure to the metal via seawater
Toxicity of Sediment exposure Cores Collected From the Ashtabula River
in Northeastern Ohio, USA, to the Amphipod Hyalella azteca
Dynamics of cadmium and mercury compounds (inorganic mercury or
methylmercury): uptake and depuration in Corbiculafluminea. Effects of
temperature and pH
Heavy metal and Pb isotopic compositions of aquatic organisms in the
Pearl River Estuary, South China
Year
1999
2008
1996
1985
2008
1985a
1985b
1985c
1985d
1987
1998
2001
2010
2009
1998
2005
Reason Unused
Not applicable per ECOTOX Duluth; text in
foreign language
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Injected pollutant
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Sediment exposure
Sediment; mixture (Hg and Cd)
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-67
-------
Authors
Irato and Piccinni
Irving et al.
Isani et al.
Ismail and Yusof
Issa et al.
Issartel et al.
Ivanina and Sokolova
Ivanina et al.
Ivanina et al.
Ivanina et al.
Ivanina and Sokolova
Ivorra et al.
Ivorra et al.
Iwasaki and Ormerod
Jaafarzadeh et al.
Jak et al.
Jamers et al.
Title
Effects of cadmium and copper onAstasia longa: Metal uptake and
glutathione levels
Ecotoxicological responses of the mayfly Baetis tricaudatus to dietary and
waterborne cadmium: Implications for toxicity testing
Cadmium accumulation and biochemical responses in Spams aurata
following sub-lethal Cd exposure
Effect of mercury and cadmium on early life stages of Java medaka
(Oryzias javanicus): A potential tropical test fish
Abolition of heavy metal toxicity on Kirchneriella lunaris (Chlorophyta)
by calcium
Cellular and molecular osmoregulatory responses to cadmium exposure in
Gammams fossamm (Crustacea, Amphipoda)
Effects of cadmium exposure on expression and activity of p-glycoprotein
in eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin
Interactive effects of cadmium and hypoxia on metabolic responses and
bacterial loads of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica Gmelin
Effects of cadmium on anaerobic energy metabolism and mrna expression
during air exposure and recovery of an intertidal mollusk Crassostrea
virginica
Effects of cadmium exposure and intermittent anoxia on nitric oxide
metabolism in eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica
Interactive effects of pH and metals on mitochondrial functions of
intertidal bivalves Crassostrea virginica wAMercenaria mercenaria
Metal-induced tolerance in the freshwater microbenthic diatom
Gomphonema parvulum
Responses of Biofilms to Combined Nutrient and Metal Exposure
Estimating safe concentrations of trace metals from inter-continental field
data on river macroinvertebrates.
Cadmium Determination in Two Flat Fishes From Two Fishery Regions
in North of the Persian Gulf.
Evaluation of laboratory derived toxic effect concentrations of a mixture
of metals by testing freshwater plankton communities in enclosure
An omics based assessment of cadmium toxicity in the green alga
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Year
1996
2003
2009
2011
1995
2010
2008
2011
2010a
2010b
2013
2002a
2002b
2012
2011
1996
2012
Reason Unused
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
High control mortality (19%)
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
not North American species
Not North American species, unmeasured
chronic exposure
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Not North American species, only one exposure
concentration
Unmeasured, non-renewal or flow-through
chronic exposure, only one exposure
concentration
Mixture (Cd and hypoxia)
Only one exposure concentration
Only one exposure concentration
Only one exposure concentration
No cadmium toxicity information
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Only two exposure concentrations
J-68
-------
Authors
James et al.
Jana and Sahana
Janati-Idrissi et al.
Jankovska et al.
Janssen and Persoone
Janssens de Bisthoven et
al.
Janssens De Bisthoven et
al.
Jara-Marini et al.
Javanshir et al.
Javed and Greger
Jaworska et al.
Jay and Muncy
Jebali et al.
Jeitner and Burger
Jenkins and Mason
Title
Metamorphosis of two amphibian species after chronic cadmium exposure
in outdoor aquatic mesocosms
Effects of copper, cadmium and chromium cations on the freshwater fish
Glorias batrachus L.
Effect of cadmium on reproduction of daphnids in a small aquatic
microcosm
Concentrations of Zn, Mn, Cu and Cd in different tissues of perch (Perca
fluviatilis) and in perch intestinal parasite (Acanthocephalus lucii) from
the stream near Prague (Czech Republic).
Rapid toxicity screening tests for aquatic biota. I. Methodology and
experiments with Daphnia magna
The concentration of cadmium, lead, copper and zinc in Chironomus
thummi larvae (Diptera, Chironomidae) with deformed versus normal
menta
Morphological deformities in Chironomus riparius meigen larvae after
exposure to cadmium over several generations
Trophic Relationships and Transference of Cadmium, Copper, Lead and
Zinc in a Subtropical Coastal Lagoon Food Web From SE Gulf of
California
Impact of water hardness on cadmium absorption by four freshwater
mollusks Physa fontinalis, Anodonta cygnea, Corbicula fluminea and
Dreissena polymorpha from south Caspian Sea region
Cadmium triggers Elodea canadensis to change the surrounding water pH
and thereby Cd uptake
Effect of metal ions on the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis
bacteriophora poinar (Nematoda: Heterohabditidae) under laboratory
conditions
Toxicity to Channel Catfish of Wastewater From an Iowa Coal
Beneficiation Plant
Effects of malathion and cadmium on acetylcholinesterase activity and
metallothionein levels in the fish Seriola dumerilli
Metal Concentrations (Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Mercury and
Selenium) in Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) From the Aleutian Islands,
Alaska
Relationships between subcellular distributions of cadmium and
perturbations in reproduction in the polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata
Year
2005
1988
2001
2012
1993
1992
2001
2009
2011
2011
1997
1979
2006
2009
1988
Reason Unused
Duration too short, non-renewal or flow-through
chronic exposure
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Dietary exposure, lack of details
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Dietary exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture, only one exposure concentration
Sediment exposure
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Mixture
Injected toxicant
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Inappropriate medium of medium contained too
much of a complexing agent for algal studies
J-69
-------
Authors
Jenkins and Sanders
Jenner and Bowmer
Jenner and Janssen-
Mommen
Jenner and Janssen-
Mommen
Jennett et al.
Jennings and Rainbow
Jensen et al.
Jerez et al.
Jezierska et al.
Jia et al.
Jiang et al.
Jing et al.
Jiraungkoorskul et al.
Jiraungkoorskul et al.
Jiraungkoorskul et al.
Title
Relationships between free cadmium ion activity in seawater, cadmium
accumulation and subcellular distibution, and growth in polychaetes
The Accumulation of Metals and Their Toxicity in the Marine Intertidal
Invertebrates Cerastoderma edule, Macoma balthica, wAArenicola
marina Exposed to Pulverized Fuel Ash in Mesocosms.
Phytomonitoring of Pulverized Fuel Ash Leachates by the Duckweed
(Lemna minor)
Duckweed Lemna minor as a tool for testing toxicity of coal residues and
polluted sediments
Some Effects of Century Old Abandoned Lead Mining Operations on
Streams in Missouri, USA
Accumulation of cadmium by Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher
Variation in cadmium uptake, feeding rate, and life-history effects in the
gastropod Potamopyrgus antipodarum: linking toxicant effects on
individuals to the population level
Accumulation and tissue distribution of heavy metals and essential
elements in loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) from Spanish
Mediterranean coastline of Murcia
The effect of temperature and heavy metals on heart rate changes in
common carp Cyprinus carpio L. and grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella
(Val.) during embryonic development
Low Levels of Cadmium Exposure Induce DNA Damage and Oxidative
Stress in the Liver of Oujiang Colored Common Carp Cyprinus carpio
var. color
Heavy Metal Exposure Reduces Hatching Success of Acartia pacifica
Resting Eggs in the Sediment exposure
Acute effect of copper and cadmium exposure on the expression of heat
shock protein 70 in the Cyprinidae fish Tanichthys albonubes
Micronucleus test: the effect of ascorbic acid on cadmium exposure in fish
(Puntius altus)
The effect of ascorbic acid on cadmium exposure in the gills of Puntius
altus
Micronucleus Test: the Effect of Ascorbic Acid on Cadmium Exposure in
Fish (Puntius altus)
Year
1986
1990
1989
1993
1981
1979b
2001
2010
2002
2011
2007
2013
2007a
2007b
2010
Reason Unused
Not North American species, Inappropriate
medium of medium contained too much of a
complexing agent for algal studies
Mixture
Mixture
Inappropriate medium of medium contained too
much of a complexing agent for algal studies
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioconcentration tests used radioactive isotopes
and were not used because of the possibility of
isotope discrimination
Sediment exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Duration too short, only one exposure
concentration
In vitro
Sediment exposure
Excised tissue/cells
Lack of detail, Mixture
Not North American species, only one exposure
concentration
Mixture
J-70
-------
Authors
Jofre et al.
John et al.
Johns
Johns
Johnson et al.
Jones et al.
Jones et al.
Jonker et al.
Jonnalagadda and Rao
Jop
Jop et al.
Jost and Zauke
Juarez-Franco et al.
Juhasza et al.
Julshamn et al.
Julshamn et al.
Julshamn et al.
Title
Lead and Cadmium Accumulation in Anuran Amphibians of a Permanent
Water Body in Arid Midwestern Argentina
Influence of aquatic humus and pH on the uptake and depuration of
cadmium by the Atlantic salmon (Salmo solar L.)
Spatial Distribution of Total Cadmium, Copper, and Zinc in the Zebra
Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) Along the Upper St. Lawrence River
Trends of Total Cadmium, Copper, and Zinc in the Zebra Mussel
(Dreissena Polymorpha) Along the Upper Reach of the St. Lawrence
River: 1994-2005.
The Use of Periphyton as a Monitor of Trace Metals in Two
Contaminated Indiana Lakes
Silver and Other Metals in Some Aquatic Bryophytes From Streams in the
Lead Mining District of Mid- Wales, Great Britain
Cadmium delays growth hormone expression during rainbow trout
development
Toxicity of Binary Mixtures of Cadmium-Copper and Carbendazim-
Copper to the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
Toxicity, bioavailability and metal speciation
Concentration of metals in various larval stages of four Ephemeroptera
species
Analysis of Metals in Blue Crabs, Callinectes sapidus, From Two
Connecticut Estuaries
Trace Metal Concentrations in Antarctic Sea Spiders (Pycnogonida,
Pantopoda)
Effect of cadmium and zinc on the population growth ofBrachionus
havanaensis (Rotifera: Brachionidae)
Comparative Study on the Expression of Glutathione Peroxidase,
Glutathione Reductase, Glutathione Synthetase and Metallothionein
Genes in Common Carp During Cadmium Exposure
Trace Elements Intake in the Faroe Islands. I. Element Levels in Edible
Parts of Pilot Whales (Globicephalus meleanus)
Cadmium, lead, copper and zinc in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) sampled
in the Hardangerfjord, Norway
Concentrations of mercury and other toxic elements in orange roughy,
Hoplostethus atlanticus, from the Mid- Atlantic Ridge.
Year
2011
1987
2001
2012
1978
1985
2001
2004
1993
1991
1997
2008
2007
2012
1987
2001
2011
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured, Bioaccumulation: not renewal or
flow-through
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
(duration unknown)
Mixture
Review of previously published data
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species, duration too short
Abstract only
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-71
-------
Authors
Jung and Zauke
Jung et al.
Jurewa and Blanuwa
Kadioglu and Ozbay
Kahle
Kahle and Zauke
Kahle and Zauke
Kahle and Zauke
Kaitala et al.
Kalafatic et al.
Kalman et al.
Kalman et al.
Kamala-Kannan et al.
Kamunde
Kamunde and MacPhail
Kamunde and MacPhail
Kamunde et al
Title
Bioaccumulation of Trace Metals in the Brown Shrimp Crangon crangon
(Linnaeus, 1758) from the German Wadden Sea
Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metal Concentrations and Biomass Indices
in Cerastoderma edule Linnaeus (1758) From the German Wadden Sea:
an Integrated Biomonitoring Approach
Mercury, arsenic, lead and cadmium in fish and shellfish from the
Adriatic Sea
Effects of heavy metals on chlorophyll content and cell colony number in
Chlamydomonas reinhardii
Bioaccumulation of trace metals in the copepod Calanoides acutus from
the Weddell Sea (Antarctica): comparison of two -compartment and
hyperbolic toxicokinetic models
Bioaccumulation of trace metals in the calanoid copepod Metridia
gerlachei from the Weddell Sea (Antarctica)
Bioaccumulation of Trace Metals in the Antarctic Amphipod Orchomene
plebs: Evaluation of Toxicokinetic Models
Trace metals in Antarctic copepods from the Weddell Sea (Antarctica)
The Effect of Copper, Cadmium, Zinc and Pentachlorophenolate on
Heterotrophic Activity and Primary Production
The impairments of neoblast division in regenerating planarian Poly cells
felina (Daly.) caused by in vitro treatment with cadmium sulfate
Comparative Toxicity of Cadmium in the Commercial Fish Species
Spams aurata and Solea senegalensis
Biodynamic Modelling of the Accumulation of Ag, Cd and Znby the
Deposit-Feeding Polychaete Nereis diver sicolor. Inter-Population
Variability and a Generalised Predictive Model
Assessment of Heavy Metals (Cd, Cr and Pb) in Water, Sediment
exposure and Seaweed (Ulva lactuca) in the Pulicat Lake, South East
India
Early subcellular partitioning of cadmium in gill and liver of rainbow
trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following low-to-near-lethal waterborne
cadmium exposure
Subcellular interactions of dietary cadmium, copper and zinc in rainbow
trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Metal-metal interactions of dietary cadmium, copper and zinc in rainbow
trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss
Effect of humic acid during concurrent chronic waterborne exposure of
rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to copper, cadmium and zinc
Year
2008
2006
2003
1995
2002
2002
2003a
2003b
1983
2004
2010a
2010b
2008
2009
2011a
20 lib
2011
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Lack of exposure details; cannot determine effect
concentration
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Abstract only
In vitro
Injected toxicant
Modeling
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dietary exposure
Dietary exposure
Mixture
J-72
-------
Authors
Kangwe et al.
Kaonga et al.
Kaoud and Rezk
Kapauan et al.
Kaplan et al.
Kar and Aditya
Kara
Kara and Zeytunluoglu
Karadede-Akin and Unlu
Karasov et al.
Karayakar et al.
Kargin et al.
Karlsson-Norrgren and
Runn
Karouna-Renier et al.
Karthik et al.
Karuppasamy et al.
Title
Heavy metal inhibition of calcification and photo synthetic rates of the
geniculate calcareous algaAmphiroa tribulus
Accumulation of Lead, Cadmium, Manganese, Copper and Zinc by
Sludge Worms Tubifex tubifex in Sewage Sludge
Effect of exposure to cadmium on the tropical freshwater prawn
Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Cadmium, Lead, Copper And Zinc In Philippine Aquatic Life
Cadmium toxicity and resistance in Chlorella sp
Impact of heavy metal and pesticide on total protein content in intact and
regenerating Hydra
Physiological and lexicological effects of lead plus cadmium mixtures on
rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in soft acidic water
Bioaccumulation of Toxic Metals (Cd and Cu) by Groenlandia densa (L.)
Fourr
Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water, Sediment exposure, Fish and Some
Benthic Organisms from Tigris River, Turkey
Field Exposure of Frog Embryos and Tadpoles Along a Pollution
Gradient in the Fox River and Green Bay Ecosystem in Wisconsin, USA
Seasonal Variation in Copper, Zinc, Chromium, Lead and Cadmium
Levels in Hepatopancreas, Gill and Muscle Tissues of the Mussel
(Ibrachidontes pharaonis) Fischer, Collected Along the Mersin Coast,
Turkey
Distribution of Heavy Metals in Different Tissues of the Shrimp Penaeus
semiculatus andMetapenaeus monocems from the Iskenderun Gulf,
Turkey: Seasonal Variations
Cadmium dynamics in fish: Pulse studies with 109Cd in female zebrafish,
Brachydanio rerio
Accumulation of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants in Shellfish
Collected in Estuarine Waters Near Pensacola, Florida: Contamination
Profiles and Risks to Human Consumers
Synergistic effect of cadmium in combination with UV-B radiations in PS
II photochemistry of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis
Haematological responses to exposure to sublethal concentration of
cadmium in air breathing fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch)
Year
2001
2010
2011
1982
1995
2010
2010
2007
2007
2005
2007
2001
1985
2007
2011
2005
Reason Unused
Lack of details
Effluent
Dilution water not characterized
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Organisms were selected, adapted or acclimated
for increased resistance to cadmium
Only one exposure concentration
Only two exposure concentrations; dilution
water not characterized
Non-applicable
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only three exposure concentrations
Dilution water not characterized, only one
exposure concentration, not North American
species
J-73
-------
Authors
Kasherwani et al.
Kasherwani et al.
Kaska and Furness
Kasuga
Kato
Katsikatsou et al.
Katsumiti et al.
Katti and Sathyanesan
Kavun
Kavun et al.
Kawamata et al.
Kay et al.
Kayhan et al.
Kayser
Ke and Wang
Ke and Wang
Keduo et al.
Title
Cadmium induced skeletal deformities in freshwater catfish,
Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)
Cadmium toxicity to freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)
Heavy metals in marine turtle eggs and hatchlings in the Mediterranean
Sexual differences of medaka, Oryzias latipes in the acute toxicity test of
cadmium
Studies on Toxicity of Chemical Substances (Heavy Metals Etc.) To Fish
and Animal
Field studies on the relation between the accumulation of heavy metals
and metabolic and HSR in the bearded horse mussel Modiolus barbatus
An Assessment of Acute Biomarker Responses in the Demersal Catfish
Cathorops spixii After the Vicuna Oil Spill in a Harbour Estuarine Area in
Southern Brazil
Chronic effects of lead and cadmium on the testis of the catfish Glorias
batrachus
Content of Microelements in the Grass Shrimp Pandalus kessleri
(Decapoda: Pandalidae) From Coastal Waters of the Lesser Kurilskaya
Ridge
Metal accumulation in mussels of the Kuril Islands, North-west Pacific
Ocean
Contents of Heavy Metals in Fishes in Nagano Prefecture
Cadmium accumulation and protein binding patterns in tissues of the
rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri
Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) Levels of Mediterranean Mussel (Mytilus
galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819) From Bosphorus, Istanbul, Turkey
Cadmium effects in food chain experiments with marine plankton algae
(Dinophyta) and benthic filter-feeders (Tunicata)
Trace Metal Ingestion and Assimilation by the Green Mussel Perna
viridis in a Phytoplankton and Sediment exposure Mixture
Bioaccumulation of Cd, Se, and Zn in an estuarine oyster (Crassostrea
rivularis) and a coastal oyster (Saccostrea glomerata)
Effects os six heavy metals on hatching eggs and survival of larval of
marine fish
Year
2007
2009
2001
1980
1973
2011
2009
1985
2008
2002
1983
1986
2007
1982
2002
2001
1987
Reason Unused
Unmeasured chronic exposure, not North
American species, only one exposure
concentration
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Text in foreign language
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Lack of exposure details; dilution water not
characterized
Sediment exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
(only 2 hour exposure); not renewal of flow-
through exposure; not North American species
Not North American species
J-74
-------
Authors
Keenan and Alikhan
Keil et al.
Kelly and Whitton
Kemble et al.
Kennedy and Benson
Kennedy and Farrell
Kerfoot and Jacobs
Keskin et al.
Kessler
Kessler
Keteles and Fleeger
Kettle and deNoyelles
Khaled
Khaleghzadeh-Ahangar et
al.
Khalil et al.
Khan and Nugegoda
Khan and Weis
Title
Comparative study of cadmium and lead accumulations in Cambams
bartoni (Fab.) (Decapoda, Crustacea) from an acidic and a neutral lake
Significance and Interspecific Variability of Accumulated Trace Metal
Concentrations in Antarctic Benthic Crustaceans
Interspecific differences inZn, Cd and Pb accumulation by freshwater
algae and bryophytes
Toxicity of Metal -Contaminated Sediments From the Upper Clark Fork
River, Montana, to Aquatic Invertebrates and Fish in Laboratory
Exposures
Report Of Heavy Metal Analysis Conducted On Mussel Mytilus edulis
Samples Collected At 55 Sites In Newfoundland
Immunological Alterations in Juvenile Pacific Herring, Clupeapallasi,
Exposed to Aqueous Hydrocarbons Derived From Crude Oil
Cadmium accrual in combined waste -treatment aquaculture system
Cadmium, Lead, Mercury and Copper in Fish From the Marmara Sea,
Turkey
An extremely cadmium-sensitive strain of Chlorella
Limits of growth of five Chlorella species in the presence of toxic heavy
metals
The Contribution of Ecdysis to the Fate of Copper, Zinc and Cadmium in
Grass Shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio Holthius
Effects of cadmium stress on the plankton communities of experimental
ponds
Trace Metals in Fish of Economic Interest From the West of Alexandria,
Egypt
The parasitic nematodes Hysterothylacium sp. type MB larvae as
bioindicators of lead and cadmium: a comparative study of parasite and
host tissues
Effect of tapeworm parasitisation on cadmium toxicity in the bioindicator
copepod, Cyclops strenuous
Sensitivity of juvenile freshwater crayfish Cherax destructor (Decapoda:
Parastacidae) to trace metals
Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in two populations of mummichog
(Fundulus heteroclitus)
Year
1991
2008
1989
1994
1994
2008
1976
2007
1985
1986
2001
1986
2009
2011
2014
2007
1993
Reason Unused
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Inappropriate medium of medium contained too
much of a complexing agent for algal studies
Non-applicable
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only one exposure concentration
Not North American species
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
J-75
-------
Authors
Khan et al.
Khan et al.
Khangarot and Ray
Khangarot and Ray
Khangarot et al.
Khoshmanesh et al.
Khoshmanesh et al.
Khosravi et al.
Khoury et al.
Khristoforova et al.
Khristoforova et al.
Kiffney and Clements
Kiffney and Clements
Kilemade et al.
Kim et al.
Kim et al.
Title
Bioaccumulation of four heavy metals in tow populations of grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes pugio
Cadmium bound to metal rich granules and exoskeleton from Gammarus
pulex causes increased gut lipid peroxidation in zebrafish following single
dietary exposure
Correlation between heavy metal acute toxicity values in Daphnia magna
and fish
Sensitivity of toad tadpoles, Bufo melanostictus (Schneider), to heavy
metals
Daphnia magna as a model to assess heavy metal toxicity: Comparative
assessment with mouse system
Cadmium uptake by unicellular green microalgae
Cell surface area as a major parameter in the uptake of cadmium by
unicellular green microalgae
Toxic Effect of Pb, Cd, Ni and Zn onAzollafiliculoides in the
International Anzali Wetland
Relating disparity in competitive foraging behavior between two
populations of fiddler crabs to the subcellular partitioning of metals
Effect of cadmium on gameto genesis and offspring of the sea urchin
Strongylocentrotus intermedius
Heavy Metals in Mass Species of Bivalves in Ha Long Bay (South China
Sea, Vietnam)
Effects of Heavy Metals on a Macroinvertebrate Assemblage From a
Rocky Mountain Stream in Experimental Microcosms.
Effects of heavy metals on a macroinvertebrate assemblage from a rocky
mountain stream in experimental microcosms
Genotoxicity of Field-Collected Inter-tidal Sediment exposures from Cork
Harbor, Ireland, to Juvenile Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) as
Measured by the Comet Assay
The Geographic Distribution of Population Health and Contaminant Body
Burden in Gulf of Mexico Oysters
Effect of Dietary exposure Cadmium on Growth and Haematological
Parameters of Juvenile Rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (Hilgendorf)
Year
1989
2010
1987a
1987b
1987
1996
1997
2005
2009
1984
2007
1994
1996
2004
2001
2004a
Reason Unused
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow-through;
fed toxicant
Review of previously published data
Not North American species
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Mixture
Mixture
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Sediment exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dietary exposure
J-76
-------
Authors
Kim et al.
Kim et al.
Kim et al.
Kim et al.
Kim et al.
Kim et al.
Kim et al.
Kim et al.
King and Riddle
King et al.
King et al.
King et al.
Kir et al.
Kiran et al.
Kirby et al.
Title
Cadmium accumulation and elimination in tissues of juvenile olive
flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus after sub-chronic cadmium exposure
Kinetics of Cd Accumulation and Elimination in Tissues of Juvenile
Rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) Exposed to Dietary exposure Cd
Molecular Cloning of Daphnia magna Catalase and Its Biomarker
Potential Against Oxidative Stresses
Expression Profiles of Seven Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) Genes in
Cadmium-Exposed River Pufferfish (Takifugu ob scums)
Effects of Montmorillonite on Alleviating Dietary Cd-Induced Oxidative
Damage in Carp (Carassius auratus)
Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid exposure increases cadmium toxicity in
early life stage of zebrafish, Danio rerio
8-Oxoguanine DNA Glycosylase 1 (Oggl) From the Copepod Tigriopus
japonicus: Molecular Characterization and Its Expression in Response to
UV-B and Heavy Metals
Effect of cadmium exposure on expression of antioxidant gene transcripts
in the river pufferfish, Takifugu obscurus (Tetraodontiformes)
Effects of metal contaminants on the development of the common
antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri and comparisons of sensitivity
with tropical and temperate echinoids
Short-term accumulation of Cd and Cu from water, sediment and algae by
the amphipod Melita plumulosa and the bivalve Tellina deltoidalis
Acute toxicity and bioaccumulation of aqueous and sediment-bound
metals in the estuarine amphipod Melita plumulosa
Toxicity of metals to the bivalve Tellina deltoidalis and relationships
between metal bioaccumulation and metal partitioning between seawater
and marine sediments
Heavy Metal Concentrations in Organs of Rudd, Scardinus
erythrophthalmus L.,1758 Populating Lake Karatas -Turkey
Trace Metal Levels in the Organs of Finfish Oreochromis mossambicus
(Peter) and Relevant Water of Jannapura Lake, India
Changes in Selenium, Copper, Cadmium, and Zinc Concentrations in
Mullet (Mugil cephalus) from the Southern Basin of Lake Macquarie,
Australia, in Response to Alteration of Coal -Fired Power Station Fly Ash
Handling Procedures
Year
2004b
2006
2010a
2010b
2011a
20 lib
2012b
2010c
2001
2005
2006
2010
2006
2006
2001a
Reason Unused
Dilution water not characterized;
Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure; not
North American species
Dietary exposure
In vitro
In vitro
Fed toxicant
Mixture
Mixture
Dilution water not characterized
Not North American species, duration too long
Sediment exposure; not North American species
Not North American species, control mortality
(>75%)
Not North American species; sediment
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-77
-------
Authors
Kirby et al.
Kiser et al.
Klaverkamp and Duncan
Kleinert et al.
Klerks etal.
Klerks and Bartholomew
Klinck et al.
Klinck et al.
Klinck et al.
Kline et al.
Kljakovic-Gaspic et al.
Kljakovic-Gaspic et al.
Klochenko et al.
Kluttgen and Ratte
Kluytmand et al.
Knauer and Martin
Kneip
Title
Selenium, Cadmium, Copper, and Zinc Concentrations in Sediment
exposures and Mullet (Mugil cephalus) from the Southern Basin of Lake
Macquarie, NSW, Australia
Impacts and pathways of mine contaminants to bull trout (Salvelinus
confluentus) in an Idaho watershed.
Acclimation to cadmium toxicity by white suckers: Cadmium binding
capacity and metal distribution in gill and liver cytosol
Concentration of Metals in Fish
Effects of Ghost Shrimp on Zinc and Cadmium in Sediment exposures
From Tampa Bay, Fl
Cadmium accumulation and detoxification in a Cd-resistant population of
the oligochaete Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri
Branchial cadmium and copper binding and intestinal cadmium uptake in
wild yellow perch (Perca flavescens) from clean and metal-contaminated
lakes
Cadmium Accumulation and In Vitro Analysis of Calcium and Cadmium
Transport Functions in the Gastro-intestinal Tract of Trout Following
Chronic Dietary exposure Cadmium and Calcium Feeding
In Vitro Characterization of Cadmium Transport Along the Gastro-
intestinal Tract of Freshwater Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Effects of Pollution on Freshwater Organisms
A. Distribution of cadmium and lead in Posidonia oceanica (L.) delile
from the middle Adriatic sea
Biomonitoring of Trace Metals (Cu, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn) in the Eastern
Adriatic Using the Mediterranean Blue Mussel (2001-2005)
Some Peculiarities of Accumulation of Heavy Metals by Macrophytes and
Epiphyton Algae in Water Bodies of Urban Territories
Effects of different food doses on cadmium toxicity to Daphnia magna
Effects of cadmium on the reproduction ofMytilus edulis L.
Seasonal Variations of Cadmium, Copper, Manganese, Lead and Zinc and
in Water and Phytoplankton in Monterey Bay, California
Effects of Cadmium in an Aquatic Environment
Year
200 Ib
2010
1987
1974
2007
1991
2007
2009
2011
1987
2004
2006
2007
1994
1988
1973
1978
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Sediment exposure
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Prior exposure
Dietary exposure
In vitro
Review
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or
by injection or gavage
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Review
J-78
-------
Authors
Kneip and Hazen
Kobayashi
Kobayashi and Okamura
Koca et al.
Kock et al.
Kock et al.
Koelmans et al.
Kogan et al.
Kohler and Riisgard
Koivisto et al.
Kojadinovic et al.
Kola and Wilkinson
Kolok et al.
Kolyuchkina and Ismailov
Komjarova and Blust
Komjarova and Blust
Title
Deposit and mobility of cadmium in marsh-cove ecosystem and the
relation to cadmium concentration in biota
Fertilized sea urchin eggs as an indicator material for marine pollution
bioassay, preliminary experiments
Effects of heavy metals on sea urchin embryo development. Part 2.
Interactive toxic effects of heavy metals in synthetic mine effluents
Genotoxic and Histopathological Effects of Water Pollution on Two Fish
Species, Barbus capita pectoralis and Chondrostoma nasus in the
Menderes River, Turkey
Accumulation of trace metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn) in Arctic char (Salvelinus
alpinus) from oligotrophic alpine lakes: Relation to alkalinity
Seasonal Patterns of Metal Accumulation in Arctic Char (Salvelinus
alpinus) From an Oligotrophic Alpine Lake Related to Temperature
Influence of salinity and mineralization on trace metal sorption to
cyanobacteria in natural waters
Effect of cadmium ions on Ch lore 1 la II: modification of the UV irridation
effect
Formation of metallothioneins in relation to accumulation of cadmium in
the common mussel Mytilus edulis
Does cadmium pollution change trophic interactions in rockpool food
webs?
Bioaccumulation of Trace Elements in Pelagic Fish From the Western
Indian Ocean
Cadmium Uptake by a Green Alga can be Predicted by Equilibrium
Modelling
Individual variation in the swimming performance of fishes: An
overlooked source of variation intoxicity studies
Morpho-functional characteristics of bivalve mollusks under the
experimental environmental pollution by heavy metals
Multi-Metal Interactions Between Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in Water Flea
Daphnia magna, a Stable Isotope Experiment
Effect of Na, Ca and Ph on Simultaneous Uptake of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and
Zn in the Water Flea Daphnia magna Measured Using Stable Isotopes
Year
1979
1971
2005
2008
1995
1996
1996
1975
1982
1997
2007
2005
1998
2011
2008
2009
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation field study not used because an
insufficient number of measurements of the
concentration of cadmium in the water
Not North American species
Effluent
Mixture
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Text in foreign language
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Modeling
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Only two exposure concentrations
Mixture
Mixture
J-79
-------
Authors
Kondera and Witeska
Kooijman and Bedaux
Koop
Kopecka-Pilarczyk
Kopfler and Mayer
Korda et al.
Kosakowska et al.
Kosanovic et al.
Koskinen et al.
Kostaropoulos et al.
Kovacik et al.
Kovarova et al.
Koyama et al.
Kraak et al.
