EPA/600/A-98/046
March 1998
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A MULTI-STAGE
PROCESS FOR EX-SITU TREATMENT OF SOLIDS OR
LIQUIDS CONTAMINATED WITH CHLORINATED ORGANICS
By
Michael LTaylor, George L. Huffman, Thomas R. Clark,
E. Radha JCrishnan, William E. Gallagher and John A. Prohaska
Paper to be presented at the
Sixth International FZK/TNO Conference on Contaminated Soil
{"Con-Soil'98"}
to be held in Edinburgh, Scotland on May 17-21, 1998
March 1998
CM Technologies, Inc./U.S. EPA/IT Corporation/Prohaska Consulting
Cincinnati, Ohio
U.S.A.
-------
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A MULTI-STAGE PROCESS FOR
EX-SITU TREATMENT OF SOLIDS OR LIQUIDS CONTAMINATED WITH
CHLORINATED ORGANICS
Michael L. Taylor1, George L. Huffmair , Thomas R, Clark3, E. Radha Krishnan3, William
E. Gallagher, and John A, Prohaska4
1 CM Technologies, Inc., 10561 Cranwood Ct., Cincinnati, OH 45240, USA
2 USEPA, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
3 IT Corporation, 11499 Chester Road, Cincinnati. OH 45246, USA
4 Prohaska Consulting, 7411 Ridge Meadow Ct., West Chester, OH 45069, USA
Key words: chemical treatment, contaminated soil, dioxins, gas emissions, organic chlorinated
compounds, PCB, PCDD/Fs, thermodesorption
SUMMARY
The US. Environmental Protection Agency has sought to develop soil decontamination
technologies which are effective, but which do not involve incineration. This paper presents
the results of a study in which a steam-assisted, thermodesorption system utilized on Guam was
characterized in terms of its effectiveness for removing PCBs and PCDD/Fs from soil. Data
are also presented which are indicative of the performance of the air pollution control system
which is directly coupled to the thermodesorber. The potential for formation of PCDD/Fs
during thermodesorption is discussed.
KURZFASSUNG
Die US-Behoerde fuer Umweltschutz hat nach einer Entwicklung einer wirkungsvollen
Technologic zur Bodenaufbereitung gesucht, ohne eine Verbrennung des Bodens
herbeizufuehren. Der vorliegende Artikel praesendert die Ergebmsse einer Studie, in der ein
dampfunterstuetztes Thermodesorbuonssystem, angewendet auf Guam, auf seine Effektifitaet
untersucht wurdc, PCBs und PCDD/Fs aus dem Erdrcich zu entfernen. Es werden auch Daten
vorgestellt, die fuer die L«istung des an den Thermodesorber, unmirtclbar angeschlossenen
Luftverschmutzungs-Kontrollsystems kennzeichnend sind. Die Moeglichkeit einer Bildung von
PCDD/Fs waehrend der Thermosorbtion wird diskutiert.
RE'SUMET
L'Agence Americaine de Protection de renvironnement (US EPA) cherche a developper des
technologies efficaces de decontamination des sols sans incineration. Cet article presente les
resultats d'une etude dans laquelle un systeme de thermodesorption assiste par vapeur utilise
a Guam est evalue en terme de d'enlevement (removal) des PCBs et PCDD/Fs contenus dans
le sol Des donnees sont aussi presentees et indiquent la performance du systeme de controle
de la pollution de I'air. Ce systeme est directement couple a celui de thermodesorption. La
possibilite de la formation de PCDD/Fs durant la thermodesorption est discutee.
