REPORT ON THE
2015 U.S. EPA International
Decontamination Research
and Development Conference
Appendix C
Presentation Slides
-------
2015 U.S. EPA International
Decontamination Research
and Development Conference
Tuesday, May 5, 2015
General Session 1
Connecting Response and Research Activities
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Institute for Crisis, Disaster
lanagement
THE GEORGE
WASHINGTON
UNIVERSITY
Research - Education - Training:
An Academic Responder Perspective
Joseph A. Barbera, MD
Associate Professor of Engineering Management
Clinical Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine
Co-Director, Institute for Crisis, Disaster & Risk
Management
The George Washington University
jbarbera@gwu.edu
www.gwu.edu/~icdrm/
Medical Team Manager position, VATF1
or Crisis,
agem
THE GEORGE
WASHINGTON
Institute for Crisis, Emergency and Risk
Management
Interdisciplinary chartered Institute since
1994.
Based in Engineering Management &
Systems Engineering
Wide-ranging research program including
PH and Healthcare Systems
Graduate Education Program in Crisis,
Emergency and Risk Management
C-2
Emergency Response Research, Development, Education, and Training: A Researcher-Response Perspective
Joseph Barbera | George Washington University
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Institute for Crisis, Disaster
lanagement
THE GEORGE
WASHINGTON
UNIVERSITY
Barbara response experience
Wide range in years and emergency types:
Three decades-
Earthquakes, Hurricanes & Tsunami
j Terrorism (Oklahoma City, Pentagon/ WTC
for 9-11, Anthrax DC)
Hospital and Trauma Center mass casualties
Other...
C-3
Emergency Response Research, Development, Education, and Training: A Researcher-Response Perspective
Joseph Barbera | George Washington University
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C-4
Emergency Response Research, Development, Education, and Training: A Researcher-Response Perspective
Joseph Barbera | George Washington University
-------
Institute for Crisis, Disaster
lanagement
THE GEORGE
WASHINGTON
UNIVERSITY
Research - Education - Training:
An Academic Responder Perspective
Presentation outline
L) The problem...
LT'Emergency" Response vs. Everyday Emergency
QThe Emergency Context...
OResearch on Management Process
Q Research on Technical Tools
QGuidance Development
[^Education & Training
C-5
Emergency Response Research, Development, Education, and Training: A Researcher-Response Perspective
Joseph Barbera | George Washington University
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A community for disaster science
During disasters such as the 2010 Deepwater
Horizon oil spill, engaging the expertise of the
academic community helped responders make
critical decisions. A major barrier to such en-
gagement, however, is the cultural gap between
academia's reward system and that which pre-
vails in the disaster response community Given
the important* of developing smart approves to di-
sasters, whether natural or
need to
bridge this gap.
Responded are often fo-
cused on ending
gen cy quickly with minimal
damage. Academics are
driven to understand the
basic science of these events
first, as a basis for proposed
Each
used to speaking to differ-
ent audiences and deliver
ing answers on their own
time scales. Bnt thes* differ
enefs should not di
attempts to connect thest
ing to oil sptlL-, ft>rest firii, earthquakes, hurricanes, and
other emergencies, Researchers wouM develop ties with
relevant industries (oil companies, utilities,
companies, etc.} and help ail sides identify vulnerabilities
increase resilience, and better coordinate the scientific
response. Together, responders and affected industries
could create funds to support prioritized research.
The advantage of building a community for all di
sasters, rather than for just
one type, is that researchers
maintain momentum be-
tween emergencies, which
may be decades
apart for ary one das;. Ev-
er}' disaster poses similar
challenges; knowing when
to speak to the press and
what to say: how to develop
"no regrets" actions: how to
communicate with decision-
makers and the public, how
to keep proprietary industry
information confidential;
how to get rapid, actionable
peerrevK-w of relevant anal-
yses and proposed actions.
So how can such a
fostered? Scien
Science
4/3/2015
One appntach is to foster
a cohesive
C-6
Emergency Response Research, Development, Education, and Training: A Researcher-Response Perspective
Joseph Barbera | George Washington University
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Institute for Crisis, Disaster
lanagement
THE GEORGE
WASHINGTON
UNIVERSITY
The "Gap" in "Emergency Response"
Research
Sudden Onset Incident Timeline
Pre-lncident
Research
Hazard Impact Post-Incident
& Immediate Post Research
Research
or Crisis,
agem
THE GEORGE
WASHINGTON
The "Gap" in "Emergency Response"
Research
Sudden Onset Incident Timeline
Pre-lncident
Research
Hazard Impact Post-Incident
& Immediate Post Research
Research
X Information
i\ / )
' Disinformation?
C-7
Emergency Response Research, Development, Education, and Training: A Researcher-Response Perspective
Joseph Barbera | George Washington University
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Institute for Crisis, Disaster
lanagement
THE GEORGE
WASHINGTON
UNIVERSITY
Two Critical Areas for Research
Ll Technical research: What needs done?
fj Management research: How to get it done?
S Optimal situation awareness- reducing
uncertainty
S Management of decision-making and
decision implementation
S Management of coordination across
organizations & levels of government
or Crisis,
agem
THE GEORGE
WASHINGTON
"Emergency" vs. "Everyday Emergency Work"
There is a major difference between every day
"emergencies" and major emergency/ disaster
response & research
- For Emergency Medicine
- For Fire and EMS
- For FEMA and other federal agencies
Analogous to early remediation response in unusual
situations - very different from every day
remediation
C-8
Emergency Response Research, Development, Education, and Training: A Researcher-Response Perspective
Joseph Barbera | George Washington University
-------
Institute for Crisis, Disaster
lanagement
THE GEORGE
WASHINGTON
UNIVERSITY
Worst case..
'Preparing for the never experienced...
or Crisis,
agem
THE GEORGE
WASHINGTON
Research during/after major
emergencies & disasters
Plenty of issues...
C-9
Emergency Response Research, Development, Education, and Training: A Researcher-Response Perspective
Joseph Barbera | George Washington University
-------
Institute for Crisis, Disaster
lanagement
THE GEORGE
WASHINGTON
UNIVERSITY
Important concepts
Important concepts:
Perishable data
Inadvertent memory revisions
The narrow angle lens view
- Preceding two are why we advocate for
incident review before team dispersal...
- All three require specific strategies to
overcome.
Data availability and variability...
or Crisis,
agem
THE GEORGE
WASHINGTON
The issue of "perishable data"
Issues:
"Its there and then its not..."
^The scale and scope and chaos can
obscure the detail.
EXAMPLE (Philippines EQ 1990)
C-10
Emergency Response Research, Development, Education, and Training: A Researcher-Response Perspective
Joseph Barbera | George Washington University
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Baguio City, Luzon Province, Philippines 1990
C-11
Emergency Response Research, Development, Education, and Training: A Researcher-Response Perspective
Joseph Barbera | George Washington University
-------
or Crisis,
agem
THE GEORGE
WASHINGTON
The issue of "perishable data"
"Its there and then its not..."
'about 400.
C-12
Emergency Response Research, Development, Education, and Training: A Researcher-Response Perspective
Joseph Barbera | George Washington University
-------
Institute for Crisis, Disaster
lanagement
THE GEORGE
WASHINGTON
UNIVERSITY
The issue of ''perishable data"
Issues:
Capturing the emergency context for
accurate data interpretation...
Example: Philippines, 1990
C-13
Emergency Response Research, Development, Education, and Training: A Researcher-Response Perspective
Joseph Barbera | George Washington University
-------
C-14
Emergency Response Research, Development, Education, and Training: A Researcher-Response Perspective
Joseph Barbera | George Washington University
-------
C-15
Emergency Response Research, Development, Education, and Training: A Researcher-Response Perspective
Joseph Barbera | George Washington University
-------
Institute for Crisis, Disaster
lanagement
THE GEORGE
WASHINGTON
UNIVERSITY
The issue of ''inadvertent memory
revision
Issues:
From honest & unvarnished to processed,
rationalized reporting...
Example: Northridge Earthquake reporting...
or Crisis,
agem
THE GEORGE
WASHINGTON
The issue of ''memory revision"
Issues:
From assistance seeking to liability protecting.
EXAMPLE: "Here's our problems and needs" to
"everything is beautiful... in its own way..."
EXAMPLE: H Katrina New Orleans defense of
some hospitals' medical performance...
C-16
Emergency Response Research, Development, Education, and Training: A Researcher-Response Perspective
Joseph Barbera | George Washington University
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C-17
Emergency Response Research, Development, Education, and Training: A Researcher-Response Perspective
Joseph Barbera | George Washington University
-------
Institute for Crisis, Disaster
lanagement
THE GEORGE
WASHINGTON
UNIVERSITY
The issues of ''researchers in a
emergency response"
Issues:
Perception: It's a major emergency/disaster
because of inadequate resources, so research
resources are viewed as displacing response...
Sensitivity: "Researching on my misfortune to
help people in your country/agency/etc.?"
Competency: Interfering with or skewing
response... or skewing later reassessment of
the response decisions/actions
C-18
Emergency Response Research, Development, Education, and Training: A Researcher-Response Perspective
Joseph Barbera | George Washington University
-------
Institute for Crisis, Disaster
lanagement
THE GEORGE
WASHINGTON
UNIVERSITY
Sensitivity & Competencw
A "foreign" technical expertise in an emergency
responder world... attitude issues:
Methods for your capability are not understood
Perceived value to other responders is not there
Perceived risk of delaying and complicating exists
All magnified when you are perceived as primarily
a regulatory agency
Recognize and dispel through good printed &
oral briefings...
or Crisis,
agem
THE GEORGE
WASHINGTON
Competency:
Applying new knowledge in
uncertain situations: Great
ideas from a lab or
brainstorming can turn out
to be very problematic in
the emergency context
"Field testing" is critical
EXAMPLE: SMRT
"What did I say, Boris?... These new uniforms
are a crock!"
C-19
Emergency Response Research, Development, Education, and Training: A Researcher-Response Perspective
Joseph Barbera | George Washington University
-------
or Crisis,
agem
THE GEORGE
WASHINGTON
Potential solutions
Ideas:
Capturing data: Sending researchers versus
training responders to capture research data?
S Pluses and Minuses...
C-20
Emergency Response Research, Development, Education, and Training: A Researcher-Response Perspective
Joseph Barbera | George Washington University
-------
Institute for Crisis, Disaster
lanagement
THE GEORGE
WASHINGTON
UNIVERSITY
Potential solutions
Ideas:
Understanding and using/participating in ICS.
C-21
Emergency Response Research, Development, Education, and Training: A Researcher-Response Perspective
Joseph Barbera | George Washington University
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"Technical Adviser"
C-22
Emergency Response Research, Development, Education, and Training: A Researcher-Response Perspective
Joseph Barbera | George Washington University
-------
Institute for Crisis, Disaster
lanagement
THE GEORGE
WASHINGTON
UNIVERSITY
National Incident Management
System (NIMS)
Performing in/with Planning Section functions.
Figure 6. Planning Section Organization
.for Crisis,
ManagerrK
Potential solutions
THE GEORGE
WASHINGTON
UNIVERSITY
WASHINGTON. DC
Ideas:
Capturing research data from IMT information.
Incident Command System
Incident Action Plan and its
component forms...
"WET
ImrKtrnVErarH J
C-23
Emergency Response Research, Development, Education, and Training: A Researcher-Response Perspective
Joseph Barbera | George Washington University
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Planning
Meeting
-ป
Preparation
of Incident
Action Plan
ป>
Operational
Briefing
Meeting
:
Develop
Objectives
j
>
Incident
Summary
Develop
Tactics
\
\.
N
ICS 202
Organization
ICS 203
Assignments
ICS 204
Comm Plan
ICS 205
Med Plan
ICS 206
Organization
Chart
ICS 207
ICS Forms in Incident Action Planning
Initial
Situation
201:
Incident
Briefing
Operational
Planning
Mtg
215:
Planning
Worksheet
Incident
Action
Plan
202:
Incident
Objectives
203:
Organization
List
204:
Assignments
205:
Comm plan
206:
Medical plan
207:
Org chart
Executive
Summary
209:
Incident
Summary
230:
Meeting
Schedule
Resource
Tracking
210:
Status
Change
211:
Check in
list
219:
T cards
221:
Demob
Checkout
Misc.
213:
General
Message
214:
Unit
Log
C-24
Emergency Response Research, Development, Education, and Training: A Researcher-Response Perspective
Joseph Barbera | George Washington University
-------
Institute for Crisis, Disaster
lanagement
THE GEORGE
WASHINGTON
UNIVERSITY
Potential solutions
Ideas:
Training and supporting researchers.
S Methods for rapid deployment & transport
to incident.
S Integration into incident in assigned roles
(even if "just research") - BUILD TRUST
S Safety and protective knowledge, skills and
equipment.
^Self-sustainment (food , water, billeting).
or Crisis,
agem
THE GEORGE
WASHINGTON
Potential solutions
Ideas:
Access through Emergency Operations Centers.
S Emergency Operations Center directly
supporting the IMT.
S Integration through the Health Department
Operations Center or equivalent.
S Understand the interface between the
operations centers and "the field".
^All of the preceding slides' suggestions
apply.
C-25
Emergency Response Research, Development, Education, and Training: A Researcher-Response Perspective
Joseph Barbera | George Washington University
-------
Institute for Crisis, Disaster
lanagement
THE GEORGE
WASHINGTON
UNIVERSITY
Potential solutions
Strategies:
Be of use to the response.
S Collect data and rapidly disseminate raw
aggregate for use by appropriate
responders.
S Data is collected for response/remediation
- later can be used professionally for
research.
S "Remediation data" can be important for
responder health... and vice versa!
or Crisis,
agem
THE GEORGE
WASHINGTON
Potential solutions
Strategies:
Be of use to the response.
S Be available to provide competent (i.e.,
situational) technical advice while
conducting research mission.
S Contribute to situation reports for incident
action planning.
C-26
Emergency Response Research, Development, Education, and Training: A Researcher-Response Perspective
Joseph Barbera | George Washington University
-------
Institute for Crisis, Disaster
lanagement
THE GEORGE
WASHINGTON
UNIVERSITY
Potential solutions
Strategies:
Be of use to the response.
S Consider "applied research" and
"exploratory research" where the rules are
looser (or at least don't "dis" this research).
S The follow-on response experience can
become the research "proof of concept".
C-27
Emergency Response Research, Development, Education, and Training: A Researcher-Response Perspective
Joseph Barbera | George Washington University
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C-28
Emergency Response Research, Development, Education, and Training: A Researcher-Response Perspective
Joseph Barbera | George Washington University
-------
or Crisis,
agem
THE GEORGE
WASHINGTON
Potential solutions
Strategies:
Be of use to professionals post-incident.
S Provide data and interpretation for the
After Action Report (AAR) process.
S Provide and interpret research findings for
use in professional education and training.
C-29
Emergency Response Research, Development, Education, and Training: A Researcher-Response Perspective
Joseph Barbera | George Washington University
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C-30
Emergency Response Research, Development, Education, and Training: A Researcher-Response Perspective
Joseph Barbera | George Washington University
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Ricin Lessons Learned
2015
xvEPA
CONSEQUENCE
MANAGEMENT
ACMSOKfTEAM
Lessons Learned from Three Recent EPA Ricin Responses
C-31
Mike Nalipinski | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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Incident Summaries
National Capitol Region (NCR) -April 2013
Mississippi -April to July 2013
Oklahoma - May 2014 to January 2015
Wisconsin - October 2014 to January 2015
xvEPA
CONSEQUENCE
MANAGEMENT
ACMSOKfTEAM
SUMMARY: National Capitol Region April 2013
The source of this ricin was from the Mississippi
case (discussed next);
Region provided consultative/support role to
FBI, Secret Service, mail handling facilities;
EPA provided technical consultation. No EPA
contractor's were mobilized;
Handheld assays initially identified the ricin and
CDC analysis was used to determine clearance;
and
Decontamination of facilities was conducted by
the owner/operators.
C-32
Lessons Learned from Three Recent EPA Ricin Responses
Mike Nalipinski | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
SUMMARY: Mississippi -April to July 2013
Suspected source of ricin
production sent to the NCR
A commercial building and
storage trailer were affected
EPA conducted characterization,
decontamination and clearance
sampling
Used various analytical
techniques
SUMMARY: Oklahoma - May 2014 to Jan 2015
Residential property
EPA attempted to have property
owner conduct EPA supervised
clean-up
Eventually EPA conducted
characterization, decontamination
and clearance sampling
Analytical techniques included PCR
(Polymerase Chain Reaction) and
TRF (Time Resolved Fluorescence)
C-33
Lessons Learned from Three Recent EPA Ricin Responses
Mike Nalipinski | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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SUMMARY: Wisconsin - Oct 2014 to Jan 2015
Residential Property
EPA conducted characterization,
decontamination and clearance
sampling
EPA and START conducted sampling
and surficial bleach decon
Analysis conducted by National
Guard Civil Support Team using PCR
and ECL (Electro Chemical
Luminescence)
Strip shopping center store
former martial arts school
Tupelo, MS Ricin Locations
C-34
Lessons Learned from Three Recent EPA Ricin Responses
Mike Nalipinski | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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DETAILS: Ricin Event Tupelo, MS
CONSEQUENCE
MANAGEMENT
ACMSOKfTEAM
Mid April 2013 - President of the US, MS US Senator and a county judge
received a letter containing ricin.
Late April 2013 - FBI traces the letter to a suspect in Tupelo, MS and
identifies ricin at two locations.
Mid May 2013- FBI finishes investigation at two locations and transitions
Sites to MS DEQ, MS DOH and EPA R4.
End of May 2013 - EPA R4 fully engages and conducts Removal Action.
Internal EPA Coordination
Region 4 coordinated with R3 OSC, CMAD and NSHRC
Discussed actions in R3 to ensure a coordinated approach to
sampling and decontamination.
CMAD provided Ricin Quick Reference Guide, sampling plan
development and decontamination advice.
CMAD/NHRC provided advice on decontamination and
sample analysis.
NHSRC also provided control samples of stainless steel
coupons that had been decontaminated with bleach and that
were analyzed for fluorescence by the LRN.
&EPA
C-35
Lessons Learned from Three Recent EPA Ricin Responses
Mike Nalipinski | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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Dojo Decontamination
There was carpet in a small area.
Bleached the carpet, cut it in small
pieces and removed it.
Used a garden sprayer and sponge
mop to decontaminate all hard
surfaces (walls, concrete floors, and
hard surfaced items)
Let it sit over night and did not wash
the surfaces
Tupelo MS Lesson Learned
&EPA
Even though the FBI was very inclusive and shared their data, they need
to have a better format in turning over the data for public health use.
The issue of bleach affecting ricin analysis needed evaluation by the LRN
to be determine the impact of bleach on clearance analysis.
BOTE and BioWatch activities were instrumental in the Region's bio
response preparedness.
Including DOH and the LRN early in to the response was very beneficial
and made the response run very smoothly.
C-36
Lessons Learned from Three Recent EPA Ricin Responses
Mike Nalipinski | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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DETAILS: OKC Ricin Home Event
11217 N MckinelyAve, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
xvEPA
\TS
Oklahoma Ricin Incident Timeline
April 17th
FBI HMRU responds to residence and collects evidence documenting
a murder for hire plot.
Oklahoma City County Health Department (OCCHD) placards
residence as a health hazard and prohibits entry.
May 6
Burglars break into residence.
Region 6 and CMAD provided remote technical support to OCCHD
regarding PPE, sampling, decon strategies, etc.
&EPA
C-37
Lessons Learned from Three Recent EPA Ricin Responses
Mike Nalipinski | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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Oklahoma Ricin Incident Timeline (cont...)
CONSEQUENCE
MANAGEMENT
ACMSOKfTEAM
May-Fall 2014
OCCHD unsuccessfully worked with the homeowner's contractor in an
attempt to conduct an action. HAZWOPER requirements couldn't be
attained by contractor.
January 10-16, 2015
R6, under authority of Action Memo, mobilizes to Oklahoma City to conduct decon of
residence including: HEPA vacuuming, bleach washing of hard surfaces and disposal
of porous material.
Oklahoma Ricin Incident: Home
C-38
Lessons Learned from Three Recent EPA Ricin Responses
Mike Nalipinski | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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Oklahoma Ricin Incident: Home
Sampling Plan
CONSEQUENCE
MANAGEMENT
ACMSOKfTEAM
Collect 30 Swab Samples from the two rooms where previous samples
from FBI were positive for Ricin
Samples from the two rooms will be analyzed by the LRN PCR to
confirm Castor plant DMA is present and by TRF to confirm the toxicant
is active
Collect 30 Swab samples from the remaining areas of the house and
analysis by ECL from locations designated by VSP or chosen by the
sampling team
DETAILS: Oshkosh Wisconsin Ricin Incident femPmfi
OCT/NOV 2014 - Initial Response
UW-Oshkosh student asked chemistry professor about extracting protein from
castor beans in order to end life.
Professor calls police
Search warrant issued and executed
Oshkosh police asked for assistance from FBI HMRU and 54th CST
C-39
Lessons Learned from Three Recent EPA Ricin Responses
Mike Nalipinski | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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Oshkosh Wl Ricin House Incident, (Cont...)
OCT/NOV 2014 - Initial Response
Winnebago County Health Department
placarded house as uninhabitable after
warrant execution.
CST & FBI HMRU sampled home
5 locations came back positive for
viable ricin
xvEPA
Oshkosh Ricin House Incident: Planning
Health Department
In constant communication with health official
key for buy in of tactics & analytical strategy
They are clearing the house
Handled all press inquiries/releases
Knows community and connected with local
resources
Office in original Oshkosh 'B-gosh company HQ
building!
&EPA
PublicHealth
I'n-vi-tit. I'ronuHr, Prulrit.
Winnebago County
Health Department
C-40
Lessons Learned from Three Recent EPA Ricin Responses
Mike Nalipinski | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Oshkosh Ricin House Incident: Planning
Consequence Management Advisory Division (CMAD)
Recommendations for sampling and decontamination of
home/personnel
Analytical options
Identifying labs available
On-site support
Access to other EPA national experts
CONSEQUENCE
MANAGEMENT
ACMSOKfTEAM
Oshkosh Ricin House Incident: Response
Tactics
Initial Analytical
Run samples in CST lab
PCR - Presence of Ricin - need chains A & B to be toxic
ECL (Electro Chemical Luminescence) - Viability of Ricin Toxin
Original plan, have data from both technologies for clearance.
Potential pitfalls
Availability of reagents
CST got game! PCR supplier screwed up...
Bleach interference
CST bench test showed no interference
C-41
Lessons Learned from Three Recent EPA Ricin Responses
Mike Nalipinski | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Oshkosh Ricin House Incident: Response
Tactics
Draft Final Analytical
Run samples in CST lab
PCRPresence of Ricin
ECL (Electro Chemical Luminescence) - Viability of Ricin Toxin
HHA (Hand Held Assay) - Ricin specific reagents
Winnebago County Health still wanted two technologies for clearance
HHA - Availability of reagents
Again, CST got game! 81st CST in IL does too!
HHA-Bleach interference
Not tested
p
Oshkosh Ricin House Incident: Response|i
&EPA
Results...
Positive hits for Ricin in non decontaminated areas
Negative results were in areas we decontaminated
What are the options to confirm clearance for the whole house?
C-42
Lessons Learned from Three Recent EPA Ricin Responses
Mike Nalipinski | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Oshkosh Ricin House Incident: Responsey
Implemented Option
Detection limit of CST ECL method is very low (0.026 ng/cm2)
Possible explanation of positive hits...
Is there a clearance level to which we can compare the results??
CONSEQUENCE
MANAGEMENT
ACMSOKfTEAJH
i
Oshkosh Ricin House Incident: Response|i
&EPA
3 isn't always the magic number
190 ng/cm2
Health Official signed off on clearance level
New direction for mobile lab
Finally final analytical tactic
Utilize dilutions and method detection limits to assign a value to samples.
Target dilution calculations to be below the site clearance level - 190
ng/cm2
C-43
Lessons Learned from Three Recent EPA Ricin Responses
Mike Nalipinski | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Oshkosh Ricin House Incident: Response
CONSEQUENCE
MANAGEMENT
ACMSOKfTEAJH
DECON
Oshkosh Ricin House Incident: Response fj
Waste Characterization and Disposal
Solid waste - should be easy right??
That all depends on the landfill...
Luckily the Outagamie County landfill has
good contractors
Certificate of decontamination
Dig a special hole
Personally put waste in hole - unfortunately no
pictures were taken
Pay $260 ($250 digging fee, $10 for bags of waste)
&EPA
C-44
Lessons Learned from Three Recent EPA Ricin Responses
Mike Nalipinski | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Commonalities of Responses
CONSEQUENCE
MANAGEMENT
ACMSOKfTEAM
1. FBI = Initial lead federal agency
May/may not deploy Quantico resources for
evidence collection/ analytical support
Transition of response to EPA is crucial
Ensure that the FBI's sample results and
sample location information is obtained.
Photos are also helpful in planning entry,
sampling plan, etc.
Commonalities of Responses
&EPA
2. Involve Local Public Health Officials early
Include them in the sample design, decon option evaluation, and
clearance criteria
Ideally if a clean up target can be agreed to that will impact analytical
strategies.
For example negative PCR results might be acceptable for
characterization.
C-45
Lessons Learned from Three Recent EPA Ricin Responses
Mike Nalipinski | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Commonalities of Responses
CONSEQUENCE
MANAGEMENT
ACMSOKfTEAM
ซ_ -
- J=__ -
3. Determine Waste Disposal
Options
Define prior to generating any waste
including PPE
Disposal maybe easier than
characterizing/decon/clearance
Analytical Options - Characterization Sampling
Characterization
Obtain FBI results:
sample methods,
locations,
etc
Lessons Learned from Three Recent EPA Ricin Responses
C-46
Mike Nalipinski | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Analytical - Characterization (Continued)
Tiered approach
Hand Held Assays (HHA)
PCR
Currently CDC does not support providing ricin reagents to LRNs
PROBLEM
PCR analysis evaluates for two ricin chains
Chain A detects the toxic enzyme
Chain B presence facilitates the toxin into the cell/body
Need both ricin chains for substance to be toxic
Ideally use the same analytical process for Characterization and
Clearance Sampling (if required)
Analytical - Characterization (Continued) til
Time-Resolved Fluorescence Immunoassay (TRF)
TRF can be used in characterization sampling
Difficult to use for clearance sampling due to bleach interferences
Might be difficult to find a lab because CDC doesn't support reagents
&EPA
C-47
Lessons Learned from Three Recent EPA Ricin Responses
Mike Nalipinski | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Analytical Options - Clearance Sampling
Clearance for Post Decon Sampling after using liquid bleach decon
Tiered Analytical Preferences:
Electro Chemical Luminescence (ECL)
Available on all CST mobile lab vehicles
Wisconsin CST indicated ECL is not impacted by bleach. Confirm.
Required DoD reagents and commitment for support
If a 'detection limit' is below the CST's normal instrument calibration
need to coordinate with Science Officer.
Time Resolved Fluorescence Immunoassay (TRF)
Bleach interferes with TRF
Not recommended for Clearance Sampling
CONSEQUENCE
MANAGEMENT
ACMSOKfTEAJH
Clearance Sampling
&EPA
Ricin Component Multiplex Assay (RCMA)
Only available at CDC. Maybe difficult to access.
Ricin Mass Spectrometry Activity Assay (RMSAA)
Only available at CDC National Center for Environmental Health -
Difficult to access
Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption lonization Mass Spectrometry
(MALDI-MS)
Under development by CDC for use at LRN Labs
C-48
Lessons Learned from Three Recent EPA Ricin Responses
Mike Nalipinski | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
On-Going Efforts for Ricin Analyses
xvEPA
1. Coordination with OEM ERLN and CDC LRN to develop EPA access to
LRN labs directly (Currently ERLN labs with Ricin capability are also
LRN members and need authorization from LRN to analyze samples for
EPA- roadblock).
2. OEM working on agreement with DoD for access to DoD laboratory
network and DoD reagents/assays.
3. OEM/NHSRC working on further TRF method development with
Lawrence Livermore National Lab - to resolve bleach interference issue.
On-Going Efforts for Ricin Analyses
4. OEM working on establishing lab capability/capacity at Livermore
for EPA use.
5. Potential relationship with National Bioforensics Analysis Center
(NBFAC).
6. CDC concerned with EPA's use of "screening techniques for site
characterization (i.e. according to CDC, PCR, ECL and TRF are
only screening techniques).
&EPA
C-49
Lessons Learned from Three Recent EPA Ricin Responses
Mike Nalipinski | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Conclusions
CONSEQUENCE
MANAGEMENT
ACMSOKfTEAM
Determine acceptable analytical methods and identify who will conduct
the analysis.
Obtain information from law enforcement to support environmental efforts.
Determine waste disposal options
Keep it simple, if you can.
Questions?
&EPA
\
C-50
Lessons Learned from Three Recent EPA Ricin Responses
Mike Nalipinski | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
The Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC) in
Covington, Louisiana is a biomedical research facility and USDA
Class B animal dealer licensed to sell and purchase animalsfor
research purposes.
TNPRC's biomedical research is focuses on human health
research. TPNRC maintains breeding colonies, but the non-
human primates are not experimentally exposed to infectious
agents.
The property consists of 500 acres, of which 167 acres are currently
in use and is divided into the North Campus and South Campus
which is geographically divided by Three Rivers Road.
The North Campus houses research and administrative buildings,
while the South Campus is utilized for non-human primate living
areas andTNPRC's wastewatertreatment plant.
C-51
EPA Region 6's Two Recent Bio Responses
John Martin | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
TNPRC
Location
Covington, LA
"Deadly bacteria
release sparks
concern at
Louisiana lab"
USA TODAY 6:02 p.m.
EST March i, 2015
"Officials are investigating how a deadly type of bacteria was
released from a high-security laboratory at the Tulane National
Primate Center in Louisiana. Officials say there is no risk to the
public."
C-52
EPA Region 6's Two Recent Bio Responses
John Martin | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Two macaques attheTNPRC were infected with the bacteria
Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp) which is the cause of Melioidosis in
November, 2014.
One animal was euthanized on November 26th and the second animal
initially recovered, but fell ill and was euthanized on February 19, 2015.
Five additional macaques have recently tested positive for antibodies and
are being monitored or euthanized.
According to the CDC, Bpis a bacterium endemic to Southeast Asia and
Northern Australia, and is typically found in contaminated water and
soil. It is spread through direct contact with the contaminated source.
In February 2015, an USDA employee tested positive for antibodies to
Bp. Further investigation concluded that this person had been possibly
exposed to Bp while on travel to the an endemic region.
Recently, another TNPRC employee tested positive for Bp antibodies
but has not presented symptoms and is being monitored.
All Select Agent Research has been suspended by USDA and CDC.
R6 OSC, CMAD and START contractors mobilized toTNPRC
February 2, 2015.
Per direction from the Unified Command, an environmental
sampling plan was developed to evaluate potential Bp
contamination in the South Campus.
CMAD convened an EPA Technical Working Group (TWG) that:
Developed a Sampling and Analysis Plan including sample collection
techniques;
Facilitated lab coordination; and,
Prepared Decontamination optionsfortheSouthCampus (inside and
outside the field cages).
Members of theTWG included CMAT and NHSRC staff.
The environmental sampling plan from February 7th to 12th and
included:
42 soil samples;
15 water samples;
12 swab samples;
and 12 air samples.
C-53
EPA Region 6's Two Recent Bio Responses
John Martin | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Tulane
Incident
EPA Region 6's Two Recent Bio Responses
C-54
John Martin | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Tulane
Incident
TNPRC
Incident
C-55
EPA Region 6's Two Recent Bio Responses
John Martin | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Unified Command:
JIC:
Agency Reps:
Branch i - Investigation:
Branch 2-Remediation/Response:
Science Working Group:
GOHSEP,CDC,LDHH,
StTammany Parish OHSEP
CDC,Tulane, EPA,GOHSEP,
LDHH, LDAF, St Tammany
Parish
EPA, Tulane,USDA, LDAF,
LDHH, LDEQ, FBI, DHS?
CDC
EPA
CDC, USDA, EPA, LDHH, LDAF,
LDEQ, LDWF,Tulane
March 13, 2015 CDC Press Release:
"CDC has found no evidence to date to suggest the organism was
released into the surrounding environment and therefore it's
unlikely there is any threat to the general population."
CMAD / NHSRC provided final options for cage decontamination:
Methyl bromide
Excavate and Treat
On March 30, EPA participated on panel during Public Meeting.
USDA and LDAF is continuing its domestic animal/wildlife
investigation both ontheTNPRCand surrounding areas.
Tulane has "hired" an international expert from Northern Arizpna to
assist in site sampling, remediation, and development of a soil
sampling plan to augment wildlife seropositive. Science Working
Group (Feds and State) will review plans.
C-56
EPA Region 6's Two Recent Bio Responses
John Martin | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
QUESTIONS?
EPA Region 6's Two Recent Bio Responses
C-57
John Martin | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
2015 U.S. EPA International
Decontamination Research
and Development Conference
Tuesday, May 5, 2015
General Session 1
CBR Response Activities and
Recovery Handbooks
C-58
-------
Studies
ianaka, Mai Takagi,
i, Haruhiko Seyama,
", Shoji F. Nakayama
The Great East Japan earthquake (11 Mar.2011)
C-59
Indoor Contamination from the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Incident
Atsushi Tanaka | NIEHS Japan
-------
Outline of the Research Areas
litate Village (2012-present)
- rice, cattle and forestry
- forest on the back of
house is a potential
source of exposure
Joso region (2011-12)
typical commuter town
locally contaminated
influence on the
property value
Cs deposition map by MEXT
aircraft monitoring
Sampling Sites in litate, Fukushima
Evacuation orders
/-Area 1 :Evacuation orders are ready to be lifted
<20mSv/y
a house in
Sasu
Area 2 : Residents are not permitted to live
20-50mSv/y
/Area 3 : Residents will face
difficulties in returning for
a longtime
>50mSv/y
Armor and swords for Soma noma-oi festival
secured in a storehouse
C-60
Indoor Contamination from the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Incident
Atsushi Tanaka | NIEHS Japan
-------
Agriculture is inhibited
Paddy fields are devastated Test cultivation of rice
(- Removal of topsoil and
temporary storage
.Mr. Kanno, our counterpart
is changing air filter
Fields and houses are
invaded by
wild boars
monkeys
rats
&
Vigilante patrol
House Dust as a Sources of Internal Exposure
External dose is dominant (>90%)
Internal exposure sources
Need of physical decontamination
and effective shielding
.^ ingestion inhalation
C,/ food > house dust ป soil ป air
- Unavoidable exposure to house dust unlike contaminated food
- Little information about radioactivity and sources
- Effective decontamination or mitigation way
Outdoor
C-61
Indoor Contamination from the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Incident
Atsushi Tanaka | NIEHS Japan
-------
Traditional and Modern Japanese Houses
litate Village ^^^ Joso region
thatched roof
hearth & chimney
tatami & dirt floor
wooden/paper window
no ceiling
tiled roof
oil stove
tatami & futon mat
sash window
apartment house
air conditioner
flooring & bed
sash window
Material and Methods
House dust (vacuum cleaner dust)
bulk sieved (>2mm, <250um)
Surface soil
bulk sieved (<250um)
SPM (HV, quartz filter)
Food (duplicate diet)
I! *i
Extraction with 1ppm Cs
- solution (<0.45um)
- fibrous residue (>500um)
- powdery residue (>0.45um)
Acid digestion
Evaluation of Cs solubility
Elemental composition
C-62
Indoor Contamination from the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Incident
Atsushi Tanaka | NIEHS Japan
-------
Example of Dust Shape and Radioactivity (mate)
scale 1mm
radio Cs (Bq/kg)
fibrous
+
| particulate
>2mm
bulk dust
21,000 Bq/kg
fragment
of fiber
<250um
19,000
particulate
4,000 equiv
60,000 Balk
Radiocesium in House Dust (Joso Region)
Histogram of radiocesium cone, from 250 collaborators in 2012
1 st campaign
n=250
Ji
TOGO 10000
Cs-134ป137(Bq/l
-------
Statistical Analysis (Joso Region)
Relationship between story and radiocesium cone, in house dust
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
Sampling Apr. 2012
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14
Floor No. of apartment house
(deiatched houie was regarded as 1)
Cs decrease by story (sig.)
- Possibility of soil track-in
Elemental compositions of house dust
2 4 6
Y (mg/hg)
Same apartment but different floors
Stable Cs is related to lithophile elements
Radio Cs has no relation
Negative evidence for soil origin
Sources of Radiocesium in House Dust
Trends of radiocesium in house dust and SPM
nn
7000
* 6000
?. 5000
r~
y 4000
a 3000
rt
i 2000
-------
Exposure Model Including House Dust
Internal exposure model
o
Cs distribution
Enrichment factor to small particles = 2.2
Intake 60mg/d (1-6 years old)
Conversion factor to effective dose
Dust
<1% Soil <1%
Air
0.001-0.007 mSv/y (Joso)
(50 and 95 percentile)
0.003- 0.03 mSv/y (Fukushima)
*Radio Cs in food used in this model was much higherthan
that by duplicate diet method or market basket method.
Radiocesium in House Dust (litate)
Histogram of radiocesium
5
4
n = 28
bulk dust
1000 10000 100000
Cs-134* 137CBq/kg)
- One order higher than Joso
- No relation between dust & soil Cs
- Dust contains soluble Cs,
soil contains little or no soluble Cs
- Cs of non-soil origin exists in dust
Solubility of radiocesium
C-65
Indoor Contamination from the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Incident
Atsushi Tanaka | NIEHS Japan
-------
Radiocesium in SPM (litate)
Trend of radiocesium in SPM
O
town office
Sasu
i ,
.
' *-%. -J"*-,:...-.:
- Radiocesium ranged 0.1-3 mBq/m3
- Size max. was several jam
Not concomitant with soil particles
4 7
2012
10
2013 'V
10
Solubility at two peak events
- Peak in Mar. : local effect
Decontamination work of pavement
Soluble Ca was also high
- Peak in Aug.: wide range contamination
Solubility was high
Airborne Cs was not soil origin
Cleaning Test Using Mock Dust
Labeled mock dust with fluorescence reagent
Experimental
Inorganic : gamma-alumina
Organic : cellulose powder
Test floor:
boarded, tatami mat
carpet (5mm pile length)
Cleaner:
cyclone (c), robot (rl&2)
Effort:
5min (c), 7min x2(rl&2)
Recovery : weighing, XRD
Recovery
Cleaner Floor Recovery
type type (%)
robotl
robotl
robotl
robot2
cyclone
cyclone
cyclone
boarded
tatami
carpet
tatami
boarded
tatami
carpet
80
60
10
85
95
97
86
-Cyclone type powerfully works
- Robot type automatically works in evacuated houses
- Particles remain in the mesh of tatami or root of pile
- Spread and trace experiment is feasible
Before cleaning
without UV I UV irradiated
tatami mat (176xl76cm)
After cleaning
robotl
boarded
floor
C-66
Indoor Contamination from the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Incident
Atsushi Tanaka | NIEHS Japan
-------
Decontamination Work and Indoor Environment
Before decontamination
After decontamination
Decontamination of residential area
- radiation
(intensity, direction, energy)
radio Cs
roof surface
adhered substances
- material
(chemodynamics)
adioCs . . I i peel-off
.....,..-^ . *
* * J
X> ""^..Q'.?:::* ป ^""^
Forest |iner mowing
10-ZOm garden soil
rad,a,ion ! | "y> J* **
Air Dose and External Exposure Dose
Trend of air dose rate
1
a
i
garden (before deconamlnatton)
0 (after decontamination)
fotmtoml
- Faster decrease than expected by
physical decay constant
- Decontamination is effective
2011 2012 2013
I 7 10 1
20 M 2015
Detailed air dose distribution
X
directional distribution
(x,y,z)=(15,4,4)
N,
- Back hill is a radiation source
- Shield with wall, ceiling and floor
- Distance attenuation is distinctive
= Decontamination of garden
acts positively
- Roll of backyard forest is unsolved
sectional distribution
Air dose ra
Q OS _
2 .11 -10 -94-74-5-4 -1 -2 t 0 1
C-67
Indoor Contamination from the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Incident
Atsushi Tanaka | NIEHS Japan
-------
onciusion
r House dust
- Highest Radiocesium containing medium indoor env.
- No radiation source, internal dose is equivalent to food
- PM in the initial plume might be a major origin
Addition of SPM and soil cannot be excluded
- Fibrous dust captures small particles of high radioactivity
- Daily cleaning results in self-decontamination
- Overlooked places cannot be overlooked because
particles of high Cs might be latent
- Thorough cleaning and wet wiping required prior to return
-Abandonment, harmful animals are more serious problem
High air dOSe rate thwarts speedy return
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the following people and organizations
C-68
Indoor Contamination from the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Incident
Atsushi Tanaka | NIEHS Japan
-------
tt
Plซc Health
UK Recovery Handbook for
Biological Incidents (UKRHBI)
Tom Pottage
Public Health England, UK
Biological.recovery@phe.gov.uk
ntic I taoflh
*#*ซ
Why do we need a Biological
handbook?
Biological incidents occur
Remediation isn't always straightforward
Remediation needs to be tailored to the type of contamination
-Area contaminated
- Funds available
- Public perception
N EWS HAMPSHIRE & ISLE OF WIGHT
mal
Sainsbury's recalled watercress came from v guidi
UK farms
o work
withdrawn toy Samsburra
I V '.V/E5-. fWV-i
I ai a s.vrr-^1 jry
I bags m
C-69
Returning to Normality. The UK Recovery Handbook for Biological Incidents (UKRHBI)
Thomas Pottage | Public Health England
-------
til
What is the UKRHBI?
Handbook to aid decisions in the recovery phase after a
Biological incident
Based on the methodology and approach of the UK Recovery Handbooks
(Chemicals (HPA, 2012) and Radiation incidents (HPA, 2009)
Incorporates lessons learned from responses to incidents
Followed by Decision Support TOOl (future aspect/ next phase of the project)
Aim: reduce exposure and return to 'normality'
til
Rซc Health
Scope
Focus on clean up and restoration.
Does not address all aspects of the recovery phase
Risk assessment protocols
Sampling or monitoring strategies
Not a substitute for specialist advice but will aid
decision makers in the development of a recovery
strategy
C-70
Returning to Normality. The UK Recovery Handbook for Biological Incidents (UKRHBI)
Thomas Pottage | Public Health England
-------
tt
Plซc Health
Preparation....Crisis, Stabilisation, Recovery...Learning
Activity
(News, ฃ,
MP letters,
Ins, twitter)
Injury and illness
Worry or concern
Political
Media
Time
Getting back to "normal"
Hearings
Trials
Inquest
Public Inquiry
CtwซlAMซ4
EnQBnQI
Stakeholder Involvement
There are a wide range of stakeholders and PHE steering group members to
help steer the knowledge base and direction of the Handbook
Public Health
England
Public Health
h Agency
ฃ
defrcT P
fซx) **ป Duifli AHwn
The Scottish
Government
Home Office
irds
ency
Health, Social Services
and Public Safety
C-71
Returning to Normality. The UK Recovery Handbook for Biological Incidents (UKRHBI)
Thomas Pottage | Public Health England
-------
til
R*
England
Audience
~ who will use the Handbooks?
National and local authorities
Central government departments and agencies
Environmental and health protection experts
Industry
Emergency services
Others that may be affected by a biological incident
til
The Handbook
C-72
Returning to Normality. The UK Recovery Handbook for Biological Incidents (UKRHBI)
Thomas Pottage | Public Health England
-------
*
RfcfeHMttt
Practical application of the Handbook
Robust scientific and technical advice, presented in a simple format as
checklists, decision tree's and "steps" to lead users through the
stages of developing a recovery strategy.
Food
Production
Crops
Soil
Animals
Inhabited
Areas
Buildings
Vehicles
Roads
Water
Environments
* Recreational
Drinking
' Coastal
- Rivers
tt
Rฃfc Health
Handbook approach
Prioritised agents and scenarios:
- 23 agents
- 3 scenarios
Gathered from the Stakeholder and PHE Steering groups
Agent data sheets
- Encompass data that is required for decision makers
- Persistence, resistance, transmission route, background levels, etc.
C-73
Returning to Normality. The UK Recovery Handbook for Biological Incidents (UKRHBI)
Thomas Pottage | Public Health England
-------
til
R*lio Health
England
Gathering the evidence base
Persistence database
Review of the prioritised agents presented in/on a variety of environments,
looking at;
Peer reviewed scientific papers
Biological agents safety data sheets
Other organisms not on the agent list but included in the studies were added to
the tables.
Disinfection database
Developed as several decontamination techniques are grouped together in
recovery options
Prioritised list and use of surrogates
Technologies often tested against worst case scenarios.
Surrogates also used in the place of high hazard agents
Standard agents
til
Ri*; Hearth
England
Recovery options database
Collection in two methods:
- Retrospective questionnaire
- Literature review
Search criteria
Used search engines - Google scholar, Pubmed
Peer-reviewed scientific papers
Inclusion
1) A true contamination event/ outbreak of infection occurred
2) At least one recovery option was mentioned/ used
3) The paper detailed lesson learnt from the incident
C-74
Returning to Normality. The UK Recovery Handbook for Biological Incidents (UKRHBI)
Thomas Pottage | Public Health England
-------
Public Health
Ervgland
Recovery Options Database
Enter
Implemented
ft* Recovery Options Database Incidents Report
Public Heatih
Scottish anthrax incident, (Closed)
IDNo 196. Smailholm. Hawick. Scotland contaminated June/July2006 (unknown) reported August 2006
Add \ A man d'ed of what was though! to be inhalation anthrax It took several weeks for the diagnosis and the r
_ had been cremated The source of the contamination needed to be isolated The deceased's home was
lampled and was negative for Bacillus anthr
residential garage. Both properties were chemically d
laminated. A pi
s also
ArfHMauiC residential garagi . . . ...
r sampled and was positive for Bacillus anthracis this was also chemically decontaminated but using a different
" Recovery Options
We
Implemented I Temporaty relocation from residential areas
Impose restrictions an transport
Restrict public access
Inc
IS
S g 1
H
II
Recovery option selection
it
I
I
l
C-75
Returning to Normality. The UK Recovery Handbook for Biological Incidents (UKRHBI)
Thomas Pottage | Public Health England
-------
tt
Step 1 :
Obtain relevant information regarding the incident and determine the agents
characteristics
Step 2: Consult flow chart and decision trees for specific inhabited areas
Identify potentially applicable recovery options
Consult food production systems and water environments sections of
handbook (if applicable)
Step 3: Determine the effectiveness of recovery options
A: Eliminate options based on the agents characteristics
B: Eliminate options based on surface material
Step 4: Review key considerations and constraints
Eliminate further options according to other considerations
(public health, waste, social , technical, cost and time)
Step 5: Consult recovery option sheets
Eliminate further options following a detailed analysis of options on a site
and incident specific basis
Step 6: Compare remaining recovery options
Based on steps 1 - 5, select and combine options for managing each
phase
Implement Recovery strategy
g-minMLji
CnyBnu
Decision trees
C-76
Returning to Normality. The UK Recovery Handbook for Biological Incidents (UKRHBI)
Thomas Pottage | Public Health England
-------
til
R*
England
Recovery options
The list of recovery options has been compiled for the handbook
Workshops were used to test the recovery option selection
Separated into protection, remediation and waste disposal options
Radiation Chemical Biological
Food production systems 40
Inhabited areas 51
Water environments 6*
* Drinking water supplies only
39
24
22
28
21
17
til
nuc Mean.
Recovery options datasheets
Form the majority of the Handbook
Contain 8 sections to describe the option in more detail:
General information - Objective, key information, linked options
Considerations - Public health, legal, social
Effectiveness - Technical factors
Feasibility and intervention costs - Equipment, consumables, safety
Waste - Type, factors influencing waste issues
Exposure - Averted exposure
Other considerations - Public information
Additional information - Practical experience, key references
C-77
Returning to Normality. The UK Recovery Handbook for Biological Incidents (UKRHBI)
Thomas Pottage | Public Health England
-------
tt
Plซc Health
What next?
L ZJ I I 1 I
7
WWHttJ
C-78
Returning to Normality. The UK Recovery Handbook for Biological Incidents (UKRHBI)
Thomas Pottage | Public Health England
-------
tt
Plซc Health
Ebola response
Decontamination advice for public places
(including transport links) following
suspected exposure to VHP (including
Ebola Virus)
A Bennett and S Wyke
CtwซlAMซ4
cnyniQ
To make
by usi
tool)
Assist th
recov
Provide;
andtl
(i.e. n
Being de<
comp;
Online recovery support tool
Pilot voriKxi arinodvuMopingc&KdvclcKMi luppontaol:
Public Hearth England
Chemical Recovery Decision Support Tool
Thecfwmpcal recovery decision
support tool will he Ip direct you
through lh# ilซpi m .l.'vvk'pi'v.i a
recovery strategy,
You will also need to consult thtUK
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C-79
Returning to Normality. The UK Recovery Handbook for Biological Incidents (UKRHBI)
Thomas Pottage | Public Health England
-------
til
England
PHE are committed to;
Maintain and update the Recovery Handbooks
Take forwards areas of research to improve and further develop guidance
for the recovery and remediation of the environment following an incident
Continue to build the evidence base of recovery options recommended
within the handbooks (biological incident review)
Contact details:
For more information on the recovery handbooks and projects, to attend
workshops, or participate in the retrospective reviews of biological incidents,
please email;
https://www.hpa-survevs.orq.uk/TakeSurvev.aspx?SurvevlD=8IKJ76IM
til
Rซc Health
Acknowledgements
Project team
Emma Goode
Clare Shieber
Stacey Wyke
Sara Speight
Allan Bennett
C-80
Returning to Normality. The UK Recovery Handbook for Biological Incidents (UKRHBI)
Thomas Pottage | Public Health England
-------
2015 U.S. EPA International
Decontamination Research
and Development Conference
Tuesday, May 5, 2015
General Session 1
Field Demonstration and (International)
Program Review
C-81
-------
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus
anthracis Inactivation, Emissions
Containment, and Conservation of
Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn*, Worth Calfee, Neil Daniell, Marshall
Gray, Tim McArthur, Leroy Mickelsen, William Kern Jr.,
Renato Perez, Shannon Serre, and Joe Wood
"speaker
vvEPA
CONSEQUENCE
MANAGEMENT
ADVISORY
. TEAM ^
ฅ 1C"
CSS-Dynamac
Scientific Minds. Common Sense Solutions.
FLORIDA
1FAS Research
Fort Ijindfnlalc Rr^im'h and
Education Center
September 11, 2001
http://www.septemberllnews.com
October 5, 2001
Officials: Florida anthrax case 'isolated'
WASHINGTON (CNN) - A Florida man
diagnosed with anthrax is an "isolated case,"
the top United States health official said
Thursday, and his illness is not linked to any
threats of bioterrorism.
http://archives.cnn.com/2001
C-82
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus anthracis Inactivation, Emissions Containment, and Conservation of Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn | University of Florida
-------
Former headquarters, American Media Incorporated, Boca Raton, FL
Main decon options considered
by USEPA in 2001-2:
HEPA vacuuming
Liquid or foam antimicrobials
Fumigation
C-83
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus anthracis Inactivation, Emissions Containment, and Conservation of Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn | University of Florida
-------
Contniiulial ml PlwratiM Tflซ Decoatinlliatloi Community Impart
The Decontamination Process
The chlorine dioxide will arrive in liquid form in a tank truck just before to its use;
it will not tie stored at the site in advance.
chlorine dioxide
Source: Washington Post
Ttedrfwyiyvtem
Estimates of how much ctitorine dioxide liquid
will be needed rans* from 5.000 to 2Q.t*0
di-pi Tiding on how many trer* *~
are required.
1 ITie chlorine dioxloe
must be converted to .1
gasbyachtonJKdkiEiite
ซn gmeratn. There is
only one gas generator
In the world large
enough to handle a job
of this scale-
No* Chlorine diviidc kills anthrax
A two-foot- For the chlorine dioxide to successfully kill
wkfe pipe tr* Anthrax, temperature, humidity and
travels up concentration must be maintained at
tothelfHVAC specific tevels for 12 hours.
*on the
l The concentration of
" dioxide gas is established at 750
-*~t _*^" parts pwmillfon.
BacHfos anttvads st
to the gas generator and fed Into
a hole cut into the building.
2 The g*t wM fee Ot!i.trซJ tNfft^
two systems: [he i'-::sl ! j
heating and air-conditioning
The typical si?e of a
Bacillus anthracis spore
is 2-6 microns. The
diamelw of a huttwi haK
la about 70 microns.
2 Spares, which are dormant
bacteria encapsulated in a
tough coat, begin to relax at 75
percent humidity and 75degrees
Fahrenheit The chtocine dioxide
causes the softened Bacillus
to rupture and dir
made up of smaller PVC pip
with a fan mechanismchannel tl
building, The emitters are placed I
feHSO,
Decon of the Department of State Diplomatic
Mail Facility (SA-32) in Virginia*
Remove all material from building
destroy non-essential contents
fumigate essential contents (mail) with
ethylene oxide
Fumigate the empty building with
vaporized hydrogen peroxide
*Canter DA, Sgroi TJ, O'ConnorL, KempterCJ. 2009. Source reduction in an
anthrax-contaminated mail facility. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense
Strategy, Practice, and Science 7: 405-412
C-84
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus anthracis Inactivation, Emissions Containment, and Conservation of Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn | University of Florida
-------
C-85
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus anthracis Inactivation, Emissions Containment, and Conservation of Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn | University of Florida
-------
Decon of the Department of State Diplomatic
Mail Facility (SA-32) in Virginia*
Decon time: 16 months
Cost: $8.6 million
*Canter DA, Sgroi TJ, O'ConnorL, KempterCJ. 2009. Source reduction in an
anthrax-contaminated mail facility. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense
Strategy, Practice, and Science 7: 405-412
Methyl bromide, if effective in killing anthrax
spores, is superior to chlorine dioxide and
vaporized hydrogen peroxide:
MB is a non-corrosive gas (methylating agent)
MB is stable, penetrating
MB is part of commercial fumigation infrastructure
MB is an EPA-registered pesticide
EPA's objection: MB is an ozone depleter
C-86
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus anthracis Inactivation, Emissions Containment, and Conservation of Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn | University of Florida
-------
Sen. Bill Nelson (D-FL) press conference 28 FEE 03
C-87
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus anthracis Inactivation, Emissions Containment, and Conservation of Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn | University of Florida
-------
Carlton J. Kempter, MS, Senior Advisor, Antimicrobials Division, Office of
Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, Arlington, Virginia
Dr. Margie Juergensmeyer
NT Research Institute (IITRI)
Chicago
C-88
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus anthracis Inactivation, Emissions Containment, and Conservation of Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn | University of Florida
-------
0
(0
W
.
C-89
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus anthracis Inactivation, Emissions Containment, and Conservation of Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn | University of Florida
-------
United States Patent 7,153,471 December 26, 2003
Method of decontamination of whole structures and articles contaminated by
pathogenic spores
Inventors:
Appl. No.:
Weinberg; Mark J. (Cudjoe Key, FL),
Scheffrahn; Rudolf H. (Plantation, FL)
10/623,428
Filed: July 18, 2003
7. 3O O9 : -4O
C-90
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus anthracis Inactivation, Emissions Containment, and Conservation of Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn | University of Florida
-------
9.18 12 :O5
C-91
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus anthracis Inactivation, Emissions Containment, and Conservation of Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn | University of Florida
-------
Fume School Nov. 2010
- FLREC Dec. 2013
C-92
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus anthracis Inactivation, Emissions Containment, and Conservation of Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn | University of Florida
-------
UF
RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
RESTRICTED AREA
C-93
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus anthracis Inactivation, Emissions Containment, and Conservation of Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn | University of Florida
-------
two 2,500 kg charcoal vessels for
scrubbing methyl bromide
C-94
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus anthracis Inactivation, Emissions Containment, and Conservation of Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn | University of Florida
-------
C-95
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus anthracis Inactivation, Emissions Containment, and Conservation of Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn | University of Florida
-------
C-96
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus anthracis Inactivation, Emissions Containment, and Conservation of Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn | University of Florida
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C-97
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus anthracis Inactivation, Emissions Containment, and Conservation of Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn | University of Florida
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C-98
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus anthracis Inactivation, Emissions Containment, and Conservation of Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn | University of Florida
-------
Coupon Holder Location
Extraction Port for Time Study
C-99
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus anthracis Inactivation, Emissions Containment, and Conservation of Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn | University of Florida
-------
Interior conditions for MB fumigation:
28ฐCand83%RH
Radiant heater
Steam humidifier
C-100
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus anthracis Inactivation, Emissions Containment, and Conservation of Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn | University of Florida
-------
C-101
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus anthracis Inactivation, Emissions Containment, and Conservation of Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn | University of Florida
-------
C-102
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus anthracis Inactivation, Emissions Containment, and Conservation of Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn | University of Florida
-------
early (16, 24, 32, and 40 hr) coupon
extraction processing
C-103
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus anthracis Inactivation, Emissions Containment, and Conservation of Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn | University of Florida
-------
House Concentration of MB (mg/l) over Time (hours)
Location: Attic
300
150
100
SO
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 S 10 12 14 16 IS 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 3E 40 42 44 46
Figure 30. Concentration of MS (mg/l| over Fumigation Time (hr), Attic Location
C-104
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus anthracis Inactivation, Emissions Containment, and Conservation of Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn | University of Florida
-------
Ambient air monitors, run
continuously during the fumigation
and aeration, detected small leaks
near the tarpaulin ground seal.
During the fumigation/aeration,
there were no sustained
elevated MB levels >0.5 ppm at
any of the five monitoring sites
located ca. 30 m from the
building
C-105
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus anthracis Inactivation, Emissions Containment, and Conservation of Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn | University of Florida
-------
After 48 hours of fumigation, the building was duct-aerated forcing
the MB-laden building air through the charcoal scubbers
C-106
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus anthracis Inactivation, Emissions Containment, and Conservation of Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn | University of Florida
-------
C-107
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus anthracis Inactivation, Emissions Containment, and Conservation of Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn | University of Florida
-------
156 ppm MB max. during aeration
2. Results: No visible or functional effects to the structure or its
contents including computers and router, LCD monitors and
projector, kitchen appliances, or HVAC.
C-108
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus anthracis Inactivation, Emissions Containment, and Conservation of Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn | University of Florida
-------
3. Results: No colony forming units of Ba were detected on
coupons fumigated for more than 16 hours with one exception:
A single wood coupon from 16-hour set yielded ca. 2 x 103 cfu
(500-fold reduction in viable spores)
Damage: An imperfect apron seal killed the grass
around the perimeter of the test structure
C-109
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus anthracis Inactivation, Emissions Containment, and Conservation of Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn | University of Florida
-------
Results of Dec. 2013 Hurricane House
methyl bromide fumigation :
Anthrax spores were killed in 16 hours
MB was contained under special seal conditions
99.99% of MB in H House was collected in scrubbers
All electronics functioned normally after fume
C-110
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus anthracis Inactivation, Emissions Containment, and Conservation of Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn | University of Florida
-------
Thank you Questions?
C-111
Methyl Bromide Fumigation: Bacillus anthracis Inactivation, Emissions Containment, and Conservation of Sensitive Materials
Rudolf Scheffrahn | University of Florida
-------
Hazard Mitigation Science and Technology
Program for the DoD Chemical and Biological
Defense Program (CBDP)
Charles A. Bass, Jr., Ph.D., P.E.
Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA)
Unclassified
J9-CB executes the JSTO
ii
C-112
Hazard Mitigation Science and Technology Program for the DoD Chemical and Biological Defense Program (CBDP)
Charles Bass | Defense Threat Reduction Agency
-------
Chemical and Biological
Threats
Chemical
S Traditional chemical warfare agents
(e.g., nerve agents, vesicants)
S Toxic industrial materials and toxic
industrial chemicals
S Emerging and non-traditional agents
Biological
S Traditional biological threat agents
(e.g., anthrax)
S Emerging diseases
(e.g., SARS, Ebola Virus Disease)
S Enhanced threats
(genetically engineered or
especially virulent)
Current Hazard Mitigation (HM)
Paradigm
Immediate
Individual and operator
Skin decon; Operator spray-down
Minimize causalities; save lives
Limits spread of contamination
III
More time needed/ Less Effective/Less assefs available
Operational
Crew and unit
MOPP gear exchange; Operator wash-down
Limits contamination spread and exposure
Temporary relief from MOPP
Thorough
Specialized units
Detailed personnel, equipment decon
Reduces MOPP level
Reconstitutes combat power
1
Important
Considerations:
1H
Time-to-Action Operational Risk Material Compatibility
Life-Cycle
Management
C-113
Hazard Mitigation Science and Technology Program for the DoD Chemical and Biological Defense Program (CBDP)
Charles Bass | Defense Threat Reduction Agency
-------
*,
rA^& ซ
Joint Biological Agent
Decontamination System (JBADS)
in
JBADS congressionally approved Joint
Capability Technology Demonstration
(JCTD) to demonstrate:
Biological decontamination of Anthrax
Simulate using hot (170 ฐF) humid (80-90%
RH)Air
6-log reduction in 72 hours
Aircraft interior/exterior decon:
Operational Utility Assessment (OUA)
Using Aircraft Enclosure (AE)
Retiring C-130H
Nov-Jan 2014 at test site in Orlando
International Airport (IAP), FL
Follow-on interior environmental release of
simulant
Follow-on field demonstration of rapid
biological indicator
JBADS Progress
2003
Large Frame Aircraft (LFA) Decon Demo
2011
C-130 JBADS Interior Only Decon Demo
III
2008
DC-9 LFA Thermal Decon
2014/15
JBADS JCTD Inter/Ext Decon Demo
C-114
Hazard Mitigation Science and Technology Program for the DoD Chemical and Biological Defense Program (CBDP)
Charles Bass | Defense Threat Reduction Agency
-------
Design of Experiments
Krlam
il.lllll.lm
*ซ,
Material Coupons
Aircraft Performance Coat (ARC)
Wiring Insulation
InsulFab
Anti-skid
Nylon
Plastic
Performance Contours
90% LCL ปf 109 OWM of infldwallon ftf BtCtflus fKKrtCIS on AFTO
N \
TO 74
B. anthracis ASterne on ARC at 48 hours of treatment with hot humid air. The shaded area on the
upper right represents a log reduction of greater than or equal to 6 logs of the fitted equation. The
left plot shows average values. The right plot shows the 90% lower confidence limit for the
average.
C-115
Hazard Mitigation Science and Technology Program for the DoD Chemical and Biological Defense Program (CBDP)
Charles Bass | Defense Threat Reduction Agency
-------
JBADS JCTD QUA Activities
OD#2: 170F/80RH
13 Dec-9 Jan
3 (Optional)
70-20 Jan
in
Pre Operational Test
Activities
27Oct-20Nov
onstruction of Aircraft Enclosure (AE)
Aircraft Decon Units (ADU) integrated with AE
Air Mapping
|-72 hour test run
moval and analysis of BtK coupons
[Limited Preflight maintenance tasks and Hot Wash (HW)
'Removal and analysis of BtK coupons
'Limited Preflight maintenance tasks and HW
72 hour test run
Removal and analysis of BtK coupons
HW
View Demo test site and equipment set-up
! JBADS briefings and discussion at area hotel
AO only meetings 1300-1500
Provides data for TRL-7 assessment
Verification protocol for clearance level standards
Rapid field Biological Indicators System test
Rapid Biological Indicator
A self-contained biological indicator (Bl) and an incubator/detector
system
Demonstrated the utility of Bl system with Bt Al Hakam Spores as
decontamination assurance system during JBADS field testing of
an aircraft decontamination with hot, humid air
Bl detector is fast, quantitative, portable and easy to use
The Bl detector has 12 wells to incubate the biological indicators at 37 "C and
monitor the fluorescence generation; touch screen is used for user interface
and data display; single spore can be detected within 8-10 hours
C-116
Hazard Mitigation Science and Technology Program for the DoD Chemical and Biological Defense Program (CBDP)
Charles Bass | Defense Threat Reduction Agency
-------
Cargo Hold Sampling Grid
C = Control Sample sites
T = Test Sample sites
B = Background sites
Field Methods
T
C
Step 2
Cockpit Sampling Grid
C = Control Sample sites
T = Test Sample sites
Slap 3
^ W
Environmental Release Results
Post-dissemination/decon swabbing of
cargo bay and cockpit
Total number of CPU on all 98 post-
dissemination, pre-decontamination control
swabs was 5.45e8 CPU
Equivalent to -5-6 logs on a 2cm x 2cm
coupon
Rapid Bis - all were negative
Environmental samples:
87/98 swabs had 0 CPU
There were a total of 47 CPU in 11 swabs over 7
grids (including the cargo bay and the cockpit)
After outlier statistics, there were 10 CPU in 7
swabs over 4 grids
III
C-117
Hazard Mitigation Science and Technology Program for the DoD Chemical and Biological Defense Program (CBDP)
Charles Bass | Defense Threat Reduction Agency
-------
Enhanced CB Survivability
Coatings
in
Problem: Permanent/durable coatings (paints and
topcoats) have limited agent resistance
Objectives: Develop an improved acceptance
standard for chemical agent resistance; investigate
new more resistant and potentially reactive coatings;
develop a coating for legacy aircraft with improved
capabilities
Program Alignment: Item Ml L-DTL specification
modifications
Payoffs: Significantly reduced risk to warfighter and
reduction in burden of current decontamination
approach
Approach:
ฉ ฉ
- Update CARC Ml L-DTL to a relevant acceptance standard for chemical resistance
- Demonstrate strippable preparatory coatings that can quickly remove contamination
- Develop permanent/durable coatings that are actually resistant
- Develop responsive coatings that lock-down and continue to mitigate the effects of
contamination
- Demonstrate/ flight test aircraft coatings on C-130 panels (Diamondback Demonstration)
Field Test Concept
Objective: Conduct a field test comparing the performance
of newly formulated Diamondback to the baseline/control
MIL-PRF-85285 Type IV polyurethane topcoat
Approach: Paint selected C-130 wing leading edge
panels in equal sections with the baseline MIL-PRF-85285
Type IV and up to three Diamondback formulaty
Note: Fourshadesof
gray shown for clarity -
actual coatings, which all
meet MIL-PRF-85285
Type IV should exhibit
little color difference
C-118
Hazard Mitigation Science and Technology Program for the DoD Chemical and Biological Defense Program (CBDP)
Charles Bass | Defense Threat Reduction Agency
-------
Coating Additive Testing
Pre-scored, frangible panel breaks into 12 2"x2" coupons
VX 2-uL droplets at 10 g/m? loading
24 hour aging
Pressure wash with water alone, & w/ cleaning compound
VX on Coiling mil, Additives - H-hour Aging
> Additives produce a qualified coating
with additional advantages: (e.g. stain
resistance, deicing, drag)
> Coatings w/ additives leave sessile
agent droplets after aging & reduce
spreading
> Additives reduced agent retention after
decon by 10 fold on some coatings;
others show no improvement
> Additives appear work better with
some coating products
> Impact of weathered coating is
unknown
FY15/16 test weathered frangible
coupons
FY16/17 test aircraft panels
Enzyme Based Mild Decon
Problem: Aircraft and other platform interiors are sensitive
to aggressive decontaminants
Objective: Apply new microbiology tools to evolve new
more stable and broader spectrum enzymes to
decontaminate organophosphate agents, and improve
agent disclosure
Program Alignment: DFoS, Joint Sensitive Equipment
System (JSES)
Payoffs: Ability to decontaminate sensitive platforms using
a non-toxic, green decontaminant with excellent materials
compatibility that is more effective than soapy water
Approach:
Directed evolution of OPH/PTE enzyme for improved
stability, and enhanced activity against V agents and
NTAs
Meet cost and shelf life improvement goals for agent
disclosure spray
C-119
Hazard Mitigation Science and Technology Program for the DoD Chemical and Biological Defense Program (CBDP)
Charles Bass | Defense Threat Reduction Agency
-------
Enzymatic Decon Progress
25:1
1:31
Urp'SaG 4.2*10* i &. ID
III
610-fold Enhancement
Limitations
Solubilization of agent limits reaction
Buffer needed to manage reaction byproducts
(enzymes are inactivated in absence of buffer)
High concentrations (>5%) of surfactants limit rxn
Solvents limit the reaction and can inactivate
enzymes
Buffers limit performance of surfactants
Buffers can be corrosive (even at neutral pH)
PTE/OPH is limited to nerve agents
Life-cycle cost of enzymes
Path Forward
Continue to refine formulation issues
Explore synthetic enzymes that are more robust
and broad spectrum (reflag effort as "catalytic-
based mild decon")
Explore enzymes that are anti-microbial or induce
germination of spores
17
Agent Disclosure Spray
III
Program Goals
Indicate presence of agents down to threshold contact levels within 5
minutes
Reduce logistics burden of decontamination by indicating presence and
location chemical warfare agents
Pre-decon to locate contamination; post-decon for process assurance
Continued S&T Work
Plant expression of critical enzyme
UV stimulated indicator for low-light operations
Blister agent disclosure refinements
Acquisition Program Begins (Milestone B) in May 2015
C-120
Hazard Mitigation Science and Technology Program for the DoD Chemical and Biological Defense Program (CBDP)
Charles Bass | Defense Threat Reduction Agency
-------
Wide Area Decontamination
of Anthrax Spores
in
Problem: B. anthracis spores are persistent and resists
decontamination
Objective: Develop a new spore germinant/decontaminant to
mitigate the effects of wide area dissemination of Bacillus
anthracis spores that provides a militarily relevant capability
100X less decontaminant mass required than current
decon
Non-hazardous to environment, personnel, and materials
99.99% spore inactivation in relevant heterogeneous
environments
Program Alignment: TBD
Payoffs: Faster cleanup at lower cost, less manpower, while
deterring terrorists
Approach:
Biological approaches (germinants, scavengers and lytic
enzymes)
Directed energy
Agrochemical application techniques
Brentwood Postal Facility
$130Mover2.2years
Germination as a Mitigation
Approach
in
Mouse Mode/ of Inhalation Anthrax
Germination reduces
virulence
Germinated spores don't
survive in the
environment
I
Cote gtal. (2009) J Med Microbioi 58:6 816-825
6. Anthracis Sterne Spores on Unsterile Turf
Bishop (2014) J.Appl. Microbioi. 117: 1274-1282
C-121
Hazard Mitigation Science and Technology Program for the DoD Chemical and Biological Defense Program (CBDP)
Charles Bass | Defense Threat Reduction Agency
-------
Germination Strategies
Germinant nutrient receptors
Cortex lytic enzymes
Spore coat disruption
Wide-Area Assessment
Composite sampling:
Proof of concept to show no loss of
sensitivity when pooling samples
Demonstrated in the presence of
dust/soil
Reporter phage:
Integrate /ux/AB(light) reporter genes
into phage genome
Capable of transducing
bioluminescent phenotype to target
bacteria
No target present; no signal
Phage by itself cannot
bioluminesce; dead cells; no signal
10 CPU in 10 hours
Bacterium
Ku~,~rM
n
C-122
Hazard Mitigation Science and Technology Program for the DoD Chemical and Biological Defense Program (CBDP)
Charles Bass | Defense Threat Reduction Agency
-------
Wide-Area Application
Significant levels of germination
on surfaces can be achieved
using agricultural technologies.
Spores deposited from aerosols
germinate more effectively than
those spotted onto surfaces.
Germination in turf can be
achieved BUT the germinant
must be delivered correctly.
in
Personnel Decontamination and
Contaminated Human Remains
in
Problem: Limited capability exist to decontaminate individual
human remains and manage personal effects following
exposure to CWAs/NTAs/TICS/TI Ms
Objectives: Determine the fate and residual hazard of
chemical, biological, and radiological warfare agents (CBRs) o r>\
contaminated human remains and personal effects; Develop
technological options to remove/neutralize CBR hazards from
individuals human remains and personal effects
Program Alignment: Program TBD
Payoffs: Quantify risks associated with contaminated human remains; increase efficacy;
enhance processing rates and materiel compatibility; and reduce logistics challenges
Approach:
Conduct of current alternatives and maturity to proceed with a program
Support Mortuary Affairs Science & Technology Working Group
Conduct 'Postmortem' Decontaminant Studies
C-123
Hazard Mitigation Science and Technology Program for the DoD Chemical and Biological Defense Program (CBDP)
Charles Bass | Defense Threat Reduction Agency
-------
Questions ?
25
C-124
Hazard Mitigation Science and Technology Program for the DoD Chemical and Biological Defense Program (CBDP)
Charles Bass | Defense Threat Reduction Agency
-------
ju Environment Environnement
I Canada Canada
Canada
Infrastructure mitigation for rapid response
after a radiological incident
Wenxing Kuang, Konstantin Volchek, Pervez Azmi, Vladimir Blinov and Carl E. Brown,
Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Matthew Magnuson and Sang Don Lee, US Environmental Protection Agency, National
Homeland Security Research Center, USA
Jaleh Semmler, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
Pavel Samuleev and David G. Kelly, Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Stephen Sunquist and David Clarke, Ottawa Fire Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
2015 EPA International Decontamination Research and Development Conference,
May 5-7 Triangle Park Campus, North Carolina
Infrastructure mitigation for rapid
response after a radiological incident
Background
Rationale
Objectives
Approach
Project team
Technology
Outcomes
* .. ;
>fc Environment Environnement
T Canada Canada
Canada
C-125
Canadian Safety and Security Program Project for Infrastructure Mitigation for Rapid Response after a Radiological Incident
Konstantin Volchek| Environment Canada
-------
Background
Not all radiological releases are alike -
specific recommendations will differ
Wide area contamination has additional logistical
challenges
Responders need accurate information and guidance
during early phases of an incident
Some data and
technology exist, but
need to adapt data
and technology to:
particular locations,
different types of radiological
releases, and
wide area releases
1*1
Environment
Canada
Environnement
Canada
PageS
Canada
Rationale
Source: OECD
Preparedness Response
Early
I ! I
| *l "1
ฃ S i -g
Q_ tu a: o
Emergen
To reduce exposure to radi
responders/emergency ere
^^H To use readily available, sir
A Environment Environnement
I Canada Canada
/
j e
Oil
W!
nf
Intermediate
Consequence
tvl anagement
Transition to Recovery
(including recovery
planning)
>posure situation
Nuclear Enerav Aaencv
Recovery
Late
III
> -l_l _Q
S ฃ5
-------
Mitigation vs. decontamination
Factors
Timing
Likely actors
Equipment
Deactivation
efficiency
Mitigation Decontamination
Short term Medium to long
term
First responders Decontamination
contractors
Readily available Specialized
to first responders
Speed may be Set by clearance
equally important committee
Once the radiological/nuclear (RN) contamination is mitigated,
^^^1 decontamination can be
1 ^ Environment Environnement
I Canada Canada
carried out later as a planned operation
Canada
Project objective
i
To optimize and demonstrate technology
for mitigating critical infrastructure
contaminated in a radiological/nuclear
incident. This technology is:
Usable by first responders
s.
Rapidly deployable over a wide area
Low-cost
Compatible with the existing commercial
equipment
Environmentally friendly
V 1
Page 6 ^^^
Environment Environnement lor"lo/"iol
1 Canada Canada VyCLl IflUtl
C-127
Canadian Safety and Security Program Project for Infrastructure Mitigation for Rapid Response after a Radiological Incident
Konstantin Volchekl Environment Canada
-------
Project team
Environment Canada - project lead
US EPA National Homeland Security Research Center
Canadian Nuclear Laboratories
Royal Military College
Ottawa Fire Services
Environment Environnement
Canada Canada
Canada
Technology
Can be applied using fire trucks and/or existing
dispensing equipment available to first responders
Formulation
- Water-based formulation
- Cocktail of ion exchange and chelating
agents
- Can be mixed with firefighting foams
(Class A or B) and other ingredients
Environment Environnement
Canada Canada
Pages
Canada
C-128
Canadian Safety and Security Program Project for Infrastructure Mitigation for Rapid Response after a Radiological Incident
Konstantin Volchekl Environment Canada
-------
Parameter optimization
Test parameters for water-based formulation
Non-radioactive isotopes of Cs and Co
Coupons: concrete, brick, asphalt
Concentrations of individual components of the formulation
Spiking: spray vs. spot
Quick wash vs. slow wash
pH r~f ,, *= Cs removal on brick
Cs removal on concrete
70
60
ฃso
g 40
I 30
20
10
0
Parameters: concentration, exposure time, washing time, etc.
Source: Environment Canada
1*1
Environment Environnement
Page 9
Canada
Confirmation tests on radionuclides
Removal
1 Materials
Concrete
^^H Brick 1
^^H Brick 2
^^H Asphalt
ofCs-137
Removal (%) Decontamination Factor ^^^^^^1
71 ฑ6 3.4
62 ฑ4 2.6
80 ฑ10 5.0
44 ฑ11 1.8
^^^1 Total Cs-137 recovery approx. 90%
I Coupon size: 2" x 2"
^^^1 Source: Royal Military College of Canada
^^^^^1 j_ Environment
1 Canada
Page 10
Environnement f 'jt~lO/"lO
Canada VyO-1 ICLLlCl
C-129
Canadian Safety and Security Program Project for Infrastructure Mitigation for Rapid Response after a Radiological Incident
Konstantin Volchekl Environment Canada
-------
Pilot-scale tests at the Canadian
Nuclear Laboratories
Radionuclides (Co-60, Sr-85, Cs-137, Am-241)
Concrete, brick, limestone, asphalt, glass, aluminum
Canada
Dry run
Time: Week of May 11, 2015
Location: Training Center of the
Ottawa Fire Services
Environment Environnement
Canada Canada
Page 12
Canada
C-130
Canadian Safety and Security Program Project for Infrastructure Mitigation for Rapid Response after a Radiological Incident
Konstantin Volchekl Environment Canada
-------
Field demonstration trial
Led by US EPA/Battelle
Week of June 22, 2015
Columbus, Ohio
1000 sq. ft. five-story building
Vehicle mitigation
Waste management
Classroom presentation
Observer feedback
Environment Environnement
Canada Canada
Page 13
Canada
1
Project deliverables
New rapid CBRN response technology
developed and demonstrated
V ^
'
Users' feedback received
V
Technology guide developed and delivered to
users
/
Milestone in technology commercialization
achieved
^ j
Page 14
_*- Environment Environnement f QI~IQ/~
1 Canada Canada VvCU IfUJ
[3
C-131
Canadian Safety and Security Program Project for Infrastructure Mitigation for Rapid Response after a Radiological Incident
Konstantin Volchekl Environment Canada
-------
Contact information
Konstantin Volchek, Ph.D.
Environment Canada
Science and Technology Branch
konstantin.volchek@ec.gc.ca, 1 -613-990-4073
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
htpp://ec.gc.ca
Matthew Magnuson, Ph.D.
US Environmental Protection Agency
National Homeland Security Research Center
magnuson.matthew@epa.gov, 1 -513-569-7321
Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
htpp://www.epa.gov/nhrsc
Acknowledgement: This work was funded in part by the Canadian Safety and Security Program, Defense Research
and Development Canada, under Project CSSP-2013-CP-1029.
Disclaimer: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency collaborated in the research described in this presentation.
It has been subjected to the Agency's review and has been approved for publication. Note that approval does not
signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views of the Agency. Mention of trade names, products, or services
does not convey official EPA approval, endorsement, or recommendation.
1*1
Environment
Canada
Environnement
Canada
Page 15
Canada
C-132
Canadian Safety and Security Program Project for Infrastructure Mitigation for Rapid Response after a Radiological Incident
Konstantin Volchek| Environment Canada
-------
2015 U.S. EPA International
Decontamination Research
and Development Conference
Tuesday, May 5, 2015
Concurrent Sessions 1
Biological Agent Decontamination
C-133
-------
DSO
Development of Microemulsion
Decontaminant against
Chemical & Biological Agents
Ang Lee Hwi
aleehwi(S)dso.org.sg
2015 EPA International Decontamination Research and
Development Conference
5 May 2015
OPLE. PASSION. INNOVATION.
Agenda
Introduction
Approach and Challenges
Test Methodologies
Performance
Detector Interference Studies
Material Compatibility Studies
Conclusion
EDPLE. PASSION. INNOVATIOl
C-134
Development of Microemulsion Decontaminant Against Chemical and Biological Agents
Lee Hwi Ang | DSO National Laboratories
-------
DSO
Introduction
DSO completed the development of the Demul-X
macroemulsion decontaminant in 2004
- Able to degrade a wide range of chemical agent and
biological spores.
- Kinetically stable and therefore requires considerable
mechanical effort during preparation by the users.
A microemulsion system was therefore formulated to
- Improve ease of preparation and efficienty
- Capitalise on a smaller droplet size to increase reactive
surface area
OPLE. PASSION. INNOVATION.
Approach & Challenges
(1) Enhanced efficiency & ease of preparation
* Identification of potential microemulsion systems
* Collaboration with Dstl, UK
* Non-ionic surfactant system (less sensitive to ionic
strength)
(2) Non-toxic & non-aggressive
* Modification - replacement of organic
solvent
* Must retain microemulsion property and
good solubility of agents!
EDPLE. PASSION. INNOVATIOl
C-135
Development of Microemulsion Decontaminant Against Chemical and Biological Agents
Lee Hwi Ang | DSO National Laboratories
-------
DSO
Approach & Challenges
(3) Thermal stability
* Local environmental conditions
* Modification - Replacement of co-surfactant
(4) Good pot-life of > 4 hours
* Selection & tuning of the active ingredients
* Optimal pH for efficient degradation of agents of different nature
(5) Good surface adherence
* Addition of gelling agent
* To increase contact time
* Not to compromise ease of removal
VX on Painted Concrete
.-0 J
1D.O
;c D
on
t
OPLE. PASSION. INNOVATION.
Test Methodologies for CWA
Degradation efficiency studies
- Agent-to-decontaminant ratio of 1:200, with a contact time of 30 minutes.
- Liquid-liquid extraction
- Analysis on GC-FID
Surface Decon efficiency studies
- Materials tested: 5 cm x 5 cm test coupons of painted concrete & ceramic tiles
- Contamination level: 10 g/m2
- Residence time: 3 hours
- Vertical and Horizontal orientation
- Decontaminant applied with
commercial sprayer
- Contact time: 30 min
- Solvent extraction of test panel
- Analysis on GC-FID
EDPLE. PASSION. INNOVATIOl
C-136
Development of Microemulsion Decontaminant Against Chemical and Biological Agents
Lee Hwi Ang | DSO National Laboratories
-------
DSO
Test Methodologies for CWA
Vapour Removal efficiency studies
- Aerosol chamber: a customized 1.0 m (L) x 0.6 m (D) x 1.0 m (H) stainless steel
chamber
- Inflatable PFA bag (max. 0.6m3) to accommodate voluminous air from fogger
- CWA vapour generated through heating liquid CWA at 40 or 60 ฐC for 1.5 hours
- ME21 applied into the chamber as a fog via COTS fogger
- CWA vapour concentration monitored through air sampling with Tenaxฎ
adsorbent tubes over 22 hours
- Analysis on ATD-GCMS
i'rclu'dllof
lumvtoad
OPLE. PASSION. INNOVATION.
Test Methodologies for BWA
Killing efficiency studies
Bspin 1 1
5000 rpm
20 mins
After . wash . An aliquot (100 \iL) of
Tzjl
s'ml U
BOmin RT 1 1 Spin 1 x:
Add 5000rpm 500(
Wash soln , 15 mins 15 rt
5ml h U,
^Hf ^^^ ^^ "^ '^^v.
Ba spore soln spore soln Decon soln Wash Soln Wash Soln
~lxl01J spores
Ospin 1 i
5000 rpm
< i n i
20 mins
L_
1 Add
decor
Soln '
60min RT ~
' ^m
Serial dilutio
S 1 60min RT 1 Spin 1 Wa
Add SOOOrpm 50
_ Wash soln 15 mins 15
the undiluted extract and
rpm each serial dilution plated
~* onto tryptic soy agar plates
TJ in triplicate, allowed to dry,
Water and incubated overnight at
1 ^ 35ฐ C to 37ฐ C for B.
* ? anthracis.
n + Plate Count
1 Plates enumerated
snx3IH within 18 to 24 hours of
plating. The number of
JOrprn _,_, x .
^^ CFU/ml was determined
mins by multiplying the average
^< number of colonies oer
-mo-spots SPOr''S0"1 WatW wash soln wash soln water plate by the reciprocal' of
Decon soln: Decontaminant solution
the dilution.
Wash soln: Wash solution (50% glycerol solution)
Ba spore soln ; Bacillus onthracis spore solution
^^^^PEDPLE. PASSION. 1 N N O VATI O N . ^^ ^^^
C-137
Development of Microemulsion Decontaminant Against Chemical and Biological Agents
Lee Hwi Ang | DSO National Laboratories
-------
DSO
Test Methodologies for BWA
Surface Decon efficiency studies
- 1.9 cm x 7.5 cm painted concrete and ceramic tiles
- EPA test/QA plan for "Evaluating Liquid and Foam Sporicidal Spray
Decontaminants" spray decontaminants protocol for evaluation of surface
decontamination efficacy was adopted and modified.
5 ml of decontamination solution was added
onto the surface using surgical pipette and left
to contact for 30 minutes.
After 30 minutes, the coupons were washed
with approximately 10 ml of milliQ water.
The decontaminated and control coupons (not
decontaminated, not washed) are placed into a
50ml falcon tube each containing 10 ml PBS
with 0.1% Tritron X-100 and agitated on an
orbital shaker at 200rpm for 15 minutes.
1.0 ml of the extract will be removed and a series of
dilutions through 10~7 will be prepared in sterile water.
EOPLE. PASSION. INNOVATION.
Performance against CW Agents
CWA Degradation
More consistent performance across the range of CW agents.
EDPLE. PASSION. INNOVATIOl
C-138
Development of Microemulsion Decontaminant Against Chemical and Biological Agents
Lee Hwi Ang | DSO National Laboratories
-------
Performance against CW Agents
Surface Decon (CWA)
GA on Painted Concrete
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
GD on Painted Concrete
100.0
so.o
so.o
40.0
20.0
il.i)
VX on Painted Concrete
HD on Painted Concrete
L2 on Painted Concrete
100.0
80.0
40.0
20.0
Higher surface decon efficiency in particular for VX and L2.
OPLE. PASSION. INNOVATION.
Performance against CW Agents
CWA Vapour Decon
Vapour Removal Efficiency (VRE) [%] for DSO ME21
and COTS 3 with CWA
100% -
J1 90%
1 50% -
ฃj 40%
fฃ
.- 30%
10%
v^
sb
ESH
1
BME21
a COTS 3
GA
GD
VX
HD
L2
- Higher vapour removal efficiency in particular for VX and HD.
EDPLE. PASSION. INNOVATIOl
C-139
Development of Microemulsion Decontaminant Against Chemical and Biological Agents
Lee Hwi Ang | DSO National Laboratories
-------
Performance against BWAgents
Killing efficiency Surface Decon efficiency
on Bacillus anthrads 10340 spore
ME2I achieved >9 log kill
Surface decon is limited by extensive
penetration of spores
COTS 1 achieved < 3 log reduction of
B. anthracis, and thus not evaluated on
materials.
Bacillus anthracif 10340on Painted Concrete
Bacillus anthrads 10340 on Ceramics
: The decontaminant were not sprayed, but applied onto the coupon.
EOPLE. PASSION. INNOVATION.
Detector interference studies
To establish the range of false alarms triggered by the decontaminants among the
array of different detectors
Detectors studied-AP4C(Proengin), CAM and HGVI (Smiths Detection)
Detector
AP4C
CAM
HGVI
Direct Exposure to ME21
No CWA alarm
G-agent alarm
No CWA alarm
EDPLE. PASSION. INNOVATIOl
C-140
Development of Microemulsion Decontaminant Against Chemical and Biological Agents
Lee Hwi Ang | DSO National Laboratories
-------
J&DSO
<*ป M
Methodology
Immersion of the
Decontaminant re
Air-dry for 24
hours before
determining the
weight
Further drying
and weight
determination till
constant weight
Visual
assessment of
any surface
damage
^^k_ ^^^^ _^^ai
Material compatibility studies
naterials in the decontaminant for 24 hours
moved via washing with water
Material
BlackAlkyd
White Alkyd
MattPU
Glossy PU
Vinyl
Painted concrete
White glazed ceramics (with
porous backing)
Grey ceramics (with non-
porous backing)
ABS, sandblasted
Polycarbonate
Compatibility
Weight Change
<1%
<1%
<1%
<1%
<1%
1% to 4%
>4%
<1%
<1%
<1%
Visual Observation
No change
Stripping of paint and
undercoat
No change
No change
No change
Peeling of paint
No change
No change
No change
No change
Bฃ**ff*toป ^HHBg^LE. PASS.ON. .NNnVATIQN. *^^^j^
Conclusion
A single decontaminant for multiple chem-bio threats,
applicable for both surface and vapour decontamination (ME21)
Proven effective against wide spectrum of CWAs and anthrax
spores , , , ,
* Can be applied with various
COTS dispenser (spray and
aerosoliser) for source
mitigation, surface and vapour
decontamination
Relatively non-aggressive to
surfaces and contains
relatively non-toxic ingredients
Simple mixing produces ME21 in 5 min.
EOPLE. PASSION. INNDVATIDl
C-141
Development of Microemulsion Decontaminant Against Chemical and Biological Agents
Lee Hwi Ang | DSO National Laboratories
-------
DSO
Acknowledgement
Team Members
Ang Linda, Lim Meiyun, Loh Gek Kee, Low Hwee Teng, Ng Liu Yun
Jasmine, Ng Ming Horng George, Eunice Sim, Tan Yoke Cheng
Funding and Support Agencies
Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Explosive Defence group,
(CBREDG), SAP
Future Systems & Technology Directorate (FSTD), MINDEF
OPLE. PASSION. INNOVATION.
C-142
Development of Microemulsion Decontaminant Against Chemical and Biological Agents
Lee Hwi Ang | DSO National Laboratories
-------
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Novel Decon Concept - DeconGel
RDECOM
Novel Decon Concept
DeconGel
Bio-efficacy against Spores
Vipin K. Rastogi1, Markos Dasakalakis2, Garry Edgington2,
and Lisa Smith1
1. R&T Directorate, US Army - ECBC, APG, MD
2. CBI Polymers, Inc., Honolulu, HI
Presented at the 2015 EPA's International Decon Conference
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Novel Decon Concept - DeconGel
RDECOM
Concept Description
Apply a viscous hydrogel polymer over the
contaminated surface -> let dry -> peel
and dispose
CBIP developed the technology to clean
and decontaminate surfaces contaminated
with toxic chemicals and radioactive
materials
During the drying process, the gel traps and
encapsulates the surface contaminants
Can the DeconGel be reformulated to
decontaminate C/B/R/N threat materials?
Origin of Requirement |
Why is this a novel decon approach?
Current options somewhat corrosive and
require pre/post-rinsing generating
hazardous waste
For Biological Warfare Agents (BWAs),
spore reaerosolization is a an issue
A single technology for CBRN threat
materials is highly desirable
Who is interested in this novel technology?
Department of Homeland Security
Department of Defense
US EPA
Defense Threat Reduction Agency
Concept Pictures
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
C-143
Novel Bio-decon Approach - DeconGel
Vipin Rastogi | U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
-------
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Bio-DeconGel
ttDECOM
Unique Advantages
Reduced hazardous waste
No re-aerosolization of spores, as gel locks in the threat material
Gel matrix allows penetration through other contaminants to the spore
surface
Gel matrix improves wetting of active ingredients through the spore
surface
Gel matrix increases exposure time of active ingredients
Forensic evidence preserved and retrievable
No special trainings required
Corrosiveness and material incompatibility issues significantly reduced or
eliminated
Long shelf-life reduces replacement cost/ logistical burden
Multiple options for application - spraying, pouring and spreading, brush
painting
FOR OFFICIf ปE ONLY
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Bio - Four Formulations
9 ROECOM
1.
2.
3.
4.
Formulation 1 - additive 1 (1.5% by weight) added to
hydrogel 1128A
Formulation 2 - additive 2 (4% by weight) added to
hydrogel 1128A
Formulation 3 - additive 2 (6% by weight added to
hydrogel 1128D (optimized for high
efficacy for a period of 4 hours after
preparation
Formulation 4 - additive 1 (2% by weight) added to
hydrogel 1128D (optimized for high
efficacy for a period of 4 hours after
preparation)
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
C-144
Novel Bio-decon Approach - DeconGel
Vipin Rastogi | U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
-------
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Experimental Flow-chart
RDECOM
****
**** *
*****
**** *
*****
Inoculated UTR Coupons (concrete, painted steel, aluminum, glazed tile)
**** *
*****
No Gel Control
'
Control Coupon, gel film, and wipes are all extracted in 20 ml 0.01% Tween-80, and
enumerated by dilution plating
FOR OFFICIf ปE ONLY
_. US. MMY ซ^
B. anthracis Spore QA/QC ^ ปปซ*ป">
Table 1. QA/QC of BaDS spores used in small-chamber efficacy testing at ECBC
Sample
HCI1
HCI2
HCI3
0.01%Tween80
0.01%Tween80
0.01%Tween80
Dilution
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.00001
0.00001
0.00001
CPU
300
300
300
39
30
41
CPU
300
300
300
28
28
39
CPU/ml
3000000
3000000
3000000
Average
28000000
28000000
39000000
Average
Log(CFU) Log Reduction
6.48 1.02
6.48 1.02
6.48 1.02
6.48
7.45
7.45
7.59
7.50 1.02
a. 10-fiL aliquots were exposed to 2. 5-N HClfor 10-min.
h Control and treated vainvh.^ were !*>ป>!-^T;}isJ 6r :'-H^i^:-': i.:i^ihr^
Table 2. QA/QC of BaDS spores used in small-chamber efficacy testing at ECBC
Sample
Control
Heat Shock BadS
Dilution
10-8
10-8
Plate 1
3f
4f
Plate 2
4t
4t
Average
3
4
CPU/ml Log
3 3.80E+10 10.58
i 4.30E+10 10.63
a. 200-fjL f;//,7,7o/.i were exposed ':<' 65 JC;0; 30-min.
imfirttVtf navnt
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Spores used in
this study are
'Hardy', as they
are heat-
resistant and
acid-resistant
WMFKHIBtmaJGHt.
C-145
Novel Bio-decon Approach - DeconGel
Vipin Rastogi | U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
-------
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Efficacy - Formulation 1
ttDECOM
Sporicidal Efficacy of Formulation 1 Against Spores of Bacillus
jiiihfjcis (ASterne) Inoculated as Suspension on UTR Coupons
Painted Steel ' m
Coupon Type*
FOR OFFICIf ปE ONLY
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Efficacy - Formulation 2
9 ROECOM
'OM
Log p..iJijcti..ui In '.'Mhlซ Sfii.-i.) NurnlMt al Bjctfhii jriJ/:r.ici's (OSItttrM) by
DซconGปl Fonnulalion 3 (Stnpปr>*kปn Spora Inoculation)
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
C-146
Novel Bio-decon Approach - DeconGel
Vipin Rastogi | U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
-------
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Efficacy - Formulation 3
ttDECOM
. .1
LeglhdaelfaaktVttb Spoi*by Fa-rmulilkm 3 on UTR Coupon* (10 rtp*)
Coupon Typซ
FOR OFFICU 5E ONLY
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Efficacy - Formulation 4
9 ROECOM
'OM
Avwig* Log Reduction to Numbซr of Sporปซ by Formublten 4 Dซ:onGปl
Coupon Typ*t
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
C-147
Novel Bio-decon Approach - DeconGel
Vipin Rastogi | U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
-------
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Bio-efficacy -^ Phase 2
RDECOM
- Phase I was the subject of this presentation
- Phase II has been also been completed, and the report is
pending review
- In phase 2, sprayable version of the gel was used after
formulation
FOR OFFICIf ปE ONLY
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Sprayable DeconGel
9 RDECOM
'OM
GHIHtPQCUfEB.
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
C-148
Novel Bio-decon Approach - DeconGel
Vipin Rastogi | U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
-------
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Bio-DeconGel * CW Decon?
Where do we go from here?
- Formulations effective against BWAs completed
- Formulations effective against CW threats needs to be
investigated
- Combine this technology with previously developed
DeconGel technology effective in the decontamination of
toxic chemicals and radioactive materials
- Overall Goal - To develop an advanced CBRN Decon
Technology Demonstration for different scenarios, e.g.,
building interiors, sensitive equipments, and transport
systems, including train cars and aircraft
FOR OFFICIf ปE ONLY
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Conclusions
9 ROECOM
OM
- Under the UTR program, four relevant surfaces selected, concrete,
painted steel, aluminum, and glazed tile
- Spore recovery from painted steel and aluminum a challenge, since
barely 6-log recovered, even though 7-logs inoculated
- Two Formulations out of four are very effective with sporicidal efficacy
>6-logs
- Large chamber testing completed in Phase II of DHS contract
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
C-149
Novel Bio-decon Approach - DeconGel
Vipin Rastogi | U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
-------
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
CREDITS
ttDECOM
- Dr. Donald Bansleben, S&T PM, DHS
- Funding and Program Direction
- Dr. Shannon Sere and Dr. Shawn Ryan,
U.S. EPA's NHSRC
- For Test Plan Review
- Ms. Lisa Smith, Michelle Ziemski, and
LTC L Burton (ECBC)
- Dr. Markos Daskalakis (CBIP)
FOR OFFICIf ปE ONLY
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
(Back-up) Business Case
9 ROECOM
'OM
_-<
Why Invest in a decontamination method that may
not meet military specifications?
- Demonstrated and effective C/B/R DeconGel gives the military a valid second
source option should GPD or JSEW not prove adequate in operational use
- The unique capabilities of the proposed technology enable it to work with current
decontamination methods as a force multiplier effect
- The inherent capabilities of DeconGel to encapsulate radiological isotopes and
TICs and TIMs gives the military a commercialized capability that does not
require POM support
- Commercialized C/BW capability also does not require POM support unless the
military decides to stockpile the capability
- The technology gives the military an additional viable option for urban centers of
gravity decontamination (ops centers, transportation hubs, communication
nodes)
- The friendly nature of the product gives the military a viable option to train with
the same technology they would use in urban settings
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
C-150
Novel Bio-decon Approach - DeconGel
Vipin Rastogi | U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
-------
I
Homeland
Security
Science and Technology
TO A
New Advanced Oxidant
Generation Method for Large
Area Biological
Decontamination
Brian France, Ph.D.
2015 EPA International Decontamination
Research and Development Conference
May 5, 2015
Research
Outline
Regulatory requirements
Traditional aqueous oxidants
New method to generate chlorine dioxide
Applications
Performance
Summary
Acknowledgements
TPA
Research
C-151
New Advanced Oxidant Generation Method for Large Area Biological Decontamination
Brian France \ TDA Research, Inc.
-------
Regulatory Requirements
Products with antimicrobial claims are
regulated by the EPA under FIFRA
- Microorganisms (including anthrax)
Efficacy is verified
Toxicity and environmental impact are
evaluated
EPA pesticide registration notice 2008-2
restricts sales of anthrax related products to
military, FOSC and their trained contractors
TDA
Research
Traditional Aqueous Oxidants
Bleach
- pH adjusted bleach
Hydrogen peroxide
Peracetic acid solutions
Chlorine dioxide
chemically or electrochemically generated
C1O2 has known advantages in efficacy, but its use
has been limited by the requirement for on-site
generation
TDA
Research
C-152
New Advanced Oxidant Generation Method for Large Area Biological Decontamination
Brian France | TDA Research, Inc.
-------
Features Desired for Aqueous Oxidants
Long storage life at ambient temperature
- A particular challenge with bleach and peroxide
Easy shipping/transportation
Conveniently applied with standard equipment
- Easy to control the concentration
Materials compatibility
Safe for operators
- Personal Protective Equipment
- No respiratory protection needed
TDA
Research
Sustained Oxidant Concentration
For safety and materials compatibility, a decon solution
should produce the minimal effective concentration and
sustain it as long as possible.
Unfortunately, current products produce an initial high
concentration of oxidants that rapidly decreases
Actual
TDA
Oxidant Exposure
Concentration over Time
V
Exposure Time
Research
concentration
in solution
Minimal
concentration
to kill microbe
C-153
New Advanced Oxidant Generation Method for Large Area Biological Decontamination
Brian France | TDA Research, Inc.
-------
New Oxidant Generation Method
Invented by Procter & Gamble
- P&G continues to develop for consumer markets
- IDA is developing the chemistry for other applications
New method sustains a low but effective level of
oxidant over extended periods
TDA
Oxidant Exposure
Concentration over Time
Traditional
oxidants
New Generation
Methods
Minimal
concentration to
kill microbe
Exposure Time
Research
TDA
New Oxidant Generation Method
Improved storage life and ease of shipping
- Store and transport a powder solid, not a reactive
solution
Easy to apply with standard commercial
sprayers
- Oxidant concentration species fixed by formulation
Improved materials compatibility due to low
concentration
Safe for operators - no respiratory protection
needed
Research
C-154
New Advanced Oxidant Generation Method for Large Area Biological Decontamination
Brian France | TDA Research, Inc.
-------
TDA
New Oxidant Generation Method
Chlorine dioxide is photochemically generated from
chlorite ion in aqueous solution
- Photoactivator absorbs light, removes electron from
chlorite to produce C1O2
- Multiple photoactivators are available
Including materials that are food grade, GRAS list
Chlorine dioxide kills microbes and is reduced back
to chlorite
- Can be catalytically cycled
- Works using visible light
Biodegradable surfactants help wet surfaces,
improve contact with oxidizing solution
Research
Technology Details
Two packets are dissolved in water on-site
- Packet A: Sodium chlorite
- Packet B: Photoactivator and surfactant
Use outdoors, or indoors with standard light sources
As long as the ingredients are wet they will continue
to work
Ingredients may be viable after rewetting, days or
weeks later
Logistics
- Low cost, competitive with bleach
2 grams of consumable per liter of decontaminant
TDA
Research
C-155
New Advanced Oxidant Generation Method for Large Area Biological Decontamination
Brian France | TDA Research, Inc.
-------
Consumer Applications
The safety, ease of use, and low cost make
this product a good consumer product
Its use for consumer applications has been
demonstrated
TO A
Research
Aluminum Siding
Before
After 24 hours
TPA
Research
C-156
New Advanced Oxidant Generation Method for Large Area Biological Decontamination
Brian France | TDA Research, Inc.
-------
Wooden Deck
Before
After 24 hours
TO A
Research
Brick Under Deck
Initial
96 hour follow-up
TPA
Research
C-157
New Advanced Oxidant Generation Method for Large Area Biological Decontamination
Brian France | TDA Research, Inc.
-------
TO A
Concrete Patio
Research
Extended Benefit
After 9 months
m
Treated with bleach
Treated with
photo-C!O2
I
Initially both sides looked equivalent, however the
one exposed to photo-C!O2 had extended benefit.
TPA
Research
C-158
New Advanced Oxidant Generation Method for Large Area Biological Decontamination
Brian France | TDA Research, Inc.
-------
National Security
Demonstrated antimicrobial performance on
relevant surfaces
IDA tested efficacy against anthrax
surrogates
TDA
Research
Photo-ClO2 Sporicidal Efficacy
Multiple formulations showed 8 log kill
within ~15 min
- B. subtilis - commercially available spore prep
a surrogate for Anthrax
- In solution
.E+09
ฃ .E+oa '
^ .E+07
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t
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1 m m
zi
\
\
\
\
\
\
V _
5 ID 15 20 25 30 3^
Time Under Solar Simulator (min)
.E+09
ฃ .E+OS '
^ .E+07
.2
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- .E+O4
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g
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a .E-toi
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| B
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Time Under Solar Simulator (min)
C-159
New Advanced Oxidant Generation Method for Large Area Biological Decontamination
Brian France | TDA Research, Inc.
-------
Surface Decontamination Efficacy
Goal: Demonstrate ability to decon spore contaminated
surfaces
Challenge: lO6^. thuringiensis CPU
Substrates: Glass, plastic, painted dry wall and soil
(Arizona Test Dust)
Procedures: Contaminate substrate and allow spore
suspension to dry, decontaminate, use CDC spore
sampling procedures to sample substrate for remaining
viable spores. Plate and count to determine spore
reduction
TO A
Research
Surface Decontamination
Efficacy
Substrate
Glass
CPVC Plastic
Painted Wallboard
Soil 250mg/ml
Soil 500mg/ml
Time
SOmin
60min
240 min
45min
60 min
Efficacy
sterilization, 6 log reduction
sterilization, 6 log reduction
sterilization, 6 log reduction
sterilization, 6 log reduction
3. 7 log reduction
1
J
3
|
Photo-ClO2 Decon of B. thuringiensis
an Painted Wallboard
^ฃ&^*
^
j^" ^*S*-^Bi^
^^ _^^*^~
&ฃ_^^^_ ifiBmTK
^^^
so i/oo isc 200 a*o
lipuu" Timปi (Min)
Efficacy testing at reduced chlorite concentrations
- Varied chlorite concentration over two orders of magnitude
As chlorite concentration decreases, time to kill increases
Tests confirm that the photo-QO2 solution remains active for hours
(must remain wet, activity can continue if dried and rewetted)
Lower chlorite concentration increases materials compatibility, lowers
cost and improves logistics
TO A
Research
C-160
New Advanced Oxidant Generation Method for Large Area Biological Decontamination
Brian France | TDA Research, Inc.
-------
Chemical Decontamination
Performance
Chlorine Dioxide is known to neutralize
CW agents VX and HD (mustard)
In preliminary tests at IDA, the photo-C!O2
system showed reactivity against CEPS,
- CEPS is an HD simulant that is slower to
oxidize than agent HD
(~4x slower than HD)
TDA
Research
Making a Viable National
Security Bio-Decon Product
EPA registration of a product with claims of
efficacy against anthrax is required
- A single-use product is not sustainable
Photo-ClO2 has consumer applications that
will make the technology available when
needed
Consumer and national security products
are being developed together
TDA
Research
C-161
New Advanced Oxidant Generation Method for Large Area Biological Decontamination
Brian France | TDA Research, Inc.
-------
Summary
The U.S. requires the ability to respond to an
attack with biological agents, including anthrax
Tests at TDA have shown that the Photo-ClO2
system is effective against spores on both indoor
and outdoor surfaces
Sustained generation of a low concentration of
oxidant affords good efficacy, with improved
storage life, shipping and handling, and operator
safety
TDA
Research
Acknowledgements
Collaborators at P&G
DHS SBIR Phase I funding
- Dr. Don Bansleben, DHS
- Contract: HSHQDC-14-C-00049
TDA
Research
C-162
New Advanced Oxidant Generation Method for Large Area Biological Decontamination
Brian France | TDA Research, Inc.
-------
Decontamination of large spaces
Scopes and limitation
Marek Kuzma
Introduction
Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v. v. i.
> - Chemical, biological decontamination
- Development of the equipment
Cooperation
- Army facilities - BSL4 workplace
- Institute of Virology, SAS Bratislava
- Private companies
C-163
Decontamination of Large Spaces - Scopes and Limitations
Marek Kuzma | Institute of Microbiology of AS Czech Republic
-------
Large area decontamination
Impulses for large area decontamination development
Japan, Tokio 19951
10x900 ml Sarine
12 dead
50 severely injured
1000 people with temporary vision problems
USA Washington D.C., 2001 Amerithrax 2
5 dead, 17 infected
total damage exceeded $1 billion
Large area definition
indoor space with complex geometry and/or high strategic importance,
high migration of people, high risk of terrorist attack or epidemic infection
or industrial accident
buildings (government, post offices, hospitals, hotels)
industrial facilities, halls, depots
transport infrastructure (railway station, subway, airports)
1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack
2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_anthrax_attacks
Large area decontamination
Wet methods
not full covered
surface
damage of the interior
danger to staffs
large, trained team
cleaning of the dirt
Gaseous methods
full treated surface by the
diffusion
low number of staffs
minimal damage of the
interior
only surface action
could be automated, reduced
human factor
The main gas fumigants:
Ethylen oxide - flammable
Methyl bromide - ozone layer destroyer
Formaldehyde
Chlorine dioxide the most useful for large areas
Hydrogen peroxide (VPHP)
C-164
Decontamination of Large Spaces - Scopes and Limitations
Marek Kuzma | Institute of Microbiology of AS Czech Republic
-------
Ideal decontamination agent
W.A. Rutala and D.J. Weber 3
High efficiency and activity
Material compatibility
Non-toxicity
Odorless
Non-staining
Resistance to organic material
Monitoring capability
Environment-friendly use
Prolonged reuse life
Long shelf life
Unrestricted disposal
Cost-effectiveness
3) Rutala W.A. and Weber D.J.; Infect Control Hasp Epidemiol 20:69-76 (1999)
Decontamination methods comparison
*IARC
anim
4)Cz
1. OSHA 8 hr TWA (time weighted average)
2. Odor Detection
3. Cycle Time (Risk of Exposure)
4. Carcinogen
5. Typical Concentrations
6. Penetration & Distribution
7. Penetrate Water
Penetrate Oil
Penetrate Grease
8. Emergency Aeration Time
9. Residues
10. NSF approvals
11. U.S. EPA approvals
CIO2
0.1 ppm
Yes
3-4 hours
NO
1800 ppm
Yes (gas)
Yes
No
No
5-30 min
None
Yes
Yes
VPHP
1.0 ppm
No
4-7 hours
NO*
1000 ppm
No (Vapor)
No
No
No
1-6 hours
None
No
Yes
Formaldehyde
0.75 ppm
Yes
9-15 hours
YES
8000-10000 ppm
Yes (gas)
Yes
No
No
1 hour + cleanup
Yes
Yes
No
, NTP, and OSHA do not list hydrogen peroxide as a carcinogen. ACGIH lists hydrogen peroxide as an A3
al
arneskiM.A., Lorcheim K. ; Applied Biosafety 16: 1, 2011
C-165
Decontamination of Large Spaces - Scopes and Limitations
Marek Kuzma | Institute of Microbiology of AS Czech Republic
-------
Large area fumigations parameters
Method operation parameters:
Medium -Toxicity
- Decomposition products / residues
Device - Mobility, Storage, Supply needs
Target area - Preparedness, Material compatibility
Price
Method efficiency is determined by:
Concentration in the target
Physical conditions (temperature, humidity..)
Large area fumigations parameters
Concentration in the target depend on:
Decomposition of fumigant
Sorption of fumigant to the materials
Penetration of fumigant through the materials
Temperature profiles
> condensation
Dynamic process
> proper distribution by mixing and diffusion
C-166
Decontamination of Large Spaces - Scopes and Limitations
Marek Kuzma | Institute of Microbiology of AS Czech Republic
-------
Scale up of Fumigation methods
Methods for
Small simply defined space X Large complex space
Comparison of commercial solutions based on
small defined areas applications 5<6
Understanding the process:
basic laboratory research
laboratory study of simulated conditions
implementation to large applications
Application of the large processes:
based on laboratory data
complex proces in large scales
direct scale up is not fully successful
5) EPA600/R-11/052 (2011) www.epa.gov/ord
6) EPA/600/R-13/168 (2013) www.epa.gov/ord
Fumigant target concentration
Proper action = sufficient concentration
For H2O2 levels 800 ppm, the microbicidal activity of the VPHP is found to
be independent from humidity.7
Issue of complicated geometry of decontaminated area/surfaces
Issue of diffusion into gaps and lumens (width < 4 mm, depth > 30 mm)8
according to the reported and our data - sterility failure in the lab
due to poor distribution
For the better activity - potentiation of the fumigant
More active fumigant -ป low concentration is sufficient
Lower concentration -Hower corrosive properties
7) Unger-Bimczok, B., Kottke, V., Hertel C., Rauschnabel, J.; J. Pharm. Innov. 3: 123-33 (2008)
8) Unger-Bimczok, B., Kosian, T., Kottke, V., Hertel C., Rauschnabel, J.; J. Pharm. Innov. accepted to print (2011)
C-167
Decontamination of Large Spaces - Scopes and Limitations
Marek Kuzma | Institute of Microbiology of AS Czech Republic
-------
Sporicidal activity potentiation by VPHP
Sevei
Number of ki
decontamina
ral additives to improve sporicidal effect of the
fumigant was laboratory tested
led test spots of Bacillus Stearothermophylus without barrier dependent on used
it (pure additive or mixture with VPHP) and time of exposition
One test spot = 1 x 1 06 spores
rime of
exposition [min]
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
75
180
Decontaminant
VPHP IADD i |ADD 2
\\)/ 3)
(1/3)
(2/3)
(1/3)
(3/3)
(3/3)
(U/3J
(2/3)
(3/3)
(3/3)
(3/3)
(3/3)
(0/3)
(0/3)
(0/3)
(0/3)
(0/3)
(0/3)
MIX1
(1/3)
(3/3)
(2/3)
(3/3)
(3/3)
(3/3)
(3/3)
(3/3)
(3/3)
(3/3)
(3/3)
(3/3)
(3/3)
(3/3)
MIX 2
(0/3)
(0/3)
(1/3)
(0/3)
(0/3)
(0/3)
(2/3)
(1/3)
(2/3)
(2/3)
(3/3)
(3/3)
(3/3)
(3/3)
Success / fail evaluation
Result of bio decontamination process generally
evaluated by biological coupons/bioindicators
No clean surfaces occurs in large areas
Main influence - penetration of the fumigant through diffusion barriers
(soil, blood, grease, etc.)
Sterile biological coupon yet doesn't mean sterile area.
Reproducibility and reliability of biological coupons
Observed errors, reported errors of sterility evaluation by biological
coupons9
Complex process: spores, used materials, used medium, preparation,
cultivation
Main influence - penetration of the fumigant through diffusion barriers
(Spores are covered by a pouch and dry medium)
Developed ,,penetration sterility test"
Simulate the organic dirt and transport barrier
9) Sandle, T., Journal of Validation Compliance, 20: 1, (2014)
n
C-168
Decontamination of Large Spaces - Scopes and Limitations
Marek Kuzma | Institute of Microbiology of AS Czech Republic
-------
Penetration tests
Numl
deco
)er of killed test spots of Bacillus Stearothermophylus dependent on used
ntaminant, penetration depth and time of exposition One test spot = 1 x 106 spores
Decontaminant
VPHP
MIX1
MIX 2
1st layer, 0.135 mm
2nd layer, 0.270 mm
3rd layer, 0.405 mm
4th layer, 0.540 mm
1st layer, 0.135 mm
2nd layer, 0.270 mm
3rd layer, 0.405 mm
4th layer, 0.540 mm
5th layer, 0.675 mm
6th layer, 0.810 mm
1st layer, 0.135 mm
2nd layer, 0.270 mm
3rd layer, 0.405 mm
4th layer, 0.540 mm
5th layer, 0.675 mm
time of exposition [h]
4
(5/5)
(0/5)
(0/5)
(0/5)
(5/5)
(5/5)
(0/5)
(0/5)
(0/5)
(0/5)
(5/5)
(1/5)
(0/5)
(0/5)
(0/5)
8
(5/5)
(5/5)
(0/5)
(0/5)
(5/5)
(5/5)
(5/5)
(0/5)
(0/5)
(0/5)
(5/5)
(5/5)
(2/5)
(0/5)
(0/5)
12
(5/5)
(5/5)
(5/5)
(0/5)
(5/5)
(5/5)
(5/5)
(5/5)
(0/5)
(0/5)
(5/5)
(5/5)
(5/5)
16
(5/5)
(5/5)
(5/5)
(5/5)
(5/5)
(5/5)
(5/5)
(5/5)
(5/5)
(3/5)
(5/5)
(5/5)
(5/5)
(1/5) (5/5)
(0/5) 1 (5/5)
Fumigation methods-potential for chemical decontamination
Challenge - To develop a universal chemical/bio
decontamination method
The high redox potential10 of H2O21.8V give to VPHP
ability to be used for chemical decontamination
Potentiation of the process by amines, UV-C
Tested on active Pharmaceuticals and organophosphates
10) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide
C-169
Decontamination of Large Spaces - Scopes and Limitations
Marek Kuzma | Institute of Microbiology of AS Czech Republic
-------
Degradation of pharmaceutical substances11
Pharmaceutical
substance
Buprenorphine
Butorphanol
Amoxicillin
Gentamicin sulfate
Chloramphenicol
Nystatin
Carbamazepine
Pimaricin(Natamycin)
Ketoprofen
Testosterone
Cyclosporine
Mycophenolate mofetil
H
Pergolide
of the results:
Degradation
byVPHP
YES NO
3
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
21
".";
Paclitaxel
11] Svrcek, Jiri; Syslova, Kamila; Stibal, David; Kuzma, Marek; Kacer, Peter, Degradation of biologically active substances
by vapor-phase hydrogen peroxide, RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES, 40(2), 619-626 (2014).
N
Susceptible function groups
VPHP
Buprenorph
Butorphanol
ine\Kmp^
R1N-O
R3
VPHP
Butorphanol TEA / uV-fc Butorphanol-N-oxide
Sulphametizole
C-170
Decontamination of Large Spaces - Scopes and Limitations
Marek Kuzma | Institute of Microbiology of AS Czech Republic
-------
Susceptible function groups
C=C
VPHP
TEA/UV-fc
HO OH
aft. -c
/\
VPHP
-> Pt aqua and hydroxo-complexes
VPHP
substances
1C c
I O intact TEA / UV-C O intact
J
Decontamination of organophosphate pesticides
G. W. Wagner & al.12
Potentiation of VPHP by NH3
for GD warfare agent decontamination
GD (soman)
R1O-P-O-R2
A (S)
R1-0-P-0-R3
R1-0-P-0-R2
Increasing of toxicity
R1-0-P-OH + Ho-Rs Significant lost of
o (Ho3s-R3) biological activity
Tested pesticides:
Parathion
Pirimiphos-methyl
Chlorpyrifos
Dimethoate
Demeton-S-methyl-sulfon
Famphur
Malathion
o -y-ฐH o -J-ฐH o
Total degradation FM-O-P-OH -^-~ HO-P-OH -^~ HO-P-OH
VPHP+TEA+UV
R1 =R2 = Me,Et
Decomposition products
Total disappearance
all tested pesticide substrates
and toxic oxone intermediates
12) Wagner G.W.,*Sorrick D.C., Procell L.R., Brickhouse M.D., Mcvey I.F., Schwartz L.I.;Langmuir 23, 1178-1186(2007)
C-171
Decontamination of Large Spaces - Scopes and Limitations
Marek Kuzma | Institute of Microbiology of AS Czech Republic
-------
Conclusions
Decontamination of large areas is multiparametric
complex process where simple decon routine:
"Push the button and do not care" couldn't exist.
Success/fail limitation factor - sufficient concentration
in the target area.