Title
Cadmium-induced alterations in heady kidney hematopoietic tissue of
common carp
Analysis of toxicity tests onDaptmia survival and reproduction
Untersuchungen Ueber Die Schwermetallanreicherung In Fischen Aus
Schwermetallbelasteten Gewaessern Im Hinblick Auf Deren
Fischereiliche Nutzung. (Studies On Heavy Metal Enrichment In Fish
From Waters Polluted By Heavy Metals With Reference To Their Use By
The Fishing Industry)
The effect of pesticides and metals on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in
various tissues of blue mussel (Mytilus trossulus L.) in short-term in vivo
exposures at different temperatures
Concentrations of Five Trace Metals in the Waters and Oysters
(Crassostrea virginica) of Mobile Bay, Alabama
Trace Elements in Samples of Fish, Sediment and Taconite From Lake
Superior
Effect of amino acids on the toxicity of heavy metals to phytoplankton
Influence of Urbanization of the Western Coast of the United Arab
Emirates on Trace Metal Content in Muscle and Liver of Wild Red-Spot
Emperor (Lethrinus lentjan)
Response of rainbow trout transcriptome to model chemical contaminants
Effects of Exposure to a Mixture of Cadmium and Chromium on
Detoxification Enzyme (GST, P450-MO) Activities in the Frog Rana
ridibunda
Comparison of methyl jasmonate and cadmium effect on selected
physiological parameters in Scenedesmus quadricauda (Chlorophyta,
Chlorophyceae)
Effect of metals, with special attention of Cd, content of the Svitava and
Svratka rivers on levels of thiol compounds in fish liver and their use as
biochemical markers
The seawater fish for evaluation of the toxicity of pollutants
Chronic ecotoxicity of mixtures of Cu, Zn, and Cd to the zebra mussel
Dreissena polymorpha
Year
2012
1996
1991
2010
1973
1977
1988
2007
2004
2005
2011
2009
1992
1993a
Reason Unused
Only one exposure concentration
Review of previously published data
Mixture
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dilution water not characterized, only two
exposure concentrations, duration too short
Mixture
Dilution water not characterized
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
J-80
-------
Authors
Kraak et al.
Kraak et al.
Kraal et al.
Kraemer et al.
Kraemer et al.
Krantzberg
Krantzberg
Krantzberg and Stokes
Krantzberg and Stokes
Krasnov et al.
Krassoi and Julli
Kraus
Kremling et al.
Krishna Kumari et al.
Krishnaja et al.
Kruatrachue et al.
Krumschnabel et al.
Title
Toxicity of heavy metals to the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)
Ecotoxicity of mixtures of metals to the zebra mussel Dreissena
polymorpha
Uptake and tissue distribution of dietary and aqueous cadmium by carp
(Cyprinus carpio)
Dynamics of Cd, Cu and Zn accumulation in organs and sub-cellular
fractions in field transplanted juvenile yellow perch (Percaflavescens)
Modeling Cadmium Accumulation in Indigenous Yellow Perch (Perca
flavescens)
Accumulation of essential and nonessential metals by chironomid larvae
in relation to physical and chemical properties of the elements
Metal accumulation by chironomid larvae: the effects of age and body
weight on metal body burdens
The importance of surface adsorption and pH in metal accumulation by
chironomids
Metal regulation, tolerance, and body burdens in the larvae of the genus
Chironomus
Hepatic responses of gene expression in juvenile brown trout (Salmo
trutta lacustris) exposed to three model contaminants applied singly and
in combination
Chemical batch as a factor affecting the acute toxicity of the reference
toxicant potassium dichromate to the cladoceranMo/'wa australiensis
(Sars)
Accumulation and Excretion of Five Heavy Metals by the Saltmarsh
Cordgrass Spartina alteriflora
Studies on the pathways and effects of cadmium in controlled ecosystem
enclosures
Bio-accumulation of some trace metals in the short-neck clam Paphia
malabarica from Mandovi estuary, Goa
effects of certain heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, As and Se) on the intertidal
crab Scylla serrata
Histopathological Changes in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Fish, Puntius
gonionotus, fed on Dietary exposure Cadmium
Apoptosis and Necroptosis Are Induced in Rainbow Trout Cell Lines
Exposed to Cadmium
Year
1993b
1994b
1995
2005
2008
1989a
1989b
1988
1989
2007
1994
1988
1978
2006
1987
2003
2010
Reason Unused
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Review of previously published data
No useable data on cadmium toxicity or
bioconcentration
Mixture
Modeling
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Not North American species
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture; field study
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Dietary exposure
In vitro
J-81
-------
Authors
Krywult et al.
Kucuksezgin et al.
Kuehl and Haebler
Kuehl et al.
Kuhn and Pattard
Kumar
Kumar and Achyuthan
Kumar et al.
Kumar et al.
Kumar et al.
Kumarasamy et al.
Kumari et al.
Kurochkin et al.
Kurochkin et al.
Kuroshima
Kuroshima
Kuroshima and Kimura
Title
Metal Concentrations in Chub Leuciscus cephalus From a Submontane
River (Poland)
Trace metal and organochlorine residue levels in red mullet (Mullus
barbatus) from the eastern Aegean, Turkey
Organochlorine, Organobromine, Metal, and Selenium Residues in
Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) Collected During an Unusual
Mortality Event in the Gulf of Mexico, 1990
Coplanar PCB and Metal Residues in Dolphins From the U.S. Atlantic
Coast Including Atlantic Bottlenose Obtained During the 1987/88 Mass
Mortality
Results of the harmful effects of water pollutants to green algae
(Scenedesmus subspicatus) in the cell multiplication inhibition test
Accumulation of Pb, Cd, and Zn in aquatic snails from four freshwater
sites in Steuben County, Indiana
Heavy Metal Accumulation in Certain Marine Animals Along the East
Coast of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Selected Heavy Metals in the Sediment exposure and Macrobenthos of the
Coastal Waters Off Mangalore
Levels of Cadmium and Lead in Tissues of Freshwater Fish (Clarias
batrachus L.) And Chicken in Western up (India)
Selenium and spermine alleviate cadmium induced toxicity in the red
seaweed Gracilaria dura by regulating antioxidants and DNA
methylation
Effect of some heavy metals on the filtration rate of an estuarine clam,
Meretrix casta (Chemnitz)
Bio-Accumulation of Some Trace Metals in the Short-Neck Clam Paphia
malabarica From Mandovi Estuary, Goa
Cadmium affects metabolic responses to prolonged anoxia and
reoxygenation in eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica)
Top-Down Control Analysis of the Cadmium Effects on Molluscan
Mitochondria and the Mechanisms of Cadmium-Induced Mitochondria!
Dysfunction
Cadmium accumulation and it effect on calcium metabolism in the girella
Girella punctata during a long term exposure
Cadmium accumulation in the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus,
adapted to various salinities
Changes in toxicity of Cd and its accumulation in girella and goby with
their growth
Year
2008
2001
1995
1994
1990
1991
2007
2003
2007
2012
2006
2006
2009
2011
1987
1992
1990
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Lack of exposure details
Effect level cannot be determined, dilution water
not characterized, not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
In vitro
Not North American species
Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or
by injection or gavage
Not North American species
J-82
-------
Authors
Kuroshima et al.
Kurun et al.
Kurun et al.
Kusch et al.
Kwan and Smith
Kwong and Niyogi
Kwong et al.
Kwong et al.
Kwong and Niyogi
La Touche and Mix
Labonne et al.
Lacoue-Labarthe et al.
Lacroix and Hontela
Laegreild et al.
Title
Kinetic analysis of cadmium toxicity to red sea bream, Pagrus major
Accumulations of Total Metal in Dominant Shrimp Species (Palaemon
adspersus, Palaemon serratus, Parapenaeus longirostris) and Bottom
Surface Sediment exposures Obtained From the Northern Inner Shelf of
the Sea of Marmara
Total metal levels in crayfish Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823),
and surface sediments in Lake Terkos, Turkey
Chronic exposure to low concentrations of water-borne cadmium during
embryonic and larval development results in the long-term hindrance of
anti-predator behavior in zebrafish
Some aspects of the kinetics of cadmium and thallium uptake by fronds of
Lemna minor L.
The interactions of iron with other divalent metals in the intestinal tract of
a freshwater teleost, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Molecular Evidence and Physiological Characterization of Iron
Absorption in Isolated Enterocytes of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss): Implications for Dietary Cadmium and Lead Absorption
Effects of Dietary Cadmium Exposure on Tissue-Specific Cadmium
Accumulation, Iron Status and Expression of Iron-Handling and Stress-
Inducible Genes in Rainbow Trout: Influence of Elevated Dietary Iron
Cadmium Transport in Isolated Enterocytes of Freshwater Rainbow
Trout: Interactions With Zinc and Iron, Effects of Complexation With
Cysteine, and an ATPase-Coupled Efflux.
Seasonal Variations of Arsenic and Other Trace Elements in Bay Mussels
(Mytilus edulis)
Use of non-radioactive, mono-isotopic metal tracer for studying metal
(Zn, Cd, Pb) accumulation in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis
Acid phosphatase and cathepsin activity in cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis)
eggs: The effects of Ag, Cd, and Cu exposure
A Comparative Assessment of the Adrenotoxic Effects of Cadmium in
Two Teleost Species, Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and Yellow
Perch, Percaflavescens
Seasonal variation of cadmium toxicity toward the alga Selenastrum
capricornutum Printz in two lakes with different humus content
Year
1993
2007
2010
2007
1991
2009
2010
2011
2012
1982
2002
2010
2004
1983
Reason Unused
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Duration too short, high control mortality (85%)
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Mixture
In vitro
Fed toxicant
In vitro
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
not renewal or flow-through exposure; not North
American species
Not North American species
Non-applicable
Results were only presented graphically
J-83
-------
Authors
Lahsteiner et al.
Lake and Thorp
Lakshmi and Rao
Lam
Lam
Lam et al.
Lamelas and Slaveykova
Lamelas et al.
Lanceleur et al.
Landner and Jernelov
Lane et al.
Lang and Lang-Dobler
Lange et al.
Langston and Zhou
Lannig et al.
Lannig et al.
Title
The sensitivity and reproducibility of the zebrafish (Danio Rerio) embryo
test for the screening of waste water quality and for testing the toxicity of
chemicals
The Gill Lamellae of the Shrimp Paratya tasmaniensis (Atyidae:
Crustacea). Normal Ultrastructure and Changes With Low Levels of
Cadmium
Evaluation of cadmium toxicity on survival, accumulation and depuration
in an intertidal gastropod, Turbo intercostalis
Effects of cadmium on the consumption and absorption rates of a tropical
freshwater snail, Radix plicatulus
Interpopulation differences in acute response ofBmtia hainanensis
(Gastropoda, Prosobranchia) to cadmium: genetic or environmental
variance?
Cadmium uptake and depuration in the soft tissues ofBmtia hainanensis
(Gastropoda: Prosobranchia: Thiaridae): A dynamic model
Comparison of Cd(II), Cu(II), and Pb(II) Biouptake by Green Algae in the
Presence of Humic Acid
Effect of Humic Acid on Cd(II), Cu(II), and Pb(II) Uptake by Freshwater
Algae: Kinetic and Cell Wall Speciation Considerations
Long-Term Records of Cadmium and Silver Contamination in Sediments
and Oysters From the Gironde Fluvial -Estuarine Continuum - Evidence of
Changing Silver Sources
Cadmium in aquatic systems
The interaction between inorganic iron and cadmium uptake in the marine
diatom Thalassiosira oceanica
The Chemical Environment of Tubificid and Lumbriculid Worms
According to the Pollution Level of the Sediment
Alterations of tissue glutathione levels and metallothionein mRNA in
rainbow trout during single and combined exposure to cadmium and zinc
Cadmium accumulation, distribution and metabolism in the gastropod
Littorina littorea'. The role of metal -binding proteins
Cadmium-dependent oxygen limitation affects temperature tolerance in
eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin)
Temperature-dependent effects of cadmium on mitochondrial and whole-
organism bioenergetics of oysters (Crassostrea virginica)
Year
2004
1974
2002
1996a
1996b
1997
2007
2009
2011
1969
2008
1979
2002
1987
2008
2006a
Reason Unused
Duration too short, only one exposure
concentration, some species are Not North
American
Abstract only
Not North American species
Not North American species
Not North American species
Not North American species
Mixture
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: not whole body or muscle
content
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Only one exposure concentration, unmeasured
chronic exposure
Only one exposure concentration, lack of details
J-84
-------
Authors
Lannig et al.
LaPoint et al.
Lapota et al.
Lares et al.
Larsson
Lasenby and Van Duyn
Latif et al.
Latire et al.
Laube
Laurent et al.
Lavoie et al.
Lawrence and Holoka
LeBlanc
Leblebici et al.
Lee
Lee and Lee
Lee and Luoma
Title
Temperature-dependent stress response in oysters, Crassostrea virginica:
pollution reduces temperature tolerance in oysters
Relationships among observed metal concentrations, criteria, and benthic
community structural responses in 15 streams
The use of bioluminescent dinoflagellates as an environmental risk
assessment tool
Mercury and cadmium concentrations in farmed bluefin tuna (Thunnus
orientalis) and the suitability of using the caudal peduncle muscle tissue
as a monitoring tool.
Some experimentally induced biochemical effects of cadmium on fish
from the Baltic Sea
and cadmium accumulation by the opossum shrimp Mysis relicta
Effect of cadmium chloride and ascorbic acid exposure on the vital organs
of freshwater Cyprinid, Labeo rohita
Responses of Primary Cultured Haemocytes From the Marine Gastropod
Haliotis tuberculata Under 10-Day Exposure to Cadmium Chloride
Strategies of response to copper, cadmium, and lead by a blue -green and a
green alga
Cadmium Biosorption by Ozonized Activated Sludge: the Role of
Bacterial Floes Surface Properties and Mixed Liquor Composition
Influence of essential elements on cadmium uptake and toxicity in a
unicellular green alga: The protective effect of trace zinc and cobalt
concentrations
Response of crustacean zooplankton impounded in situ to cadmium at low
environmental concentrations
Interspecies relationships in acute toxicity of chemicals to aquatic
organisms
Influence of nutrient addition on growth and accumulation of cadmium
and copper in Lemna gibba
Occurrence of Heavy Metals and Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria From
Internal Organs of American Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) Raised in
Malaysia
Influence of acid volatile sulfides and simultaneously extracted metals on
the bioavailability and toxicity of a mixture of Sediment exposure-
associated Cd, Ni, and Zn to polychaetes Neanthes arenaceodentata
Influence of microalgal biomass on absorption efficiency of Cd, Cr, and
Zn by two bivalves from San Francisco Bay
Year
2006b
1984
2007
2012
1977
1992
2012
2012
1980
2010
2012
1991
1984
2010
2009
2005
1998
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: not whole body or muscle
content
Not applicable per ECOTOX Duluth; survey
No cadmium toxicity information
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dilution water not characterized
Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or
by injection or gavage
Not North American species, dilution water not
characterized
In vitro
Results were only presented graphically
Bacteria
Excessive EDTA/NTA in growth media
Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or
by injection or gavage
Review of previously published data
Dilution water not characterized
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Sediment exposure
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
J-85
-------
Authors
Lee and Noone
Lee and Oshima
Lee and Wang
Lee and Xu
Lee et al.
Lee et al.
Lee et al.
Lee et al.
Lefcort et al.
Lefevre et al.
Legeay et al.
Lehtonen et al.
Lei et al.
Lei et al.
Lei et al.
Lekhi et al.
Lera et al.
Title
Effect of reproductive toxicants on lipovitellin in female blue crabs,
Callinectes sapidus
Effects of selected pesticides, metals and organometallics on development
of blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) embryos
Metal Accumulation in the Green Macroalga Ulva fasciata: Effects of
Nitrate, Ammonium and Phosphate
Differential response of marine organisms to certain metal and
agrichemical pollutants
Influence of Reactive Sulfide (AVS) and Supplementary Food on Ag, Cd
and Zn Bioaccumulation in the Marine Polychaete Neanthes
arenaceodentata
Acute toxicities of trace metals and common xenobiotics to the marine
copepod Tigriopus japonicus: Evaluation of its use as a benchmark
species for routine ecotoxicity tests in western Pacific coastal regions
Acute toxicity of two CdSe/ZnSe quantum dots with different surface
coating in Daphnia magna under various light conditions
Binding Strength- Associated Toxicity Reduction by Birnessite and
Hydroxyapatite in Pb and Cd Contaminated Sediments
Aquatic Snails from Mining Sites have Evolved to Detect and Avoid
Heavy Metals
Chloride salinity reduces cadmium accumulation by the Mediterranean
halophyte species Atriplex halimus L.
Impact of cadmium contamination and oxygenation levels on biochemical
responses in the Asiatic clam Cobicula fluminea
Biomarkers of Pollution Effects in the Bivalves Mytilus edulis and
Macoma balthica Collected From the Southern Coast of Finland (Baltic
Sea)
Effect of cadmium on cytochrome C oxidase isozyme in the
hepatopancreas, gill and heart of freshwater crab Sinopotamon
yangtsekiense
Histopathological and biochemical alternations of the heart induced by
acute cadmium exposure in the freshwater crab Sinopotamon
yangtsekiense
Arsenic, cadmium, and lead pollution and uptake by rice (Oryza saliva L.)
Role of dissolved and paniculate cadmium in the accumulation of
cadmium in cultured oysters (Crassostrea gigas)
Variations in sensitivity of two populations of Corophium orientale
(Crustacea: Amphipoda) towards cadmium and sodium laurylsulphate
Year
1995
1998
2001
1984
2001
2007
2010
2011
2004
2009
2005
2006
2011a
20 lib
2011c
2008
2008
Reason Unused
Fed toxicant
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Non-applicable
Not North American species
Mixture
Not North American species
Mixture
Sediment
Mixture
Non-aquatic plant
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
(only 13-14 day exposure), static exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dilution water not characterized; Not North
American species
Dilution water not characterized; Not North
American species
Sediment exposure
Mixture
Not North American species
J-86
-------
Authors
Les
Les and Walter
Lesage et al.
Lesage et al.
Leung et al.
Leung and Furness
Leung and Furness
Leung et al.
Leung et al.
Lewis
Li
Li
Li and Lin
Li et al.
Li et al.
Li et al.
Li et al.
Title
Cadmium uptake and depuration by the pleurocerid gastropod, Leptoxis
carinata (Bruguiere), and its potential use as an indicator species
Toxicity and binding of copper, zinc and cadmium by the blue -green alga,
Chroococcus paris
Accumulation of Metals in the Sediment exposure and Reed Biomass of a
Combined Constructed Wetland Treating Domestic Wastewater
Accumulation of Metals in a Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed
Wetland Treating Domestic Wastewater in Flanders, Belgium
Influence of static and fluctuating salinity on cadmium uptake and
metallothionein expression by the dogwhelk Nucella lapillus (L.)
Metallothionein induction and condition index of dogwhelks Nucella
lapillus (L.) exposed to cadmium and hydrogen peroxide
Survival, growth, metallothionein and glycogen levels of Nucella lapillus
(L.) exposed to sub-chronic cadmium stress: the influence of nutritional
state and prey type
Concentrations of metallothionein-like proteins and heavy metals in the
freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis exposed to different levels of
waterborne cadmium
Differential proteomic responses in hepatopancreas and adductor muscles
of the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis to stresses induced by cadmium
and hydrogen peroxide
Selected Heavy Metals in Sediments and Biota From Desert Streams of
the Gila River Drainage (Arizona).
Cellular accumulation and distribution of cadmium in Isochrysis galbana
during growth inhibition and recovery
Cadmium toxicity and random motility studies using marine
dinoflagellates
Acute Toxicity of Cadmium to Argopecten irradiams
Metal uptake in zebrafish embryo-larvae exposed to metal -contaminated
Sediment exposures
Trace Metal Concentrations in Suspended Particles, Sediment exposures
and Clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) From Jiaozhou Bay of China
Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals Along Food Chain in the Water of
Zhalong Wetland
Absorption and Accumulation of Heavy Metals by Plants in Poyang Lake
Wetland
Year
2008
1984
2007a
2007b
2002
2001a
200 Ib
2003
2011
1980
1980
2001
2006
2004
2006
2007
2008
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
(only 21 day exposure)
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only one exposure concentration, unmeasured
chronic exposure
Only one exposure concentration, unmeasured
chronic exposure
Only one exposure concentration, unmeasured
chronic exposure
Duration too short, unmeasured chronic
exposure, only two exposure concentrations
Only one exposure concentration
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow-through;
Toxicity: only two exposure concentrations
Only two exposure concentrations
Non-applicable
Sediment exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-87
-------
Authors
Li et al.
Li et al.
Li et al.
Li et al.
Li et al.
Li et al.
Li et al.
Li et al.
Liao and Hsieh
Liao et al.
Liao et al.
Lieb and Carline
Lin et al.
Lin et al.
Lira et al.
Lithner et al.
Liu and Deng
Liu and Wang
Liu and Wang
Title
Effects of dietary squid viscera meal on growth and cadmium
accumulation in tissues of large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea R.
Kinetic study of the bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, and Cd) in
Chinese domestic oyster Ostrea plicatula
Influence of environmental related concentrations of heavy metals on
motility parameters and antioxidant responses in sturgeon sperm
Evaluating the function of calcium antagonist on the Cd-induced stress in
sperm of Russian sturgeon, Acipenser gueldenstaedtii . Aquat. Toxicol
Low-molecular-weight-chitosan ameliorates cadmium-induced toxicity in
the freshwater crab, Sinopotamon yangtsekiense
Protective roles of calcium channel blocker against cadmium-induced
physiological stress in freshwater teleost Oncorhynchus mykiss
Uptake pathways and subcellular fractionation of Cd in the polychaete
Nereis diversicolor
Photosynthetic activity and antioidative response of seagrass Thalassia
hemprichii to trace metal stress
Toxicity of three heavy metals to Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Subcellular Partitioning Links BLM-Based Toxicokinetics for Assessing
Cadmium Toxicity to Rainbow Trout
Assessing the impact of waterborne and dietborne cadmium toxicity on
susceptibility risk for rainbow trout
Effects of Urban Runoff From a Detention Pond on Water Quality,
Temperature and Caged Gammarus minus (Say) (Amphipoda) in a
Headwater Stream
Changes of glycogen metabolism in the gills and hepatic tissue of tilapia
(Oreochromis mossambicus) during short-term Cd exposure
Selenium reduces cadmium uptake and mitigates cadmium toxicity in rice
Effects of barium and cadmium on the population development of the
marine nematode Rhabditis (Pellioditis) marina
Bioconcentration factors for metals in humic waters at different pH in the
Ronnskar area (N. Sweden)
Accumulation of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in the Pacific oyster,
Crassostrea gigas, collected from the Pearl River Estuary, southern China
Metallothionein-Like Proteins Turnover, Cd and Zn Biokinetics in the
Dietary Cd-Exposed Scallop Chlamys nobilis
Differential Roles of Metallothionein-Like Proteins in Cadmium Uptake
and Elimination by the Scallop Chlamys nobilis
Year
2009
2010a
2010c
2010d
20 lib
2011c
2012a
2012c
1990
2011a
20 lib
2000
2011
2012
2011
1995
2007
2011a
20 lib
Reason Unused
Dietary exposure
Dilution water not characterized; Not North
American species
Dilution water not characterized; only two
exposure concentrations
Not North American species, only two exposure
concentrations, duration too short
Not North American species, only two exposure
concentrations
Dilution water not characterized; only two
exposure concentrations
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented,
unmeasured exposure
Only three exposure concentrations
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Modeling
Review
Mixture
Only one exposure concentration, duration too
short
Not applicable
Non-aquatic exposure; not North American
species
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Fed toxicant
In vitro
-------
Authors
Liu et al.
Liu et al.
Liu et al.
Liu et al.
Liu et al.
Liu et al.
Liu et al.
Liu et al.
Liu et al.
Liu et al.
Liu et al.
Liu et al.
Loayza-Muro and Elias-
Letts
Lobato et al.
Loehle and Paller
Lokeshwari and
Chandrappa
Lomagin and Ul'yanova
Lombardi et al.
Title
Complex toxicity of triadimefon and Cd towards aquatic organisms
Residual Concentrations of Micropollutants inBenthic Mussels in the
Coastal Areas of Bohai Sea, North China
Distribution of Persistent Toxic Substances in Benthic Bivalves from the
Inshore Areas of the Yellow Sea
Mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis in the hepatopancreas of the
freshwater crab Sinopotamon yangtsekiense exposed to cadmium
Toxicity of copper, lead, and cadmium on the motility of two marine
microalgae Isochrysis galbana and Tetraselmis chui
Antioxidant responses, hepatic intermediary metabolism, histology and
ultrastructure in Synechogobius hasta exposed to waterborne cadmium
Metabolic Profiling of Cadmium-Induced Effects in One Pioneer
Intertidal Halophyte Suaeda salsa by NMR-Based Metabolomics
Metal accumulation in the tissues of grass carps (Ctenopharyngodon
idellus) from fresh water around a copper mine in Southeast China
Cadmium-induced changes in trace element bioaccumulation and
proteomics perspective in four marine bivalves
Cloning and Characterization of the HSP90 Beta Gene from Tanichthys
albonubes Lin (Cyprinidae): Effect of Copper and Cadmium Exposure
Effect of ambient cadmium with calcium on mRNA expressions of
calcium uptake related transporters in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae
Cadmium induces ultrastructural changes in the hepatopancreas of the
freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense
Responses of the mussel Anodontites trapesialis (Unionidae) to
environmental stressors: Effect of pH, temperature and metals on filtration
rate
The role of lipoic acid in the protection against of metallic pollutant
effects in the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Crustacea, Decapoda)
Heavy Metals In Fish From Streams Near F-Area And H-Area Seepage
Basins
Heavy Metals Content in Water, Water Hyacinth and Sediment exposures
of Lalbagh Tank, Bangalore (India)
A new bioassay on water pollution using duckweed Lemna minor L
Trace metal levels in Prochilodus lineatus collected from the La Plata
River, Argentina
Year
2005
2007
2008
2011a
20 lib
2011c
20 lid
2012a
2012b
2012c
2012d
2013
2007
2013
1991
2006
1993
2010
Reason Unused
Text in foreign language
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dilution water not characterized
Dilution water not characterized
Not North American species
In vitro
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only two exposure concentrations
Mixture
Only one exposure concentration
Dilution water not characterized
Not North American species, duration too short
Only one exposure concentration
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or
by injection or gavage
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-89
-------
Authors
Long and Wang
Long et al.
Lopez and Thompson
Lopez Greco et al.
Lorenzon et al.
Loumbourdis
Loumbourdis et al.
Loumbourdis et al.
Loureiro et al.
Lovett et al.
Lozano et al.
Lozano et al.
Lu and Wu
Lu and Xu
Lu et al.
Lu et al.
Lucas et al.
Title
Metallothionein induction and bioaccumulation kinetics of Cd and Ag in
the marine fish Terapon jarbua challenged with dietary or waterborne Ag
andCu
Short-term metal accumulation and MTLP induction in the digestive
glands ofPerna virdis exposed to Zn and Cd
An Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Egg Yolks of Olive Ridley
Turtles of the Tropical Eastern Pacific
Toxicity of cadmium and copper on larval and juvenile stages of the
estuarine crab Chasmagnathus granulata (Brachyura, Grapsidae)
Heavy metals affect the circulating haemocyte number in the shrimp
Palaemon elegans
Hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of cadmium in the frog Rana
ridibunda
Effects of cadmium exposure on bioaccumulation and larval growth in the
frog Rana ridibunda
Heavy metal accumulation and metallothionein concentration in the frog
Rana ridibunda after exposure to chromium or a mixture of chromium
and cadmium
Assessing joint toxicity of chemicals in Enchytraeus albidus
(Enchytraeidae) and Porcellionides pruinosus (Isopoda) using avoidance
behaviour as an endpoint
A Survey of the Total Cadmium Content of 406 Fish From 49 New York
State Fresh Waters
Lead and cadmium levels in coastal benthic algae (seaweeds) of Tenerife,
Canary Islands
Content of lead and cadmium in barred hogfish, Bodianus scrofa, island
grouper, Mycteropercafusca, and Portuguese dogfish, Centroscymnus
coelolepis, from Canary Islands, Spain.
Recolonization and succession of subtidal macrobenthic infauna in
sediment exposures contaminated with cadmium
Effects of cadmium on antioxidant enzyme activity and DNA damage in
Sinonovacula constricta
Importance of waterborne cadmium and zinc accumulation in the
suspension-feeding amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri
Effects of cadmium, 17|5-estradiol and their interaction in the male
Chinese loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)
Concentrations of Trace Elements in Great Lakes Fishes
Year
2005
2010
2009
2001
2001
2005
1999
2007
2009
1972
2003
2009
2003
2011
2012a
2012b
1970
Reason Unused
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species, Duration too short
Not North American species, atypical endpoint
Only one exposure concentration, not North
American species, duration too short
Not North American species
Mixture
Sediment exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Sediment exposure
Text in foreign language
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only two exposure concentrations
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-90
-------
Authors
Lucia et al.
Lucker et al.
Lue-Kim et al.
Lugowska
Luis et al.
Lukashev
Lussier et al.
Lytle and Lytle
Lyubenova et al.
Ma et al.
Ma et al.
Ma et al.
Maanan
Maanan
Maas
MacDonald
Macdonald and Sprague
Title
Effect of Dietary Cadmium on Lipid Metabolism and Storage of Aquatic
Bird Cairina moschata
Experiments to determine the impact of salinity on the heavy metal
accumulation of Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas 1771)
Cadmium toxicity on synchronous populations of Chlorella ellipsoidea
The effect of cadmium and cadmium/copper mixture during the
embryonic development on deformed common carp larvae
Impact of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Water Quality, Stream
Sediment exposures and Periphytic Diatom Communities in the
Surrounding Streams of Aljustrel Mining Area (Portugal)
Peculiarities of Seasonal Dynamics of Manganese, Cobalt and Chromium
Accumulation by the Mollusks Dreissena Bugensis (Andr.) Nearby City
ofKyiv
Comparison of dissolved and total metals concentrations from acute tests
with saltwater organisms
Heavy Metals in Oysters and Clams of St. Louis Bay, Mississippi
Direct effect of Cd on glutathione s-transferase and glutathione reductase
from Calystegia sepium
Acute toxicity bioassay using the freshwater luminescent bacterium
Vibrio-qinghaiensis sp. Nov.-Q67
Tissue-specific cadmium and metallothionein levels in freshwater crab
Sinopotamon henanense during acute exposure to waterborne cadmium
Oxidative damages and ultrastructural changes in the sperm of freshwater
crab Sinopotamon henanense exposed to cadmium
Biomonitoring of Heavy Metals Using Mytilus galloprovincialis in Safi
Coastal Waters, Morocco
Heavy Metal Concentrations in Marine Molluscs From the Moroccan
Coastal Region
A field study of the relationship between heavy metal concentrations in
stream water and selected benthic macroinvertebrate species
Assessing the Toxicity of Aquatic Sediments Using Japanese Medaka
(Oryzias latipes) Embryolarval Bioassays
Cadmium in marine invertebrates and Arctic cod in the Canadian Arctic.
Distibution and ecological implications
Year
2010
1997
1980
2007
2009
2008
1999
1982
2007
1999
2008
2013
2007
2008
1978
2010
1988
Reason Unused
Fed toxicant
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Inappropriate medium of medium contained too
much of a complexing agent for algal studies
Species name not given
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Non-aquatic plant
Not North American species
Deionized water without proper salts, duration
too long, not North American species
Dilution water not characterized, not North
American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Sediment
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
J-91
-------
Authors
Maceda-Veiga et al.
Macek and Sleight III
MacFarlane et al.
Macfie et al.
Machreki-Ajmi and
Hamza-Chaffai
Machreki-Ajmi and
Hamza-Chaffai
Macka et al.
Mackey et al.
Madhusudan et al.
Madkour and Ali
Madoni et al.
Maeda et al.
Maes et al.
Maffucci et al.
Mahmoud et al.
Title
Metal bioaccumulation in the Mediterranean barbel (Barbus meridionalis)
in a Mediterranean river receiving effluents from urban and industrial
wastewater treatment plants
Utility of Toxicity Tests With Embryos and Fry of Fish in Evaluating
Hazards Associated With the Chronic Toxicity of Chemicals to Fishes
Effects of Five Metals on Susceptibility of Striped Bass to Flexibacter
columnaris
Effects of cadmium, cobalt, copper, and nickel on growth of the green
alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: The influences of the cell wall and pH
Accumulation of Cadmium and Lead in Cerastoderma glaucum
Originating From the Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia
Assessment of Sediment exposure/Water Contamination by in Vivo
Transplantation of the Cockles Cerastoderma glaucum From a Non
Contaminated to a Contaminated Area by Cadmium
Uptake of 203Hg++ and 115Cd^ by Chlamydomonas reinhardi under
various conditions
Bioaccumulation of Vanadium and Other Trace Metals in Livers of
Alaskan Cetceans and Pinnipeds.