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INTRODUCTION
The United States Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) National Risk Management
Research Laboratory (NRMRL) has been involved in developing chemical dechlorination
technology for nearly 20 years. Initial efforts focused on developing a process which utilized
a reagent consisting of an alkali metal salt of a polyethylene glycol. This process was
successfully applied to treat 1-ton batches of soil which was contaminated with several hundred
parts-per-million of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)'. Subsequently, NRMRL personnel
developed and patented another chemical dechlorination process termed Base Catalyzed
Decomposition (BCD)"4. For treating solids (e.g. soil, sand) the BCD process involves two
steps. In the first stage of the process, soil [to which sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO,) has been
added in concentrations ranging from 2% to 12% on a weight:weight basis] is fed into a
thermodesorption unit. The soil is heated to 340°C. During heating, the NaHCO, may react
with halogenated organics such as chlorophenols and PCBs to form partially or totally
dechlorinated organic reaction products, plus inorganic chlorides such as sodium chloride. The
NaHCO, may also assist in breaking up agglomerated soil particles, thus facilitating
volatilization of contaminants. The volatilized contaminants and entrained fine particles
emanating from the thermodesorption treatment must be captured and subsequently treated in
the Second Stage of the BCD Process. In the Second Stage of the BCD process, the collected
chlorinated organics are treated using a mixed reagent which includes a base, a hydrogen donor
and a catalyst.
In April 1996, the US Navy began utilizing a technology - the Base Catalyzed Decomposition
Process (BCDP) - on Guam for treating soil contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) as well as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans
(PCDD/Fs). This technology is similar to the BCD process developed by the USEPA. The
BCDP technology entails heating soil (to which 1% NaHCO, has been added) to 300°C in a
rotary calciner while injecting steam. The volatilized organics and fine particulates produced
during the 1-hour thermodesorption are swept into an Air Pollution Control System (APCS)
which removes particulates and organics from the flue gas stream prior to venting to the
atmosphere. The treated solids from the thermodesorber are returned to the site or deposited
in a landfill. The particulates and liquids collected in the APCS must be subjected to further
treatment since these materials typically are contaminated with halogenated organic residues
including PCDD/Fs. The Second Stage of the BCD process is not presently used in Guam.
It is generally recognized that thermodesorption can remove many types of organics from soil
and similar solids (sand, gravel, sediments) and the effectiveness of the BCDP technology for
removing PCBs from Guam soil has been reported". PCDD/Fs are often found in association
with PCBs and these compounds, especially the 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners, have been
identified as being particularly toxic. PCDDs and more likely PCDFs can be generated during
the manufacture of PCBs; in addition, PCDD/Fs can be formed from PCBs under certain
conditions7'8. The BCDP system operating on Guam presented an opportunity to not only
assess the overall performance of the BCDP system but to obtain data regarding the fate and
formation of PCDD/Fs during implementation of the BCDP system. With the cooperation of
the US Navy, a plan was formulated for sampling the various process streams associated with
the BCDP unit followed by subsequent analyses of these samples to obtain a more complete
understanding of the chemistry of soil-bound PCBs and PCDD/Fs during BCDP treatment.
-------
The study had two objectives:
1. Determine the efficiency of the thermodesorption process for removing PCBs and
PCDD/Fs from Guam soil
2. Concurrent with Objective 1, determine the location in the APCS where PCBs and
PCDD/Fs are being removed.
In the sections which follow, the BCDP Demonstration Unit located in Guam will be described
and the results of the sampling and analysis program will be discussed.
DESCRIPTION OF THE BCDP TECHNOLOGY
The BCDP Demonstration Unit3-6 includes the Rotary Kiln Reactor (RKR) which is directly
coupled with the Air Pollution Control System (APCS). The BCDP unit comprises several
modules which are coupled in series. These modules are described below.
Rotary Kiln Reactor System.- The reactor is a rotary calciner consisting of two concentric
carbon steel shells. Soil containing 1% sodium bicarbonate is fed into the calciner's inner shell
at the rate of 900 to 1800 kg per hour. The inside shell rotates and is heated externally to
315°C to 485°C. Steam, at a flow rate of 48 kg/hr., is injected countercurrently to the soil
flow. Volatilized organics and entrained particulates are swept into the APCS by the flow of
steam and the slight negative pressure created by the in-line blower positioned just prior to the
carbon column in the APCS.
Multiclone (MC).- This unit removes particles by centrifugal force and is electrically heated
to minimize condensation.