Improvement of fumigant activity increase the
probability of successful decontamination.
Reliability of bio-indicator coupon is still issue.
Conclusions
VPHP seems to be the most promising decontamination
method for large scale areas applications.
VPHP have a potential capability for universal bio and
chemical decontamination.
Potentiation of VPHP by chemical additives, UV or
photocatalysts could be solution of transport and
chemodecontamination issues.
Monitoring of fumigant concentration in target area
seems to be helpful.
Unification and control production of bioindicator could
increase the explanatory power of cultivation test
results.
C-172
Decontamination of Large Spaces - Scopes and Limitations
Marek Kuzma | Institute of Microbiology of AS Czech Republic
-------
Acknowledgment
Jaroslav Cerveny
Dusan Pavlik
Petr Kacer
David Kacer
Jiff Svrcek
Libor Panek
1
Thank you for your attention
C-173
Decontamination of Large Spaces - Scopes and Limitations
Marek Kuzma | Institute of Microbiology of AS Czech Republic
-------
Acknowledgements
Battelle
William Richter
Andrew Lastivka
Young Choi
James Rogers
Zack Wi Men berg
EPA
Leroy Mickelsen
Richard Rupert
C-174
Methyl Bromide Decontamination of Indoor and Outdoor Materials Contaminated by Bacillus anthracis Spores
Morgan Wendling | Battelle
-------
Objective
To determine the decontamination efficacy (Iog10
reduction, or LR) of methyl bromide (MeBr) fumigant
to inactivate Bacillus anthracis Ames at relatively
lower RH levels and/or temperatures, making MeBr
fumigation easier to implement
Comparison of MeBr results with other spore-forming
microorganisms to assess their potential as
representative surrogates for B.a. Ames
Microorganisms
Virulent Strain:
B.a. Ames (Battelle Lot B21)
Avirulent Strains:
Geobacillus stearothermophilus (G.s.)
(ATCC 12980)
B.a. NNR1A1 (Edgewood Chemical and
Biological Center)
B.a. Sterne 34f2 (Colorado Serum
Company)
All strains diluted to ~1 x 109 CFU/mL
C-175
Methyl Bromide Decontamination of Indoor and Outdoor Materials Contaminated by Bacillus anthracis Spores
Morgan Wendling | Battelle
-------
Materials
Ceiling Tile
Carpet
Glass
Painted Wallboard Paper
Bare Pine Wood
Unpainted Concrete
All coupons 1.9 cm by 7.5 cm
Inoculation of spores
Inoculation of Coupons
100 (jL volume (~1 x 108 CPU) on each material
Contained inside BSC III
Dried overnight at ambient conditions prior to initiation of
decontamination cycle
C-176
Methyl Bromide Decontamination of Indoor and Outdoor Materials Contaminated by Bacillus anthracis Spores
Morgan Wendling | Battelle
-------
Materials and Methods
nl
Methyl Bromide
Chemtura, Philadelphia, PA
(EPA Reg. No. 5785-11)
Colorless, odorless Gas
0.5% chloropicrin added as a warning irritant (lacrimator)
100% phase out except for allowable exemptions (soil and
quarantine fumigant) in 2005
Still roughly 7 millions pounds used each year
Materials and Methods
Methyl Bromide Monitoring
MeBr concentration was measured
continuously during the contact
period using a Fumiscope (Key
Chemical and Equipment Company)
MeBr concentration maintained
within 10% of target through
automated control system
MeBr Fumiscope
C-177
Methyl Bromide Decontamination of Indoor and Outdoor Materials Contaminated by Bacillus anthracis Spores
Morgan Wendling | Battelle
-------
Materials and Methods
Methyl Bromide Testing Chamber
^^^^^^IH
*
r
9 Business Sensitive
Materials and Methods
Methyl Bromide Testing Chamber
C-178
Methyl Bromide Decontamination of Indoor and Outdoor Materials Contaminated by Bacillus anthracis Spores
Morgan Wendling | Battelle
-------
Materials and Methods
DECONTAMINATION
Decontamination run started when
chamber equilibrated to desired
temperature and RH
MeBr slowly injected until target
concentration was reached
Chamber remained sealed until end of
contact time
MeBr turned off, seal of the chamber
broken by removing lid
Test chamber and glove box allowed to
off-gas until the MeBr levels in the
chamber reached 0 mg/L
Materials and Methods
SAMPLE PROCESSING
Extract for 15 min
0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS
Orbital Shaker @ 200 rpm
C-179
Methyl Bromide Decontamination of Indoor and Outdoor Materials Contaminated by Bacillus anthracis Spores
Morgan Wendling | Battelle
-------
MeBr Test Matrix
Materials Microorganisms Concentration
(mg/L)
Temperature RH
Contact
(hours)
Glass
Ceiling Tile
B. anthracis Ames
Carpet
G. stearothermophilus 212
Painted Wallboard
B. anthracis NNR 1 A 1 300
Paper
B. anthracis Sterne
Bare Pine Wood
Unpainted Concrete
13
18
24
ซ ซ
75 48
ป
Batele
TkBwHw^lmw^n,
Results - Typical Fumigati
Conditions
MeBr Test #20
280
Wl
am
1M
300
| ,
1 IM
? WO
I ,ป
IK)
SI
:Ln
:V**W ^ ^- r# ^v,,?s.*v ซ-* ^ ^^^'^^-^ -^ & ->V
On
/o RH 45.87%
BaKK
- - (
C-180
Methyl Bromide Decontamination of Indoor and Outdoor Materials Contaminated by Bacillus anthracis Spores
Morgan Wendling | Battelle
-------
Results - Effect of Materials
^^^1 Material Type
Glass
Ceiling Tile
Carpet
Painted Wallboard
Paper
Bare Pine Wood
Unpainted
Concrete
15
Average LR Average LR 1
Ames strain Material Type for Tests 9- 1
3.96 Glass 4.56
5.11 Ceiling Tile 5.69
6.00 Carpet 6.04
6.87
3.89 Bare Pine Wood 4.02
6.52
Batefe
- - .- f
Results - Effect of Microorganism
G.s. was less resistant than B.a. Ames
B.a. NNR1A1 was more resistant than B.a. Ames in all
tests, but in some cases too resistant (greater than 6
LR difference)
B.a. Sterne was less resistant than B.a. Ames at 45%
RH
B.a. Sterne was more resistant than B.a. Ames at 75%
RH
C-181
Methyl Bromide Decontamination of Indoor and Outdoor Materials Contaminated by Bacillus anthracis Spores
Morgan Wendling | Battelle
-------
.0
13
I
Q
re
D
.0
tj
3
D
V
O)
o
_l
V
O)
re
Results - Effect of RH
1S%RH
ivivmii
Concentration (nigX). TcupcrituH: CฐC), Contact Time (hoars)
Efficacy of MeBr increased with increasing RH
No tests conducted at 45% RH resulted in >6 LR for
all materials tested
Baleue
Contact time needed for B.a. Ames
t_
MeBr
Concentration
(mg/L)
212
212
212
212
212
212
300
300
300
300
300
Temperature
22
27
27
32
32
22
22
27
27
Hours Required
to Achieve >6 LR
on All Materials
45
75 36
45 >48
75 36
45 >72
75 24
45 >60
75 24
45 >60
75 18
45 >60
C-182
Methyl Bromide Decontamination of Indoor and Outdoor Materials Contaminated by Bacillus anthracis Spores
Morgan Wendling | Battelle
-------
Primary Findings
B.a. (Sterne) seems to be a reasonable
surrogate with testing at 75% RH
' No MeBr fumigation was successful at the 6
LR level at 45% RH, even after testing up to
72 hours contact time
1 Required contact time for successful
decontamination ranged from 18-36 hours,
depending on concentration, temperature,
and RH
'Glass and wood most difficult materials to
decontaminate
Baleue
C-183
Methyl Bromide Decontamination of Indoor and Outdoor Materials Contaminated by Bacillus anthracis Spores
Morgan Wendling | Battelle
-------
2015 U.S. EPA International
Decontamination Research
and Development Conference
Tuesday, May 5, 2015
Concurrent Sessions 1
Radiological Agent Response and Recovery
C-184
-------
DHS S&T's RNRR Portfolio
Providing First Responders with Scientifically Based Tools,
Easy-to-Understand Protocols and Actionable Guidance for
Radiological/Nuclear Response and Recovery
Homeland
Security
Benjamin Stevenson
Project Manager
National Urban Security Technology
Laboratory (NUSTL) - New York, NY
Rad/Nuc Response & Recovery (RNRR)
DHS Science and Technology Directorate
DHS Rad/Nuc Support to State
DNDO provides
technical support
and equipment for
detection and
interdiction
capabilities
FEMA provides
technical support for
preparedness and
planning
Homeland
Security
S&T provides
technology and
scientific guidance
in advance so state
and locals can
initiate response in
first 72 hours
FEMA initiates
support to state and
locals
FEMA coordinates
an integrated
federal response
DOE, EPAand
other agencies
provide technical
support and assets
C-185
Providing First Responders with Scientifically Based Tools, Easy-to-Understand Protocols, and Actionable Guidance for Radiological Response and Recovery
Benjamin Stevenson I Department of Homeland Security
-------
Identifying First Responder N
4
Homeland
Security
1 Built From Interagency Do
Planning Guidance
for Response to a
Nuclear Detonation
, Homelaiid
Security
C-186
Providing First Responders with Scientifically Based Tools, Easy-to-Understand Protocols, and Actionable Guidance for Radiological Response and Recovery
Benjamin Stevenson I Department of Homeland Security
-------
2 RNRR Capability Domains
These capability domains represent broad operational categories of emergency response
and denote areas where similar needs are consistently identified:
Manage the response
Characterize the incident
Initial response
triage & initial care
Stabilization & control of
the impacted area
Site cleanup & recovery &
restoration of essential functions
Homeland
Security
Capability to rapidly establish situational awareness of scope of RN
incident, establish communications and control measures and
coordinate the number of response assets available
Capability to make rapid protective and response action
recommendations based upon most up-to-date model projections,
measured data and protective action guidance
Capability to identify protective actions; make entry, extraction,
decontamination and incident stabilization decisions
Ability to predict immediate health effects, estimate priority of patient
treatment needs and appropriate treatment locations, determine
required assets and provide mass care
Ability to perform long-term population medical and psychological
monitoring, medical care and mass fatality management
Capability to mitigate additional incident-related consequences in
affected areas to support response operations
Capability to control contaminant migration, perform wide-area
decontamination of incident sites, conduct long-term environmental
monitoring and manage population displacement
RNRR Capability Requiremen
Manage the response
Characterize the incident
Initial response
Medical triage & initial care
Post-incident casualty & evacuee
care
Stabilization & control of the
impacted area
Site cleanup & restoration of
essential functions
Homeland
Security
Rod/Nut Rcspomr and Recovery
WORKING OHAfT
C-187
Providing First Responders with Scientifically Based Tools, Easy-to-Understand Protocols, and Actionable Guidance for Radiological Response and Recovery
Benjamin Stevenson | Department of Homeland Security
-------
3 Discussion with Responder
21 emergency
responders and
receivers participated
in 4 focus group
sessions
2ฃ SMEs participated
in the 2. technology
focus groups
Homeland
Security
4 DHS S&T RNRR Investmen
Homeland
Security
DHS S&T RNRR R&D Investment
Plan forFYs 15-19 includes analyzed
data from stakeholder feedback that
was synthesized into Response
Technology Objectives (RTO) for DHS
investment
31 RTOs were identified that
correspond to capability needs
C-188
Providing First Responders with Scientifically Based Tools, Easy-to-Understand Protocols, and Actionable Guidance for Radiological Response and Recovery
Benjamin Stevenson I Department of Homeland Security
-------
Responder Capability Prioritie
1. Manage the Response: ability to make immediate command and
management decisions with limited information
2. Manage the Response: ability to communicate with government
entities, responders and public, both verbally and digitally, during
and after RN event
3. Initial Response: ability to rapidly advise public about specific
and time-sensitive protective and response actions following RN
event
4. Characterize the Incident: ability to identify direction and speed
of radioactive particles in environment and project fallout
contamination
Homeland
Security
RNRR R&D Investment Plan:
Responder Technology Objec
Contaminant Migration Modeling and Prediction
Improved Identification and Characterization of Multiple Hazards
Disaster Resistant Communications Systems
Post-incident Multi-Modal Information Dissemination
Translation of RN-specific Technical Data
Protective Action Decision Support
'* Homeland
^Security
C-189
Providing First Responders with Scientifically Based Tools, Easy-to-Understand Protocols, and Actionable Guidance for Radiological Response and Recovery
Benjamin Stevenson I Department of Homeland Security
-------
R&D Products to Improve Cap
Science
informed
requirements
Measurements
Studies and
. experiments
Analysis
Collection, review,
assessment
Homeland
Security
Actionable R&D Products --A
and Measurements
When initiating studies, experiments
and reviews:
Answer specific research questions
identified by responders/end-users to
tie research to requirements of an
operational problem set
Assess scientific and/or social
landscape to provide recommendations
or evaluations that can lead to new
technology and other products
'* Homeland
^Security
C-190
Providing First Responders with Scientifically Based Tools, Easy-to-Understand Protocols, and Actionable Guidance for Radiological Response and Recovery
Benjamin Stevenson I Department of Homeland Security
-------
Actionable R&D Products - Gu
When providing guidance:
Understand how end users intend to
use before developing
Offer guidance that can be
ope rationalized
Provide checklists, job aides, quick
sheets and other tangible "pocket"
products for end users to leverage
easily in preparedness and in real-time
Develop trainings and other learning
opportunities to ensure guidance is
understood appropriately
Homeland
Security
RNRR Capability Domains
These capability domains represent broad operational categories of emergency response
and denote areas where similar needs are consistently identified:
Manage the response
Capability to rapidly establish situational awareness of scope of RN
incident, establish communications and control measures and
coordinate the number of response assets available
Capability to make rapid protective and response action
recommendations based upon most up-to-date model projections,
measured data and protective action guidance
Capability to identify protective actions; make entry, extraction,
decontamination and incident stabilization decisions
Ability to predict immediate health effects, estimate priority of patient
treatment needs and appropriate treatment locations, determine
required assets and provide mass care
Ability to perform long-term population medical and psychological
monitoring, medical care and mass fatality management
Capability to mitigate additional incident-related consequences in
iffected areas to support response operations
bility to control contaminant migration, perform wide-area
htamination of incident sites, conduct long-term environmental
"itoring and manage population displacement
C-191
Providing First Responders with Scientifically Based Tools, Easy-to-Understand Protocols, and Actionable Guidance for Radiological Response and Recovery
Benjamin Stevenson | Department of Homeland Security
-------
RNRR Investment Plan:
Responder Capability Needs for Decontamination anc
1 Ability to contain contaminants after RN event, including controlling
contaminant migration
1 Ability to manage wastewater generated by decontamination activities
1 Ability to manage RN contaminated waste to reduce public's
exposure
1 Ability to measure and manage environmental hazards in immediate
blast area and other contaminated areas
Homeland
Security
DHS S&T FRG and EPA Partn
Early Phase Radiological
Decontamination Electronic Application
Containment I Gross I Initial Waste
of Mitigation of Management
Contamination Hazard
* Homeland
^Security
C-192
Providing First Responders with Scientifically Based Tools, Easy-to-Understand Protocols, and Actionable Guidance for Radiological Response and Recovery
Benjamin Stevenson I Department of Homeland Security
-------
Radiological Contaminant Stabilization
Technologies
U.S. EPA Decon Conference
May 5th-7th 2015
Mark Sutton,
Dianne Gates-Anderson,
Kip Harward,
Sang Don Lee (EPA/ORD/NHSRC)
Problem
After an intentional radiological release or nuclear power plant accident,
contamination is likely to spread across a large urban area with complex
variety of surfaces.
http://www.cnn.eom/2012/12/23/world/asia/e
cc-japan-fukushima-village-cleanup/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pripyat
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
C-193
Radiological Contaminant Stabilization Technologies
Mark Sutton | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
-------
Containment and Stabilization Can Impact All
Phases of an Incident
Contaminant
Stabilization and
Control
Characterization
for Remediation
Decontamination
and/or
Cleanup
Clearance and
Reoccupancy
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Radiological Containment and Stabilization
Readily available stabilization materials can keep particulate
contamination in place prior to decon, allowing additional time for decision
makers.
Approaches and materials exist for other applications and may work for
rad incidents, too.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
C-194
Radiological Contaminant Stabilization Technologies
Mark Sutton | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
-------
Radiological Containment and Stabilization
Approach
Literature search on potential containment technologies
Stakeholder input/ranking of technologies
Identify technology gaps
Perform research to address gaps
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Radiological Containment and Stabilization
Technology Requirements
Suppression of particle resuspension and reduction in the spread of
contamination
Reduction in dose to responders and public
Minimization of waste consequences
Stability overtime
Compatibility with the ultimate decontamination process
Available in a reasonable quantities and time-frame to responders
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
C-195
Radiological Contaminant Stabilization Technologies
Mark Sutton | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
-------
Radiological Containment and Stabilization
Technologies were grouped into 3 tiers
IMMEDIATE
LOCAL
SPECIALIZED (PROVEN)
Deployment time
Availability
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Radiological Containment and Stabilization
Literature Search
Product info, cost, deployment guidance, pros, cons
Tier 1: Fire-Fighting Materials
e.g., water, wet/dry foams, fire extinguishers, fire retardant
Tier 2: Locally Available Materials
e.g., soil/dust suppression, road stabilization, clay, paint, road oil, lignin
Tier 3: Rad-Specific Materials
e.g., acrylic, epoxy, foam, gel, polymer, oxide cakes
Stakeholder Input & Ranking
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
C-196
Radiological Contaminant Stabilization Technologies
Mark Sutton | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
-------
Radiological Containment and Stabilization
Identify Technology Gaps
Missing information on the efficacy, application,
stability and waste considerations for non-
traditional stabilization materials.
Prioritize gaps
Propose experimental research and
demonstration to address gaps.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Contaminant Stabilization
Technology Gap Report
Available on request
Radiological Containment and Stabilization
Addressing Technology Gaps
Laboratory studies
Stabilization
Dose attenuation
Field studies
Outdoor application and testing
Demonstration
Battelle June 23rd-24th 2015
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
C-197
Radiological Contaminant Stabilization Technologies
Mark Sutton | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
-------
Radiological Containment and Stabilization
Laboratory Studies
Handling and drying
Effects of curing
Stabilization
Sorption of Cs-137 to high viscosity fire retardants
Binding and solubility of Cs-137 on contaminated materials using chloride salt
deposits and dust wetting agents
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Radiological Containment and Stabilization
Laboratory Studies
Dose Attenuation
Effect of layer thickness,
powder: water ratio and drying
of fire retardant on observed
activity and dose from Cs-137
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
C-198
Radiological Contaminant Stabilization Technologies
Mark Sutton | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
-------
Radiological Containment and Stabilization
Outdoor Field Studies
Time-phased evaluation of fire retardant, chloride salts and dust wetting
agents
Effectiveness for reducing particulate resuspension by natural
weathering and traffic (foot and vehicular)
Evaluation of impacts to decontamination and waste management
Fluorescent surrogate contamination, Arizona road dust
LLNL parking lot and material coupons (concrete, asphalt, wood, metal)
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Radiological Containment and Stabilization
Operational Technology Demonstration
Realistic operational conditions using brick building and surrounding
area (including parking lots) in Columbus, OH.
Surrogate contaminants such as particle tracers will be used in several
demonstrations.
Collect operational information:
Containment capacity/efficacy
Ease of use
Utilities (electric, water, etc.)
Worker skill needed
Cost of the application
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
C-199
Radiological Contaminant Stabilization Technologies
Mark Sutton | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
-------
Radiological Containment and Stabilization
Acknowledgements:
Dr. Ben Stevenson, Department of Homeland Security Science and
Technology Directorate
This presentation is subjected to the Agency's review and approved for
publication and distribution. Note that approval does not signify that
the contents necessarily reflect the views of the Agency. Mention of
trade names, products, or services does not convey official EPA
approval, endorsement, or recommendation.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/12/japan-nuclear-zone/craft-text
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
LLNL-PRES-669335 16
C-200
Radiological Contaminant Stabilization Technologies
Mark Sutton | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
-------
Lswreoco l_iwBimofl&
National Laboratoiy
C-201
Radiological Contaminant Stabilization Technologies
Mark Sutton | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
-------
ArgonneJ
Towards Best Practices for Gross
Mitigation Methods in a Radiological
Response
Michael Kaminski,1 Carol Mertz,1 Nadia Kivenas,1 and Matthew Magnuson2
'Nuclear Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory
2U.S. EPA National Homeland Security Research Center, Cincinnati, OH
..
2015 EPA International Decontamination
Development Conference
"
National Homeland Security Research Center
'?; ENERGY
Gross Mitigation
2015 EPA Decontamination Research and Development Confer
C-202
Toward Best Practices for Gross Decontamination Methods in a Radiological Response
Michael Kaminski | Argonne National Laboratory
-------
Mitigation and Decontamination -- Wash Collection
2015 EPA Decontamination Research and Development Confi
Slurry Filtration
2015 EPA Decontamination Research and Development Confer
C-203
Toward Best Practices for Gross Decontamination Methods in a Radiological Response
Michael Kaminski | Argonne National Laboratory
-------
Removal and Disposal
2015 EPA Decontamination Research and Development Confi
The Nautilus Bag and the Tri
transporting radioactive packages by Strategic
Packaging Systems LLC.
Salt and Sequestering Agents for Cesium-137 ROD
Decontamination of Cs-137 (in % removed) from coarse aggregate of
0.001 0.01 0.1
Salt Concentration (M)
ation Research and Development Confer
ฃ O
-
0001 0.01
Salt (M)
OCST
I Illite
AVermiculite
.:.Si02
XChabazite
o
:
C-204
Toward Best Practices for Gross Decontamination Methods in a Radiological Response
Michael Kaminski | Argonne National Laboratory
-------
Strontium-90 (Sr2+) Aqueous Chemistry
Highly soluble (Sr2+) in natural waters, in high
alkalinity, or acidity
Forms mostly insoluble (in water) sulfates,
carbonates, fluorides
Reacts by ion exchange onto surfaces B
- Primarily clays and organic materials (humic
and fulvic acids)
Ordinary Portland Cement (calcium aluminum
silicate hydrate) is a very efficient scavenger
of Sr2+, which replaces Ca2+ in the cement.
- Forms SrOH2- at pH>13.
LI
ation Research and Development Confer
Research Approach
Ionic Wash
- Literature survey and down select of potential
additives for testing
- Common salts, surfactants, flocculants, etc.
Ca2+ and Ba2+ and chelators predominantly
reported in literature.
Sequestering Agents
- We expect to test up to five different sorbents
with preference towards those that also have
selectivity toward cesium.
- Testing will evaluate the sorption behavior of
strontium onto the down-select materials as a
function of time, additive type and
concentration, and slurry concentration.
2015 EPA Decontamination Research and Development Conference
A
Kd V/m
1000 1000
500
100
10
1000 100
500
100
10
1000 10
500
100
10
1000 1
500
100
10
o/o removed
50
33
9
0.99
90.9
83
50
9
99.0
98.0
90.9
50
99.9
99.8
99.0
90.9
8
C-205
Toward Best Practices for Gross Decontamination Methods in a Radiological Response
Michael Kaminski | Argonne National Laboratory
-------
Sr2+ Sequestration from Literature Survey
Natural N or
Sorbervt , ,,,
Synthetics)
1
2
3
4
S
6
7
3
9
10
AlHDCflhG (AfTllrMMflSfQGCMjC]
Duolite (aminophosphorkadd)
SodlunTlCMWdllcKe
IE-911 (engineered crystilline silico-titanate)
lE-K(dnbuite)
K-ph armacosid eriti e s (-167]
K-phjnmcMlda1dซ(-17q
Sodium Titanate
Smeoiu CavlRBBtecnUMlte)
Na-iirtonium Silicates (-147)
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
N
S
Normall;edKd Value
xnuoo
310,000
>*&*>
70,000
ea&D
64.690
awo
53,000
%20D
51,650
NaturallNlor Normalli'd ltd Value
SvnthetkIS) im\Jti
LI
12
L3
14
L5
is
L7
IS
L9
20
2015 EPADeconta
A
KMS-L S 4^3M
Natural Zeolite N 13,600
bnunlt. N W
Qeothite N 3,471
rMCHlhlt. N 3,30)
Na-mica N 2,404
Ma-montmorillonite N 1,011
SfflซUMBซtanlU(l35DindL35D) N 900
Amorphous Silica N 7S5
-nination Research and Development Conference
10
C-206
Toward Best Practices for Gross Decontamination Methods in a Radiological Response
Michael Kaminski | Argonne National Laboratory
-------
Sorption of Sr2+
from Water onto
Coarse
Aggregate of
Concrete and
Crushed Cement
Mix 85Sr2+ water
with sieved
filter
is weak (<10%)
i
_ f
. ' '
A
4
Sorption of Sr-85 onto coarse aggregate (%
sorbed is in squares).
[) 71) 11) OH till KB Iffl 1-10
Contact Time (min)
fi "
t ฑ
"
Sorption of Sr-85 onto
crushed cement.
4 * * * *
20 40 60 80 100 120 1.
2015 EPA Decontamination Research and Development O Contact Time (min)
A
100
90
Kit
70
GO ฃ
o
50 |
40 &
30 ^
20
10
0
100
90
80
70 g
60 T3
50 |
40 ?
30 ">
20
10
ฐ0
11
Desorption of Sr2+ from Aggregate of Concrete as
Function of Salt and Concentration
Mix Sr-loaded aggregate with salt solution and filter
~120 min to reach equilibrium
100
01
a.
CA
FA
0.1M BaCI2 0.5M BaCI2 l.OM BaCI2 0.1M CaCI2 0.5M CaCI2 l.OM CaCI2
ation Research and Development Confer
C-207
Toward Best Practices for Gross Decontamination Methods in a Radiological Response
Michael Kaminski | Argonne National Laboratory
-------
Desorption of Sr2+
from Materials in
EDTA and DTPA
plus CaCI2
za,a
1 2
Triplicate Samples
Sr-85 from fine
aggregate with:
I0.1MQCI?/0.1MFDTA
Effect of 0.1M
CaCI2/0.1M DTPA in
pentasodium salt.
Brick
cement
Fine Aggregate
Sequestration of Sr2+ onto Clay from Pure Water
100.00
90.00
80 00
01
tft
W
A A A A A A
X X A X X X
rfh HI ^1 ^h ^h A\>
* Montmorillonite
Montmorillonite
AVermiculite
Vermiculite
0 50 100 150
Minutes
2015 EPA Decontamination Research and Development Conference
A
C-208
Toward Best Practices for Gross Decontamination Methods in a Radiological Response
Michael Kaminski | Argonne National Laboratory
-------
Sequestration of
Sr2+ onto | 10
Montmorillonite & 5
Clay 1
Calcium interferes
with strontium
js.nn
sorption
JO. 00
~Z 1S.IKJ
S. 10.00
M
9
ฃ iuu
0.00
L
-5.00
2015 EPA Decontamination Research and Developrr
A
Montmorillonite 0 1M OGl"1 30
0.5M CฃC12-30mg
I Al.OMCaC12-30mg
- + 4- + 4-
Illl I
: * * *
) 30 60 90
+ + + + +
Xw v V V
J*l *ซ f+ ^
* X * X *
l 5 " * "
A> ^ ^b ^
Minutes
+ x0.1MCs.C12-L5Ctr.g
1 05MCsLC12 1'iCkrg
1.0MCs.C12-150n:g
^ ; 0.1M CฃC12-300tr.g
-0.5MCiC12-30Qrrg
120 150 tOM CaC12-300rr.g
ป01MBdCI2TOm
Q-SM HjCIJ-.M)mu
+
0.1M BaCI2-150mg
X t 0.5M BdCI2-150mR
l.OM BaCI2 150mp,
-O.WIBaCI2 SOOmg
170 150
i.oMnjr.i?-.iootn(}
Sequestration of
Sr2+ onto
Vermiculite Clay | 10
& ^
2S,(
>n.t
| I'j.t
IM
5.C
O.C
2015 EPA Decontamination Research and Development Conference
A
Vermiculite
0.1MCaC12-30mg
0.5MCaC12-30mg
+ + + + + + A l.OM CaC12-30mg
i 1 ป * $
i i 4 4 ซ *
) 30 60 90
d
0 (. + + 4- +
* * *
T
h K \4ซ V
. A ซ |
n
" * - * * 2
0 * :
0 SO 60 <)0
Minutes
0.1MCaC12-150mg
1 0.5M CaC12-150mg
>< l.OM CaC12-150iiig
- 0.1MCaC12-300mg
-0.5MCaC12-30Qmg
120 150 ' 1'OM CaC12-300mg
ป aiMBaCUJOn.
U.bM lSj
-------
Sequestration of Sr2+ onto Engineered Silico-
Titanate
>90% removal at
CaCI2
concentrations up
to l.OM.
2015 EPA Decontamination Research and Development Confer
100.00
90.00
80.00
o 70.00
to
fi 60.00
ฃ 50.00
ฃ 40.00
55 30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
Sorption of Sr-85 onto CST in 0.1M CaCI2
(30mg/3.0mL).
0 15 30 60 120
Minutes
Summary
Investigation is preliminary.
CaCI2 effective in removing soluble Sr2+ from aggregate but not for
cement!!
- How about Strontium particulate?
Chelator ineffective in desorbing from cement.
Common solid sequestering agent similar to Cs Wash Aid may not be as
effective.
Coupon tests with concrete, brick, asphalt upcoming.
ation Research and Development Confer
C-210
Toward Best Practices for Gross Decontamination Methods in a Radiological Response
Michael Kaminski | Argonne National Laboratory
-------
Acknowledgments
Work supported by Department of Homeland Security and Technical Support
Working Group.
The U.S. EPA through its Office of Research and Development funded in part the
research described in this presentation. It has been reviewed by the Agency but
does not necessarily reflect the Agency's views. No official endorsement should
be inferred. EPA does not endorse the purchase or sale of any commercial
products or services.
ation Research and Development Confer
C-211
Toward Best Practices for Gross Decontamination Methods in a Radiological Response
Michael Kaminski | Argonne National Laboratory
-------
Technology Demonstration
"Toolbox of Options" for
Radiological Incident Mitigation Technology
Columbus, Ohio
June 22-25, 2015
Radiological Release Scenarios
Possibility of RAD attacks is
coupled by reality of
fallout/contamination
Need for immediate and longer term
recovery tools
Need to provide options for 1st
responders
What decontamination and
mitigation approaches could be
used?
How effective are they?
Can they be scaled up?
C-212
Full-Scale Demonstrations of a "Toolbox of Options" for Radiological Incident Mitigation Technology
Ryan James | Battelle
-------
Toolbox of Options for RAD Response
Assist responders in making
decisions in the early phase
related to containment, gross
decontamination, and waste
management
Pre-planning for these
together is essential
Toolbox of Options
An easy-to-use toolbox/tool
will be developed for use
Web based app is under
development
DHS/EPA Technology Demonstrations
Operational demos (no RAD)
Scalable decontamination
technologies (building)
Containment technologies
(particle/liquid/foam)
Preview and debrief sessions
Live technical demonstrations
Battelle - Columbus, OH June
22-25
Battelle building to be used for demonstration
(scheduled for demolition in July 2015)
C-213
Full-Scale Demonstrations of a "Toolbox of Options" for Radiological Incident Mitigation Technology
Ryan James | Battelle
-------
Technologies demonstrated by
incident timeline
Early phase
Timeframe: less than ~72 hrs
Includes: mostly local responders
Clean-up phase
Timeframe: days-years
Includes: local, state,
tribal, contractors, EPA,
etc.
Particle containment
Low Tech washing and rad water containment
DOD/TSWG-EPA Wash Aid System
HESCO rad water containment system
Separmatic rad water treatment system
DHS/USDA Portable Vehicle Wash Tunnel
Environmental Canada (EC) Foam Based system
CBI DeconGel
EAI SuperGel
Bartlett StripCoat
EAI Rad-Release II
EC Universal Decon Foam
Large building applicators
Particle Containment
Demonstrated by spreading
fluorescent particles over parking
space, applying containment
technology
Drive vehicle through particles
Place vehicle under black light
for determination of spreading
contamination
Demonstration to be performed
in large tent to protect from wind
and precipitation
C-214
Full-Scale Demonstrations of a "Toolbox of Options" for Radiological Incident Mitigation Technology
Ryan James | Battelle
-------
Low-tech Approaches
Demonstrated by washing
vehicle inside of low-tech
containment
Determine effectiveness of rinse
containment
DOD/TSWG-EPA Wash Aid system with
HESCO Portable Berm System
Demonstrated by washing response vehicle inside berm
Determine effectiveness of rinse containment
Also will be demonstrated on building
C-215
Full-Scale Demonstrations of a "Toolbox of Options" for Radiological Incident Mitigation Technology
Ryan James | Battelle
-------
Automated CBR Wash Tunnel
Demonstrated by washing response vehicle inside tent
Determine effectiveness of rinse containment
Environment Canada Foam-Based System
Joint EPA-EC project thru Canadian Security Sciences
Demonstrated by applying to 1,000 ft2 of building side
Document operational details and impact on surfaces
C-216
Full-Scale Demonstrations of a "Toolbox of Options" for Radiological Incident Mitigation Technology
Ryan James | Battelle
-------
Several Scalable Technologies
Demonstrated by applying to 1,000 ft2 of building side
Removed either by vacuum, rinsing, or stripping off
Additional surfaces included by stand-alone surfaces
Bosan chair application
DeconGel, Stripcoat TLC, EAI Rad-Release II, EAI SuperGel, and Env. CA
Foam
Bosan Chair and Stand-Alone Applications
Bosan chair application is proof of
concept application (not a usual
method)
Stand-alone surfaces demonstrated to
allow attendees closer access and
additional surface types (granite,
quartz, marble, and limestone)
C-217
Full-Scale Demonstrations of a "Toolbox of Options" for Radiological Incident Mitigation Technology
Ryan James | Battelle
-------
Summary
Who:
First responders, particularly RAD responders (local, state, federal)
RAD decontamination professionals
Related organizations for all response phases (early and late)
U.S. or abroad
When: June 22-25, 2015
Where: Battelle, Columbus, OH
If interested in attending, talk with:
Sang Don Lee (919-541-4531/Lee.Sangdon@epa.gov)
Matthew Magnuson (513-596-7321/Magnuson.Matthew@epa.gov) of
EPANHSRC.
C-218
Full-Scale Demonstrations of a "Toolbox of Options" for Radiological Incident Mitigation Technology
Ryan James | Battelle
-------
United Slates
Environments! Protection
Agency
Early-Phase Waste Staging for
Wide-Area Radiological Incidents
P. Lemieux
US EPA
R. Sell
Battelle
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
Disclaimer
Reference herein to any specific commercial
products, process, or service by trade name,
trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not
necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
recommendation, or favoring by the United States
Government. The views and opinions of authors
expressed herein do not necessarily state or
reflect those of the United States Government, and
shall not be used for advertising or product
endorsement purposes.
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-219
Early-Phase Waste Staging for Wide-Area Radiological Incidents
Paul Lemieux | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Environmental Protection
Anency
Background
*^
EPA is working with DHS to support radiological response as
part of their efforts to improve "community resiliency"
Many actions that first responders do can impact EPA-led
intermediate and long-term response activities
-EPA is involved through the Area Contingency Planning
Process, which is a joint effort with other Federal Agencies, as
well as State & local governments & communities
Overall DHS-EPA project focuses on four tasks
-Containment
-Gross decontamination/mitigation
-Early phase waste staging
-Development of an "app" for responder use
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
Importance of Waste Staging
Temporary waste storage has been identified as an
obstacle when initiating early-phase waste
management (WM) activities
Limited availability of final disposal options makes
identification of waste staging areas critical in early-
phase
Gives decision makers time to develop on-site
treatment approaches and prevent repeated handling
of waste
Takes WM activities off the critical path to reoccupancy
WM planning activities should result in a documented
plan with operational procedures (e.g., as part of the
Area Contingency Plan)
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-220
Early-Phase Waste Staging for Wide-Area Radiological Incidents
Paul Lemieux | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Waste Staging is a Process
*^ *^
Should be part of the Area Contingency Plan
Pre-incident selection criteria for staging areas
Pre-incident selection of potential staging areas (more
controversial)
Allocation of appropriate amount of space
Allocation of space based upon shielding, distance , types
of waste, security & monitoring of radioactivity levels
Activities at waste staging areas
-Segregating waste into different waste streams
-Isolating radioactive waste from non-radioactive waste
-Isolating waste with higher from lower radioactivity
-Treating various waste streams on-site for volume reduction
-Temporarily storing waste until final disposal
-Monitoring of radioactivity levels
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
Environment*! Protection
Ajenty
Need for Operational Guidelines
Pre-incident WM planning
Waste generation begins immediately after the
onset of the incident
User needs for a rad incident may be different on a
case by case scenario (ROD, IND, NPP)
Decisions could be made early in the incident that
might make intermediate- and late-phase cleanup
difficult (e.g., using rail yards for responder
deployment may inhibit using rail haul for WM)
Segregate higher radioactivity waste from lower
Select temporary waste storage areas with proper
shielding, distance, types of waste, security and
monitoring
e of Research ana Development
Office
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-221
Early-Phase Waste Staging for Wide-Area Radiological Incidents
Paul Lemieux | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Purpose of Operational Guidelines
Best practices or "operational guidelines" rather than
"guidance"
Leverage existing guidelines (e.g., FEMA debris guidelines)
for proper application to radiological incidents
-FEMA guidance lacks necessary considerations with regard to
managing rad waste
-Some debris management concepts can be utilized provided
that unique aspects of rad waste are addressed (e.g., ample
space considerations)
Supplement pre-incident WM planning efforts
Give first responders basic information to plan for and
support their WM decisions during initial stages of incident
Give WM decision makers (e.g., state/local/tribal) information
to plan for and support their activities developing/identifying
waste staging areas
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
Environment*! Protection
Ajenty
Scope of Operational Guidelines
During Pre-lncident WM planning activities
During the early phase (within first 72 hours) following the
onset of the incident
During the early-intermediate phases of the incident when
state, local & tribal decision makers begin their response
Intended audience
-First responders (fire, police, hazmat)
-EOC director/personnel
-Incident Command/Unified Command (IC/UC) personnel
-Federal, state, local & tribal response personnel
-Public health officials
-Emergency planners & managers
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-222
Early-Phase Waste Staging for Wide-Area Radiological Incidents
Paul Lemieux | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Emf|ปonm*ntปl Promotion
Agoncy
Operational Guideline Approach
Planning is unlikely to capture all contingencies
Document will NOT be regulatory guidance
Will present best practices, options, and relevant
technical information
-Advantages and disadvantages
-Site-specific considerations
Appropriate options are presented, and decision
makers decide what best practices to apply
Part of a framework of an overall integrated
containment/ mitigation/ decontamination/ waste
management plan for response and recovery
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
Environmantol Prolflctlon
Agmcy
Example Scenario
WARRP ROD Scenario
-Downtown Denver near US Mint
-Truck bomb with 2300 Ci of 137Cs
C-223
Early-Phase Waste Staging for Wide-Area Radiological Incidents
Paul Lemieux | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Environmental Protection
Anticipated Waste Types
^
Contaminated debris near detonation site or from demolition activities
Class A low-level radioactive waste (LLRW) (majority of the waste material)
Class B LLRW (higher levels from blast zone or onsite concentration efforts)
LLRW with asbestos (i.e., old steam pipes from demolished buildings)
LLRW with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (i.e., PCB transformer oils
coating demolished building exteriors)
LL Mixed Waste = Hazardous Waste (HW) and LLRW
Personal protective equipment (PPE) waste
Sludge from onsite decontamination efforts & wastewater treatment plants
Laboratory samples
Medical waste (both radiologically-contaminated and non-contaminated)
Bags of contaminated clothing outside homes and businesses.
Non-radiological solid or HW for disposal in RCRA C or D landfills
Contaminated water generated from PPE washing, early gross
decontamination activities, early containment operations, ill-timed
precipitation, and other sources
DON'T FORGET NORMAL WM ACTIVITIES ASSOCIATED WITH URBAN
AREA
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
Estimated Waste Quantity from WARRP Rad Scenario
1.E+10
1.E+09
LIQUIDS (Total - 1.5 -3 billion gallon:
(Totals 16-21 million tons)
Limited Decon
Extensive Decon
C-224
Early-Phase Waste Staging for Wide-Area Radiological Incidents
Paul Lemieux | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Estimate: Cost vs. Disposal Option
3500
Potential Decision Points
(considering cost while still being protective)
0
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
Maximum Activity Level to Allow for RCRA Disposal (uCi/m )
NOTE: Assumed $300/m3 for RCRA disposal and $5000/m3 for LLRW disposal
Office of Research and Development * Where RCRA disposal is protective of public health and safety
National Homeland Security Research Center
Temporary Staging Site Examples
Commercial/industrial facilities
Licensed Rad facilities (e.g., nuclear power plant)
Federal facilities (DOE and DoD facilities)
State/local facilities (Solid Waste Management and HW Facilities)
Recycling facilities
Permitted Landfills
Transfer stations
Vacant lots or buildings
Corporation yards
Parks, parking lots & right-of-ways
City/county-owned properties
Private non-residential properties
For liquid waste, consider storage areas, tanker trucks and rail cars,
ponds, or "deep tunnels", etc.
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-225
Early-Phase Waste Staging for Wide-Area Radiological Incidents
Paul Lemieux | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Criteria to Evaluate Staging Sites
*^ *^
Location (e.g., distance to hospitals, schools, etc.)
Existing site operations & Site security
Radioactivity of the waste and necessary time,
distance, and shielding (need for HPs)
Waste staging site and equipment size/capacity
Condition of materials/waste to be staged
Ease of accessibility/travel conditions
Procedures to minimize multiple handling of waste
Other considerations
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
Envlronซfi*ntปl Protection
Ajenty
Staging Location Considerations
*J *J
Potential dose to responders and public due to the existence of the
waste staging site (time, distance, shielding)
Impact of noise, traffic, and environment
Minimize multiple handling of materials
Ingress/egress to maximize efficiency of flow of traffic and materials
Impacts on neighboring communities of trucks hauling to sites
Is the area geologically stable?
Relatively impervious ground conditions are preferable to minimize
potential groundwater contamination
Abandoned quarries not preferred due to potential for exposing
groundwater to the debris leachate
Consider prevailing wind direction
Consider visibility from the surrounding area
Avoid environmentally/culturally sensitive areas
Site security
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-226
Early-Phase Waste Staging for Wide-Area Radiological Incidents
Paul Lemieux | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Staging Operation Considerations
*^ *^
Drainage/ collection/ treatment of wash water, and storm water
management across the staging area
Volume reduction
Segregation according to level of contamination
Tipping areas (unloading)
Loading areas for processed waste/debris prior to final disposition
Drop-off centers for the general public (this may include vegetative,
recycling, or construction and demolition debris)
Household hazardous waste (HHW) storage
Monitoring locations at both the ingress and egress points
Equipment, fuel, and water/wastewater storage
Soil decontamination operations
Flexibility to delineate areas for different operations and move
boundaries as needed
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
<>EPA Staging Site & Equipment
Size/Capacity
UriMrfSutta
Environment)! Protection
Agency
Appropriate to the scale of the type and quantities of
waste/debris anticipated
Large equipment requires large areas for storage
Packaging & transportation of radioactive waste has special
requirements that may require additional space
Historic disasters have shown that it takes 100 acres of land
(average) to process 1 million cubic yards of debris
-Note: this was for conventional disaster debris, not radiological
waste/debris; which likely will require more space
Truck/railcar capacities
-48' open top semi-trailer => 50,000 pounds or 85 cubic meters
-53' tankerthat can haul liquid => 9,000 gallons
-40' open top semi-trailer => 58,600 pounds or 67.7 cubic
meters
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-227
Early-Phase Waste Staging for Wide-Area Radiological Incidents
Paul Lemieux | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Condition of Materials
ROD with conventional explosives and NPP will
likely produce only small quantities of comingled
debris at the incident epicenter
IND likely to produce large quantities of
contaminated comingled debris in blast zone
-Cleanup of blast zone may be lower priority than
cleanup of dangerous fallout zone
ROD and off-site NPP waste as well as IND waste
from the dangerous fallout zone will likely be
highly homogeneous (i.e., not like comingled
debris like from a hurricane)
Moisture content (e.g., free liquid) may be key
factor for shipment (final disposal)
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
Envlronซfi*ntปl Protection
Ajenty
Other Staging Considerations
*J *J
Importance of state/local decision makers
- In most cases, regulatory authority for WM is with the states
-Technical input from those closer to the incident
-Understanding local policies/customs
Need for Health Physicists to assess potential radiation dose to
workers & surrounding public
Staging site ownership/site leasing
- Pre-negotiated/pre-placed contracts
Length of storage time
Security and signage (ensure radiological postings)
Sites for designated materials
-concrete, bricks, soil, etc.
Waste acceptance criteria for temporary storage could theoretically
be established before an incident
-waste exhibiting less than a certain radioactivity level may be able to
go under a tarp within a controlled staging area
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-228
Early-Phase Waste Staging for Wide-Area Radiological Incidents
Paul Lemieux | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
En*ironm*mol Protection
Agency
Community Issues
*
It may be controversial to pre-select staging areas
It may be less controversial to develop staging
area selection criteria ahead of time
Consider noise, lights, traffic nuisances to
surrounding community
Consider public perceptions about the risks of
radioactive material/waste
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
UriMrfSutta
En*ironm*m*l Protection
Agency
Conclusions
EPA, in collaboration with DHS, developed
"Standard Operating Guidelines" to support the
selection and implementation of waste
staging/temporary storage areas during early-phase
response activities from radiological incidents
Document is currently in EPA review process
-Technical review (complete)
-Management review (ongoing)
-Program Office review (ongoing)
Expected publication date October 2015
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-229
Early-Phase Waste Staging for Wide-Area Radiological Incidents
Paul Lemieux | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
2015 U.S. EPA International
Decontamination Research
and Development Conference
Wednesday, May 6, 2015
General Session 2
Data Models, Research Overviews and
Remediation Plans
C-230
-------
Systems Analysis of the Data and Models
Used for Federal Emergency Management
2015 EPA International Decontamination R&D Conference
May 6, 2015
FEMA
The project
Determine what information is needed by whom
Develop an ontology to categorize the information
requirements
Identify and characterize the data and models used for federal
emergency management: hurricanes, earthquakes, and INDs
Perform network analysis to define gaps and identify linkages
between resources and users/producers
Build an interactive inventory cataloging the resources
FEMA
EPA Conference
May, 2015
C-231
Systems Analysis of the Data and Models Used for Federal Emergency Management
Ellie Graeden | Gryphon Scientific
-------
Organizing the information
e.g. weather models,
inundation models, seismic
models, blast models
e.g. affected populations
and infrastructure,
economic consequences
e.g. evacuation models,
hospital surge models,
debris models
Event Characterization
Models/Analysis
Consequence
Models/Analysis
e.g. weather,
bathymetry,
population data
e.g. inundation maps,
locations of critical
infrastructure and
populations
e.g. fatality estimates,
infrastructure
damage estimates
Mission-specific
Requirements
e.g. personnel and
resource
requirements
FEMA
EPA Conference
May, 2015
Scientific analysis to operations
Event Characterization
Models/Analysis
I
Consequence
Models/Analysis
Mission-specific
Requirements
affects
EPA Conference
May, 2015
C-232
Systems Analysis of the Data and Models Used for Federal Emergency Management
Ellie Graeden | Gryphon Scientific
-------
Defining "data"
Defined as repositories of steady-state or event-specific
information used for emergency management
Includes visualization tools that do not transform the data
Situational
Awareness
Mission-specific
Requirements
FEMA
EPA Conference
May, 2015
Defining "models"
models or data analysis tools
Event Characterization
Mode Is/ Analysis
Consequence Decision Support
Models Tools
Mt ' * ' "* V
ZL \
>"; \ x \
Defined as programs, algorithms, or computational tools that
transform or process data to produce new information
Analysis capabilities or centers not included
fjl FEMA
EPA Conference
May, 2015
6
C-233
Systems Analysis of the Data and Models Used for Federal Emergency Management
Ellie Graeden | Gryphon Scientific
-------
Data Collection
Over 200 interviews conducted with -250 people
representing 54 federal agencies, divisions, or groups
Resource inventory includes:
>500 resources identified and vetted
162 included in the inventory of hurricane,
earthquake, IND, and all-hazards resources
~20 metadata categories describe each resource
JffiFEMA
EPA Conference
May, 2015
Analysis Results: Hurricane Inventory
FEMA
EPA Conference
May, 2015
C-234
Systems Analysis of the Data and Models Used for Federal Emergency Management
Ellie Graeden | Gryphon Scientific
-------
Hurricane resource network
_-,r: "~~_.
IWBF- _e_ --"""
m*ป - - _ "# """
HAZUS
HSIP -
US Census Dala
FEMA
EPA Conference
May, 2015
Most used resources
Resources with the most federal agency users
Resources Users Hazards Resource Types Descriptions
situational awareness Monitors, aggregates, and displays
EAGLE-I
HSIP
SLOSH
HAZUS
NHC Forecasts
PAGER
ShakeMap
US Census Data
10
10
10
All-Hazards
data
All-Hazards raw data
Hurricane
Multi-
Hazard
Hurricane
event characterization
energy system data
Critical infrastructure and key
resource data
Estimates storm surge heights
models/analysis
consequence model
situational awareness Predicts hurricane intensity and
Estimates economic impacts of
select natural disasters
data
Earthquake consequence model
track
Predicts the economic and health
impacts from an earthquake
event characterization
Earthquake Outputs ground-shaking maps
models/analysis
All-Hazards raw data
Regional populations,
demographics, and survey items
C-235
Systems Analysis of the Data and Models Used for Federal Emergency Management
Ellie Graeden | Gryphon Scientific
-------
Bridges in the hurricane network:
Centrality
., Obssrvatoial Wealhw Data **
m """*
ซซ*. AKปc
Local NWS Foซca*te
llr r i - urm -.111- ซB
~~ ^^
NHCl^casts SLOSH
HURREVAC
EAGLE-I
NSS
US Census Data ~ '_ ^^^.s
FEMA
EPA Conference
May, 2015
Bulk flow of information
Fvonl Chmntclmnrmttott Srtuabcnd Awammi
M&tfe'4fAnปiyv8 Data
fl MocMs impact
FEMA
EPA Conference
May, 2015
C-236
Systems Analysis of the Data and Models Used for Federal Emergency Management
Ellie Graeden | Gryphon Scientific
-------
Conclusions, gaps, and COAs
JffiFEMA
EPA Conference
May, 2015
Project findings
1. Lack of robust connections between resources
Orphan resources with no linkages
Widely-used resources with few linkages
Linking resources that fill gaps
2. Networks rely on a few highly central, widely used
resources with varying levels of support
3. Unconnected, redundant situational awareness viewers
FEMA
EPA Conference
May, 2015
C-237
Systems Analysis of the Data and Models Used for Federal Emergency Management
Ellie Graeden | Gryphon Scientific
-------
Systems-level gaps
1. Lack of operations-focused resources
Consequence modeling output libraries
Rapid-run models with outputs designed for operations
Would provide decision support and concrete mission specific
requirements
2. Operations-focused resources poorly connected to
real-time event data
3. Lack of emergency response modeling for operations
JffiFEMA
EPA Conference
May, 2015
Courses of action: Disaster Reduction
Develop real-time operational consequence and response
modeling/analysis tools
May be available through national labs
Involve operations personnel in development
Develop emergency response models
Tools to test response, recovery, and mitigation
priorities
Improve operational information-sharing between ESFs
FEMA
EPA Conference
May, 2015
C-238
Systems Analysis of the Data and Models Used for Federal Emergency Management
Ellie Graeden | Gryphon Scientific
-------
Courses of action: Disaster Reduction
Utility of the Resource Inventory
Additional scenarios: biological, cyber, flood
Robust, on-going hosting and maintenance
Use during exercises: Train around the resources
available
Interagency access
JffiFEMA
EPA Conference
May, 2015
Questions?
FEMA
EPA Conference
May, 2015
C-239
Systems Analysis of the Data and Models Used for Federal Emergency Management
Ellie Graeden | Gryphon Scientific
-------
Points of contact
Josh Dozor, MDWG Chair
Director, Planning Division
FEMA Response Directorate
Joshua.Dozor@fema.dhs.gov
Eric Soucie, Project Lead
Future Planning
FEMA Response Directorate
Eric. Soucie@fema.dhs.gov
Ellie Graeden, PhD
Gryphon Scientific
ellie@gryphonscientific.com
GRYPHON 541-207-7318 (cell)
SCIKNTIFIC
FEMA
EPA Conference
May, 2015
FEMA
C-240
Systems Analysis of the Data and Models Used for Federal Emergency Management
Ellie Graeden | Gryphon Scientific
-------
Update on Homeland Security Research
Program R&D for Bio Decontamination
Joseph Wood, Shawn Ryan, Worth Calfee, Lukas Oudejans,
Sang Don Lee, Marshall Gray, Kathryn Meyer,
JeniaTufts, Shannon Serre
Presented at US EPA-Decontamination Conference,Research Triangle Park, NC, May 5-7, 2015
Office of Research and Development
Nationa Homeland Secunty Research Centei
Decontamination and Consequence Management Divisio
&EPA
Acknowledgements and Disclaimer
Many people/partners involved in EPA's Homeland Security
Research Program's decontamination R&D
-EPA/ORD Researcher
- Post-graduate fellows
-EPA Response Community
-Federal Partners: DHS, DoD,
USDA, National Labs, et al.
-Contractortech support
Arcadis, Battelle
Disclaimer: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research and Development (funded and managed) or (partially funded and
collaborated in) the research described here under (contract number) or (assistance agreement number) to (contracting company name). It has been
subjected to the Agency's review and has been approved for publication. Note that approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the
views of the Agency. Mention of trade names, products, or services does not convey official EPA approval, endorsement, or recommendation.
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-241
An Overview of EPA Homeland Security Research Program's Biological Decontamination Research
Joseph Wood | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
oEPA
United Slates
Environmental Protection
Agency
Outline of Presentation
Background on program
Update/approach on bio decon R&D
-Facilitating use of "established" fumigants
Demonstrated effective application
Improve implementation (e.g., easier to achieve conditions)
-New application methods for liquid sporicides
-"Emerging" decontaminants
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agcncv
Background of Problem
Remediation efforts could be extensive following an aerosol release of
Bacillus anthracis spores in an urban area and will challenge the
capabilities of government agencies and decontamination contractors.
We know many decontaminants to
be effective, but would they be
useful in a wide area scenario?
- Effective on many materials?
-Widely available?
-Economical?
-Compatible with materials?
-Easy to use, less resources required?
iH to (onituit research and develop silentlfri
products that Improve the capability of the Agency to :":!!
carry out lit homeland security lespontlblllttet
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-242
An Overview of EPA Homeland Security Research Program's Biological Decontamination Research
Joseph Wood | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
oEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Background on Program
Focus is primarily on 8. anthracis spores, although some R&D
effort for non-spore formers
Primarily chemical based approaches
Lab scale efficacy studies >ป pilot scale >ป field scale
Related R&D:
- Material compatibility, containment
of decontaminants
Verify surrogate spore species
appropriate for each technology
Decon for niche uses,
environments, materials
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
United Stales
Environmental Protectio
Agency
&EPA
ted States
'ironmental
my
Materials Used in Decontamination Studies
Varies by purpose of study
Focus on interior building materials, those found outdoors, or
both
-e.g., ceiling tile, carpet, laminate, painted wallboard, soil
Include porous and non-porous materials
-e.g., concrete, wood, glass, stainless steel
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-243
An Overview of EPA Homeland Security Research Program's Biological Decontamination Research
Joseph Wood | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
oEFA
United Stale:.