Bioaccumulation of zinc and cadmium in freshwater fishes
Heavy Metals in the Benthic Foraminifera From the Coastal Lagoons, Red
Sea, Egypt: Indicators of Anthropogenic Impact on Environment (Case
Study)
Acute toxicity of lead, chromium, and other heavy metals to ciliates from
activated sludge plants
A bioaccumulation of zinc and cadmium in freshwater alga, Chlorella
vulgaris. Part II. Association mode of the metals and cell tissue
Spatial Variations and Temporal Trends Between 1994 and 2005 in
Fob/chlorinated Biphenyls, Organochlorine Pesticides and Heavy Metals
in European Eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) In Flanders, Belgium
Trace element (Cd, Cu, Hg, Se, Zn) accumulation and tissue distribution
in loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) from the Western Mediterranean
Sea (southern Italy)
Acute toxicities of cadmium and permethrin on the pre -spawning and
post-spawning phases ofHexaplex trunculus from Bizerta Lagoon,
Tunisia
Year
2012
1977
1986
1994
2006
2008
1979
1996
2003
2009
1994
1990
2008
2005
2012
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Review
Mixture
Inappropriate medium of medium contained too
much of a complexing agent for algal studies
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow-through
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dilution water not characterized, not North
American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Organisms were selected, adapted or acclimated
for increased resistance to cadmium
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only three exposure concentrations
J-92
-------
Authors
Mahon and Carman
Mai et al.
Maine et al.
Malea
Malea et al.
Malea et al.
Malea et al.
Malekpouri and
Moshtaghie
Malekpouri et al.
Maleva et al.
Maleva et al.
Malley and Chang
Malley et al.
Mallick and Mohn
Malone-Oliver et al.
Maloney
Mandal et al.
Title
The Influence of Salinity on the Uptake, Distribution, and Excretion of
Metals by the Smooth Cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora (Loisel.), Grown
in Sediment exposure Contaminated by Multiple Metals
Embryotoxic and genotoxic effects of heavy metals and pesticides on
early life stages of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas)
Cadmium uptake by floating macrophytes
Uptake of cadmium and the effect on viability of leaf cells in the seagrass
Halophila stipulacea (Forsk.) Aschers
Metal content of some green and brown seaweeds from Antikyra Gulf
(Greece)
Iron, Zinc, Copper, Lead and Cadmium Contents in Ruppia maritima
From a Mediterranean Coastal Lagoon: Monthly Variation and
Distribution in Different Plant Fractions
Kinetics of cadmium accumulation and its effects on microtubule integrity
and cell viability in the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa
Novel Observation in Cadmium-Zinc Interaction on Parameters Related to
Bone Metabolism in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)
Protective effect of zinc on related parameters to bone metabolism in
common carp fish (Cyprinus carpio L.) intoxified with cadmium
The response of hydrophytes to environmental pollution with heavy
metals
Effect of heavy metals on photosynthetic apparatus and antioxidant status
of Elodea
Early observations on the zooplankton community of a precambrian shield
lake receiving experimental additions of cadmium
Whole lake addition of cadmium-109: radiotracer accumulation in the
mussel population in the first season
Use of chlorophyll fluorescence in metal-stress research: A case study
with the green microalga Scenedesmus
Metallothionein and cadmium toxicity in developing zebrafish
Influence of organic enrichment on the partitioning and bioavailability of
cadmium in a microcosm study
Experiences with some toxic and relatively accessible heavy metals on the
survival and biomass production of Amphora costata W. Smith
Year
2008
2012
2001
1994
1995
2008
2013
2011
2011
2004
2012
1991
1989
2003
2011
1996
2006
Reason Unused
Sediment exposure
Only three exposure concentrations
No cadmium toxicity information; treatment
study
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species, Bioaccumualtion:
steady state not documented
Abstract only
Dilution water not characterized
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
unmeasured exposure
Only one exposure concentration, mixture
Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or
by injection or gavage
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Excessive EDTA in growth media (10 g/L),
duration too short
Lack of exposure details, abstract only
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Lack of details, no statistical analysis
J-93
-------
Authors
Manga
Mann and Fyfe
Mann et al.
Mansour
Manyin and Rowe
Manz et al.
Manzl et al.
Manzo et al.
Mao et al.
Maranhao et al.
Marcussen et al.
Marie et al.
Marie et al.
Marigomez et al.
Marion and Denizeau
Mark and Solbe
Markich and Jeffree
Title
Trace Metals In The Common Mussel Mytilus edulis From Belfast Lough
Northern Ireland UK
Algal Uptake of U and Some Other Metals: Implications for Global
Geochemical Cycling
The Chemical Content of Algae and Waters: Bioconcentration
Effects on fish of cadmium concentrations in water
Bioenergetic effects of aqueous copper and cadmium on the grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes pugio
In situ characterization of the microbial consortia active in two wastewater
treatment plants
Acute toxicity of cadmium and copper in hepatopancreas cells from the
Roman snail (Helix pomatia)
Cadmium, lead and their mixtures with copper: Paracentrotus lividus
embryotoxicity assessment, prediction, and offspring quality evaluation
Expression and function analysis of metallothionein in the testis of stone
crab Charyb disjaponica exposed to cadmium
Zinc and cadmium concentrations in soft tissues of the red swamp
crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) after exposure to zinc and
cadmium
Food Safety Aspects of Toxic Element Accumulation in Fish From
Wastewater-Fed Ponds in Hanoi, Vietnam
Metallothionein response to cadmium and zinc exposures compared in
two freshwater bivalves, Dreissena polymorpha and Corbicula fluminea
Cadmium and Zinc Bioaccumulation and Metallothionein Response in
Two Freshwater Bivalves (Corbicula fluminea and Dreissena
polymorpha) Transplanted Along a Fob/metallic Gradient
Lysosomal enlargement in digestive cells of mussels exposed to cadmium,
benzo(a)pyrene and their combination
Rainbow Trout and Human Cells in Culture for the Evaluation of the
Toxicity of Aquatic Pollutants: a Study With Cadmium
Analysis of the ecetoc aquatic toxicity (EAT) database V: The relevance
ofDaphnia magna as a representative test species
Absorption of divalent trace metals as analogues of calcium by Australian
freshwater bivalves: An explanation of how water hardness reduces metal
toxicity
Year
1980
1985
1988
1993
2009
1994
2004
2010
2012
1999
2007
2006b
2006a
2005
1983
1998
1994
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Mixture
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Excised tissue/cells
Not North American species
Dilution water not characterized; Not North
American species
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
not renewal or flow-through exposure
Mixture
Not North American species, only one exposure
concentration
In vitro
Review of previously published data
Not North American species
J-94
-------
Authors
Markich et al.
Marr et al.
Marr et al.
Martignago et al.
Martin-Diaz et al.
Martin-Diaz et al.
Martinez et al.
Martinez et al.
Martinez -Guitarte et al.
Masoudzadeh et al.
Masson et al.
Mastrangelo et al.
Mateo et al.
Mathad et al.
Mathew and Menon
Mathew and Menon
Title
The effects of pH and dissolved organic carbon on the toxicity of
cadmium and copper to a freshwater bivalve: Further support for the
extended free ion activity model
Differences in relative sensitivity of naive and metals -acclimated brown
and rainbow trout exposed to metals representative of the Clark Fork
River, Montana
Relative sensitivity of brown and rainbow trout to pulsed exposures of an
acutely lethal mixture of metals typical of the Clark Fork River, Montana
Cadmium, lead and metallothionein contents in tissues of the sea bream
Spams aurata from three different fish farming systems
Bioaccumulation and Toxicity of Dissolved Heavy Metals from the
Guadalquivir Estuary After the Aznalcollar Mining Spill Using Ruditapes
philippinamm
Effects of cadmium and zinc onPmcambarus clarkii: Simulation of the
Aznalcollar mining Spill
Cadmium toxicity, accumulation and metallothionein induction in
Echinogammams echinosetosus
Morphological Abnormalities in Chironomus tentans Exposed to
Cadmium- and Copper-Spiked Sediment exposures
Overexpression of Long Non-Coding RNAs Following Exposure to
Xenobiotics in the Aquatic Midge Chironomus riparius
Biosorption of Cadmium by Brevundimonas sp. Zf 12 Strain, a Novel
Biosorbent Isolated From Hot-Spring Waters in High Background
Radiation Areas
Responses of Two Sentinel Species (Hexagenia limbata-Mayfty
Pyganodon gran <5fa--Bivalve) Along Spatial Cadmium Gradients in Lakes
and Rivers in Northwestern Quebec.
Cadmium toxicity in tadpoles ofRhinella arenarum in relation to calcium
and humic acids
O2-induced inactivation of nitrogenase as a mechanism for the toxic action
of Cd2+ on Nostoc UAM 208
Short and long term effects of exposure of microalgae to heavy metal
stress
Toxic responses of bivalves to metal mixtures
Filtration Rates and Heavy Metal Toxicity in Donax incarnatus
Year
2003
1995a
1995b
2009
2005a
2005b
1996
2003
2012
2011
2010
2011
1994
2004
1992
2004
Reason Unused
Not North American species, duration too short
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
Surgically altered (chelipeds removed), only two
exposure concentrations
Not North American species
Sediment exposure
Mixture
Bacteria
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Lack of details, no statistical analysis
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Non-applicable
J-95
-------
Authors
Mathew and Menon
Mathews et al.
Mathews et al.
Mathis and Cummings
Matozzo et al.
Matsuo and Val
Matz and Krone
Matz et al.
Maunder et al.
Maunder et al.
Mayrand and Dutil
Mazen and El Maghraby
Mazet et al.
McCahon and Pascoe
McCahon and Pascoe
McCahon and Pascoe
McCahon et al.
McCahon et al.
Title
Histological aberrations accompanying chronic metal toxicity in the
mussel Perna indica
Metal Concentrations in Mediterranean Fish Tissues: Exploring
Biomagnification Patterns. Monaco
Assimilation and Retention of Metals in Teleost and Elasmobranch Fishes
Following Dietary Exposure
Selected Metals in Sediments, Water, and Biota in the Illinois River
Effects of copper and cadmium exposure on functional responses of
hemocytes in the clam, Tapes philippinamm
Dietary exposure Tissue Cadmium Accumulation in an Amazonian
Teleost (Tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818)
Cell death, stress-responsive transgene activation, and deficits in the
olfactory system of larval zebrafish following cadmium exposure
Accumulation and elimination of cadmium in larval stage zebrafish
following acute exposure
Uptake, tissue distribution and excretion of Dietary exposure cadmium
and copper in discus fish Symphysodon spp.
Accumulation of dietary and aqueous cadmium into the epidermal mucus
of the discus fish Symphysodon sp
Physiological responses of rock crab Cancer irroratus exposed to
waterborne pollutants
Accumulation of Cadmium, Lead and Strontium, and a Role of Calcium
Oxalate in Water Hyacinth Tolerance
Concentrations of PCBs, organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals
(lead, cadmium, and copper) in fish from the Drome river: Potential
effects on otters (Lutra lutra)
Cadmium toxicity to the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex (L.)
during the molt cycle
Increased sensitivity to cadmium of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus
pulex (L.) during the reproductive period
Use of Gammarus pulex (L.) in safety evaluation tests: Culture and
selection of a sensitive life stage
The effect of the acanthocephalanPomphorhynchus laevis (Muller 1776)
on the acute toxicity of cadmium to its intermediate host, the amphipod
Gammarus pulex (L.)
The toxicity of cadmium to different larval instars of the trichopteran
larvae Agapetus fuscipes Curtis and the importance of life cycle
information to the design of toxicity tests
Year
2005
2007
2008
1973
2001
2007
2007
2007
2009
2011
2008
1997
2005
1988a
1988b
1988c
1988
1989
Reason Unused
Only one exposure concentration, unmeasured
chronic exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dietary exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dilution water not characterized, duration too
short, not North American species
Dietary exposure
No scientific name given, atypical endpoint
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
not renewal or flow-through exposure
Dietary exposure
Not North American species, only one exposure
concentration
Mixture
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Not North American species
Not North American species
Not North American species
Not North American species
J-96
-------
Authors
McClain et al.
McClosky and Newman
McClurg
McDonald et al.
McFarlane and Franzin
McFarlane and Franzin
McGeer et al.
McGeer et al.
McHardy and George
Mckee et al.
McLean and Williamson
McLeese
McLeese and Ray
McLeese et al.
McNicol and Scherer
McPherson and Brown
Meador et al.
Title
Laboratory and field validation of multiple molecular biomarkers of
contaminant exposure in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Sediment Preference in the Asiatic Clam (Corbicula fluminea) and
Viviparid Snail (Campeloma decisum) as a Response to Low-Level Metal
and Metalloid Contamination
Effects of fluoride, cadmium and mercury on the estuarine prawn Penaeus
indicus
Incorporation of 28-d Leptocheirus plumulosus toxicity data in a sediment
weight-of-evidence framework
Effects of Elevated Heavy Metals on a Natural Population of White
Suckers, Catostomus commersoni, in Hamell Lake, Saskatchewan: Near a
Base Metal Smelter at Flin Flon, Manitoba.
Elevated Heavy Metals: a Stress on a Population of White Suckers,
Catostomus Commersoni, in Hamell Lake, Saskatchewan.
Influence of acclimation and cross-acclimation of metals on acute Cd
toxicity and Cd uptake and distribution in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss)
Cadmium
The Uptake of Selected Heavy Metals by the Green Alga Cladophora
glomerata
Contaminant Levels in Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and Their
Diets From Missouri Coldwater Hatcheries
Cadmium accumulation by marine red alga Porphyra umbilicalis
Cadmium and marine invertebrates
Toxicity of CdCl2, CdEDTA, CuCl2, and CuEDTA to marine
invertebrates
Lack of excretion of cadmium from lobsters
Influence of cadmium pre-exposure on the preference-avoidance
responses of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) to cadmium
The Bioaccumulation of Cadmium by the Blue Swimmer Crab Portunus
pelagicus L
A comparison of the non-essential elements cadmium, mercury, and lead
found in fish and sediment exposure from Alaska and California
Year
2003
1995
1984
2010
1977
1978
2007
2011
1985
2008
1977
1981
1984
1981
1993
2001
2005
Reason Unused
Surgically altered test species
Sediment
Not North American species
Sediment exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
Review
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Lack of exposure details
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioaccumulation field study not used because an
insufficient number of measurements of the
concentration of cadmium in the water
Organisms were selected, adapted or acclimated
for increased resistance to cadmium
Non-applicable
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-97
-------
Authors
Mebane
Mebane
Mebane
Mebane et al.
Medina et al.
Meinelt et al.
Mekkawy et al.
Melgar et al.
Mellinger
Menchaca et al.
Mendez and Baird
Mendez and Green-Ruiz
Mendez and Green-Ruiz
Mendoza-Cozatl et al.
Merivirta et al.
Title
Development of site -specific water quality criteria for the segment of the
South Fork Coeur d'Alene River from Daisy Gulch to Wallace, Idaho:
Comparison of cadmium criteria to the results toxicity testing with species
resident to the South Fork Coeur d'Alene River
Cadmium risks to freshwater life: derivation and validation of low-effect
criteria values using laboratory and field studies
Relevance of Risk Predictions Derived From a Chronic Species
Sensitivity Distribution With Cadmium to Aquatic Populations and
Ecosystems
Incubating rainbow trout in soft water increased their later sensitivity to
cadmium and zinc
Histopathological and biological studies of the effect of cadmium on
Rhinella arenamm gonads
Interaction of cadmium toxicity in embryos and larvae of zebrafish (Danio
rerio) with calcium and humic substances
Effects of cadmium on some haematological and biochemical
characteristics of Oreochmmis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) dietary
supplemented with tomato paste and vitamin E
Accumulation profiles in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after
short-term exposure to cadmium
The comparative metabolism of cadmium, mercury and zinc as
environmental contaminants in the freshwater mussel, Margaritifera
margaritifera
Sensitivity comparison of laboratory -cultured and field-collected
amphipod Corophium multisetosum in toxicity tests
Effects of Cadmium on Sediment exposure Processing on Members of the
Capitella Species-Complex
Preliminary observations of cadmium and copper effects on juveniles of
the polychaete Capitella sp. Y (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Estero del
Yugo, Mazatlan, Mexico
Cadmium and copper effects on larval development and mortality of the
polychaete Capitella sp. Y from Estero del Yugo, Mazatlan, Mexico
Cadmium accumulation in the chloroplast of Euglena gracilis
Cadmium, mercury and lead content of river lamprey caught in Finnish
rivers
Year
2003
2006b
2010
2010
2012
2001
2011
1997
1972
2010
2002
2005
2006
2002
2001
Reason Unused
Review
Review
Review
Mixture
Not North American species; injected toxicant
Lack of detail
Dilution water not characterized
Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or
by injection or gavage
Only one exposure concentration; median
survival time
Duration too short, Not North American species
Sediment exposure
Lack of detail, dilution water not characterized
Duration too long, dilution water not
characterized
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
(only 8 day exposure)
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-98
-------
Authors
Mersch et al.
Mersch et al.
Messaoudi et al.
Messiaen et al.
Messiaen et al.
Metayer et al.
Metayer et al.
Metcalfe-Smith
Metcalfe-Smith et al.
Meteyer et al.
Metian et al.
Metian et al.
Meyer
Meyer et al.
Meyer et al.
Title
Laboratory accumulation and depuration of copper and cadmium in the
freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha and the aquatic moss
Rhynchostegium riparioides
Copper in indigenous and transplanted zebra mussels in relation to
changing water concentrations and body weight
Study on the sensitivity to cadmium of marine fish Solaria basilisca
(Pisces: Blennidae)
The micro -evolutionary potential ofDaphnia magna population exposed
to temperature and cadmium stress
The potential for adaptation in a natural Daphnia magna population:
broad and narrow-sense heritability of net reproductive rate under Cd
stress at two temperatures
Accumulation of some trace metals (cadmium, lead, copper and zinc) in
sole (Solea solea) and flounder (Platichthus flesus): Changes as a function
of age and organotropism
Evolution Of The Bioaccumulation Of Some Trace Elements In Elvers
And Eels Anguilla anguilla Of 3 Estuaries Of The Atlantic Ocean
Influence of Species and Sex on Metal Residues in Freshwater Mussels
(Family Unionidae) From the St. Lawrence River, With Implications for
Biomonitoring Programs
Influence of Biological Factors on Concentrations of Metals in the Tissues
of Freshwater Mussels (Elliptic complanata and Lampsilis radiata
radiata) From the St. Lawrence River
Effect of cadmium on early developmental stages of the sheepshead
minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus)
Interspecific comparison of Cd bioaccumulation in European pectinidae
(Chlamys varia and Pecten maximus)
Accumulation of nine metals and one metalloid in the tropical scallop
Comptopallium radula from coral reefs in New Caledonia
A mechanistic explanation for the ln(LC50) vs ln(hardness) adjustment
equation for metals
Sensitivity analysis of population growth rates estimated from cladoceran
chronic toxicity tests
Effects of water chemistry on bioavailability and toxicity of waterborne
cadmium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc on freshwater organisms
Year
1993
1996
2009
2010
2012
1982
1984
1994
1996
1988
2007
2008
1999
1987
2007
Reason Unused
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Not North American species; only one exposure
concentration; dilution water not characterized
Only one exposure concentration
Only one exposure concentration
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Inappropriate medium of medium contained too
much of a complexing agent for algal studies
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
(only 7 day exposure); dilution water not
characterized; not North American species
Mixture, not North American species
Review of previously published data
Review
Not applicable per ECOTOX Duluth; review
J-99
-------
Authors
Mhadhbi et al.
Miao et al.
Michibata et al.
Michibata et al.
Migliarini et al.
Migliore and De Nicola
Giudici
Milan! et al.
Mills et al.
Millward et al.
Milne
Ministry of Technology
Mishra et al.
Misitano and Schiewe
Mitchell et al.
Mitchelmore et al.
Mitchelmore et al.
Title
A standard ecotoxicological bioassay using early life stages of the marine
fish Psetta maxima
Comparison of Cd, Cu, and Zn toxic effects on four marine phytoplankton
by pulse-amplitude-modulated fluorometry
Effects of calcium and magnesium ions on the toxicity of cadmium to the
egg of the teleost, Oryzias latipes
Stage sensitivity of eggs of the teleost Oryzias latipes to cadmium
exposure
Effects of cadmium exposure on testis apoptosis in the marine teleost
Gobius niger
Effect of heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Cu and Fe) on two species of crustacean
isopods, Asellus aquaticus (L.) and Proasellus coxalis
The Relative Sensitivity of Four Benthic Invertebrates to Metals in
Spiked-Sediment exposure Exposures and Application to Contaminated
Field Sediment exposure
Contaminant and Nutrient Element Levels in Soft Tissues of Zebra and
Quagga Mussels From Waters of Southern Lake Ontario
Mixtures of Metals and Hydrocarbons Elicit Complex Responses by a
Benthic Invertebrate Community
The dynamics of chronically bioaccumulated Cd in rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss) during both moderately hard and soft waterborne
exposures
-
Accumulation of cadmium and copper from aqueous solutions using
Indian lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)
Effect of Chemically Contaminated Marine Sediment on Naupliar
Production of the Marine Harpacticoid Copepod, Tigriopus californicus
Acute Toxicity of Mine Tailings to Four Marine Species
Differential accumulation of heavy metals in the sea anemone
Anthopleura elegantissima as a function of symbiotic state
Uptake and partitioning of copper and cadmium in the coral Pocillopora
damicornis
Year
2010
2005
1986
1987
2005
1988
2003
1993
2004
2010
1967
2009
1990
1985
2003
2007
Reason Unused
Not North American species
Mixture
Not North American species
Not North American species
Duration too short, dilution water not
characterized, not North American species, only
two exposure concentrations
Not North American species
Sediment exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixtures
Bioaccumulation: not whole body or muscle
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
No cadmium toxicity information; treatment
study
Sediment
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure; dilution
water not characterized
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
dilution water not characterized; unmeasured
exposure
J-100
-------
Authors
Mizutani et al.
Mohammed and Agard
Moller et al.
Mondal
Mondon et al.
Monteiro-Neto et al.
Moolman et al.
Moraitou-Apostolopoulou
etal.
Morales-Hernandez et al.
Moreno et al.
Mori and Wakabayashi
Mori and Wakabayashi
Morillo-Velarde et al.
Morin et al.
Title
Uptake of lead, cadmium and zinc by the fairy shrimp, Branchinecta
longiantenna (Crustacea: Anostraca)
Comparative sensitivity of three tropical cladoceran species
(Diaphanosoma brachyumm, Ceriodaphnia rigaudii wAMoinodaphnia
macleayi) to six chemicals
Influence of acclimation and exposure temperature on the acute toxicity of
cadmium to the freshwater snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum
(Hydrobiidae)
Pesticides and Heavy Metals Influence Steroidogenic Activity in Fish
Gonad and Interrenal.
Histological, Growth and 7-Ethoxyresorufin O-Deethylase (EROD)
Activity Responses of Greenback Flounder Rhombosolea tapirina to
Contaminated Marine Sediment exposure and Diet
Concentrations of heavy metals in Sotalia fluviatilis (Cetacea:
Delphinidae) off the coast of Ceara, northeast Brazil
Comparative studies on the uptake and effects of cadmium and zinc on the
cellular energy allocation of two freshwater gastropods
Effects of sublethal concentrations of cadmium pollution for two
populations ofAcartis clausi (Copepoda) living at two differently polluted
areas
Heavy Metals in Sediment exposures and Lobster (Panulirus gracilis)
from the Discharge Area of the Submarine Sewage Outfall in Mazatlan
Bay (SE Gulf of California)
Inhibition of molting by cadmium in the crab Chasmagnathus granulata
(Decapoda Brachyura)
Cells in culture for the evaluation of the toxicity of chemicals. 1 .
Cytotoxicity of cadmium and copper to CHSE-2 14 cells derived from
Chinook salmon
Cells in culture for the evaluation of the toxicity of chemicals. 2.
Cytotoxicity of metals toward cultured fish cells and effect of exposure
temperature on Cytotoxicity
Effects of cadmium on loco motor activity rhythms of the amphipod
Gammarus aequicauda
Detection of DNA damage in yolk-sac larvae of the Japanese medaka,
Oryzias latipes, by the comet assay
Year
1991
2006
1994
1997
2001
2003
2007
1979
2004
2003
1996
1997
2011
2011
Reason Unused
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Not North American species
Not North American species
In vitro
Sediment exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
not renewal or flow-through exposure;
unmeasured exposure
Questionable treatment of test organisms or
inappropriate test conditions or methodology
Effluent
Surgically altered species, not North American
species
In vitro
In vitro
Not North American species, short duration
Not North American species, duration too short
J-101
-------
Authors
Morley et al.
Morley et al.
Mormede and Davies
Morris
Morrison et al.
Mostafa and Khalil
Motohashi and Tsuchida
Mouneyrac et al.
Mount et al.
Moureaux et al.
Moza et al.
Mueller and Prosi
Muino et al.
Mullaugh and Luther III
Muller and Payer
Munawar and Legner
Muncke
Title
Toxicity of Cadmium and Zinc Mixtures to Diplostomum spathaceum
(Trematoda: Diplostomidae) Cercarial Survival
Toxicity of Cadmium and Zinc Mixtures to Cercarial Tail Loss in
Diplostomum spathaceum (Trematoda: Diplostomidae)
Heavy metal concentrations in commercial deep-sea fish from the Rockall
Trough
Toxicity of Cyanide, Chromium, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Nickel, and
Zinc. Summary Report
Proximate Composition and Organochlorine and Heavy Metal
Contamination of Eggs From Lake Ontario, Lake Erie and Lake Michigan
Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch Walbaum) in Relation to Egg
Survival
Uptake, release and incorporation of radio active cadmium and mercury
by the fresh water alga Phormidium fragile
Uptake of cadmium by pure cultured diatom, Skeletonema costatum
Comparison of metallothionein concentrations and tissue distribution of
trace metals in crabs (Pachygrapsus marmoratus) from a metal-rich
estuary, in and out of the reproductive season
Dietary and waterborne exposure of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
to copper, cadmium, lead and zinc using a live diet
Effects of field contamination by metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) on biometry and
mechanics of echinoderm ossicles
Effect of sub -lethal concentrations of cadmium on food intake, growth
and digestibility in the gold fish, Carassius auratus L
Distribution Of Zinc, Copper, And Cadmium In Various Organs Of
Roaches (Rutilus rutilus L.) From The Neckar And Elsenz Rivers
Protective action of ions against cadmium toxicity to young Bufo
arenarum tadpoles
Formation and Persistence of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticle in Aqueous
Solution
The influence of pH on the cadmium-repressed growth of the alga
Coelostrum proboscideum
Detection of Metal Toxicity Using Natural Phytoplankton as Test
Organisms in the Great Lakes.
Molecular Scale Ecotoxicological Testing in Developing Zebrafish
(Danio rerio)
Year
2002
2005
2001
1973
1985
1986
1974
2001
1994
2011
1995
1978
1990
2009
1979
1993
2006
Reason Unused
Mixtures
Mixtures
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Review
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow-through
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or
by injection or gavage
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Inappropriate form of toxicant
Inappropriate medium of medium contained too
much of a complexing agent for algal studies
Mixture
In vitro
J-102
-------
Authors
Munger and Hare
Munger et al.
Muramoto
Musko et al.
Musthafa et al.
Muyssen and Janssen
Mwangi and Alikhan
Mwashote
Nagel and Voigt
Nair and Choi
Nair et al.
Najeeb et al.
Nakagawa and Ishio
Nakagawa and Ishio
Nakamoto and Hassler
Nakamura
Title
Relative importance of water and food as cadmium sources to an aquatic
insect (Chaoborus punctipennis): Implications for predicting Cd
bioaccumulation in nature
Influence of exposure time on the distribution of cadmium within the
cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia
Decrease in cadmium concentration in a Cd -contaminated fish by short-
term exposure to EDTA
The impact of Cd and different pH on the amphipod Gammarus fossarum
Koch (Crustacea: amphipoda)
Bioaccumulation of cadmium in selected tissues of Oreochromis
mossambicus exposed to sublethal concentrations of cadmium chloride
Multi-generation cadmium accumulation and tolerance in Daphnia magna
Straus
Cadmium and nickel uptake by tissues of Cambarus bartoni (Astacidae,
Decapoda, Crustacea): Effects on copper and zinc stores
Levels of Cadmium and Lead in Water, Sediment exposures and Selected
Fish Species in Mombasa, Kenya
Impaired photosynthesis in a cadmium-tolerant Chlamydomonas mutant
strain
Identification, Characterization and Expression Profiles of Chironomus
riparius Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) Genes in Response to
Cadmium and Silver Nanoparticles Exposure
Expression of catalase and glutathione S-transferase genes in Chironomus
riparius on exposure to cadmium and nonylphenol
Insights into cadmium induced physiological and ultra-structural disorders
mJuncus effusus L. and its remediation through exogenous citric acid
Aspects of accumulation of cadmium ion in the egg of medaka Oryzias
latipes
Effects of water hardness on the toxicity and accumulation of cadmium in
eggs and larvae of medaka Oryzias latipes
Selenium and Other Trace Elements in Bluegills From Agricultural
Return Flows in the San Joaquin Valley, California.
Experimental studies on the accumulation of cadmium in the fish body
Year
1997
1999
1980
1990
2009
2004
1993
2003
1995
2011
2011
2011
1988
1989
1992
1974
Reason Unused
Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or
by injection or gavage
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Not North American species
Lack of exposure details
Excessive EDTA (testing used Elendt M4
medium which complexes the metal)
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Organisms were selected, adapted or acclimated
for increased resistance to cadmium
Inappropriate form of toxicant
Dilution water not characterized; only three
exposure concentrations
Excessive EDTA
Not North American species
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Text in foreign language
J-103
-------
Authors
Nakhle et al.
Nalewajko
Narayanan et al.
Narvaez et al.
Nassiri et al.
Nasu et al.
Nasu et al.
Naumann et al.
Nawaz et al.
Nawaz et al.
Naylor et al.
Negilski
Negri et al.
Nelson
Nendza et al.
Nessim et al.
Nesto et al.
Title
Cadmium and Mercury in Seine Estuary Flounders and Mussels: the
Results of Two Decades of Monitoring
Effects of cadmium and metal -contaminated sediments on photosynthesis
heterotrophy, and phosphate uptake in Mackenzie River delta
phytoplankton
Pattern of depuration of accumulated heavy metals in the mud crab, Scylla
serrata (Forskal)
Uptake, depuration and effect of cadmium on the green mussel Perna
viridis (L. 1758) (Mollusca: Bivalvia)
Cadmium bioaccumulation in Tetraselmis suecica and electron energy
loss spectroscopy (EELS) study
Comparative studies on the absorption of cadmium and copper in Lemna
paucicostata
The toxicity of some water pollutants for Lemnaceae (duckweed) plant
Growth rate based dose-response relationships and EC-values often
heavy metals using the duckweed growth inhibition test (ISO 20079) with
Lemna minor L. Clone St.
In vitro toxicity of copper, cadmium, and chromium to isolated
hepatocytes from carp, Cyprinus carpio L.
Determination of heavy metals in fresh water fish species of the River
Ravi, Pakistan compared to farmed fish varieties.