Wet Electrostatic Precipitator (WESP).- Additional steam, at a flow rate of 265 kg/hr, is
injected to prevent formation of an explosive mixture. A charged grid imparts electrostatic
energy to suspended particles to promote particle agglomeration and precipitation.
Primary Condenser (PC).- This is a shell-and-tube condenser which cools the gases from
100°C to 30°C. The flow of gases entering the condenser is 3.68 cubic meters per minute and,
due to condensation, the gas flow leaving the condenser is 0.85 cubic meters per minute.
High Efficiency Mist Eliminator (HEME).- This module consists of a tightly woven fiberglass
pad about 7.6 cm thick. The HEME is designed to remove nearly 100% of the particles >3
micrometers and 99% of the <3 micrometer particles.
Carbon Column.- After the HEME, the gas passes through an induced draft fan. The exhaust
is routed through a carbon column to remove residual organic vapors, prior to exhausting to
the atmosphere.
FIELD SAMPLING AND LABORATORY ANALYSES
The sampling and analysis program was designed to provide data to be used in assessing the
performance of the RKR to remove PCBs and PCDD/Fs from the Guam soil, and to determine
the location in the APCS where these compounds are being removed. The various process
streams which were sampled and the analyses which were performed are discussed in the
paragraphs which follow.
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Feed Soil (RKRF), Treated Soil (RKRP), Breach Soil, and Cyclone Fines.- The concentrations
of PCBs, PCDD/Fs in the feed soil, treated soil and cyclone fines were quantitated using gas
chromatographie/mass spectrometric analytical methods [EPA Method 680 for PCBs" and EPA
Method 8290 for PCDD/Fs'0]. The concentrations of these compounds in the treated soil were
compared to the concentrations of these compounds in the untreated soil to calculate
percentage removals achieved during each of three 6-hour tests. During each test, samples of
the treated and untreated soil were taken each hour, then composited to obtain a single sample
representing the soil before and after treatment during the six-hour test. Similarly, PCBs and
PCDD/Fs were quantitated in the cyclone fines. The breach soil is a mixture of feed soil which
drops out of the front end of the kiln and cyclone fines which are collected and ultimately
recycled back through the process. The concentration of PCBs in the feed soil and in the
cyclone fines were quantitated and the ratio of soil to cyclone fines was calculated and utilized
to determine the concentrations of PCDD/Fs in the breach soil.
WESP Blow-down, WESP Makeup Water, and Primary Condensate.- Each of these streams
was sampled hourly during each 6-hour run and the samples were then composited to obtain
one sample for each stream. The composited liquid samples were analyzed by EPA Method
680 for PCBs and EPA Method 8290 for PCDD/Fs. It was necessary to analyze the WESP
makeup water because this is recycled process water and contains the analytes of interest.
These data, in conjunction with the other data, provided an indication of the performance of
the WESP in removing PCBs and PCDD/Fs from the gas stream.
Gas Sample Before HEME and Gas Sample After HEME.- The gas streams entering the
HEME and exiting the HEME were simultaneously sampled and the samples subsequently
analyzed using the methodology described in USEPA Method 23". Gas sampling was
performed throughout the duration of each of the three six-hour runs. PCBs and PCDD/Fs
were quantitated using gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric methods. The resulting data
were used to calculate the efficiency of the HEME for removing the target compounds from
the gas stream.
Rationale for Not Assessing the Performance of the Carbon Column.- The efficiency of the
carbon column in the APCS was not assessed due to the fact that stack sampling data were
available and funding for the present project was limited.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
PCBs and PCDD/Fs in Soil Samples Before and After Thermodesorption
Table 1 lists the concentrations of PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs found in feed soil (untreated
soil) and treated soil for each of the three tests. It should be noted that the table includes the
limits of detection for those cases where no PCBs were found and includes the number of
isomers in those cases where PCBs were detected. In some cases, the values in the table are
flagged due to the fact that high concentrations proved difficult to quantitate accurately.