Environmental Protectioi
Agency
Facilitating Use of Established
Fumigants: Chlorine dioxide
Recent work has shown that low levels coupled with longer
contact times effective on number of materials:
- Mock office environment
- Mock HVAC system
-Concrete, grime
-Less detrimental impact on materials
Currently investigating required contact time for effective decon at
low RH - on subway tunnel concrete
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
&EPA
United Stales
Environmental Protect
Agcncv
Facilitating Use of Established
Fumigants: Hydrogen peroxide vapor
Recent testing has shown that low levels (~ 5 ppm) coupled with
longer contact times (a week) effective on number of materials
Can be disseminated using
home humidifiers
Possible self help approach
Log Reduction
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-244
An Overview of EPA Homeland Security Research Program's Biological Decontamination Research
Joseph Wood | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
oEPA
United
Environmental Protectioi
Agency
Facilitating Use of Existing
Fumigants: Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor
Registered VHP fumigation conditions (eg 400 ppm for 30
minutes) confirmed inadequate for effective decontamination of a
number of materials
- May need as high as 400 ppm for 6 hours
Office of Research anti Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
&EPA
United Stales
Environmental Protซctio
Agcncv
Facilitating Use of Existing
Fumigants: Methyl Bromide
Lab study has shown efficacy with 8. anthracis at
-2l2mg/L, 75% RH, 22ฐ C, 36 hr
8. anthracis Sterne a good surrogate at these conditions
Ineffective at 45% RH
Activated carbon easily
captures MeBr following
fumigation
Demonstrated in lab and field
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-245
An Overview of EPA Homeland Security Research Program's Biological Decontamination Research
Joseph Wood | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
United Slates
Environmental Protection
Agency
Liquid Sporicides Update
Liquid sporicides can be applied as:
-Spray
-Immersion
-Fog
-Wipes
-Gels/foams
Most effective liquid
sporicides use peracetic
acid or hypochlorous acid
as active ingredient
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protectio
Agcncv
Liquid Sporicides Update-
Sodium Hypochlorite (aka Bleach)
Previous R&D focused
primarily on acidified
bleach (pH adjusted, aka
pAB)
Off the shelf wipes with
sodium hypochlorite
(bleach) effective at < I %
hypochlorite
Wipes made in lab with
pAB bleach not as
effective
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-246
An Overview of EPA Homeland Security Research Program's Biological Decontamination Research
Joseph Wood | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Liquid Sporicides Update-
Sodium Hypochlorite (aka Bleach)
Dilute bleach (with no pH adjustment)
shown to effective at <2% hypochlorite
concentration
Tested commercial off the shelf (COTS)
cleaning products (<2% hypochlorite)
See similar results with COTS as with
diluted bleach
Simple to use straight out of the bottle
Some products have colors in them - can
see where it has been applied
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
&EPA
Liquid Sporicides Update- Bleach
Immersion tests using bleach -
waste materials decon
-Acidified bleach more effective than
diluted bleach
- Most waste materials were effectively
decontaminated by a 15 minute
immersion in pAB, with the exception
of carpet
-Decontamination inside closed books
and gloves not always effective
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-247
An Overview of EPA Homeland Security Research Program's Biological Decontamination Research
Joseph Wood | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
*^ Liquid Sporicides Update -
Peracetic Acid (PAA)
Activated hydrogen peroxide (provided by Sandia National
Laboratory) tested by EPA
-Produced in situ, forms PAA when H2O2 activated with triacetin
-Highly effective on all materials with two spray applications
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Secunty Research Center. Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
United Stales
Environrnenial Protectio
Agency
&EPA
Stales
Liquid Sporicides Update- Peracetic Acid
Parametric testing of four PAA formulations prepared in lab
-Tests conducted in suspension demonstrated efficacy
-PAA developed from over the counter ingredients < 0.1 % PAA,
not effective on materials
In separate wipe study,
low level PAA (O.I5%)
not effective
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-248
An Overview of EPA Homeland Security Research Program's Biological Decontamination Research
Joseph Wood | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
oEPA
Liquid Sporicides Update- Peracetic Acid
Fogging of mock HVAC using 4.5% PAA
(Minncare Cold Sterilant) was effective
Humidifier test
-Lowtech approach using humidifier shown to
be effective with SporKlenz (low level PAA) I
week contact time
Currently testing fogging of railcar
materials with PAA
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
&EPA
United Stales
Environmental Protซctio
Agcncv
Emerging Decontaminants-
Sodium Persulfate
Highly effective on soil
-Only liquid demonstrated to be effective in killing 8. anthracis spores in soil
Effective on outdoor materials
Patent application submitted
Oxidant and Reactions
S2O82- + 2 e- -> 2 SO42-
SO4- + e- ^ SO42-
Electrode Potential
2.1 V (persulfate)
2.6 V (sulfate radical)
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-249
An Overview of EPA Homeland Security Research Program's Biological Decontamination Research
Joseph Wood | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Emerging Decontaminants-
Methyl Iodide
Pesticide alternative to MeBr
Found to be effective under numerous conditions for numerous
materials
Not effective at low RH (similar to MeBr)
Tai gel Mel
C onceDtrarion
100
:oo
300
300
300
400
Target
Temperature
<ฐC)
:5
25
25
25
37
37
Tarsel
RH
<ฐo>
70
70
45
70
70
70
Time (hours) Required to Achieve H) LR on
All Matei i.ih
B.a. Ames
_4S:
i:antl_24
36
i:.ind_M
24 ami _36
S12'
B. arroptitiein
b
-
-
36
36
24
B.a. Sterne
48
.-24
36
12 and 1.24
136'
~
Test Number
Reference*
14
11.13
10.12
6 S >>
1.2.5.7
3.4
* Materials tested were glass, ceiling tile, carpet painted wallboard paper, bare prae wood and unpamted concrete
" Contact times and microorganism tested may be variable between tests Detailed data from each test number can be referenced in Tables A-l
through A-3 in Appendix A
b--~ Not Tested
- _ indicates that no experiment was conducted to assess efficacy less thin the listed contact time and that 6 LR was achieved at this contact
time
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protectio
Agcncv
Emerging Decontaminants-
Ethylene Oxide (EtO)
Typically used for sterilization of
medical equipment
Effective against 8. anthracis
spores at 37ฐ C, 75% RH, >300
mg/L EtO for >90 minutes, and
other conditions
-Tested on sensitive materials, such
as those found at a museum
Minimal effects on materials
tested
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-250
An Overview of EPA Homeland Security Research Program's Biological Decontamination Research
Joseph Wood | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Emerging Decontaminants-
Carpet Cleaning
Minimal decon efficacy using
the wet vacuum carpet
cleaner (using surfactant)
Spores difficult to recover
after wetting
But effective when cleaner
replaced with peracetic acid
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agcncv
Summary
Lots of research being
conducted, lots of
partners involved
Over 60 reports/papers
published on bio decon
since NHSRC inception
Homeland Security Research Products in the Science
Inventory
...
http://www2.epa.gov/homeland-security-research
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-251
An Overview of EPA Homeland Security Research Program's Biological Decontamination Research
Joseph Wood | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
vvEPA
EMERGENCY
RESPONSE
Environmental Response and
Remediation Plan fora Biological
Agent Incident in NYC
Shannon Serre
USEPA/CBRN CMAD
Kobria Karim
NYC DOHMH
OSO
\K EW OffiM o( RtsHrcli ind On^afeiMt
May 6, 2015
CBRNCMAT
CONSEQUENCE
MANAGEMENT
ADVISORY TEAM
Project Background
What would we do if a biological incident happened today in NYC?
What information is available to help with the response?
Goal is to develop operational and tactical guidance to help NYC to:
prepare for, characterize, remediate, clear and re-occupy contaminated
areas following a biological incident
Focused on B. anthracis - no specific scenario
Plan that is scalable
One building
Multiple buildings
Wide area including streets and vegetation
Identify gaps/research needs
C-252
New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) Environmental Remediation Plan for Biological Incidents
Shannon Serre I U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Collaborative Effort
USEPA
OEM/Consequence Management Advisory Division
Office of Research and Development/NHSRC
Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery
Environmental Response Team
Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention
Office of Water
Office of Homeland Security
Regions 2, 3, and 5
NYC
Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
Department of Environmental Protection
Emergency Management
NYS - Department of Environmental Conservation
Sandia National Laboratories
Metropolitan Transportation Authority
Contractor Support
Dynamac
Booz Allen Hamilton
UF
CBRNCMAT
CONSEQUENCE
MANAGEMENT
ADVISORY TEAM
Work Groups
Focused on Consequence Management Phase
Sampling and Analysis
Decontamination
Subway Systems
Waste Management
Health and Safety
Clearance Criteria
Risk Reduction ("Self-Help")
Building Engineering Study
C-253
New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) Environmental Remediation Plan for Biological Incidents
Shannon Serre I U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Sampling and Analysis
< CBRNCMAT
CONSEQUENCE
MANAGEMENT
ADVISORY TEAM
Resource analysis
Determine resource picture for the response from notification until
maximum resource deployment
Laboratory analysis
Lab Capacity- ERLN, LRN, NYS Labs, and mobile labs
Laboratory Methods Strategy: create recommended strategy for lab
methods depending on response phase
Pop-Up Labs Guidance - Can non-certified labs process samples?
Sampling strategies
Develop general strategies for key sampling programs and identify
methods for creating scalable sampling plans.
SAP templates (characterization and clearance)
Waste sampling guidance (gap)
Decontamination
Decontamination Options and Challenges
Options
Volumetric-fumigation, fogging, etc.
Surface treatment options
Compatibility issues
Porous/non-porous materials
Waste disposal considerations
Develop Operational Strategies
Indoor
Outdoor
Vehicles
C-254
New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) Environmental Remediation Plan for Biological Incidents
Shannon Serre I U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Subway System
Subway specific issues - unique environment
Subway infrastructure
Tracks, signaling, tunnels, platform, etc.
Combination > 100 yr old mechanical and
modern computerized electronic equipment
Rolling stock - different types of trains in use
Passive and active ventilation
Tunnel vs tubes
Many types of ballast
How do we sample ballast?
Limited Return to Service
Electrical hazards with 3rd rail
< CBRNCMAT
CONSEQUENCE
MANAGEMENT
ADVISORY TEAM
Waste Management
Waste
Quantities likely to exceed local, state & regional WM resources & assets
Cannot be managed like natural disaster debris
USDOT & NY State DEC requirements for packaging, labeling, marking
& transport
Plan
Pre-identify resources, facilities, assets, personnel & constraints
May require the need for longer term use of vehicles and secure staging
areas
Prioritize critical infrastructure/key resources for decon & WM activities
Gaps in Waste Sampling/Analysis Methods
Method development needs additional work
Additional samples to analyze - additional laboratory resources
C-255
New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) Environmental Remediation Plan for Biological Incidents
Shannon Serre I U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Health and Safety
Health and safety guidance for response operations
Does not include health and safety for the public
Develop guidance document on PPE, site controls,
training, etc. for various response tasks
Provide Quick Reference Guides (QRGs)
SDS for fumigants and other chemicals
Provide a template for a site-specific Health and
Safety Plan (HASP)
< CBRNCMAT
CONSEQUENCE
MANAGEMENT
ADVISORY TEAM
Clearance
Developed a charter for the Technical Working Group (TWG)
and Environmental Clearance Committee (ECC)
Developed a recommended clearance goal and clearance
strategy for indoor, outdoor, subway, and vehicles
Consideration of using the same clearance goal (no
detection) for all environments, but deviating in terms of
developing different strategies/CONOPS for results above
non-detect (for example, define what action is triggered by a
positive detection outdoors versus indoors)
C-256
New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) Environmental Remediation Plan for Biological Incidents
Shannon Serre I U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Risk Reduction ("Self-Help")
Focussed on locations outside the hot-zone:
Residential
Porous (carpet, rugs, furniture)
Non-porous surfaces (countertops, hard flooring)
Pets
Clothing
Cars
Businesses/Commercial
Measures that do not require specialized equipment or
materials
What to do, as well as, what not to do
Contractor selection checklist
< CBRNCMAT
CONSEQUENCE
MANAGEMENT
ADVISORY TEAM
Building Engineering Study
GSA building in NYC (33 Stories)
Surveyed floors under EPA control
Offices, conference rooms, break rooms,
file rooms, etc.
Evaluated the feasibility of building
containment for fumigation
Estimated potential waste generation
Logistics for staging areas for materials
Logistics for waste decontamination and
packaging
C-257
New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) Environmental Remediation Plan for Biological Incidents
Shannon Serre I U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Info from Survey
Laminate/Formica/Tile Loading, tons 98
Wood Loading, tons 4
Drywall Loading, tons 754
Carpet Loading, tons 491
Paper Loading, tons: 11,704
Furniture, tons: 19,128
Special Items: Thermostats, #: 372
Special Items: Smoke Detectors, #: 4
Special Items: Fluorescent Tubes (Large), #: 14,086
Special Items: Fluorescent Tubes (Small), #: 3,276
Special Items: Fire Extinguishers, #: 240
Special Items: Refrigerators, #: 48
Special Items: X-Ray Machines, #: 1
Structural Items: HVAC Units Below Window, #: 1,989
Structural Items: Floor panel outlets, #: 2,557
Structural Items: Fire Alarms, #: 426
Structural Items: Light Switch/Receptacles, #: 1,509
Electronics Items, tons: 32
Porous Items, tons: 9
Non-Porous Items, tons: 938
Personal Items. ft3: 2.068
< CBRNCMAT
CONSEQUENCE
MANAGEMENT
ADVISORY TEAM
Gaps and Lessons Learned
Need additional info on outdoor
decontamination (trees, grass, etc.)
Large buildings will be a challenge to fumigate
Vehicle decontamination
Waste sampling/analysis methods have not
been addressed
Large quantities of wastewater will need to be
treated
Subway system challenges - UTR is a new
program to help fill in gaps
C-258
New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) Environmental Remediation Plan for Biological Incidents
Shannon Serre I U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Challenges
NYC is the largest and most populated city in the USA
8.2 million residents
~ 26,000 persons/sq mile and ~ 70,000/sq mile in
Manhattan
> 3.2 million housing units
~ 5.6 million subway commuters per average workday
The busiest commuter rail line in the country (LIRR)
> 4,500 buses carrying ~ 2.4 million daily passengers
~ 60 hospitals
> 1,400 public schools attended by 1.1 million children
Challenges
Characterization
Defining zones of contamination - how do you define the hot zone?
Evacuation vs. remain in place
Limited sampling and analytical capacity
Prioritization
Process for identifying which critical assets and infrastructure to remediate first
Remediation
Clearance goal: no detection of viable spores
Can this realistically be achieved in a timely fashion (months vs decades) for a wide area
release in NYC?
How do you remediate skyscrapers?
Fumigation - how do you contain the building? Where do you set up staging areas?
Limited resources/contractors
What will be the new "normal" of acceptable risk?
C-259
New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) Environmental Remediation Plan for Biological Incidents
Shannon Serre | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Challenges
Waste Management
Lack of federal guidance on waste management
1 Very stringent NYS DEC proposed waste regulations
Limited transporters and storage, treatment and disposal sites
Clearance Process
It is not feasible to conduct clearance sampling in each affected
area/building
Can a CONORS be developed and shown to be effective in clearing
areas as opposed to conducting stringent clearance sampling in each
affected area?
What actions should be taken if a sample is positive?
Next Steps
Hold an internal NYC Health Department workshop to resolve policy issues
Hold a Technical Working Group (TWG) workshop
Develop additional tools to support characterization, remediation, clearance
and re-occupancy
Hold an interagency workshop with local, state and federal partners to roll-out
the Bio Remediation Plan
Continue work with other city agencies to develop the NYC Interagency
Biological Incident Operational Plan and to integrate the Bio Remediation
Plan as an annex to this Plan
C-260
New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) Environmental Remediation Plan for Biological Incidents
Shannon Serre | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
THANK YOU!
Erica Canzler and Shannon Serre - US EPA
Group leads - US EPA
Mark Durno, Marissa Mullins, Chris Jimenez, Worth Calfee, Rich Rupert, Paul
Lemieux, Leroy Mickelsen, Schatzi Fitz-James, Mario lerardi, Marshall Gray,
Larry Kaelin, Mike Nalipinski, Jayson Griffin, and Elise Jakabhazy
Donna Edwards - Sand/a National Laboratories
Allan Woodard - NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Greg Recer - NYS Health Department
Afrosa Amin, Peter Chen, and Christina Kendrot - NYC Department of
Environmental Protection
Charles Burrus and Mike Gemelli - NYC Transit
Stephanie Servetz, Mark Andrew, Laura Black, and Johanna Miele - NYC
Emergency Management
Kobria Karim, Laurie van Vynck, Ray Nieves, Jeanine Prud'homme, Ava Blagrove
Ken Peskowitz, Colin Stimmler - NYC DOHMH
C-261
New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) Environmental Remediation Plan for Biological Incidents
Shannon Serre | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
, u >
.''' i vt - ฃ Oi
* V / , \i > .
EPA Water Security Division (WSD): Update
on Water Decontamination Activities
Marissa Lynch- US EPA
George Gardenier- US EPA ORISE FELLOW
2015 EPA International Decontamination Research and Development Conference
5/6/2015 4>ERf\
water.epa.gov
Outline
EPA Homeland Security Roles
Available Products
On-going Projects
Upcoming Projects
Supporting Research by EPA's Homeland Security Research Program
PAGE|2
C-262
Water Sector Decontamination
Marissa Lynch | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
EPA Homeland Security Roles
Protecting water and wastewater infrastructure
Indoor and outdoor clean-up following attack or natural
disaster
- can use millions of gallons of water
- can result in even more contaminated wastewater
Development of a nationwide laboratory network
Reducing vulnerability of chemical & hazardous materials
Cyber security
I
PAGE|3
Water Security Projects
Multi Use
Homeland Security
Catastrophes: Natural Disasters,
Accidents, etc.
"Normal" Operations
Many homeland security practices may also
benefit day-to-day operation.
For example, decontamination approaches for use
after intentional contamination might also be
useful after natural disasters and industrial
accidents.
C-263
Water Sector Decontamination
Marissa Lynch | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Outline
EPA Homeland Security Roles
Available Products
On-going Projects
Upcoming Projects
Supporting Research by EPA's Homeland Security Research Program
Report on Progress of 2008 CIPAC Recommendations
Water Sector Decontamination Priorities
Critical Infrastructure Partnership Advisory
Council (CIPAC) Decontamination
Workgroup
Strategic Plan - October 2008
- Priority Issues (16)
- Recommendations (35)
RECOMMENDATIONS AND
PROPOSED STRATEGIC PLAN
WATER SECTOR DECONTAMINATION PRIORITIES
PAGE|6
C-264
Water Sector Decontamination
Marissa Lynch | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Progress on Water Sector Decontamination
Recommendations & Proposed Strategic Plan
The document addresses progress to address
the CIPAC workgroup recommendations in
the areas of:
Providing guidance regarding decontamination
Containing and disposing of contaminated water
Developing planning documents to facilitate
preparation and response to a contamination
event
Evaluating results from studies on the
persistence of target contaminants in water
systems and the efficacy of treatment
technologies and protocols
Developing web-based resources
Conducting decontamination-specific training
S-EPA
Progress on
Water Sector
Decontamination
Recommendations
& Proposed
Strategic Plan
PAGE|7
How Can Water Utilities Obtain Critical Assets to
Support Decontamination Activities?
Factsheet for utilities for
identification of critical assets during
pre-incident planning and in response
to a contamination incident
Flowchart demonstrating the general
coordination between Local, State,
and Federal Levels
http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/watersecurity/emerplan/decon/upload/epa817f15012.pdf
PAGE|8
C-265
Water Sector Decontamination
Marissa Lynch | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Accessing Critical Assets for Decontamination
How Can Water Utilities Obtain Critical Assets to
Support Decontamination Activities?
What is a critical asset?
Personal protective equipment
Sampling teams with up-to-date environmental
technique training
Qualified analytical laboratory personnel
Fate and transport modeling and sampling-
design experts
Data management and documentation
specialists
Decontamination teams capable of verifying
decontamination, treating contaminated water,
and decontaminating sites or items
Chemicals for treatment
C-266
Water Sector Decontamination
Marissa Lynch | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Outline
EPA Homeland Security Roles
Available Products
On-going Projects
Upcoming Projects
Supporting Research by EPA's Homeland Security Research Program
PAGE | 11
EPA Decontamination Tabletop Exercise
United State*:
Environrr
Agency
Decontan
Decontamination Tabletop Exercise for
Drinking Water and Wastewater Systems
PAGE | 12
C-267
Water Sector Decontamination
Marissa Lynch | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
EPA Decontamination Tabletop Exercise (continued)
Exercise purpose
Through these exercises, participants are able to:
Define critical decontamination issues for utilities and what options
utilities have to address these issues
Understand roles and responsibilities of stakeholders and response
partners
Identify key resources to inform decision-making for decontamination
efforts
Network and learn from each other
PAGE | 13
Drinking Water Treatment Plant
C-268
Water Sector Decontamination
Marissa Lynch | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Distribution and Collection Systems
Extent of Contamination
C-269
Water Sector Decontamination
Marissa Lynch | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
EPA Decontamination Tabletop Exercise (continued)
The exercise is designed to walk the participants through the three
phases of remediation and clean-up (Characterization,
Decontamination and Clearance), while reflecting on a hypothetical
scenario that contaminated a drinking water and wastewater utility.
Flow of Activities
c
Charartprijation
3
Dernntam'natinn
Clearance
PAGE|17
EPA Decontamination Tabletop Exercise (continued)
EPA Region 4 - Exercise Feedback
Many participants indicated that the open discussions and
exchange of ideas among peers from across the Water Sector in
response to the injects during the tabletop was very beneficial
Exercise participant: "We would love to offer this training TTXto more
smaller size utilities in rural parts of Georgia to help smaller/med size
utilities better understand the process/preparedness of responding to
emergencies."
Exercise participant: "This was my first tabletop exercise and it won't
be my last."
PAGE | 18
C-270
Water Sector Decontamination
Marissa Lynch | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
EPA Decontamination Tabletop Exercise (continued)
Participant Information
Participant
Affiliation
Utility
Public health
Emergency
management
Local or state
government
Association
Private Sector
EPA
CDC
D.C. TTX EPA Region 4 TTX EPA Region 6 TTX
PAGE | 19
EPA Decontamination Tabletop Exercise (continued)
Upcoming Exercises - June 2015
EPA Region 8: City of Riverton, Wyoming
EPA Region 9: Orange County, California
PAGE | 20
C-271
Water Sector Decontamination
Marissa Lynch | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Outline
EPA Homeland Security Roles
Available Products
On-going Projects
Upcoming Projects
Supporting Research by EPA's Homeland Security Research Program
PAGE | 21
Decontamination Preparedness and Assessment Tool (DPAT)
PAGE | 22
C-272
Water Sector Decontamination
Marissa Lynch | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Decontamination Preparedness and Assessment Tool (DPAT)
How to use these frameworks.,
These frameworks will walk you through all major steps and koy
decisions m the cleanup process (Characterization slP
Decontamination steps 1-17). Simply click through the frameworks,
reviewing information and accessing linked resources, as needed. Use
the detailed information presented in the frameworks to help coordinate
and complete each step of the remediation/cleanup process. A list of
acronyms and resources can be accessed by the bluซ buttons below.
You can also document your progress using the checkboxes. To review
your overall progress, view the checklist at the end of these frameworks
or access the summary by the blue button below.
BEGIN US1NGTHE
FRAMEWORKS
PAGE | 23
Decontamination Preparedness and Assessment Tool (DPAT)
Figure 1. Overall Si
in Title 1)
The DPAT includes
Flowcharts and an
interactive PDF for the
decision-making frameworks
Includes roles and
responsibilities
PAGE | 24
C-273
Water Sector Decontamination
Marissa Lynch | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Decontamination Preparedness and Assessment Tool-
CHARACTERIZATION PHASE
1.
Gather information collected during initial
response
A. Obtain and evaluate information collected during Initial Response and
any additional contaminant characterization activities
K/DWPA/EPA/DPH/Lobs.
B. Conduct, interpret, and compare contamination modets (trace analysis)
or calculations IC/DWPA/EPA/DPH/Labs
C. As determination of site-specific characteristics progresses {i.e., variables
ortginalfy unknown become known), continually reassess modeling results
against stte-speafic characteristics
Check if completed
13
D
D
D
ADVANCE TO THE
NEXTSTEP
PAGE | 25
Decontamination Preparedness and Assessment Tool-
DECONTAMINATION PHASE
Identify and evaluate decontamination
options and regulatory requirements
A Define decontamination/remediation options for each impacted medium
with reference to the clearance qoals
ICS Planning
B. Identify the amount of water or other affected medium to be remediated
based on detailed site characterization ICS Or
C Identify and screen potential technologies for each affected area/media
D. Assemble screened technologies Into a range of options for more detailed
consideration and evaluation ICS /Vanning/TV
E. Evaluate initial options by regulatory requirement and other criteria
ICS Planning/TWU
Check if completed
i
'
J
I
LJ
PAGE | 26
C-274
Water Sector Decontamination
Marissa Lynch | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Decontamination Preparedness and Assessment Tool-
CHECKLIST
:; requiring ppflej S'fis served by
PAGE | 27
On-line Decontamination Training for Water Sector
Training Course Outline: Drinking Water and Wastewater
Module 1: Introduction
Module 2: Characterization Phase
Module 3: Decontamination Phase / Clearance
Module 4: Waste Management
Module 5: Case Study
PAGE | 28
C-275
Water Sector Decontamination
Marissa Lynch | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
On-line Decontamination Training for Water Sector
Example Training Page
Characterization Phase - Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Characterization cata also inform decisions regararc ate appropriate personal protective aqtopntent (PPE) that should be used by water
utility personnel performing sampling, characterization or decontamination operations. The level of PPE needed depends on the type
and degree of contamination, as well as proximity to specific contamination zones. The location of hot, warm and cold zones will be
determined by Hazardous Material; (H-CMiiTi teams during initial response.
A hot zone, on exclusion zone, is the area where there is the greatest potential for
exposure:
all personnel entenng a hot zone must use PPE
All personnel and equipment leaving a hot zone must be properly
cecortar-irotec
Outline
EPA Homeland Security Roles
Available Products
On-going Projects
Upcoming Projects
Supporting Research by EPA's Homeland Security Research Program
PAGE | 30
C-276
Water Sector Decontamination
Marissa Lynch | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Supporting Research by EPA's Homeland Security
Research Program
= Flushing Locations
ฉ = Contaminated Nodes
http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc
PAGE | 31
Contact Information
Marissa Lynch, U.S. EPA
Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water
Phone: 202-564-2761
E-Mail: lynch.marissa@epa.gov
George Gardenier, U.S. EPA ORISE FELLOW
Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water
Phone: 202-564-3333
E-Mail: gardenier.george(5)epa.gov
Decontamination website:
http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/watersecurity/emerplan/decon/index.cfm
Research website:
http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc
PAGE | 32
C-277
Water Sector Decontamination
Marissa Lynch | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
2015 U.S. EPA International
Decontamination Research
and Development Conference
Wednesday, May 6, 2015
Concurrent Sessions 2
Biological Agent Detection
C-278
-------
Impact
Sample Preparation Considerations for
Detection of Biological Threat Agents
in Complex Environmental Matrices
Richard Winegar, PhD
Chief Scientist for Biosurveillance &
Diagnostics
2015 EPA International
Decon R&D Conference
MRIGIobal Overview
Independent not-for-profit
organization
Founded in 1944 as Midwest
Research Institute
Performs contract research and
development for government,
industry, and academia
- Global Health
- Energy
- National Security
FOUNDATIONAL BIOSURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS
United States Air Force
>10 year biothreat detection program
> Sample preparation and characterization
> Complex environmental samples
> Trace level agent detection
Engineering - collector and collection matrix assessment
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Amerithrax (one of four labs)
> Developed Morph B, D assays
> Evidentiary analysis
NCR Operational Biosurveillance
Daily and non-routine biothreat analysis
> Established following Anthrax letters in October 2001
> Operated without interruption (24/7/365)
> Multiple Clients with NCR
C-279
Sample Preparation Considerations for Detection of Biological Threat Agents in Complex Environmental Matrices
Richard Winegar | MRIGIobal
-------
The Opportunities: New Technologies
Detection technologies are
continually improving
Smaller
Faster
More Sensitive
Higher multiplexing
Next Generation Sequencing
(NGS) provides promise of
ultimate level of characterization
The Challenge: Sample Preparation
Sample Preparation often doesn't get the same attention as new detection technologies
Automated sample preparation technologies input requirements usually limited to small
volumes and relatively clean samples
Can lead to disconnects between user requirements
- Sample type
- Detection limits
NGS presents further challenges
Pure
Concentrated
Large (vol or mass)
Complex
Trace-level
Degraded
C-280
Sample Preparation Considerations for Detection of Biological Threat Agents in Complex Environmental Matrices
Richard Winegar | MRIGlobal
-------
"Standard Sample"
Small
Relatively clean
Target present at relatively high levels
Validated protocols available
Examples
- Swabs
- Wipes
- Low-volume air collectors
Challenging Samples
Environmental samples may be in varied forms
-Soil
- Water sediments
- Large water volumes
- Bulk items
- Vegetation
-Etc.
- Depending on sampling site, even "standard" samples
may be heavily soiled
alth Security
C-281
Sample Preparation Considerations for Detection of Biological Threat Agents in Complex Environmental Matrices
Richard Winegar | MRIGlobal
-------
3D Challenge
Dirty
Degraded
Dilute
Dirty
Bulky
- Must work against tyranny of the microtiter plate
Interferences with extraction
- Clays
- Organic materials
PCR inhibitors
- Humic acids
- Fulvic acids
- Polyphenols
- polysaccharides
- Metals
- Extraneous DMA
Near genetic neighbors
alth Security
C-282
Sample Preparation Considerations for Detection of Biological Threat Agents in Complex Environmental Matrices
Richard Winegar | MRIGlobal
-------
Degraded
Environmental stresses
- UV, heat, chemical and biological degradation
DNA may be outside of cell or virus
Nonviablecan't confirm positives by culture
DNA may be too fragmented to be analyzed by certain methods
Situation likely to be even worse for RNA
O::O-
Abosic Thymidine Interstrcmd Base insertions A-G
sites Base adducts dinners crosslinks mismatch
8>
Qiagen.com G *
Abnormal Single-strand Chemical Double-strand Base deletions T-C
bases breaks mutagens breaks mismatch
Dilute
Trace-level of target in bulk sample
- Sample aliquot may not have sufficient level of target
Sensitivity of assays
- Assay may have 10-copy sensitivity, but will 10 copies make it through entire process?
Contamination
- Important for all PCR, but particularly for trace-level detection
- Can you believe low level detection results?
Neat Sample Aliquot Purified DNA PCR
Sample vol
Target
10,000
1,000
1000
100
100
50
2 . 5 copies
C-283
Sample Preparation Considerations for Detection of Biological Threat Agents in Complex Environmental Matrices
Richard Winegar | MRIGlobal
-------
Next Generation Sequencing
Opportunities
Non-biased total sequencing of
sample
- Identify threat agents without
prior knowledge
Strain/sub-strain-level ID
Metagenomic profiles
RNA seq
- Determine viability with pre-
rRNA transcripts?
Challenges
Complex microbial background
- Produces large number of
"wasted" reads
Near genetic neighbors
Sample preparation
- Generate sufficiently clean and
concentrated sample
compatible with library prep
Library preparation
- Complex procedure
- Limited input mass and vol
Inhibitors
- May be different than PCR
inhibitors
Stability of genetic material
Bioinformatics
Example Development Process
Conceptualization
Define Requirements
Workflow Concept
Protocol
Development Plan
Protocol Development
Baseline
Characterization
Optimization
Integration
Verification
Publication
Global Health Security
Validation
Internal Verification Test
Training
External verification (TT)
Inter-Laboratory Validation
(PVaT)
C-284
Sample Preparation Considerations for Detection of Biological Threat Agents in Complex Environmental Matrices
Richard Winegar | MRIGlobal
-------
Initial Program Concept
Validate integrated workflow for sample collection, processing and analysis
of bioforensic samples
Ambitious objectives
Need for careful definition
of requirements
Sample Collection
PCR Ncxt G*n Sequencing Draft Gt-nomc
ELISA and Live Culture for
Viruses and Bacteria
Concept Elements: Sample Collection
Considerations
Partitioning or duplicate samples
needed to provide sample/portion for
live culture, NAand archiving
Compatibility of devices to common
extraction methods
Elements
Devices:
- Puritan Environmental Sample
Swab(ESS)
- MRIGIobal Bioforensics
Collector with in situ extraction
Surface: glazed ceramic floor tile
Background: Non-sterile loam soil
Replicates
- Swabs
1 collection for nucleic acids
1 collection for live culture and
immunoassays
- BFC
1 collection for all assays
Archiving: Portion of extract
alth Security
C-285
Sample Preparation Considerations for Detection of Biological Threat Agents in Complex Environmental Matrices
Richard Winegar | MRIGIobal
-------
Concept Elements: Organisms
B. anthracis Sterne spores (Gram positive)
Y. pestisM 122-vegetative cells (Gram negative)
Adenovirus (DMA virus)
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus TC-83
(VEEV) (RNA virus)
Ricin (toxin)
Considerations
Live culture recovery of various targets
require different methods and growth
conditions
Obtaining pure isolates will be confounded by
presence of other targets/organisms
Stability of targets is variable
Can't validate every possible organism, but
these represent the spectrum of threat
agents
Concept Elements: Analysis Methods
Real Time PCR
Next Generation Sequencing
Live Culture
Immunoassay-ELISA
Considerations
- Differences in assay/method sample requirements and
sensitivities (each analytical method will have its own
LoD)
- Limited extract volume from single sample needs to
accommodate multiple analyses
Global Health Security
C-286
Sample Preparation Considerations for Detection of Biological Threat Agents in Complex Environmental Matrices
Richard Winegar | MRIGlobal
-------
Revised Concept: Swabs
Swab 1
gentle extraction
T
Follow-on analysis based on
results orinvestigational leads
Revised Concept: BFC
Using in situ processing, a single
bioforensic collector provides live
culture and NA fractions
BFC vacuum collection from surfaces
Follow-on analysis based on
results or investigational leads
C-287
Sample Preparation Considerations for Detection of Biological Threat Agents in Complex Environmental Matrices
Richard Winegar | MRIGlobal
-------
Phase 2: Protocol Development
Baseline
Characterization
Optimization
Integration
Evaluate candidate methods for live culture
and nucleic acid extraction
Maximize target recovery
Enhance sensitivity
Integrate methods into workflow
Determine LRD, ruggedness and robustness
Internal Verification Test
Phase 3: Validation Tasks
Each phase of validation supported by Test Plans and Summary Reports for
Go/No Go decision points to move forward through each phase of validation
Protocol Verification Test (PVT)
Technical Transfer
Training and transfer of SOPs to
receiving laboratory
Provide oversight for receiving
lab PVT
Manage Inter-Laboratory
Validation Test
Provide blinded samples
Conduct validation test
simultaneously with receiving lab
Publication
Global Health Security
C-288
Sample Preparation Considerations for Detection of Biological Threat Agents in Complex Environmental Matrices
Richard Winegar | MRIGlobal
-------
Points to consider
Sampling
- sample aliquot contain
sufficient analyte
- Adequate extraction method?
- Interfering substances
Extraction
- Input volumes
- Losses
- Form of analyte targeted
spore, cellular, free DMA
- Inhibition removal
- Output vol. and analyte
concentration
- Compatibility with
downstream analysis
PCR
- Controls for inhibition &
Contamination
- Sensitivity
- Input volumes
- Follow-up confirmatory methods
NGS
- Range of organisms of interest
- Genetic near neighbors
- Enrichment
- Targeted or shotgun
- DMA and/or RNA
- Appropriate library prep method
- Depth & breadth of required
coverage
- Analytical Objective: detection,
characterization, viability?
- Appropriate bioinformatics tools
Workflow conceptualization helps identify and integrate the most appropriate
methods for the particular challenge
Acknowledgments
DHS Chemical and Biological Division, Science and Technology Directorate,
Bioforensics Research and Development Program for funding support.
Contract # HSHQDC-12-C-00050
Various stakeholders who provided valuable feedback
MRIGIobal staff
- Valorie Ryan, PhD
- Jennifer Rannings
- Joe Carrano
- Candy Health
- Brittany Knight
- Jennifer Stone
- Robert O'Shea
Global Health Security
C-289
Sample Preparation Considerations for Detection of Biological Threat Agents in Complex Environmental Matrices
Richard Winegar | MRIGIobal
-------
2015 U.S. EPA International
Decontamination Research
and Development Conference
Wednesday, May 6, 2015
Concurrent Sessions 2
Water Infrastructure Decontamination
C-290
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
DECONTAMINATION AND RESTORATION OF
CRITICAL WATER AND WASTEWATER
INFRASTRUCTURE
2015 EPA International Decontamination Conference
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
Disclaimer
The U.S. EPA through its Office of Research and Development
funded the research described in this presentation. It has been
reviewed by the Agency but does not necessarily reflect the
Agency's views. No official endorsement should be inferred. EPA
does not endorse the purchase or sale of any commercial products
or services.
ADVANCING
OUR NATION'S
SECURITY
THROUGH
SCIENCE
C-291
Decontamination and Restoration of Critical Water and Wastewater Infrastructure
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
Outline
EPA Homeland Security Roles and Water
Research
Overview of decontamination and restoration of
critical water and wastewater infrastructure
Facilities for Decontamination and Treatment
Research
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
EPA Homeland Security Roles
Protecting drinking water and wastewater infrastructure
Indoor and outdoor clean-up following an attack, natural disaster, industrial
accidents, etc.
- can use millions of gallons of water
- can result in even more contaminated wastewater
Development of a nationwide laboratory network
Reducing vulnerability of chemical & hazardous materials
Cyber security
C-292
Decontamination and Restoration of Critical Water and Wastewater Infrastructure
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
Water Security Projects
Mum Use
Homeland Security
Catastrophes: Natural Disasters,
Accidents, etc.
"Normal" Operations
For example, decontamination
approaches for use after intentional
contamination might also be useful after
natural disasters and industrial
accidents, as well as routine system
maintenance.
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
Research to Support Water Systems
Make water systems more resilient
Mitigate impacts of contamination
Detect contamination
Treat water
Decontaminate infrastructure
C-293
Decontamination and Restoration of Critical Water and Wastewater Infrastructure
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
Outline
EPA Homeland Security Roles and Water
Research
Overview of decontamination and restoration of
critical water and wastewater infrastructure
Facilities for Decontamination and Treatment
Research
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
Selected Projects
State of science review of water system decontamination
Persistence and removal of CBR contaminants from drinking
water pipes studied with USEPA's pipe decontamination
experimental design (PDED)
Impact of CBR contaminated sediments on flushing and
decontamination of drinking water storage facilities
Decision support tools for responding to water distribution
incidents and decontaminating infrastructure
C-294
Decontamination and Restoration of Critical Water and Wastewater Infrastructure
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
State of science review of water system decon
Publications from EPA represent the majority of
research in some areas
Provides data for decontamination resources
Reference key to literature
Gap analysis to guide research
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
Current Report Considerations
Chemical: inorganics (As, Hg), petroleum products, toxins, CWA,
Pharmaceuticals, organics (chlordane, chloropyrifos, parathion,
sodium fluoroacetate and p-dichlorobenzene)
Biological: spore forming bacteria, vegetative bacteria, viruses
Radionuclide: cesium, strontium, cobalt
Infrastructure materials: unlined iron (corroded), cement-mortar
lined iron, PVC (plastic), copper
Other materials were included if compelling data was identified
Type of experimental system: how representative of reality is it?
C-295
Decontamination and Restoration of Critical Water and Wastewater Infrastructure
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
Future considerations
The current report identifies gaps in the current literature with
respect to contaminant-infrastructure persistence data that is
not available
It also provides suggestions for future decontamination work in
areas where persistence is observed
The report will be updated and reissued periodically as new data
is published
EPA/NHSRC will perform research to fill those gaps
- We hope others will too
Szabo, J. G. and S. Minamyer. Decontamination of Chemical Agents..., Environment International, 72:119-123, (2014).
Szabo, J. G. and S. Minamyer. Decontamination of Biological Agents..., Environment International, 72:124-128, (2014).
Szabo, J. G. and S. Minamyer. Decontamination of Radiological Agents..., Environment International, 72:129-132, (2014).
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
Selected Projects
State of science review of water system decon
Persistence and removal of CBR contaminants from drinking
water pipes studied with USEPA's pipe decontamination
experimental design (PDED)
(see 11:05 talk in this session by Ryan James)
Impact of CBR contaminated sediments on flushing and
decontamination of drinking water storage facilities
Decision support tools for responding to water distribution
incidents and decontaminating infrastructure
C-296
Decontamination and Restoration of Critical Water and Wastewater Infrastructure
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
Background
Problem: Drinking water pipes can sorb contaminants that are
introduced either accidentally or by some purposeful means.
Objectives: Provide data to help decision makers develop a
decontamination strategy for contaminated pipe materials
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
EPA's Pipe Decon Experimental Design (PDED
Design for realistic studies of persistence and decon
-Can be implemented in reproducible fashion across laboratories and for
various contaminants and pipe materials
-Conditions within operational drinking water pipes are simulated in
annual reactors (ARs)
-ARs contain coupons of pipe materials: copper, PVC, cast-iron, and
mortar lined ductile iron
-Contaminants: chem, bio, rad
-Decontamination methods: flushing and hyperchlorination
r
fir
annular reactor
coupons
C-297
Decontamination and Restoration of Critical Water and Wastewater Infrastructure
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
Selected Projects
State of science review of water system decon
Persistence and removal of CBR contaminants from drinking
water pipes studied with USEPA's pipe decontamination
experimental design (PDED)
Impact of CBR contaminated sediments on flushing and
decontamination of drinking water storage facilities
(see 11:30 talk in this session by Jeff Szabo)
Decision support tools for responding to water distribution
incidents and decontaminating infrastructure
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
Background
Problem: Sediments in drinking water tanks can adsorb and act
as reservoirs for toxic substances introduced either accidentally
or by some purposeful means.
Objectives: Results useful for assessing impacts of an incident
and selecting effective methods for handling contaminated
sediments and decontaminating the tanks.
C-298
Decontamination and Restoration of Critical Water and Wastewater Infrastructure
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
Approach
Tank cleaning company collecting sediments
7TTTT
Sediments from different tanks can vary a lot!
Lab contaminant
adherence studies
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
Selected Projects
State of science review of water system decon
Persistence and removal of CBR contaminants from drinking
water pipes studied with USEPA's pipe decontamination
experimental design (PDED)
Impact of CBR contaminated sediments on flushing and
decontamination of drinking water storage facilities
Decision support tools for responding to water distribution
incidents and decontaminating infrastructure
C-299
Decontamination and Restoration of Critical Water and Wastewater Infrastructure
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
SUITE OF WATER SECURITY TOOLS
Assessing
vulnerabilities and
consequences
Detecting
Locating sensors
and analyzing
water quality data
Evaluating response
and remediation
actions
Fate/transport of
contaminants
Sensor number and
placement
.,-,- . : ^ ~L
\_ /" -I
Forecast, simulate real-
time operational
conditions
Contamination
vulnerabilities,
consequences
Identify source, optimize
flushing, guide sampling
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
Water Security Toolkit (WST)
Objective: Integrate a suite of cutting-edge, automated modeling,
simulation, and optimization tools into a user friendly software tool
in order to support rapid and effective water utility decision making
WST will help identify:
Best sensor locations to detect contamination
Origin of contamination in the network
- Best sampling locations to confirm contamination or clean-up
- Tanks and/or areas that need to be isolated
- Best injection location of chlorine or other decontaminating
agents to neutralize and/or inactivate contaminant
Region of system that needs public notification
- Best hydrants to flush out contaminated water
C-300
Decontamination and Restoration of Critical Water and Wastewater Infrastructure
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
Intended UseofWST
Plan for response to natural disasters and terrorist attacks
and compare response actions
Develop consequence management plans
- Inform large-scale exercises/training
Plan for response to traditional utility challenges (pipe
breaks, water quality problems, ...)
Evaluate implications of different response strategies
Optimize and implement response actions in real-time
Use data from event detection software, sensor stations, field
investigations
Incorporate software tools to create real-time situational
awareness tool (future vision)
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
Outline
EPA Homeland Security Roles and Water
Research
Overview of decontamination and restoration of
critical water and wastewater infrastructure
Facilities for Decontamination and Treatment
Research
C-301
Decontamination and Restoration of Critical Water and Wastewater Infrastructure
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
Some unique facilities for in-house research at NHSRC in
Cincinnati, Ohio
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
Test and Evaluation Facility - Cincinnati, Ohio
C-302
Decontamination and Restoration of Critical Water and Wastewater Infrastructure
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
Single Pass Simulator
1200 feet of 3 inch cast iron
pipe
Flow is 1 ft/sec
Sensors are located at 80
and 1100 ft from the
injection point
Sensors only see the contaminants once
Spatial differences can be observed
Contaminants injected with
a pump
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
Distribution System Simulator
Clear PVC pipe with sampling ports and fire
hydrant connection.
Removable coupons of different pipe
materials for decontamination studies
C-303
Decontamination and Restoration of Critical Water and Wastewater Infrastructure
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
Mock Aircraft Water System
Being constructed-modeled after a Boeing 737 water system,
with an actual Boeing water tank
The mock system will be contaminated with the isolated
coliforms and persistence/colonization observed
Various decontamination techniques will be attempted
I ^
^
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
Some unique facilities for in-house research at NHSRC in
Idaho Fall, Idaho
(See 10:40 talk in this session by Stephen Reese)
C-304
Decontamination and Restoration of Critical Water and Wastewater Infrastructure
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
The Water Security Test Bed (WSTB)
Located at Idaho National Lab (INL)
- Idaho Falls, Idaho (SE portion of state)
Above ground drinking water pipe system with a
40,000 gallon lagoon, high rate groundwater pump,
and storage tanks
The WSTB can support research on distribution system
decontamination, sensors, cyber security, and
wash/flush water treatment
Construction underway
- Decontamination and flush water treatment will be
the initial focus (Sept. 2014)
Located near adjacent office building with plumbing
CBR agents or simulants
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
Project Goals
Construct a full scale pipe simulator connected
to a treated water supply with functioning fire
hydrants
Field deploy and test potential water security
technologies and methods to detect
contamination events and decontaminate
drinking water infrastructure
C-305
Decontamination and Restoration of Critical Water and Wastewater Infrastructure
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
Why is WSTB important
Realistic and representative water
distribution system contamination events
Remedial technologies and methods can be
applied
Best performing technologies and methods
can be made available to help improve
community water system resilience.
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
Thank you!
Matthew Magnuson, Ph.D.
Water Infrastructure Protection Division
US EPA/ORD/NHSRC
magnuson.matthew@epa.gov
513-569-7321
http://www.epa.gov/nhrsc
Disclaimer: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency funded, partially funded, managed, and/or
collaborated in the research described in this presentation. It has been subject to an administrative review but
does not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency. No official endorsement should be inferred. EPA does
not endorse the purchase or sale of any commercial or non-commercial products or services.
C-306
Decontamination and Restoration of Critical Water and Wastewater Infrastructure
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
\
Idaho National
Laboratory
The Water Security Test Bed:
A Large Scale Test Bed for Water Infrastructure
Decontamination
in collaboration with the USEPA National
Homeland Security Research Center
Stephen Reese
May 6, 2015
Idaho National Laboratory
Background
US EPA and INL partnership to create a unique water security
center for research, development, and testing related to national
water security and other drinking water distribution issues.
Addresses biological, chemical, radiological, and cyber vulnerabilities due to
natural, accidental, or malicious acts
Supports testing and demonstration of full size or near full size components
Enables development and testing of methods for monitoring and
decontaminating water infrastructure
Leverages INL's supporting infrastructure:
- Remote, accessible location
- Cyber security program
- Radiological support
- Full range of facility services support
C-307
The Water Security Test Bed - A Pilot Scale Test Bed for Water Infrastructure
Stephen Reese | Idaho National Laboratory
-------
Idaho National Laboratory
Current Status & Future Objectives
EPA funded Phase I of the WSTB in FY2013-2014
First experiments conducted in September-October 2014
EPA & INL planning for additional experiments in 2015 using current
configuration
Completion of WSTB in FY2015 not feasible due to lack of funding
* Reaching out to other stakeholders for partnering opportunities to enable
completion of the system
Complete build out of the system and associated infrastructure
* Develop multi-agency national user facility
- Potential collaborators include DHS, DOD, AWWA
Design
Build
Test & Operate
Idaho National Laboratory
Present Configuration
Phase I of the test bed is a once through system
-445' of 8" cement mortar lined, ductile iron pipe (water main)
6x1" service connections/sample ports, 2 hydrants
15' pipe material coupon section for sampling the interior of the pipe surface
2 water quality monitoring stations measuring chlorine and TOC levels
Above ground system, underlined by secondary containment
C-308
The Water Security Test Bed - A Pilot Scale Test Bed for Water Infrastructure
Stephen Reese | Idaho National Laboratory
-------
Idaho National Laboratory
Complete Loop Plan
_ .^-\ / II /r
When completed the test bed will consist of a recirculating main pipe loop with
four sub loops, each of which can be isolated from the rest of the system.
Cover -2 acres on the INL desert site.
-2100' of 8" ductile iron pipe (water main) +
service connections).
-2800' of 1" Cu line (individual
Pipe loop volume of -5500 gallons + 3 * 12,000 gallon storage tanks and
pumps to pressurize and circulate water in the loop.
Idaho National Laboratory
2074 Experiments
A dye test (tracer) to evaluate travel times
and system flows
Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) injection to
remove free chlorine from the pipe -
successfully triggered automated fire
hydrant flushing device
- Residual sodium thiosulfate in pipe
dead legs released with subsequent
hydraulic changes.
C-309
The Water Security Test Bed - A Pilot Scale Test Bed for Water Infrastructure
Stephen Reese | Idaho National Laboratory
-------
Idaho National Laboratory
2074 Experiments cont.
Bulk water
CIO2 cone.
(mg/L)
Spore density
(cfu/100ml)
Contamination with 6. globigii and CIO2 decontamination
- Effective (5-8 Iog10) removal of 6. globigii in bulk water
Decontamination with CIO2 for 24 hours (110 mg/L initial
concentration; 12 mg/L CIO2 after 24 hours)
- Less effective removal (~2 Iog10) from the pipe surface
Idaho National Laboratory
2074 Experiments cont.
WaterStepฎ Portable Water Treatment System treated effluent lagoon water
to disinfect spores flushed from the WSTB pipe.
System is designed to disinfect water (by on-site chlorine generation) for
human consumption or discharge.
- Chlorine generation and disinfection efficacy were evaluated.
C-310
The Water Security Test Bed - A Pilot Scale Test Bed for Water Infrastructure
Stephen Reese | Idaho National Laboratory
-------
Idaho National Laboratory
2075 Experiments
Additional CIO2 decontamination and flushing of system
Biofilm growth in the water main
Effluent lagoon treatment using CI2, UV, and/or UV+O3
Crude oil contamination and decontamination - simulating a refinery/rail
transport accident
Cyber attack on system instrumentation and communications
Idaho National Laboratory
Experiment Concepts Beyond 2015
Future studies may focus on:
Aerosolization of biological agent via a shower head
* SCADA vulnerabilities in water infrastructure
Chem/rad/bio contamination due to natural, accidental, or intentional acts
Testing and validation of water system components
Household appliance decontamination
First responder training exercises
C-311
The Water Security Test Bed - A Pilot Scale Test Bed for Water Infrastructure
Stephen Reese | Idaho National Laboratory
-------
Idaho National Laboratory
Challenges & Opportunities
Challenge
Current scale and capability of WSTB not adequate to sustain a diverse
research portfolio
Additional funding is needed to enable infrastructure build out and operation
of the WSTB
- Additional research partners required to develop program
Opportunity
National research asset for water security and the Water Energy Nexus
* Address gaps in threat identification and response (chem/rad/bio/cyber) in
water infrastructure protection -through large scale, applied research and
demonstration at a remotely located, dedicated facility
Idaho National Laboratory
Questions?
Contacts
Idaho National Laboratory
Steve Reese (stephen.reese@inl.gov)
ป Mike Carpenter (michael.carpenter@inl.gov
US EPA
Jim Goodrich (goodrich.james@epa.gov)
Disclaimer: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research and Development funded and managed the
research described here. It has been subjected to the Agencv'v review yhJ h.=:;. been approved for publication. Note that approval
does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views of the Agency. Mention of trade names, products, or services does
not convey official EPA approval, endorsement, or recommendation.
C-312
The Water Security Test Bed - A Pilot Scale Test Bed for Water Infrastructure
Stephen Reese | Idaho National Laboratory
-------
Persistence of Simulated
Radionuclides on Drinking Pipes
Ryan James, Elizabeth Hanft, Battelle
JeffSzabo, Matthew Magnuson, John Hall
EPA National Homeland Security Research Center
2015 EPA International Decontamination
Research and Development Conference
Research Triangle Park, NC
May 6, 2015
Water System Decontamination
Possibility of attacks on water
systems is coupled by reality of
decontamination
-Treatment plants
-Distribution systems
What decontamination
approaches would be used?
How effective are they?
What levels need to be
achieved?
C-313
Radiological Contaminant Persistence and Decontamination in Drinking Water Pipes
Ryan James | Battelle
-------
Project Overview
Testing of the pipe decontamination experimental design
with a simulated radiological contaminant
-Determine adsorption of contaminant to drinking water
pipe materials
-Testing of methods for decontaminating affected pipe
surfaces if contaminant persists
-Testing of the pipe decontamination experimental design
with a simulated radiological contaminant
Technical Approach
Pipe Selection
-Cement-lined and PVC annular reactor
coupons
Contaminant Selection
-cesium, cobalt, and strontium
Contamination Method
-Biofilm growth in dark
-Equilibration with contaminated solution
Contaminant Detection Methodology
-ICP-MS
\-
C-314
Radiological Contaminant Persistence and Decontamination in Drinking Water Pipes
Ryan James | Battelle
-------
Experimental Design
Step 1: Contaminant Extraction
-Five drops (7.5 |jg each contaminant)
added directly to biofilm covering
coupon surface at concentration of
~106CFU/mL
-Extraction of contaminant from PVC
surface using nitric acid and concrete
is digested
Step 2: Surface Contamination
-Equilibrate coupons in 1 L of
contaminated deionized water for 2
hours
100 mg/L contaminant
Annular reactor rotating at 100 rpm
\-
Step 1 - Surface Contamination
Extraction Results
Concrete (% Recovery) PVC (% Recovery)
Avg
SD
Avg
SD
cobalt
11
62
cesium
18
95
17
strontium
BG
BG
101
15
Strontium contamination level did not exceed the
background in the concrete
Concrete coupon backing was not extracted
C-315
Radiological Contaminant Persistence and Decontamination in Drinking Water Pipes
Ryan James | Battelle
-------
Step 2 - Surface Contamination Results
Step 2 - contamination (factor above blank)
Concrete
PVC
Avg
SD
Avg
SD
cobalt
41
29
152
20
31
63
strontium
26
Cobalt and cesium contaminated well above blank levels for both
surfaces while strontium was less different
Strontium contamination performed with higher concentration
0.003% - 0.03% of available contaminant absorbed
Persistence Evaluation Experimental Design
Equilibrated coupons in 1 L of contaminated deionized water
for 2 hours
-100 mg/L contaminant (10g/L for strontium)
-Annular reactor rotating at 100 rpm with no flow
Removed three coupons as control coupons
Filled AR with tap water and had no flow or rotation for 24
hours (removed three coupons)
Flow water set at 0.2 L/min and rotating AR at 100 RPM and
removed three coupons after 4 hr, 1 day, 3 days, and 7
days.
\-
C-316
Radiological Contaminant Persistence and Decontamination in Drinking Water Pipes
Ryan James | Battelle
-------
Flushing Evaluation Experimental Design
Same as persistence evaluation except
-No 24 hr stopped flow
-Flow water set at 0.2 L/min and rotating AR at 200 RPM
and removed three coupons after 2 hr, 4 hr, and 1 day
-Increased AR to 250 RPM and removed three coupons
after 4 hr and 1 day
Results compared directly to Water Exposure Control
Experiment (WECE) results
Cesium on Concrete
\-
Persistence
Background Oh 24 h Stop 4 h 1 day 3 day 7 day
Oh 2h 200 rpm 4 h 200 rpm 24 h 200 rpm 4 h 250 rpm 24 h 250 rpm
C-317
Radiological Contaminant Persistence and Decontamination in Drinking Water Pipes
Ryan James | Battelle
-------
Cesium on PVC
Persistence
Background Oh 24 h Stop 4 h 1 day 3 day 7 day
Oh 2h 200 rpm 4 h 200 rpm 24 h 200 rpm 4 h 250 rpm 24 h 250 rpm
Cobalt on Concrete
Persistence
ackground Oh 24 h Stop 4 h 1 day 3 day 7 day
Cobalt on Concrete
\-
FE
WECE
Oh 2h 200rpm 4 h 200 rpm 24 h 200 rpm 4h 250rpm 24h 250rpm
C-318
Radiological Contaminant Persistence and Decontamination in Drinking Water Pipes
Ryan James | Battelle
-------
Cobalt on PVC
Persistence
Background Oh 24 n Stop 4 h 1 day 3 day 7 day
Flushing and WECE
FE .WECE
Oh 2h 200 rpm 4 h 200 rpm 24h 200rpm 4h 250rpm 24 h 250 rpm
Strontium on Concrete
Persistence
\-
Background Oh 24 h Stop 4 h 1 day 3 day 7 day
Oh 2h 200 rpm 4 h 200 rpm 24 h 200 rpm 4 h 250 rpm 24 h 250 rpm
C-319
Radiological Contaminant Persistence and Decontamination in Drinking Water Pipes
Ryan James | Battelle
-------
Strontium on PVC
Persistence
Background
24 h Stop Flow
1 day
3 day
7 day
Cobalt on Concrete
Tartaric Acid Cleaning
\-
EDTA Cleaning
C-320
Radiological Contaminant Persistence and Decontamination in Drinking Water Pipes
Ryan James | Battelle
-------
Strontium on Concrete
Calcium Chloride Cleaning
0 hr 2 hr 4 hr 1 day 3 day 7 day
Ammonium Acetate Cleaning
1 day
3 day
7 day
Results Summary
\-
Cesium not persistent on concrete or PVC pipe materials
Cobalt was persistent on concrete, but less persistent on PVC
Strontium was persistent on concrete, but not on PVC.
Flushing not an effective chemical cleaning agent (CCA) for cobalt or strontium
on concrete
EDTA was an effective CCA for cobalt on concrete.
Tartaric acid was an effective CCA for cobalt on concrete, but it formed a yellow
precipitate on the surface of the coupons.
Ammonium acetate and calcium chloride were both moderately effective as CCA
for strontium on concrete.
None of the contaminants were persistent on PVC pipe materials so CCAs were
not evaluated on PVC.
Future Research Needs
Study importance of biofilm on contaminant adsorption
Expanding contaminant list for persistence testing
Use of additional pipe materials
Scale-up of experience into pipe loop
Consider simpler experimental setup without flow
C-321
Radiological Contaminant Persistence and Decontamination in Drinking Water Pipes
Ryan James | Battelle
-------
United Slates
Envlปonm*ntปl
Agoncy
Adherence of Contaminants to Drinking
Water Storage Tank Sediments
Scott Minamyer, Ryan James, Jeff Szabo, John Hall and Matthew Magnuson
EPA's Homeland Security Research Program
May 6, 2015
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
www.epa.gov/nhsrc
oEWK
United Sialea
Disclaimer
This publication has been reviewed in accordance with U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency policy and approved for publication.
Although this text was reviewed by EPA staff and approved for
publication it does not necessarily reflect EPA policy.
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
With respect to this document, neither the United States Government nor
any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied,
including the warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular
purpose, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy,
completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or
process disclosed or represents that its use would not infringe privately
owned rights.
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-322
Adherence of Contaminants to Drinking Water Storage Tank Sediments
Jeff Szabo | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
United Slates
Emf|ปonm*ntปl
Agancy
Introduction
EPA's HSRP conducts research to improve the
security of water systems and recover from CBR
contamination incidents
This study investigates the adsorption of selected
contaminants onto drinking water storage tank
sediments
- If contamination partitions into sediment, this could be
another route of exposure which could impact human
health
Beyond issues related to security, data from this
project may be of interest to the broader
community
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
oEWK
Overview
Twenty-five sediment samples were received over
approximately two years (utilities remain
anonymous)
-Eight samples were useable (a ninth was recently
received)
Sediments were characterized
Sediment samples were suspended in tap water
from the tank and put in contact with four
contaminants separately
A data report was produced summarizing the
methodology and percent adherence results
-The report and tech brief are currently available
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center
C-323
Adherence of Contaminants to Drinking Water Storage Tank Sediments
Jeff Szabo | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
How were sediment samples acquired?
Utility Service Group: Tank cleaning crews were asked to let their
managers know when they came across a tank with sediments
-Five useable sediment samples
AWWA: A request for sediments was included in a regular email that
AWWA sends to 4,000+ utilities (thanks to Kevin Morley)
-We received samples, but they weren't usable
ASDWA: Requests for sediment samples were sent to each state
-One useable sample received recently (not included here)
Personal contacts with utilities and discussions at conferences
-Three useable sediment samples
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
oEWK
United Sialea
Environmental Prowctlon
Agoncv
Sediment and Water Sampling
Targeted tanks that have not been cleaned
recently
- We became less picky as time went on
When we received word that a sample was
available, two coolers were sent to the tank
samplers
- Ice, sterile gloves and bottles, chain of
custody forms, prepaid overnight shipping
labels, ruler, scoop
A written sampling protocol was included in
the coolers, but we always spoke to the
samplers on the phone before sampling
\-
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-324
Adherence of Contaminants to Drinking Water Storage Tank Sediments
Jeff Szabo | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
United Slates
Emf|ปonm*ntปl Protect11 ปn
Agancy
Sediment and Water Sampling
The sediment-water interface and sediment samples were scooped from
four to five locations in the tank
-Sediment mass required: ~1 kg dry weight
-Sediment-water interface samples were used for another project
Sterile sampling containers for biological measurements
Water samples from the tank were collected at a fire hydrant or tap immediately
downstream from the tank
-Hydrants or taps were flushed before sampling
-4 L of water was collected
Samples were shipped to Battelle in Columbus, OH and stored at 4ฐ C until use
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
oEWK
United Sialea
Environmental PrcHflCtlon
Agoncv
Sediments and Characterization
Sediment samples can vary greatly from tank to tank (% moisture, particle size,
debris, etc.)