Effect of differing maternal food ration on susceptibility of Daphnia
magna Straus neonates to toxic substances
Acute toxicity of zinc, cadmium and chromium to the marine fishes,
yellow-eye mullet (Aldrichetta forsteri C. and V.) and smallmouth hardy
head (Atherinasoma microstoma Whitley)
Contamination in Sediment exposures, Bivalves and Sponges of
McMurdo Sound, Antarctica
Observed field tolerance of caddisfly larvae (Hesperophylax sp.) to fish
metal concentrations and low pH
Potential for secondary poisoning and biomagnification in marine
organisms
Biosorption of lead and cadmium using marine algae
Bioaccumulation and Biomarker Responses of Trace Metals and Micro-
Organic Pollutants in Mussels and Fish from the Lagoon of Venice, Italy
Year
2007
1995
1999
2005
1997
1983
1988
2007
2005
2010
1992
1976
2006
1994
1997
2011
2007
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
not renewal or flow-through exposure;
unmeasured exposure; dilution water not
characterized
Not North American species
The dilution water or medium used was open to
questions because of its origin or content
Inappropriate medium of medium contained too
much of a complexing agent for algal studies
Excessive EDTA in the medium (>200 ug/L)
In vitro
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Review of previously published data
Homogenized algal material
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-104
-------
Authors
Neuberger-Cywiak et al.
Neuberger-Cywiak et al.
Neumann and Leimkuhler
Ney and Martin
Ng and Wang
Ng and Wang
Ng and Wang
Ng and Wood
Ng et al.
Ng et al.
Nguyen and Janssen
Ni et al.
Nimick et al.
Nimmo et al.
Nimmo et al.
Nir et al.
Niyogi and Wood
Title
Effects of zinc and cadmium on the burrowing behavior, LC50, and LT50
on Donax trunculus Linnaeus (Bivalvia-Donacidae)
Sublethal effects of Zn++ and Cd++ on respiration rate, ammonia
excretion, and O:N ratio of Donax trunculus (Bivalvia; Donacidae)
Heavy Metal Ions Inhibit Molybdoenzyme Activity by Binding to the
Dithiolene Moiety of Molybdopterin in Escherichia coli
Influence of Prefreezing on Heavy Metal Concentrations in Bluegill
Sunfish
Detoxification and Effects of Ag, Cd, and Zn Pre-Exposure on Metal
Uptake Kinetics in the ClamRuditapesphilippinarum
Modeling of cadmium bioaccumulation in two populations of the green
mussel Perna viridis
Interactions of silver, cadmium, and copper accumulation in green
mussels (Perna viridis)
Trophic Transfer and Dietary exposure Toxicity of Cd from the
Oligochaete to the Rainbow Trout
Does Dietary exposure Ca Protect Against Toxicity of a Low Dietborne
Cd Exposure to the Rainbow Trout?
Cadmium Accumulation and Loss in the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas
Along the West Coast of the USA.
Embryo-larval toxicity tests with the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus):
Comparative sensitivity of endpoints
Influences of salinity on the biokinetics of Cd, Se, and Zn in the intertidal
mudskipper Periophthalmus cantonensis
Influence of in-stream diel concentration cycles of dissolved trace metals
on acute toxicity to one-year-old cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki
lewisi)
Three Studies Using Ceriodaphnia to Detect Nonpoint Sources of Metals
From Mine Drainage.
Cadmium and Zinc Accumulation in Aquatic Bryophytes Immersed in the
Arkansas River, Colorado: Comparison of Fall Versus Spring
Cadmium uptake and toxicity to water hyacinth: Effect of repeated
exposures under controlled conditions
Effects of chronic waterborne and dietary metal exposures on gill metal-
binding: implications for the biotic ligand model
Year
2003
2007
2008
1985
2004
2005
2007
2008
2009
2010
2002
2005
2007
1990
2006
1990
2003
Reason Unused
Dilution water not characterized, not North
American species
Mixture
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Prior exposure
Modeling
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
unmeasured exposure
Dietary exposure
Dietary exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Duration too long, not North American species
Mixture
Mixture
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Review
J-105
-------
Authors
Niyogi et al.
Noel-Lambot et al.
Noel-Lambot et al.
Nolan and Duke
Noraho and Gaur
Norberg-King et al.
Nordberg
Nordberg et al.
Norey et al.
Norey et al.
Norris and Lake
Norum et al.
Norwood et al.
Notenboom et al.
Nott and Nicolaidou
Title
Kinetic Analyses of Waterborne Ca and Cd Transport and Their
Interactions in the Gills of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and
Yellow Perch (Percaflavescens), Two Species Differing Greatly in Acute
Waterborne Cd Sensitivity
Distribution of Cd, Zn and Cu in liver and gills of the eel Anguilla
anguilla with special reference to metallothioneins
Cadmium, zinc, and copper accumulation in limpets (Patella vulgata)
from the British channel and special reference to metallothioneins
Cadmium accumulation and toxicity inMytilus edulis: Involvement of
metallothioneins and heavy molecular weight protein
Effect of cations, including heavy metals, on cadmium uptake by Lemna
polyrhiza L.
Interlaboratory evaluation oflfyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans
short-term and long-term sediment toxicity tests
Historical perspectives on cadmium toxicology
Cadmium: Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals (Third Edition)
Induction of metallothionein gene expression by cadmium and the
retention of the toxic metal in the tissues of rainbow Trout (Salmo
gairdneri)
A comparison of the accumulation, tissue distribution and secretion of
cadmium in different species of freshwater fish
Trace Metal Concentrations in Fish From the South Esk River,
Northeastern Tasmania, Australia.
Trace element distribution during the reproductive cycle of female and
male spiny and Pacific scallops, with implications for biomonitoring
Interactive effects of metals in mixtures on bioaccumulation in the
amphipod Hyalella azteca
Effect of ambient oxygen concentration upon the acute toxicity of
chlorophenols and heavy metals to the groundwater copepod
Parastenocaris germanica (crustacea)
Variable transfer of detoxified metals from snails to hermit crabs in
marine food chains
Year
2004a
1978
1980
1983
1995
2006
2009
2007
1990c
1990a
1984
2005
2007
1992
1994
Reason Unused
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure; not
North American species
Bioaccumulation field study not used because an
insufficient number of measurements of the
concentration of cadmium in the water
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Not North American species
Non-applicable
Review
Review
Injected toxicant
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
Not North American species
Not North American species
J-106
-------
Authors
Novais et al.
Novais et al.
Novakova et al.
Novell! et al.
Nowak et al.
Nowak et al.
Nowierski et al.
Nowierski et al.
Nugegoda and Rainbow
Nunez-Nogueira and
Rainbow
Nusetti et al.
Nyholm and Kallqvist
Nyman et al.
Nyquist and Greger
O'Hara
O'Neill
Title
Reproduction and biochemical responses in Enchytraeus albidus
(Oligochaeta) to zinc or cadmium exposures
Exposure of Enchytraeus albidus to Cd and Zn - Changes in cellular
energy allocation (CEA) and linkage to transcriptional, enzymatic and
reproductive effects
Zinc and cadmium toxicity using a biotest wiihArtemia franciscana
Toxicity of heavy metals using sperm cell and embryo toxicity bioassays
with Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): Comparisons
with exposure concentrations in the Lagoon of Venice, Italy
Consequences of inbreeding and reduced genetic variation on tolerance to
cadmium stress in the midge Chironomus riparius
Variation in sensitivity to cadmium among genetically characterized
laboratory strains of the midge Chironomus riparius
Effects of water chemistry on the bioavailability of metals in sediment to
Hyalella azteca: Implications for sediment quality guidelines
Lac Dufault Sediment exposure core trace metal distribution,
bioavailability and toxicity to Hyalella azteca
The uptake of dissolved zinc and cadmium by the decapod crustacean
Palaemon elegans
Cadmium uptake and accumulation by the decapod crustacean Penaeus
indicus
Pyruvate kinase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, cytochrome c
oxidase and catalase activities in cadmium exposed Perna viridis
subjected to anoxic and aerobic conditions
Methods for Growth Inhibition Toxicity Tests With Freshwater Algae
Current levels of DDT, PCB and trace elements in the Baltic ringed seals
(Phoca hispida baltica) and grey seals (Halichoems grypus)
Response of two wetland plant species to Cd exposure at low and neutral
pH
Cadmium uptake by fiddler crabs exposed to temperature and salinity
stress
Effects of intraperitoneal lead and cadmium on the humoral immune
response of Salmo trutta
Year
2011
2013
2007
2003
2007
2008
2005
2006
1995
2005
2010
1989
2002
2009
1973b
1981
Reason Unused
Sediment exposure
Soil exposure
Brine shrimp
Not North American species
Sediment exposure
Sediment exposure
Sediment exposure
Sediment exposure
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
not North American species
Too few exposure concentrations, atypical
endpoint
Review
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
not renewal or flow-through exposure;
unmeasured exposure; dilution water not
characterized
Bioconcentration tests used radioactive isotopes
and were not used because of the possibility of
isotope discrimination
Organisms were not exposed to cadmium in
water
J-107
-------
Authors
Oakley et al.
Obande et al.
Occhiogrosso et al.
O'Connor and Lauenstein
Odin et al.
Odin et al.
Offermann et al.
Oguma and Klerks
Ogwok et al.
Oikari et al.
Ojaveer et al.
Olesen and Weeks
Olgunoglu and Polat
Oliveira et al.
Ololade et al.
Title
Accumulation of cadmium by Abarenicola pacifica
Trace metal analysis of the prawn (Atya gabonesis), water and bottom
sediments of Lower River Benue
Effects of heavy metals on benthic macroinvertebrate densities in foundry
cove on the Hudson River
Trends in chemical concentrations in mussels and oysters collected along
the US Coast: Update to 2003
Temperature and pH effects on cadmium and methylmercury
bioaccumulation by nymphs of the burrowing mayfly Hexagenia rigida,
from water column or sediment source
Depuration processes after exposure of burrowing mayfly nymphs
(Hexagenia rigida) to methylmercury and cadmium from water column or
sediment: Effects of temperature and pH
Assessing the importance of dietborne cadmium and particle
characteristics on bioavailability and bioaccumulation in the nematode
Caenorhabditis elegans
The role of native salinity regime on grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio)
sensitivity to cadmium
Pesticide residues and heavy metals in Lake Victoria Nile perch, Lates
niloticus, belly flap oil
Acute toxicity of chemicals to Daphnia magna in humic water
On the effect of copper, cadmium and zinc on the embryonic development
of Baltic spring spawning herring
Accumulation of Cd by the marine sponge Halichondria panicea Pallas:
Effects upon filtration rate and its relevance for biomonitoring
Trace metals in marine macroalgae samples from the Iskenderun Bay,
Turkey
Hepatic metallothionein concentrations in the golden grey mullet (Liza
aurata) relationship with environmental metal concentrations in a metal -
contaminated coastal system in Portugal
Influence of diffuse and chronic metal pollution in water and sediments on
edible seafoods within Ondo oil-polluted coastal region, Nigeria.
Year
1983
2006
1979
2006
1996
1997
2009
2013
2009
1992
1980
1994
2008
2010
2011
Reason Unused
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Dietary exposure
Only one exposure concentration
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Review of previously published data
Not North American species
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-108
-------
Authors
Olson and Christensen
Olsvik et al.
Olsvik et al.
Olusegun et al.
Omoregie et al.
Oner et al.
Ong and Din
Ongeri et al.
Onuoha et al.
Opuene and Agbozu
Orchard et al.
Oronsaye et al.
Orun and Tolas
Osuna-Martinez et al.
Othman et al.
Otitoloju and Don-Pedro
Otitoloju and Don-Pedro
Title
Effects of water pollutants and other chemicals on fish
acetylcholinesterase (in vitro)
Metal accumulation and metallothionein in brown trout, Salmo trutta,
from two Norwegian rivers differently contaminated with Cd, Cu and Zn
Effects of combined gamma-irradiation and metal (Al+Cd) exposures in
Atlantic salmon (Salmo solar L.).
Heavy metal distribution in crab (Callinectes amnicola) living on the
shores of Ojo Rivers, Lagos, Nigeria
Metal concentrations in water column, benthic macroinvertebrates and
tilapia from Delimi River, Nigeria
Changes in serum biochemical parameters of freshwater fish Oreochromis
niloticus following prolonged metal (Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn) exposures
Cadmium, copper, and zinc toxicity to the clam, Donaxfaba C., and the
blood cockle, Anadara granosa L
Seasonal variability in cadmium, lead, copper, zinc and iron
concentrations in the three major fish species, Oreochromis niloticus,
Lates niloticus and Rastrineobola argentea in Winam Gulf, Lake
Victoria: Impact of wash-off into the lake
Comparative toxicity of cadmium to crustacean zooplankton (copepods
and ostracods)
Relationships between heavy metals in shrimp (Macrobrachium
felicinum) and metal levels in the water column and sediments of Taylor
Creek
A rapid response toxicity test based on the feeding rate of the tropical
cladoceran Moinodaphnia macleayi
The toxicity of zinc and cadmium to Glorias subnaginatus
Antioxidative role of sodium selenite against the toxic effect of heavy
metals (Cd+2, Cr+3) on some biochemical and hematological parameters
in the blood of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792)
Cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in cultured oysters under two contrasting
climatic conditions in coastal lagoons from SE Gulf of California, Mexico
Cadmium accumulation in two populations of rice frogs (Fejervarya
limnocharis) naturally exposed to different environmental cadmium levels
Integrated laboratory and field assessments of heavy metals accumulation
in edible periwinkle, Tympanotonus fuscatus var radula (L.)
Determination of types of interactions exhibited by binary mixtures of
heavy metals tested against the hermit crab, Clibanarius africanus
Year
1980
2001
2010
2009
2002
2008
2001
2012
1996
2008
2002
2003
2008
2011
2009
2004
2006
Reason Unused
In vitro
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture (Al and Cd)
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Unmeasured chronic exposure, only one
exposure concentration
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Duration too short, not North American species
Mixture, not North American species
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
No cadmium toxicity information
Sediment substrate in exposure water, not North
American species
J-109
-------
Authors
Outridge et al.
Packer et al.
Pajevic et al.
Pajevic et al.
Palackova et al.
Palm and Wikberger
Pan
Pan and Wang
Pan and Wang
Pan and Zhang
Pan et al.
Pandeswara and
Yallapragada
Pandey et al.
Pantani et al.
Papa et al.
Title
Changes in mercury and cadmium concentrations and the feeding
behaviour of beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) near Somerset Island,
Canada, during the 20th century
Cadmium copper lead zinc and manganese in the polychaete Arenicola
marina from Sediment exposures around the coast of Wales UK
The content of some macronutrients and heavy metals in aquatic
macrophytes of three ecosystems connected to the Danube in Yugoslavia
Heavy metal accumulation of Danube River aquatic plants ~ indication of
chemical contamination
Sublethal effects of cadmium on carp (Cyprinus carpio) fmgerlings
Tungmetallanalyser av mossor och baeckvattenvaexter i norra Estland.
(Heavy metals in mosses and aquatic plants in northern Estonia)
Application of biokinetic model in studying the bioaccumulation of
cadmium, zinc, and copper in the scallop Chlamys nobilis
Influences of dissolved and colloidal organic carbon on the uptake of Ag,
Cd, and Cr by the marine mussel Perna viridis
The subcellular fate of cadmium and zinc in the scallop Chlamys nobilis
during waterborne and dietary exposure
Metallothionein, antioxidant enzymes and DNA strand breaks as
biomarkers of Cd exposure in a marine crab, Charyb disjaponica
Effects of heavy metal ions (Cu2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+) on DNA damage of
the gills, hemocytes and hepatopancreas of marine crab, Charybdis
japonica
Tolerance, accumulation and depuration in an intertidal gastropod, Turbo
intercostalis, exposed to cadmium
Effects of exposure to multiple trace metals on biochemical, histological
and ultrastructural features of gills of a freshwater fish, Channa punctata
Bloch
Comparative acute toxicity of some pesticides, metals, and surfactants to
Gammarus italicus Goedm. and Echinogammarus tibaldii Pink, and stock
(Crustacea: Amphipoda)
Determination of heavy metal in seawater and macroalgae of shorelines of
Naples and Ischia Island, Italy
Year
2005
1980
2002
2008
1994
1995
2009
2004
2008
2006
2011
2000
2008
1997
2008
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow-through
exposure; not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
not renewal or flow-through exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
not renewal or flow-through exposure; not North
American species
Dilution water not characterized, duration too
short, not North American species
Only three exposure concentrations
Not North American species, abstract only
Mixture
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-110
-------
Authors
Papathanassiou
Papathanassiou
Papoutsoglou and Abel
Park and Kim
Park and Kim
Park and Presley
Parker
Part and Svanberg
Parveen and Shadab
Parvin et al.
Pascal et al.
Pascoe and Shazili
Pastorinho et al.
Patel et al.
Patthebahadur and Bais
Pauli and Berger
Paul-Font et al.
Title
Cadmium accumulation and ultrastructural alterations in oogenesis of the
prawn Palaemon serratus (Pennant)
Effects of cadmium and mercury ions on respiration and survival of the
common prawn Palaemon serratus (Pennant)
Studies on the lethal and sublethal effects of cadmium on some
commercially cultured species of the Mediterranean
Bioassays on marine organisms: Acute toxicity test of mercury, cadmium
and copper to arkshell, Anadara broughtonii, from Jin-Dong Bay, and to
oyster, Crassostrea gigas, from Kwang-Do Bay, south coast of Korea
Bioassays on marine organisms. II. Acute toxicity test of mercury, copper
and cadmium to clam, Meretrix lusoria
Trace metal contamination of sediments and organisms from the Swan
Lake Area of Galveston Bay
The effects of selected chemicals and water quality on the marine
polychaete Ophryotrocha diadema
Uptake of cadmium in perfused rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) gills
Cyto genetic evaluation of cadmium chloride on Channa punctatus
Preliminary acute toxicity bioassays of lead and cadmium on fresh water
climbing perch, Anabas testudineus (Bloch)
The lexicological interaction between ocean acidity and metals in coastal
meiobenthic copepods
Episodic pollution - a comparison of brief and continuous exposure of
rainbow trout to cadmium
Amphipod susceptibility to metals: cautionary tales
Sponge 'sentinel' of heavy metals
Studies on some physiological aspects in fresh water fish Ophiocephalus
striatus (Channa) in relation to heavy metal cadmium (Cd) toxicity
Toxicological comparisons of Tetrahymena species, end points and
growth media: Supplementary investigations to the pilot ring test
Short-term metallothionein inductions in the edible cockle Cerastoderma
edule after cadmium or mercury exposure: Discrepancy between MRNA
and protein responses
Year
1986
1983
1993
1978
1979
1997
1984
1981
2012
2011
2010
1986
2009
1985
2008
1997
2010a
Reason Unused
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Not North American species
Review of previously published data
Not North American species
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Questionable treatment of test organisms or
inappropriate test conditions or methodology
In vitro
Dilution water not characterized, not North
American species
Dilution water not characterized
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
not renewal or flow-through exposure; not North
American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Duration too short, test species fed, not North
American species
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
In vitro
J-lll
-------
Authors
Paul-Font et al.
Paul-Font et al.
Pavicic
Pavicic and Jarvenpaa
Pavicic et al.
Pawlik and Skowronski
Pawlik et al.
Pecon and Powell
Pedersen and Petersen
Pedro et al.
Pelgrom et al.
Pelgrom et al.
Pellegrini et al.
Title
How life history contributes to stress response in the manila clam
Ruditapes philippinarum
Cloning, characterization and gene expression of a metallothionein
isoform in the edible cockle Cerastoderma edule after cadmium or
mercury exposure
Combined cadmium-zinc toxicity on embryonic development ofMytilus
galloprovincialis LMK. (Mollusca, Mytilidae)
Cadmium toxicity in adults and early larval stages of the mussel Mytilus
galloprovincialis Lam.
Embryo-larval tolerance ofMytilus galloprovincialis, exposed to the
elevated sea water metal concentrations - 1. Toxic effects of Cd, Zn and
Hg in relation to the metallothionein level
Transport and toxicity of cadmium: Its regulation in the cyanobacterium
Synechocystis aquatilis
pH-dependent cadmium transport inhibits photosynthesis in the
cyanobacterium Synechocystis aquatilis
Effect of the amino acid histidine on the uptake of cadmium from the
digestive system of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus
Variability of species sensitivity to complex mixtures
The influence of cadmium contamination and salinity on the survival,
growth and phytoremediation capacity of the saltmarsh plant Salicornia
ramosissima
Interactions between copper and cadmium during single and combined
exposure in juvenile tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus'. Influence of
feeding condition on whole body metal accumulation and the effect of the
metals on tissue water and ion content
Calcium fluxes in juvenile tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, exposed to
sublethal waterborne Cd, Cu or mixtures of these metals
Interactions between the toxicity of the heavy metals cadmium, copper,
zinc in combinations and the detoxifying role of calcium in the brown
alga Cystoseira barb at a
Year
2010b
2012
1977
1974
1994
1994
1993
1981
1996
2013
1994
1997
1993
Reason Unused
Only one exposure concentration
Not North American species, only one exposure
concentration
Abstract only
Not North American species
Not North American species
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Questionable treatment of test organisms or
inappropriate test conditions or methodology
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Soil exposure
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
J-112
-------
Authors
Pellet et al.
Peltier et al.
Pempkowiak et al.
Pempkowiak et al.
Peng et al.
Peng et al.
Pennington et al.
Penttinen et al.
Penttinen et al.
Perceval et al.
Percy
Pereira et al.
Perez-Coll and Herkovits
Perez-Coll et al.
Perez-Legaspi and Rico-
Martinez
Perez-Legaspi and Rico-
Martinez
Perez-Legaspi et al.
Perkins et al.
Title
Model predicting waterborne cadmium bioaccumulation in Gammams
pulex: the effects of dissolved organic ligands, calcium, and temperature
Accumulation of trace elements and growth responses in Corbicula
fluminea downstream of a coal-fired power plant
Toxicants accumulation rates and effects mMytilus trossulus and Nereis
diversicolor exposed separately or together to cadmium and PAHs
Heavy metals in zooplankton from the southern Baltic
Trace metals in laustinogebia edulis (Ngoc-Ho & Chan, 1992)
(Decapoda, Thalassinidea, Upogebiidae) and its habitat sediment from the
central western Taiwan coast
Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by the aquatic plants Potamogeton
pectinatus L. and Potamogeton malaianus Miq. and their potential use for
contamination indicators in wastewater treatment
Contaminant levels in fishes from Brown's Lake, Mississippi
The kinetics of cadmium in Daphnia magna as affected by humic
substances and water hardness
Combined effects of dissolved organic material and water hardness on
toxicity of cadmium to Daphnia magna
Long-term trends in accumulated metals (Cd, Cu and Zn) and
metallothionein in bivalves from lakes within a smelter-impacted region
Heavy metal and sulphur concentrations in Sphagnum magellanicum Brid.
in the maritime provinces, Canada
Effect of cadmium accumulation on serum vitellogenin levels and
hepatosomatic and gonadosomatic indices of winter flounder
(Pleuronectes americanus)
Stage-dependent uptake of cadmium by Bufo arenamm embryos
Teratogenic effects of cadmium on Bufo arenamm during gastrulation
Acute toxicity tests on three species of the genus Lecane (Rotifera:
Monogononta)
Phospholipase A2 activity in three species of littoral freshwater rotifers
exposed to several toxicants
Toxicity testing using esterase inhibition as a biomarker in three species
of the genus Lecane (Rotifera)
The potential of screening for agents of toxicity using gene expression
fingerprinting in Chironomus tentans
Year
2009
2009
2006a
2006b
2006
2008
1982
1995
1998
2006
1983
1993
1996
1986
2001
2003
2002
2004
Reason Unused
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Non-applicable
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
No cadmium toxicity information
Bioaccumulation field study not used because an
insufficient number of measurements of the
concentration of cadmium in the water
No useable data on cadmium toxicity or
bioconcentration
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Not North American species
Not North American species; too few exposure
concentrations; no statistical analysis
Duration too short, not North American species
Duration too short, not North American species
Duration too short, not North American species
Exposure in distilled water without the addition
of proper salts
J-113
-------
Authors
Pernice et al.
Pery et al.
Pesonen and Andersson
Pestana et al.
Peterson
Peterson et al.
Phelps
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips and Russo
Philp
Phipps et al.
Pierron et al.
Pierron et al.
Pierron et al.
Pierron et al.
Title
Comparative Bioaccumulation of Trace Elements Between Nautilus
pompilius and Nautilus macromphalus (Cephalopoda: Nautiloidea) from
Vanuatu and New Caledonia
Assessing the risk of metal mixtures in contaminated sediments on
Chironomus riparius based on cytosolic accumulation
Fish primary hepatocyte culture; and important model for xenobiotic
metabolism and toxicity studies
Effects of cadmium and zinc on the feeding behaviour of two freshwater
crustaceans: Atyaephyra desmarestii (Decapoda) and Echinogammams
meridionalis (Amphipoda)
Toxicity testing using a chemostat-grown green alga, Selenastrum
capricornutum
Metal toxicity to algae: A highly pH dependent phenomenon
Cadmium sorption in estuarine mud-type sediment and the accumulation
of cadmium in the soft-shell clam, My a arenaria
The common mussel Mytilus edulis as an indicator of trace metals in
Scandinavian waters. I. Zinc and cadmium
Trace metals in the common mussel, Mytilus edulis (L.), and in the alga
Fucus vesiculosus (L.) from the region of the Sound (Oresund)
Toxicity and accumulation of cadmium in marine and estuarine biota. Part
1. Ecological cycling
Metal bioaccumulation in fishes and aquatic invertebrates: A literature
review
Effects of experimental manipulation of pH and salinity on Cd2+ uptake
by the sponge Microciona prolifera and on sponge cell aggregation
induced by Ca2+ and Cd2+
Effects of pollution on freshwater organisms.
Impairment of lipid storage by cadmium in the European eel (Anguilla
anguilla)
Effects of salinity and hypoxia on cadmium bioaccumulation in the
shrimp Palaemon longirostris
Transcriptional responses to environmental metal exposure in wild yellow
perch (Percaflavescens) collected in lakes with differing environmental
metal concentrations (Cd, Cu, Ni)
Ovarian gene transcription and effect of cadmium pre-exposure during
artificial sexual maturation of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla)
Year
2009
2008
1997
2007
1991
1984
1979
1977
1979
1980
1978
2001
1984
2007a
2007b
2009a
2009b
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Sediment exposure
Review of previously published data
Not North American species
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Bioconcentration tests used radioactive isotopes
and were not used because of the possibility of
isotope discrimination
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Review
Review of previously published data
Excised tissue/cells
Review
Only one exposure concentration, not North
American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only one exposure concentration, not North
American species
J-114
-------
Authors
Pierron et al.
Pinkina
Pinto et al.
Pip and Mesa
Piyatiratitivorakul and
Boonchamoi
Piyatiratitivorakul et al.
Planello et al.
Playle
Playle et al.
Playle et al.
Ploetz et al.
Podgurskaya and Kavun
Pohl
Pokora and Tukaj
Polak-Juszczak
Title
Effects of chronic metal exposure on wild fish populations revealed by
high-throughput cDNA sequencing
Effect of the ionic form of cadmium on reproduction and development of
Lymnaea stagnalis L.
Influence of organic matter on the uptake of cadmium, zinc, copper and
iron by sorghum plants
Cadmium, copper, and lead in two species of Artemisia (compositae) in
southern Manitoba, Canada
Comparative toxicity of mercury and cadmium to the juvenile freshwater
snail, Filopaludina martensi martensi
Comparative toxicity of heavy metal compounds to the juvenile golden
apple snail, Pomace a sp.
Effect of acute exposure to cadmium on the expression of heat-shock and
hormone -nuclear receptor genes in the aquatic midge Chironomus
riparius
Physiological and lexicological effects of metals at gills of freshwater fish
Copper and cadmium binding to fish gills: Estimates of metal -gill stability
constants and modelling of metal accumulation
Copper and cadmium binding to fish gills: Modification by dissolved
organic carbon and synthetic ligands
Differential accumulation of heavy metals in muscle and liver of a marine
fish, (king mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla cuvier) from the northern
Gulf of Mexico, US A
Cadmium concentration and subcellular distribution in organs of the
mussel Crenomytilus grayanus from upwelling regions of Okhotsk Sea
and Sea of Japan
Wechselbeziehungen zwischen spurenmetallkonzentrationen (Cd, Cu, Pb,
Zn) im meerwasser und in zooplanktonorganismen (Copepoda) der arktis
und des atlantiks. (Correlations between trace metal concentrations (Cd,
Cu, Pb, Zn) in seawater and zooplankton organisms (Copepoda) of the
Arctic and Atlantic
The combined effect of anthracene and cadmium on photosynthetic
activity of three desmodesmus (Chlorophyta) species
Temporal trends in the bioaccumulation of trace metals in herring, sprat,
and cod from the southern Baltic Sea in the 1994-2003 period
Year
2011
2006
2004
2002
2008
2006
2010
1997
1993a
1993b
2007
2006
1993
2010
2009
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dilution water not characterized, unmeasured
chronic exposure
Non-aquatic plants
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species, dilution water not
characterized
Dilution water not characterized
Only one exposure concentration; duration too
short; mixture
Review
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only one exposure concentration
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-115
-------
Authors
Polar and Kucukcezzar
Portmann and Wilson
Postma and Davids
Postma et al.
Postma et al.
Poteat et al.
Poulsen et al.
Poulton et al.
Pourang and Dennis
Powell and Powell
Powell et al.
Prafulla et al.
Prasad et al.
Pratap and Wendelaar
Prato and Biandolino
Prato et al.
Title
Influence of some metal chelators and light regimes on bioaccumulation
and toxicity of Cd2+ in duckweed (Lemna gibba)
The toxicity of 140 substances to the brown shrimp and other marine
animals
Tolerance induction and life cycle changes in cadmium-exposed
Chironomus riparius (Diptera) during consecutive generation
Chronic toxicity of cadmium to Chironomus reparius (Diptera:
Chironomidae) at different food levels
Increased cadmium excretion in metal -adapted populations of the midge
Chironomus riparius (Diptera)
Divalent metal (Ca, Cd, Mn, Zn) uptake and interactions in the aquatic
insect Hydropsyche sparna
Accumulation of cadmium and bioenergetics in the mussel Mytilus edulis
Relations between benthic community structure and metals concentrations
in aquatic macroinvertebrates: Clark Fork River, Montana
Distribution of trace elements in tissues of two shrimp species from the
Persian Gulf and roles of metallothionein in their redistribution
Trace Elements in Fish Overlying Subaqueous Tailings in the Tropical
West Pacific
Use ofAzolla to assess toxicity and accumulation of metals from artificial
and natural Sediment exposures containing cadmium, copper, and zinc
Concentrations of trace metals in the squids, Loligo duvauceli and
Doryteuthis sibogae caught from the southwest coast of India
Toxicity of cadmium and copper in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii wild-type
(WT2137) and cell wall deficient mutant strain (CW15)
Mineral composition and cadmium accumulation in Oreochromis
mossambicus exposed to waterborne cadmium
Combined toxicity of mercury, copper and cadmium on embryogenesis
and early larval stages of the Mytlius galloprovincialis
Effects of temperature on the sensitivity of Gammarus aequicauda
(Martynov, 1931) to cadmium
Year
1986
1971
1995
1994
1996
2012
1982
1995
2005
2001
1998
2001
1998
2004
2007
2009
Reason Unused
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Not North American species
Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or
by injection or gavage
Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or
by injection or gavage
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioaccumulation: steady state not reached (only
9 hour exposure)
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Sediment exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Bioaccumulation: not whole body or muscle
content
Not North American species, duration too short
Not North American species
J-116
-------
Authors
Presing et al.
Pretto et al.
Pretto et al.
Prevot and Soyer-
Gobillard
Price and Knight
Prowe et al.
Pundir and Malhotra
Pundir et al.
Puvaneswari and
Karuppasamy
Pynnonen
Pytharopoulou et al.
Qian et al.
Qian et al.
Qian et al.
Qichen et al.
Qin et al.
Qin et al.