For PCDDs, comparatively low levels of PCDDs are present in the soil before treatment
(values range from 3 ppb to 7 ppb) and concentrations were below detection limits after
treatment (refer to RKRP values). Detection limits, however, were not much lower than the
range of concentrations before treatment.
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Table 1. Concentrations of PCBs, PCDDs, and
Dale Sample
Collected In
Guam
2/25/97
2/25/97
2/26/97
2/26/97
2/27/97
2/27/97
Dale Sample
Collected In
Guam
2/25/97
2/25/97
2/26/97
2/26/97
2/27/97
2/27/97
Dale Sample
Collected in
Guam
2/25/97
2/25/97
2/26/97
2/26/97
2/27/97
2/27/97
Sample
Number
RKRP-I
RKRF-U
RKKP-2
RKRF-2I
RKKP-3
RKRF-3X
Sample
Number
RKRP-I
RKRF-I
RKRP-2
RKRF2
RKRP-3
RKRF3
Sample
Number
RKRP-U
RKRF-I
RKKP-2»
RKRF-2
RKRP-3*
RKKF3
MONO
RO'
ND[20)
ND[IO)
ND120.0]
ND[1.0]
ND[20)
Dl
10(6)'
ND(20]
2(3)
ND[200]
30(3)
ND[20]
PCDFs in Dnlrealt.l
(RKRF) and Treated (RKRP) Soil Samples from Base Catalyzed Decomposition
PCB Concentration In pph (nanogran
TRI TETRA
40(10) 160(18)
670(4) 2600(8)
9(7) 40(13)
80(1) 3400(8)
20(7) 110(18)
80(1) 3200(7)
PENTA
480(22)
21,500(15)
240(19)
61.200(16)
780(24)
58.700(15)
IIEXA
1300(23)
94,000(17)
1400(23)
283,000(20) y
3600(24) y
273,000(21) y
us per gram)
HEPTA
460(15)
51,700(15)
770(18)
164.000(19)
1900(18)
158.000(18)
Cuncent ratio
OCTA NONA DKCA n (ppb)
400C>) ND(l.O)' ND(20| 24»0
9800(9) 280(1) NI)[I(X)| 180550
110(9) 2(1) NI)[IO| 2573
.30.100(9) 990(2) Nl>(90| 54.).000
270(9) 7(X2) Nl)|IO| 6700
30.000(9) 820(1) NI)[90| "124.000
PCDDs Concentration In ppb (nanograms per gram)
TETRA
ND[1.5]
0049(1)
ND[I 5]
ND [0 02]
ND [36]
ND|002]
PENTA
NO [18]
RO
ND(23]
ND (0 03]
ND[4.3]
NDI.003]
HEXA
ND[I 8]
0 44 (4)
ND[1.9]
030(4)
ND[40|
019(3)
HEPTA
ND|28|
1 42(2)
ND[34]
081
(2)
ND[5.2)
074(2)
OCTA
ND [40]
4 51
ND[47|
248
ND[57]
227
PCDFs Concentration In ppb (nanograms per gram)
TETRA
186(3)
32.4(14)
29 9 (4)
167(13)
104(5)
964(16)
PENTA
ROB
21.1 (11)
21.6(2)
129(11)
854(5)
9 13(9)
HEXA
0.83 (1)B
6.76 (7)
4.33(2)8
556(8)
22.9(3)
959(9)
HEPTA
ND[I 7]
2.03 (4)
ND(2 I]
706(4)
ND[3 3]
507(3)
OCTA
Nl)(35]
1.63
ND[4 11
705
NO [4 9]
50
Total PCDI)
Conccnlralion (|>pb)
NO
642
ND
.3 58
ND
.3 ><>
Total PCI)F
Concentration (ppb)
194
63.9
5.V8
493
212
384
1 RO = peak(s) delected bul ratio out (indicating ratios of either the M'/M'1 peaks or the M':/MH peaks fall outside acceptable limits) D = analyle found in blank.