Characterization
Total organic carbon, organic matter, sand, silt, and clay content (grain size),
pH, cation and anion exchange capacity
\-
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-325
Adherence of Contaminants to Drinking Water Storage Tank Sediments
Jeff Szabo | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
United Slates
En*ironm*mol Protection
Agency
Results: Sediment Characterization
((mmol/L)/100g)
3
110.8
26.7
12.2
12.17
57.34
154.14
0.42 0.43
3.11 5.45
0.25 0.89
0.42 0.88
2.78 11.45
2.09 5.9
9.42 4.08
1.69 16.52
Only one target contaminant was detected in the sediments
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
Contaminants
Four agents were selected to represent a broad range of chemical,
biological and radiological contaminants
Cesium chloride: non-radioactive surrogate for Cs-137
Lindane: organic chemical
E. co//: coliform and a vegetative bacteria
B. anthracis Sterne spores: surrogate for pathogenic B. anthracis (the
causative agent of anthrax)
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-326
Adherence of Contaminants to Drinking Water Storage Tank Sediments
Jeff Szabo | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
United SialDs
Envlronnwitftl Prcmici in n
Ag.ncv
Sediment Adherence Protocol
Drinking water (at pH 7.5 and 8.5) was contaminated and placed in test
tubes containing 1 g sediment/50 ml_ drinking water
Adherence experiments performed in triplicate with 6 or 18 hour sediment/
drinking water equilibration time
Contaminant disappearance from water was used to determine adherence
to sediments
The mixing in this protocol was not intended to represent the mixing
that would occur in a tank
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
\-
Data Analyses, Controls and Background
n * "^
Results are shown as percent adherence
-Samples analyzed in triplicate and experiments conducted in triplicate
Two controls were run along with the adherence samples
-Sediment and water
-Contaminant and water
Background contaminant levels
-No lindane detected
- Some sediments did contain cesium (4 out of 8)
Viable E. coli and B. anthracis Sterne were not detected in the sediments
- Sediments were not sterilized
- E. coli and BA Sterne were not detected in control samples during tests
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-327
Adherence of Contaminants to Drinking Water Storage Tank Sediments
Jeff Szabo | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
United Slates
En*ironm*mol Protection
Agency
Data and reporting considerations
In the project report (and in this presentation), data is reported on
contaminant adherence to sediments
- Correlation between percent adherence and sediment characteristics was not
conducted
Only eight useable sediment samples were collected, and care should be
used when drawing broad conclusions from a small data set
Data is presented in such a way that the reader can conduct their own
analyses of the data if they choose
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
vvEPA Example: Cesium Results pH 7.5
Environment)! Protection
Agency
Replicate Description
Result
Avg.
p-value
SedAdh
% Adherence
Sediment
Sediment and contaminated wate
Sediment and contaminated wate
Sediment and contaminated wate
Sediment and contaminated wate
Sediment and contaminated wate
Sediment and contaminated wate
Sediment and contaminated wate
Sediment and contaminated wate
61%
1.2E-08 | 61%
Sediment and contaminated wate
Control - contaminated water, no sediment
Control - contaminated water, no sediment
Control -contaminated water, no sediment
Blank- sediment and uncontaminated tank wa
Blank - sediment and uncontaminated tank wa
Blank - sediment and uncontaminated tank wa
67% +/- 5% adherence
Adherence was determined in all three replicates
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-328
Adherence of Contaminants to Drinking Water Storage Tank Sediments
Jeff Szabo | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
United Slates
Environmental Protection
Agency
Results: Cesium and Lindane
Cesium
Average % .,
A A
5
9
20
21
67
60
38
32
88
82
28
11
58
57
20
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
Lindane
I Average %
A
7
7
40
27
87
88
37
31
41
43
39
44
86
83
27
1
2
7
12
0
0
1
6
2
10
3
2
2
1
3
Results: BA Sterne spores and E. coli
E. coli
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
B. anthracis Sterne spores
C-329
Adherence of Contaminants to Drinking Water Storage Tank Sediments
Jeff Szabo | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
United Slates
Environments! Protection
Agency
Observations
All contaminants adhered to all sediments samples to some degree
In general, the ฃ. coli and 6. anthracis Sterne adhered more readily than
cesium and lindane
-6. anthracis Sterne > ฃ. coli > Lindane > Cesium
pH did not appear to impact the adherence of contaminants to sediment
-ฃ. coli (OH 1), 6. anthracis Sterne (NC), Cesium (OH 4)
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
Summary
This project has come to an end, but there is potential for future work
- Legionella has been proposed as a microbial contaminant
The report summarizing this work can be found at:
http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/pubs.html
A technical brief has also been published which condenses the report
data into a few pages
If you can't find the report or tech brief, contact me:
Jeff Szabo
513-487-2823
szabo.jeff@epa.gov
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-330
Adherence of Contaminants to Drinking Water Storage Tank Sediments
Jeff Szabo | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
2015 U.S. EPA International
Decontamination Research
and Development Conference
Wednesday, May 6, 2015
Concurrent Sessions 3
Biological Agent Sampling
C-331
-------
Pacific Northwest
NATK
Proudly Of
Efficient Sampling Strategies
to Minimize Number of
Samples Needed for Clearance
BRETT G. AM I DAN
ALEXANDER M. VENZIN
LANDON H. SEGO
JANINE R. HUTCHISON
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
2015 EPA International Decontamination Research and Development Conference
Overview
- VSP (Visual Sample Plan) Software
* Reducing the numbers of samples via:
Sampling Plans
Judgmental Only
Simple Random Sampling using prior belief
Combined Judgmental and Random Sampling
Stratified Compliance Sampling
Multiple Lines of Evidence
Composite Sampling
* Conclusions
C-332
Efficient Sampling Strategies to Minimize Number of Samples Needed for Clearance
Brett G. Amidan | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
-------
Visual Sample Plan
Pacific Northwest
NATK
Proudly Of
VSP is systematic planning
software for environmental
sampling
VSP helps answer:
How many samples do we
need?
Where should we take samples?
What decisions do the data
support?
What confidence can I have in
those decisions?
Free VSP Download:
vsp.pnnl.gov
Judgmental Sampling
> When our objective is to:
Find contamination if it's present
Demonstrate that a decision area is clean
It only makes sense to look for
contamination where it is most
likely to be
> The sampling process shouldn't throw away
what we know about:
Incident details
Epidemiological findings
Industrial Hygienist expertise, etc.
C-333
Efficient Sampling Strategies to Minimize Number of Samples Needed for Clearance
Brett G. Amidan | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
-------
Pacific Northwest
Issues with Judgmental Sampling
GAO:
"Probability sampling would have allowed agencies to
determine, with some defined level of confidence, when all
results are negative, whether a building is contaminated."
Judgment can be wrong: we don't always know where
contamination may be
Our knowledge about incident details is probably
incomplete
Pacific Northwest
Simple Random Sampling
Supports the mathematical assumption of independent
observations
Random Sampling is appropriate when:
We wish to estimate the mean of a population (but this is not
usually the need in clearance sampling)
Population is homogeneous (distribution of contaminant is
somewhat uniform)
We have NO information regarding locations that are likely to be
contaminated, or other factors that may influence the existence of
the contamination
C-334
Efficient Sampling Strategies to Minimize Number of Samples Needed for Clearance
Brett G. Amidan | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
-------
What is
is Probabilistic Sampling?
Pacific Northwest
NATK
Proudly Of
Probabilistic * Random
* "Probabilistic" sampling is often (mistakenly) associated
with strictly random sampling (random sample locations)
> A definition of Probabilistic Sampling:
A sampling design based on a probability (statistical) model
Provides a quantifiable level of confidence in the results
Probability statements CAN be made
when some, many, or all sample locations
are determined judgmentally
Combined Judgment and Random
Compliance Sampling (CJR)
Pacific Northwest
NATK
Proudly Of
Prior Information
Data
Statistical Inference
Prior to sampling,
we expect no more
than 1% of high risk
cells to be
contaminated
On average, high risk
locations are 2 times
more likely to be
contaminated than
low risk locations
Using judgment, we
identify 25 high-risk cells,
which we sample and
find all of them to be
clean
t =
CJR model indicates 49
clean random samples
required from low risk
area
This information reduces the number of
required random samples
Parameters controlled by the investigator are highlighted
(Numbers in this example are based on sampling from 100 cm2 grid cells in an 15x15.5x1 Oft office, where all floor,
3 10, 2CaB, and ceiling surfaces are available for sampling. This gives ~10,000 possible samples)
C-335
Efficient Sampling Strategies to Minimize Number of Samples Needed for Clearance
Brett G. Amidan | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
-------
Reduction of Numbers of Samples when F^cN^SL
using CJR Sampling J^!ฃ^ซ
260-
w 240
0)
CL
E
co 220"
o
"D
I 200-
'o
OJ
E 180-
=3
-z.
160-
Number of 'Clean' Random Samples Required to Achieve
95% Confidence that 99% of Area is Clean
\Population Size = 10,000
0 20 'Clean' Judgmental Samples
^s^ Expect aprori that 90% of
ฐ.. judgmental samples will be clean
o
0
0
o
o
o
12345
Available in
YSP
Times More Likely
* We expect that judgmental samples are taken from areas that are x 'times more likely' to be
June 10, 2015 contaminated than areas that are randomly sampled
Pacific Northwest
Stratified Compliance Sampling
A Bayesian inference model that uses a combination of
data and SME (subject matter expert) knowledge.
Stratification is used to separate your decision area into
regions of varying probability of finding an unacceptable
item.
SME must determine relative risk parameters and the
prior probability of finding an unacceptable item in the
highest-risk stratum.
C-336
Efficient Sampling Strategies to Minimize Number of Samples Needed for Clearance
Brett G. Amidan | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
-------
Stratified Compliance Sampling Example
Example building had 5000 sq ft with 4
strata defined by the surface materials
Pacific Northwest
NATIONAL LABORATORY
Available in
VSP
Vbual Sompta Ptan
Based on actual SME
conservative
estimates
95% Confident 95% Clean
Number of samples needed
was reduced by 43%
A PNNLTechnical report and
subsequent journal article
discussing the methodology with
examples will be released soon
SME
-20%
-40%
-60%
Multiple Lines of Evidence (LOE)
Identify LOE Factors
(Amount of Contamination
Air Sampling Information
Decontamination Information
Surface Material, etc)
APNNLTechnical
report discussing
the methodology
with examples will
be released soon
Use Experimental
Design principals to
determine which LOE
factor combinations to
focus on
SME provides insight into
likelihood of contamination
given combinations of LOE
factors
Use SME input in the Stratified
Compliance Sampling Method
C-337
Efficient Sampling Strategies to Minimize Number of Samples Needed for Clearance
Brett G. Amidan | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
-------
Composite Sampling Overview
> PNNL lab study looked at the efficacy
of composite sampling in cases of low
level contamination
(5, 10, 25, 50, 100 CPU per coupon)
* Study focused on the factors:
Compositing methodology
Surface material
Number of locations to composite
Contaminant location
Pacific Northwest
NATIONAL LAB
Proutfy Operate! 1?B<
Image courtesy of MIT Lincoln Labs
Composite Sampling
Composite Methodology
Two methods tested -
SMC: Single sample medium , s
across many locations (Single | s
Media Composite) s
PSC: Single sample medium
for each location, combined
after sampling, before analysis
(Post Sample Composite)
9
> PSC had significantly better | *
recovery than SMC (Single
Media Composite)
(p-val< 0.0001)
Pacific Northwest
All Coupons Contaminated
LABORATORY
All Coupons Contaminated
lln II
4 Sflmptw CwnpDซซa
PSC 5-ifl* SMC
One Coupon Contaminated
IID II
PSC Single SMC PSC S*4ป IMC
J Sampltra CotnponMJ 8- Ssmptet Compoป4ซc
Single = Traditional Single Sample Controls
C-338
Efficient Sampling Strategies to Minimize Number of Samples Needed for Clearance
Brett G. Amidan | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
-------
Pacific Northwest
NATK
Proudly O|
Composite Sampling
Surface Materials
Four materials tested:
Ceramic tile
Vinyl tile
Stainless steel
Painted drywall
Surface materials were significantly different
(p-val = 0.0008)
Surface material effects were consistent across the other
factors
Ceramic
Dry Wall
Stainless Steel
>
c
>
Composite Sampling
Other Factors
- Number of locations composited
4 locations vs 8 locations
No significant differences between 4 or
8 locations composited
(p-val = 0.2059)
ป Location of contaminant
Present on all coupons vs present on
only one coupon (random placement)
No significant differences between^
locations of contaminant
(p-val = 0.1045)
- Significant interaction between CPU
target amount and location of
contaminant
(p-val = 0.0256)
Pacific Northwest
NATIONAL LAB
PnadbfOpaatedbyttl
-
A
C-339
Efficient Sampling Strategies to Minimize Number of Samples Needed for Clearance
Brett G. Amidan | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
-------
Pacific Northwest
Composite Sampling Results
Post Sample Compositing is recommended, especially for clearance
sampling (low contamination levels are expected). Recovery
efficiency is as good, if not a little better, than traditional single media /
single location sampling.
Composite sampling lab study results will be published in an
upcoming PNNL technical report and will be submitted as a journal
article.
Composite sampling functionality will be added to VSP.
Later this year, PNNL will be conducting another composite sampling
lab study looking at dirty samples.
Please visit our Poster - Evaluation of a Composite Sampling Method
for Bacillus Spores on Clean Surfaces, Hutchison et al.
Conclusions
* Probabilistic sampling designs exist (and
can be developed) which blend judgmental
and random sampling strategies
r When justified, we can (and should)
account for prior information (Bayesian
approaches)
> Statistical sampling should leverage all
available information
^ Post Sample Compositing is a great way
to minimize the number of analyses.
C-340
Efficient Sampling Strategies to Minimize Number of Samples Needed for Clearance
Brett G. Amidan | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
-------
Pacific Northwest
Acknowledgements
Funding
Chemical and Biological Research and Development Branch of the
Chemical and Biological Division in the Science and Technology
Directorate of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
Input and support provided by members of the Validated
Sampling Plan Working Group (VSPWG)
Representatives from DHS, EPA, CDC
Contact Information:
I Brett Amidan
b.amidan@pnnl.gov
PNNL is a multi-program national laboratory operated for the U.S. Department of
Energy by Battelle under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830.
C-341
Efficient Sampling Strategies to Minimize Number of Samples Needed for Clearance
Brett G. Amidan | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
-------
Composite-Based Surface
Sampling of a Ba surrogate
with Cellulose Sponge
Samplers
JeniaA. M. Tufts (ORISE
Kathryn Meyer (ORISE)
M. Worth Calfee (EPA)
Sang Don Lee (EPA)
Disclaimer: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
through its Office of Research and Development funded
and managed the research described here under an
Interagency Agreement (DW-89-92298301-0) with Oak
Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE). It
has been subjected to the Agency's review and has
been approved for publication. Note that approval does
not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the
views of the Agency. Mention of trade names,
products, or services does not convey official EPA
approval, endorsement, or recommendation.
\-
May 6, 2015
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-342
Composite Sampling of a Bacillus anthracis Surrogate with Cellulose Sponge Surface Samplers from a Nonporous Surface
Jenia A. M. Tufts | ORISE Research Participant with U.S. EPA
-------
Wide-Area Incident
Recovery Requirements
Resources
Time
May 6, 2015
National Homeland Security Research Center
United Status
Environmental Protection
Agency
Wide-Area Incident: Timeline
Prepare
Plan
Organize,
train, and
equip
Exercise
Evaluate and
improve
] M
Respond and Recover
Crisis Management
Notification
Receive and
assess
information
Identify release
sites
Relay key
information and
potential risks to
appropriate
agencies
First Response
Hazardous
materials
(HAZMAT) and
emergency
actions
Forensic
investigation
Public health
actions
Screening and
sampling
Initial threat
assessment
Determination of
. .
ageni type,
concentration, and
viability
Risk
communication
Consequence Management
Characterization
Detailed agent
characterization
Characterization
of affected site
Site containment
Continuation of
risk
communica ion
Characterization
of environmental
sampling and
analysis
Initial risk
assessment
Clearance goals
Remediation
Source reduction
Decontamination
strategy
Remediation
action plan
Worker health and
safety
Site preparation
Decontamination
of sites, items, or
both
Waste disposal
Verification of
decontamination
parameters
Clearance
Clearance
sampling and
analyses
Clearance
decision
Restoration/
Reoccupancy
Renovation
Reoccupation
decision
Potential
environmental
and public
health
monitoring
ay 6, 2015 National Homeland Security Research Center
C-343
Composite Sampling of a Bacillus anthracis Surrogate with Cellulose Sponge Surface Samplers from a Nonporous Surface
Jenia A. M. Tufts | ORISE Research Participant with U.S. EPA
-------
U.S. EPA's
Homeland Security Research Program
Mission: to conduct research and develop scientific products
that improve the capability of the Agency to carry out its
homeland security responsibilities
ADVANCING
OUR NATION'S
SECURITY
THROUGH
SCIENCE
May 6, 2015
National Homeland Security Research Center
EPA's HSRP Research Foci
Securing and Sustaining
Water Systems
Supporting WSi (sensors,
software tools, technical
assistance)
Infrastructure
decontamination
Water treatment
Innovative system designs
and management
Characterizing
Contamination and
Determining Risk
Sampling, analytical methods
Sampling strategies
Determining risk, clean up
goals
Microbial risk assessment
methodologies
Remediating Indoor and
Outdoor Environments
Efficacy, optimization of
cleanup technologies
Fate of contamination,
resuspension
Sampling to success of decon
Wide area cleanup
Waste management
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-344
Composite Sampling of a Bacillus anthracis Surrogate with Cellulose Sponge Surface Samplers from a Nonporous Surface
Jenia A. M. Tufts | ORISE Research Participant with U.S. EPA
-------
Current HSRP Sampling Research
Summary of Benefits
Characterize currently-available techniques
Develop rapid, cost-effective, representative methods
Reduce laboratory burden following wide-area incident
Development of field-ready methods
May 6, 2015
National Homeland Security Research Center
Environmental Protection
Current HSRP Sampling Research
Response to an urban biological release would pose
considerable challenges due to spatial scale and complex
surfaces.
Need to enhance our ability to characterize contaminants in a
wide-area (pre- and post-decon), with less time and
resources, and increased representativeness and/or
confidence.
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-345
Composite Sampling of a Bacillus anthracis Surrogate with Cellulose Sponge Surface Samplers from a Nonporous Surface
Jenia A. M. Tufts | ORISE Research Participant with U.S. EPA
-------
Current HSRP Sampling Research
Vacuum sampling method evaluation
-Complex and porous surfaces
Sponge Wipe composite sampling
-Nonporous surfaces, 3M sponge samplers
Robotic surface sampling
-Using off-the-shelf robotic vacuum cleaners
Aggressive Air Sampling
-Based on asbestos sampling methods
May 6, 2015
National Homeland Security Research Center
\-
Current HSRP Sampling Research
Vacuum sampling method evaluation
-Complex and porous surfaces
Sponge Wipe composite sampling
-Nonporous surfaces, 3M sponge samplers
Robotic surface sampling
-Using off-the-shelf robotic vacuum cleaners
Aggressive Air Sampling
-Based on asbestos sampling methods
May 6, 2015
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-346
Composite Sampling of a Bacillus anthracis Surrogate with Cellulose Sponge Surface Samplers from a Nonporous Surface
Jenia A. M. Tufts | ORISE Research Participant with U.S. EPA
-------
Current HSRP Sampling Research
Aerosol Spore Deposition
CalfeeMW, Lee SD, Ryan SP. 2013. J. Microbiol. Meth. 92: 375-380.
LeeSD, Ryan SP, Snyder EG. 2011. Appl. Envrion. Microbiol. 77(5):1638-45
May 6, 2015
National Homeland Security Research Center
Composite Samples and Sampling
UUULJ
\u/
\-
Individual samples
collected from
different locations
combined into one
composite sample
May 6, 2015
M V
Aliquots of individual
samples collected
from different
locations combined
into one composite
sample
National Homeland Security Research Center
Individual samples
collected from
different locations
using the same
sampler, resulting in
one composite sample
C-347
Composite Sampling of a Bacillus anthracis Surrogate with Cellulose Sponge Surface Samplers from a Nonporous Surface
Jenia A. M. Tufts | ORISE Research Participant with U.S. EPA
-------
Composite-Based Surface Sampling
Cellulose Sponge Surface Sampling with Sponge-Sticks (3M)
Base Method - Standard CDC protocol (100 in2, all sides)
Test Method 1- Standard CDC collection protocol (all sides)
Test Method 2 - Modified protocol (one side per location)
Applied both to 4 x 1 ft2 areas (576 in2), steel surface
Factors evaluated
Collection efficiency
Potential for
cross contamination
&PLOS
Composite Sampling of a Bacillus
Qnthracis Surrogate with Cellulose Sponge
Surface Samplers from a Nonporous
Surface
May 6, 2015
National Homeland Security Research Center
Methods Compared
"X E,
CDC Standard Method
All sponge surfaces (A- F)
used to repeatedly wipe a
defined area:/
\-
Modified Method
Only one side (A, B, C, or D)
used to wipe a
defined area:
May 6, 2015
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-348
Composite Sampling of a Bacillus anthracis Surrogate with Cellulose Sponge Surface Samplers from a Nonporous Surface
Jenia A. M. Tufts | ORISE Research Participant with U.S. EPA
-------
Surface 1
Surface 1
May 6, 2015
Methods Compared
Surface 2
Surface 3
(W
Surface 2
Surface 3
National Homeland Security Research Center
Surface 4
Surface 4
Experimental Setup
Four-point composites
from Stainless Steel
2 conditions
Contaminant Transfer
Magnitude Between
Methods
Impact on Collection
Efficiency
\-
Moisture Loss
Impact on Collection
Efficiency
May 6, 2015
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-349
Composite Sampling of a Bacillus anthracis Surrogate with Cellulose Sponge Surface Samplers from a Nonporous Surface
Jenia A. M. Tufts | ORISE Research Participant with U.S. EPA
-------
&EH
United Stat
Agency
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May 6, 2015
Recoveries
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May 6, 2015 National Homeland Security Research Center
C-350
Composite Sampling of a Bacillus anthracis Surrogate with Cellulose Sponge Surface Samplers from a Nonporous Surface
Jenia A. M. Tufts | ORISE Research Participant with U.S. EPA
-------
Moisture Loss and Spore Recovery
40,
30
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10 -
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CV^ % Loss- Modifed Method
I I % Loss - CDC Method
Area Sampled vs CPU (Modified Method)
O Area Sampled vs CPU (CDC Method)
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1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Area Sampled (cm2)
May 6, 2015
National Homeland Security Research Center
Conclusions
Promising way to increase the surface area sampled
without increasing laboratory processing time, labor,
and consumables.
CDC protocol may be modified to reduce the number
of passes over a single location without compromising
the collection efficiency.
r-
May 6, 2015
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-351
Composite Sampling of a Bacillus anthracis Surrogate with Cellulose Sponge Surface Samplers from a Nonporous Surface
Jenia A. M. Tufts | ORISE Research Participant with U.S. EPA
-------
Composite-Based Surface Sampling
Future Research Directions
Effect of background microorganisms on collection and
analysis
Impact on collection efficiency of
-Additional hot spots
-Sponge sampler moisture
-Surface material type
-Grimed surfaces
May 6, 2015
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-352
Composite Sampling of a Bacillus anthracis Surrogate with Cellulose Sponge Surface Samplers from a Nonporous Surface
Jenia A. M. Tufts | ORISE Research Participant with U.S. EPA
-------
til
R*
England
Robotic Sampling and Decontamination
The use of commercially available robots to sample and
decontaminate the inhabited area
Katy-Anne Thompson, Susan Paton. Thomas Pottage & Allan Bennett
Biosafety Investigations Unit,
Public Health England,
til
Background
Aim:
Assessing the Use of Commercially Available
Robotic Cleaners to Sample and Decontaminate
Inhabited Areas
Outcomes:
Reduce the health impact of an incident involving biological material
Reduce the risk to workers
Develop ability to rapidly detect biological attack over a wide area
Decontaminate environments affected by Biological agents
Develop at-scene procedures
C-353
Potential Use of Robotic Vacuum Cleaners to Sample Biological Contamination
Thomas Pottage | Public Health England
-------
til
R*
England
Project overview
Task 1: Review of Technology
Task 2: Trade off selection
Task 3: Sample Efficacy Testing
Task 4: Decontamination Testing
Task 5: HVAC Feasibility Testing
Task 6: Safety Assessment
til Previous uses of commercial
PUUcHMflh
Enfltand robots
Radiation1
Artificially contaminated PVC flooring
Scooba floor cleaning robot 60-80% effective
Biological
20132-5/3 robots
Laminate flooring, 2-62% of sponge sampling efficiency
Carpet surface, 26-162% of vacuum sock efficiency
20143-2 robots
Hot spot and widely dispersed contamination
'Westcott E, et al. Benefits of automated surface decontamination of a radioiodine ward. Health Phys. 2012 Feb;102 Suppl 1:34-7
2Lee SD, et al. Evaluation of surface sampling for Bacillus spores using commercially available cleaning robots. Environ Sci Technol. 2013 Mar
19;47(6):2595-601
3Lee SD, eta!. Scenario-Based Evaluation of Commercially Available Cleaning Robots for Collection of Bacillus Spores from Environmental Surfaces.
Remedial J. 2014 Mar 1;24(2):123-33
C-354
Potential Use of Robotic Vacuum Cleaners to Sample Biological Contamination
Thomas Pottage | Public Health England
-------
tt
Plซc Health
Robot selection
Literature review
Trade-off matrix for robot selection
HEPA filtration
Power (Watt)
Battery life (mins)
Capacity (ml)
Multifloor capability
Return to base function
Size
Functionality
Other e.g. decontamination claims
Robot acquisition (4 types) and
validation
England
Robot selection
C-355
Potential Use of Robotic Vacuum Cleaners to Sample Biological Contamination
Thomas Pottage | Public Health England
-------
*
Methodology
Tests performed in an environmental chamber
Collection Efficiency:
3 flooring types
Artist spray gun
B. atrophaeus (100% IPA)
16 tiles in 4m2 enclosed area
1 central, contaminated tile
10 minutes of robot running
Sample flooring and robot
Decontamination studies:
1 robot with liquid disinfectant
1 flooring type
Type Name
Tarkett ID40 in PVC, textured
Concrete concrete finish,
Grege PUR coating
B&Q Carpet Synthetic, Loop
tile Pack of 10 pile
SOOmmx
SOOmmx
2mm tiles
Colours High Density 1213mm x
Sherzo Light Fibreboard, high 125mmx B&Q
Walnut Effect glossfinish 12mm planks
Options
Flooring
SOOmm x
500mm x B&Q
5.5mm tiles
C-356
Potential Use of Robotic Vacuum Cleaners to Sample Biological Contamination
Thomas Pottage | Public Health England
-------
til
England
Results - Sampling
Recovery efficiency: Laminate > PVC > Carpet
Variability potentially due to sampling pattern
til
Rซc Health
Comparison to previous studies
Reduction in efficiencies in PHE study
Laminate flooring, 2.4-61.7% efficiency, PHE -4.3-17.1%
Carpet surface, 25.8-161.5% efficiency, PHE -0.18-0.32%
Lee et al used a vacuum collection method for carpet sampling, PHE
used soluble tape
Use of deposition methods might be cause differences
C-357
Potential Use of Robotic Vacuum Cleaners to Sample Biological Contamination
Thomas Pottage | Public Health England
-------
til
England
Contamination spread
Cross-contamination to clean areas of flooring was highest on carpet (0.233%),
and least on PVC (0.049%)
Moneual spread the most across the flooring types (0.243%), while the
Roomba spread the least (0.075%)
til
1.00E+01
1.00E+00
Decontamination
Efficacy of Decontamination Using the Scooba Robot
Concentration of spores before decontamination Concentration of spores after decontamination
There was a 99.13% (SD=1.69%) average reduction in the contamination levels on that tile from
an average initial spore concentration of 5.8 x 106 cfu/cm2 (SD = 3.2 x 106 cfu/cm2)
C-358
Potential Use of Robotic Vacuum Cleaners to Sample Biological Contamination
Thomas Pottage | Public Health England
-------
Plซc Health
CpuBlAMuJ
EnyMifiu
Air Sampling
Results - Safety Assessment
The highest number of organisms
detected was 5.6 spores/L (Moneual vs
Laminate)
The highest number during bagging
activities after a run was 0.616 spores/L
(Moneual vs Carpet)
negative results RBC009 Roomba770 Scooba
During 3 min
bagging
0.00 0.00
66.67
33.33 11.11
83.33 77.78
Touch point sampling
Overall the robots with handles, Roomba 770 and Scooba 390, had fewer
organisms (average number of spores was 6.9 and 1, respectively) swabbed
from their touch points than those without handles (1.29x104 and 3.46x103
spores for RBC009 and Moneual, respectively)
tt
R*te Health
HVAC sampling in operation
C-359
Potential Use of Robotic Vacuum Cleaners to Sample Biological Contamination
Thomas Pottage | Public Health England
-------
tt
Plซc Health
Some difficulties
tt
Pittc Health
Summary
Collection was highest and detection limits lowest from the smoothest
surface, laminate, followed by the hard but rough PVC, followed by soft,
porous carpet
The Moneual MR6800-M3 had the highest collection efficiency of all at 17%
from laminate flooring, the iRobot Scooba 390 collected the most from
PVC (7.3%), whereas the iRobot Roomba 770 collected the most from
carpet (0.2%). Therefore different robots may be suitable to different
flooring types and situations
Robots both transfer hotspot contamination to other areas and aerosolise
contamination during the sampling process and bagging process at low
levels
C-360
Potential Use of Robotic Vacuum Cleaners to Sample Biological Contamination
Thomas Pottage | Public Health England
-------
*
Pubic Health
England
Collection efficiency appears to be proportional to airflow and inversely
proportional to the speed
Collection was quicker by the robot, <11 minutes for sampling 4m2 compared
to -15 minutes to sample 6 areas manually
A selected robot was effective at decontaminating PVC flooring hotspot
contaminated with 5.8 X 106 cfu/cm2 by 99.13% (SD=1.69%)
Robotic sampling devices show considerable promise as a tool for both
sampling and remediation of biologically contaminated areas
*
Rซc Health
England
Acknowledgements
Susan Paton
Katy-Anne Thompson
Simon Parks
Allan Bennett
C-361
Potential Use of Robotic Vacuum Cleaners to Sample Biological Contamination
Thomas Pottage | Public Health England
-------
2015 U.S. EPA International
Decontamination Research
and Development Conference
Wednesday, May 6, 2015
Concurrent Sessions 3
Water and Waste Water Treatment
C-362
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
**
* * *** *
*ซ
ซ****
Management and Treatment of
Copious Amounts of
CBR Contaminated Water And Waste water
Matthew Magnuson
2015 EPA International Decontamination Conference
May 6, 2015
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
Disclaimer
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency funded, partially funded,
managed, and/or collaborated in the research described in this
presentation. It has been subjected to the Agency's review and has been
approved for publication. Note that approval does not signify that the
contents necessarily reflect the views of the Agency. Mention of trade
names, products, or services does not convey official EPA approval,
endorsement, or recommendation.
ADVANCING
OUR NATION'S
SECURITY
THROUGH
SCIENCE
C-363
Management and Treatment of Copious Amounts of CBR Contaminated Water and Wastewater
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
Outline
EPA Homeland Security Roles and Water
Research
Overview of management and treatment of
copious amounts of CBR contaminated water
and wastewater residuals
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
EPA Homeland Security Responsibilities
Drivers
Bioterrorism Act
Presidential Directives
Executive Orders
National Response Framework
Elements ofi
- Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation and
Liabilitv Act
- Emergency Planning and
Community Right-to-Know Act
- Clean Water Act
- Safe Drinking Water Act
- Oil Pollution Act
' Clean Air Act
- Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act
^
^M^^^^^^l
^^^
Responsibilities
Support water systems to prepare for and
recover from attacks and other disasters
by leading efforts to provide States and water
utilities guidance, tools and strategies. EPA is the
federal government Sector Specific Agency (SSA)
lead for water infrastructure.
Clean up buildings and outdoor areas
impacted by a terrorist attack or other disaster by
leading efforts to establish clearance goals and
clean up.
Develop a nationwide laboratory network
with the capability and capacity to analyze for
chemical, biological and radiological (CBR) agents
for routine monitoring and in response to a
terrorist attacks.
C-364
Management and Treatment of Copious Amounts of CBR Contaminated Water and Wastewater
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
EPA's "All Hazards" Universe
Refining EPA's Approach to Homeland Security,
Office of Homeland Security (2011)
i
EMMM!
f'r: I-I..-'
r Oatonafion
"lilic'wr
9
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^ ,
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R"|I"*!SB
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aฎ.
Human Disease
Outbreak
SARI Pamtenic
ODut
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Itohinl JT8
ปmi Disasters *
'"af*
OUter Events with
Environmental Impacts
..,, Binlogical fiปpป
"2 Attacks *
^ ,.,.,, ซ
taMaiWiMtt
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
Research to Support Water Systems
Make water systems more resilient
Mitigate impacts of contamination
Detect contamination
Treat water
Decontaminate infrastructure
C-365
Management and Treatment of Copious Amounts of CBR Contaminated Water and Wastewater
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
Outline
EPA Homeland Security Roles and Water
Research
Overview of management and treatment of
copious amounts of CBR contaminated water
and wastewater residuals
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
Selected Projects
Inactivation of bacterial bioterrorism agents in water
Acceptance of Bio-contaminated Waste Water
Minimization of radiological aqueous waste from washing
Investigation of advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for treatment
and disposal of contaminated water prior to release into public sewer
(collection) systems
Fate of organophosphates (OPs) in municipal wastewater treatment
systems
Prediction of hydrolysis rates of OP compounds
C-366
Management and Treatment of Copious Amounts of CBR Contaminated Water and Wastewater
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research
Inactivation of bacterial bioterrorism agents in water
Objectives: Study the effectiveness
of inactivation methods of vegetative
and spore forms of bacterial
bioterrorism agents, including:
Bacillus anthracis Ames
and Sterne
Brucella melitensis
Burkholderia mallei
Burkholderia pseudomallei
Fran cisell a tularensis
Yersinia pestis
http://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si public file d
ownload.cfm?p download id=511103
-S-EPA
technical E3 F^ I EF
Inactivation of Bacterial Bioterrorism Agents In Water:
Summary of Seven Studies
IHTRODUC TlON
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tuoMrnxlvn ogant* 4na ul * ctMiH riปu
ml< In i n i I*HIB n ! IIMJI i I
ซ IC--TT t-i^.j.iait, Kt rt Ufnป ;t-cซ*r4> ikf
ttw free ItoMng LCJ***me I eป*
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
Selected Projects
Inactivation of bacterial bioterrorism agents in water
Acceptance of Bio-contaminated Waste Water
Minimization of radiological aqueous waste from washing
Investigation of advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for treatment
and disposal of contaminated water prior to release into public sewer
(collection) systems
Fate of organophosphates (OPs) in municipal wastewater treatment
systems
Prediction of hydrolysis rates of OP compounds
C-367
Management and Treatment of Copious Amounts of CBR Contaminated Water and Wastewater
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
Acceptance of Bio-contaminated Waste Water
Based on request from EPA Region 4 related to Anthrax spores
Assist wastewater plant operators in making decisions about whether and how to
accept wastewater contaminated with pathogens
Currently planning project with stakeholders - what research is needed to
address questions associated with acceptance?
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
Contaminant Persistence in Waste Water Treatment Systems
Activated sludge experimental set-up: assessing how
contaminants travel through waste water treatment
systems
Waste water test bed:
assessing persistence of
contaminants on sewer
infrastructure
C-368
Management and Treatment of Copious Amounts of CBR Contaminated Water and Wastewater
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
Selected Projects
Inactivation of bacterial bioterrorism agents in water
Acceptance of Bio-contaminated Waste Water
Minimization of radiological aqueous waste from washing
(see Tuesday 3:50pm talk by Mike Kaminski)
Investigation of advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for treatment and
disposal of contaminated water prior to release into public sewer
(collection) systems
Fate of organophosphates (OPs) in municipal wastewater treatment systems
Prediction of hydrolysis rates of OP compounds
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
Irreversible Water Wash Aid for Cesium-137
Collaborative project with DOD/CTTSO/Technical Support Working Group
Key Points:
State-of-the-art system reduces radiation exposure for
first responders, other emergency workers, and the
general population in contaminated urban environments
Helps restore response activities and public services
Suitable for paved surfaces, buildings, and vehicles
Eliminates the need to dispose of potentially billions of
gallons of rad-contaminated wash water
Provides means of recycling water to reduce water
demand during a crisis
Uses COTS technology available across the U.S.
C-369
Management and Treatment of Copious Amounts of CBR Contaminated Water and Wastewater
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
The mobile filter skid.
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
^ -, Influent slurry
"%ฃ V '.fronr reservoir
A closer look at the skid's components.
C-370
Management and Treatment of Copious Amounts of CBR Contaminated Water and Wastewater
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
Selected Projects
Inactivation of bacterial bioterrorism agents in water
Acceptance of Bio-contaminated Waste Water
Minimization of radiological aqueous waste from washing
Investigation of advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for treatment and
disposal of contaminated water prior to release into public sewer
collection) systems
see 2:00 pm talk in this session by Rebecca Phillips)
also see Poster by Patrick Mudimbi)
Fate of organophosphates (OPs) in municipal wastewater treatment systems
Prediction of hydrolysis rates of OP compounds
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
Background
Problem: How to deal with decon waste water, which can
represent significant waste management challenges
Incinerate water?
Haul thousands/millions/billions of gallons long distances to specialty
facility?
- Drain disposal to local wastewater plant?
Objectives: Investigate Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) for
dealing with large volumes of decon wash water and
contaminated water and wastewater to enable drain disposal.
C-371
Management and Treatment of Copious Amounts of CBR Contaminated Water and Wastewater
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP)
Generate hydroxyl radicals with over twice the oxidizing power of chlorine.
"Green" no chlorinated by-products.
Several AOP technologies suitable for field use
hydroxyl radical
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
Technical Approach
Investigate different AOP technologies for the treatment and
disposal of drinking water contaminated with toxic chemicals
into public sewer (collection) systems
Perform toxicity tests for wastewater plant organisms and
receiving waters
Designed experiments so results will be useful in assessing
impacts of an incident and selecting effective methods for
handling contaminated water or wastewater.
C-372
Management and Treatment of Copious Amounts of CBR Contaminated Water and Wastewater
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
Selected Projects
Inactivation of bacterial bioterrorism agents in water
Acceptance of Bio-contaminated Waste Water
Minimization of radiological aqueous waste from washing
Investigation of advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for treatment
and disposal of contaminated water prior to release into public sewer
(collection) systems
Fate of organophosphates (OPs) in municipal wastewater treatment
systems (see poster by Erik Rauglas)
Prediction of hydrolysis rates of OP compounds
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
Background
Problem: OPs, including pesticides and nerve agents, could enter
waste water treatment plant (WWTP) during decon operations. If
not degraded or removed, they may enter the environment or
drinking water supplies through effluent discharge and in land
applied sludge.
Objectives: Examine experimentally the capability of municipal
WWTP activated sludge to degrade and remove OP compounds in
bench-scale studies
C-373
Management and Treatment of Copious Amounts of CBR Contaminated Water and Wastewater
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
Non-degraded OPs sorbed
onto waste sludge or
discharged in effluent water
ป X
\s TW W'w
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
Research Objective
How does activated sludge respond to and recover from
exposure to malathion, an organophosphate compound
and VX surrogate, at various concentrations?
1. What malathion concentration inhibits activated sludge
respiration?
2. Does the concentration that inhibits respiration reduce effluent
quality during initial exposure?
3. What are the long term effects of malathion exposure?
C-374
Management and Treatment of Copious Amounts of CBR Contaminated Water and Wastewater
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
Selected Projects
Inactivation of bacterial bioterrorism agents in water
Acceptance of Bio-contaminated Waste Water
Minimization of radiological aqueous waste from washing
Investigation of advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for treatment
and disposal of contaminated water prior to release into public sewer
(collection) systems
Fate of organophosphates (OPs) in municipal wastewater treatment
systems
Prediction of hydrolysis rates of OP compounds
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
Organophosphorus Compounds
Organophosphorus (OP)
compounds are widely employed as
insecticides and/or pesticides
- Mode of action is irreversible
inhibition of acetylcholinesterase
Potential human health risks from
OP exposure
Chemical warfare agents such as
Sarin and VX are OP compounds
Diverse structures include variations
of spectator groups (R) and leaving
groups(X)
Q(S)
V-Agent
G-Agent
R
0-Alkyl
0-Alkyl
CH3
CH3
Paraoxon-Like 0-Alkyl 0-Alkyl
Thioalkylamine
0-Phenyl, diverse
substituents
Other 0-Alkyl 0/N/S-Alkyl Varied
Acetylcholine
C-375
Management and Treatment of Copious Amounts of CBR Contaminated Water and Wastewater
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
Hydrolysis of Organophosphorus Compounds
0[S]
O~-P-X
Hydrolysis is one of the primary decontamination pathways
for OP compounds, along with oxidation
Not all OPs are susceptible to oxidative decontamination
In some cases (e.g. V-agents) intermediate hydrolysis
products retain toxicity
For some species, (particularly thions) products of
oxidation are more toxic
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
Objectives
Develop mechanistic models for hydrolysis of various
classes of organophosphorus compounds
Explore solvent-dependence, identify key points on reaction
surfaces (i.e. transition states, intermediates)
Evaluate computational methodologies to optimize
expense/output of solvent treatment
Use these models for development of predictive tools
for degradation reactions
C-376
Management and Treatment of Copious Amounts of CBR Contaminated Water and Wastewater
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
Theoretical Methods
Gaussian '09 Software Suite (QM Calculations)
- B3LYP Functional, 6-31+G**/6-311*G++ Basis Sets
- PCM/IPCM Solvation Models
MOE (Molecular Operating Environment) for QSPR
modeling/property estimation
UCSF Chimera for Visualization
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
Inclusion of Explicit Waters
Proton 0-H
Ja"S 61 ,ฐ~~?(
-------
1.33 ID's Homeland Security Research Progr
1.17 F*Tฃ 1.55
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
QSPR Modeling
a
Two primary sets of compounds for QSPR
model development and validation
Data for larger set is more questionable,
taken from multiple sources
C-378
Management and Treatment of Copious Amounts of CBR Contaminated Water and Wastewater
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
Hydrolysis rates: Experimental vs Prediction
EPA's EPISuite vs this QSPR work
EPISuite Predictions of Log(ฃB) for OP Hydrolysis
QSPR Model for log(kB) for OP Hydrolysis
Predicted log(ฃB)
Descriptors used: Thermochemistry for
hydrolysis (AG29S) HOMO energy, # chlorines,
volume, number of sulfur atoms, # of carbons
on spectator groups
ORD's Homeland Security Research Program
Conclusions
This computational approach may enable QSPR predictions
Inclusion of explicit solvent is vital to a proper investigation of
hydrolysis mechanisms for OP compounds
Use of only one water molecule is insufficient
Satisfactory treatment of explicit interactions appears to be
obtained with between 2 and 3 waters, depending on the
compound(s) of interest.
C-379
Management and Treatment of Copious Amounts of CBR Contaminated Water and Wastewater
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ORD's Homeland Security Research Progr
Thank you!
Matthew Magnuson, Ph.D.
Water Infrastructure Protection Division
US EPA/ORD/NHSRC
magnuson.matthew@epa.gov
513-569-7321
http://www.epa.gov/nhrsc
Disclaimer: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency funded, partially funded, managed, and/or
collaborated in the research described in this presentation. It has been subjected to the Agency's review and
has been approved for publication. Note that approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect
the views of the Agency. Mention of trade names, products, or services does not convey official EPA
approval, endorsement, or recommendation.
C-380
Management and Treatment of Copious Amounts of CBR Contaminated Water and Wastewater
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
USARMY
Disinfection of
Vegetative Cells of
Bacillus anthracis in
Drinking Water
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN. WARFIGHTER FOCUSED,
Lisa Smith1, Jeff Szabo2, Gene Rice2, and Vipin Rastogi1
1. U.S> Army-ECBC, R&T Directorate, MD; 2. U.S. EPA, NHSRC, WIPD, OH
Presented at the 2015 U.S. EPA's International Decontamination Research and Development
Conference May 5th-May 7th, 2015
Approved for Public Release
MBCOM
OUTLINE
> Project Objectives
> Materials and Methods
> Results
> Vegetative Cell Preparation with Low Spore
Numbers
> Free Available Chlorine Disinfection
> Monochloramine Disinfection
> Conclusions
> Future Directions
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN. WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
9
C-381
Survivability and Disinfection of Bacillus anthracis Vegetative Cells in Drinking Water
Lisa S. Smith | U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
-------
ซcปi*
Purpose of Study
> In the event of a bio-terrorism attack on US soil, large urban areas,
including water distribution systems, are likely to be contaminated
>This poses daunting challenge for federal agencies and first-
responders
> 8. anthracis spores in drinking water are susceptible to high dosage of
FAC
> Vegetative cells are assumed to be susceptible to FAC and other
common disinfectants
> Disinfection studies supporting this assumption are lacking
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEl WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
Project Objectives
> Collaborative Program between ECBC and US EPA
> To generate data on the inactivation of vegetative Bacillus
anthracis in water using free available chlorine (FAC) and
monochloramine (MC)
>To determine disinfection kill kinetics of FAC and MC against
vegetative cells of B. anthracis
TECHNOLOGY DRIVi WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
C-382
Survivability and Disinfection of Bacillus anthracis Vegetative Cells in Drinking Water
Lisa S. Smith | U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
-------
Materials and Methods
Bacillus anthracis A Sterne cell
6. anthracis ASterne vegetative cells
> Avirulent strain of 6. anthracis, both pX01
and pXO2 plasmids are missing
> Primary culture W^L,
> A single colony from a freshly-inoculated tryptic soy agar was
inoculated in sterile 2xTSB media (J media) and grown at 37 +/- 2 ฐC
for 24 hours
> Secondary culture
> An aliquot of 100 ul of the overnight culture used to inoculate 10 ml of
2xTSB (J media)
> Grown at 37 +/- 2ฐ C for four hours
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEl WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
Materials and Methods
Cell Preparation
> The four-hour culture was centrifuged for 10 min at 3000xg,
> Discard the supernatant
> Pellet resuspended in 25 ml sterile CDF buffer, pH 8 (or
pH7)
> This was repeated 2 more times
> Finally, the pellet was resuspended in 20 ml of CDF buffer,
placed on ice, and used as the test inoculum within 60 min
TECHNOLOGY DRIVi WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
C-383
Survivability and Disinfection of Bacillus anthracis Vegetative Cells in Drinking Water
Lisa S. Smith | U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
-------
ฎ*feปM>Materials and Methods |J)
|
Disinfection Conditions
Disinfectant
Vegetati
ve Cells
BaDS
BaDS
BaDS
BaDS
BaDS
BaDS
Temperat
("c) PH FAC
5 7 2-mg/L
25 7 2-mg/L
5 8 2-mg/L
25 8 2-mg/L
5 8.3
25 8.3
Time
MC PฐintS
(minutes)
0.5, 1, 5,
10, 20&30
0.5, 1, 5,
10, 20 & 30
0.5, 1, 5,
10, 20 & 30
0.5, 1, 5,
10, 20 & 30
1,5, 10, 20,
30 & 60
1,5, 10, 20,
30 & 60
Number of
test
replicates/ru
n1
2
2
2
2
2
2
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN. WARFICHTER FOCUSED,
7
Tซs^>Materials and Methods (ง)
Disinfectant Preparation
> All the glassware and the stirrers used were chlorine demand-free by
special cleaning and rinsing with CDF buffer
> Free available chlorine
> Made with 1:200 diluted sodium hypochlorite and chlorine
demand free phosphate buffer both pH 7 and pH 8
> Free and total chlorine concentrations were determined using a
Hach pocket colorimeter II analysis system for chlorine
> Monochloramine
> Made with 1000 mg/chlorine and 1000 mg/L ammonia nitrogen
and phosphate buffer pH 8.3
> Was calculated by subtracting the free chlorine from the total
chlorine measurement
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN. WARFICHTER FOCUSED.
R
C-384
Survivability and Disinfection of Bacillus anthracis Vegetative Cells in Drinking Water
Lisa S. Smith | U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
-------
Materials and Methods
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEl WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
Materials and Methods
TECHNOLOGY DRIVi WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
C-385
Survivability and Disinfection of Bacillus anthracis Vegetative Cells in Drinking Water
Lisa S. Smith | U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
-------
ฎfi%>ปM>Materials and Methods
Holding Solutions
> Tests were conducted in two incubators, set at 5ฐC and 25ฐC
> Reaction vessels for each test consisted of four sterile, CDF borosilicate
glass beakers, each containing a CDF stir bar
> An aliquot of 2 ml test inoculum was added to the 198 ml of chlorinated buffer
with steady stirring
> A timer was started
> 10 ml samples were withdrawn at appropriate times and transferred to tube
containing 0.1 ml of 10% sodium thiosulfate
> Chlorine samples were taken at the first and the last time point
> Samples were put on ice until serial dilutions were made and samples were
plated on ISA and incubated at 37ฐC overnight
TECHNOLOGY DR1K WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
Vegetative Cell Preparation with Low Numbers
> Challenge- to find culture conditions permitting high vegetative growth (>8 -
logs/ml) while keeping spore number to zero or very low (<2 logs)
>Two critical factors in controlling sporulation onset were Carbon/ Nitrogen
abundance/ media type and growth temperature
> Media tested were TSB, 2xTSB, SxTSB, 2xTSB supplemented with carbon or
nitrogen, J media and a new recipe - RVLS
>Goal - zero or minimal spores
TECHNOLOGY DKIVt WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
C-386
Survivability and Disinfection of Bacillus anthracis Vegetative Cells in Drinking Water
Lisa S. Smith | U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
-------
T HUBCWlf
Results - Vegetative Cells
Cell:Spore Ratio in Relation to Growth Media
TSB
2xTSB 2xTSB
1:10
TB 2xSG J broth RVLS
Media Type
2xTSB TB30ฐ
30ฐ
TECHNOLOGY DRIVES WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
Results - FAC Disinfection
FAC Concentration at the Start and End of the Run
5C 25 C 5C 25 C
DfttM
1/30/2013
2/6/2013
2/13/2013
2/20/2013
3/6/2013
3/13/2013
4/10/2013
4/17/2013
7/18/2013
7/23/2013
PH
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
7
7
8
FAC
(Start)
1,9
2
2.1
PAC
(nd)
1.05
1.5
1.05
0.9
0.7
o.g
1.8
1.9
0.8
0.3
0.35
0.55
1.2
1.4
0.55
PAC
2.3
2.2
1.7
1
1
1.4
1
1.9
1.9
1
PAC
(nd)
0.8
1.15
0.4
0.15
0.15
0.55
0.6
1.05
1.4
0.65
A PAC
0.85
0.5
1.05
0.6
0.35
0.35
0.6
0.5
0.25
A PAC
1.5
1.05
1.3
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.4
0.85
0.5
0.35
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN. WARFICHTER FOCUSED.
\A
C-387
Survivability and Disinfection of Bacillus anthracis Vegetative Cells in Drinking Water
Lisa S. Smith | U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
-------
- RScconT) Results - FAC Disinfection |J)
1
Correlation between AFAC and ACells
a -
%"
s *
2 *
o
(
pH 8 andSC
-*
) O.2 O.4 0.6 O.8 1
FAC Change
8
6
Jl 4 -
=>
ft 2
O
pH 7 and 25C
* *
3 0.5 1 1.5
FAC Change
pMTandSC
*
f * * * *
s
g_
^
o
O Ovb. 1 l.i
FACChnr^c
pH Sand 25 C
*
1 ,
6 *
ง 2
0
TACChMee
TECHNOLOGY DRWEM. WARF1GHTER FOCUSED.
-IR
Results - FAC Disinfection
Free Available Chlorine Disinfection Kinetics at pH 7
ซpH7
a
3
E
V ,.
I
20
1.4
U
ซ5C i25C
1 i
1
I
D ปปปปปป
WARF1GHTER FOCUSED.
C-388
Survivability and Disinfection of Bacillus anthracis Vegetative Cells in Drinking Water
Lisa S. Smith | U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
-------
g nfecoM} Results - FAC Disinfection |J)
i
FAC Disinfection Kinetics at pH 8
u
TJB1
I 50
g ป
* zo
tJt
1
DhtahcHonl
i
1
1 1
rfpHa
II '
i Water
5C ป25C
1 |
L i
|
.
k 8 tt ซ 20 ป 3D 3fl
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN, WARFICHTER FOCUSED.
17
Results - MC Disinfection
MC Concentration at the Start and End of the Run and
Change in Cell Numbers
DitM
4JIOH4
WW4
W7W
7122/14
pH
y
9.2
Ji
U
5C
MC (Start)
2.01)
1.55
1.60
1.65
IIC (End)
1.60
1.40
1.10
1.55
25 C
MC (Start)
1.20
1.35
2.05
1.45
MC(End)
0.65
1.50
1.10
1.50
5C
AMC
0.4
0.15
0.5
0,1
25 C
AMC
0.55
0.15
0.95
0.05
5C
4 Leg CPU
iZero-ENDI
1.035
3.18
2.63
6.65
25 C
4 Log CFU
iZere-EHD)
3.17
2.72
3.05
4.69
TECHNOLOGY DRIVi WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
C-389
Survivability and Disinfection of Bacillus anthracis Vegetative Cells in Drinking Water
Lisa S. Smith | U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
-------
Results - MC Disinfection
Correlation between AMC and ACells
A Log of CPU
Mono:hbramine pN 8.3 ana 5 ฐC
ซ
0.2 04 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
A Monochlo famine
Monochloramine pH 8,3 and 25 'C
O
a 4
-1
*
ป * *
0 12 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 12
JMonochlonmine
TECHNOLOGY DRIVE1 WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
Results - MC Disinfection
Monochloramine Disinfection Kinetics at pH 8.3
fcjt-a- ^,M| rfgj. j ,J Hfcr--a -''* g' * ซ- ป- f*vJ|a ^ .
Ut&l '; nHIIM < -' KH BBCBIB JBIUVBUB uaHTlB VlyHBm UlIB DJf 2 nyL
TJ|
s M
3 "
u
1J
u-
<
ISC 125C
"t ;
i :
1 19 X N ซ ซ ป
BpoHinTfem(MnulB)
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN. WARFICHTER FOCUSED.
C-390
Survivability and Disinfection of Bacillus anthracis Vegetative Cells in Drinking Water
Lisa S. Smith | U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
-------
Conclusions
> FAC disinfections were more rapid at 25ฐC at pH 7
> The kinetics of cell disinfection at pH 8 at the two temperatures was
comparable
> Cells appear to be more sensitive to FAC (2 mg/ml) as compared to MC (2
mg/ml) and the rate of kill was rapid (within 30 min) as opposed to MC
(within 60 min)
> Relatively higher residual amount of MC was recorded at the end of the
test run, compared to those of FAC amounts
> FAC at pH 7 seems to be the best disinfectant for B. anthracis cells
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEl WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
MBCOM
Conclusions
> At sub-lethal exposure of disinfectant, variability in test
results is expected, however observed significant variability
(>2-3 logs) is contributed by a number of factors
> Variable number of spores in diff veg cells prep batches
> Residual amount of organic media carried over the
washed cells
> In case of MC, presence of residual amount of FAC
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN. WARFICHTER FOCUSED.
99
C-391
Survivability and Disinfection of Bacillus anthracis Vegetative Cells in Drinking Water
Lisa S. Smith | U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
-------
Future Research
> In order to further substantiate the efficacy of disinfection of FAC and
MC and generate kinetics runs with <1-log SD variability, it is
recommended that the study be repeated with either use of
sporulation minus strain of 8. anthracis and or use the new growth
media, RVLS
>The sporulation minus strain was procured from Dr. Steve Leppla
(NIH, Bethesda, MD)
> RVLS appears to support minimal sporulation, thereby controlling the
number of spores in the cell preparation batches in different runs
> A 75 min sampling time point would be recommended for MC
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEl WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
2> CREDITS
Funding
Dr. Jeff Szabo and Dr. Gene Rice , US EPA, NHSRC,
WIPD, OH
ECBC Performers
Vipin Rastogi, Michelle Ziemski, Savannah Maggio, Laura
Burton, and Amelia Stephens
Contact Information - Lisa.s.smith.civ@mail.mil; 410-436-3846
TECHNOLOGY DRIVi WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
C-392
Survivability and Disinfection of Bacillus anthracis Vegetative Cells in Drinking Water
Lisa S. Smith | U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
-------
Questions?
or>
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEl WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
C-393
Survivability and Disinfection of Bacillus anthracis Vegetative Cells in Drinking Water
Lisa S. Smith | U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
-------
UNCLASSIFIED
Deployable Treatment of Decontamination
(DECON) Effluent
U.S. Army Engineer Research & Development
Center (ERDC)
3909 Halls Ferry Road
Vicksburg, MS 39180
Dr. Jonathon A. Brame
Phone: 601-634-4204
E-mail: Jonathon.A.Brame@usace.army.mil
POC: Dr. Victor F. Medina, P.E.
Phone: 601-634-4283
E-mail: Victor.F.Medina@usace.army.mil
BUILDING STRONG.
UNCLASSIFIED
Challenge
Problem: Although the Army maintains extensive decontamination
capabilities (DECON) to mitigate CBRN attacks, there is no capability to
treat and/or recycle the effluent from aqueous-based decontamination
operations. This effluent is still very hazardous and represents a major
handling, logistical, and potentially political burden.
Challenge: Develop a CBRN DECON effluent treatment system that
will mitigate DECON water constraints, be rapidly deployed and easy
to maintain, minimize the volume of water required for DECON, and
minimize the volume of DECON effluent requiring management /
disposal.
C-394
Deployable Treatment of Decontamination Effluents
Jonathon Brame | U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
-------
UNCLASSIFIED
Existing DECON Water Recycling
Technology
Current DECON strategies provide physical/ chemical
removal of contamination, but at best use on-site
storage/containment of hazardous effluent, and often
just containment.
ANIST review of 200+ commercially available DECON
technologies found only ONE system that includes any
treatment of effluent (a booth for tools/small
equipment).
CRITICAL TECHNOLOGY GAP
Innovative solutions for a safer, better world
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Project Drivers
FM 3-11.5 CBRN Decontamination -
Appendix K
Large waste volumes
Management approaches
2013 Unified Quest Deep Futures
Wargames-ARCIC
Operation in water stressed environment with a
series of chemical attacks
Water supply heavily stressed
BUILDING STRONG,,
Innovative solutions for a safer, better world
UNCLASSIFIED
C-395
Deployable Treatment of Decontamination Effluents
Jonathon Brame | U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
-------
UNCLASSIFIED
Objectives
Develop a rapidly deployable CBRN DECON
effluent treatment system for:
1) minimization of environmental health risk
2) reduction of water supply needs associated with
DECON, and
3) reduction of manpower for DECON effluent
management.
BUILDINGS
better world
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Vision/Background
Deployable CBRN DECON Effluent Treatment System
Reuse for
equipment
DECON
Responsible
Discharge
eployable Effluen
Treatment System
Reduced cost and logistics
requirement for water;
point of use treatment
60-70% reduction in supply requirement
PS&
80% reduction of waste transport
BUILDING STRONG,,
Innovative solutions for a safer, better world
UNCLASSIFIED
C-396
Deployable Treatment of Decontamination Effluents
Jonathon Brame | U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
-------
UNCLASSIFIED
Envisioned DECON Effluent
Treatment System
2-Stage Membrane
Treatment
Decon Water
75-90%
Treated Water
(disposed or
reused)
Solids (treatment
or disposal)
Fresh GAC
Waste G/fe
,C (treatment
or disposal)
BUILDING STRONG.