Title
Cadmium uptake and depuration in different organs ofLymnaea stagnalis
L. and the effect of cadmium on the natural zinc level
Acetylcholinesterase activity, lipid peroxidation, and bioaccumulation in
silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) exposed to cadmium
Effects of water cadmium concentrations on bioaccumulation and various
oxidative stress parameters in Rhamdia quelen
Combined action of cadmium and selenium on two marine dinoflagellates
in culture, Prorocentmm micans Ehrbg. and Crypthecodinium cohnii
Biecheler
Mercury cadmium lead and arsenic in sediment exposures plankton and
clams from Lake Washington and Sardis reservoir Mississippi October
1975-may 1976
Heavy metals in crustaceans from the Iberian Deep Sea Plain
Haematological alterations induced by heavy metal cadmium toxicity in
Clarias batrachus
Toxicopathological changes in liver of Clarias batrachus due to cadmium
sulphate toxicity
Accumulation of cadmium and its effects on the survival and growth of
larvae offfetempneustesfossilis (Bloch, 1794)
Effect of pH, hardness and maternal pre-exposure on the toxicity of Cd,
Cu and Zn to the glochidial larvae of a freshwater clam Anodonta cygnea
Translational responses and oxidative stress of mussels experimentally
exposed to Hg, Cu and Cd: One pattern does not fit at all
Combined effect of copper and cadmium on Chlorella vulgaris growth
and photosynthesis-related gene transcription
Photoperiod and temperature influence cadmium's effects on
photosynthesis-related gene transcription in Chlorella vulgaris
Combined effect of copper and cadmium on heavy metal ion
bioaccumulation and antioxidant enzymes induction in Chlorella vulgaris
A comprehensive investigation of the toxic effects of heavy metals on fish
Effect of nanometer selenium on nonspecific immunity and antioxidase of
gift stressed by cadmium
Immune responses and ultrastructural changes of hemocytes in freshwater
crab Sinopotamon henanense exposed to elevated cadmium
Year
1993
2010
2011
1986
1978
2006
2011
2012
2007
1995
2011
2009
2010
2011
1988
2011
2012
Reason Unused
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Dilution water not characterized, not North
American species
In vitro
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only one exposure concentration
Dilution water not characterized
Unmeasured chronic exposure, duration too
short, not North American species
Not North American species
Mixture
Mixture
Mixture
Mixture
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Mixture
In vitro
J-117
-------
Authors
Qiu et al.
Rachlin and Grosso
Rachlin and Grosso
Radenac et al.
Radhakrishnan and
Hemalatha
Radhakrishnan and
Hemalatha
Rai et al.
Raimundo et al.
Raimundo et al.
Raimundo et al.
Raimundo et al.
Rainbow
Rainbow and Black
Rainbow and Kwan
Title
Effects of calcium on the uptake and elimination of cadmium and zinc in
Asiatic clams
The effects of pH on the growth of Chlorella vulgaris and its interactions
with cadmium toxicity
The growth response of the green alga Chlorella vulgaris to combined
divalent cation exposure
Bioaccumulation and toxicity of four dissolved metals in Paracentrotus
lividus sea-urchin embryo
Sublethal toxic effects of cadmium chloride to liver of freshwater fish
Channa striatus (Block)
Bioaccumulation of cadmium in the organs of freshwater fish
Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794)
Chromium and cadmium bioaccumulation and toxicity in Hydrilla
verticillata (l.f.) Royle and Chara corallina Wildenow.
Geographical variation and partition of metals in tissues of Octopus
vulgaris along the Portuguese coast
Sub-cellular partitioning of Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb in the digestive gland of
native Octopus vulgaris exposed to different metal concentrations
(Portugal)
Association of Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb with protein fractions and sub-cellular
partitioning in the digestive gland of Octopus vulgaris living in habitats
with different metal levels.
Decrease of Zn, Cd and Pb concentrations in marine fish species over a
decade as response to reduction of anthropogenic inputs: the example of
Tagus estuary.
Accumulation of Zn, Cu and Cd by crabs and barnacles
Cadmium, zinc and the uptake of calcium by two crabs, Carcinus maenas
and Eriocheir sinensis
Physiological responses and the uptake of cadmium and zinc by the
amphipod crustacean Orchestia gammarellus
Year
2005
1991
1993
2001
2010
2011
1995
2004
2008
2010
2011
1985
2005
1995
Reason Unused
Mixture
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
not renewal or flow-through exposure;
unmeasured exposure
Only one exposure concentration
Not North American species
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Excised tissue/cells
Not North American species
J-118
-------
Authors
Rainbow and Wang
Rainbow and Wang
Rainbow and White
Rainbow et al.
Rainbow et al.
Rainbow et al.
Rainwater et al.
Raissy et al.
Ralph and Burchett
Ramachandran et al.
Ramesha et al.
Ramos et al.
Ramsak et al.
Rangsayatorn et al.
Rank et al.
Rao and Madhyastha
Rao et al.
Rao et al.
Title
Comparative assimilation of Cd, Cr, Se, and Zn by the barnacle Elminius
modestus from phytoplankton and zooplankton diets
Trace metals in barnacles: the significance of trophic transfer
Comparative strategies of heavy metal accumulation by crustaceans: Zinc,
copper and cadmium in a decapod, and amphipod and a barnacle
Effects of chelating agents on the accumulation of cadmium by the
barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, and the complexation of soluble Cd, Zn
andCu
Geographical and seasonal variation of trace metal bioavailabilities in the
Gulf of Gdansk, Baltic Sea using mussels (Mytilus trossulus) and
barnacles (Balanus improvisus) as biomonitors
Acute dietary pre-exposure and trace metal bioavailability to the barnacle
Balanus amphitrite
Metals and organochlorine pesticides in caudal scutes of crocodiles from
Belize and Costa Rica
Mercury, arsenic, cadmium and lead in lobster (Panulirus homarus) from
the Persian Gulf
Photosynthetic response oflfalophila ovalis to heavy metal stress
Effect of copper and cadmium on three Malaysian tropical estuarine
invertebrate larvae
Toxicity of cadmium to common carp Cyprinus carpio (Linn.)
Metal contents in Porites corals: Anthropogenic input of river run-off into
a coral reef from an urbanized area, Okinawa
Evaluation of metallothioneins in blue mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis)
as a biomarker of mercury and cadmium exposure in the Slovenian
Waters (Gulf of Trieste): A long-term field study
Ultrastructural changes in various organs of the fish Puntius gonionotus
fed cadmium-enriched cyanobacteria
DNA damage, acetylcholinesterase activity and lysosomal stability in
native and transplanted mussels (Mytilus edulis) in areas close to coastal
chemical dumping sites in Denmark
Toxicities of some heavy metals to the tadpoles of frog, Microhyla ornata
(Dumeril and Bibron)
Toxic effect of two heavy metals on phytoplankton photosynthesis
Distribution of contaminants in aquatic organisms from East Fork Poplar
Creek
Year
2001
2005
1989
1980
2004a
2004b
2007
2011
1998
1997
1996
2004
2012
2004
2007
1987
1979
1996
Reason Unused
Dietary exposure
Review
Not North American species
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dietary exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Not North American species
Review of previously published data
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dietary exposure
Mixture
Not North American species
No species name given; dilution water not
characterized
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-119
-------
Authors
Raposo et al.
Rasmussen et al.
Raungsomboon and
Wongrat
Ray and White
Ray et al.
Rayms-Keller et al.
Raynal et al.
Razinger et al.
Re et al.
Reader et al.
Rebhun and Ben-Amotz
Rebhun and Ben-Amotz
Rebhun and Ben-Amotz
Reboucas do Amaral et al.
Reddy and Fingerman
Reddy et al.
Reddy et al.
Title
Trace metals in oysters, Crassotrea sps., from UNESCO protected natural
reserve of Urdaibai: Space-time observations and source identification
Effect of age and tissue weight on the cadmium concentration in Pacific
oysters (Crassostrea gigas)
Bioaccumulation of cadmium in an experimental aquatic ecosystem
involving phytoplankton, zooplankton, catfish and sediment
Selected aquatic plants as indicator species for heavy metal pollution
Accumulation of copper, zinc, cadmium and lead from two contaminated
sediments by three marine invertebrates - a laboratory study
Effect of heavy metals onAedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae
Cadmium uptake in isolated adrenocortical cells of rainbow trout and
yellow perch
Real-time visualization of oxidative stress in a floating macrophyte Lemna
minor L. exposed to cadmium, copper, menadione, and AAPH
Estuarine sediment acute toxicity testing with the european amphipod
Corophium multisetosum Stock, 1952
The effects of eight trace metals in acid soft water on survival, mineral
uptake and skeletal calcium deposition in yolk-sac fry of brown trout,
Salmo tmtta L.
The distribution of cadmium between the marine alga Chlorella
stigmatophora and sea water medium
Effect of NaCl concentration on cadmium uptake by the halophilic alga
Dunaliella salina
Antagonistic effect of maganese to cadmium toxicity in the alga
Dunaliella salina
Bioaccumulation and Depuration of Zn and Cd in Mangrove Oysters
(Crassostrea rhizophorae, Guilding, 1828) Transplanted to and from a
Contaminated Tropical Coastal Lagoon
Effect of cadmium chloride on amylase activity in the red swamp crayfish,
Procambarus clarkii
Effects of cadmium and mercury on ovarian maturation in the red swamp
crayfish, Procambarus clarkii
Biochemical effects of cadmium on the liver of catfish, Mystus tengara
(Ham.)
Year
2009
2007
2007
1976
1981
1998
2005
2010
2009
1989
1984
1986
1988
2005
1994
1997
2010
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Lack of details; exposure concentration not
known
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
(only 72 hour exposure), sediment exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
In vitro
Mixture
Sediment
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Not North American species
Inappropriate medium of medium contained too
much of a complexing agent for algal studies
Inappropriate medium of medium contained too
much of a complexing agent for algal studies
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or
by injection or gavage
In vitro
J-120
-------
Authors
Reddy et al.
Reddy et al.
Rehwoldt et al.
Reichelt-Brushett and
Harrison
Reichert et al.
Reid and McDonald
Reinfelder and Fisher
Reinfelder and Fisher
Reinfelder et al.
Reish et al.
Rejomon et al.
Rejomon et al.
Remacle et al.
Ren et al.
Ren et al.
Revathi et al.
Reynders et al.
Reynders et al.
Title
Cadmium and mercury -induced hyperglycemia in the fresh water crab,
Oziotelphusa senex senex: Involvement of neuroendocrine system
Effect of cadmium, lead and zinc on growth of some cyanobacteria
The effect of increased temperature upon the acute toxicity of some heavy
metal ions
The effect of selected trace metals on the fertilization success of several
scleractinian coral species
Uptake and metabolism of lead and cadmium in coho salmon
(Oncorhynchus kisutch)
Metal binding activity of the gills of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
The assimilation of elements ingested by marine planktonic bivalve larvae
Retention of elements absorbed by juvenile fish (Menidia menidia,
Menidia beryllina) from zooplankton prey
Assimilation efficiencies and turnover rates of trace elements in marine
bivalves: a comparison of oysters, clams and mussels
The effect of cadmium and DDT on the survival and regeneration in the
amphinomid polychaete Eurythoe complanata
Trace metal concentrations in zooplankton from the eastern Arabian Sea
and western Bay of Bengal
Trace metal dynamics in fishes from the southwest coast of India
Cadmium fate in bacterial microcosms
Using factorial experiments to study the toxicity of metal mixtures
Bioavailability and oxidative stress of cadmium to Corbicula fluminea
Effect of cadmium on the ovarian development in the freshwater prawn
Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man)
Dynamics of cadmium accumulation and effects in common carp
(Cyprinus carpio) during simultaneous exposure to water and food
(Tubifex tubifex)
Patterns of gene expression in carp liver after exposure to a mixture of
waterborne and dietary cadmium using a custom-made microarray
Year
2011
2002
1972
2005
1979
1991
1994a
1994b
1997
1988
2008
2010
1982
2004
2013
2011
2006a
2006b
Reason Unused
Mixture
Lack of details; exposure concentration not
known
Questionable treatment of organisms; River
water is dilution water (uncharacterized)
Not North American species, duration too short
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or
by injection or gavage
Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or
by injection or gavage
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Results were only presented graphically
Modeling
Sediment exposure
Only one exposure concentration, dilution water
not characterized
Dietary exposure
Dietary exposure
J-121
-------
Authors
Reynders et al.
Rhea et al.
Rhodes et al.
Riba et al.
Ribo
Rice
Rice and Chien
Richards et al.
Richelle et al.
Riches et al.
Riddell et al.
Riddell et al.
Ridlington et al.
Ridout et al.
Riedel and Christensen
Riget et al.
Title
Accumulation and effects of metals in caged carp and resident roach along
a metal pollution gradient
Biomonitoring in the Boulder River watershed, Montana, USA: Metal
concentrations in biofilm and macroinvertebrates, and relations with
macroinvertebrate assemblage
Interactive effects of cadmium, polychlorinated biphenyls, and fuel oil on
experimentally exposed English sole (Parophrys vetulus)
The influence of pH and salinity on the toxicity of heavy metals in
sediment to the estuarine clamRuditapesphilippinarum
Interlaboratory comparison studies of the luminescent bacteria toxicity
bioassay
A simple mass transport model for metal uptake by marine macroalgae
growing at different rates
Uptake, binding and clearance of divalent cadmium in Glycera
dibranchiata (Annelida: Polychaeta)
Effects of natural organic matter source on reducing metal toxicity to
rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and on metal binding to their gills
Experimental and field studies on the effect of selected heavy metals on
three freshwater sponge species: Ephydatiafluviatilis, Ephydatia muelleri
and Spongilla lacustris
Effect of heavy metals on lipids from the freshwater alga Selenastrum
capricornutum
Behavioral responses to sublethal cadmium exposure within an
experimental aquatic food web
Sublethal effects of cadmium on prey choice and capture efficiency in
juvenile brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)
Metallothionein and Cu-chelation: Characterization of metal-binding
proteins from the tissues of four marine animals
Concentrations of manganese iron copper zinc and cadmium in the
mesopelagic decapod Systellaspis debilis from the east Atlantic ocean
Effect of selected water toxicants and other chemicals upon adenosine
triphosphatase activity in vitro
Influence of length on element concentrations in blue mussels (Mytilus
edulis)
Year
2008
2006
1985
2004
1997
1984
1979
2001
1995
1996
2005b
2005a
1981
1985
1979
1996
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or
by injection or gavage
Non-applicable
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Review of previously published data
Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow-through;
injected toxicant; dilution water not
characterized
Mixture
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
In vitro
Only two exposure concentrations, duration too
long
Only two exposure concentration, atypical
endpoint
Questionable treatment of test organisms or
inappropriate test conditions or methodology
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
In vitro
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-122
-------
Authors
Riisgard et al.
Ringwood
Ringwood
Ringwood
Ringwood
Risso-de Faverney et al.
Ritterhoffetal.
Roach et al.
Roast et al.
Roast et al.
Roast et al.
Roast et al.
Roberto et al.
Robertson and Liber
Title
Accumulation of cadmium in the mussel Mytilus edulis'. Kinetics and
importance of uptake via food and sea water
Accumulation of cadmium by larvae and adults of an Hawaiian bivalve,
Isognomon californicum, during chronic exposure
Effects of chronic cadmium exposures on growth of larvae of an Hawaiian
bivalve, Isognomon californicum
Comparative sensitivity of gametes and early developmental stages of a
sea urchin species (Echinometra mathaei) and a bivalve species
(Isognomon californicum) during metal exposures
Age-specific differences in cadmium sensitivity and bioaccumulation in
bivalve molluscs
Cadmium induces apoptosis and genotoxicity in rainbow trout
hepatocytes through generation of reactive oxygen species
Calibration of the estuarine amphipods, Gammarus zaddachi Sexton
(1912), as biomonitors: Toxicokinetics of cadmium and possible role of
inducible metal -binding proteins in Cd detoxification
Assessment of metals in fish from Lake Macquarie, New South Wales,
Australia
Impairment of mysid (Neomysis integer) swimming ability: An
environmentally realistic assessment of the impact of cadmium exposure
Behavioural responses of estuarine mysids to hypoxia and disruption by
cadmium
Trace metal uptake by the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis: the role
of osmoregulation
Distribution and swimming behaviour of Neomysis integer (Peracarida:
Mysidacea) in response to gradients of dissolved oxygen following
exposure to cadmium at environmental concentrations
Carbonic anhydrase activity in Mytilus galloprovincialis digestive gland:
Sensitivity to heavy metal exposure
Bioassays with caged Hyalella azteca to determine in situ toxicity
downstream of two Saskatchewan, Canada, uranium operations
Year
1987
1989
1992b
1992a
1993
2001
1996
2008
2001a
2002a
2002c
2002b
2010
2007
Reason Unused
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Dilution water not characterized
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
In vitro
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only two exposure concentrations, duration too
long, Not North American species
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
not renewal or flow-through exposure; not North
American species
Review; Not North American species
Mixture
Mixture
J-123
-------
Authors
Roccheri et al.
Roch and Mccarter
Roch and McCarter
Roch et al.
Rodgher and Espindola
Rodrigues and
Pawlowsky
Rodriguez et al.
Roesijadi and Fellingham
Roesijadi et al.
Roh et al.
Roline and Boehmke
Roman et al.
Rombough
Romeo
Romeo and Gnassia-
Barelli
Romera et al.
Romera et al.
Romera et al.
Romero et al.
Ros and Slooff
Title
Cadmium induces the expression of specific stress proteins in sea urchin
embryos
Metallothionein induction, growth, and survival of chinook salmon
exposed to zinc, copper, and cadmium
Metallothionein induction growth and survival of rainbow trout exposed
to mixed heavy metal contamination
Determination of no effect levels of heavy metals for rainbow trout using
hepatic metallothionein
Effects of interactions between algal densities and cadmium
concentrations on Ceriodaphnia dubia fecundity and survival
Acute toxicity tests by bioassays applied to the solubilized extracts of
solid wastes Class II A - non inerts and Class II B
Accumulation of lead, chromium, and cadmium in muscle of capitan
(Eremophilus mutisii), a catfish from the Bogota River Basin
Influence of Cu, Cd, and Zn preexposure on Hg toxicity in the mussel
Mytilus edulis
Dietary cadmium and benzo(a)pyrene increased intestinal metallothionein
expression in the fish Fundulus hetemclitus
A cadmium toxicity assay using stress responsive Caenorhabditis elegans
mutant strains
Heavy metals pollution of the Upper Arkansas River, Colorado, and its
effects on the distribution of the aquatic macrofauna
Seasonal studies on cadmium toxicity in Choromytilus chorus (Molina
1782)
The influence of the zona radiata on the toxicities of zinc, lead, mercury,
copper and silver ions to embryos of steelhead trout Salmo gairdneri
Toxicology of trace metals in the marine
Metal distribution in different tissues and in subcellular fractions of the
Mediterranean clam Ruditapes decussatus treated with cadmium, copper,
or zinc
Comparative study of biosorption of heavy metals using different types of
algae
Biosorption of heavy metals by Fucus spiralis
Biosorption of Cd, Ni, and Zn with mixtures of different types of algae
Toxic effects of cadmium on microalgae isolated from the northeastern
region of Venezuela
Integrated criteria document cadmium; Appendix 1. Effects
Year
2004
1984
1986
1986
2008
2007
2009
1987
2009
2009
1981
1994
1985
1991
1995
2007
2008b
2008a
2002
1988
Reason Unused
Not North American species
Mixture
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Mixture
Dietary exposure
Text in foreign language
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Dietary exposure
Data previously reported
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Text in foreign language
Not North American species
No cadmium toxicity information; treatment
study
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Non-applicable
Review
J-124
-------
Authors
Rosas and Ramirez
Rosas et al.
Roseman et al.
Rossi and Jamet
Rouleau et al.
Rowe
Roy et al.
Ruan
Ruangsomboon and
Wongrat
Rubinstein et al.
Ruelaqs-Inzunza and
Paez-Osuna
Ruelas-Inzunza et al.
Ruelle and Keenlyne
Rumolo et al.
Saavedra et al.
Safadi
Title
Effect of chromium and cadmium on the thermal tolerance of the prawn
Macrobrachium rosenbergii expose to hard and soft water
Trace metal concentrations in southern right whale (Eubalaena australis)
at Peninsula Valdes, Argentina.
bsorption of cadmium from water by North American zebra and quagga
mussels (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae)
In situ heavy metals (copper, lead and cadmium) in different plankton
compartments and suspended paniculate matter in two coupled
Mediterranean coastal ecosystems (Toulon Bay, France)
Kinetics and body distribution of waterborne 65Zn(II), 109Cd(II), 203Hg(II),
and CH3203Hg(II) in phantom midge larvae (Chaoborus americanus) and
effects of complexing agents
Elevated standard metabolic rate in a freshwater shrimp (Palaemonetes
paludosus) exposed to trace element-rich coal combustion waste
Adsorption of heavy metals by green algae and ground rice hulls
Contents of and assessment on heavy metals in aquatic organisms in the
Yuandang Lake of Xiamen
Bioaccumulation of cadmium in an experimental aquatic food chain
involving phytoplankton (Chlorella vulgaris), zooplankton (Moina
macrocopa), and the predatory catfish Clarias macrocephalus x C.
gariepinus
Accumulation of PCBs, mercury and cadmium by Nereis virens,
Mercenaria mercenaria and Palaemontes pugio from contaminated
harbor sediments
Trophic Distribution of Cd, Pb, and Zn in a Food Web from Altata-
Ensenada del Pabellon Subtropical Lagoon, SE Gulf of California
Trophic distribution of Cd, Pb, and Zn in a food web from Altata-
Ensenada del Pabellon subtropical lagoon, SE Gulf of California
Contaminants in Missouri River pallid sturgeon
Heavy metals in benthic foraminifera from the highly polluted sediments
of the Naples Harbour (southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy)
Interspecific variation of metal concentrations in three bivalve mollusks
from Galicia
The use of freshwater planarians in acute toxicity test with heavy metals
Year
1993
2012
1994
2008
1998
1998
1993
2006
2006
1983
2008
2010
1993
2009
2004
1998
Reason Unused
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
No useable data on cadmium toxicity or
bioconcentration
Mixture
In vitro
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dietary exposure
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
SS not do
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
J-125
-------
Authors
Saglam et al.
Saglamtimur et al.
Sahu et al.
Saiki et al.
Sajwan et al.
Salahshur et al.
Salanki et al.
Salazar-Lugo et al.
Salazar-Medina et al.
Saleem et al.
Salice et al.
Salice et al.
Salvado et al.
Samecka-Cymerman and
Kempers
Samecka-Cymerman et al.
Sanchez
Sanchez-Chardi et al.
Sanchiz et al.
Title
Investigations on the osmoregulation of freshwater fish (Oreochromis
niloticus) following exposures to metals (Cd, Cu) in differing hardness
Effects of different concentrations of copper alone and a copper+cadmium
mixture on the accumulation of copper in the gill, liver, kidney and
muscle tissues of Oreochromis niloticus (L.)
Accumulation of metals in naturally grown weeds (aquatic macrophytes)
grown on an industrial effluent channel
Copper, cadmium, and zinc concentrations in juvenile chinook salmon
and selected fish-forage organisms (aquatic insects) in the upper
Sacramento River, California
Elemental status in sediment and American oyster collected from
Savannah marsh/estuarine ecosystem: A preliminary assessment
Use ofSolen brevis as a biomonitor for Cd, Pb and Zn on the intertidal
zones of Bushehr-Persian Gulf, Iran.
Heavy metals in animals of Lake Balaton
Effect of chronic cadmium exposure on structure of head kidney of
neotropical fish Colossoma macropomum
Inhibition by Cu2+ and Cd2+ of a mu-class glutathione S-transferase from
shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
Heavy metal concentration in the fish and shellfish of Karachi harbour
area
Demographic responses to multigeneration cadmium exposure in two
strains of the freshwater gastropod, Biomphalaria glabrata
Adaptive responses and latent costs of multigeneration cadmium exposure
in parasite resistant and susceptible strains of a freshwater snail
Monitoring of nutrients, pesticides, and metals in waters, sediments, and
fish of a wetland
Heavy metals in aquatic macrophytes from two small rivers polluted by
urban, agricultural and textile industry sewages SW Poland
Heavy metals in aquatic bryophytes from the Ore mountains (Germany)
Development of novel bio markers offish exposure to environmental
contaminants
Bioaccumulation of lead, mercury, and cadmium in the greater white-
toothed shrew, Crocidura russula, from the Ebro Delta (NE Spain): Sex-
and age-dependent variation
Bioaccumulation of Hg, Cd, Pb and Zn in four marine phanerogams and
the alga Caulerpa prolifera (Forsskal) Lamouroux from the east coast of
Spain
Year
2013
2003
2007
2001
2008
2012
1982
2011
2010
1999
2009
2010
2006
2007
2002
2009
2007
1999
Reason Unused
Only one exposure concentration
Mixture
Effluent
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Abstract only
In vitro
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Prior exposure, unmeasured chronic exposure
Too few exposure concentrations, atypical
endpoint
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Injected toxicant
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
J-126
-------
Authors
Sanchiz et al.
Sanchiz et al.
Sandau et al.
Sandhu et al.
Sandhu et al.
Sandrini et al.
Sanger et al.
Santojanni et al.
Santoro et al.
Santos et al.
Sapozhnikova et al.
Sarosiek et al.
Sasikumar et al.
Sasmaz et al.
Sassi et al.
Sastry and Shukla
Sastry and Sunita
Title
Relationships between sediment physico-chemical characteristics and
heavy metal bioaccumulation in Mediterranean soft-bottom macrophytes
Mercury, cadmium, lead and zinc bioaccumulation in soft-bottom marine
macrophytes from the east coast of Spain
Heavy metal sorption by microalagae
Cadmium-mediated disruption of cortisol biosynthesis involves
suppression of corticosteroidogenic genes in rainbow trout
Exposure to environmental levels of waterborne cadmium impacts
corticosteroidogenic and metabolic capacities, and compromises
secondary stressor performance in rainbow trout
Short-term responses to cadmium exposure in the estuarine polychaete
Laeonereis acuta (Polychaeta, Nereididae): Subcellular distribution and
oxidative stress generation
The effects of cadmium onMytilus edulis: Metallothionein, micronuclei
and heart rate
Prediction of fecundity in chronic toxicity tests on Daphnia magna
Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by aquatic macroinvertebrates along the
Basento River in the south of Italy
Biomonitoring of metal contamination in a marine prosobranch snail
(Nassarius reticulatus) by imaging laser ablation inductively coupled
plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)
Evaluation of pesticides and metals in fish of the Dniester River, Moldova
The effect of copper, zinc, mercury and cadmium on some sperm enzyme
activities in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)
Monitoring trace metal contaminants in green mussel, Perna viridis from
the coastal waters of Karnataka, southwest coast of India
The accumulation of heavy metals in Typha latifolia L. grown in a stream
carrying secondary effluent
Influence of high temperature on cadmium-induced skeletal deformities in
juvenile mosquitofish (Gambusia affmis)
Influence of protective agents in the toxicity of cadmium to a freshwater
fish (Channa punctatus)
Effect of cadmium and chromium on the intestinal absorption of glucose
in the snakehead fish, Channa punctatus
Year
2001
2002
1996
2011
2014
2006
2002
1998
2009
2009
2005
2009
2006
2008
2010
1994
1982
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
In vitro
Only two exposure concentrations
Only one exposure concentration, duration too
short, not North American species
Non-applicable
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Effluent
Only one exposure concentration, dilution water
not characterized
Not North American species
Not North American species
J-127
-------
Authors
Satake et al.
Sauvant et al.
Sauve et al.
Sauve et al.
Saxena et al.
Saygideger and Dogan
Saygideger and Dogan
Saygideger et al.
Sayk and Schmidt
Schaeffer et al.
Schiffetal.
Schintu et al.
Schmidt
Schmitt
Schmitt et al.
Schmitt et al.
Schmitt et al.
Schmitt et al.
Schmitt et al.
Title
Inorganic elements in some aquatic bryophytes from streams in New
Caledonia
Toxicity assessment of 16 inorganic environmental pollutants by six
bioassays
Phagocytic response of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates following in
vitro exposure to trace elements
Phagocytic activity of marine and freshwater bivalves: In vitro exposure
of hemocytes to metals (Ag, Cd, Hg and Zn)
Experimental studies on toxicity of zinc and cadmium to Hetempneustes
fossilis (Bl.)
Lead and cadmium accumulation and toxicity in the presence of EDTA in
Lemna minor L. and Ceratophyllum demersum L.
Variation of lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc in aquatic macrophytes from
the Seyhan River, Adana, Turkey
Adsorption of Cd(II), Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions by Lemna minor L. : Effect of
physicochemical environment
Algae fluorescence auto meter, a computer-controlled measuring
apparatus biotest
Evaluation of the reference toxicant addition procedure for testing the
toxicity of environmental samples
Characterization of stormwater toxicants from an urban watershed to
freshwater and marine organisms
Trace metals in algae from the south-western coast of Sardinia (Italy)
Possible use and results of an algal fluorescence bioassay
Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, selenium, and zinc in
fish from the Mississippi River basin, 1995
Organochlorine residues and elemental contaminants in U.S. freshwater
fish, 1976-1986: National contaminant biomonitoring program
Biochemical effects of lead, zinc, and cadmium from mining on fish in the
tri-states district of northeastern Oklahoma, USA
A screening-level assessment of lead, cadmium, and zinc in fish and
crayfish from northeastern Oklahoma, USA
Accumulation of metals in fish from lead-zinc mining areas of
southeastern Missouri, USA
Concentrations of cadmium, cobalt, lead, nickel, and zinc in blood and
fillets of northern hog sucker (Hypentelium nigricans) from streams
contaminated by lead-zinc mining: Implications for monitoring
Year
1984
1997
2002a
2002b
1993
2004
2005
2005
1986
1991
2002
2007
1987
2004
1999
2005
2006
2007
2009a
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
In vitro
In vitro
Not North American species
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
Text in foreign language
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Effluent
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Text in foreign language
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-128
-------
Authors
Schmitt et al.
Schoenert et al.
Schor-Fumbarov et al.
Schorr and Backer
Schroeder
Schuwerack et al.
Schwartz et al.
Secor et al.
Sedlacek et al.
Seebaugh and Wallace
Seebaugh et al.
Seebaugh et al.
Segner and Lenz
Segovia-Zavala et al.
Sehgal and Saxena
Sekine and Noriko
Title
Concentrations of metals in aquatic invertebrates from the Ozark National
Scenic Riverways, Missouri
The sensitivity of six strains of unicellular algae Selenastrum
capricornutum to six reference toxicants
Characterization of cadmium uptake by the water lily Nymphaea aurora
Localized effects of coal mine drainage on fish assemblages in a
Cumberland plateau stream in Tennessee
Development of models for the prediction of short-term and long-term
toxicity to Hyalella azteca from separate exposures to nickel and
cadmium
The dynamics of protein and metal metabolism in acclimated and Cd-
exposed freshwater crabs (Potamonautes warreni)
Influence of natural organic matter source on acute copper, lead, and
cadmium toxicity to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Bioaccumulation of toxicants, element and nutrient composition, and soft
tissue histology of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) from New York
State waters
Influence of different aquatic humus fractions on uptake of cadmium to
alga Selenastrum capriconutum Printz
Assimilation and subcellular partitioning of elements by grass shrimp
collected along an impact gradient
Digestive toxicity in grass shrimp collected along an impact gradient
Carbon assimilation and digestive toxicity in naive grass shrimp
(Palaemonetes pugio) exposed to dietary cadmium
Cytotoxicity assays with the rainbow trout Rl cell line
Cadmium and silver in Mytilus californianus transplanted to an
anthropogenic influenced and coastal upwelling areas in the Mexican
northeastern Pacific
Determination of acute toxicity levels of cadmium and lead to the fish
Lebistes reticulatus (Peters)
Studies on the accumulation and transfer of pollutants through food chain.
6. Study on the optimum condition on simulation test and effect of
culturing density on the toxicity of cadmium for killifish throughout the
year
Year
2009b
1983
2003
2006
2008
2009
2004
1993
1989
2009
2011
2012
1993
2004
1987
1985
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Abstract only
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
not renewal or flow-through exposure
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only one exposure concentration, duration too
short, not North American species
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Fed toxicant
Fed toxicant
In vitro
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Text in foreign language
J-129
-------
Authors
Sekkat et al.
Selck and Forbes
Sellin et al.
Semsari and Megateli
Sen and Sunlu
Senadheera and Pathiratne
Senger et al.
Serafim and Bebianno
Serafim and Bebianno
Serafim et al.
Serfozo
Servizi and Martens
Seth et al.
Shanmukhappa and
Neelakantan
Sharma and Patino
Sharma and Selvaraj
Sharma et al.