2 ( ) = No. of isomers observed
1 [ 1 - detection linul
* iirpoilcftl djla for OK- maniple mil Ifi mciy aincclcit
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The concentrations of PCDFs are significantly higher than that of PCDDs in all samples. For
example, the PCDFs in the reactor feed (RKRF) ranged from 38 to 64 ppb whereas the PCDDs
in the same samples ranged from 3 ppb to 7 ppb. Therefore, the ratio of PCDF to PCDD is
approximately 10:1 in the RKRF samples. This is as expected since the Guam soil was
contaminated with discarded transformer oil, and PCBs are more likely to be converted to
PCDFs than PCDDs during heating of transformer oil.
Concentrations of PCDFs in the treated soil deserve special comment. On February 25, the
first day of this testing program, the levels of PCDFs in the treated soil were found to be 30%
of the concentration of PCDFs in the before-treatment soil. However, in the second test, PCDF
concentrations in the treated soil were approximately equal to the levels in the untreated soil.
In the third test, PCDF concentrations in the treated soil were 5.5 times the level of PCDF in
the untreated soil. Also, the ratio of concentrations of the tetra-octa congener groups changed
during treatment. The concentrations of hepta-octa chlorinated PCDFs decreased and the
concentrations of tetra-, penta-, and hexa-congeners generally increases after treatment. These
results suggest that PCDFs are formed during treatment using stage 1 of the BCD process, i.e.,
the thermal treatment stage. This result is not surprising considering the reports in the
literature7'8 which indicate PCBs can give rise to PCDFs especially when air is present, at or
near 250°C and up to around 650°C. Air leakage was a problem during these test runs due to
worn knife gate valves.
Additional Data
Although a large amount of additional data were obtained, it cannot be included in this paper
and will be published elsewhere. Some of the data are summarized in the following table. The
International Toxicity Equivalent Values for 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs published in 198912
were used to calculate Toxicity Equivalent (TEQ) values for feed soil, treated soil, and air
samples collected before and after the HEME (and upstream of the final carbon column). These
values are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Toxicity Equivalent Values Calculated on the Basis of PCDD/F Concentrations
Date Sample
Collected in Guam
25 Feb 97
25 Feb 97
25 Feb 97
26 Feb 97
26 Feb 97
26 Feb 97
27 Feb 97
27 Feb 97
27 Feb 97
Sample Number
RKRF-1
RKRP-1
HEME Outlet
RKRF-2
RKRP-2
HEME Outlet
RKRF-3
RKRP-3
HEME Outlet
Sample Type
Feed soil
Treated soil
BCDP Exhaust
Feed soil
Treated soil
BCDP Exhaust
Feed soil
Treated soil
BCDP Exhaust
TEQ
3.15ng/g
1.01 ng/g
12.9 ng/m3
1.75 ng/g
2.02 ng/g
1.36 ng/m3
1.50 ng/g
15.3 ng/g
1.72 ng/m3
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The increase in TEQ values for treated soil is due to the increased concentrations of residual
PCDFs,
The overall performance of the thermodesorption unit and the APCS are discussed in the
section which follows.
Treatment Efficiency of the BCDP Thermodesorption Unit
The performance of the thermodesorption unit of the BCDP during each of the six-hour test
runs was characterized by determining the percentage of removal by BCDP treatment of the
PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs originally present in the Guam soil.
To determine the treatment efficiency, the following formula was developed:
Efficiency of Treatment (Ib/hr basis), % = 100 x (Target input in feed
soil - target returned) -f Target input
where:
target = total PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, or total 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs
target returned = amount of target in treated soil + amount of target in breach soil
The BCDP treatment efficiency for PCBs averaged 96 percent for the three six-hour test runs.
This means that 96 percent of PCBs initially present in the soil were removed by BCDP
treatment.
In the case of PCDDs, however, the available data could not be utilized to calculate treatment
efficiencies. This was due to the fact that no PCDDs were detected in the samples of treated
soil and the limits of detection for the PCDDs were higher than the concentration of PCDDs
found in samples of the feed soil.