Innovative solutions for a safer, better world
UNCLASSIFIED 7
UNCLASSIFIED
Performance Metrics
I Metric Current
Water None
Recovery
Water Quality None
Standards
Operational None
Personnel
m
BUILDING STRONG.
Program Objective Army Objective
80% reuse from -60-80%
system reduction in water
needed
USAPHC IP 31-027 Not Established
1 Man Operation; Reduction in
< 2 hr Setup & Manpower, Water
Close Transport
a
TRL/SRL 1
Starts
End 6
Starts
End 6
Starts
End 6
?DC
Innovative solutions for a safer, better world
UNCLASSIFIED 8
C-397
Deployable Treatment of Decontamination Effluents
Jonathon Brame | U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
-------
MA National GuariTBECON setup
Operational overlay Spare BMvet
Green (military) Missions
* Personnel and equipment/vehicle DECON
* Responsible for finding water source
* Collecting waste is secondary to DECON mission
* System would particularly benefit water supply issues
Spend hours waiting on logistics (supply, delivery, treatment)
Securing water in hostile environments is challenging
Pre-treatment would be helpful-Allow use of wider variety of source
waters
White (civilian) Missions
* Waste collected in 1,500 gallon blivets (3/site + 1 backup = 6,000
gallons of storage)
Use rate of 3,000 gallons/hour (**2-4 hours to exhaust storage
capacity**) ; Incident commander responsible for removal
NO identified strategy once capacity is reached
* Effluent Water treatment
They want help treating their water!
BUILDING STRONG.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Deployable Treatment of Decontamination Effluents
Schedule & Cost
MILESTONES
DECON Effluent Characterization
and Simulant Development
Innovative Alternatives to
Membrane Treatment
Laboratory Prototype DECON
Effluent Treatment System
System Controls and Monitoring
DECON System Integration
Field Prototype DECON Effluent
Treatment System Evaluation
BUILDING STRONG.
Innovative solutions for a safer, better world
UNCLASSIFIED
C-398
Deployable Treatment of Decontamination Effluents
Jonathon Brame | U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
-------
UNCLASSIFIED
Results/Findings/Products To Date
Task 1. Effluent Characterization & Simulant
selection
> Effluent characterization mostly completed.
> Simulant selection completed
Task 2. Novel treatment
> Methods developed to produce graphene oxide (GO)
filters.
> Preliminary testing of GO filters with laboratory
vacuum systems.
> Characterization Studies on GO membranes
> Development of laboratory bench test system for GO
1) vs. conventional membrane studies.
BUILDING STRONG.
Innovative solutions for a safer, better world
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Task 1-Effluent characterization
What is likely to be in the effluent?
Decontamination
materials:
Detergents, bleach
Decon Effluent
Treatment System^l
BUILDING STRONG.
Innovative solutions for a safer, better world
UNCLASSIFIED 12
C-399
Deployable Treatment of Decontamination Effluents
Jonathon Brame | U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
-------
UNCLASSIFIED
Task 1 -Concentration estimation
Vehicle Decontamination
Vehicle Type
Transport (Jeep)
Armored vehicle
(Tank)
Dimensions (m)
Length
Width
Height
Length
Width
Height
Patient type
Ambulatory
1.798
1.615
3.353
9.43
3.63
3.27
Approximate Surface
Area (m2)
28.698
153.874
Water Volume Required
to Clean (L)
227
673
Max Simulant
Concentration Range in
Effluent (g/L)
0.126-1.264
0.229-2.286
Effective Concentration
Range in Effluent (g/L)
0.1134-1.1376;
0.0252-0.2528
0.2061-2.0574;
0.0458-0.4572
Personnel Decontamination
Gender
Ma
e
Fema e
Ma
e
Fema e
Approximate
Surface Area (m2)
1.9
1.6
1.9
1.6
Water Volume
Required to Clean (L)
35
100
Max Concentration
Range in Effluent (g/L)
0.054-0.543
0.046-0.457
0.019-0.190
0.016-0.160
Effective Concentration
range in Effluent (g/L)
0.049-0.486
0.011-0.108
0.041-0.414
0.009-0.092
0.0171-0.171
0.038-0.380
0.014-0.144
0.003-0.032
Max simulant concentration based on estimate of 1 -1 0 g/m2 coverage "
Effective simulant concentration assumes loss due to hydrolysis and other factors L
from 10% (top number) to 80% (bottom number) 'd
UNCLASSIFIED 13
UNCLASSIFIED
Task 1-Simulant selection
Agent
Simulant
Soman (Dimethyl-2- Diphenyl
butyl methyphosphono- cholorophosphate
fluoridate) ^ , . ^. n
VX (0-ethyl-S-[2-
diisopropylamino)ethyl]
methylphosphonothioate)
Malathion
Additional Info
-Available from Sigma (99%
purity)
-Relatively inexpensive
-Available from Sigma
-Not as toxic as other
organophosphates, still used as
a pesticide and control of
mosquitoes
BUILDING STRONG,,
Innovative solutions for a safer, better world
UNCLASSIFIED
C-400
Deployable Treatment of Decontamination Effluents
Jonathon Brame | U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
-------
UNCLASSIFIED
Results/Findings/Products To Date
Task 2. Novel treatment
materials
> Methods developed to
produce grapheme oxide
(GO) filters.
> Characterization Studies
on GO membranes
> Preliminary testing of GO
filters
> Development of laboratory
bench test system for GO
vs. conventional
membrane studies.
July 2014 Cover from Science
Journal Featuring Graphene
Research
BUILDING STRONG.
Innovative solutions for a safer, better world
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Results/Findings/Products To Date
Task 2 Graphene Oxide Membranes
Potential for reverse osmosis
quality treatment at much lower
pressure (energy) and higher
rates.
Potential for more durability, high
selectivity, & less fouling issues.
Methods developed for preparing
simple, durable filters for
experimental purposes.
BUILDING STRONG.
ViV.Vi ป ซ * M i )
VvVAS * * I
i jMj i
^
ซ M ซ ซ4 ซ I t I
M ซ ( r*/ >!nm j
<1J' "H Jj I 1
UNCLASSIFIED
C-401
Deployable Treatment of Decontamination Effluents
Jonathon Brame | U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
-------
UNCLASSIFIED
Synthesis of GO Membrane By
Vacuum Filtration
BUILDING STRONG.
Innovative solutions for a safer, better world
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Results/Findings/Products To Date
Task 2 Filtration Using GO Membranes
Filtration of Methyl Orange Dye using a
simple, vacuum-prepared GO disk on a
paper, 0.45 urn filter
Filtration using a house vacuum system,
about 10 times lower pressure than
typical Reverse Osmosis (RO).
Some degradation observed as the
system runs.
Constructing a high pressure system to
compare GO to other membranes.
Innovative solutions for a safer, better world
UNCLASSIFIED
C-402
Deployable Treatment of Decontamination Effluents
Jonathon Brame | U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
-------
UNCLASSIFIED
Scanning Microscopy of GO Membrane
Cross Section
Visible layers of Graphene Oxide
throughout profile of membrane
BUILDING STRONG.
Innovative solutions for a safer, better world
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Uniform Thickness Ranging from 6 2.6 7 jam
to 67.90|im
BUILDING STRONG.
Innovative solutions for a safer, better world
UNCLASSIFIED
C-403
Deployable Treatment of Decontamination Effluents
Jonathon Brame | U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
-------
UNCLASSIFIED
Results/Findings/Products To Date
Task 2. Scanning and Transmission Microscopy of GO Membranes
Scanning electron micrograph
(SEM) of nodal growths/The
lighter shade of the nodal
features is indicative of higher
density
Transmission electron micrograph
of cross section of nodal feature on
a GO membrane.
BUILDING STRONG.
Innovative solutions for a safer, better world
UNCLASSIFIED 21
UNCLASSIFIED
Membrane Filtration Reactor
Overview - Rack allows for High pressure pumps
sample collection bottles
Manifold
Pressure sensor pressure/flow recorder Membrane cassette VictorfProject Lead)
BUILDING STRONG.
Innovative solutions for a safer, better world
UNCLASSIFIED 22
C-404
Deployable Treatment of Decontamination Effluents
Jonathon Brame | U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
-------
UNCLASSIFIED
Connections/Collaborations
Partners (to date)
+ ECBC ft*
ป RDECOM~ARDEC ฉ
> Sandia National Laboratory (reciprocal studies) Ufe
Briefed organizations
+ MSCoE p
ป DTRA @
ป TRADOC-ARCIC 0
* MIT Lincoln Labs JUs^
ป USEPA *
ป USNORTHCOM^)
Operational Connections
+ 272nd Chemical Brigade, MA National Guard
* National Guard Bureau (ฉ)
J>- ANORTH Civilian Support Training Activity (CSTA)j
BUILDING STRONG.
Innovative solutions for a safer, better world
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Acknowledgements
Project Team:
^ ERDC EL: '
Dr. Victor Medina (Project Lead)
Mr. John Ballard (PM) I
Dr. JeffSteevens (ST)
Mr. Scott Waisner
Mr. Chris Griggs
> ERDC CERL:
Dr. Martin Page
Dr. Imee Smith
ERDC GSL:
Dr. Robert Moser
> ERDC GRL:
Dr. Andromorgan Fisher
^ECBC:
Dr. Lawrence Procell
> RDECOM/ARDEC:
Dr. Kim Griswold
BUILDING STRONG.
Innovative solutions for a safer, better world
UNCLASSIFIED
C-405
Deployable Treatment of Decontamination Effluents
Jonathon Brame | U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
-------
UNCLASSIFIED
Questions?
Reuse for
equipment
DECON
eployable Efflu<
Treatment System
J
Responsible
'Discharge
Reduced cost and logistics
requirement for water;
point of use treatment
60-70% reduction in supply requirement
V *it - V* 8 o o ป o o o oo
80% reduction of waste transport
oo a oo o oo
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Backup Material
BUILDING STRONG,,
Innovative solutions for a safer, better world
UNCLASSIFIED
C-406
Deployable Treatment of Decontamination Effluents
Jonathon Brame | U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
-------
UNCLASSIFIED
200,OOOX Transmission Microscopy
of Nano-Structures
Lighter
structural
layering
indicative
ofnano
channels
Darker spheres on surface suspected to
be higher density AI3+ from anodized substrate
BUILDING STRONG.
Innovative solutions for a safer, better world
UNCLASSIFIED 27
UNCLASSIFIED
Aluminum Nanoparticles appear to
be the source of the dark, circular
matter (prepared using aluminum
anodisks)
BUILDING STRONG.
Innovative solutions for a safer, better world
UNCLASSIFIED
C-407
Deployable Treatment of Decontamination Effluents
Jonathon Brame | U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
-------
UNCLASSIFIED
Crumpled Topography of GO Membrane
Surface
BUILDING STRONG.
Innovative solutions for a safer, better world
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Top/Bottom differ in Topography
after Vacuum Filtration
Top
Bottom
BUILDING STRONG.
Innovative solutions for a safer, better world
UNCLASSIFIED
C-408
Deployable Treatment of Decontamination Effluents
Jonathon Brame | U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
-------
UNCLASSIFIED
Membrane Post MgCI2 Challenge
Al confirmed on Surface
Scaling deposit
UNCLASSIFIED
Comparative Scenarios
A CBRN attack on a U.S. City stresses water sources
due to firefighting and/or decontamination
Scenario 1 - Wastewater stored in water bladders.
>- Water resources are stressed.
>- Bladders take up space, could be targeted in follow on attacks, and
create eventual removal management issues
Scenario 2 - Wastewater is discharged into local sewers.
> Water resources stressed
> Sewers can become contaminated, creating a long term management
issue.
>- Wastewater treatment plant may be affected by CBRN constituents &
treatment chemicals.
Scenario 3 - Effluent treatment leading to recycling of a portion of
the waste stream
> Reduces water stress
!j7l|*- Removes liability and exposure issues.
BUILDING STRONG,,
Innovative solutions for a safer, better world
UNCLASSIFIED
C-409
Deployable Treatment of Decontamination Effluents
Jonathon Brame | U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
-------
UNCLASSIFIED
DECON Effluent Treatment is an
Army-Wide Issue
Crosses several organizations
Can reduce effort, costs, and manpower
Can reduce potential for releases & toxic
exposures
1. Water supply
CASCOM / LOGCAP
DECON treatment effluent
impact: By recycling, water
Supply needs can be redui
& manpower reduced.
2. DECON
Chemical Corps
DECON effluent treatment
impact: No impact on
manpower. Reduces exposure
potential from stored effluent
4. Containerizing/shipping
CASCOM/LOGCAP/Navy
DECON effluent treatment impact:
Substantially reduce or completely
eliminate, reducing effort &
manpower. Potential for leaks & toxic
exposures are also greatly reduced.
c
J
\3. Runoff control & capture
structures
^/ Engineers
DECON effluent treatment impact
5. Cleanup/Remediation Reduce size needed for caPture
Engineers/LOGCAP Structures, reducing effort &
DECON effluent treatment impact: manpower.
Substantially reduce or completely
eliminate, reducing effort &
manpower. Potential toxic exposures
are also greatly reduced.
BUILDING STRONG.
Innovative solutions for a safer, better world
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Simulant Selection - Soman
Agent Sjmriant Plus
Somn DiBbcnjIdliiniiibnplaE "Avilabk Dual
W (DPCP) agon (99%
JDimfli* 2ซ5l ^~. p o f^X P~ilJ>
manfr&o*,.,., \^-0-~a-\J ^^^^
ic^k^ptnqitMifnfliMnl^B tTXSO for IBOR
, DiisoirapjIiDonvhositofc -AinibHclom
, / (DEF) agnatem*
v--\ \ ^o, ,o^ / D
0 / \ V^ RCT ^f St*fcปr2
JJ I FX\ 1 ^
MtOisiPail. *AnibHctnn
F S-p,OCH3 3HK*
f OCH3
(DHHP) SBma(')71'.
0 pni^tenrf
DIA9102
H3CO''F\XOCH3 S^S)g
CH3 *an*ปbe
asedbmunc
VX
Cons
*Expcnarc
S34K50fnr
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Somewhat
tiOTtlfi.
lottos
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Santiig
1
2
4
ERDC
BUILDING STRONG. Innovative solutions for a safer, better world
UNCLASSIFIED 34
C-410
Deployable Treatment of Decontamination Effluents
Jonathon Brame | U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
-------
UNCLASSIFIED
Simulant Selection - VX
BUILDING STRONG.
Innovative solutions for a safer, better world
UNCLASSIFIED 35
C-411
Deployable Treatment of Decontamination Effluents
Jonathon Brame | U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
-------
Summary
Project Objectives:
Develop a toolbox of strategies for the disposal of
contaminated water from large volume contamination
events
Address concerns of wastewater utilities in accepting
contaminated water pre-treated with advanced oxidation
processes (AOP)
Findings:
All AOP technologies investigated showed some degree of
contaminant degradation
Toxicity reductions were observed in the AOPs to differing
extents
Contaminant degradation is not always a good indicator of
toxicity reduction.
C-412
Advanced Oxidative Process Treatment of Heavily Contaminated Water for Drain Disposal and POTW Acceptance
Rebecca Phillips | ORISE Research Participant with U.S. EPA
-------
Water Contamination
Treatment methods for large volumes of contaminated
water, washwater and wastewater:
- Incineration
- Transportation to specialty facilities
- Drain disposal
Issues with drain disposal:
- May require appropriate pre-treatment
- Potential impact on wastewater treatment
operations
- Dischargeable effluent desired
Advantages of Advanced
Oxidation Process (AOP)
Generate hydroxyl radicals:
1.5 times the oxidizing power of ozone
2.1 times the oxidizing power of chlorine.
No chlorinated by-products
Several AOP technologies suitable for field use
C-413
Advanced Oxidative Process Treatment of Heavily Contaminated Water for Drain Disposal and POTW Acceptance
Rebecca Phillips | ORISE Research Participant with U.S. EPA
-------
Development of Technical Approach
Concerns of wastewater treatment
plants on acceptance of AOP-treated
water:
Biological treatment processes
Receiving waters
Infrastructure
Desired tests:
Real-time monitoring of AOP treatment
Verification of contaminant degradation
Impact on biological treatment process
k, Impact of contaminant on receiving
^L water organisms
XWERF
Expert Workshop on Toxicity Testing of Water
Undergoing Advanced Oxidation Processes Print to
Wotkthop Summwy A
Technical Approach
Investigate several AOPs as pretreatments for drain disposal of
contaminated drinking water
Perform toxicity tests for:
Wastewater treatment plant microorganisms
(Nitrification Inhibition testing)
Receiving waters
(Microtox toxicity testing)
Ciesign experiments to aid in:
Selecting effective methods for treatment and disposal of
contaminated water
Assessing impacts of an incident with and without
treatment
C-414
Advanced Oxidative Process Treatment of Heavily Contaminated Water for Drain Disposal and POTW Acceptance
Rebecca Phillips | ORISE Research Participant with U.S. EPA
-------
AOP Technologies Selected
Ozone/peroxide
Maximum 03concentration:
~8 mg/L
H202dose:
35 mg/L initially
35 mg/L when Ozone
concentration becomes
non-zero
ปReaction: 2 03 + H202 -> 2 ปOH + 3 02
ปUnit investigated: Enchem Engineering, Inc.
AOP Technologies Selected
Boron-doped
diamond electrode
(BDDE)
Electrolyte concentration:
0.05 M
Electrolytes:
NaCI
NaNO,
ป Many reactions (including generation of ปOH)
ป Unit investigated: Advanced Diamond
Technologies, Inc.
C-415
Advanced Oxidative Process Treatment of Heavily Contaminated Water for Drain Disposal and POTW Acceptance
Rebecca Phillips | ORISE Research Participant with U.S. EPA
-------
AOP Technologies Selected
UV/peroxide
Constant light output
2 dose:
35 mg/L initially
35 mg/L when H202
concentration decreases
below ~20 mg/L
ป Reaction: H202 -> 2 ปOH
ป Unit investigated: Trojan UV - UV Max
Target Contaminants
Attributes:
- Range of hydroxyl radical reactivity. Reaction rates of compounds not
studied can be estimated via their known hydroxyl radical reactivity.
- Direct injection LC-MS/MS analysis
- Applicability to water security or water quality
Propanil
Aldicarb
Carbamazepine
Bisphenol A (BPA)
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate
(TCEP)
Carbofuran
Atrazine
Cyanazine
Phenylephrine
Diethyl methyl phosphonate
(DEMP)
C-416
Advanced Oxidative Process Treatment of Heavily Contaminated Water for Drain Disposal and POTW Acceptance
Rebecca Phillips | ORISE Research Participant with U.S. EPA
-------
Toxicity Testing
Nitrification Inhibition Test:
- Organism: Nitrifying bacteria in mixed liquor
- Measures: Rate of decrease of ammonia
- Indicates: Toxicity to wastewater
biological treatment processes
Microtox Toxicity Test:
I - Organism: Luminescent marine bacteria
- Measures: Differences in light output
- Indicates: Eco-toxicity for discharge to
I receiving waters
Experimental Design
3 AOP technologies investigated:
- 1 contaminant at a time
- Initial contaminant concentration: 10 mg/L
- Reaction time: 2 hours
- Dechlorinated drinking water matrix
(~pH 7-8, ~1 mg/L total organic carbon)
Sampling:
- Contaminant degradation: LC-MS/MS
All samples
- Toxicity testing: Microtox and Nitrification Inhibition
All samples adjusted to pH ~7
Uncontaminated Controls
Contaminated drinking water
AOP treated contaminated drinking water
C-417
Advanced Oxidative Process Treatment of Heavily Contaminated Water for Drain Disposal and POTW Acceptance
Rebecca Phillips | ORISE Research Participant with U.S. EPA
-------
Results: Ozone/Peroxide
s(
IJ
40 60 80
Reaction Time (minutes)
-TCEP
-BPA
-Carbamazepine
-Atrazine
-Propanil
Cyanazine
-Carbofuran
-DEMP
Results: Ozone/Peroxide
TCEP
BPA
Carbamazepine
Atrazine
Propanil
Cyanazine
Carbofuran
DEMP
C-418
Advanced Oxidative Process Treatment of Heavily Contaminated Water for Drain Disposal and POTW Acceptance
Rebecca Phillips | ORISE Research Participant with U.S. EPA
-------
Results: UV/Peroxide
40 60
Reaction Time (minutes)
Results: Boron Doped Diamond
Electrode
C-419
Advanced Oxidative Process Treatment of Heavily Contaminated Water for Drain Disposal and POTW Acceptance
Rebecca Phillips | ORISE Research Participant with U.S. EPA
-------
Results: Boron Doped Diamond
Electrode
TCEP with NaNOS
electrolyte
TCEP with NaCI
electrolyte
i
0.8
80.6
u1
0.4
0.2
Results: AOP Comparison
Carbofuran
Best Case
-Carbofuran
UV/Peroxide
-Carbofuran
Ozone/Peroxide
Carbofuran
BDDE/NaN03
20 40 60 80 100 120
Reaction Time (minutes)
TCEP
C-420
Advanced Oxidative Process Treatment of Heavily Contaminated Water for Drain Disposal and POTW Acceptance
Rebecca Phillips | ORISE Research Participant with U.S. EPA
-------
Results: Microbial Toxicity
Little to no initial toxicity to:
Microtox:
Carbamazepine, Atrazine, Aldicarb, DEMP,
Phenylephrine
Nitrification Inhibition:
Carbamazepine, Atrazine, Aldicarb, DEMP,
Phenylephrine, Carbofuran, TCEP, BPA, Cyanazine
Results: Microbial Toxicity
Toxicity reductions observed in all three AOP systems
Variation of results based on technologies and
contaminants
Some increases in toxicity observed:
Microtox and Nitrification Inhibition:
BDDE with NaNO3 electrolyte for some
contaminants
C-421
Advanced Oxidative Process Treatment of Heavily Contaminated Water for Drain Disposal and POTW Acceptance Rebecca Phillips | ORISE Research Participant with U.S. EPA
-------
Results: Cyanazine
Degradation and Toxicity
-Ozone/Peroxide
" Ozone/Peroxide
Microtox
-UV/Peroxide
UV/Peroxide
Microtox
Reaction Time (minutes)
Nitrification Inhibition Toxicity
Technology Initial
Toxicity
Final
Toxicity
Ozone/ -42% ฑ 17% -25% ฑ 3%
Peroxide
UV/ Peroxide -10% ฑ 9% -4% ฑ 12%
"V-rV
Results: BPA
Degradation and Toxicity
100%
C/CO (%) or Percent Toxicity
Ozone/Peroxide
S.-.^w Ozone/Peroxide
^X^^ " UV/Peroxide
\ \ ^V UV/Peroxide
\ \ ^s. Microtox
j\ \ -ป^ electrolyte
|\ \ * BDDE Microtox
5 \ \.. with NaCI
U \. BDDENaNOB
^ ^V electrolyte
"" 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 th NaN03
Reaction Time (minutes)
Nitrification Inhibition Toxicity
Technology Initial Final
Toxicity Toxicity
Ozone/ -21% ฑ 2% -18% ฑ0%
Peroxide
UV/ Peroxide 17% ฑ 29% 7% ฑ 21%
BDDE with 0% ฑ 12% 2% ฑ 4%
NaN03
,0'
-------
Results: Propanil
Degradation and Toxicity
-Ozone/Peroxide
Ozone/Peroxide
Microtox
-UV/Peroxide
UV/Peroxide
Microtox
Nitrification Inhibition Toxicity
Technology Initial Final
Toxicity Toxicity
Ozone/ 69% ฑ 8% 51% ฑ 14%
Peroxide
UV/ Peroxide 41% ฑ 15% 13% ฑ 4%
BDDE Microtox
with NaN03
20 40 60 80 100 120
Reaction Time (minutes)
Conclusions
Development of a toolbox of technologies:
Choice of technology based on needs and goals
Contaminant reduction:
Ozone/Peroxide AOP degraded most contaminants in <20 minutes
UV/Peroxide AOP degraded most contaminants in <90 minutes
BDDE AOP performance is very dependent on the electrolyte and
the contaminants
Microbial Toxicity:
Toxicity does not necessarily follow contaminant degradation
Microtox and Nitrification Inhibition toxicity assays may yield
different or conflicting results
Pre-treatment may be necessary even if the parent compound is
not very toxic
C-423
Advanced Oxidative Process Treatment of Heavily Contaminated Water for Drain Disposal and POTW Acceptance
Rebecca Phillips | ORISE Research Participant with U.S. EPA
-------
Alternate Water Matrixes
Dilute Soap Matrixes:
Dawn and Simple Green tested
0.01% soap concentration not toxic to Microtox Toxicity test
Foam precluded use of the Ozone/Peroxide system
UV/Peroxide and BDDE systems yielded slower propanil degradation
in the presence of soap
Hardwater Matrix:
Reduced toxicity in the UV/Peroxide system
Results forthcoming
High Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Matrix:
Experiments forthcoming
Future Work
Investigate methods of real-time monitoring of hydroxyl radicals to verify
AOP system performance
Investigate high TOC and hardwater matrices at lab scale, including pre-
and post-AOP unit processes
Field Applications: Scale-up and reactor design, including pre- and post-
AOP unit processes
Explore prediction of AOP effectiveness via hydroxyl radical reaction rates
AOP mobile trailer, 15ft
Water Security Test Bed
448ft distribution system at
Idaho National Laboratory
C-424
Advanced Oxidative Process Treatment of Heavily Contaminated Water for Drain Disposal and POTW Acceptance
Rebecca Phillips | ORISE Research Participant with U.S. EPA
-------
Thank You!
Rebecca Phillips, M.S.E.
Research Intern
Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education
At the US Environmental Protection Agency
National Homeland Security Research Center
Water Infrastructure Protection Division
Phillips.Rebecca@epa.gov
202-564-9991
DISCLAIMER: This project was supported in part by an appointment to the Internship/Research
Participation Program at the National Homeland Security Research Center, Water Infrastructure Protection
Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and
Education through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy and EPA.
IB U.S. EPA through its Office of Research and Development funded the research described in this
presentation. It has been reviewed by the Agency but does not necessarily reflect the Agency's views. No
official endorsement should be inferred. EPA does not endorse the purchase or sale of any commercial
products or services.
C-425
Advanced Oxidative Process Treatment of Heavily Contaminated Water for Drain Disposal and POTW Acceptance
Rebecca Phillips | ORISE Research Participant with U.S. EPA
-------
2015 U.S. EPA International
Decontamination Research
and Development Conference
Wednesday, May 6, 2015
Concurrent Sessions 4
Biological Agent Decontamination Equipment
C-426
-------
Equipment decontamination with
disinfectants and mobile pressure
washer with water containment mal
Study overview
Equipment decontamination using a
contained, mobile power washing
system
Followed by surface application of
several disinfectant formulations
Determine the sporicidal efficacy after
both decontamination methods
Samples spiked with Bacillus subtilis
spores to simulate bio-contamination
C-427
Equipment Decontamination with Disinfectants and Mobile Pressure Washer with Water Containment Mat
Craig Ramsey | U.S. Department of Agriculture
-------
C-428
Equipment Decontamination with Disinfectants and Mobile Pressure Washer with Water Containment Mat
Craig Ramsey | U.S. Department of Agriculture
-------
First study object!
letermine effects of power washing for 0, 5,
and 10 seconds, with and without
ElectroBiocide (EB) on Bacillus subtilis efficacy
Determine effects of six EB (200 ppm)
formulations on Bacillus subtilis efficacy
First study object!
Determine the effects of EB exposure
time for 5, 10, and 15 minutes on B.
subtilis efficacy
Determine the effects of an "organic
challenge" (grease) on B. subtilis
efficacy
C-429
Equipment Decontamination with Disinfectants and Mobile Pressure Washer with Water Containment Mat
Craig Ramsey | U.S. Department of Agriculture
-------
Second study objectives
disinfectant treatments on B. subtilis
efficacy
- Virkon-S at 1% or 10,000 ppm
- Accel at 1:16 ratio (v/v) or 2,600 ppm
- EB at 200 ppm + glycerol at 10% v/v
- EB at 200 ppm + Reign at 10% v/v
ElectroBiocide additives
ElectroBiocide additives tested in lab for
reactivity to chlorine dioxide at 1%
concentration
Four Loveland Products additives -
Tactic, Bond Max, Attach, Reign LC
Reign - 30% polyacrylamide (polyvinyl
polymer) concentrate that decreases
driftable fines and improves deposition
C-430
Equipment Decontamination with Disinfectants and Mobile Pressure Washer with Water Containment Mat
Craig Ramsey | U.S. Department of Agriculture
-------
Study design - Design of Experiment
with JMP program
Study designed with JMP Design of
Experiment software
Conventional full factorial study
-total of 1,080 samples
JMP DOE design - 340 samples
8. subt/7/s spore preparation
B. subtilis cultures suspended in water and
treated with isopropanol to kill off about
90+% of vegetative cells
Spores added to steel washer at 300 ul per
washer and then dried to bond to washer
surface
Washers stored at 4 C and shipped with ice
packs
C-431
Equipment Decontamination with Disinfectants and Mobile Pressure Washer with Water Containment Mat
Craig Ramsey | U.S. Department of Agriculture
-------
Tillage equipment photo
Sample washer photo
Bacillus subtilis
spores dried as white
ring on washer face
Washer labelled by
JMP DOE program
Steel washer
attached by magnets
to equipment
C-432
Equipment Decontamination with Disinfectants and Mobile Pressure Washer with Water Containment Mat
Craig Ramsey | U.S. Department of Agriculture
-------
Organic challenge or axle
grease photo
vvniie axe i
grease used as
the "organic"
challenge
Grease applied
with a paint brush
Grease applied
just before power
washing
treatment
Power washing photo
C-433
Equipment Decontamination with Disinfectants and Mobile Pressure Washer with Water Containment Mat
Craig Ramsey | U.S. Department of Agriculture
-------
Disinfectant spray photo
Disinfectant pH and Oxidation
Reduction Potential (ORP) values
C-434
Equipment Decontamination with Disinfectants and Mobile Pressure Washer with Water Containment Mat
Craig Ramsey | U.S. Department of Agriculture
-------
Weather conditions
Bacillus subtilis viable spore count results
I0 12 14 4 6 8 10 12 14 4 6 8 10 12 14
EB exposure time fmin)
C-435
Equipment Decontamination with Disinfectants and Mobile Pressure Washer with Water Containment Mat
Craig Ramsey | U.S. Department of Agriculture
-------
Glycerol results for ElectroBiocide
t "E43 10003
? g [2 4425.
; 3760537]
"E1Q54 58
314256.1]
LJ_
O
Glycerol 1i 10 >es
EB spray EB exposure Powerwash Grease application
additive time (min) time (sec) (yes or no)
100000-
1000-
10
0.1-
0001-
-H4+-H-
....^_.J^^...
r :
,..^xL_|....
:
[^^---j
1
Glycsrol
EB spray
additive
EB exposure
time (min)
Powerwash Grease application
lime (sec) (yes or no)
Average viable spore counts for disinfectants
without pressure washing treatment
MeaniLogiO viable spore counts) vs. EB spray additive
Grease application (yes or no
C-436
Equipment Decontamination with Disinfectants and Mobile Pressure Washer with Water Containment Mat
Craig Ramsey | U.S. Department of Agriculture
-------
Bacillus subtilis viable spore
counts for optional disinfectants
Bacillus subtilis viable spore counts
ptional disinfectants
C-437
Equipment Decontamination with Disinfectants and Mobile Pressure Washer with Water Containment Mat
Craig Ramsey | U.S. Department of Agriculture
-------
Conclusions from GLM model
increasing pressure washing
Viable spore counts decreased by mixing
three additive with EB disinfectant:
- Glycerol, Reign, and Attach
Viable spore counts decreased by adding
axel grease to Attach and glycerol
samples before pressure washing
Conclusions from GLM model
GLM model - highest sporicidal efficacy
- EB + glycerol - estimated viable spore
count of 43.1 CFU/washer after 10 sec
power washing + 15 min disinfectant
contact time and with grease treatment
- 43.1 viable CFU/washer = 1.63 loglO viable
spores
- LoglO reduction = (7.0 -1.63) = 5.4 loglO
reduction for EB + glycerol (1%)
C-438
Equipment Decontamination with Disinfectants and Mobile Pressure Washer with Water Containment Mat
Craig Ramsey | U.S. Department of Agriculture
-------
Conclusions from optional
treatments
- Accel and EB + Reign 10%
Increasing Reign concentration to 10%
for EB improved loglO reduction
- Log 10 reduction increased by 1.9 by
increasing Reign to 10% (4.7 - 2.8 = 1.9
loglO reduction increase)
Conclusions from optional
treatments
10% improved loglO spore reduction
- Log 10 reduction increased by 0.8 by
increasing glycerol to 10% (3.7 - 2.9 = 0.8)
Increasing additive concentration needs
more testing
- Glycerol added up to 20% v/v with no
negative reactivity
C-439
Equipment Decontamination with Disinfectants and Mobile Pressure Washer with Water Containment Mat
Craig Ramsey | U.S. Department of Agriculture
-------
Observations of disinfectant drying
time on treated sample washers
Visual observations - disinfectant drying times
was approx. 3-5 minutes
Disinfectant additives didn't dramatically
increase spray droplet exposure time
Future testing options
Compare portable steam cleaner to power
washing and disinfectants
Options to improve pressure washing or
disinfectant decon efficacy
Increa
Reduce nozzle distance from surface
Add surfactant/oils 2 - 5 min before
pressure washing to improve microbial
detachment from surfaces
Increase additive concentrations to
extend disinfectant surface contact time
C-440
Equipment Decontamination with Disinfectants and Mobile Pressure Washer with Water Containment Mat
Craig Ramsey | U.S. Department of Agriculture
-------
Bacillus subtilis - normal and super
dormant spore coat thickness at 100
nm scale
Acknowledgements
C-441
Equipment Decontamination with Disinfectants and Mobile Pressure Washer with Water Containment Mat
Craig Ramsey | U.S. Department of Agriculture
-------
Spray Equipment Selection for Wide Area Application
of Decontaminants
Dr. Richard Derksen
Dr. Erdal Ozkan
Mike Sword
Dr. Martin Page
USDAARS
Application Technology Research
Unit
The Ohio State University
Department of Food, Agricultural
and Biological Engineering
USAGE, U.S. Army Construction
Engineering Research Laboratory
2015 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) International Decontamination
Research and Development Conference
May6, 2015
Raleigh, NC
ini THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
Objectives
Select and test nozzles for decontamination
parameters
- Germination-biocide series application
- Target Application Rate: 535 gal/acre
- 2-pass system (4-24 hours between applications)
- Potential use of foaming agents for specific targets
THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
USDA
C-442
Spray Equipment Selection for Wide Area Application of Decontaminants
Richard Derksen | U.S. Department of Agriculture
-------
Working List of Targets
Horizontal Targets
Vertical Targets
Grass
Soil
Dirt Road
Gravel
Paved
Steel man covers
Fence
Concrete Block Walls
Posts
Trees
Shrubs
Light poles
Vehicles/Trailers
Planes, UAV
Buildings
Command Center Tents
Temporary Barracks
Satellite Dishes
I THE OHIO STATC UNIVERSITY
Test Trailer Rig
High Flow/High Pressure Sprayer
3 Flood Nozzle spaced 60" apart give 15 ft of coverage
directly along travel path
Boomless nozzles on the end of the boom give an
additional 33 feet of horizontal coverage or 20 feet
vertical coverage
Flexible system that can mounted on various vehicles
THE OHIO STATt UNlVtHSfTY
f
Boomless Nozzle Flood Nozzle High Capacity Pump (JSDA
C-443
Spray Equipment Selection for Wide Area Application of Decontaminants
Richard Derksen | U.S. Department of Agriculture
-------
Horizontal Testing-Flood
Hortizontal Spread Pattern-Flood
3 Nozzles (3/4K-210) 10 PSI; 3 reps; 4 mph
Flood Nozzle
I THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
USDA
Horizontal Spread Pattern-Boomless
Spread Pattern Distribution of Boomless Nozzle
(TOC 300) 60 PSI; 3 reps; 3 passes/rep; 1 mph
33 Feet Mfg. Advertised CV 24.5%
THfc OHIO STATt UNlVฃH3fTY
Boomless Nozzle
USDA
C-444
Spray Equipment Selection for Wide Area Application of Decontaminants
Richard Derksen | U.S. Department of Agriculture
-------
Horizontal Targets
General Nozzle Summary when considering
Horizontal Targets
Flood Nozzles on Horizontal Targets
Utilize lower pressure (10-40 psi) to achieve coverage below a
Coefficient of Variation (%CV) of 10
Less prone to drift when compared to Boomless
Best option for open areas such as fields
Boomless Nozzles on Horizontal Targets
- When wind is not a factor can provide coverage with a %CV of
20% on horizontal surfaces up to 30 feet from nozzle
Requires higher pressure (60 psi) to achieve coverage
- Can cover areas, up to 30 feet, away that the flood nozzles might
not be able to reach. Ravines, Other sides offences, etc.
Flood Nozzle
I THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
Boomless Nozzle
USDA
Modified Patternator
Vertical Spread Pattern-Boomless
Modified Collection System
Large volume of solution
Off the shelf test system inadequate for collection
Data collection in process, weather delays to complete
testing protocol
Vertical Patternator modified with USDA/OSU designed collection pans
Tut Onto STATE UNIVERSITY
USDA
C-445
Spray Equipment Selection for Wide Area Application of Decontaminants
Richard Derksen | U.S. Department of Agriculture
-------
Modified Patternator
Vertical Spread Pattern-Boomless
Factory Collection OSU/USDA Modified Collection
Changes
- Deeper Collection cavity allows for complete collection of
droplets
- Factory Structural Stand utilized to provide equidistant spacing
I THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
USDA
Vertical Targets
Boomless Nozzles on Vertical Targets
- Allow for application on targets up to 20 ft tall from one nozzle.
- Can provide for penetration into targets like trees foliage and
other three dimensional targets
Twin Fan Pattern
- Working on a concept similar to that used in agriculture where a
nozzles utilizes two fan patterns to improve coverage of a
cylindrical target (i.e. Wheat head)
- The concept is to use two boomless nozzles one tilted forward
and one backward the direction of motion to improve the
coverage on targets.
Fan
Fan 2
TwinJet Concept for Wheat
1 Applicator
OSU/USDA Dual Boomless Pattern
Tilt OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
USDA
C-446
Spray Equipment Selection for Wide Area Application of Decontaminants
Richard Derksen | U.S. Department of Agriculture
-------
Equipment Concepts- Horizontal
Up to 75 feet of width in
horizontal spray
application
Boomless applications to
the side of vehicle
Independent control of
each nozzle grouping.
I THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
USDA
Equipment Concepts- Vertical
Front View JJ^F*
1 Up to 20 feet in
vertical coverage with
boomless nozzle
1 Can allow for
20ft application of difficult
targets
Option to flood nozzles
BoomlesNozzles direction
Flood Nozzles
simultaneously
THE OHIO STATH U
USDA
C-447
Spray Equipment Selection for Wide Area Application of Decontaminants
Richard Derksen | U.S. Department of Agriculture
-------
Equipment Concepts- Handgun
Potential a need for a small rig
dedicated to difficult to reach
areas.
Can allow for application of
difficult, hard to reach targets
I THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
Commercially Available Solutions
Military Systems Technology
USDA
Manual for Decontamination
Refilling Concepts
Reloading Rig
THfc OHIO STATt U
Application Rig
USDA
C-448
Spray Equipment Selection for Wide Area Application of Decontaminants
Richard Derksen | U.S. Department of Agriculture
-------
Equipment Concepts
Modern Control Systems to reduce skips and over
application
Utilize GPS signal and can be automated to turn
nozzles on and off as the vehicle travels
Can record application rate and coverage for
reporting
Without Boom Section Control With Boom Section Control
THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
USDA
Scenario Analysis
tut OHIO STATL UNIVERSITY
Divide into Zones
based on target types
Characterize zones
Size and Allocate
equipment required
for each zone
Train Application
Teams for specific
zones
USDA
C-449
Spray Equipment Selection for Wide Area Application of Decontaminants
Richard Derksen | U.S. Department of Agriculture
-------
Summary
System optimized for germination-biocide
series application (high volume coverage
desirable)
Off-the-shelf components utilized to satisfy
mission parameters
Participation in Proof of Concept Event
- Pilot scale field demonstration (2015?)
THE OHIO STATT. UNIVERSITY
USDA
C-450
Spray Equipment Selection for Wide Area Application of Decontaminants
Richard Derksen | U.S. Department of Agriculture
-------
2015 U.S. EPA International
Decontamination Research
and Development Conference
Wednesday, May 6, 2015
Concurrent Sessions 4
Waste Treatment and Disposal
C-451
-------
Capture of Cesium During Biomass
Combustion Using In-Furnace Sorbent
Injection
P. Lemieux, S. Lee, W. Linak
U.S. EPA/Office of Research and Development
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
C. Winterrowd
ARCADIS
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Radiological Dispersal Device (ROD)
Scenario
Fukushima Biomass Statistics
Behavior of Cs in Incinerators
Goals of This Study
Experimental Approach
Results
Conclusions
Next Steps
C-452
Capture of Cesium from Combustion of Contaminated Biomass Using Sorbent Injection
Paul Lemieux | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Category of Land
use
Housing, Facilities,
etc
Rice Field
Field
Pasture, Orchards,
etc
Forest
Other
Total
Combustible Material
(million m3)
0.38-0.47
1.3-1.7
1.6-5.4
0.1
3.3-7.7
Note: Hurricane Katrina produced approximately 75 million m3 of debris
Interim Storage Facility Safety Review Committee Report:
http://josen.env.go.jp/area/processing/pdf/safety_measure_02.pdf
C-453
Capture of Cesium from Combustion of Contaminated Biomass Using Sorbent Injection
Paul Lemieux | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Behavior of Cs in
Incinerators
Cs as an alkali metal, behaves similarly to Na
and K
Vaporizes readily within combustion
environment
Nucleates and condenses downstream into
ultrafine particulate matter (PM)
Submicron aerosol d= 100 -200 nm
x. ^AJLJ^
^^^ป | Vaporization | '
J Diss6Tveo>v --ป^\
Distillate Oil and
Organometallics
Supermicron (Collectable)
Particle
Source: Fernandez et al., 2003
C-454
Capture of Cesium from Combustion of Contaminated Biomass Using Sorbent Injection
Paul Lemieux | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Electrostatic Precipitator
(ESP) PM Partitioning
Control technologies
remove large PM
preferentially
- >99% 10 pm
- <90% 0.2 pm
Large fraction of
emissions composed of
accumulation mode
aerosol
Enriched in volatile and
semi-volatile metals
3000
2500'
2000'
1500'
1000-
500
25'
20-
15"
10-
5-
0
mobility classifierj cascade impactor-
(a) electrostatic precipitator inlet
(b) electrostatic precipitator outlet
0.1 1 10
Particle Diameter (pm)
c!Mass/d(log dp) (mg/m3)
Markowski etal., 1980
Past Results (Yoo et.
Cs-doped natural
gas flame
Injection of
kaolinite sorbent at
point in furnace
where Tซ 1400-
1500K
Up to 80% capture
of Cs on sorbent
particles (dpซ 2 -
10 urn)
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Aerodynamic diameter, |im
C-455
Capture of Cesium from Combustion of Contaminated Biomass Using Sorbent Injection
Paul Lemieux | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Examine biomass-bound Cs behavior and
transformations in incinerator environment
Determine whether alumina silicate sorbent
injection could capture Cs into supermicron
particle fraction in a biomass combustion
system
- Potential competition for active sorbent sites
between Cs, K, and Na
- K and Na present in concentrations ป Cs
Experimental Approac1
Vertically-fired tunnel combustor
Co-firing natural gas + biomass
- Biomass flour (corncob, pine)
- Doped with CsCI
Reproduce optimal temperature profile from Yoo
et. al(1246K)
Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposition Impactors
(MOUDI) impactor sampling to determine particle
size distribution
XRF analysis of MOUDI plates to determine
partitioning of Cs between particle size fractions
C-456
Capture of Cesium from Combustion of Contaminated Biomass Using Sorbent Injection
Paul Lemieux | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
WD-XRF Analysis Softwood Flour #100 Corncob Flour
Cellulose
Hydrogen (H)
Carbon (C)
Oxygen (O)
Sodium (Na)
Magnesium (Mg)
Aluminum (Al)
Silicon (Si)
Phosphorous (P)
Sulfur (S)
Chlorine (Cl)
Potassium (K)
Calcium (Ca)
Iron (Fe)
Manganese (Mn)
Zinc (Zn)
Bromine (Br)
Strontium (Sr)
Barium (Ba)
99.815%
6.205%
44.364%
49.246%
0.017%
0.005%
0.001%
0.005%
0.036%
0.032%
0.077%
0.007%
0.001%
0.001%
98.436%
6.119%
43.751%
0.036%
0.008%
0.101%
0.047%
0.030%
0.3635
0.950%
0.021%
0.005%
0.001%
0.001%
C-457
Capture of Cesium from Combustion of Contaminated Biomass Using Sorbent Injection
Paul Lemieux | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Test
Condition
#
1
2
3
4
Natural
Gas
On
On
On
On
Biomass
Feed
Off
On
On
On
Cs
Doping
Off
Off
On
On
Sorbent
Feeding
Off
Off
Off
On
Gas Species
Concentrations
OEMs
OEMs
OEMs
OEMs
Particle
Analysis
NA
MOUDI
MOUDI
MOUDI
Still haven't completed test with pine flour and sorbent only
0.1 1 10
Aerodynamic diameter (Dp), mm
C-458
Capture of Cesium from Combustion of Contaminated Biomass Using Sorbent Injection
Paul Lemieux | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Results: Cs-Doped Biomass Flou
Sorbent
Corncob Flour + Cs + Sorbent
0.1 1
Pine Flour + Cs + Sorbent
0.01
0.1
Aerodynamic diameter (Dp), mm
100
100
Results: Cs-Doped Biomass
With and Without Sorbent
o
o
LL
Q.
Q
D)
^
T3
5?
T3
0.01
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.01
Corncob Flour + Cs + Sorbent
Cs Only
Cs + Sorbent
Al (Sorbent)
10
100
Pine Flour + Cs + Sorbent
Cs Only
Cs + Sorbent
Al (Sorbent)
0.1
Aerodynamic diameter (Dp), |im
10
100
C-459
Capture of Cesium from Combustion of Contaminated Biomass Using Sorbent Injection
Paul Lemieux | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
With sorbent addition, Cs was successfully shifted towards the
larger particle sizes associated with the sorbent
Capture Results (based on fraction of Cs moved to the > 1um
size cut)
- Corncob flour 65% capture
- Pine flour 41 % capture
Increased feed rate of sorbent may overcome interferences from
Cl, K, Na
Native Al in biomass or residual in furnace may compete with
sorbent
Pine flour presented feeding difficulties
Both suggest that kaolinite sorbent injection may be a useful
combustion modification that could be used in practical-scale
combustion systems while burning Cs-contaminated biomass,
especially in systems with fabric filters
Previous work showed up to 85% capture in a
natural gas-only system. It may be possible to
enhance this process with biomass further to
achieve greater degrees of capture
Evaluate the effect of the presence of biomass
Cl, Na, K to assess the viability of this process on
a variety of different biomass materials
Perform experiments using bulk solid biomass in
a mass-burn type system with fabric filter
Assess the Cs solubility and leachability once
captured on the sorbent
C-460
Capture of Cesium from Combustion of Contaminated Biomass Using Sorbent Injection
Paul Lemieux | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Reference herein to any specific commercial
products, process, or service by trade name,
trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does
not necessarily constitute or imply its
endorsement, recommendation, or favoring
by the United States Government. The views
and opinions of authors expressed herein do
not necessarily state or reflect those of the
United States Government, and shall not be
used for advertising or product endorsement
purposes.
C-461
Capture of Cesium from Combustion of Contaminated Biomass Using Sorbent Injection
Paul Lemieux | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
2015 U.S. EPA International
Decontamination Research
and Development Conference
Thursday, May 7, 2015
General Session 3
Biological Agent Reaerosolization
C-462
-------
Understanding Reaerosolization and
Exposure: What Happened to "SPORE"?
CAPT Marshall S. Gray, Jr, CIH
7 May 2015
Disclaimer
Reference herein to any specific commercial products,
process, or service by trade name, trademark,
manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute
or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by
the United States Government. The views and opinions of
authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect
those of the United States Government and shall not be
used for advertising or product endorsement purposes.
C-463
Understanding Reaerosolization and Exposure: What happened to "SPORE"?
Marshall Gray | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
What if...
An outdoor airborne release of Bacillus anthracis
occurred last night in a major metropolitan area...
What if...
C-464
Understanding Reaerosolization and Exposure: What happened to "SPORE"?
Marshall Gray | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
What if...
24-96 hours later the "dots are connected"...
What if...
YOU are in charge of the overall response and recovery.
In one hour you have to brief....
C-465
Understanding Reaerosolization and Exposure: What happened to "SPORE"?
Marshall Gray | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
What if.
You are asked:
What is the extent of the contamination?
Should the city be evacuated?
Do we decontaminate people, vehicles, buildings, pets, etc?
How do we manage housing, hospitals, nursing homes, etc?
How do we best respond and get back to business as quickly and
inexpensively as possible?
When can we get back to business as usual?
What do I need to know?
How much was released?
How virulent and hardy are the spores?
What was the area of their distribution and dispersion?
Will the spores have entered buildings?
How much additional exposure and dispersion is likely to occur
post release due to reaerosolization from natural and
anthropogenic events?
What's the status and efficacy of medical countermeasures?
How long will the population need to administer them?
C-466
Understanding Reaerosolization and Exposure: What happened to "SPORE"?
Marshall Gray | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Based on...
the current understanding of
reaerosolization to inform
response and recovery
decisions...
How much confidence do we have in what we know,
and don't know?
Scientific Program on Reaerosolization
and Exposure (SPORE) - May 2011
Purpose: Understand reaerosolization to inform
decisions to reduce risk
Focus: Outdoor release
Partners: DHS S&T, HHS ASPR, DoD DTRA,
EPANHSRC
C-467
Understanding Reaerosolization and Exposure: What happened to "SPORE"?
Marshall Gray | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Scientific Program on Reaerosolization
and Exposure (SPORE)
Is spore reaerosolization an issue?
> Literature review
Are there useful surrogates for fia?
> fig, Btk, inert materials
Do variables matter?
> Surfaces, spore prep, forces, humidity,
conductivity, deposition, etc
Scientific Program on Reaerosolization
and Exposure (SPORE)
Significant Gaps:
Lack of empirical data
Models
Surrogates
Detection sensitivity
Initial Goals:
Surrogate selection
Surface variability
Spore dissemination variability
Non-dimensional analysis
C-468
Understanding Reaerosolization and Exposure: What happened to "SPORE"?
Marshall Gray | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Sod Studies at EPA (2010-2011)
Pre-dates the SPORE collaboration: Sprayed liquid
Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki (Btk) solution with an
agricultural sprayer onto a sod matrix and measured
reaerosolization over an extended time period.
Findings for Btk sprayed on fescue sod:
> Very low percentage of spores were
reaerosolized (0.001% to 0.1%)
> Fraction reaerosolized at 30% RH (0.013%)
was an order of magnitude higher than at
70% RH (0.002%) for the same wind speed
> Reaerosolization continued over 72 hours
Evaluation of Reaerosolization of Bacillus Spores from a Sod Matrix,
Report EPA/600/R-12/064, December 2012
Distribution of Urban Surfaces
Purpose: Understand reaerosolization to inform decisions to reduce risk.
Comparison of urban areas in Washington, DC
four US cities
Analysis of satellite imagery using surface recognition module in WEST tool (P. Lemieux, T. Boe, EPA NHSRC).
14
C-469
Understanding Reaerosolization and Exposure: What happened to "SPORE"?
Marshall Gray | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Test Spores and Surrogates
Reaerosolization data for three surrogatestwo types of
nonpathogenic bacterial spores and one inert particlewere
compared with data for Bacillus anthracis Ames strain (Ba-Ames).
Bar-coded Btk spores
Polystyrene latex (PSL) spheres
Initial Approach
Controlled wind tunnel
experiments for
surrogate selection
/^surrogate selection
successful, execute
program plan
Wind tunnel in biosafety level 3
chamber at DPG
C-470
Understanding Reaerosolization and Exposure: What happened to "SPORE"?
Marshall Gray | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
Results
Dry > Wet
Dry-deposited spores reaerosolized
more and with less applied force than
wet-deposited spores
Ba = Btk
Results for Btk and Ba were not
significantly different from each other
(dry and wet deposition)
Bg*
Results for spore X were significantly
different from spore W and spore Y
Reaerosolization from Material C,
Very Rough
0.5 1 1.5
Shear stress (kPa)
The numbers:
> 635 test runs generating 3,175 test samples completed in 2 laboratories
> 1,030 additional reference and quality control samples generated
> 22 full and 11 partial replicates of the experimental matrix completed
17
Details in
> EPA/600/R-14/259, Sept 2014
> Eisner presentation -
methods and results
Key points:
> Success with non-dimensional
analysis
> Surface variability, sampling
> Wet vs. dry deposition and
exposure
C-471
Understanding Reaerosolization and Exposure: What happened to "SPORE"?
Marshall Gray | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
The Issue Revisited
Is spore reaerosolization an issue?
Are there useful surrogates for Ba?
Do variables matter?
Applications
Non-biological particulates
Risk assessment
Response priority
Prediction
Human Activity after Event?
C-472
Understanding Reaerosolization and Exposure: What happened to "SPORE"?
Marshall Gray | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
SPORE Program Plan/Current Status
Identify detachment force from urban
surfaces and surrogates for Ba
Surface treatment methods to
mitigate reaerosolization
Develop predictive tools
"Translation Guide" for forces that
cause reaerosolization
Temporal decay - how long will
reaerosolization occur?
Washdown transport / pooling / "hot
spot" ID
Fomite transport (how spores
transport on dirt and debris)
Outdoor test an
(BOTE 2)
Potential Project(s)
Existing RWT projects among EPA,
Modification of RWT projects to
introduce surface treatment
Use of data for RWT projects
Evaluate forces caused by human
activity vs RWT
Complete (DHS.EPA,
DoD funded)
Underway (EPA
funded)
Underway (E
funded)
FY-16 (EPAfunded)
Scale up from RWT
TBD
Modify RWT projects and scale up
TBD (limited by detection sensitivil
for reaerosolization outdoors)
TBD
C-473
Understanding Reaerosolization and Exposure: What happened to "SPORE"?
Marshall Gray | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
2015 U.S. EPA International
Decontamination Research
and Development Conference
Thursday, May 7, 2015
Concurrent Sessions 5
Biological Agent Aerosols and
Morphology of Spores
C-474
-------
Comparison of Reaerosolization of
Bacillus anthracis Spores and Surrogates
from Common Outdoor Surfaces
Alfred Eisner, Ph.D.
Alion Science and Technology
ALION
SCIENCE AND TECnHOLOG?
Disclaimer
The United States Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of
Research and Development funded and managed the research described
here under Contract EP-D-10-070 to Alion Science and Technology. It has
been subjected to the Agency's administrative review and approved for
publication. The views expressed in this presentation are those of the
authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Agency.
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
C-475
Comparison of Reaerosolization of Anthrax and Surrogates from Common Outdoor Surfaces
Alfred Eisner | Alion Life and Environmental Sciences
-------
Method
The method was designed to minimize common errors in
reaerosolization studies.
Key aspects of the method:
Small wind tunnel with a relatively large reaerosolization surface
Two-dimensional slotted air jet traversing the surface to eliminate the need
for uniform surface loading
Large range of air jet speeds
Entire volume filtered to maximize spore collection
Reaerosolization of both wet- and dry-deposited spores from a range of
surface types
Tests conducted at two independent laboratories using identical methods
and equipment
Wet Deposition Chamber
The wet deposition chamber was designed to provide a reproducible
single layer of spores on the test coupon surface.
Ultrasonic nozzleprovides effective deagglomeration
Syringe pumpprovides well-controlled dispensing rate
Two mixing fansprovide immediate dispersion of atomized
liquid and a relatively uniform coating on the coupon
\
Wet deposition chamber
CFD modeling of wet
spore deposition
C-476
Comparison of Reaerosolization of Anthrax and Surrogates from Common Outdoor Surfaces
Alfred Eisner | Alion Life and Environmental Sciences
-------
Dry Deposition Chamber
Disperses spores suspended in 90% ethanol in a tall stack
Uses the same ultrasonic nozzle, syringe pump, and mixing fans
as the wet deposition chamber
The spores are dry when they settle on the test coupon
Spray-drying system for dry spore deposition
RWT Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD) Assisted Design
CFD was used to simulate particle trajectories that were
used to finalize the specifications of RWT components.
Simulated trajectories in the initial
RWT design resulted in a
calculated spore collection
efficiency of approximately 20%.
The RWT was redesigned to
change the impingement angle
of the air jet and add a filter
transition unit, resulting in a
calculated spore transmission
efficiency approaching 80% at
a maximum jet speed of
approximately 80 m/s.
C-477
Comparison of Reaerosolization of Anthrax and Surrogates from Common Outdoor Surfaces
Alfred Eisner | Alion Life and Environmental Sciences
-------
RWT Design (cont.)
The RWT was designed to provide a test apparatus in which
reaerosolization experiments can be performed rapidly and with a high
degree of reproducibility. The RWT is contained in an environmental
test chamber that provides temperature and humidity control.
Wind tunnel in environmental
chamber at EPA
Wind tunnel in biosafety level 3
chamber at DPG
Spore Detachment
The detachment force applied to the deposited spores is generated by an air jet that
traverses over the surface of the test coupon.
The air jet is produced by a slotted nozzle connected to a compressed air supply.
The air velocity can be related to a detachment force that can be translated to activities
in the environment that could cause spore reaerosolization (e.g., wind, foot traffic,
vehicle traffic).
0.5 mm slol for air jet
t \ n R mm
Cylindrical nozzle
Cylindrical nozzle
cross section
Coupon surface
Air jet traversing over
coupon surface
C-478
Comparison of Reaerosolization of Anthrax and Surrogates from Common Outdoor Surfaces
Alfred Eisner | Alion Life and Environmental Sciences
-------
Variables Selected for Testing
Spore type: Ba-Ames, Btk, Bg
Deposition method: Wet, dry
Surface material: Asphalt, concrete, glass
Roughness level: Smooth, rough, very rough
Jet velocity: Low, medium, high
Temperature: Fixed at 20 ฐC
Relative humidity: Fixed at 30% RH
Results by Surface Type
Reaerosolization Efficiency vs. Shear Stress
for Wet-Deposited Bar-Coded Btk
re 2.E-03
< 1.E-03
* Smooth Asphalt
Rough Asphalt
A Very Rough Asphalt
Smooth Concrete
Rough Concrete
Very rough Concrete
Smooth Glass
Rough Glass
A Very rough Glass
~t
/
i
i
I
i
/
i
O.E+OO
1.E-04
1.E-01
Modeled shear stress (kPa)
10
C-479
Comparison of Reaerosolization of Anthrax and Surrogates from Common Outdoor Surfaces
Alfred Eisner | Alion Life and Environmental Sciences
-------
Air Flow Patterns Inside RWT
at High Air Jet Velocities
Modeled air flow patterns with air jet at 130 m/s
Modeled particle trajectories with air jet at 160 m/s
RWT Transmission Efficiency
Modeled RWT Transmission Efficiency
50 100
Air jet velocity (m/s)
RWT transmission efficiency depends on the particle size distribution.