Title
Study of the interactions between copper, cadmium, and ferbam using the
protozoan Colpidium campylum bioassay
The relative importance of water and diet for uptake and subcellular
distribution of cadmium in the deposit-feeding polychaete, Capitella sp.
Cadmium exposures in fathead minnows: Are there sex-specific
differences in mortality, reproductive success, and Cd accumulation?
Effect of cadmium toxicity on survival and phototactic behaviour of
Daphnia magna
Effects of cadmium (CdCl(2)) on development and hatching of eggs in
European squid (Loligo vulgaris Lamarck, 1798) (Cephalopoda:
Loliginidae)
Bioaccumulation potential of three toxic heavy metals in shrimp, Penaeus
monodon from different fractions of the culture environment
In vitro effect of zinc and cadmium on acetylcholinesterase and
ectonucleotidase activities in zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain
Kinetic model of cadmium accumulation and elimination and
metallothionein response inRuditapes decussatus
Effect of a polymetallic mixture on metal accumulation and
metallothionein response in the clam Ruditapes decussatus
Effect of temperature and size on metallothionein synthesis in the gill of
Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to cadmium
Necrotic effects of the xenobiotics' accumulation in the central nervous
system of a crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus Eschz.)
Effects of selected heavy metals on early life of sockeye and pink salmon
Toxic effect of arsenate and cadmium alone and in combination on giant
duckweed (Spirodela polyrrhiza L.) in response to its accumulation
Influence of humic acid on the toxicity of copper, cadmium and lead to
the unicellular alga, Synechosystis aquatilis
Effects of cadmium, estradiol-17beta and their interaction on gonadal
condition and metamorphosis of male and female african clawed frog,
Xenopus laevis
Zinc, lead and cadmium toxicity to selected freshwater zooplankters
Diurnal variation of Texas "brown tide" (Aureoumbra lagunensis) in
relation to metals
Year
1992
2004
2007
2007
2007
2003
2006
2007
2010
2002
1993
1978
2007
1990
2010
1994
2000
Reason Unused
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
not renewal or flow-through exposure; not North
American species
Only one exposure concentration, duration too
short
Duration too short, only one exposure
concentration
No acclimation to test media, not North
American species
Bioaccumulation: field study, exposure
concentration not known
In vitro
Bioaccumulation: not whole body or muscle
content; not North American species
Mixture
Dilution water not characterized, only one
exposure concentration
Lack of exposure details
Questionable treatment of test organisms or
inappropriate test conditions or methodology
Excessive EDTA in medium (2,628 ug/L)
Not North American species
Only one exposure concentration
Organisms only acclimated 5 days, lake water
(dilution water) not completely characterized
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-130
-------
Authors
Shaw et al.
Shazili
Shcherban
Sheela et al.
Sheir and Handy
Shi and Wang
Shiber and Shatila
Shilla et al.
Shirakashi and El-
Matbouli
Shirvani and Jamili
Shivaraj and Patil
Shuhaimi-Othman and
Pascoe
Shuhaimi-Othman et al.
Shuhaimi-Othman et al.
Shukla et al.
Shukla et al.
Shukla et al.
Shulkin and Presley
Title
Gene response profiles for Daphniapulex exposed to the environmental
stressor cadmium reveals novel crustacean metallothioneins
Effects of salinity and pre-exposure on acute cadmium toxicity to seabass,
Lates calcarifer
Toxicity of some heavy metals for Daphnia magna Strauss, as a function
of temperature
Impact of cadmium on food utilization, growth and body composition in
the fish Oreochromis mossambicus
Tissue injury and cellular immune responses to cadmium chloride
exposure in the common mussel Mytilus edulis: Modulation by
lipopolysaccharide
Understanding the differences in Cd and Zn bioaccumulation and
subcellular storage among different populations of marine clams
Lead cadmium copper nickel and iron in limpets mussels and snails from
the coast of Ras Beirut Lebanon
Distribution of heavy metals in dissolved, paniculate and biota in the
Scheldt Estuary, Belgium
Effect of cadmium on the susceptibility of Tubifex tubifex to Myxobolus
cerebralis (Myxozoa), the causative agent of whirling disease
Assessing Cd, Pb accumulation in the tissues of Chalcalbumus chalcoides
in Anzali Port
Toxicity of cadmium and copper to a freshwater fish Puntius arulius
Bioconcentration and depuration of copper, cadmium, and zinc mixtures
by the freshwater amphipod Hyallela azteca
Toxicity of eight metals to Malaysian freshwater midge larva Chironomus
javanus (Diptera, Chironomidae)
Toxicity of metals to tadpoles of the common Sunda toad, Duttaphrynus
melanostictus
Effect of cadmium individually and in combination with other metals on
the nutritive value of fresh water fish, Channa punctatus
Bioaccumulation of Zn, Cu and Cd in Channa punctatus
Preferential accumulation of cadmium and chromium: Toxicity in Bacopa
monnieri L. under mixed metal treatments
Metal concentrations in mussel Crenomytilus grayanus and oyster
Crassostrea gigas in relation to contamination of ambient sediment
exposures
Year
2007
1995
1977
1995
2010
2004
1978
2008
2010
2009
1988
2007
2011
2012a
2002
2007b
2007a
2003
Reason Unused
Lack of detail
Not North American species
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
In vitro
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
(only 5 day exposure)
Not North American species
Not North American species
Dilution water not characterized, not North
American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
not renewal or flow-through exposure; not North
American species
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-131
-------
Authors
Shulkin et al.
Siboni et al.
Sick and Baptist
Sidoumou et al.
Sidoumou et al.
Sieratowicz et al.
Sikorska and Wolnicki
Silva et al.
Silva et al.
Silvestre et al.
Silvestre et al.
Simas et al.
Simoes Goncalves et al.
Simoes Goncalves et al.
Simon et al.
Simonetti et al.
Simonova et al.
Title
The influence of metal concentration in bottom sediments on metal
accumulation by Mytilids crenomytilus grayanus and Modiolus kurilensis
Coastal coal pollution increases Cd concentrations in the predatory
gastropod Hexaplex tmnculus and is detrimental to its health
Cadmium incorporation by the marine copepod Pseudodiaptomous
coronatus
Cadmium and calcium uptake in the mollusc Donax rugosus and effect of
a calcium channel blocker
Heavy metal concentrations in molluscs from the Senegal coast
Effects of test media on reproduction in Potamopyrgus antipodarum and
of pre-exposure population densities on sensitivity to cadmium in a
reproduction test
Cadmium toxicity to rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus L.) larvae after
short-term exposure
Utilization of Odontesthes regia (Atherinidae) from the south eastern
Pacific as a test organism forbioassays: Study of its sensitivity to six
chemicals
Effects of phenanthrene- and metal-contaminated sediment on the feeding
activity of the harpacticoid copepod, Schizopera knabeni
Uptake of cadmium through isolated perfused gills of the Chinese mitten
crab, Eriocheir sinensis
Hyper-osmoregulatory capacity of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir
sinensis) exposed to cadmium; Acclimation during chronic exposure
Shrimp - a dynamic model of heavy -metal uptake in aquatic macrofauna
Effect of nutrients, temperature and light on uptake of cadmium by
Selenastrum capricornutum Printz
Effect of speciation on uptake and toxicity of cadmium to shrimp
Crangon crangon (L.)
In situ evaluation of cadmium biomarkers in green algae
Heavy -metal concentrations in soft tissues of the burrowing crab
Neohelice granulata in Bahia Blanca estuary, Argentina
Comparison of tolerance of Brassica juncea and Vigna radiata to
cadmium
Year
2002
2004
1979
1997
2006
2013
2006
2001
2009
2004
2005
2001
1988
1989
2011
2012
2007
Reason Unused
Sediment exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioconcentration tests used radioactive isotopes
and were not used because of the possibility of
isotope discrimination
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only one exposure concentration
Dilution water not characterized, duration too
short, not North American species
Duration too short, not North American species
Sediment exposure
Non-applicable
High control mortality (26%), not North
American species
Modeling
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Not North American species
Effluent
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Non-aquatic plants
J-132
-------
Authors
Sindhe et al.
Singh
Singh and Ferns
Singh et al.
Singh et al.
Singh et al.
Singh et al.
Sinha et al.
Sinha et al.
Siva Kiran et al.
Skinner et al.
Skorkowski et al.
Skowronski and
Przytocka-Jusiak
Skowronski and
Przytocka-Jusiak
Skowronski et al.
Title
Ovarian changes in response to heavy metal exposure to the fish,
Notopterus notopterus (Pallas)
Toxic effects of cadmium chloride n growth and oogonium formation in
Oedogonium hatei
Accumulation of heavy metals in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri
(Richardson) maintained on a diet containing activated sewage sludge
Changes in haematocrit values ofLabeo rohita (Ham.) under the toxicity
of cadmium chloride
Heavy metal concentrations in water, sediments and body tissues of red
worm (Tubifex spp.) collected from natural habitats in Mumbai, India
Cadmium induced changes on the secretion of branchial mucous cells of
peppered loach, Lepdocephalichthys guntea
Bioaccumulation of cadmium in tissues of Cirrihna mrigala and Catla
catla
Bioaccumulation and toxicity of Cu and Cd in Vallisneria spiralis (L.).
Calorific changes in liver, ovary and muscle of hill stream fish Garra
mullya (sykes) due to cadmium toxicity
Bioaccumulation of cadmium in blue green alga Spirulina (Arthrospira)
indica
Heavy metal concentrations in wild and cultured blacklip abalone
(Haliotis rubra Leach) from southern Australian waters
Effect of cadmium and glutathione on malic enzyme activity in brown
shrimps (Crangon crangori) from the Gulf of Gdansk (Baltic Sea, Poland)
Effect of cadmium on the growth of Chlorella vulgaris and Stichococcus
baccillaris
Cadmium removal by green alga Stichococcus bacillaris
Reduction of cadmium toxicity to green microalga Stichococcus bacillaris
by manganese
Year
2002
2005
1978
2003
2007b
2007a
2008
1994
2001
2012
2004
2011
1981
1986
1988
Reason Unused
Dilution water not characterized, lack of
exposure details, not North American species
Lack of details, no statistical analysis
Effluent
Lack of details, not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dilution water not characterized, only one
exposure concentration, not North American
species, duration too long
Lack of details; not North American species
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Unmeasured chronic exposure, only one
exposure concentration, not North American
species
Excessive EDTA in medium (80,000 ug/L)
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Cannot determine effect concentration, no
statistical analysis
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Review of previously published data
J-133
-------
Authors
Skowronski et al.
Slobodskova et al.
Sloman et al.
Sloman et al.
Sloofetal.
Smith et al.
Smith et al.
Smith et al.
Smith et al.
Smokorowski et al.
Snodgrass et al.
Scares et al.
Sobhan and Sternberg
Sobral et al.
Sobrino-Figueroa and
Caceres-Martinez
Softeland et al.
Title
The influence of pH on cadmium toxicity to the green alga Stichococcus
bacillaris and on the cadmium forms present in the culture medium
Evaluation of the genotoxicity of cadmium in gill cells of the clam
Corbicula japonica using the Comet Assay
The effects of trace metal exposure on agonistic encounters in juvenile
rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss
Cadmium affects the social behaviour of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus
mykiss
Kinetics of cadmium uptake by green algae
Distribution and significance of copper, lead, zinc and cadmium in the
Corio Bay ecosystem
Chemical contaminants, lymphocystis, and dermal sarcoma in walleyes
spawning in the Thames River, Ontario
Inhibited cytotoxic leukocyte activity in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
following exposure to immunotoxic chemicals
Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and rodents exhibit similar patterns of
inhibited antibody production following exposure to immunotoxic
chemicals
Quantifying the uptake and release of cadmium and copper by the
opossum shrimp Mysis relicta preying upon the cladoceran Daphnia
magna using stable isotope tracers
Microcosm investigations of stormwater pond sediment toxicity to
embryonic and larval amphibians: Variation in sensitivity among species
Vanadium and cadmium in vivo effects in teleost cardiac muscle: Metal
accumulation and oxidative stress markers
Cadmium removal using cladophora
In vitro development of parthenogenetic eggs: a fast ecotoxicity test with
Daphnia magnal
Alterations of valve closing behavior in juvenile catarina scallops
(Argopecten ventricosus Sowerby, 1842) exposed to toxic metals
Toxicological application of primary hepatocyte cell cultures of Atlantic
cod (Gadus morhua)~effects of BNF, PCDD and Cd
Year
1991
2010
2003a
2003b
1995
1981
1992
1999a
1999b
1998
2008
2008
1999
2001
2009
2010
Reason Unused
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
In vitro
Only one exposure concentration, duration too
short
Only one exposure concentration, duration too
short
Inappropriate medium of medium contained too
much of a complexing agent for algal studies
Bioaccumulation field study not used because an
insufficient number of measurements of the
concentration of cadmium in the water
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Injected toxicant
Injected toxicant
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Sediment exposure
Mixture
No useable data on cadmium toxicity or
bioconcentration
In vitro
Mixture
In vitro
J-134
-------
Authors
Sokolova et al.
Sokolova et al.
Sokolova et al.
Sokolowski et al.
Sola et al.
Solanke
Sole Rovira et al.
Soltan and Rashed
Sommer and Winkler
Song et al.
Sooksawat et al.
Sorgeloos et al.
Sornom et al.
Soto -Jimenez et al.
Souid et al.
Soukupova et al.
Title
Effects of temperature and cadmium exposure on the mitochondria of
oysters (Crassostrea virginica) exposed to hypoxia and subsequent
reoxygenation
Cadmium exposure affects mitochondrial bioenergetics and gene
expression of key mitochondrial proteins in the eastern oyster Crassostrea
virginica Gmelin (Bivalvia: Ostreidae)
Tissue-specific accumulation of cadmium in subcellular compartments of
eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica Gmelin (Bivalvia: Ostreidae)
The relationship between metal concentrations and phenotypes in the
Baltic clamMacoma balthica (L.) from the Gulf of Gdansk, southern
Baltic
Heavy metal bioaccumulation and macroinvertebrate community changes
in a Mediterranean stream affected by acid mine drainage and an
accidental spill (Guadiamar River, SW Spain)
Toxicity of cadmium in fresh water fish Cyprinus carpio
Effects on metallothionein levels and other stress defenses in Senegal sole
larvae exposed to cadmium
Laboratory study on the survival of water hyacinth under several
conditions of heavy metal concentrations
The effect of heavy metals on the rates of photosynthesis and respiration
ofFontinalis antipyretica Hedw.
Single and joint toxic effects of benzo(a)pyrene and cadmium on
development of three-setiger juvenile of ploychaete Pernereis aibuhitensis
Grube
Phytoremediation potential of charophytes: Bioaccumulation and toxicity
studies of cadmium, lead and zinc
The use ofArtemia nauplii for toxicity tests - a critical analysis
Effects of sublethal cadmium exposure on antipredator behavioural and
antitoxic responses in the invasive amphipod, Dikerogammarus villosus
Nonessential metals in striped marlin and Indo-Pacific sailfish in the
southeast Gulf of California, Mexico: concentration and assessment of
human health risk
Effect of acute cadmium exposure on metal accumulation and oxidative
stress biomarkers of Spams aurata
Effect of cadmium(II) ions on level of biologically active compounds in
carps and invertebrates
Year
2012
2005b
2005a
2002
2004
2012
2005
2003
1982
2011
2013
1978
2012
2010
2013
2011
Reason Unused
Abstract only
Only one exposure concentration, unmeasured
chronic exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
unmeasured exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dilution water not characterized; only one
exposure concentration
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
unmeasured exposure; not North American
species
Distilled water without the proper salts, only one
exposure concentration
Text in foreign language
Text in foreign language
Only two exposure concentration;
Bioaccumalation: steady state not documented
Artemia
Only one exposure concentration, not North
American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only one exposure concentration
Abstract only
J-135
-------
Authors
Sovenyi and Szakolczai
Spann et al.
Specht et al.
Sprague
Sprenger et al.
Spry and Wiener
Srivastav et al.
Srivastava and Appenroth
Srivastava et al.
St. Louis
Stary and Kratzer
Stary et al.
Stary et al.
Staub et al.
Stawarz et al.
Stefano et al.
Title
Studies on the toxic and immunosuppressive effects of cadmium on the
common carp
Size-dependent effects of low level cadmium and zinc exposure on the
metabolome of the asianclam, Corbicula fluminea
Structural, functional, and recovery responses of stream invertebrates to
fly ash effluent
Measurement of pollutant toxicity to fish i. bioassay methods for acute
toxicity
Concentrations of trace elements in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) from
six acidic lakes
Metal bioavailability and toxicity to fish in low-alkalinity lakes: A critical
review
Ultimobranchial gland of a freshwater teleost, Hetempneustesfossilis, in
response to cadmium treatment
Interaction of EDTA and iron on the accumulation of Cd2+ in duckweeds
(Lemnaceae)
Physiological changes in a freshwater catfish, Hetempneustesfossilis
following exposure to cadmium
Element concentrations in chironomids and their abundance in the littoral
zone of acidified lakes in Northwestern Ontario
The cumulation of toxic metals on alga
The cumulation of zinc and cadmium in fish (Poecilia reticulata)
Cumulation of zinc, cadmium and mercury on the alga Scenedesmus
obliquus
Respiratory and reproductive characteristics of eastern mosquitofish
(Gambusia holbrooki) inhabiting a coal ash settling basin
Heavy -metal concentration in the toad Bufo bufo from a region of
Mochovce, Slovakia
Cholinesterase activities in the scallop Pectenjacobaeus: Characterization
and effects of exposure to aquatic contaminants
Year
1993
2011
1984
1969
1988
1991
2009
1995
2001
1993
1982
1982
1983
2004
2003
2008
Reason Unused
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Mixture
Effluent
Review
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Review of previously published data
In vitro
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Dilution water not characterized, not North
American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Inappropriate medium of medium contained too
much of a complexing agent for algal studies
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Inappropriate medium of medium contained too
much of a complexing agent for algal studies
Effluent
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Non-applicable
J-136
-------
Authors
Stepanyan et al.
Stephenson and Macki
Stern and Stern
Stoiber
Stoiber et al.
Stokes and Dreier
Stolyar et al.
Stom and Zubareva
Storelli and Marcotrigiano
Storelli and Marcotrigiano
Storelli et al.
Storelli et al.
Storelli et al.
Storelli et al.
Stout et al.
Steady et al.
Stripp et al.
Title
Effect of molybdenum, chrome and cadmium ions on metamorphosis and
erythrocytes morphology of the marsh frog Pelophylax ridibundus
(Amphibia: Anura)
Net cadmium flux in Hyalella azteca (Crustacea: Amphipoda) populations
from five central Ontario lakes
Effects of fly ash heavy metals on Daphnia magna
Analysis of toxicity bio markers for understanding copper and cadmium
stress in freshwater algae
Relationships between surface -bound and internalized copper and
cadmium and toxicity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Copper requirement of a copper-tolerant isolate of Scenedesmus and the
effect of copper depletion on tolerance
Comparison of metal bioavailability in frogs from urban and rural sites of
western Ukraine
Comparative resistance of Daphnia and Epischura to toxic substances in
acute exposure
Heavy metal monitoring in fish, bivalve molluscs, water, and sediments
from Varano Lagoon, Italy
Content of mercury and cadmium in fish (Thunnus alalunga) and
cephalopods (Eledone moschata) from the southeastern Mediterranean
Sea
Accumulation of mercury, cadmium, lead and arsenic in swordfish and
bluefin tuna from the Mediterranean Sea: A comparative study
Trace elements in loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) from the eastern
Mediterranean Sea: overview and evaluation
Metals and organochlorine compounds in eel (Anguilla anguilla) from the
Lesina lagoon, Adriatic Sea (Italy)
Total and subcellular distribution of trace elements (Cd, Cu and Zn) in the
liver and kidney of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from the
Mediterranean Sea
Phytoprotective influence of bacteria on growth and cadmium
accumulation in the aquatic plant Lemna minor
Roles of regional hydrodynamic and trophic contamination in cadmium
bioaccumulation by Pacific oysters in the Marennes-Oleron Bay (France)
Trace element accumulation in the tissues offish from lakes with different
pH values
Year
2011
1989
1980
2011
2012
1981
2008
1994
2001
2004
2005b
2005a
2007
2008
2010
2011a
1990
Reason Unused
Not North American species, only one exposure
concentration
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
EDTA in exposure media not defined
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not applicable
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only one exposure concentration
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-137
-------
Authors
Stromgren et al.
Stubblefield et al.
Stuhlbacher and Maltby
Sullivan
Sun and Zhou
Sun et al.
Sun et al.
Sunda and Huntsman
Sunda et al.
Sunil et al.
Sunila and Lindstrom
Sunlu
Sura et al.
Suresh
Suryawanshi
Suryawanshi
Suryawanshi and
Langekar
Title
Acute toxic effects of produced water in relation to chemical composition
and dispersion
Acclimation-induced changes in the toxicity of zinc and cadmium to
rainbow trout
Cadmium resistance in Gammarus pulex (L.)
Effects of salinity and temperature on the acute toxicity of cadmium to the
estuarine crab Paragrapsus gaimardii (Milne Edwards)
Oxidative stress bio markers of the Polychaete Nereis diver sicolor exposed
to cadmium and petroleum hydrocarbons
Influences of petroleum on accumulation of copper and cadmium in the
polychaete Nereis diversicolor
Joint effects of arsenic and cadmium on plant growth and metal
bioaccumulation: A potential Cd-hyperaccumulator and As-excluder
Bidens pilosa L
Antagonisms between cadmium and zinc toxicity and manganese
limitation in a coastal diatom
Effect of chemical speciation on toxicity of cadmium to grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes pugio: Importance of free cadmium ion
A method for partitioning cadmium bioaccumulated in small aquatic
organisms
Survival, growth and shell deformities of copper- and cadmium-exposed
mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) in brackish water
Trace metal levels in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis L. 1758) from
Turkish Aegean Sea coast
Cadmium toxicity related to cysteine metabolism and glutathione levels in
frog Rana ridibunda tissues
Effect of cadmium chloride on liver, spleen and kidney melano
macrophage centres in Tilapia mossambica
Accumulation and depuration of cadmium in oyster Crassostrea
cattuckensis from Bhatye Estuary in Ratnagiri coast
Zinc and cadmium content in the estuarine oyster from Ratnagiri coast of
Maharashtra
Zinc and cadmium toxicity to estuarine rock oyster Crassostrea
cattuckensis on Ratnagiri coast
Year
1995
1999
1992
1977
2008
2006
2009
1996
1978
1995
1985
2006
2006
2009
2006a
2006b
2006
Reason Unused
Effluent
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Not North American species
Not North American species
Dilution water not characterized, duration too
short, unmeasured chronic exposure
Mixture
Mixture
Inappropriate medium of medium contained too
much of a complexing agent for algal studies
Questionable treatment of test organisms or
inappropriate test conditions or methodology
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Only two exposure concentrations, not North
American species
Duration too long, lack of exposure details
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
J-138
-------
Authors
Suzuki et al.
Svecevicius
Swansburg et al.
Swartz et al.
Swinehart
Szarek-Gwiazda and
Amirowicz
Szarek-Gwiazda et al.
Szczerbik et al.
Szebedinszky et al.
Szefer et al.
Szivak et al.
Tabari et al.
Takamura et al.
Talas et al.
Talbot
Title
Environmental and injected cadmium are sequestered by two major
isoforms of basal copper, zinc-metallothionein in gibel (Carassius auratus
langsdorfi) liver
The use offish avoidance response in identifying sublethal toxicity of
heavy metals and their mixtures
Mouthpart deformities and community composition of chironomidae
(Diptera) larvae downstream of metal mines in New Brunswick, Canada
Sediment toxicity, contamination, and macrobenthic communities near a
large sewage outfall
Final Technical Report for U.S.G.S. Grant: The effects of humic
substances on the interactions of metal ions with organisms and liposo
Bioaccumulation of trace elements in roach, silver bream, rudd, and perch
living in an inundated opencast sulphur mine
Trace element concentrations in fish and bottom sediments of an eutrophic
dam reservoir
Influence of long-term exposure to dietary cadmium on growth,
maturation and reproduction of goldfish (subspecies: Prussian carp
Carassius auratus gibe Ho B.)
Effects of chronic Cd exposure via the diet or water on internal organ-
specific distribution and subsequent gill Cd uptake kinetics in juvenile
rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
A comparative assessment of heavy metal accumulation in soft parts and
byssus of mussels from subarctic, temperate, subtropical and tropical
marine environments
Metal-induced reactive oxygen species production in Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii (Chlorophyceae)
Heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd and Cr) in fish, water and sediments sampled
form Southern Caspian Sea, Iran
Effects of Cu, Cd and Zn on photosynthesis of freshwater benthic algae
Antioxidative role of selenium against the toxic effect of heavy metals
(Cd+2, Cr+3) on liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum
1792)
Relationship between cadmium concentrations in seawater and those in
the mussel Mytilus edulis
Year
1987
2007
2002
1985
1990
2006
2006
2006
2001
2006
2009
2010
1989
2008
1985
Reason Unused
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Mixture
Mixture
Sediment
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dietary exposure
Only one exposure concentration
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Lack of details
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Mixture
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
J-139
-------
Authors
Talbot
Tan et al.
Tan et al.
Tan et al.
Tan et al.
Tan et al.
Tanhan et al.
Tao et al.
Tapia et al.
Tarasov et al.
Taravati et al.
Tarzwell and Henderson
Tawari-Fufeyin et al.
Taylor
Taylor and Maher
Taylor et al.
Title
Relationship between lead concentrations in seawater and in the mussel
Mytilus edulis'. A water-quality criterion
Comparative evaluation of the cytotoxicity sensitivity of six fish cell lines
to four heavy metals in vitro
Effect of dietary cadmium level on the growth, body composition and
several hepatic enzymatic activities of juvenile yellow catfish,
Pelteobagmsfulvidraco
Validation of an in vitro cytotoxicity test for four heavy metals using cell
lines derived from a green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas)
Phytoaccumulation of cadmium through Azolla from aqueous solution
Role of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the elevated uptake and retention
of cadmium and zinc mDaphnia magna
Histopathological alterations in the edible snail, Babylonia areolata
(spotted Babylon), in acute and subchronic cadmium poisoning
Toxicity of Cd2+ on the photo synthetic and respiratory rate and atpase
activity ofNymphoidespeltatum (Gmel.) O'Ktze
Study of the content of cadmium, chromium and lead in bivalve molluscs
of the Pacific Ocean (Maule Region, Chile)
Efficiency of batteries of tests for estimating potential mutagenicity of
chemicals
Determination of lead, mercury and cadmium in wild and farmed Barbus
sharpeyi from Shadegan Wetland and Azadegan aquaculture site, South of
Iran
Toxicity of less common metals to fishes
Toxicity of cadmium to Parachanna obscura: As evidenced by alterations
in hematology, histology, and behavior
Impacts of cadmium contamination and fish presence on wetland
invertebrate communities: An application of population measures and
multi-metric tests
Exposure-dose-response ofAnadara trapezia to metal contaminated
estuarine sediments. 1. Cadmium spiked sediments
Surface binding of contaminants by algae: Consequences for lethal
toxicity and feeding to Daphnia magna Straus
Year
1987
2008
2010b
2010a
2011
2012
2005
2002
2010
2003
2012
1960
2007
2010
2012
1998
Reason Unused
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
In vitro
Fed toxicant
In vitro
Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow-through;
excessive EDTA in media
Mixture
Not North American species
Text in foreign language
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Review
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Sediment
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
J-140
-------
Authors
Tehseen et al.
Tekin-Ozan and Kir
Temara et al.
Temara et al.
Temara et al.
Templeman and
Kingsford
Ten Hoopen et al.
Tepe
Tepe et al.
Terra et al.
Tessier et al.
Tessier et al.
Tevlin
Thaker and Haritos
Thebault et al.
Theede et al.
Thilaga and Sivakumar
Thirumathal et al.
Title
A scientific basis for proposed quality assurance of a new screening
method for tumor-like growths in the planarian, Dugesia dorotocephala
Seasonal variations of heavy metals in some organs of carp (Cyprinus
carpio L., 1758) from Beysehir Lake (Turkey)
Experimental cadmium contamination ofAsterias rubens
(Echinodermata)
Allometric variations in heavy metal bioconcentration in the asteroid
Asterias rubens (Echinodermata)
Factors influencing the concentrations of heavy metals in the asteroid
Asterias rubens L. (Echinodermata)
Trace element accumulation in Cassiopea sp. (Scyphozoa) from urban
marine environments in Australia
Effects of temperature on cadmium toxicity to the green alga Scenedesmus
acutus. I. Development of cadmium tolerance in batch cultures
Metal concentrations in eight fish species from Aegean and Mediterranean
Seas
Assessment of heavy metals in two commercial fish species of four
Turkish seas
Chronic assays withDaphnia magna, 1820, Straus in sediment samples
from Cai River, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
Modeling Cd partitioning in oxic lake sediments and Cd concentrations in
the freshwater bivalve Anodonta grandis
Laboratory study of Cd and Hg uptake by two freshwater molluscs in
relation to concentration, age and exposure time
An improved experimental medium for freshwater toxicity studies using
Daphnia magna
Cadmium bioaccumulation and effects on soluble peptides, proteins and
enzymes in the hepatopancreas of the shrimp Callianassa tyrrhena
Short term cadmium intoxication of the shrimp Palaemon serratus: Effect
on adenylate metabolism
Temperature and salinity effects on the acute toxicity of cadmium to
Laomedea loveni (Hydrozoa)
Accumulation of heavy metals in the gastropod Bullia vittata at Gulf of
Mannar
Effect of heavy metal (cadmium borate) on the biochemical composition
of chironomus larvae (Diptera: chironomidae)
Year
1992
2008
1996a
1996b
1997
2010
1985
2009
2008
2007
1993
1996
1978
1989
1996
1979
2006
2002
Reason Unused
Mixture (Cd and PCBs; Cd and Aroclor)
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Sediment exposure
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Complexing chelators used in test media
Not North American species
Not North American species
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Lack of details, inappropriate form of chemical,
cadmium borate
J-141
-------
Authors
Thomann et al.
Thomas et al.
Thomas et al.
Thompson et al.
Thongra-Ar
Thongra-Ar and Matsuda
Thophon et al.
Thophon et al.
Thorpe
Thorpe and Costlow
Thorsson et al.
Thwala et al.
Tiam et al.
Tichy et al.
Tilton et al.
Timmermans
Titus and Pfister
Tiwari et al.
Title
A pharmacokinetic model of cadmium in rainbow trout
A comparison of the accumulation and protein binding of environmental
cadmium in the gills, kidney and liver of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri
Richardson)
A comparison of the sequestration of cadmium and zinc in the tissues of
rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) following exposure to the metals singly
or in combination
Concentration factors of the chemical elements in edible aquatic
organisms
Toxicity of cadmium, zinc and copper on sperm cell fertilization of sea
urchin, Diadema setosum
Effects of cadmium and zinc on growth of Thalassiosira weissflogii and
Heterosigma akiashiwo
Histopathological alterations of white seabass, Lates calcarifer, in acute
and subchronic cadmium exposure
Ultrastructural alterations in the liver and kidney of white sea bass, Lates
calcarifer, in acute and subchronic cadmium exposure
A lexicological assessment of cadmium toxicity to the larvae of two
estuarine crustaceans, Rhithropanopeus harrisii and Palaemonetes pugio
The relation of the acute (96 -h) uptake and subcellular distribution of
cadmium and zinc to cadmium toxicity in larvae of Rhithropanopeus
harrisii and a Palaemonetes pugio
Effects of settling organic matter on the bioaccumulation of cadmium and
BDE-99 by Baltic Sea benthic invertebrates
Influence of salinity and cadmium on the survival and osmoregulation of
Callianassa kraussi and Chiromantes eulimene (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Development of Q-PCR approaches to assess water quality: Effects of
cadmium on gene expression of the diatom Eolimna minima
The Tubifex tubifex assay for the determination of acute toxicity
Effects of cadmium on the reproductive axis of Japanese medaka (Oryzias
latipes)
Ecotoxicity of trace metals for chirono raids
Bacteria and cadmium interactions in natural and laboratory model
aquatic systems
Time kinetic study of metallothionein mRNA expression due to cadmium
exposure in freshwater murrel, Channa punctata (Bloch)
Year
1997
1983
1985
1972
1997
1995
2003
2004
1988
1989
2008
2011
2012
2007
2003
1992
1984
2010
Reason Unused
Review of previously published data
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Organisms were selected, adapted or acclimated
for increased resistance to cadmium
Review of previously published data
In vitro
Inappropriate medium of medium contained too
much of a complexing agent for algal studies
Not North American species
Not North American species, only two exposure
concentrations
Inappropriate test medium
Inappropriate medium of medium contained too
much of a complexing agent for algal studies
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
In vitro
Dilution water not characterized, duration too
short
Not North American species
Review
Bacteria
In vitro
J-142
-------
Authors
Tkalec et al.