The treatment efficiency values calculated for PCDFs and for total 2,3,7,8-substituted isomers
were lower than the values for PCBs and these values decreased from run-to-run to the extent
that the third run demonstrated that PCDFs were being formed instead of removed (as
evidenced by negative treatment efficiency values). The concentration of PCDFs in the treated
soil (product) was over five times higher than the level in the feed for the third test run. Since
the ftiran isomers contributed the most to the total 2,3,7,8-PCDD/F values, the total PCDF and
total 2,3,7,8-PCDD/F results follow a similar pattern throughout the data.
Control Efficiency of Air Pollution Control System (prior to the Carbon Column)
Table 3 summarizes the control efficiency of the APCS based on the test results. The control
efficiency values shown in this table indicate the fraction of the target compounds entering the
unit (total PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, or total 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs) which were removed
by that unit of the APCS expressed as a percentage. For example, a 4 percent control
efficiency value for total PCBs on 2/25/97 (see top panel of Table 3) indicates that the multi-
cyclone removed 4 percent of the total PCBs emitted by the reactor and entering the multi-
cyclone during the 6-hour test run. Similarly, on that same day, the WESP removed 24 percent
of the total PCBs which were not captured by the multi-cyclone and therefore entered into the
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Table 3. Summary of Control Efficiency by Pollutant
Total PCBs
Date
2/25/97
2/26/97
2/27/97
Average
Total PCDD
Date
2/25/97
2/26/97
2/27/97
Average
Total PCDF
Date
2/25/97
2/26/97
2/27/97
Average
Total 2,3,7,8
PCDD/F
Date
2/25/97
2126191
2/27/97
Average
Unit Air Pollution Control Efficiency %
Multi-
Cyclone
4%
6%
3%
4%
WESP
24%
74%
84%
61%
Primary
Condenser
99.9%
99.9%
99.9%
99.9%
HEME
72%
85%
78%
78%
Unit Air Pollution Control Efficiency %
Multi-
Cyclone
25%
34%
17%
25%
WESP
65%
99%
99%
88%
Primary
Condenser
98%
60%
65%
74%
HEME
73%
97%
93%
88%
Unit Air Pollution Control Efficiency %
Multi-
Cyclone
10%
59%
24%
31%
WESP
33%
95%
99%
76%
Primary
Condenser
98%
81%
79%
86%
HEME
74%
98%
97%
90%
Unit Air Pollution Control Efficiency %
Multi-
Cyclone
17%
62%
28%
35%
WESP
39%
97%
99%
78%
Primary
Condenser
98%
81%
79%
86%
HEME
76%
98%
97%
91%
Overall
Removal
99.98%
99.995%
99.996%
99.99%
Overall
Removal
99.7%
99,97%
99.95%
99.9%
Overall
Removal
99.7%
99.98%
99.98%
99.9%
Overall
Removal
99.7%
99.99%
99.99%
99.9%
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WESP. The total target input to the WESP also included the quantities of targets present in
the makeup water. The removal efficiencies shown for each unit of the APCS indicate that
except for the multi-cyclone, each unit removes a significant percentage of the target species,
with the APCS exhibiting excellent overall control efficiencies. In calculating overall control
efficiencies, uncontrolled target emissions from the reactor were compared with HEME outlet
emissions.
As stated earlier in this report, the carbon column was not included in this study. Terres et al
reported3'6 that the dioxin/furan stack emissions (expressed as Toxicity Equivalents) were 0.18
ng per cubic meter.
SUMMARY/CONCLUSIONS
The BCD? technology was found to effectively remove PCBs and achieve the clean level of
2 ppm per PCB congener group using the system operating on Guam. The data for PCDD/Fs
indicate that PCDFs apparently form under certain conditions. Although this study did not
provide definitive data indicating the cause of formation of PCDD/Fs in the third test,
published reports indicate that oxygen levels may play a role.
The APCS was found to perform very well and PCDD/Fs were effectively lowered to
concentrations which would readily be removed by carbon column technology. The stack
emissions were found to fall well within proposed U.S. EPA guidelines.