A correction factor is recommended for jet velocities over 100 m/s.
12
C-480
Comparison of Reaerosolization of Anthrax and Surrogates from Common Outdoor Surfaces
Alfred Eisner | Alion Life and Environmental Sciences
-------
Wet Deposition
Bar-coded
Btk spores
13
Results by Spore Type
Reaerosolization Efficiency vs. Shear Stress
for Very Rough Concrete Surfaces
14
C-481
Comparison of Reaerosolization of Anthrax and Surrogates from Common Outdoor Surfaces
Alfred Eisner | Alion Life and Environmental Sciences
-------
Data Interpretation
Material characterization data showed that asphalt coupons were the least
hydrophilic, while glass coupons were the most hydrophilic.
Adhesion strength of deposited spores, as measured by resistance to detachment in
turbulent flow, is greatest on more hydrophilic surfaces (J.A. Finlay et al., Integr.
Comp. Biol., 2002).
Data showed that microscopic surface roughness, as determined from scanning
electron microscope (SEM) images, was significantly larger for asphalt (16 to
21 urn) and concrete (21 to 24 urn) than for glass (3x10'4 to 3 urn).
Adhesion strength of deposited spores, as measured by resistance to detachment in
turbulent flow, was highest for glass and lowest for asphalt.
SEM data showed that wet-deposited spores settled in flat agglomerates.
15
Findings
Dry > Wet
Dry-deposited spores reaerosolized more and with less applied force than wet-deposited
spores.
Btk = Ba
Results for Btk and Ba spores were not significantly different from each other for both dry
and wet deposition.
3g * Btk and Bg * Ba
Results for wet-deposited Bg spores were significantly different from Btk and Ba spores. The
overall average Bg spore reaerosolization was 79% lower than the overall average for Btk
and Ba-Ames.
For most experimental conditions, reaerosolization was greatest from concrete
surfaces and least from glass surfaces.
Reaerosolization was not significantly different from surfaces of different roughness
levels within each material category.
16
C-482
Comparison of Reaerosolization of Anthrax and Surrogates from Common Outdoor Surfaces
Alfred Eisner | Alion Life and Environmental Sciences
-------
Summary
The numbers:
635 test runs generating 3,175 test samples completed in 2 laboratories
1,030 additional reference and quality control samples generated
22 full and 11 partial replicates of the experimental matrix completed
Current testing to evaluate impact of additional test variables:
Duration of application of reaerosolization force
Relative humidity
Surface wetting
17
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the funding support of the
Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate and
the contributions of ARCADIS U.S., Inc. for microbiological support and
Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. for program support.
The contributions of the interagency SPORE team members listed below
are also acknowledged:
EPA: Marshall Gray, Russ Wiener, Shawn Ryan, Worth Calfee, Sang Don
Lee, and Sara Taft
DHS: Donald Bansleben and Matthew Moe
DOD: K. Wing Tsang, Jeffrey Hogan, Angelo Madonna, and Nicholas Hogan
DHHS: John Koerner and Angela Weber
18
C-483
Comparison of Reaerosolization of Anthrax and Surrogates from Common Outdoor Surfaces
Alfred Eisner | Alion Life and Environmental Sciences
-------
Unclassified
HRTI
Evaporation and Transport of Bodily Fluid
Aerosol Droplets
Jonathan Thornburg, Quentin Malloy, James Hanley,
Jerome Gilberry, and Howard J. Walls
www.rti.org
Ebola Outbreak
C-484
Evaporation and Transport of Bodily Fluid Aerosol Droplets
Howard Walls | RTI International
-------
Bodily Fluid Transport - Common Assumption
Droplets will fall to the ground
within a few meters of the source
True for largest drops (> 300 |j,m)
Limited evaporation
Gravitational settling
Room ventilation cannot
overcome inertia of the drop
Unclassified
Bodily Fluid Transport - Reality
Cough aerosol
Mass Median Diameter ~ 80 |jm
Count Median Diameter < 10 urn
Morawska et al., J. Aerosol Sci, 2009; Yang et al., J. Aerosol Med,
2007; Lindsley et al, JOEH, 2012)
Temp/RH conditions influence drop evaporation
Room ventilation can keep smaller particles airborne
Unclassified
C-485
Evaporation and Transport of Bodily Fluid Aerosol Droplets
Howard Walls | RTI International
-------
-
- Ar
u*. TV
Critical parameters
Vapor pressures (P) determined by %RH
Initial droplet size (dp)
Evaporative cooling of the droplet influences diffusion (Da b)
Assumptions
Water droplet
One virion per droplet
mm
Unclassified
Droplet Position
X Velocity: vx = u0 + (yxi - u0}e t/T
X Position: x = u0t + T(yxi u0) ( 1 e /TJ
Y Velocity: vy = vyie 'T
Y position: y= vyjT(l e /T)
These four equations describe the position and trajectory of
a particle, provided the particle motion is laminar
Unclassified
C-486
Evaporation and Transport of Bodily Fluid Aerosol Droplets
Howard Walls | RTI International
-------
Key Question:
How does evaporation influence the fate and transport?
- How far does the bodily fluid travel?
- Do the droplets deposit or evaporate?
Model the influence of:
Initial droplet size (26 urn to 155 urn)
Air velocity (250 cm/s or 12 cm/s)
Unclassified
Model Assumptions
Room relative humidity (RH) constant at 50%
Note: evaporation rate J, as RH |
Room is empty
Note: raised surfaces decrease time needed for deposition
Note: furniture may induce air turbulence,
this may increase or decrease airborne time
O.
w-
r.
Unclassified
C-487
Evaporation and Transport of Bodily Fluid Aerosol Droplets
Howard Walls | RTI International
-------
Evaporation Time - High Air Velocity
200
Droplets < 26 urn 180
evaporate before
depositing a 16(J
surface |_140
(< 2 sec) ~
V 120
-------
Unclassified
Evaporation Time - Low Air Velocity
80 |im is max size so
for evaporating 80
before deposition =
| 70
Large particles: 5 60
Shrink < 20% |
Deposit on floor .5 50
"O
*j 40
Q.
Q 30
Q
20
10
100 i
Airflow =12 cm/s
_
Droplets deposit on surfaces
80
-..
m 50 |jrr
o
4
> Di
'.
1
.
oplets evaporate **
time (sec)
Unclassified
Limited horizontal
travel distance
80 urn is max size
to evaporate and
remain airborne
Droplet Travel Distance - Low Air Velocity
x direction (m)
1.5
5
0.2
03
_
-i-04
o ฐ-5
^
0 0.6
s^,
ป
-10
.
50p.m
Vo=12.7cm/s, 50% RH, 50 urn
Vo=12.7cm/s, 50% RH, 80 urn
Vo=12.7cm/s, 50% RH, 100 urn
80
1 00
dv.
Unclassified
im
C-489
Evaporation and Transport of Bodily Fluid Aerosol Droplets
Howard Walls | RTI International
-------
ka.
Cough aerosol size distribution is broad
Majority of drops, by count, are < 10 urn
Droplets by mass count are > 80 urn
Bodily-fluid droplets may evaporate and provide for
airborne pathogens (under the right conditions)
Initial droplet diameter, fluid composition, air velocity, temperature
and relative humidity are determining factors
Evaporation times can vary from < 2 s to > 10 s
Even visible, 80 urn particles can evaporate and travel
Droplet evaporation allows pathogens to travel
> 2 m from the source
Unclassified
Implications
Protective room and shelter designs should consider:
Pathogens found in evaporating bodily fluids
Potential exfiltration/infiltration mechanisms and pathways
Air cleaning mechanisms and surface decontamination
Procedures for personnel safety should account for:
Increased inhalation risk from pathogens due to bodily fluid
evaporation
Larger than expected lateral transport of bodily fluid droplets
containing pathogens
Unclassified
C-490
Evaporation and Transport of Bodily Fluid Aerosol Droplets
Howard Walls | RTI International
-------
RTI performed this research under subcontract to
Production Products with funding from DTRA
Statements made in this document are solely the opinion
of RTI and do not reflect the opinion of Production
Products or the DTRA
ko.
Unclassified
C-491
Evaporation and Transport of Bodily Fluid Aerosol Droplets
Howard Walls | RTI International
-------
contamination R&D Conference, Triangle Park, NC, May 5-7, 2015
High-Resolution Spore Coat Architecture, Ass
Morphology of Bacillus Spores
Alexander J. Malkin
- * ^B *
Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate,
Lawrence Livermore National Labojjjfry, Livermore, CA 94551
Introduction and Motivation
High Resolution Bacillus Spore Coat Structures and Assembly.
Species/Formulation-Dependent Assembly of the Spore Coat Structure and Spore
Morphology: Implications to the Microbial Forensics.
In vitro High-Resolution Structura\.Dynamics of Single.Pathogen during its Replication
Cycle: Spore Germination.
Environmental Samples and Decontamination.
Discussion on Potential AFM Applications for the Development of
Decontamination Strategies.
ontact information: A* Malk
'
t DE-AC52-07NA27344
2015 EPA International Decontamination R&D Conference, Triangle Park, NC, May 5-7, 2015
AFM Fills the Pathogen Architecture-Function
Analytical Gap
A.J. Malkin, M.PIomp and A.McPherson (2005), In: "DNA Viruses." Humana Press , 85-108
A.J. Malkin, (2011). In: Life at the Nanoscale: Atomic Force Microscopy of Live Cells. Pan Sanford Publishing, 71-99.
LLNL team is developing in w'troAFM for studies of structure-function relationships of single
pathogens, microbial and cellular systems (fundamental research and programmatic applications)
Architecture/Surface structure/physico-chemical properties of microbial, viral and cellular systems:
pressing importance in medicine and biodefense, great present S&T challenge
Current Techniques: Limitations for characterization of large pathogens: AFM fills the analytical gap
Rapid imaging (Fast scanning AFM: less than 1sec); high-resolution(spatial/height resolution of ~ 2 nm/0.1 nm).
Covers the size range (10 nm -150 u.m) of most biothreat agents.
Crude, environmental samples, powder, air-dried, fully hydrated samples, environmental dynamics (e.g. decon).
Micro quantities of samples: trace quantities of the agent, surface and internal structures.
Small footprint/low cost: ideally suited for installation in BSL-3;4.
Could be developed into portable device for field/clinical characterization/identification.
Eliminates structural modifications generated during sample preparation.
Programmatic applications: detection/attribution/forensics/decontamination responses
Pathogen Structure and phvsico-chem properties/ essential for improved understanding of
reaerosolization potential and successful implementation of the decontamination strategies.
C-492
High-Resolution Spore Coat Architecture, Assembly, and Morphology of Bacillus Spores
A.J. Malkin | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
-------
2015 EPA International Decontamination R&D Conference, Triangle Park, NC, May 5-7, 2015
Unraveling of the Spore Coat Assembly
and High-Resolution Structure
C. Monroe, M. Plomp, A. J. Malkin and P. Setlow (2008). Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74, 5875-5581.
S. Ghoshi, B. Setlow, P.G. Wahone, A.E. Cowan, M.Plomp, A. J. Malkin and P. Setlow (2008).J. Bacteriology 190, 6741-6748.
M. Plomp, A. Monroe, P. Setlow and A. J. Malkin (2014), PLoS ONE 9(9): e108560.
Wildty
norphous _.._
structures
Hexagonal
structure
I ' Cot O 1
Fibrous structure I
Cot H
Template
CotE layer
oc
AFM Analysis of 8. subtilis mutants allows unraveling of the spore coat architecture and identifying
morphogenetic proteins, which could be critical in directing the spore coat assembly
First direct characterization of the spore coat assembly (cotA, cotB, cotE.cotH, cotO, spoVID, etc.).
CotO: 8-20 nm thick fibrous structure -OC; critical role in the assembly of amorphous/rodlet layers, but not OC.
Cot H: high densities of nanodot particles (smallest: 2.5-3.5 nm), critical for formation of OC fibrous structures.
CotE: multi-layer (3-5) ~ 6 nm thick crystalline structure, rough steps (impurity action) -1C consistent with EM.
No nanodots, MW CotE = 21 KDa, consistent with the size of nanodot particles. CotE template?
2015 EPA International Decontamination R&D Conference, Triangle Park, NC, May 5-7, 2015
Model of the spore coat architecture of a single B. subtilis spore.
M. Plomp, A. Monroe, P. Setlow and A.J. Malkin (2014), PLoS OWE 9(9): e108560.
Insight into the function of specific coat protein:
Unreported spore coat structures
Detailed model of spore coat architecture
(1) an outermost amorphous layer (the crust);
(2) the rod let layer;
(3) the honeycomb layer;
(4) the fibrous/granular layer;
(5) the nanodot layer;
(6) the multilayer structure;
(7) the basement layer;
(8) the cortex's outer pitted surface.
Analysis of spore mutants allows unraveling of the spore coat architecture: critical for the comprehensive
understanding of formulation-dependent coat structures/signatures, establishing a baseline for
decontamination structural inputs, and probing structure-function relationships
C-493
High-Resolution Spore Coat Architecture, Assembly, and Morphology of Bacillus Spores
A.J. Malkin | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
-------
2015 EPA International Decontamination R&D Conference, Triangle Park, NC, May 5-7, 2015
High-Resolution Native Species-Specific Structures of Bacillus Spores/
Proteomic Mapping of Spore Structures
B. thuringiensis
Out
Honeycomb structure
M. Plomp, T.J. Leighton, K. A. Wheeler and A.J. Malkin (2005), Biophys. J. 88, 603
M. Plomp, T.J. Leighton, K. A. Wheeler and A.J. Malkin (2005), Langmuir, 28,7892
M. Plomp and A.J. Malkin (2009), Langmuir, 25, 403-409
Extrasporal Rod lets
B. cereus
Outer Coat:
Rodlet structure
B. anthracis
ter Coat:
~lbrows structure
B. atrophaeus/subtilus
Outer Coat:
Rodlet structure
I Microbiology |
Baseline Findings for:
Proteomic Mapping
Molecular-Scale Structure-Function
Relationships
Forensic/Attribution Structural and
Proteomic Attributes
> Decontamination/viability Attributes
2015 EPA International Decontamination R&D Conference, Triangle Park, NC, May 5-7, 2015
Formulation-Specific Self-Assembly of
the Outer Coat of B. thuringiensis Spores
A.J. Malkin and M.Plomp (2010). In: Scanning Probe Microscopy of Functional Materials: Nanoscale Imaging and Spectroscopy. Springer, 39-68.
Preparation-dependent formation of either extrasporal (NB media) or intact
rodlet (G media) structures on the spore coat
Systematic sampling:
Formulation signature
Demonstrated, for the first time,
that the assembly of the
spore coat is controlled by
nucleation/crystallization
conditions
The macromolecular arrangement and topology of spore coat structures are determined
by:
The chemical environment during spore coat formation
Thermodynamic parameters which control the formation of a new crystalline phase
Pathogen Function <s Physics of crystallization <=> Microbial Forensics
-a 4 -a
structure & germination/virulence fundamental/applied reconstructing environmental
competency crystallization concepts conditions
C-494
High-Resolution Spore Coat Architecture, Assembly, and Morphology of Bacillus Spores
A.J. Malkin | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
-------
2015 EPA International Decontamination R&D Conference, Triangle Park, NC, May 5-7, 2015
Direct Measurements of Morphological and Structural
Dynamics of Individual Bacillus atrophaeus Spores in
Response to Changes in the Environment
650 700 750 800
Original width of hyiliated spore (nm|
wide variety of spore
surface topography
For the first time: a side-by-side
comparison of fully hydrated and
dehydrated individual spores (-200 spores)
The dormant spore is:
a dynamic physical structure
~ pnysi*
This provides an experimental platform for
investigating spore structural dynamics,
germination & response to
decontamination regimes
The width of fully hydrated dormant spores was found to decrease by 12% in response to a change in
the environment from aqueous to aerial milieu
Spore shrinkage is reversible upon re-hydration (after 2 hours: 97% of their original size )
Spore coat compensates the decrease of the internal volume / decrease of the surface area by folding
M. Plomp, T. J. Leighton, K. A. Wheeler and A. J. Malkin (2005), Biophys. J. 88, 603-608
2015 EPA International Decontamination R&D Conference, Triangle Park, NC, May 5-7, 2015
High-Resolution Structural Dynamics of Single
Germinating Bacterial Spores
M. Plomp, T.J. Leighton, K. A. Wheeler, H.D. Hill and A.J. Malkin (2007), PA/AS, 104, 9644-9449
Direct in vitro high-resolution visualization of individual germinating spores in real time is required in order
to probe molecular-scale structural transformation and establish direct correlations for a
complete cytological sequence of the germination process
Current Progress: biochemical & genetic aspects
The role of spore coat is currently unclear: Investigation of the structural dynamics coupled with biochemical
and genetic studies is required for a comprehensive understanding of the germination process
Previously Unrecognized Structural Dynamics of the Outer Spore Coat
~
Initial Stages of the
Germination Process:
I. Formation of ~ 2-3 nm etch pits
No such pores present in the
dormant spore coat
Etch pits could provide openings
for the penetration ofgerminant
molecules into the spore
II. Highly directional etching
perpendicular to the rodlets
III. Etch pits form fissures
perpendicular to the rodlets
C-495
High-Resolution Spore Coat Architecture, Assembly, and Morphology of Bacillus Spores
A.J. Malkin | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
-------
2015 EPA International Decontamination R&D Conference, Triangle Park, NC, May 5-7, 2015
Rodlet Structures - Functional Microbial
Amyloids?
Leighton, K. A. Wheeler, H.D. Hill and A.J. Malkin (2007), PNAS, 104, 9644-9449
Proteomic structure of rod lets is unknown
Recent studies: amyloid formation provides biologically
functional molecules on the surfaces of fungi and bacteria
Mediation of mechanical invasion in human/animal
infections: Protective coat enabling pathogens to evade the
immune system
Amyloids-filamentous protein structures (10 nmwide;
up to 10 mm long),having a cross b-structure
(neurodegenerative diseases i.e. Alzheimer's).
Parameters of Bacillus rod lets and hydrophobicity:
most likely amyloid structure
Evolutionary forces have captured the rigidity of amyloid
self-assembled biomaterial to structure the protective coat
(strength of steel: Young's modulus/(stiffness: silk)
J- Disassembly: final product 2-3 nm in diameter ~300 nm
long fibrils, perpendicularto the rodlet direction.
- Disintegration of stable/insoluble rodlets: enzymatic action?
Identification of Germination Enzymes for a Potential Usage for Therapeutic Purposes
Platform for the assessment, improved fundamental understanding, and optimization for
germ-lysis or enzymatic attacks on the spore based decontamination strategies.
2015 EPA International Decontamination R&D Conference, Triangle Park, NC, May 5-7, 2015
Unraveling of High-Resolution Native Single
Microbial Cell Surfaces
M. Plomp, T.J. Leighton, K. A. Wheeler, H.D. Hill and A.J. Malkin (2007), PWXIS, 104, 9644.
M.PIomp, J.M. McCaffey, I. Cheong, X. Huang, C. Bettegowda, K.W. Kinzler, S. Zhou, B. Vogelstein and A.J. Malkin (2007). J. Bacteriology, 1
Late Stages of Spore Germination:
Dissolution of the Spore Coat
Cell Outgrowth
Bacillus
Germination conditions- dependent different
pathways of the dissolution of the spore coat.
More dense "mature" cell wall/crosslinking
Molecular-Scale Mechanisms of Cellular Processes
Environmental Resistance & Biotransfornation
Impact of Therapeutics: Direct Probing
Mechanisms/Viability Studies for Germination-lysis
or enzymatic attacks decontamination strategies
The cell wall is formed by the porous network of 1 -6 nm fibers, with numerous 10-70 nm depressions
This corresponds to the peptidoglycan layer (major function to allow bacteria to withstand the high internal
osmotic pressure, critical in cell division and interactions with antibiotics)
Currently, there are no experimental techniques available to resolve the peptidoglycan architecture (planar
vs scaffold models)
C-496
High-Resolution Spore Coat Architecture, Assembly, and Morphology of Bacillus Spores
A.J. Malkin | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
-------
2015 EPA International Decontamination R&D Conference, Triangle Park, NC, May 5-7, 2015
AFM Characterization of Bacterial Spores in the
Environmental Clutter and Spore Powder
Direct probing of spore powder samples
Direct probing of B. thuringiensis
spores in sand
B. thuringiensis spores
Direct probing of powder samples of spores
Pronounced morphological changes for lyophilized, acetone dried, and|
grinded/'Tormulated" spores
Potentially different adhesion/reaerolization properties
Mixture with silica aerogel (DoD
environmental "common" sand model)
Amplitude and Phase AFM imaging:
Morphological & Viscoelastic Attributes
2015 EPA International Decontamination R&D Conference, Triangle Park, NC, May 5-7, 2015
B. anthracis Sterne spores in fibrous materials and
proof-of-concept adhesion measurements
Evaluation of adhesion and decontamination procedures/fibrous
matrices
Adhesion of single B. anthracis spores: Pronounced differences
in three different liguids
AFM: Enables characterization of decontamination inputs and
adhesion properties for B. anthracis spores in various matrices
including environmental samples and "formulated" samples
C-497
High-Resolution Spore Coat Architecture, Assembly, and Morphology of Bacillus Spores
A.J. Malkin | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
-------
2015 EPA International Decontamination R&D Conference, Triangle Park, NC, May 5-7, 2015
Characterization of y-irradiated B. anthracis spores
Sterilizing y-irradiation of 8. anthracis (Ames) and Bti spores: profound structural changes.
Irradiation/overheating damaged spore internal structural integrity and caused evacuation of the spore
core.
Upon dehydration of spores suspended in liquid the spores collapse. The majority of spores are partially
collapsed spores (PCS) and spore coat remnants (SCR) with a few intact spores (1C). The vast majority
of spores were phase dark.
It is likely that in the hydrated sample, internal spore components have partially/or completely diffused
from the spore core into the bulk liquid phase.
The leakage of spore core contents into bulk media could also adversely affect biochemical and
chemical analytical techniques.
2015 EPA International Decontamination R&D Conference, Triangle Park, NC, May 5-7, 2015
Characterization of chlorine dioxide treated B. subtilis spores
Treated spores are intact and do not collapse upon air drying
High-resolution spore coat architecture and topology are unaltered
AFM imaging characterization procedures for the processing and treatment
of forensic samples containing virulent spores.
AFM: Enables characterization of high-resolution and morphological decontamination
attributes of B. anthracis spores
C-498
High-Resolution Spore Coat Architecture, Assembly, and Morphology of Bacillus Spores
A.J. Malkin | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
-------
2015 EPA International Decontamination R&D Conference, Triangle Park, NC, May 5-7, 2015
The Areas where AFM could be Useful for the
Development of Decontamination Strategies
This effort builds on:
> Extensive work on AFM studies of architecture, assembly and function of pathogens/microbial
systems, and activities in the area of AFM-based microbial forensics (B. anthracis spores).
> Prior AFM work has established statistical measures for characterization of the morphological and
structural formulation-dependent attributes in single B. anthracis spores.
> Extensive CFM studies of adhesion and hydrophobicity of a wide range of materials.
Probe-microscopy Relevant Potential R&D Decontamination Topics:
I. Probing adhesion, individual spore characteristics (e.g., size distributions, surface charge,
hydrophobicity), propensity of spores to aggregate, aerolization/re-aerosolization potential, and
transport properties: input parameters for fate and transport modeling, assessment of
formulation and decontamination inputs, and selection of appropriate surrogates.
II. Unraveling/testing of the decon/viability structural/morphological signatures by means of physical
characteristics can have high orthogonal probative value in a decontamination context if proper
validation studies are performed
III. Development of novel germination-lysis decontamination approaches/enzymatic attacks on the spore
AFM orthogonal data could significantly improve fundamental understanding of the decontamination
mechanisms of pathogens in general and B. anthracis spores in particular and efficacy studies of
multifunctional formulations required to advance these technologies to wide area applications.
2015 EPA International Decontamination R&D Conference, Triangle Park, NC, May 5-7, 2015
Summary and Acknowledgements
High-resolution biophysical analysis: Direct insights into molecular architecture and structural
variability of viral, microbial and cellular systems as a function of spatial, temporal, developmental and
environmental organizational scales
M. Plomp, S. Elhadj, P. Weber, N. Montgomery, A. Noy and S. Velsko (LLNL)
P. Setlow (U. of Connecticut) T.J. Leighton (CHORI), A. Aronson (Purdue U),
B. Vogelstein' group (Kimmel Cancer Research Center, the John Hopkins U)
This work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344 and with support from
the LLNL LORD Program, FBI, DHS, USG Sponsor.
C-499
High-Resolution Spore Coat Architecture, Assembly, and Morphology of Bacillus Spores
A.J. Malkin | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
-------
2015 U.S. EPA International
Decontamination Research
and Development Conference
Thursday, May 7, 2015
Concurrent Sessions 5
Chemical Agent Decontamination
C-500
-------
2015 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) International Decontamination
Research and Development Conference
May 5-7, 2015
EPA's Research Triangle Park, NC, Campus
Site remediation of a 282,000 cu ft.
(7,985 cu m) penicillin production
facility using chlorine dioxide gas
Mark A. Czarneski
Director of Technology
(DClorDiSys
Brett Cole
Director
Overview
1. Background
2. Cost / Equipment / Time Line
3. Facility Setup
4. Pictures of Setup
5. Readings
6. Conclusions
9
2 ^'"^
I) ClorDiSvs
C-501
Site Remediation of a 282,000 cu ft Penicillin Production Facility Using Chlorine Dioxide Gas
Mark Czarneski | ClorDiSys Solutions, Inc.
-------
Reasons for Decontamination
> Allergic reactions to beta-lactams are the most common
cause of adverse drug reactions mediated by specific
immunological mechanisms (Torres et al., 2003)
> 3%-10% of all adults in the US have experienced an allergic
response to penicillin (CDC, 2006)
> Reactions to these allergies can range from simple rashes to
life-threatening anaphylaxis (Romano et al., 2002)
> Another possible reaction is blood pressure dropping to life- '
threatening levels, causing lightheadedness and loss of
cn
consciousness (Barza, 1985)
CD CiorDiSvs
Reasons for Decontamination
> Production of Amoxicillin or Penicillin-V in facility
> Facility is remote from main production campus
> Production of Amoxicillin or Penicillin-V was ceased 2009
> Customer wants to sell the Building
C-502
Site Remediation of a 282,000 cu ft Penicillin Production Facility Using Chlorine Dioxide Gas
Mark Czarneski | ClorDiSys Solutions, Inc.
-------
Preliminary Work
> 3 log reduction of 6 different beta lactams
> Lorcheim, K. (2011). Chlorine Dioxide Gas Inactivation of
Beta-Lactams. Applied Biosafety, Vol. 16(1); pp. 34-43.
> Gaseous decontamination of a production facility
> Lorcheim, K., Lorcheim, P., & Czarneski, M. (2009).
Decontamination of Beta-Lactams in a production facility
using Chlorine dioxide gas. Pharmaceutical Processing,
44-46.
> An Australian verification study was conducted and analyzed
by a third-party ISO17025, NATA and TGA (Australian FDA)
certified facility
D CiorDISvs
Requirements
> Less than SOppb residuals for both Penicillin-V and Amoxicillin
> Verification of process was done using chemical indicators (Cl)
coupons of 3 materials
> polycarbonate plastic (Lexan), 316L stainless steel
(passivated), and aluminum. These materials represented
the common surfaces inside a production facility
> The coupons were 100mm x 100mm x 5-6mm
> Minimum chlorine dioxide gas exposure of 7240 ppm-hrs
Detection Levels
Dxicillin Penicillin-V LOD - Level of Detection
LOQ - Level of Quantification
LOD
LOQ (instrument)
O.OSppb
0.20ppb
O.OIppb
O.OSppb
CD CiorDiSvs
C-503
Site Remediation of a 282,000 cu ft Penicillin Production Facility Using Chlorine Dioxide Gas
Mark Czarneski | ClorDiSys Solutions, Inc.
-------
Equipment and Costs
> 282,000 cu ft (7,985 cu m)
> 40 generators
> 120 chlorine cylinders
> 65 Fans
> 30 steam generators
> 2 Automatic EMS CD Gas Sensor Module
> 1/4" gas inject tubing (red)
> 1/4" gas sample tubing (green)
> 50 Extension Cords
> Duct Tape
> 2 ft Wide Tape
> Plastic Sheeting
> 7 people
> 4 Days setup
> 1 day gassing
Total Decontamination Cost
$350,000 AUD
Approx: $327,000 USD
a
25
ฎ
D CiorDiSvs
CD Gas Generation Technology
2NaCIO
2CIO2(q)+ 2NaCI,
> Performed in solid phase (no liquids)
> Gas generated on demand
> Gas generated at 100mg/L (36,200 ppm)
> Use concentration 0.1 mg/L - 10Omg/L
> Easily scalable to ANY volume
> Simple to replace consumables
> Small, Medium and Large portable generators
> Photometric measurement of
concentration at multiple points
> Real Time
> Repeatable
> Accurate
I) CiorDiSvs
C-504
Site Remediation of a 282,000 cu ft Penicillin Production Facility Using Chlorine Dioxide Gas
Mark Czarneski | ClorDiSys Solutions, Inc.
-------
Time Line (How Long is the whole Process?)
> Prior to arrival facility was cleaned of all visible residues
> Day 1 - 4
> Uncrate generators & sensors
> Place Fans & Humidifiers
> Run injection tubing
> Day 5 arrive in morning
> Start RH humidification
> Start CD gassing
> Reach minimum target (3mg/L)
> Maintain / increase / hold
> Aerate start
> Day 6 finish
> Finish Aeration, Safe to enter
> Remove Equipment
> Run sample tubing
> Seal all entry / exit areas
> Place signage
9:00am
10:30am
1:00 pm
7:30 pm
7:30 am
12:0ฐpm( DCiorDiSvs
Cl Locations (80)
C-505
Site Remediation of a 282,000 cu ft Penicillin Production Facility Using Chlorine Dioxide Gas
Mark Czarneski | ClorDiSys Solutions, Inc.
-------
Gas Injection (80) and Sample (20) Locations
D CiorDiSvs
Fan Locations (65)
C-506
Site Remediation of a 282,000 cu ft Penicillin Production Facility Using Chlorine Dioxide Gas
Mark Czarneski | ClorDiSys Solutions, Inc.
-------
Humidity Generator Locations (30)
nrmiiiiiiini maimr
CD CiorDiSvs
Seal Doorways and Openings
C-507
Site Remediation of a 282,000 cu ft Penicillin Production Facility Using Chlorine Dioxide Gas
Mark Czarneski | ClorDiSys Solutions, Inc.
-------
Seal Roof Vents and Stacks
Run Tubing, Place Fans & Humidifiers
C-508
Site Remediation of a 282,000 cu ft Penicillin Production Facility Using Chlorine Dioxide Gas
Mark Czarneski | ClorDiSys Solutions, Inc.
-------
Setup Generators
Setup EMS Sensors
C-509
Site Remediation of a 282,000 cu ft Penicillin Production Facility Using Chlorine Dioxide Gas
Mark Czarneski | ClorDiSys Solutions, Inc.
-------
Setup Chemical Indicators
Setup Exhaust
C-510
Site Remediation of a 282,000 cu ft Penicillin Production Facility Using Chlorine Dioxide Gas
Mark Czarneski | ClorDiSys Solutions, Inc.
-------
Place Signage
C-511
Site Remediation of a 282,000 cu ft Penicillin Production Facility Using Chlorine Dioxide Gas
Mark Czarneski | ClorDiSys Solutions, Inc.
-------
C-512
Site Remediation of a 282,000 cu ft Penicillin Production Facility Using Chlorine Dioxide Gas
Mark Czarneski | ClorDiSys Solutions, Inc.
-------
Concentration Readings (Samples 1-10)
Sample Points 1-10- Friday 10/1/2014
Chlorine dioxide concentration
-Sample 1
-Sample 2
Sample 3
-Sample 4
Sample 5
-Sample 6
Sample 7
Sample 8
Sample 9
-Sample 10
*
on
D CiorDiSvs
Concentration Readings (Samples 11-20)
Sample Points 11-20 - Friday 10/1/2014
Chlorine dioxide concentration
. co QO co o> o o o
-Sample 11
Sample 12
-Sample 13
Sample 14
-Sample 15
Sample 16
-Sample 17
Sample 18
Sample 19
Sample 20
m
26
I) CiorDiSvs
C-513
Site Remediation of a 282,000 cu ft Penicillin Production Facility Using Chlorine Dioxide Gas
Mark Czarneski | ClorDiSys Solutions, Inc.
-------
PPM-Mrs Cycle Chart (Samples 1-10)
Sample Points 1-10 - Friday 10/1/2014
Chlorine dioxide exposure
Minimum chlorine dioxide gas exposure of 7240 ppm-hrs
-Sample 1
-Sample 2
-Sample 3
-Sample 4
-Sample S
-Sample 6
-Sample 7
-Samples
Sample 9
-Sample 10
Minimum Exposure .
D CiorDiSvs
PPM-Hrs Cycle Chart (Samples 11-20)
140(0
Sample Points 11-20- Friday 10/1/2014
Chlorine dioxide exposure
-Sample 11
-Sample 12
-Sample 13
- Sample 14
-Sample 15
-Sample 16
Sample 17
Sample IS
Sample 19
Sample 20
Minimum Exposure
GO
S
Minimum chlorine dioxide gas exposure of 7240 ppm-hrs
(DCtorDISvs
C-514
Site Remediation of a 282,000 cu ft Penicillin Production Facility Using Chlorine Dioxide Gas
Mark Czarneski | ClorDiSys Solutions, Inc.
-------
Results
PASS -All reading below50
ppb or not detected
Detection Levels
LOD
Amoxicillin Penicillin-'
O.OSppb O.OIppb
LOQ (instrument) 0.20ppb
LOD - Level of Detection
LOQ - Level of Quantification
n/d - Not Detected
O
.
C-515
Site Remediation of a 282,000 cu ft Penicillin Production Facility Using Chlorine Dioxide Gas
Mark Czarneski | ClorDiSys Solutions, Inc.
-------
Conclusions
SUCCESS -All Cl had less than 50 ppb of residuals
SUCCESS - Building SOLD, June 2014
8,253 Lowest PPM-Hrs
> 12,253 Highest PPM-Hrs
> Average concentration 3-5mg/L (3200 - 1800 ppm)
No physical residue observed
Had leakage from few areas that had to be corrected
No visible indication of material degradation on any
electronics
> No affects to HVAC system (blowers, condenser
coils, heating elements, control dampers, duct work
material diffusers)
> Had minor corrosion of ferrous metals (scissors &
hinges)
C-516
Site Remediation of a 282,000 cu ft Penicillin Production Facility Using Chlorine Dioxide Gas
Mark Czarneski | ClorDiSys Solutions, Inc.
-------
Stop at the Pie Shed for some Aussie Meat Pies
For more information contact:
Mark A. Czarneski
PO Box 549
Lebanon, NJ 08833
Phone: 908-236-4100
Fax: 908-236-2222
e-mail: markczarneski@cloridsys.com
OR
Decon Team
Brett Cole -^
P.O. Box 101 Ferntree Gully
BC Victoria Australia 3156
Phone: 1300 379 996
Fax: 1300 371 199
Email: brett@biosafety.com.au
34
Revision Date: April 14, 2015
I) CiorDiSvs
C-517
Site Remediation of a 282,000 cu ft Penicillin Production Facility Using Chlorine Dioxide Gas
Mark Czarneski | ClorDiSys Solutions, Inc.
-------
USARMY
Hydrogen Peroxide-Based "Self-Help"
and Residue-Free Decontaminants for
Chemical Warfare Agents
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN. WARFIGHTER FOCUSED,
2015 EPA International Decontamination Research and Development
Conference
George W. Wagner, Ph.D.
Approved for Public Release
Decomposes to water and oxygen in the environment,
leaving no residue:
H2O2 * H2O + 1/2 O2
Low corrosivity/toxicity:
- 3 % aqueous solution (drugstore, "topical" H2O2)
can be used on skin and cuts/abrasions
- 1.5 % H2O2 for oral use
High volume industrial chemical (cheap & plentiful)
Higher concentrations have very low freezing points,
useful for low temperature decontamination
35 % H2O2 freezes at -33 ฐC (-27 ฐF)
'-'ijpfov'j''1 for -"'Lihih', Sriifca:
WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
C-518
Hydrogen Peroxide-Based "Self-Help" and Residue-Free Decontaminants for Chemical Warfare Agents
George W. Wagner | U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
-------
Chemical Warfare Agent Decontamination
by H2O2: Nerve Agents
Making H2O2 basic (NaHCO3) generates peroxyanion nucleophile OOH-
OOH- quickly reacts with nerve agents VX and GD:1
o ""v" o , o i o
II i OOH- II i V
OH"
-HF
H202,
PMPA
~/-O2, H2O
-Y
EA-2192 ' PRMPA
Reaction with OOH- avoids formation of toxic EA2192 in the case of VX
Hydrolysis of VX with simple base (OH-) forms up to 22 % EA 21922
1. Wagner and Yang, IECR2002, 41. 1925.
2. Yang et al. J ACS 1990, ซ2, 6621.
TECHNOLOGY DRIVE1 WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
Chemical Warfare Agent Decontamination
by H2O2: Blister Agent HD
Reaction with (un-activated) H2O2 is slow. Avoids formation of the vesicant
sulfone product:1
HDO
sulfoxide - non-vesicant
HDO2
sulfone - vesicant
Use of bicarbonate activator, in addition to raising the pH of H2O2 to generate
OOH-, results in the formation of peroxocarbonate (HCO4-), an oxidation catalyst
forHD:1
H2O H2O2
HCO4'
'CI " Cl'
VerySlow
HD
HDO2
Secondary oxidation to vesicant sulfone is still very slow with HCO4- catalyst1
1. Wagner and Yang, IECR2002, 41, 1925.
TECHNOLOGY DRIVi WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
C-519
Hydrogen Peroxide-Based "Self-Help" and Residue-Free Decontaminants for Chemical Warfare Agents
George W. Wagner | U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
-------
Vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP) modified with ammonia gas (mVHP) found to
be an effective fumigant gas for VX, GD, and HD1
Also found that ammonia gas itself is effective for GD1
Additional studies showed that ammonia-window and floor cleaners also very
effective forGD:1
2
5
15
1:50 1:500
81.8 68.5
81.0 45.3
75.6 24.0
1:50
86.6
70.4
57.9
1:500
63.0
33.6
17.4
1:50 1:500
20.5 ND
1.2
ND
1. Wagner etal., Langmuir 2007, 23, 1178.
TECHNOLOGY DRIVE1 WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
Ammonia is a Known Decontaminant for
G Agents
Ammonia is recognized as a nonstandard decontaminant in Army Field Manual
FM 3-51
FM3-5
MCWP 3-37.
NBC
Decontamination
Headquarters.
Department
of the
Army
Commandant.
US Marine Corps
3
-^sr^"*-^-"-*'"'*--"-'11"
1
FM 3-SHCWP 3-37.3
Table B-2. Nonstandard Oceania mm ants Available in the Supply System (Continued)
TECHNOLOGY DRIVi WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
C-520
Hydrogen Peroxide-Based "Self-Help" and Residue-Free Decontaminants for Chemical Warfare Agents
George W. Wagner | U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
-------
Self-Help Decontamination Using H2O
and Other Household Products
3 % Household Hydrogen Peroxide
Ammonia Cleaners (Window, Floor)
Baking Soda (NaHCO3)
Washing Soda (Na2CO3)
Rubbing Alcohol (70 % isopropanol)
Baking Soda
."Super
Washing Soda
TECHNOLOGY DKlVEl WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
1:50 Agent to Decon Challenge1
50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 100% 100% 100% 100%
50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 1% 1% 5% 5%
--> -
&$.
lliii
2% 5% 5% 5%
ND after ND after 47-min 10-min 8-min 49% left 3.5% left ND after ND after ND after 31% left
6 min 1 min half-life half-life half-life 15 min 15min 4 min 15 min 4 min 15min
1. Wagner, IECR 2011, 50, 12285.
TECHNOLOGY DRIฅi WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
C-521
Hydrogen Peroxide-Based "Self-Help" and Residue-Free Decontaminants for Chemical Warfare Agents
George W. Wagner | U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
-------
Agent
G
GB(Sarin). GD
(Soiuau)
V
VX
H
HD (Mustard)
Universal
For G. V. H aaeins
uhen idenltty
unfcuouTj
To Mix One Gallon of
Decontamination Solution:
Use straight ammonia window
or floor cleaner (no mixing
needed).
Stir two (2) level tablespoons
washing soda into one (I) gallon
topical hydrogen peroxide (3 V)
until completely dissolved.
First stir '4 level cup baking
soda into '; gallon topical
hydrogen peroxide (3 ฐo) until
completely dissolved. Then add
'- gallon rubbing alcohol, with
stirrina.
Use H solution
above.
1. Wagner, IECR 2011,50, 12285.
TECHNOLOGY DRIVE1 WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
W Jwramiiflfc Residue-Free H2O2-Decontamination of J$B\
^^^ VX, GD, and HD on Concrete1 \j|jf
VX applied to concrete coupon
for ca. 1 h
, allowed to adsorb
35 % H2O2 applied cover concrete coupon
Reaction monitored in situ by 31P NMR
t = W.S mln
Rapid formation of non-toxic EMPA product observed /v^
in H2O2 surrounding the concrete coupon
No leaching of VX from the concrete is observed
No toxic EA-2192 is observed consistent with '^ww^-w,^^
perhydrolysis, most 0
likely enabled by ^^O,P^S
surface-sorbed vx
carbonate: Of!
? ^
1. Wagner, ES&T 201 5, 49, 3750. ~O) ~*S^~*^'
EA-21 92
Appro
Y" o ' n^.MUHW
^^sr^~~Y'' *- ^~^O"/P^O~ t=4min
I EMPA w*^^-^^ M ''Ww*^,
wป/Kvv<^V^~'
, + EtOH "' "' ' -" - '"
T TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN. WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
ved for Public Release
C-522
Hydrogen Peroxide-Based "Self-Help" and Residue-Free Decontaminants for Chemical Warfare Agents
George W. Wagner | U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
-------
Residue-Free H2O2-Decontamination of
VX, GD, and HD on Concrete1
GD also rapidly forms non-toxic product, PMPA
No leaching of GD from the concrete is observed
Observance of peroxy-PMPA (pPMPA) is consistent
with perhydrolysis (enabled by surface-sorbed
bicarbonate):
GD \ ,,_ , PMPA
\OOH H0 2/
-HF\ /-02, H20
pPMPA
t = 10.5 min
f^\
1. Wagner, ES&T 2015, 49, 3750.
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN, WARFICHTER FOCUSED.
MBCOM
Residue-Free H2O2-Decontamination of
VX, GD, and HD on Concrete1
HD (13C-enriched; monitored by 13C NMR)
quickly forms water-soluble, non-vesicant
sulfoxide product
Oxidation probably enhanced by surface-
sorbed bicarbonate
Following the initial oxidation product, a
variety of other products ensue, including
those due to hydrolysis and elimination
Acid-clyclization (HCI) of a diol product
is also observed
Eventually the hydrolysis product thiodiglycol
is observed, following H2O2 depletion
1. Wagner, ES&T 2015, 49, 3750.
1M 111 121 1H 89 ED 111 21 1 poซ
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN. WARFICHTER FOCUSED.
C-523
Hydrogen Peroxide-Based "Self-Help" and Residue-Free Decontaminants for Chemical Warfare Agents
George W. Wagner | U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
-------
Persistent products formed (shown in red) during the decontamination of HD on
concrete by H2O2 are generally non-vesicant (either sulfoxides or diols)
1. Wagner, ES&T 2015, 49, 3750.
TECHNOLOGY DRIVE1 WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
ฎ ftDBRMff^ Residue-Free Decontaminant for /0&\
_^s^F Surfaces other than Concrete \ซ^
^ 1
H2O2 can be activated with non-residue-forming ammonia (NH3) and carbon
dioxide (CO2), generating an "HPAC" decontaminant1
The HPAC decontaminant3 was tested against VX, GD, and HD in solution:
Time (min)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
15
30
1 h
2h
% Time (min)
28.6 2
20.0
15.0
11.7
10.6
8.6
7.2
6.3
2.8
1.4
0.63
ND
aDecontaminant generated by bubbling NH3 and CO2 into water
Triton X-1 00 surfactant were added to assist in dissolving HD.
1. Wagner, ES&T 2015, 49, 3750.
Approved for Rubin "-.-.
% Time (min)
ND 2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
%
72.3
57.3
43.7
32.0
23.3
16.0
10.7
7.3
4.4
2.4
1.5
<1.0
combining with 35 % H2O2. Propylene carbonate and
Dropylene glycol was added to lower the freezing point.
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN. WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
C-524
Hydrogen Peroxide-Based "Self-Help" and Residue-Free Decontaminants for Chemical Warfare Agents
George W. Wagner | U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
-------
Household-strength 3 % hydrogen peroxide can be combined with other common
household materials (ammonia cleaners, baking soda, washing soda, rubbing
alcohol) to fashion self-help decontaminants for VX, GD, and HD
More concentrated, industrial-grade hydrogen peroxide (e.g. 35 %) is effective for
residue-free decontamination of VX, GD, and HD on concrete
High-concentration hydrogen peroxide activated using non-residue-forming NH3
and CO2 gases ("HPAC" decontaminant) is effective for the decontamination of
VX, GD, and HD in solution
Studies of residue-free HPAC decontaminants on surfaces of interest are needed
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEl WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
MBCOM
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements: Research reported in this presentation was
funded or supported by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency
under project numbers BZ06DEC016 and BA06DEC052.
TECHNOLOGY DRIVi WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
C-525
Hydrogen Peroxide-Based "Self-Help" and Residue-Free Decontaminants for Chemical Warfare Agents
George W. Wagner | U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
-------
Technology Driven
Warfighter Focused
For more information about the Edgewood Chemical Biological Center visit
www.ecbc.army.mil
nail the Public Affairs Office
C-526
Hydrogen Peroxide-Based "Self-Help" and Residue-Free Decontaminants for Chemical Warfare Agents
George W. Wagner | U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
-------
George Wrenn, Erin Lamb, Bruce Campbell,
Scott Mason, Gary Stickel, Shawn Shumaker
System Description
The Integrated Decontamination Test and Evaluation System (IDTES)
is a surety chemical test facility that enables system-level evaluation of
hazard mitigation technologies and protocols in tests that combine use
of full-scale apparatus and products with full-strength chemical agents
or other toxic compounds. Decontamination efficacy tests are
conducted using material panels, equipment items, or mock-ups as
test articles.
The IDTES treatment chamber provides capability for:
- weathering test articles in temperature and humidity conditions
that simulate a range of indoor and outdoor climates
- contaminating the test articles with neat chemical agents
and other toxic compounds
- applying various decontamination products and indicator products
using full scale field equipment and operating protocols
Chemical decontamination efficacy tests conducted using the IDTES provide information needed to
evaluate hazard mitigation systems in laboratory conditions that support demonstration of the highest
technology readiness level (TRL-6) that does not include use of actual operational environments. The
IDTES can also be used to evaluate the contamination survivability of equipment and gear.
Development of the ID TES is sponsored jointly by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (JS TO/D TRA-CB)
2 and the Joint Program Manager for Protection (JPEO/JPM-P)
C-527
Integrated Decontamination Test and Evaluation System (IDTES) for Evaluation of Hazard Mitigation Technologies
George Wrenn | Battelle Hazardous Materials Research Center
-------
Temperature and humidity inside IDTES Treatment Chamber are
controlled and varied to evaluate effects of heat and moisture
Environmental Conditions
Hot/ Humid (35ฑ3 ฐC; 30ฑ5 g/m3)
Hot / Dry (42ฑ3 ฐC; 2ฑ2 g/m3)
Cold/Humid (15ฑ2ฐC; 10ฑ2g/m3)
1J-000
10,000
*,OQO
6.000
n.ooo
2.000
0
* t. . It.
1
* 1
. I * ป
i'| i i | |l| | i i | I
HIM HU J HD-& VX4
4
*!
8 1 1
GD-2
HM/HumM Hot/HumU HM/Hmral Hot / Hnmkl cold 1 Dunlin
--Agent Fate -
Evaporation losses occur as expected for various
environmental conditions. Volatile agents (GD&HD)
evaporate more quickly in hotter environments than
cooler environments. Conversely evaporation ofVX
is unaffected by changing weathering conditions.
Scaling Factors for Decontamination Efficacy Testing
Complex Panel
and/ or
Large Panel Object Testing
"Series Testing"
I
Process and Test Complexity
C-528
Integrated Decontamination Test and Evaluation System (IDTES) for Evaluation of Hazard Mitigation Technologies
George Wrenn | Battelle Hazardous Materials Research Center
-------
TEST ACTIVITIES
HaMMER-ATD Test Event (2012)
Hazard Mitigation for Materials and Equipment Restoration -Advanced Technology Demons
SuperSoap Test Event (2013)
Evaluation of Surfactant Cleaners (SuperSoap/Air Force Cleaner)-Advanced Technology Demonstration
JGPD-HME CP Test Event (2014)
Joint General Purpose Decontaminantfor Hardened Military Equipment- Competitive Prototyping
JGPD-HME DT Test Event (2015)
Multiple field treatment operations were demonstrated inside the
IDTES during HaMMER-ATD Chemical Efficacy Test Event (2012)
Field operations for HaMMER Mobile
Suite and Stationary Suite hazard
mitigation protocols were executed
inside the IDTES in system-level tests
with actual equipment components,
decon products, and indicator products
using full-strength chemical warfare
agents (HD, VX)
Low-Pressure Rinse
(similar to Merlin and JPDS)
High-Pressure Rinse
(similar to M17/M26)
Soapy Water Prewash
Decon Application
C-529
Integrated Decontamination Test and Evaluation System (IDTES) for Evaluation of Hazard Mitigation Technologies
George Wrenn | Battelle Hazardous Materials Research Center
-------
HaMMERATD
Stationary Support Suite Line
BlfiM AIIUBA1JGI Bltill I
saioriEW -Merline 'i-a'ev:^
Sulta -JCADIICAM
U- G--. r-v.-'je rrthecklilt
Ml^r i I.'! Jfiji'
,'M'na3
Decontamination Efficacy Comparisons for HD in HaMMER ATD
(Higher is Better)
Deconteminant > Soapy Water > Water Rinse
Panel Orientation Decon Suite CARC
Near Horizontal > NearVertical Stationary < Mobile CARC-S > CARC-W
Decon Material
Suite
Mobile CARC(W)
Mobile CARC(S)
Mobile SBR
Stationary CARC(W)
Stationary CARC(S)
Stationary SBR
Each set of resu
(FullDecon) (Vertical)
Contamination Run-off
(mg/m')
(2.30-74.54)
(1.72-33.33)
197.77 24/70
(114.74-340.37)
(2.03-34.77)
(6.11-22.65)
( 164.12 -295.0B)
Splash
<1.20
<1.20
2.3/1.5
<1.20
5.5/1.2
tsfor Contamination Zone represe
.ower 95% Confidence Interval for
(FullDecon) (Horizontal)
Contamination
Zone
1
(2.79- 60)
(0.37- 60)
(114.13- 41.06)
(1.10- 76)
(1.10- 43)
(122.62- 37.64)
Run-off
Zone
ng/rn')
<1.20
<1.20
3/1.3
<1.20
5.5/4.4
Splash
Zone
<1.20
<1.20
<1.20
<1.20
<1.20
2.2 / 11
it Geo Mean with Upper and
four samples
15 mg/m;
Decon
Suite
SuperSoap
5" Mm""
5" Mm""
i j.....
-. if
' ;-'''
ater
ater
Water
CARC(W)
CAR C(S)
SBR
CARC(W)
CAR C(S)
SBR
CARC(W)
CAR C(S)
SBR
(Soapy Water, Water, and AD/DA)
(No Decon) (Vertical)
Contamination
Zone
(9.13-15.23)
(4.59-3.56)
(239L3709)
(2.32-9.14)
(6.70-11.02)
(132-191)
(4.43a-lฐ7.03)
(4.36-7.63)
(266-363)
Sme
mg/m!)
2.7/1.2
3.6/1.2
4.0/2.4
4.3/2.5
2.7/1.2
2.7/1.6
2.3/1.7
2.1/1.2
15.4/6.2
Splash
1.3/1.3
1.2/1.5
5.2/20
1.2/1.2
1.2/1.2
1.7/1.3
1.4 / 1.2
<1.20
2.2/4.6
.ปSL_
C-530
Integrated Decontamination Test and Evaluation System (IDTES) for Evaluation of Hazard Mitigation Technologies
George Wrenn | Battelle Hazardous Materials Research Center
-------
Experimental design matrix for JGDP-HME DT Test Event includes
six factors that may influence chemical decontamination efficacy
Full design matrix is executed for three chemical agents (GD-HD-VX) in vapor emissions test activity
' Abbreviated matrix may be used with two agents (GD-HD) in contact exposure test activity
- based on preliminary results at designated "best and worst" exposure conditions
Decon
Pre-Wash AgentAging
Time
Decon
Pot Life
Environment Materials
Agents
JGPD-HME Chemical Efficacy Test Events (2014-2015) simulate
field decontamination operations for military vehicles in IDTES
HMv
/nucpV
43 E
DDDDTjODrj
1 1 3 * J ซ T
Prewash /Rinse @ -2,000 mL/m2 Decon @ -500 mL/m2
Equipment M26 JS DS-SS M26 w/bypass hose
Gallons Minutes Gallons
M1 Tank 57 14 15
M2 BFV 57 14 15
M113 APC 38 10 10
M109APaladin 57 14 16
HEMTT 50 12 12
5-Ton Truck 42 11 11
HMMWV 23 6 5
Minutes
10-12
10-12
7-8
11-13
8-9
8-9
3
Spray
Stations
Decontammant
application
Station 4
Rinse
Personnel
( "Decon Platoon)
1 squad leader"
4 sprayers
Isquad leader"
4 sprayers
1 squad leader"
4 sprayers
Equipment and Supplies
2 M26 JSTDS-SSs
13, 000-gallon tanks
265-/125-GPM pumps
4 TAP aprons
1 TPU
2 M26 JSTDS-SSs
1 3, 000-gallon tank
2 65-/125-GPM pumps
g^lS^SS^^^
4 30-gallon containers
4 TAP aprons
1 TPU
SufficientJGPD-HME
2 flashlights
2 M26 JSTDS-SSs
1 3, 000-gallon tank
2 65-/125-GPM pumps
4 TAP aprons
1 TPU
Source: CBRN Decontamination. Multiservice Tactics, Techniques, and
Procedures (FM-3-1 1 .5/MCWP- 3-37. 3/NTTP- 3-1 1 .26/AFTTP(l)-3-2.60)
10 *ป2^5ซLtai.
C-531
Integrated Decontamination Test and Evaluation System (IDTES) for Evaluation of Hazard Mitigation Technologies
George Wrenn | Battelle Hazardous Materials Research Center
-------
Systems are configured to deliver decon treatments from three
M26s through two nozzles mounted inside the IDTES chamber
Equipment performance is characterized
before and after integration with IDTES
Performance tests are conducted to characterize key
parameters of fielded systems and verify that system
integration with IDTES accurately reproduces field
performance metrics and desired surface coverage
Spray Force
Spray Span and Pressure
Flow Rate
C-532
Integrated Decontamination Test and Evaluation System (IDTES) for Evaluation of Hazard Mitigation Technologies
George Wrenn | Battelle Hazardous Materials Research Center
-------
I DIES sprayer system sweep speed control settings are
determined using treatment system integration test results
Range of acceptable combinations of speed settings and number of sweep passes are identified for each
decontamination treatment process
Equipment Speed Avg. Coverage per Target Coverage for Full Coverage
Configuration Setting Full Sweep (mL/m2) Surfaces (mL/m2) Sweeps (mL/m2)
Prewash Treatment and Rinse Treatment
Single Lance 20 1480 2000-2200 2 2960
30 1125 2 2250
50 655 3 1965
60 540 4 2160
Decon Treatment- Single Application
Lancew/ Bypass 20 323 500-600 2 646
Hose 30 241 2 482
40 199 3 597
50 140 4 560
Decon Treatment- Double Application
Lancew/ Bypass 20 323 250-300 1 323
Hose 30 241 1 241
40 199 1/2 199/398
50 140 2 280
Additional tests are performed at optimum settings to confirm process parameters to be used for treatment
of test articles inside the IDTES
Contamination and decontamination treatment processes are
performed inside IDTES exposure chamber
Prewash treatment (4 passes)
B
-------
Test events, environmental conditions, and observations were recorded
during each trial
Average Cool/Humid Conditions (15ฐC and 75% RH)
Treatment Schedules for JGPD-HME Test Event
1-Hr / 6-Hr Agent Age Time
0515 / Prepare Delay Use (5-6Hr) Decon
0815/0745 Precondition in IDTES
0915/0845 Contaminate with CA
/ 0945 Prepare Delay Use (5-6Hr) Decon
1000/1430 Prepare Fresh Use (0-1 Hr) Decon
1015/1445 Apply Prewash (HW or CW)
1030/1500 Apply 1 a Decon
1045/1515 Apply 2"' Decon
1100/1530 Apply Rinse (CW)
1115 /1545 Remove Test Articles from IDTES
1130 /1600 Initiate Contact Test or Vapor Test
Observations
- Agent interaction with material when applied
- Agent interaction with material after aging
- Decon interaction with agent and material
- Presence / absence of water after drying
Average Hot/Humid Conditions (35ฐC and 70% RH
Sampling processes for Contact Exposure Test and Vapor
Emissions Test are performed in lab hoods adjacent to IDTES
Small Item Vapor (SIV)
Chamber andtest cells
for vapor emissions testing
iking frangible panels to
obtain CARCW coupons
Preparation of stepper syringes and
dose confirmation samples
C-534
Integrated Decontamination Test and Evaluation System (IDTES) for Evaluation of Hazard Mitigation Technologies
George Wrenn | Battelle Hazardous Materials Research Center
-------
Decontamination Efficacy Comparisons for HD in JGPD-HME
(Higher = Better)
Materials: STEEL > CARCW&LEXAN > NONSKID > SILICONS
Exposure Environment: Hot/Humid > Cool/Humid AgentAge Time: Evaluation requires additional data
' Decon Age Time: 1-Hour= 6-Hour (no degradation)
ConUct fxpotui* Mttird K*iukปfor HO
led 1-tii In Hal/Humid conditioni
Conuct t.poiur H*i..d Rซซulttlot HO
fed 6-hi in Cool/Humid Condition*
Each set of results represent Geo me an with Upper and
Lower 90% Confidence Interval for eight samples
Green = <100mg/m2 Blue = <15mg/m2
Chemical efficacy test is designed to evaluate field equipment,
hazard mitigation processes, and products with contamination
Scenario: Decontamination and
restoration of indoor spaces
Decontamination protocols and process
sequences are replicated and tested
safely with highly toxic chemicals inside
the IDTES using actual field apparatus
and decon products
Scenario: Decontamination and
recovery of transportation infrastructure
C-535
Integrated Decontamination Test and Evaluation System (IDTES) for Evaluation of Hazard Mitigation Technologies
George Wrenn | Battelle Hazardous Materials Research Center
-------
Summary - IDTES enables system-level evaluation of methods,
equipment, and products used for mitigation of chemical hazards
Preconditioning and Weathering
- Indoor conditions (Ambient)
- Outdoor conditions (Representative)
- Fate during extended weathering periods
Contamination
- Liquid agent droplets
- Stepper syringe dispensers
- Full or partial surface contamination
Decontamination
- Decon wipes (hasty)
- Water prewash (hot or cold)
- Liquid decon spray
- Brush scrubs
- Water rinse
Qualitative Assessments
- Visual observations
- Field indicators (sprays or sensors)
Quantitative Evaluation Methods
- Contact exposure test
- Vapor emission test
- Contaminant residue test
800-201-2011 I solutions@battelle.org I www.battelle.org
C-536
Integrated Decontamination Test and Evaluation System (IDTES) for Evaluation of Hazard Mitigation Technologies
George Wrenn | Battelle Hazardous Materials Research Center
-------
Baneiie
The Business t>/ Inncivatioii
&EPA
Surface Decontamination for
Blister Agents Lewisite, Sulfur
Mustard and Agent Yellow
Harry Stone, David See, Autumn Smiley,
Anthony Ellingson, Jessica Schimmoeller
Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH 43201
Lukas Oudejans
US EPA, National Homeland Security Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
2015 US EPA International Decontamination R&D Conference, May 5-7, 2015
Disclaimer
These are preliminary data that have not been through a full quality assurance review.