Todd et al.
Tokunaga and Kishikawa
Tomasik et al.
Topcuoglu et al.
Topperwien et al.
Topperwien et al.
Tortell and Price
Toussaint et al.
Tran et al.
Tran et al.
Trannum et al.
Trehan and Maneesha
Trevors et al.
Trieffetal.
Trinchella et al.
Tryfonas et al.
Tsui and Wang
Tucker and Matte
Title
Cadmium-induced responses in duckweed Lemna minor L.
Effects of acid rock drainage on stocked rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss): An in-situ, caged fish experiment
Acute visible and invisible injuries to submerged plants by water
pollutants
Metal-metal interaction in biological systems. Part IV. Freshwater snail
Bulinus globosus
Heavy metal concentrations in marine algae from the Turkish Coast of the
Black Sea, during 1979-2001
Cadmium accumulation in Scenedesmus vacuolatus under freshwater
conditions
Competition among zinc, manganese, and cadmium uptake in the
freshwater alga Scenedesmus vacuolatus
Cadmium toxicity and zinc limitation in centric diatoms of the genus
Thalassiosira
A comparison of standard acute toxicity test with rapid-screening toxicity
test
How water oxygenation levels influences cadmium accumulation pattern
in the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea: A laboratory and field study
Relationship between feeding-induced ventilatory activity and
bioaccumulation of dissolved and algal -bound cadmium in the Asiatic
clam Corbicula fluminea
Effects of copper, cadmium and contaminated harbour sediment
exposures on recolonisation of soft-bottom communities
Cadmium mediated control of nitrogenase activity and other enzymes in a
nitrogen fixing cyanobacterium
Cadmium transport, resistance, and toxicity in bacteria, algae, and fungi
Effluent from bauxite factory induces developmental and reproductive
damage in sea urchins
Differential gene expression profiles in embryos of the lizard Podarcis
sicula under in ovo exposure to cadmium
Metal accumulation in eggs of the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta
elegans) in the lower Illinois River
Biokinetics and tolerance development of toxic metals in Daphnia magna
In vitro effects of cadmium and lead on ATPases in the gill of the rock
crab, Cancer irroratus
Year
2008
2007
1982
1995b
2004
2007a
2007b
1996
1995
2001
2002
2004
1994
1986
1995
2010
2006
2007
1980
Reason Unused
Only one exposure concentration
Mixture
Text in foreign language
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
Mixture
Inappropriate medium of medium contained too
much of a complexing agent for algal studies
Review of previously published data
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
(only 14 day exposure)
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
dilution water not characterized
Sediment exposure
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Review of previously published data
Effluent
In vitro
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Review
No pertinent adverse effects reported
J-143
-------
Authors
Tuerkmen et al.
Tueros et al.
Tuezen et al.
Turan et al.
Turk Culha et al.
Turkmen et al.
Turkmen et al.
Turkmen et al.
Turner et al.
Turoczy et al.
Tuzen
Tuzen et al.
Tyurin and Khristoforova
Udoidiong and Akpan
Ugolini et al.
Uluozlu et al.
Uluturhan and
Kucuksezgin
Urech
Title
Determination of metals in fish species from Aegean and Mediterranean
Seas
Integrating long-term water and sediment pollution data, in assessing
chemical status within the European water framework directive
Investigation of trace metal levels in fish species from the Black Sea and
the River Yesilirmak, Turkey by atomic absorption spectrometry
Levels of heavy metals in some commercial fish species captured from the
Black Sea and Mediterranean coast of Turkey
Heavy metals levels in some fishes and molluscs from Inop Peninsula of
the Southern Black Sea, Turkey
Heavy metals in three commercially valuable fish species from
Iskenderun Bay, Northern East Mediterranean Sea, Turkey
Metal levels in tissues of the European anchovy, Engraulis ewcrasicolus
L., 1758, and picarel, Spicara smarts L., 1758, from Black, Marmara and
Aegean Seas
Heavy metal contaminants in tissues of the garfish, Belone belone L.,
1761, and the bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix L., 1766, from Turkey waters
Influence of salinity and humic substances on the uptake of trace metals
by the marine macroalga, Ulva lactuca: Experimental observations and
modeling using WHAM
Cadmium, copper, mercury, and zinc concentrations in tissues of the king
crab (Pseudocarcinus gigas) from southeast Australian waters
Toxic and essential trace elemental contents in fish species from the Black
Sea, Turkey
Trace element content in marine algae species from the Black Sea, Turkey
Effect of toxicants on the development of the chiton Ischnochiton
hakodadensis
Toxicity of cadmium, lead and lindane to Egeria radiata Lamarck
(Lamellibranchia, Donacidae)
Behavioural responses of the supralittoral amphipod Talitms saltator
(Montagu) to trace metals contamination
Trace metal content in nine species offish from the Black and Aegean
Seas, Turkey
Heavy metal contaminants in red pandora (Pagellus erythrinus) tissues
from the eastern Aegean Sea, Turkey
Melimex, an experimental heavy metal pollution study: effects of
increased heavy metal load on Crustacea plankton
Year
2009
2009
2004
2009
2007
2005
2008
2009
2008
2001
2009
2009
1993
1991
2012
2007
2007
1979
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Review
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
not renewal or flow-through exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Not North American species
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
J-144
-------
Authors
Urek and Tarhan
Usero et al.
Uthe et al.
Uysal and Taner
Valencia et al.
Valova et al.
van Aardt and Booysen
van Aardt and Erdmann
Van Campenhout et al.
Van den Hurk et al.
Van Gemert et al.
Van Ginneken et al.
Van Ginneken et al.
Van Hattum et al.
Van Leeuwen et al.
Title
Response of the antioxidant systems of the cyanobacterium Spimlina
maxima to cadmium
Heavy metals in fish (Solea vulgaris, Anguilla anguilla and Liza aurata)
from salt marshes on the southern Atlantic coast of Spain
Cadmium in American lobster (Homarus americanus) from the area of a
lead smelter
Determination of growth rate change and accumulation efficiency of
Lemna minor exposed to cadmium and lead ions
The effect of estrogen on cadmium distribution in rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Spatiotemporal trends of heavy metal concentrations in fish of the River
Morava (Danube basin)
Water hardness and the effects of Cd on oxygen consumption, plasma
chlorides and bioaccumulation in Tilapia sparrmanii
Heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn) in mudfish and sediment exposures from
three hard-water dams of the Mooi River catchment, South Africa
Cytosolic distribution of Cd, Cu and Zn, and metallothionein levels in
relation to physiological changes in Gibel carp (Carassius auratus
gibelio) from metal -impacted habitats
Interaction of cadmium and benzo[a]pyrene in mummichog (Fundulus
hetemclitus): Effects on acute mortality
Effects of temperature on cadmium toxicity to the green alga Scenedesmus
acutus. II. Light-limited growth in continuous culture
Bioavailability of cadmium and zinc to the common carp, Cyprinus
carpio, in complexing environments: A test for the validity of the free ion
activity model
Bioavailability of Cd to the common carp, Cyprinus carpio in the
presence of humic acid
Trace metals in populations of freshwater isopods: Influence of biotic and
abiotic variables
The use of cohorts and populations in chronic toxicity studies with
Daphnia magna: A cadmium example
Year
2011
2004
1982
2012
1998
2010
2004
2004
2010
1998
1985
1999
2001
1996
1985b
Reason Unused
Abstract only
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation field study not used because an
insufficient number of measurements of the
concentration of cadmium in the water
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
not renewal or flow-through exposure; not North
American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or
by injection or gavage
Not North American species
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
not renewal or flow-through exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
J-145
-------
Authors
Van Leeuwen et al.
Van Steveninck et al.
Vardanyan and Ingole
Vashchenko and Zhadan
Vasseur and Pandard
Vassiliev et al.
Vazquez-Sauceda et al.
Vecchia et al.
Vellinger et al.
Vellinger et al.
Vellinger et al.
Vellinger et al.
Venanzi et al.
Venkateswara Rao et al.
Venkatrayulu et al.
Verbost et al.
Vergauwen et al.
Verma
Title
Effects of chemical stress on the population dynamics of Daphnia magna :
A comparison of two test procedures
Heavy -metal (Zn, Cd) tolerance in selected clones of duck weed (Lemna
minor)
Studies on heavy metal accumulation in aquatic macrophytes from Sevan
(Armenia) and Carambolim (India) lake systems
Ecological assessment of marine environment using two sea urchin tests:
Disturbance of reproduction and sediment embryotoxicity
Influence of some experimental factors on metals toxicity to Selenastrum
capricornutum
Heavy metal concentrations in lobster (Homarus americanus)
Cadmium, lead and zinc concentrations in water, sediment and oyster
(Crassostrea virginica) of San Andres Lagoon, Mexico
Morphogenetic, ultrastructural and physiological damages suffered by
submerged leaves ofElodea canadensis exposed to cadmium
Antagonistic toxicity of arsenate and cadmium in a freshwater amphipod
(Gammams pulex)
Comparison of arsenate and cadmium toxicity in a freshwater amphipod
(Gammams pulex)
Behavioural and physiological responses of Gammams pulex exposed to
cadmium and arsenate at three temperatures: Individual and combined
effects
Single and combined effects of cadmium and arsenate in Gammams pulex
(Crustacea, Amphipoda): Understanding the links between physiological
and behavioural responses
Effects of heavy metals on some photosynthetic characteristics in Lemna
trisulca L.
The use of marine sponge, Halidona tenuiramosa as bioindicator to
monitor heavy metal pollution in the coasts of Gulf of Mannar, India
Hepatogonadal changes in the female fresh water field crab, Oziotelphusa
senex senex (Fabricius) in response to cadmium toxicity
Cadmium inhibition of Ca2+ uptake in rainbow trout gills
Effect of temperature on cadmium toxicity in zebrafish: From
transcriptome to physiology
Effect of cadmium on fin regeneration in the freshwater fish, Oreochromis
mossambicus
Year
1987
1992
2006
1993
1988
2005
2011
2005
2012a
2012b
2012c
2013
1989
2009
2005
1987
2012
2005
Reason Unused
Review of previously published data
Organisms were selected, adapted or acclimated
for increased resistance to cadmium
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Inappropriate medium of medium contained too
much of a complexing agent for algal studies
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Dilution water not characterized, only one
exposure concentration
Not North American species
Not North American species; duration too long
Not North American species, only two exposure
concentrations
Not North American species, only two exposure
concentrations
Text in foreign language
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Duration too short, unmeasured chronic
exposure, not North American species
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Abstract only
Inappropriate form of toxicant, Cd acetate
J-146
-------
Authors
Verma et al.
Verriopoulos and
Moraitou-Apostolopoulou
Verriopoulos and
Moraitou-Apostolopoulou
Verslycke et al.
Viarengo et al.
Vieira et al.
Vigneault and Campbell
Villar et al.
Vinagre et al.
Vincent et al.
Vincent et al.
Vincent et al.
Vincent-Hubert et al.
Vincent-Hubert et al.
Viparelli et al.
Visviki and Rachlin
Visviki and Rachlin
Title
Short term toxicity tests with heavy metals for predicting safe
concentrations
Effects of some environmental factors on the toxicity of cadmium to the
copepod Tisbe holothuriae
Differentiation of the sensitivity to copper and cadmium in different life
stages of a copepod
The toxicity of metal mixtures to the estuarine mysid Neomysis integer
(Crustacea: Mysidacea) under changing salinity
Effects of heavy metals on the Ca2+-ATPase activity present in gill cell
plasma-membrane of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam.)
Mercury, cadmium, lead and arsenic levels in three pelagic fish species
from the Aatlantic Ocean: Intra- and inter-specific variability and human
health risks for consumption
Uptake of cadmium by freshwater green algae: effects of pH and aquatic
humic substances
Metals contents in two fishes of different feeding behaviour in the lower
Parana River and Rio de la Plata Estuary
Accumulation of heavy metals by flounder, Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus
1758), in a heterogeneously contaminated nursery area
Susceptibility of Catla catla (Ham.) to the toxic effects of the heavy
metals, cadmium and chromium
Accumulation of Al, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb by the bryophyte
Scapania undulata in three upland waters of different pH
Impact of cadmium on food utilization of the Indian major carp, Catla
catla (Ham)
Early genotoxic effects in gill cells and haemocytes ofDreissena
polymorpha exposed to cadmium, B[a]P and a combination of B[a]P and
Cd
DNA strand breaks detected in embryos of the adult snails, Potamopyrgus
antipodarum, and in neonates exposed to genotoxic chemicals
Inhibition of the Rl fragment of the cadmium-containing zeta-class
carbonic anhydrase from the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii with anions
The toxic action and interactions of copper and cadmium to the marine
alga Dunaliella minuta, in both acute and chronic exposure
Acute and chronic exposure of Dunaliella salina and Chlamydomonas
bullosa to copper and cadmium: Effects on growth
Year
1980
1981
1982
2003
1993
2011
2005
2001
2004
1994
2001
2002
2011
2012
2010
1991
1994
Reason Unused
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Not North American species
Not North American species
Not North American species
In vitro
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Field bioaccumulation: steady state not
documented, exposure concentration unknown
Not North American species, unmeasured
chronic exposure
In vitro
In vitro
In vitro
Not North American species
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
J-147
-------
Authors
Voets et al.
Vogiatzis and
Loumbourdis
Vogt et al.
Vogt et al.
Voigt
Voigt
Vuori
Vuori
Vykusova and Svobodova
Vymazal
Vymazal
Vymazal
Vymazal
Wachs
Walker et al.
Wall
Wall et al.
Wallace and Lopez
Title
Differences in metal sequestration between zebra mussels from clean and
polluted field locations
Cadmium accumulation in liver and kidneys and hepatic metallothionein
and glutathione levels inRana ridibunda, after exposure to CdC12
Effects of cadmium and tributyltin on development and reproduction of
the non-biting midge Chironomus riparius (Diptera) -baseline experiments
for future multi -generation studies
Effects of cadmium on life-cycle parameters in a multi-generation study
with Chironomus riparius following a pre-exposure of populations to two
different tributyltin concentrations for several generations
Concentrations of mercury and cadmium in some coastal fishes from the
Finnish and Estonian parts of the Gulf of Finland
Heavy metal concentrations in four-horn sculpin Triglopsis quadricornis
(L.) (Pisces), its main food organism Saduria entomon L. (Crustacea), and
in bottom sediments in the Archipelago Sea and the Gulf of Finland
(Baltic Sea)
Influence of water quality and feeding habits on the whole -body metal
concentrations in lotic trichopteran larvae
Rapid behavioral and morphological responses of hydropsychid larvae
(Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae) to sublethal cadmium exposure
Comparison of the sensitivity of male and female guppies (Poecilia
reticulata Peters) to toxic substances
Short-term uptake of heavy metals by periphyton algae
Uptake of lead, chromium, cadmium and cobalt by Cladophora glomerata
Toxicity and accumulation of lead with respect to algae and
cyanobacteria: A review
Influence of pH on heavy metals uptake by Cladophora glomerata
Concentration of heavy metals in fishes from the River Danube
Influence of culture conditions on metal-induced responses in a cultured
rainbow trout gill epithelium
Sublethal effects of cadmium and diazinon on reproduction and larval
behavior in zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio)
Fish bioturbation of cadmium-contaminated sediments: Factors affecting
Cd availability to Daphnia magna
Bioavailability of biologically sequestered cadmium and the implications
of metal detoxification
Year
2009
1998
2007
2010
2003
2007
1993
1994
1987
1984
1990b
1990a
1995
1982
2007
1999
1996
1997
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
Sediment exposure
Sediment exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Not North American species
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Not North American species
Review of previously published data
Not North American species
Text in foreign language
In vitro
Only one exposure concentration
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or
by injection or gavage
J-148
-------
Authors
Walsh and Hunter
Walsh et al.
Wang
Wang
Wang and Dei
Wang and Fisher
Wang and Fisher
Wang and Ke
Wang and Wang
Wang and Wang
Wang and Wong
Wang and Yin
Wang and Zauke
Wang et al.
Wang et al.
Wang et al.
Wang et al.
Title
Influence of phosphorus storage on the uptake of cadmium by the marine
alga Macrocystis pyrifera
Differential bioaccumulation of heavy metals and organopollutants in the
soft tissue and shell of the marine gastropod, Austrocochlea constricta
Investigation of heavy metal content in fish at Chongqing section of the
Yangtze River before water storage in the three Gorges Reservoir
A study of the New York/New Jersey coastal water: Bio-optical
characteristics of the harbor estuary and the effects of heavy metals on
brown tide alga of the Bight
Metal uptake in a coastal diatom influenced by major nutrients (N, P, and
Si)
Assimilation of trace elements and carbon by the mussel Mytilus edulis:
Effects of food composition
Accumulation of trace elements in a marine copepod
Dominance of dietary intake of cadmium and zinc by two marine
predatory gastropods
Cadmium in three marine phytoplankton: accumulation, subcellular fate
and thiol induction
Biochemical response of the copepod Tigriopus japonicus Mori
experimentally exposed to cadmium
Combined effects of food quantity and quality on Cd, Cr, and Zn
assimilation to the green mussel, Perna viridis
Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Area Granosa.
Size-dependent bioaccumulation of metals in the amphipod Gammarus
zaddachi (Sexton 1912) from the River Hunte (Germany) and its
relationship to the permeable body surface area
Reciprocal effect of Cu, Cd, Zn on a kind of marine alga
Kinetic determinations of trace element bioaccumulation in the mussel
Mytilus edulis
Metal and oxygen uptake in the green mussel Perna viridis under different
metabolic conditions
Seasonal study on the Cd, Se, and Zn uptake by natural coastal
phytoplankton assemblages
Year
1992
1995
2008
2011
2001
1996
1998
2002
2009a
2009b
2003
1987
2004
1995
1996
2005a
2005b
Reason Unused
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or
by injection or gavage
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Dietary exposure
Mixture
Not North American species
Mixture
Text in foreign language
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
not renewal or flow-through exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-149
-------
Authors
Wang et al.
Wang et al.
Wang et al.
Wang et al.
Wang et al.
Wang et al.
Wang et al.
Wang et al.
Wang et al.
Wang et al.
Wang et al.
Wang et al.
Wang et al.
Wang et al.
Wang et al.
Wang et al.
Wang et al.
Wang et al.
Title
Safety assessment and acute toxicity of copper, cadmium and zinc to
white clound mountain minnow Tanichthys albonubes
Ecotoxicological effect of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd on Prorocentrum
donghaiense Lu.
Single and joint effects of petroleum hydrocarbons and cadmium on the
polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube.
Assessment of mixture toxicity of copper, cadmium, and
phenanthrenequinone to the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri
Alteration of metallothionein mRNA in bay scallop Argopecten irradians
under cadmium exposure and bacteria challenge
Acute and chronic cadmium toxicity to a saltwater cladoceranMo/'wa
monogolica Daday and its relative importance
Toxicity of lead, cadmium and mercury on embryogenesis, survival,
growth and metamorphosis of Meretrix meretrix larvae
Formation of a combined Ca/Cd toxicity on lifespan of nematode
Caenorhabditis elegans
Single and joint toxicity of mercury, cadmium and benzo(a) pyrene,
polychlorinatedbiphenylsl254 for juvenile Chlamys farreri
Analysis of metallotionein expression and antioxidant enzyme activities in
Meretrix meretrix larvae under sublethal cadmium exposure
Molecular characterization and expression analysis of elongation factors
1 A and 2 from the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei
Biomarkers and bioaccumulation of clam Ruditapes phi lippinarum in
response to combined cadmium and benzo(a)pyrene exposure
The content variation characteristics and risk analysis for cadmium,
copper, lead and zinc in some species of shellfish
Cadmium-induced oxidative stress and apoptotic changes in the testis of
freshwater crab, Sinopotamon henanense
Characterization of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione metabolizing
peroxidase (gpx4) isoforms in Coho salmon olfactory and liver tissues and
their modulation by cadmium
Effects of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn on brown tide alga Aureococcus
anophagefferens growth and metal accumulation
Cadmium induces hydrogen peroxide production and initiates hydrogen
peroxide-dependent apoptosis in the gill of freshwater crab, Sinopotamon
henanense
Cadmium bioaccumulation and bioelimination in Patinopecten yessoensis
Year
2006
2008a
2008b
2009a
2009b
2009d
2009c
2010a
2010c
2010e
2011a
20 lib
2011c
20 lid
2012a
2012b
2012c
2012d
Reason Unused
Non-applicable
Non-applicable
Not North American species
Mixture
Mixture
Not North American species, test species fed
Not North American species
Only one exposure concentration; dilution water
is deionized water
Text in foreign language
In vitro
In vitro
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species
In vitro
Only two exposure concentrations, excessive
EDTA in growth media
Not North American species
Not North American species
J-150
-------
Authors
Wang et al.
Wang et al.
Wani
Ward and Mendonca
Waring et al.
Warnau et al.
Warnau et al.
Warnau et al.
Warnau et al.
Warnau et al.
Warnau et al.
Warren et al.
Watling
Watling
Wayland and Crosley
Weber
Weber et al.
Title
Effects of cadmium stress on antioxidant defense system of Patinopecten
yessoensis
The effects of chronic exposure to environmentally relevant levels of
waterborne cadmium on reproductive capacity and behavior in fathead
minnows
Toxicity of heavy metals to embryonic stages of Cyprinus carpio
Communis
Chronic exposure to coal fly ash causes minimal changes in corticosterone
and testosterone concentrations in male southern toads Bufo terrestris
Trace metal bioaccumulation in eight common coastal Australian
polychaeta
Allometry of heavy metal bioconcentration in the echinoid Paracentrotus
lividus
Experimental cadmium contamination of the echinoid Paracentrotus
lividus: Influence of exposure mode and distribution of the metal in the
organism
Effect of feeding on cadmium bioaccumulation in the echinoid
Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata)
Biokinetics of selected heavy metals and radionuclides in two marine
macrophytes: The seagrass Posidonia oceanica and the alga Caulerpa
taxifolia
Spermiotoxicity and embryotoxicity of heavy metals in the echinoid
Paracentrotus lividus
Cadmium bioconcentration in the echinoid Paracentrotus lividus:
Influence of the cadmium concentration in seawater
Modelling cadmium accumulation by benthic invertebrates in situ: The
relative contributions of sediment and overlying water reservoirs to
organism cadmium concentrations
Effects of metals on the development of oyster embryos
Accumulation of seven metals by Crassostrea gigas, Crassostrea
margaritacea, Perna perna, and Choromytilus meridionalis
Selenium and other trace elements in aquatic insects in coal mine-affected
streams in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta, Canada
Concentration of metals in fish from the River Rednitz
Effects of multiple effluents on resident fish from Junction Creek,
Sudbury, Ontario
Year
2012e
2014b
1986
2006
2006
1995a
1995b
1995c
1996a
1996b
1997
1998
1981
1983a
2006
1985
2008
Reason Unused
Not North American species
Only three exposure concentrations
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Fly Ash
Field bioaccumulation: steady state not
documented, exposure concentration unknown
Not North American species
Not North American species
Not North American species
Not North American species
Not North American species
Not North American species
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
No pertinent adverse effects reported
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Effluent
J-151
-------
Authors
Webster et al.
Wehr and Whitton
Wei et al.
Weimin et al.
Weir and Salice
Weis et al.
Wentsel et al.
Werner
Werner et al.
Westernhagen and
Dethlefsen
Westernhagen et al.
Westernhagen et al.
White and Rainbow
White and Rainbow
White et al.
Whyte et al.
Wicklund and Runn
Title
Cadmium exposure and phosphorus limitation increases metal content in
the freshwater alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Aquatic cryptogams of natural acid springs enriched with heavy metals:
The Kootenay Paint Pots, British Columbia
Interactions between Cd, Cu, and Zn influence paniculate phytochelatin
concentrations in marine phytoplankton: Laboratory results and
preliminary field data
Metal bioavailability to the soldier crab Mictyris longicarpus
High tolerance to abiotic stressors and invasion success of the slow
growing freshwater snail, Melanoides tuberculatus
Effects of cadmium, zinc, salinity, and temperature on the teratogenicity
of methylmercury to the killifish (Fundulus hetemclitus)
Avoidance response of midge larvae (Chironomus tentans) to sediments
containing heavy metals
Development of methods to assess metallothionein expression in lake
trout (Salvelinus namaycush) during a reproductive cycle and the effects
of cadmium and ethynyestradiol
Biomarker responses inMacoma nasuta (Bivalvia) exposed to sediment
exposures from northern San Francisco Bay
Combined effects of cadmium and salinity on development and survival
of flounder eggs
Combined effects of cadmium and salinity on development and survival
of garpike eggs
Fate and effects of cadmium in an experimental marine ecosystem
Regulation and accumulation of copper, zinc and cadmium by the shrimp
Palaemon elegans
Accumulation of cadmium by Palaemon elegans (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Metal concentrations in loggerhead sea turtle eggs from the Florida Gulf
and Atlantic Coasts
Ethoxyresorufm-0-deethylase (EROD) activity in fish as a biomarker of
chemical exposure
Calcium effects on cadmium uptake, redistribution, and elimination in
minnows, Phoxinus phoxinus, acclimated to different calcium
concentrations
Year
2011
1983
2003
1994
2012
1981
1977
2007
2004
1975
1975
1978
1982
1986
2008
2000
1988
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Only two exposure concentrations
No pertinent adverse effects reported
Sediment
Field bioaccumulation: steady state not
documented, exposure concentration unknown
Sediment exposure
Not North American species
Not North American species
Not North American species
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Review
Not North American species
J-152
-------
Authors
Wicklund et al.
Widmeyer and Bendell-
Young
Wiesner et al.
Wikfors and Ukeles
Wildgust and Jones
Williams and Gallagher
Williams et al.
Williams et al.
Williams et al.
Williams et al.
Williams et al.
Williamson and Nelson
Windom et al.
WindWard
Environmental
Winger and Andreasen
Winger et al.
Title
Cadmium and zinc interactions in fish: effects of zinc on the uptake, organ
distribution, and elimination of 109Cd in the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio
Influence of food quality and salinity on dietary cadmium availability in
Mytilus trossulus
Temporal and spatial variability in the heavy -metal content ofDreissena
polymorpha (Pallas) (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from the Kleines Haff
(northeastern Germany)
Growth and adaptation of estuarine unicellular algae in media with excess
copper, cadmium or zinc, and effects of metal -contaminated algal food on
Crassostrea virginica larvae
Salinity change and the toxicity of the free cadmium ion [Cd2+(aq)] to
Neomysis integer (Crustacea: Mysidacea)
Effects of cadmium on olfactory mediated behaviors and moleculat
biomarkers in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)
Accumulation of Hsp70 in Juvenile and Adult Rainbow Trout Gill
Exposed to Metal-Contaminated Water and/or Diet.
Comparison between biosorbents for the removal of metal ions from
aqueous solutions
Trends in trace metal burdens in sediment, fish species and filtered water
of Igbede River, Lagos, Nigeria
Transcriptomic responses of European flounder (Platichthys flesus) to
model toxicants
Metal (as, Cd, Hg, and Ch3Hg) bioaccumulation from water and food by
the benthic amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus
Bacterial bioassay for level I toxicity assessment
Metal accumulation by the polychaete Capitella capitata: Influences of
metal content and nutritional quality of detritus
Results of 2000 toxicity testing
Contaminant residues in fish and sediments from lakes in the Atchafalaya
River Basin (Louisiana)
Residues of organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and
heavy metals in biota from Apalachicola River, Florida, 1978
Year
1988
2007
2001
1982
1998
2013
1996
1998
2007
2008
2010
1983
1982
2001
1985
1984
Reason Unused
Not North American species
Dietary exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Questionable treatment of test organisms or
inappropriate test conditions or methodology
Not North American species
Only two exposure concentrations
Mixture
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Injected toxicant; not North American species
Bioaccumulation: not renewal or flow-through
Bacteria
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Dilution water not characterized
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
J-153
-------
Authors
Winner and Gauss
Winter
Witeska
Witeska and Baka
Witeska and Wakulska
Witeska et al.
Witeska et al.
Wo et al.
Wolfe et al.
Wolff etal.
Won et al.
Wong
Wong
Wong and Au
Wong and Beaver
Wong and Chan
Wong and Chau
Title
Relationship between chronic toxicity and bioaccumulation of copper,
cadmium and zinc as affected by water hardness and humic acid
Cadmium uptake kinetics by freshwater mollusc soft body under hard and
soft water conditions
Changes in the common carp blood cell picture after acute exposure to
cadmium
The effect of long-term cadmium exposure on common carp blood
The effects of heavy metals on common carp white blood cells in vitro
The influence of cadmium on common carp embryos and larvae
Changes in oxygen consumption rate and red blood parameters in
common carp Cyprinus carpio L. after acute copper and cadmium
exposures
A comparison of growth biomarkers for assessing sublethal effects of
cadmium on a marine gastropod, Nassarius festivus
Sediment toxicity in the Hudson-Raritan Estuary: Distribution and
correlations with chemical contamination
The use of Salvinia auriculata as a bioindicator in aquatic ecosystems:
biomass and structure dependent on the cadmium concentration
Response of glutathione S-gransferase (GST) genes to cadmium exposure
in the marine pollution indicator worm, Perinereis nuntia
Toxicity of cadmium to freshwater microorganisms, phytoplankton, and
invertebrates
Effects of cadmium on the feeding behavior of the freshwater cladoceran
Moina macrocopa
Contents of cadmium iron manganese and zinc in the tissue of Katelysia-
hiantina collected from Tolo Harbor Hong-Kong an almost land-locked
sea
Algal bioassays to determine toxicity of metal mixtures
A study of cadmium, copper and lead uptake by the unicellular green alga
Chlorella salina Cu-1
Toxicity of metal mixtures to phytoplankton
Year
1986
1996
2001
2002
2007
1995
2010
1999
1996
2012
2011
1987
1989
1984
1980
1979
1988
Reason Unused
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
No scientific name given, only one exposure
concentration, atypical endpoint
No scientific name given, only one exposure,
duration too short
In vitro
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Mixture
Not North American species
Mixture
Only four plants per exposure concentration
In vitro
Review of previously published data
Organisms were exposed to cadmium in food or
by injection or gavage
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
Excessive EDTA
Mixture
J-154
-------
Authors
Wong and Li
Wong et al.
Wong et al.
Wood
Wood et al.
Wood et al.
Woodall et al.
Woodling
Woodling et al.
Woodward et al.
Woodward et al.
Woodworth and Pascoe
Wright
Wright and Welbourn
Wright et al.