Clearly there is a need to treat the solids and liquids removed from the exhaust gas stream by
the APCS. This latter treatment can probably be accomplished in one of several ways
including the patented Second Stage of the BCD process, incineration, landfilling, or other
physical/chemical processes.
-------
References
1, Wentz, J., Taylor, M.L., Gallagher, W. Chan, D,B. and Rogers, C.J., "Results of a Field
Scale Test of an APEG Reactor for Chemically Degrading PCBs in Contaminated Soil,"
presented at the 82nd Annual Air and Waste Management Association Annual Meeting
and Exhibition, Anaheim, CA, June 1989.
2. Rogers, C.J., Kernel, A. and Sparks, H, "Method for the Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
of Halogenated and Non-Halogenated Organic Compounds in a Contaminated Medium"
U.S. Patent No. 5,064,526, Nov. 12, 1991.
3. Rogers, C.J., Kernel, A. and Sparks, H, "Method for the Decomposition of Halogenated
Compounds in a Contaminated Medium" U.S. Patent No. 5039350, August 13, 1991.
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Engineering, 1997, pp 22-25.
6. Terres, S. And Gallagher, W.E. "The Base Catalyzed Decomposition Process, A Proven
Remediation Technology," Proceedings of the 1997 International Conference on
Incineration and Thermal Treatment Technologies, Oakland, CA. pp 805-809.
7. Morita, M., Nakagawa, J. and Rappe, C, 1978, "Polychlorinated Dibenzofuran (PCDF)
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665-70.
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Ash and Conversion to PCDD/PCDF," Proceedings of the 17th International Symposium
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9. Modified Method 680 for Special Analytical Services Test, Identification and
Measurement of Pesticides and PCBs by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry," Ann
Alford-Stevens and James Eickelberger, Physical and Chemical Methods Branch,
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Office of Research and Development,
US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268, November 1985.
10. EPA Method 8290, Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Wastes, SW-846, Revision 2,
December 1996.
11. EPA Method 23, "Determination of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and
Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans from Stationary Sources," 40 CFR 60, Appendix A,
February 1991.
12. USEPA. Interim Procedures for Estimating Risks Associated with Exposures to Mixtures
of Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (CDDs and CDFs) and the 1989
Update. Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, DC; EPA/625/3-89/016, 1989.
10
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(rlctst rtwl Imtnictiotii on tkt rtvtne Ixfore compJc
1. REPORT NO.
EPA/600/A-98/046
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Performance Characteristics of a Multi-Stage Process
for Ex-Situ Treatment of Solids and Liquids
Contaminated with Chlorinated Organics
3.
S. REPORT DATE
March 1998
«. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHORIS)
M.L.Taylor, G.L. Huffman, et al
I. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND AOORESS
CM Technologies, Inc./IT Corporation
Cincinnati, OH 45246
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-C5-0039(WA# 2-12)
13. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND AOORESS
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, OH 45268
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
1Q98)—
14.
EPA/600/14
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
For comments, questions or additional information, contact EPA's George L, Huffman
on 513/569-7431.
IS. ABSTRACT "~———___——_____________
The US Environmental Protection Agency has sought to develop soil decontamination
technologies which are effective, but which do not involve incineration. This paper
presents the results of a study in which a steam-assisted, thermodesorption system
utilized on Guam was characterized in terms of its effectiveness for removing PCBs
and PCDD/Fs fromsoil. Data are also presented which are indicative of.the performance
of the air pollution control system which is directly coupled to the thermodesorber.
The potential for formation of PCDD/Fs during thermodesorption is discussed
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
b.lOiNTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TEAMS
C COSATI FteM/Gioup
hemical treatment, contaminated soil,
ioxins, gas emissions, organic chlorinated
ompounds PCS, PCDD/Fs, thermodesorption
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to the Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report!
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
10
20. SECURITY CLASS
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
IPA ?*• 2230-1 (R«*. 4-77) Previous COITION is OBIOLITI
11
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