Wu and Chen
Wu and Deng
Wu and Wang
Wu and Yang
Title
An ecological survey of the heavy metal contamination of the edible clam
Paphia sp. on the iron-ore tailings of Tolo Harbour, Hong Ko
Toxicity of a mixture of metals on freshwater algae
Physiological and biochemical responses of several freshwater algae to a
mixture of metals
Trace metal uptake by Cladophora Chlorophyta
Environmental toxicology of metals
The protective role of dietary calcium against cadmium uptake and
toxicity in freshwater fish: an important role for the stomach
Responses of trout fry (Salmo gairdneri) andXenopus laevis tadpoles to
cadmium and zinc
Survival and mortality of brown trout (Salmo trutta) exposed to in situ
acute toxic concentrations of cadmium and zinc
Nonuniform accumulation of cadmium and copper in kidneys of wild
brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations
Brown trout avoidance of metals in water characteristic of the Clark Fork
Paver, Montana
Metals-contaminated benthic invertebrates in the Clark Fork River,
Montana: Effects on age-0 brown trout and rainbow trout
Cadmium uptake and distribution in sticklebacks related to the
concentration and method of exposure
Dose-related toxicity of copper and cadmium in striped bass larvae from
the Chespeake Bay: Field considerations
Cadmium in the aquatic environment: A review of ecological,
physiological, and lexicological effects on biota
Effect of calcium on cadmium uptake and toxicity in larvae and juveniles
of striped bass (Morone saxatilis)
Metallothionein induction and heavy metal accumulation in white shrimp
Litopenaeus vannamei exposed to cadmium and zinc
Effect of cadmium on hematological functions in tilapia (Oreochromis
mossambicus)
NMR-based metabolomic studies on the lexicological effects of cadmium
and copper on green mussels Perna viridis
A new view explaining how cadmium-lrealed parenls have higher Cd-
resislanl offspring: Ihe case of lilapia larvae (Oreochromis mossambicus)
Year
1977
1978
1982
1974
1997
2006
1988
1993
2001
1995a
1995b
1983
1988
1994
1985
2005b
2006
2010
2008
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulalion: steady slale nol documented
Mixlure
Cadmium was a componenl of a drilling mud,
effluenl, mixture, sediment or sludge
Non-applicable
Modeling
Review
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
Cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,
effluent, mixture, sediment or sludge
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
High control mortality reported
Review of previously published data
Inappropriate medium of medium contained too
much of a complexing agent for algal studies
Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure
Injected toxicant
Only one exposure concentration
Injected toxicant; lack of details
J-155
-------
Authors
Wu et al.
Wu et al.
Wu et al.
Wu et al.
Wu et al.
Wu et al.
Wu et al.
Wu et al.
Wu et al.
Wu et al.
Wu et al.
Wu et al.
Wu et al.
Wu et al.
Wu et al.
Wundram et al.
Xiaorong et al.
Title
A settlement inhibition assay with cyprid larvae of the barnacle Balanus
amphitrite
Toxic effects of several heavy metal on amphioxus and living activity of
Branchiostoma belcheri Tsingtaoensis Tchang Et Koo
The joint-biotoxicity effect of different forms of nitrogen on heavy metals
in water by the phototacti behavior of Daphnia
Changes of cortisol and metallothionein upon cadmium exposure and
handling stressed in tilapia (Oreochromis mosssambicus)
Relationships among metallothionein, cadmium accumulation, and
cadmium tolerance in three species offish
Toxicological stress response and cadmium distribution in hybrid tilapia
(Oreochromis sp.) upon cadmium exposure
The effects of maternal Cd on the metallothionein expression in tilapia
(Oreochromis mossambicus) embryos and larvae
Phototaxis index of Daphnia carinata as an indicator of joint toxicity of
copper, cadmium, zinc, nitrogen and phosphorus in aqueous solutions
Histopathological and biochemical evidence of hepatopancreatic toxicity
caused by cadmium and zinc in the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei
Histopathological alterations in gills of white shrimp, Litopenaeus
vannamei (Boone) after acute exposure to cadmium and zinc
Bioaccumulation of cadmium bound to humic acid by the bivalve
Meretrix meretirx Linnaeus from solute and paniculate pathways
NMR-based metabolomic investigations on the differential responses in
adductor muscles from two pedigrees of Manila clam Ruditapes
philippinarum to cadmium and zinc
The preferential accumulation of cadmium in the head portion of the
freshwater planarian, Dugesiajaponica (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria)
Bioaccumulation of cadmium bound to ferric hydroxide and paniculate
organic matter by the bivalve M. meretrix
Maternal cadmium exposure induces mt2 and smtB mRna expression in
zebrafish (Danio rerio) females and their offspring
The Chlamydomonas test: A new phytotoxicity test based on the
inhibition of algal photosynthesis enables the assessment of hazardous
leachates from waste disposals in salt mines
Effects of chelation on the bioconcentration of cadmium and copper by
carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)
Year
1997
1999
2006a
2006b
2006c
2007
2008a
2008b
2008c
2009
2010
2011a
20 lib
2012a
2012b
1996
1997
Reason Unused
Not North American species
Text in foreign language
Text in foreign language
Injected toxicant
Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure
Only one exposure concentration, duration too
short, unmeasured exposure
Injected toxicant
Non-applicable
Lack of exposure details, dilution water not
characterized, only two exposure concentrations
Dilution water not characterized, duration too
short, only one exposure concentration
Sediment
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Not North American species, duration too short
Sediment
Duration too short
Not North American species; no interpretable
concentration, time, response data or examined
only a single exposure concentration
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
J-156
-------
Authors
Xie and Klerks
Xie et al.
Xie et al.
Xin et al.
Xu et al.
Xu et al.
Xu et al.
Xu et al.
Xuan et al.
Xue and Sigg
Yager and Harry
Yamamoto and Inoue
Yamamura and Suzuki
Yamamura et al.
Yan and Wang
Yan et al.
Yang and Kong
Title
Changes in cadmium accumulation as a mechanism for cadmium
resistance in the least \dllifis\\Heterandriaformosa
Trophic transfer of Cd from natural periphyton to the grazing mayfly
Centroptilum triangulifer in a life cycle test
Cadmium accumulation in the rootless macrophyte Wolffia globosa and
its potential for phytoremediation
Responses of different water spinach cultivars and their hybrid to Cd, Pb
and Cd-Pb exposures
Heavy metal distribution in tissues and eggs of Chinese alligator
(Alligator sinensis)
Generation of active oxygen and change of antioxidant enzyme activity in
Hydrilla verticillata under Cd, Cu and Zn stress
Acute toxicity and synergism of binary mixtures of antifouling biocides
with heavy metals to embryos of sea urchin Glyptocidaris crenularis
Study on single and joint toxic effects of cadmium and lead onRuditapes
phillippinamm
Oxygen consumption and metabolic responses of freshwater crab
Sinopotamon henanense to acute and sub-chronic cadmium exposure
Cadmium speciation and complexation by natural organic ligands in
freshwater
The uptake of radioactive zinc, cadmium and copper by the freshwater
snail, Taphius glabratu
Lethal tolerance of acute cadmium toxicity in rainbow trout previously
exposed to cadmium
Metallothionein induced in the frog Xenopus laevis
Cadmium uptake and induction of cadmium-binding protein in the
waterflea (Moina macrocopa)
Metal exposure and bioavailability to a marine deposit-feeding sipuncula,
Sipunculus nudus
Demographic and genetic evidence of the long-term recovery ofDaptmia
galeata Mendotae (Crustacea: Daphniidae) in Sudbury Lakes following
additions of base: The role of metal toxicity
Bioavailability of copper and cadmium speciation in sediment exposure
for aquatic organism under varying temperature
Year
2004
2010
2013
2010
2006a
2006b
2010
2013
2013
1998
1964
1985
1983
1983b
2002
1996
1997
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
not renewal or flow-through exposure
Dietary exposure
Excessive EDTA (848 ug/L)
Soil exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Text in foreign language
Not North American species
Text in foreign language
Not North American species, only three exposure
concentrations
No interpretable concentration, time, response
data or examined only a single exposure
concentration
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Injected toxicant
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
(only 72 hour exposure)
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
(only 24 hour exposure)
Mixture
Sediment exposure
J-157
-------
Authors
Yang et al.
Yang et al.
Yang et al.
Yap et al.
Yap et al.
Yap et al.
Yap et al.
Yap et al.
Yap et al.
Yarsan et al.
Yasuno et al.
Yeh et al.
Yigit and Altindag
Yilmaz
Yin et al.
Yipmantin et al.
You et al.
Title
Involvement of polyamines in adaptation of Potamogeton crispus L. to
cadmium stress
Acute temperature and cadmium stress response characterization of small
heat shock protein 27 in large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea
Cd2+ toxicity to a green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as influenced
by its adsorption on TiO2 engineered nanoparticles
Correlations between speciation of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in sediment
exposure and their concentrations in total soft tissue of green-lipped
mussel Perna viridis from the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia
Accumulation, depuration and distribution of cadmium and zinc in the
green-lipped mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus) under laboratory conditions
Background concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the green-lipped
mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus) from Peninsular Malaysia
Heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) concentrations in the green-lipped
mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus) collected from some wild and
aquaculture sites in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia
Allozyme polymorphisms and heavy metal levels in the green-lipped
mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus) collected from contaminated and
uncontaminated sites in Malaysia
Distribution of heavy metal concentrations in the different soft tissues of
the freshwater snail Pomacea insularum (D'orbigny, 1839; Gastropoda),
and sediments collected from polluted and unpolluted sites from Malaysia
Copper, lead, cadmium and mercury concentrations in the mussel Elliptic
Characteristic distribution of chironomids in the rivers polluted with
heavy metals
Heavy metal concentrations of the soldier crab (Mictyris brevidactylus)
along the inshore area of Changhua, Taiwan
Accumulation of heavy metals in the food web components of Burdur
Lake, Turkey
Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in water, sediment, aquatic plants and
tissues of Cyprinus carpio from Kizilirmak, Turkey
Induction of phytochelatins in Lemna aequinoctialis in response to
cadmium exposure
Pb(II) and Cd(II) Biosorption on Chondr acanthus chamissoi (a red alga)
Chemical availability and sediment toxicity of pyrethroid insecticides to
Hyalella azteca. Application to field sediment with unexpectedly low
toxicity
Year
2010
2012a
2012b
2002
2003a
2003b
2004a
2004b
2009
2007
1985
2009
2002
2006
2002
2011
2008
Reason Unused
Mixture
In vitro
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
not renewal or flow-through exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Lack of exposure details, no statistical analysis
Mixture
Sediment exposure
J-158
-------
Authors
Young and Harvey
Youssef and Tayel
Yu and Wang
Yu et al.
Zabotkina et al.
Zadory
Zadory
Zaki and Osman
Zanders and Rojas
Zanders and Rojas
Zanella
Zaosheng et al.
Zauke and Schmalenbach
Zauke et al.
Zauke et al.
Zbigniew and Wojciech
Zbikowski et al.
Zeng and Wang
Title
Metals in chironomidae larvae and adults in relation to lake pH and lake
oxygen deficiency
Metal accumulation by three Tilapia spp. from some Egyptian waters
Kinetic uptake of bioavailable cadmium, selenium, and zinc by Daphnia
magna
New method for evaluating toxicity of heavy metals on marine
macroalgae
Influence of cadmium ions on some morphofunctional and immune -
physiological parameters of perch (Percafluviatilis, Perciformes,
Percidae) underyearlings
Monitoring heavy metal pollution and genetic consequences in aquatic
invertebrates
Freshwater molluscs as accumulation indicators for monitoring heavy
metal pollution
Clinicopathological and pathological studies on Tilapia nilotica exposed
to cadmium chloride (0.25 ppm)
Cadmium accumulation, LC50 and oxygen consumption in the tropical
marine amphipod Elasmopus rapax
Salinity effects on cadmium accumulation in various tissues of the
tropical fiddler crab Uca rapax
Shifts in caddisfly species composition in Sacramento River invertebrate
communities in the presence of heavy metal contamination
Effects of dietary cadmium exposure on reproduction of saltwater
cladoceranMo/'wa monogolica Daday: Implications in water quality
criteria
Heavy metals in zooplankton and decapod crustaceans from the Barents
Sea
Validation of estuarine gammarid collectives (Amphipoda: Crustacea) as
biomonitors for cadmium in semi -controlled toxicokinetic flow-through
experiments
Heavy metals of inshore benthic invertebrates from the Barents Sea
Individual and combined effect of anthracene, cadmium, and chloridazone
on growth and activity of SOD izoformes in three Scenedesmus species
Distribution and relationships between selected chemical elements in
green alga Enteromorpha sp. from the southern Baltic
Temperature and irradiance influences on cadmium and zinc uptake and
toxicity in a freshwater cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa
Year
1988
2004
2002
1999
2009
1983
1984
2003
1992
1996
1982
2010
2006
1995
2003
2006
2006
2011
Reason Unused
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
Text in foreign language
Unmeasured chronic exposure, duration too
short, not North American species, only one
exposure
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented;
not renewal or flow-through exposure
Not North American species
Not North American species
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Fed toxicant
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
Bioaccumulation: steady state not documented
Mixture
J-159
-------
Authors
Zeng et al.
Zhang and Wang
Zhang and Wang
Zhang and Wang
Zhang et al.
Zhang et al.
Zhang et al.
Zhang et al.
Zhang et al.
Zhang et al.
Zhang et al.
Zhang et al.
Zhang et al.
Zhang et al.
Zhang et al.
Zhang et al.
Zhang et al.
Zhang et al.
Zhang et al.
Title
Toxicity effects of Cd and Cu on the respiration and excretion metabolism
of asianclam
Waterborne cadmium and zinc uptake in a euryhaline teleost
Acanthopagrus schlegeli acclimated to different salinities
Gastrointestinal uptake of cadmium and zinc by a marine teleost
Acanthopagrus schlegeli
Size-dependence of the potential for metal bio magnification in early life
stages of marine fish
Study on the relationship between speciation of heavy metals and their
ecotoxicity
Influence of toxicity of heavy metal ions to growth of Phaeodactylum
tricornutum
Heavy metal accumulation and tissue damage in goldfish Carassius
auratus
Enhanced bioaccumulation of cadmium in carp in the presence of titanium
dioxide nanoparticles
Effects of cadmium stress on photosynthetic function of leaves of Lemna
minor L.
Long-term toxicity effects of cadmium and lead on Ibufo raddei tadpoles
A review; research on cadmium in aquatic animals
Toxicity and behavioral effects of cadmium in planarian (Dugesia
japonica Ichikawa Et Kawakatsu)
Cadmium accumulation and translocation in four emergent wetland
species
Concentrations of cadmium and zinc in seawater of Bohai Bay and their
effects on biomarker responses in the bivalve Chlamys farreri
Cadmium-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in the testes of frog
Rana limnocharis
The toxicity of cadmium (Cd2+) towards embryos and pro-larva of
Soldatov's catfish (Silurus soldatovi)
Identification and expression profile of a new cytochrome P50 isoform
(CYP414A1) in the hepatopancreas of Venerupis (Ruditapes)
philippinarum exposed to benzo(a)pyrene, cadmium and copper
Expression profiles of seven glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes from
Venerupis philippinarum exposed to heavy metals and benzo(a)pyrene
Biological effect of cadmium mDaphnia magna: Influence of nitrogen
and phosphorus
Year
2007
2007a
2007b
2007c
1992
1995
2005
2007a
2007b
2007c
2007d
2010a
2010b
2010c
2012a
2012b
2012c
2012d
2012e
Reason Unused
Non-applicable
Mixture; not North American species
Mixture; not North American species
Mixture; not North American species
The materials, methods or results were
insufficiently described
Text in foreign language
Bioaccumulation: unmeasured exposure,; not
whole-body or muscle content
Inappropriate form of toxicant, nanoparticles
Text in foreign language
Unmeasured chronic exposure, not North
American species
Review
Not North American species
Excessive EDTA
Mixture
Not North American species, duration too long
Not North American species
Mixture
Mixture
Mixture
J-160
-------
Authors
Zheng et al.
Zhou et al.
Zhu et al.
Zhuang and Lin
Zia and McDonald
Zolotukhina et al.
Zou and Bu
Title
Reproductive toxic effects of sublethal cadmium on the marine polychaete
Perinereis nuntia
Growth response of Isochrysis galbana 3011 to seven kinds of heavy
metals
Gonad differential proteins revealed with proteomics in oyster (Saccostrea
cucullata) using alga as food contaminated with cadmium
The effects of nutrients and heavy metals on the plankton in marine
enclosed ecosystem
Role of the gills and gill chloride cells in metal uptake in the freshwater-
adapted rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss
Effect of some heavy metal ions on cholorophyll photostability in marine
green macroalgae
Acute toxicity of copper, cadmium, and zinc to the water flea, Moina
irrasa (Cladocera)
Year
2010
1990
2012
1991
1994
1993
1994
Reason Unused
Not North American species
Lack of details; abstract only
Fed toxicant
Mixture
Bioconcentration studies conducted in distilled
water, not conducted long enough, not flow-
through or water concentrations not adequately
measured
Text in foreign language
Not North American species
J-161
-------
Appendix K Issue Summary Regarding Test Conditions and
Methods for Water Only Toxicity Testing with
Hyalella azteca
K-l
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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
NATIONAL HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
RESEARCH LABORATORY
MID-CONTINENT ECOLOGY DIVISION
6201 CONGDON BOULEVARD • DULUTH, MINNESOTA 55804-2595
OFFICE OF
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
August 6, 2015
MEMORANDUM
SUBJECT: Issue summary regarding test conditions and methods for water only toxicity
testing with Hyalella azteca
FROM: David R. Mount and J. Russell Hockett
TO: Kathryn Gallagher
Health and Ecological Criteria Division/OST/OW
We are writing at the request of your staff to summarize current understanding regarding
appropriate procedures and conditions for water only toxicity testing with the amphipod,
Hyalella azteca, with an emphasis on how this understanding intersects with the selection of
toxicity data for deriving ambient water quality criteria. Recommendations are provided based
on our experience and interpretation of published and unpublished data. A draft of this
document was provided to two outside experts, Drs. Chris Ingersoll (USGS Columbia, MO) and
David Soucek (Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL), for their comment and input.
A complicating factor is that recent research has found that organisms taxonomically described
as Hyalella azteca comprise a complex of numerous genetically distinct, but thus far undescribed
species; for the purposes of this memo, we refer to them as "strains." Major et al. (2013)
determined that most North American laboratories that cultured and tested Hyalella azteca had
the same strain (called the "US Lab" strain). A single laboratory, in Burlington, ON, had a
different strain or species in culture; they called this the "Burlington" strain. These two strains
show some differences that may require different evaluation criteria to be applied. As much of
the available toxicological data published are known or presumed to have been generated using
the US Lab strain, the bulk of the discussion that follows pertains to the US Lab strain, though
notes are included where differences with the Burlington strain may be important.
1) Bromide
Bromide was originally proposed as an essential micronutrient by Borgmann (1996) in work
conducted using the Burlington strain. Subsequent studies using the US Lab strain indicate
bromide is also an essential micronutrient for that strain, though the apparent levels of
K-2
-------
sufficiency appear to differ from the original suggestion by Borgmann (0.8 mg/L). Research
conducted by USGS in Columbia, MO indicates that a much lower bromide concentration of
around 0.02 mg/L is sufficient to support long-term survival, growth, and reproduction of the US
Lab strain (Ivey et al. SETAC 2011 poster; see Figure 1). Here in our laboratory, we have found
that the ambient Br concentration in Lake Superior water (about 0.01 to 0.015 mg/L) will support
cultures of the US Lab strain). While these concentrations are much lower than the 0.8 mg/L,
they are not necessarily in conflict with Borgmann's findings, as Borgmann's original
experimental design was not structured to determine minimum concentrations with a high level
of resolution (he was also using a different strain). In addition, experiments conducted by USGS
in Columbia, MO (CD Ivey and CG Ingersoll, personal communication) have shown that
bromide concentrations as high as 80 mg/L are not detrimental to the US Lab strain. It is
uncertain whether the overall composition (e.g., hardness, specific ion content) of the water
influences the Br requirement. Limited survey work done by USGS-Columbia suggests that
natural waters (ground or surface waters) typically have sufficient Br to support the US Lab
strain (C.G. Ingersoll, personal communication). The 0.8 mg Br/L contained in Borgmann
"SAM-5" water is much higher than is found in typical fresh waters, but as noted above, we have
no evidence that this would be problematic unless the toxicant of concern interacts with Br.
Recommendation: Reconstituted waters used for testing with Hyalella azteca should have at
least 0.02 mg Br/L. For tests conducted with natural waters (ground or surface) with
accompanying Br measurements, it is reasonable to presume that sufficient Br was present, as
long as control performance appears adequate.
2) Chloride
Chloride also appears to be important to supporting long term survival, growth, and reproduction
of the US Lab strain. A survey of waters used successfully by various laboratories for culture of
Hyalella azteca (known or presumed to be the US Lab strain) indicates that most have Cl
concentrations at or above those typical of natural surface waters (Figure 2). And, notably, the
concentrations in reconstituted waters often recommended by ASTM and EPA for aquatic
toxicity studies have very low concentrations of Cl, relative to natural waters. Studies in our
laboratory found that the roughly 2 mg Cl/L found in Lake Superior water limited performance
of the US Lab Strain. Performance was improved by the addition of sodium chloride up to a
concentration of about 15 mg/L, above which there was no additional improvement (Figure 3;
Soucek et al. 2015). Longer-term studies conducted at the Illinois Natural History Survey
demonstrated a similar response to chloride for long-term growth and reproduction (Figure 4;
Soucek et al., 2015). It is unclear whether the minimum Cl concentrations apply equally across
all water types or if the Cl requirement is dependent on other aspects of water chemistry. Natural
waters with hardness less than 80 mg/L commonly have <10 mg Cl/L (about 0.3 mM; see Figure
2).
An additional finding by Soucek et al. (2015) is that the acute sensitivity of the US Lab strain to
sodium sulfate and sodium nitrate varied with chloride in a manner similar to that observed for
control performance (Figure 5). However, when the Burlington strain was tested, both control
growth and toxicant sensitivity were independent of chloride concentrations. This suggests,
though does not prove, that the Cl-dependence of toxicity shown for the US Lab strain may be
K-3
-------
related more to its innate Cl requirement rather than a broader toxicological interaction of Cl and
those toxicants. It's also worth noting that the change in toxicant sensitivity was observed even
though control survival was good across all Cl concentrations; this means that meeting control
survival requirements is not by itself a good indication that chloride concentrations were
sufficient.
Recommendation: For toxicity data generated using the US Lab strain, it is preferred that
control/dilution waters have Cl concentrations at or above about 15 mg/L. Where
control/dilution waters have lower Cl concentrations, toxicity data should be used with great
caution unless there are ancillary data demonstrating that organism health was not impaired
despite lower Cl.
3) Reconstituted Waters
As noted above, reconstituted waters based on the formula proposed by Marking and Dawson
(1973; this includes reconstituted waters recommended by EPA for effluent testing, and by some
ASTM standards) have low Cl concentrations and have been directly shown to be insufficient to
support long-term health of the US Lab strain. In addition to low Cl, they do not include added
Br. A modification of these waters proposed by Smith et al. (1997) has sufficient chloride, but
does not have added Br. Results obtained with this water have been inconsistent and it is not
recommended unless it is supplemented with Br. The Borgmann (1996) "SAM-5" water has an
unnaturally high Br concentration, but there is no reason to believe this concentration is harmful,
unless it would interact with the toxicant being tested.
Recommendation: Data generated using Marking and Dawson-based waters should not be
used. Data generated using "Smith" water should not be used unless Br was supplemented. Data
generated using "Borgmann SAM-5" water should be acceptable unless there is reason to think
the excess Br would compromise the test. Other reconstituted water formulations should be
evaluated in light of the Br and Cl recommendations above.
4) Substrate
There is general consensus that a substrate should be provided when conducting water-only
testing with Hyalella azteca. Common substrates include stainless steel screen, nylon (e.g.,
Nitex®) screen, quartz sand, cotton gauze, and maple leaves. In general, more inert substrates,
such as screen or sand, are preferred over plant material, which may break down during testing
and/or encourage microbial growth. Consideration should be given to whether one would expect
interactions between the toxicant and the substrate; hydrophobic organic compounds in particular
can bind strongly to Nitex® screen, which might reduce exposure concentrations, especially for
studies using static or intermittent renewal exposure methods.
Recommendation: A fine layer of clean quartz sand is a preferred substrate. Nylon screen may
be used if known to be compatible with the test chemical. Analytical confirmation of exposure
concentrations in "old" solutions (prior to renewal) is very important, particularly where there
could be interactions between the substrate and the test chemical.
K-4
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5) Control Survival in Long-Term Tests
Experience with 42-d exposures (beginning with 7-8 d old organisms) is that 42-d survival is
frequently well above 80% (e.g., 85%-95%) and 80% seems a reasonable minimum for control
survival. For tests longer than 42 days, some decline in control survival might be expected,
though experience is limited for these longer exposures. In general, survival should not decline
by more than 2-3% per week beyond 6 weeks, unless exposures continue so long that organisms
are becoming senescent.
Recommendation: Control survival should not be below 80% in 42-d tests; slightly lower
control survival may be acceptable in tests substantially longer than 42 d.
6) Control Growth/Weight and Reproduction
The bulk of the available data on control growth comes from the context of 42-d exposures,
which generally begin with 7-8-d old organisms (starting size typically 0.02-0.03 mg dwt). In
experiments with the US Lab strain (including a 24-laboratory round robin evaluation), improved
diets have been shown to produce average weights of >0.35 mg dwt (about 1.75 mg wwt
assuming 80% water) at d 28 of a 42-d tests (35-36 d of overall age) and >0.50 mg dwt (about
2.5 mg wwt assuming 80% water) at d 42. Information on growth rates for tests longer than 42 d
is limited, though growth rates are thought to decrease markedly as organisms reach reproductive
stages. Data generated at EPA-Duluth show that the standard diet recommended in EPA and
ASTM test methods for 42-d testing with Hyalella azteca (1 ml/beaker-d of YCT) limits growth
relative to higher rations (either more YCT or other foods such as Tetramin® + YCT; see Figure
6). However, this limited growth does not seem to be so stressful as to reduce long-term
survival, and reproduction still occurs though at lower rates than higher rations. Where 28-d and
42-d growth is comparable to that described above, reproduction is typically >6 young per
female.
David Soucek of the Illinois Natural History Survey has conducted some laboratory culture and
control growth experiments using the Burlington strain. From those experiments, it appears that
the Burlington strain grows at about the same rate (provided similar rations) as the US Lab
strain, but appears to reproduce at a lower rate (one-third to one-half the rate of the US Lab
strain; DJ. Soucek, personal communication).
Recommendation: For 42-d exposures with the US Lab strain (beginning with 7-8-d old
organisms), control organism average dry weight should be >0.35 mg after 28 days and >0.50
mg after 42 days. At the end of a 42-day test, control reproduction should average >6 young per
female. Lower performance may indicate diet/ration may have been limiting. For tests with the
Burlington strain, similar growth would be expected, but reproductive rate may be somewhat
lower.
K-5
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7) Applicability of Data from Different Strains ofHyalella azteca
The organisms of the US Lab strain are generally thought to trace to an original collection by
Alan Nebeker of EPA-Corvallis in 1982. Hyalella azteca identified as the same US Lab strain
have been found in the wild in several states, including FL, KS, OK, TX, CA, and their original
collection location in OR (D. J. Soucek, personal communication). It is less clear whether the
chloride requirement found for the US Lab strain is present in all wild populations, or whether
the US Lab strain occurs naturally in waters with chloride below 15 mg/L. David Soucek
(Illinois Natural History Survey) conducted a study examining response to chloride in a culture
started from a wild population of the US Lab strain collected in Kansas, and found indication of
reduced performance at low Cl concentrations, though the magnitude of the effect may be
somewhat smaller.
It is noteworthy that in strain comparisons of sensitivity to sodium nitrate and sodium sulfate, the
sensitivity of the US Lab strain at Cl >15 mg/L was generally similar to the sensitivity of the
Burlington strain. Absent data to the contrary, we know of no compelling reason to think that
the toxicant sensitivity of the US Lab strain in waters with adequate Cl and Br should not be
appropriate for inclusion in species sensitivity distributions as is intended for deriving water
quality criteria.
References:
Borgmann, U. 1996. Systematic analysis of aqueous ion requirements of Hyalella azteca: A
standard artificial medium including the essential bromide ion. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.
30: 356-363.
Ivey, C.D., W.G. Brumbaugh, C.G. Ingersoll, N.E. Kemble, J.K. Kunz, D.R. Mount and J.R.
Hockett. 2011. Evaluation of the influence of bromide on the performance of the amphipod
Hyalella azteca in reconstituted waters. Presented at the SETAC North America 32nd Annual
Meeting, Boston, MA, November 2011.
Major, K.M., DJ. Soucek, R. Giordano, MJ. Wetzel and F. Soto-Adames. 2013. The common
ecotoxicology laboratory strain of Hyalella azteca is genetically distinct from most wild strains
sampled in eastern North America. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 32: 2637-2647.
Marking, L.L. and V.K. Dawson. 1973. Toxicity of quinaldine sulfate to fish. Investigative Fish
Control, No. 48, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.
Smith, M.E., J.M. Lazorchak, L.E. Herrin, S. Brewer-Swartz and W.T. Thoney. 1997. A
reformulated, reconstituted water for testing the freshwater amphipod, Hyalella azteca. Environ.
Toxicol. Chem. 16: 1229-1233.
Soucek, D.J., D.R. Mount, A. Dickinson, J.R. Hockett and A.R. McEwen. 2015. Contrasting
effects of chloride on growth, reproduction, and toxicant sensitivity in two genetically distinct
strains of Hyalella azteca. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 34(10): 2354-2362.
K-6
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Figure 1. Long-term performance oiHyalella as a function of Br concentration in water (from
Ivey et al. 2011). Different symbols represent different trials and/or different water compositions
(other than Br).
0
1.2 -
1.0 -
0.8 -
0.6 -
0.4 --
0.2 -
0.0 -
D
O •
0.001
D
D
o
o
D
o
° #
0
a
0.010 0.100
Bromide (mg/L)
1.000
K-7
-------
Figure 2. Concentrations of Cl in natural surface waters, waters used successfully to culture
Hyalella, and in reconstituted waters based on Marking and Dawson (EPA/ASTM).
jtUU
100 -
i*
£
0)
2
_g
50 -
20 -
10 -
5 -
2 -
1 -
0.5 -
0.2 -
0.1 -
Q 0.05 -
0.02 -
0.01 -
0.005 -
0.002 -
0.001 -
X Pruned field data x x x
X Unused field data X ^ x
• ASTM Recon Water X xx>x^ * x
• Culture Waters in Use x wdL^xL x
• Lake Superior j» w^lB >*< x
..".OT^x*
X^J«< xx ^^l^^^^^x X
x ,,, . ^ ^
V
X
X
2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000
Hardness (mg/L)
Figure 3. 10-d weights oiHyalella reared in Lake Superior water with varying Cl concentrations
(from Souceketal. 2015).
140 -I
g, 120 -
£ 100 -
O 80 -
0)
m 60 -
O
15 40 -
(0
-------
Figure 4. Influence of chloride on growth and reproduction of the US Lab strain in a 42-d test
(from Soucek et al. 2015).
^^J
^3j
E
5
\.t.
1.0 -
0.8 -
0.6 -
0.4 -
0.2 -
On .
1
x _ w 9 ^
Jt £ *
/^ i . -L
JsT\ *
^•^L % Dry weight
A Young per female
I 2 5 10 20 50 100 2C
- £.V
- 20 15
I
- 15 £
-1" S
-5 |
10
Chloride (mg/L)
K-9
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Figure 5. Comparison of control growth (a), and acute toxicity of sodium nitrate (b) and sodium
sulfate (c) between the US Lab and Burlington strains oiHyalella azteca (from Soucek et al.
2015).
3" 120 -
£ 100
o
5, so H
§
4= 60 -
JS
5
0£ 40
1000
^ 700
*i 500
§400
300
200
O
100 -
70
50
1
•
A
Burlington Expt 1
Burlington Expt 2
USLabClade
USLab Ciade
Burlington Clade
5 10 20 30
Chloride (mg/L)
50
100
200
US Lab Strain
Burlington Strain
US Lab Strain
Burlington Strain
5 10 20 30 50
Chloride (mg/L)
100 200
r~r onnn
O 1500
(0
0> 1000
o 70°
O 500
-1 400
inn -
-V _J(
T7V«
/*f
A/
A
A
i^-A W- A
Si
A US Lab Strain
V Burlington Strain
US Strain
Burlington Strain
5 10 20 30 50
Chloride (mg/L)
100
200
K-10
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Figure 6. Growth rates oiHyalella reared on standard (EPA or ASTM 2000) ration of 1 ml
YCT/d or on alternate rations (D.R. Mount unpublished data).
1
0.7 -
0.5 -
T? 0.3 -
"§) 0.2 -
I °'1-
'0 0.07 -
> 0.05 -
Q 0.03 -
0.02 -
0.01
A
x
x
x' -'
10
- •- Standard 1 ml YCT
-•- Ramped 1-4 ml YCT
- ••- 1 ml YCT + 2 mg Tetramin
28
42
Test Day
K-ll
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