Questions concerning this presentation or its application should be addressed to Lukas Oudejans, National
Homeland Security Research Center, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, 919-541-2973.
DISCLAIMER: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, through its Office of Research and Development,
funded and managed this investigation through Contract No. EP-C-ll-038Task Order 0007 and EP-C-10-001
Work Assignments 4-28 and 5-28 with Battelle. This document has been subjected to the Agency's review and
has been approved for presentation. Note that approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect
the views of the Agency. Mention of trade names or commercial products, or services does not constitute EPA
approval, endorsement or recommendation for use.
C-537
Surface Decontamination of Blister Agents Lewisite, Sulfur Mustard and Agent Yellow
Harry Stone | Battelle Memorial Institute
-------
Outline of Presentation
Background
Objectives
Experimental Methods
Results
Discussion / Conclusions
Background 1
>U.S. EPA was assigned homeland security responsibilities.
Responsible to help communities prepare for and recover from disasters
including acts of terrorism
> Protect water systems
> Lead remediation of contaminated areas (indoor, outdoor, water infrastructure)
>The Homeland Security Research Program (HSRP) was established to
fill gaps that were identified during EPA's responses to incidents
through scientific research.
>0ne of the goals is identifying methods and equipment that can be
used for decontamination following a terrorist attack using CBRN
agents.
C-538
Surface Decontamination of Blister Agents Lewisite, Sulfur Mustard and Agent Yellow
Harry Stone | Battelle Memorial Institute
-------
Background 2
Limited data exist on decontamination approaches that neutralize
vesicant properties of Lewisite or chemical agent mixtures containing
Lewisite.
>Research presented here investigated several decontaminants on
their ability to decontaminate building materials contaminated with
sulfur mustard (HD), Lewisite (L), and agent yellow (HL, a mixture of L
and HD).
Background on targeted chemicals & decon:
* Sulfur mustard (HD) is a vesicant (blister) chemical warfare agent.
Actually used in chemical warfare (WW I, Iraq/Iran war, Iraq)
* Lewisite (L) is an arsenical vesicant chemical warfare agent.
Stockpiled by several governments
* Agent yellow (HL) is the eutectic mixture (1:1 by volume) of HD and L 1.
Was prepared and stockpiled as "yellow shells" by Japanese in World War II
> Decontamination/neutralization data, including data on removal of
residual arsenic, are lacking.
Decontamination data for L limited to military studies
Decontamination data for HD more readily available
No decontamination information exists for HL
C-539
Surface Decontamination of Blister Agents Lewisite, Sulfur Mustard and Agent Yellow
Harry Stone | Battelle Memorial Institute
-------
Objectives of this Study
> Determine efficacy of several decontaminants applied to nonporous
building materials.
Apply to surfaces contaminated with HD, L and HL
Semi-quantitative analysis to determine whether toxic byproducts are formed
> Determine whether efficacy of decontaminants applied to surfaces
contaminated with a mixture of blister agents (HL) can be predicted
based on the performance of these products against the individual
components (HD and L) of the mixture.
Chemicals
Lewisite (L) j
Lewisite (LI)
C2H2AsCI3
^ .j Lewisite 3 (L3)
| ! C6H6AsCI3
; Lewisite 2 (L2)
! C4H2AsCI3
90%
1%
9%
i Sulfur Mustard (HD) i
C-540
Surface Decontamination of Blister Agents Lewisite, Sulfur Mustard and Agent Yellow
Harry Stone | Battelle Memorial Institute
-------
Common Known Degradation Byproducts of L
Lewisite (LI)
C2H2AsCI3
Hydrolyze,
+H20
CVAA
CICH=CHAs(OH)2
Oxidize,
CVAOA
CICH=CHAs=0(OH)2
' Lewisite 3 (L3) i
C6H6AsCI3
Dehydrate, -
Lewisite 2 (L2)
C4H2AsCI3
Hydrolyze,
+H20
Lewisite Oxide
CICH=CHAs=0
(CICH=CH)2AsOH
Dehydrate,
-H2O
' [(CICH=CH)2As]0 i
Experimental Approach / Methods I
Bench scale study of the decontamination of building materials using four decontaminants
Materials: wood, metal, glass, and sealed concrete
Decontamination solutions:
household bleach, full strength
household bleach, 10 fold diluted;
hydrogen peroxide 3% solution;
EasyDECONฎ DF200
Extraction of coupons to quantify residual agent
Analyze for agent (HD and Lewisite)
Requires analytical methods for HD and L
Preference to analyze both in same experimental run
Look for byproducts of relevance
It
C-541
Surface Decontamination of Blister Agents Lewisite, Sulfur Mustard and Agent Yellow
Harry Stone | Battelle Memorial Institute
-------
Experimental Approach / Methods
t= 0 min: Apply Agent to Test Coupons and Positive Controls
(1 ul drop per coupon); start of weathering
= t= 30 min: Apply Decontaminant to Test Coupons
t= 60 (or 90) min:
Extract all Coupons in Hexane Solvent
10 min sonication followed by
transfer of aliquot to GC vial (with
derivatization agent) for analysis
Analytical Methods to Quantify Chemical Agents
> Detection of HD by conventional GC/MS is relatively straightforward.
> Detection of L is more complicated:
1. Lewisite itself is a mixture of three vesicant agents: LI, 12, L3
2. Direct injection of L onto GC column does not work (due to reactive nature of Lewisite)
3. Cool on-column injection: Works but still requires frequent change of injection plunger
4. Derivatization (w. butanethiol) of L is possible. This results in analysis of derivatized products for
L-l and 1-2 (defined as der-Ll, and der-L2)
5. This approach cannot separate LI from its hydrolysis product CVAA (similarly der-L2 consists of
L2 and its hydrolysis product)
6. Since L-l and CVAA are both vesicant, getting results for both is advantageous
>Note: Work in progress by NHSRC to use LC-MS/MS for detection of Lewisite
(measurement of Lewisite oxide end product)
C-542
Surface Decontamination of Blister Agents Lewisite, Sulfur Mustard and Agent Yellow
Harry Stone | Battelle Memorial Institute
-------
Efficacy Definitions/ Calculations
>Amounts recovered from spike controls, test coupons, and positive controls are used to
calculate efficacy and relative efficacy.
Efficacy: % decrease of test coupon amount (MTC) compared to amount applied (Ma):
Efficacy = 100 x
This value includes losses due to e.g., evaporation which can be significant
Relative Efficacy: % decrease of test coupon amount (MTC) compared to positive control amount (Mp
Relative Efficacy = 100 x
MPC - MTC
M
PC
Decontamination Results 1: Sulfur Mustard
30 min interaction time
Glass
Efficacy
^Relative Efficacy
> Data is compilation of EPA data
(2011) limited to wood, metal,
and glass, and current study.
> Not all combinations of material
and decontaminant were tested
for HD.
> Bleach (Full Strength) is more
efficacious than diluted Bleach.
> Hydrogen peroxide solution
(3%) is not highly efficacious.
C-543
Surface Decontamination of Blister Agents Lewisite, Sulfur Mustard and Agent Yellow
Harry Stone | Battelle Memorial Institute
-------
Decon Results 2: Agent Yellow (HL); HD
30 min interaction time
^ 120%
ฃ1
y 100%
Q_
& 80%
ra
u
ฃ 60%
Wood Metal
Glass
40%
20%
0%
i
> Bleach (full strength) is more
efficacious than diluted bleach.
> Not shown, relative efficacy
improves appreciably for 60 min
interaction with hydrogen
peroxide.
Efficacy > Hydrogen peroxide (3%) is
Relative Efficacy efficacious when applied to
decon wood; less for metal and
glass.
> Vesicant HD decon byproduct
(mustard sulfone) observed
following decon with hydrogen
peroxide (3%).
Decontamination Results 3: Lewisite
^ 140%
c
01
if 120%
01
Q_
tf 100%
ra
u
4_ Qnฐ/
uj ou/t
>
X 60%
O)
^ 40%
&
[" 20%
30 min interaction time
Wooc
Metal Glass
A-V
I Efficacy
^Relative Efficacy
> Efficacy is >98% for three
decontaminants on wood and
glass (no metal data available).
> Dissipation of Lewisite (and
hydrolysis of byproducts) is main
driver of high efficacy.
C-544
Surface Decontamination of Blister Agents Lewisite, Sulfur Mustard and Agent Yellow
Harry Stone | Battelle Memorial Institute
-------
Decon Results 4: Agent Yellow (HL); L
120%
c
CD
a 100%
Q_
>^
ro 80%
E
uj
ฃ 60%
_ra
a: 40%
o
20%
S
it
0%
30 min interaction time
Wood Metal
Glass
I Efficacy
^Relative Efficacy
> High efficacy for all four
decontaminants; bleach is more
efficacious than diluted bleach.
> L hydrolyses in water; study does
not decouple water efficacy
from decontaminant efficacy.
> Vesicant properties may have
been removed; arsenic
containing decontamination
(end-) products are present on
coupons.
Comparison Decontamination Results:
HDasHDvs. HDasHL
^ 120%
c
| 100%
60%
40%
o 20%
0%
Wood
30 min interaction time
Metal Glass
X
^
II
I
I Efficacy
^Relative Efficacy
C-545
Surface Decontamination of Blister Agents Lewisite, Sulfur Mustard and Agent Yellow
Harry Stone | Battelle Memorial Institute
-------
Comparison Decontamination Results:
Las Lvs. Las HL
30 min interaction time
140%
120%
g- 100%
Wood
20%
0%
Glass
I Efficacy
^Relative Efficacy
Ana lysis of Variance
>Agent, material, decontaminant:
p-values <0.0001
>Contact time: p-value 0.87
>No difference in HD
decontamination whether
applied as HD or HL
p-value
Contrast ._ . . ...
(Scheffe Adi)
HD v HL/H Glass HP3% 30M
HD v HL/H Metal BleachlO% 30M
HD v HL/H Metal BleachlO% 60M
HD v HL/H Metal BleachFS 30M
HD v HL/H Wood BleachlO% 30M
HD v HL/H Wood Bleach 10% 60M
HD v HL/H Wood BleachFS% 30M
HD v HL/H Wood HP3% 30M
Lv HL/L Glass BleachFS% 30M
LvHL/LGlass DF20030M
Lv HL/L Glass HP3%30M
Lv HL/L Glass HP3%60M
Lv HL/L Wood BleachFS 30M
Lv HL/L Wood DF20030M
Lv HL/L Wood HP3%30M
Lv HL/L Wood HP3%60M
C-546
Surface Decontamination of Blister Agents Lewisite, Sulfur Mustard and Agent Yellow
Harry Stone | Battelle Memorial Institute
-------
Summary
>Bleach (full strength), hydrogen peroxide (-containing products) are
efficacious against L and its vesicant byproducts whether applied as L
orHL.
>AII four decontaminants reduced the amount of L recovered from
coupons by >95% (relative efficacy differences lack practical
significance).
>Non-vesicant arsenical compounds are end products of L
decontamination.
Summary (cont.)
Application of dilute bleach showed little or no difference compared
to natural attenuation in the amount of HD recovered from coupons.
>Full strength bleach was the most effective of the four
decontaminants at reducing HD recoverable from coupons.
>Hydrogen peroxide 3% solution and DF200 did decrease the amount
of HD recovered from coupons more than natural attenuation, but
substantial HD remained on some material.
>Very low levels of toxic HD byproducts were generated by hydrogen
peroxide treatment.
>ANOVA indicated no differences for decontamination of HD whether
applied as HD or HL
C-547
Surface Decontamination of Blister Agents Lewisite, Sulfur Mustard and Agent Yellow
Harry Stone | Battelle Memorial Institute
-------
Questions ?
C-548
Surface Decontamination of Blister Agents Lewisite, Sulfur Mustard and Agent Yellow
Harry Stone | Battelle Memorial Institute
-------
2015 U.S. EPA International
Decontamination Research
and Development Conference
Thursday, May 7, 2015
General Session 4
Decision Support Tools and Guidance Documents
C-549
-------
Exceptional itrviee in the national interest
Estimating the Cost and Time for Recovery
from WMD or FMD Events Under
Resource Constraints
Robert Knowlton, Mark Tucker, Scott Olson, and Kurt Hollowell
Sandia National Laboratories
Topics
National Planning Scenarios
PATH/AWARE Tool for WMD Recovery
Resource Constraints
Agricultural Security (AgSec) Module
Future Plans
C-550
Estimating the Cost and Time for Recovery from WMD or FMD Events Under Resource Constraints
Robert Knowlton | Sandia National Laboratories
-------
The U.S. has done much to assess national
threats from Weapons of Mass Destruction
(WMD) (i.e., chemical-biological-radioactive-
nuclear, explosive (CBRNE)) releases, as well as
natural disasters and cyber attacks. Planning
tools for response exist, but tools to estimate the
cost/time of recovery efforts are limited.
National Planning Scenarios
Scenario 1: Nuclear Detonation - 10-kiloton Improvised Nuclear Device
Scenario 2: Biological Attack-Aerosol Anthrax
Scenario 3: Biolo
Scenario 4: Biol>
Scenario 5: Che
Scenario 6: Che
Scenario 7: Che
Scenario 8: Che
Scenario 9: Natii
Scenario 10: Na
Scenario 11: Ra
.;:!,: :-.. *^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H^^ " '-
Scenario 13: Biological Attack-Food Contamination
Scenario 14: Biological Attack - Foreign Animal Disease (Foot-and-Mouth Disease)
Scenario 15: Cyber Attack
Biological Scenarios
j Chemical Scenarios
1 Radiological Scenario
1 Nuclear Scenario
1 Explosive Scenario
2 Natural Disaster Scenarios
1 Cyber Attack Scenario
aken from:
ttp://www.femagov/txt/media/f
ctsheets/2009/npd_natl_plan_
mario.txt
C-551
Estimating the Cost and Time for Recovery from WMD or FMD Events Under Resource Constraints
Robert Knowlton | Sandia National Laboratories
-------
In a wide area recovery event, multiple remediation
strategies (and trade-offs) exist
Following a wide-area release:
There will be a loss of functionality across many
systems in multiple jurisdictions
Resources available to respond to and restore the area
will be extremely limited
Time to complete restoration will be lengthy, possibly
years
Decision makers will need to know:
What resources are needed? Where do those
resources get applied?
How long will the cleanup take? When will significant
functions be restored?
Which assets have been contaminated? What
functions have been impacted?
What are the interdependencies? How will these be
factored into the restoration strategy?
Sandia National Laboratories has the capability to address these
issues with several comprehensive decision support tools
10
PATH/AWARE for WMD Scenarios
The Prioritization Analysis Tool for All-Hazards/Analyzer for
Wide-Area Restoration Effectiveness (PATH/AWARE) was
developed to address chem-bio-rad WMD scenarios
PATH/AWARE is a comprehensive decision support tool, that
has the following attributes:
A Geographical Information System (GIS) to manage spatial data
A comprehensive database to manage user scenario data, building
density data, and critical infrastructure
The initial version of the tool was developed as a Windows desktop
tool (i.e., thick client)
Recently the tool was converted to a web-based architecture (i.e., thin
client) and is part of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency's (DTRA's)
TaCBoaRD system
C-552
Estimating the Cost and Time for Recovery from WMD or FMD Events Under Resource Constraints
Robert Knowlton | Sandia National Laboratories
-------
Zone Concepts in PATH/AWARE
PATH/AWARE has a 2-tiered approach to zonation
Top level relates to the notional severity of the contamination
Red zone - highly contaminated
Yellow zone - less contaminated
Green zone-uncontaminated
Lower level (i.e., Remediation Unit [RU]) relates to the size of an
area that would be remediated during a particular phase of
recovery; the user can prioritize the order in which each RU is
remediated
12
Decision Rules in AWARE
Initial screening
sampling
(to determine the extent of
contamination and whether
buildings are contaminated) j
3nce a site has been sampled, the
sampling teams can move on to
the next site even though the lab
re not complete
Characterization
(including the ability to use
confidence-based
statistical sampling design)
AWARE assigns
available resources,
applies decision rules
and calculates various
measures on a daily
basis in order to
estimate the time and
cost of recovery
Decontamination
(including surface decon,
fumigation & waste
disposal)
; Clearance
icluding the ability to use
confidence-based
atistical sampling design)
C-553
Estimating the Cost and Time for Recovery from WMD or FMD Events Under Resource Constraints
Robert Knowlton | Sandia National Laboratories
-------
PATH/AWARE Web-based Tool
PATH/AWARE has 5 portlets to facilitate scenario analyses
RU Tool - the Remediation Unit (RU) Tool
allows the user to import spatial polygons
(e.g., plume model results), to create RU
polygons, to assign building densities.
Asset Tool - the Asset Tool assembles the
results of a Google search for critical
infrastructure, allows the user to add
assets, to calculate indoor areas of
buildings, and to edit asset information
PATH/AWARE Web-based Tool
PATH Tool - allows users to weight
criteria for objectives and functions, to
develop a prioritized list of the critical
infrastructure to be remediated, while
accounting for dependencies.
AWARE Tool - allows users to input
parameters for sampling, lab analysis,
waste handling & disposal,
decontamination options, and
clearance sampling
C-554
Estimating the Cost and Time for Recovery from WMD or FMD Events Under Resource Constraints
Robert Knowlton | Sandia National Laboratories
-------
PATH/AWARE Web-based Tool
Analysis Tool - provides the results of
the cost/time estimates in several
formats:
Statistical summary of RU areas
Cost of recovery
Resource utilization on a daily basis
Resource utilization as a function of the
overall effort
Schedule table
Schedule graphic
Resource Constraints
PATH/AWARE provides a
summary of the percentage
of time that critical resources
are 100% utilized
These parameters include:
Samplingteams
Lab throughput
Decontamination resources
Typically, a scenario is
developed with resources
known to be readily
available, then the results
reviewed, and if utilization is
an issue additional resources
added, if available, to reduce
chokepoints in the schedule
18
C-555
Estimating the Cost and Time for Recovery from WMD or FMD Events Under Resource Constraints
Robert Knowlton | Sandia National Laboratories
-------
An outbreak of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in
livestock would be devastating
Historical outbreaks of livestock diseases have had
significant impacts:
In 2001, the UK had an FMD outbreak that resulted in
the slaughter of over 4M livestock and caused over
$6B in agricultural and food chain losses.
An FMD outbreak in Korea in 2010-2011 resulted in
the slaughter of over 3M livestock and $2B in financial
losses.
The occurrence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy
(BSE) in a dairy cow in the US in 2003 resulted in over
$3B in lost revenue due to export restrictions.
Following an FMD outbreak there will be tough
decisions:
Should vaccination be considered?
Should depopulation occur both in the infected zone
and a buffer zone?
Several options exist for disposing of carcasses, which
option, or options, are best, given time and resource
constraints?
19
AgSec Module
The Agricultural Security (AgSec) module within PATH/AWARE is also a
web-based tool
Information on FMD recovery was obtained from a variety of sources,
including the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service (APHIS) publication "Foot-and-Mouth
Disease Response Plan - The Red Book"
A set of requirements for the software were developed
A spreadsheet application was developed that implements most of the
logic for the tool to aid with the tool development and with code
testing
Reference data (e.g., cost of equipment rental, manpower rates, etc.)
from the literature and the web have been documented for inclusion
in the spreadsheet application and the AgSec module of PATH/AWARE
20
C-556
Estimating the Cost and Time for Recovery from WMD or FMD Events Under Resource Constraints
Robert Knowlton | Sandia National Laboratories
-------
Key Components of the AgSec Module
The modules that have been defined for
the tool are:
Vaccination
Depopulation (including multiple
options for euthanizing livestock such
as captive bolt, gunshot, and
injection)
Composting (including carbon source
estimation)
Rendering (including transportation)
Captive Bolt
Composting
Carcass grinding
21
Key Components of the AgSec Module (continued)
The modules that have been defined for
the tool are:
Off-site Incineration (including
transportation)
On-site Incineration (with portable air-
curtain incinerators)
Off-site landfill burial (including
transportation)
On-site trench burial
On-site Open Burning
In addition, the AgSec module has a
Disposal Decision Tree and check list, as
well as a Decision Options Matrix to aid
the decision maker
Commercial incinerator
Air curtain incinerator
C-557
Estimating the Cost and Time for Recovery from WMD or FMD Events Under Resource Constraints
Robert Knowlton | Sandia National Laboratories
-------
AgSec Module Functionality
The input parameters for developing cost/time estimates for
disposal options are grouped as follows:
Personnel resources (e.g., veterinarian, laborer, loader operator, etc.)
Disposable supplies (e.g., PPE, syringes for vaccination, carbon source,
etc.)
Equipment, purchases and rentals (e.g., loader, captive bolt, etc.)
Transportation options
Decontamination/disinfection
Processing rates
Disposal charges
AgSec Module Functionality (continued)
The AgSec module has:
GIS spatial analysis
capability
The ability to create feed
lot polygons to represent
the location and numbers
of livestock infected, or
suspected of being
infected
The tool automatically
generates buffer,
vaccination, and
surveillance zones around
infected feed lots
C-558
Estimating the Cost and Time for Recovery from WMD or FMD Events Under Resource Constraints
Robert Knowlton | Sandia National Laboratories
-------
AgSec Module Functionality (continued)
The AgSec module has:
A database of locations
for rendering facilities,
incinerators, and landfills
(largely taken from EPA's
iWASTE tool)
The tool automatically
calculates a straight-line
distance between a feed
lot and the disposal
facility selected, to make
it easier for the user to
estimate transportation
distances
AgSec Module Functionality (continued)
The AgSec module has output
results for each disposal
option that summarize:
Personnel cost
Operations cost
Total cost
Time to complete
If the cost or time are not
acceptable due to resource
constraints, the user iterates
to a more desirable result
Some States have rules about
how quickly carcasses shall be
disposed, and that may
influence the selection of the
disposal options
C-559
Estimating the Cost and Time for Recovery from WMD or FMD Events Under Resource Constraints
Robert Knowlton | Sandia National Laboratories
-------
AgSec Module Functionality (continued)
The AgSec module also has a
Disposal Decision Tree and
check list
The software provides
estimates of essential
resources needed for the
various disposal options (e.g.,
land needed for composting
windrows, volume of carbon
needed, etc.)
The user is asked to supply
available resources and the
software computes a capacity
estimate to determine if this is
a viable option
AgSec Module Functionality (continued)
The AgSec module also has a
Decision Options Matrix
The Matrix provides a ranking
of the various disposal options
based on key criteria, such as:
Availability
Throughput
Volume reduction
Cost effectiveness
Public health risk
Public acceptance
C-560
Estimating the Cost and Time for Recovery from WMD or FMD Events Under Resource Constraints
Robert Knowlton | Sandia National Laboratories
-------
Future Plans
Proposal in to the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to
add modules for the following:
A building demolition and disposal module that would aid with natural
disaster and IND scenarios
A module for estimating the cost/time of rebuilding infrastructure
Modules to make PATH/AWARE an all-hazards analysis tool
Hurricanes
Floods
Earthquakes
IND
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the sponsors of this work, including:
The Department of Homeland Security, Office of Science and
Technology, Chemical-Biological Directorate
The Department of Defense, Defense Threat Reduction Agency
C-561
Estimating the Cost and Time for Recovery from WMD or FMD Events Under Resource Constraints
Robert Knowlton | Sandia National Laboratories
-------
&EPA
United Slates
Environmental Protection
Agency
WASTE ESTIMATION SUPPORT TOOL FOR
DEVELOPING DECONTAMINATION AND
WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR
WIDE-AREA RADIOLOGICAL INCIDENTS
&
2015 EPA International
Decontamination Research and
Development Conference
Office of Research and Development
Nation a! Homeland Security Research Center
Paul Lemieux
US EPA, Office of Research and Development
Dan Schultheisz, Tom Peake
US EPA, Office of Radiation and Indoor Air
Colin Hayes, Tim Boe
Eastern Research Group
Morrisville, NC
&EPA
'ironmental Protection
Disclaimer
Reference herein to any specific commercial
products, process, or service by trade name,
trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not
necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
recommendation, or favoring by the United States
Government. The views and opinions of authors
expressed herein do not necessarily state or
reflect those of the United States Government, and
shall not be used for advertising or product
endorsement purposes.
\-
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-562
Waste Estimation Support Tool for Developing Decontamination and Waste Management Strategies for Wide-Area Radiological Incidents
Timothy Boe | Eastern Research Group
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Pnrnnco
LJ I IJUOt?
GIS-based tool that can assist in planning/preparedness activities at
all levels of government
-Radiological Dispersal Device (ROD) waste management issues linked
with decontamination and restoration timeline
-Waste management decisions need to be made early
Waste Estimation Support Tool (WEST) Facilitates
-First-order estimate of waste quantity and activity
-Pre-selection of disposal options
- ID of potential triage/staging/storage within each zone or surrounding
area
-Assessment of impact of decontamination strategies on waste
generation
-Assessment of impact of waste management strategies on
decontamination decisions
-Identify resource limitations and response bottlenecks
-Identify starting points for policy discussions
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
ironmental Protection
Adjustable Parameters
*
Demolition/decontamination decisions
-Default % for all buildings within each zone
-Custom based on 28 user specific occupancy types (e.g.,
single family homes, industrial buildings, etc.)
% Distribution of decontamination technologies
(includes solid/aqueous waste, removed material per
unit area)
-Water Washing
-Abrasive removal
-Strippable coatings
-2 optional "generic" decontamination technologies
-"No decontamination" option
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-563
Waste Estimation Support Tool for Developing Decontamination and Waste Management Strategies for Wide-Area Radiological Incidents
Timothy Boe | Eastern Research Group
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Aqencv
WEST Methodology
*^ *
Waste Estimate Results
Override
Default Data
Demolition &
Deconta mi nation
Decisions
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
&EPA WEST software
Plume/Deposition Map
Scenario Management:
Custom Software
^^^^^^^^B
Eslimatton ^mr
Support Tool
GIS Tools:
^FcGIS/Hazus/Custom Software Workflow Processing'
Custom Software
waste estimation UUFST
SuoDort Tool
- ^Z^^^^Z. .-^-f
GIS
ncident Boundaries
Affected Infrastructure
'Ground Surfaces
Time Elapsed/Radionuclide Activity i'Bj^i'
Decontamination Strategy
Spreadsheet
^ Waste Results
C-564
Waste Estimation Support Tool for Developing Decontamination and Waste Management Strategies for Wide-Area Radiological Incidents
Timothy Boe | Eastern Research Group
-------
WARRP Scenario
\-
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
Wide Area Recovery and Resiliency Program (Denver Metro Area)
C-565
Waste Estimation Support Tool for Developing Decontamination and Waste Management Strategies for Wide-Area Radiological Incidents
Timothy Boe | Eastern Research Group
-------
Environmental Protection
Agency
Occupancy Type Distribution
* ซP
Target susceptible populations by specific infrastructure
types (e.g., schools or residences)
Potentially an important consideration for determining the
most effective decontamination strategy
Roughly half of infrastructure within the WARRP scenario
consisted of schools and residences
BBS" 'Z.
ซ Schools/Residences Everything ?ke
&EPA
Example Input: Decon/ Demolition Parameters
Environmental Protection
a
1
1
1
1
I
a
| 100
1
1
1
1
I
1
"1
1
C-566
Waste Estimation Support Tool for Developing Decontamination and Waste Management Strategies for Wide-Area Radiological Incidents
Timothy Boe | Eastern Research Group
-------
&EPA Demolition/Decon Assumptions:
^ "-"to" Mostly Decon Approach
Media
Asphalt
Concrete
Soil
External Walls
Roofs
Interior Walls
Floors
Zone 1
Residences/education
10 % demolition
90 % decontamination
Everything else
0 % demolition
100 % decontamination
2.5 cm removal - 50%
Wash - 50 %
2.5 cm removal - 50 %
Wash - 50 %
15 cm removal - 100 %
Wash -100%
Wash -100%
Wash -100%
Mop - 100 %
Zone 2
Residences/education
0 % demolition
100 % decontamination
Everything else
0 % demolition
100 % decontamination
2.5 cm removal - 25 %
Wash - 75 %
2.5 cm removal -25 %
Wash - 75 %
15 cm removal - 50 %
Wash -100%
Wash -100%
Grinding - 50 %
Strippable Coating - 50
%
Mop - 100 %
Zone 3
Residences/education
0 % demolition
100 % decontamination
Everything else
0 % demolition
100 % decontamination
2.5 cm removal - 10 %
Wash - 90 %
2.5 cm removal - 10 %
Wash - 90 %
1 5 cm removal - 25 %
Wash -100%
Wash -100%
None
Mop - 100 %
&EPA Demolition/Decon Assumptions:
s^s, Proton Mostly Demolition Approach
Media
Asphalt
Concrete
Soil
External Walls
Roofs
Interior Walls
Floors
Zone 1
Residences/education
100 % demolition
0 % decontamination
Everything else
50 % demolition
50 % decontamination
2.5 cm removal - 70 %
Wash - 30 %
2.5 cm removal - 70 %
Wash - 30 %
15 cm removal - 100 %
Wash -100%
Wash - 100 %
Wash - 100 %
Mop - 100 %
Zone 2
Residences/education
50 % demolition
50 % decontamination
Everything else
0 % demolition
100 % decontamination
2.5 cm removal - 50 %
Wash - 50 %
2.5 cm removal - 50 %
Wash - 50 %
15 cm removal - 50 %
Wash -100%
Wash - 100 %
Grinding - 50 %
Strippable Coating - 50 %
Mop - 100 %
Zone 3
Residences/education
0 % demolition
100 % decontamination
Everything else
0 % demolition
100 % decontamination
2.5 cm removal - 30 %
Wash - 70 %
2.5 cm removal - 30 %
Wash - 70 %
15 cm removal - 25 %
Wash - 50 %
Wash - 50 %
None
Mop - 100 %
C-567
Waste Estimation Support Tool for Developing Decontamination and Waste Management Strategies for Wide-Area Radiological Incidents
Timothy Boe | Eastern Research Group
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
4.50E+05
4.00E+05
ซ 3.50E+05
-S 3.00E+05
I 2.50E+05
E 2.00E+05
| 1.50E+05
S 1.00E+05
5.00E+04
O.OOE+00
Example of Demolition and Decon
Waste from the WARRP Scenario
3.84E+05
I
o
o>
a
a)
+j
(0
(0
c
o
u
a)
O
7.46E+03
Zonel
5.13E+04
O.OOE+00
4.00E+06
3.50E+06
ป 3.00E+06
o 2.50E+06
| 2.00E+06
$ 1.50E+06
S 1.00E+06
5.00E+05
O.OOE+00
J O.OOE+00 O.OOE+00
Zone 2 Zone 3
Mostly Decontamination Scenario Mostly Demolition Scenario
3.37E+06 3.44E+06
5.85E+04 6.13E+04
1.35E+05 1.46E+05
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3
Mostly Decontamination Scenario Mostly Demolition Scenario
&EPA Example of Liquid Waste from the
Environmental Protection
Agency
9.00E+08
8.00E+08
7.00E+08
6.00E+08
w
c
T5 5.00E+08
O)
| 4.00E+08
"o
3.00E+08
2.00E+08
1.00E+08
O.OOE+00
WARRP scenario
7.09E+07
Zone 1
Mostly Decontamination Scenario
Zone 2
ZoneS
Mostly Demolition Scenario
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-568
Waste Estimation Support Tool for Developing Decontamination and Waste Management Strategies for Wide-Area Radiological Incidents
Timothy Boe | Eastern Research Group
-------
&EPA
United Slates
Environmental Protection
Agency
Example Estimated Solid Waste
Activity (|jCi/m3)
otnce or Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
Mostly Decontamination
Scenario: Demolition Waste
B Mostly Demolition Scenario:
Demolition Waste
Mostly Decontamination
Scenario: Decontamination Waste
Mostly Demolition Scenario:
Decontamination Waste
&EPA
ironmental Protection
Example Mostly Decon Scenario: Demolition
of Solid Waste (Mass in kg) Map
\-
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-569
Waste Estimation Support Tool for Developing Decontamination and Waste Management Strategies for Wide-Area Radiological Incidents
Timothy Boe | Eastern Research Group
-------
&EPA Example Mostly Demolition Scenario:
Demolition Solid Waste (Mass in kg) Map
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
ironmental Protection
Implications Identified by the Tool
rf
\-
Highlights benefits of considering waste and when
selecting decontamination options
Further define decontamination strategy based on
infrastructure, time, & radionuclide activity
Advantages of on-site treatment to reduce waste
-Soil is prime candidate for on-site treatment and waste
minimization activities
Identifies starting point for policy discussions
-Use of conventional or haz. waste landfills for
minimally-contaminated materials
-Use of low-level radioactive waste disposal capacity for
materials contaminated at higher levels
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-570
Waste Estimation Support Tool for Developing Decontamination and Waste Management Strategies for Wide-Area Radiological Incidents
Timothy Boe | Eastern Research Group
-------
United Slates
Environmental Protection
Agency
WEST 30 (September '15)
ป i
Interface Updates
Updated interface
Improved functionality for enterprise
computing systems
Generate report
Mapping results
Reports Screen
&EPA
Future Plans
\-
Short Term
-Biological support
-Vehicle waste support
-Hazus updates
Long Term
-Blast Debris Support (i.e.,
Improvised Nuclear
Device)
-Estimation of required
resources (beginnings of
cost estimation)
-Additional waste factors
- Documentation/training
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
Improvised Nuclear
Device Scenario
C-571
Waste Estimation Support Tool for Developing Decontamination and Waste Management Strategies for Wide-Area Radiological Incidents
Timothy Boe | Eastern Research Group
-------
Thank You
Contact Info:
Paul Lemieux
lemieux.paul@epa.gov
919-541-0962
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-572
Waste Estimation Support Tool for Developing Decontamination and Waste Management Strategies for Wide-Area Radiological Incidents
Timothy Boe | Eastern Research Group
-------
Developing Biological Operational Response
and Recovery Guidance for Rapid Return to
Service of Underground Transportation
Presented: 2015 EPA International
Decontamination R&D Conference
Robert Fischer (LLNL), Scott Davison (SNL)
Ellen Raber, Dianne Gates-Anderson,
Hank Khan, Sav Mancieri
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
A joint DHS-EPA project is underway to protect the
Nation's Underground Transportation Systems
Underground Transportation Restoration (UTR) Project Goals:
- Deliver first comprehensive federal guidance to decrease time to
return a subway system to service following a biological agent event
- Streamline process to map contamination levels and boundaries
- Field test efficacious, cost-effective, decontamination technologies,
and isolation techniques for stations, tunnels, and rolling stock
- Improve sampling and analysis process for clearance, reducing
burden on laboratory network performing sample analysis
- Exercise guidance with system operators and public health officials
Translate what we know about 'clean' building recovery to a complex, 'harsh' environment
The challenge is to design a phased recovery plan that rapidly restores transit operations
V Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
C-573
Developing Biological Operational Response and Recovery Guidance for Rapid Return to Service of Underground Transportation Robert Fischer | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
-------
UTR Project Incorporates Technical Data with Transit
Agency Needs into one Integrated Rapid Return to
Service (RRS) Strategy
Large Amounts of Technical Data Generated by Project Teams
Modeling
Characterization
Decontamination Technologies/Techniques
Operational Technology Demonstrations
Clearance
Response strategies must align and support the needs of two user groups
(Transit and Responding agencies)
Safe and efficient shutdown of operations leveraging a rapid system restart
Rapid system characterization to determine extent of impact
Phased restart of transit system
Integration of response community assets with transit operations to prioritize recovery efforts
Technical Data, Response Strategies (Guidance), and User Group needs are
then integrated into one Return to Service Strategy
Key decisions and actions
Specific transit agency information
Focus on restoring transit service in the shortest amount of time
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
The project encompasses three major focus areas
1. Identify Technologies to Expedite
Timely Recovery
Characterization
Decontamination
Clearance
2. Validate Technologies Through Field
Demonstrations
Rolling Stock Decontamination
Infrastructure Decontamination
Rapid Characterization Techniques
3. Rapid Return to Service Strategy
Integration of technologies
National and Transit agency specific guidance
Exercise guidance with transit agencies and response
personnel
^ Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
C-574
Developing Biological Operational Response and Recovery Guidance for Rapid Return to Service of Underground Transportation Robert Fischer | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
-------
Phased return-to-service
strategy (initial, interim and
final) for critical operations
Infrastructure-specific
decontamination plans
Rolling stock characterization
and recovery plans
Guidance for waste
management and minimization
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
The UTR decision process will be consistent with the
six phase DHS-EPA interagency guidance (OSTP)
ซ!rivniซuapninijซ
^ Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
C-575
Developing Biological Operational Response and Recovery Guidance for Rapid Return to Service of Underground Transportation Robert Fischer | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
-------
; guidance is being optimized to integrate transit
agency needs with response and recovery options
Information Gathering Meetings,
BART, WMATA, NYCT (initial), for
key information to develop draft
RRS Strategy
Develop Draft RRS Decision Tree(s)
User Interface Tool DevelopmentRAPID
Add Transit Agency Specific Data
Draft Transit Agency RRS Plans
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Transit Agency
Workshops
Optimize Systems Integration:
Generic RRS Guidance
Templates for Transit Agencies
Transit Agency RRS Plans
Decontamination
Characterization
Modeling
Rolling Stock
Infrastructure
Waste Management
Finalize
Guidance document and software tool
Transit agency specific guidance/strategy/tools
Guidance will be developed for both the
national level and partner transit systems
T
UTR Project Scope
UTR partner
operational
procedures*
New York City Transit
Actionable Operational Level
Decision-Making Template for
UTR Partner Transit Agencies
(Populated with collected partner-specific
National Level Guidance for Input to
Operational Level Templates
*Potential candidates for DHS grants to support the development of detailed transit agency specific response plans
' Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
C-576
Developing Biological Operational Response and Recovery Guidance for Rapid Return to Service of Underground Transportation Robert Fischer | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
-------
Crisis Management
Notification
Receive and
information
First
Response
Hazardous
materials
(HAZMAT)
and emergency
Crisis
Management
Consequence Management
Characterization
Detailed agent
characterization
Characterization of
Remediation
Source reduction
Decontamination
strategy
Clearance
Clearance
analyses
Restoration
Renovation
Reoccupation
decision
Waste
Management
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
A software tool is being developed to guide
users through response and recovery operations
Targeted for
both Transit
and Responder
personnel
Software
Tool
Tool utilizes Adobe Air runtime software
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
C-577
Developing Biological Operational Response and Recovery Guidance for Rapid Return to Service of Underground Transportation Robert Fischer | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
-------
eractive response architecture
Recovery Assessment Planning and
Integrated Decision tool
RAPID
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Each response phase expands to more detail
guiding the user through key actions steps
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Help
C-578
Developing Biological Operational Response and Recovery Guidance for Rapid Return to Service of Underground Transportation Robert Fischer | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
-------
Steps are expandable to allow additional levels
of information to be provided to the user
,3Tiฑi Dialog Box
Dialog Box
Process step expansion options:
Dialog Box
Decision Box
Additional expanded decision tree
Information Page
Ability to link to supporting and
specific information and procedures
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Dialog boxes record details about actions and
decisions taken during the recovery process
101
Record noles for completion of box 1D1 -Suspect release site{s} identified
Notes
Single action process steps
go directly to a dialog box
to record notes about the
action /decision or link
supporting documentation
1
Author
Link:
| Attachment:
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
C-579
Developing Biological Operational Response and Recovery Guidance for Rapid Return to Service of Underground Transportation Robert Fischer | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
-------
Decision boxes record details about critical
decisions made during the recovery process
Choice Branch
O
Incident / TTneat Credible
Not Credible; Response Complete
Author:
bnh;
Attachment:
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Expansion of key steps allows for more detail
and facilitates the incorporation of RRS strategy
Expanded
Key RTS Strategy Steps
1. Transit Agency EOC Activated
2. Initial Notifications Made
^ Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
C-580
Developing Biological Operational Response and Recovery Guidance for Rapid Return to Service of Underground Transportation Robert Fischer | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
-------
Information Page is provided
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
The Information page provides for additional
expansion of guidance and identifies key actions in the
form of a checklist
UTR Decision Framework Information Page
12.QS Ptrfofm additional emergency a
Perform Additional Em>ri>ncy Actions
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
C-581
Developing Biological Operational Response and Recovery Guidance for Rapid Return to Service of Underground Transportation Robert Fischer | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
-------
Transit agency actions are clearly delineated in a
separate section of the information page
Agencies
Key Actions/Decisions
Information/Data
Resources/Assets Needed:
Supporting Information:
B Continued support for estimation and
f^Decision on potential rtatituvpSatf cum
shutdown
T ra nstt Agenc y H armat
Response Plans/evacuation
plans/ system shutdown plans
List of emergency response
and public hearth
organizations
Evacuation plans and
procedures
Emergency signs, yellow tape
and cones
Utility shutdown list (and
locations)
Train Control
Stop or reroute trains
iHlnrtiate utilities n
Transit Agency Hazmat
plans/ system shutdown plan
Precauti ona ry ( or lot a 1 )
gates, doors, etc.)
Track power
Ventilation syste
| Continued support for estimation and
ontainment of potentially contaminated area(s)
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Transit Agency-specific
evacuation/shutdown plans for
underground and aboveg round
stations, raikars,
tunnels/tubes, and utility
systems
Information regarding air flow
and potential cross-
contamination routes to
minimize spread of material an
allow for potential mitigation
Possible containment/barrier
Supporting plans and details as
available.
List of crttkal Utility systems
(that cannot be shutdown)
rgency operational
plans
Dialog boxes record details about actions and
decisions taken during the recovery process
Each
che(
brine
^ Lawrenc
.- ^_ ^ rt^-flnmn
1" mam ป endeto meow ซt *ซซ . HUM
- trea
key action / decis
;kbox on info page
s up a dialog box
record details
TimMAewer
e Livermore National Labc
KซfAand
on
s
to
DAW.J
ratory
^KWVpMlVWCNWaCMey ซ**ปซ*<** fCOCMM***ซMl*l|MttPซ Ul
Process Step Details x
Page: 100-3-Aetlvaie EQCs
Site: ALL
Process Sleo; Activate EOC(s)
Choice:
Date: Tue Apr 2820:30:26 GMT-0600 2015
Notes:
Author None
Lmk: I <*> |
Attachmenc None | Q |
I Continue j | ^ | | ^
T
ID
L
iv^sa ป
C-582
Developing Biological Operational Response and Recovery Guidance for Rapid Return to Service of Underground Transportation Robert Fischer | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
-------
.,'-,
w Response
1-tlolihcaUon
ซ ^2-Firel Response
* Rซm*
-------
C-584
Developing Biological Operational Response and Recovery Guidance for Rapid Return to Service of Underground Transportation Robert Fischer | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
-------
ArgonneJ
Challenges in Applying Old Data to New
Paradigms in Wide-Area, Urban
Radiological Response and Recovery
Michael Kaminski,1 Sang Don Lee,2 Matthew Magnuson2
'Nuclear Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory
2U.S. EPA National Homeland Security Research Center
..
2015 EPA International Decontamination
Development Conference
"
National Homeland Security Research Center
'?; ENERGY
After World War 11
Nevada Test Site researchers studied the
characteristics of fallout
- radioisotope distribution patterns along the
fallout path
- characteristics of the fallout particles
Majority of radioactivity very short-lived
radioisotopes
Two major contributors to long-lived
radioisotopes (half-life greater than months or
years).
- Radioactivity associated with solid particulate (>10 urn) that condensed close to ground
zero
- Radioactivity associated with volatile isotopes that could be carried by a plume(cesium,
<10 urn)
First reports describe techniques for solid particles
- Wait...
- Fire hose washing, vacuum sweeping of roadways, and commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS)
sand blasters, detergent scrubbers, washers, steam cleaners, and vacuums.
015 EPA Decontamination Research and Development Conference
C-585
Challenges in Applying Old Data to New Paradigms in Wide-Area Urban Radiological Response and Recovery
Michael Kaminski | Argonne National Laboratory
-------
Nuclear Reactor Accidents
Nuclear power fleet expanded in the 1970s
U.S. NRC published first summary of
decontamination methods in response to a
nuclear power accident
- Simply repeated previous slide.
Swedes built a reactor
- Danes published calculations of the impact of a
core meltdown on Danish territory .
- Followed up with a review of the techniques
gathered by the U.S. during the 1960s.
- Roed first identified the difficulty in removing
cesium deposited onto roofing material after
Barseback nuclear power plant
The UK initiated laboratory studies on sandblasting, steam cleaning, and ammonium
nitrate wash to remove cesium from new and old building materials after both wet and
dry deposition.
ation Research and Development Confer
Chernobyl Accident
Wake up call
Nuclear community needs formal plan
to institute large-scale remediation
A summary publication (IAEA) on large-scale
environmental decontamination methods
quickly followed
- Recognized that methods developed in areas
immediately surrounding a nuclear reactor and
D&D of nuclear facilities would be too
expensive for large-scale use.
- Also, methods developed for environmental
cleanup concentrated on grasslands and,
therefore, were more applicable to agricultural
fields.
- Wide area methods were desperately needed.
ation Research and Development Confer
C-586
Challenges in Applying Old Data to New Paradigms in Wide-Area Urban Radiological Response and Recovery
Michael Kaminski | Argonne National Laboratory
-------
Valuable Resources
EURANOS
First comprehensive guide provides thorough decision
trees from planning to response to training.
UK Recovery Handbooks for Radiation Incidents
- Patterned after EURANOS.
Decontamination Guidelines
- Japanese Ministry of the Environment to "explain
[decontamination] processes in a concrete and
straightforward manner" revised based on lessons'
learned in Japan.
Shortcomings
- Recovery phase documents
- Focused on nuclear detonation and reactor accident
- Details of method (chemicals, procedures) missing
- DF data based on limited data and is very material
specific
- Lack of process to guide decision making at every level
radioactive levels before
2015 EPA Deconta
DF = -
radioactivity levels after
Generic handbook tot a^istiug in iii.
emergency
EURANOS
UK Recovery Handbook for
Radiation Incidents:
Inhabited Areas
A Nlsbel, J Brown. H Rochford. T Cablanca and
A Jones
C-587
Challenges in Applying Old Data to New Paradigms in Wide-Area Urban Radiological Response and Recovery
Michael Kaminski | Argonne National Laboratory
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ROD Fallout
Summary of Methods for Urban Building Materials
Strippable Coatings
Clay Film Coatings
Fire Hose Washing
High Pressure Wash
Ionic Wash
Sandblasting
Street Sweeping and Vacuum Cleaning
ation Research and Development Confer
C-588
Challenges in Applying Old Data to New Paradigms in Wide-Area Urban Radiological Response and Recovery
Michael Kaminski | Argonne National Laboratory
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Strippable Coatings
Used extensively in the nuclear industry to
control loose, dust-like, surface contamination
Demmer summarized several commercially-
available films during D&D at Idaho National
Laboratory
- DF values varied but were generally 4-20 from
steel and lead bricks.
Andersson investigated six film formulations
for the decontamination of soils.
Gray describes smart coatings that incorporate
a color indicator to ID hotspots.
- DFป100 for steels, glasses, painted aluminum,
and painted cement at Los Alamos National
Laboratory.
Parra et al. review Strippable coatings and
fixatives in response to an ROD.
ation Research and Development Confer
WSRC-MS-98-00122
Clay Film Coatings
4r
Vovk et al. tested a Na form of bentonite clay near
and further away from Chernobyl reactor
- DF=2-20 on whitewashed brick wall, 2 for smooth
concrete, 3 for roofing slate, and 10 for zinc-coated
iron
Ahn et al. used a NH4+-loaded form of
montmorillonite clay
- DF=3.4-4.5 for slate, 2 for silicate brick, and 1.3-1.6
red brick.
Movchan et al. use "Cleadecon" clay coating to decontaminate rural houses in
Vladimirovka and Chernobyl
- DF=2-5.4 for roofs and external walls and DF = 1.8-4.0 silicate bricks .
Distinct trend toward lower DF values over 7 year study (DF=15 for 1987 and DF=1.4 for
1994).
Roed and Andersson use clay paste to decontaminate in Pripyat (DF = 1.6)
Interestingly, none of the above clay-assisted decontamination methods is included
in the EURANOS or UK Handbook.
2015 EPA Decontamination Research and Development Conference
C-589
Challenges in Applying Old Data to New Paradigms in Wide-Area Urban Radiological Response and Recovery
Michael Kaminski | Argonne National Laboratory
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Fire Hose Washing
Studies in the U.S. 1960s to remove
particulates associated with nuclear
detonation fallout
- Established good practices for applying water
for particulate wash down from various
paving and roofing materials
Studies by Warming are the only sources we
have for using a fire hose to remove soluble
radioactivity from asphalt and concrete
pavement
- Fire hosed after 4 to 179 days of natural
weathering outdoors in Denmark
- The technique was generally ineffective (DF =
1.2)
- Inconclusive data
2015 EPA Deconta
n Research and Development Confere
High Pressure Wash
Six materials tested in several
towns contaminated after
Chernobyl
- DF=1.1-1.9.
EPA experiments on pressurized
water to remove aerosolized
CsCI from concrete, brick, and
asphalt
- DF=3.4 for asphalt, DF=1.85 for
brick, and DF=2.2 for concrete
- Values are markedly higher than
above, reflecting particulate
nature of Cs in EPA experiments
Fiฃปn? 2-5: Example of deronta
ation Research and Development Confer
bras*
C-590
Challenges in Applying Old Data to New Paradigms in Wide-Area Urban Radiological Response and Recovery
Michael Kaminski | Argonne National Laboratory
-------
Ionic Wash
Studies from Warming on Danish concrete and
asphalt roadways reported no improvement
using potassium fertilizer added to the wash
water
Sandalls tested NH4+ in UK lab for removal of
cesium from old and aged materials
DeWitt tested up to l.OM NH4+ in lab and
found that concentrations >0.2M gave only
marginal improvement in the DF
- Note: materials wetted before contamination
were easier to decontaminate!!
Sinnuave and Olast used successive methods that included a 0.1M NH4+ wash on tile
from single story home and brick walls in Gavle
- Not surprisingly, the NH4+ rinse did not lead to improved DF
Roed and Andersson studied decontamination exclusive to sandstone walls near the
Chernobyl reactor site (particulate contamination) as well as farther away (soluble
contamination)
- They found that 0.1M NH4+ removed the particulate (DF=3.03) better than the soluble form
(DF=1.27)
ation Research and Development Confer
Ionic Wash
Claret et al. spread aerosol surrogates from a reactor meltdown
explosion that contained cesium and strontium in particulate
form
- NH4+ solution in long washes (2 h, 30 min) could remove cesium
and strontium activity (DF=2.5) from concrete if rain had not
occurred prior to the NH4+washes
- Contamination on the clay tiles proved to be more tenacious (DF=1.
11)
Idaho National Laboratory team developed a wash agent that is
first applied and removed, either by vacuum, or preferably, by
application of clay
- The method was relatively effective in EPA tests for soluble
contaminations with DF = 1.7-11, depending on the building materi
al and radionuclide
Argonne National Laboratory developed a hydrogel ("Argonne
SuperGel")
ation Research and Development Confer
C-591
Challenges in Applying Old Data to New Paradigms in Wide-Area Urban Radiological Response and Recovery
Michael Kaminski | Argonne National Laboratory
-------
Sandblasting
The effect of sandblasting was
reported in several studies but often
as a step in successive methods
- Studies on clay brick and brick walls
removed most of the contamination
resulting from the Chernobyl
accident
Sandalls reported complete removal
with DF>10
Dick and Baker reported that sand-
blasting particulate forms of
contamination was the most
effective technique they tested
ation Research and Development Confer
Street Sweeping and Vacuum Cleaning
Efficiency of motorized street sweepers
(1960's) investigated for nuclear fallout in
particulate form
- Questionable utility because equipment is
outdated
Sinnaeve and Olast were the first to
investigate wet deposition of cesium using
several techniques in succession
- found greater difficulty in removing cesium
from asphalt (DF=1.11) than concrete (DF=2.0)
Vacuum cleaning on "two occasions" was
ineffective in removing simulated soluble
rubidium (surrogate for cesium) from asphalt
pavement
ation Research and Development Confer
C-592
Challenges in Applying Old Data to New Paradigms in Wide-Area Urban Radiological Response and Recovery
Michael Kaminski | Argonne National Laboratory
-------
EPA Testing and Japanese Experience
EPA evaluating technologies to mitigate an ROD
to benchmark technologies available to the
market
- Well-planned studies focus on concrete
decontamination of soluble radionuclides but
studies on granite, marble, and limestone have
been completed more recently.
- Various mechanical and chemical techniques
Japanese urban techniques focus on removing
sediments/solids
- Wiping important! but not part of EURANOS/UK
Handbook.
- New data is massive!
Summary
Techniques specific to nuclear
detonation and reactor explosion
Data
- Inherently very material specific and
may not be directly translated from
one location to another
Country to country, city to city,
neighborhood to neighborhood, buildin
to building
- Details of method (chemicals,
procedures) missing
- Room to improve/develop new methods (before a crisis!)
- Complexity requires modeling basic sensitivity analyses?
- Lack of Decision Support Process
- Stakeholder input/buy-in
Starting point framework is in place by adapting that of EURANOS and UK
Handbook and digesting information from Japan (!).
2015 EPA Decontamination Research and Development Conference
C-593
Challenges in Applying Old Data to New Paradigms in Wide-Area Urban Radiological Response and Recovery
Michael Kaminski | Argonne National Laboratory
-------
Acknowledgments
Work supported by Department of Homeland Security and Technical Support
Working Group.
The U.S. EPA through its Office of Research and Development funded in part the
research described in this presentation. It has been reviewed by the Agency but
does not necessarily reflect the Agency's views. No official endorsement should
be inferred. EPA does not endorse the purchase or sale of any commercial
products or services.
ation Research and Development Confer
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ation Research and Development Confer
C-594
Challenges in Applying Old Data to New Paradigms in Wide-Area Urban Radiological Response and Recovery
Michael Kaminski | Argonne National Laboratory
-------
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2015 EPA Decontamination Research and Development Conference
ninatio
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2015 EPA Decontamination Research and Development Conference
C-595
Challenges in Applying Old Data to New Paradigms in Wide-Area Urban Radiological Response and Recovery
Michael Kaminski | Argonne National Laboratory
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2015 EPA Decontamination Research and Development Conference
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ation Research and Development Confer
C-596
Challenges in Applying Old Data to New Paradigms in Wide-Area Urban Radiological Response and Recovery
Michael Kaminski | Argonne National Laboratory
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Improved Filter Holder and Extraction Protocol for Forensic
Vacuum Collections
JR Aspinwall, Senior Engineer Biosurveillance Division
Engineering Design Evolution
In response to a need for improved collection for bioforensic evidence,
MRIGIobal has developed the Bioforensic Collection Filter (BCF) using
Fibertect fabric to address collection performance deficiencies in the 3M
Trace Evidence Filter. It has been estimated that as many as 20% of 3M
Trace Evidence filters fail during collection. The most common failure is
attributed to loss of matrix integrity and/or failure of filter holder to
properly retain filter, both of which can lead to loss of evidence.
In general, vacuum filtration is a portable and effective method for easily
sampling biological particulates from large diverse surfaces including
wood, metal, and carpet. Current vacuum collection systems, such as the
3M Trace Evidence Collection System shown below, employ a vacuum
fitted with a collection filter. The replaceable collection filter is hermetically
sealed and installed on the vacuum nozzle with a friction fitting. The
vacuum is also equipped with a HEPA filter to prevent any collected
particles from being exhausted through the blower stage during collection.
Some of the issues encountered with this system include loss of filter
integrity (pictured below) during collection and difficulty recovering targets
during sample extraction due to the hydrophobic nature of the filter media.
Additionally the vacuum motor can overheat during collection and shut
off, which often leads end-users to forgo the system completely for more
reliable COTS vacuums.
3M TRACE EVIDENCE FILTER
The oM lra;e ifv:aeree RHer #: xr,-.\i\j bixkling under
high vacuum (such as when filter clogs) as well as the 3M filter
matnx rupturing <:...'\'Vi ,',; .;.; i c i:i-;ct!'j!ic I'-iTilicTmura the
physicd design cf the 3M filter holder makes the post-
collector extraction nethod cumbersome and unsafe
because 1) !he peiiiiHei _-c! n\rt be manually cut and 2!
the filter holder must be opened, which exposes the operator
in I'isncerous aerosols
YEAR 1 DESIGN
During initial evaluation and development of the BCF as a
for^ns'c collector, VRI Global used the 3M Tra:e Evidence
niter housing ar there *as no "iher commerc'S1"/ d./a'laHe
housing that won:,- aTur,T:in..Yii c- n- ciidiVif,-!^- of \rr Hiiei
'Mi!1.? d.:!'.<.iidt'j for rnUin... the IWK ur>r rel it was noi
optimized for the thicker Fibertect fabnc fiitei and failed to
' i -;..;:-.
-&; j..
YEAR 2 DESIGN
In year 2, MRIGIobal engine-is td: hvj;>ci ine filter housing
failure issue by deigning a custom injection molded
!<),V-/<'C",i. :i>j MI:?: r;(x.sii':i "hs ces'in utilized an aluminum
mesh filter backing vlh ~'0% ccen r/'?a to ereveit the rii'^'
from buckling under the stress of vacuum collection while
minrrngfly changing '> f^xi;:"1-: !"!. .fj^s the filter cross
section Acustor'- cjlieciion ^nlei seal was a!;-o designed and
il>"- iiarneier of il>"- vrCLiLim ;olie'tion port was reduced and
molded in snaps were used to hold pressure against a
polymeric penmete' seal to prevent leaks during in situ
extractions YEAR 3 DESIGN
'.'V,-!: .' vir>; ;,:' ..- ' -~> '" / '-Kini'l j -"; : '"-'; ;'<. e s^v;! I'.!1 if!'.1
the hoij;-' ig :ra y^c1- ifuggedness
Engineering Testing and Evaluation
i.r i.,-/.- du ifi '''.' i A^on prxess The
seal that is more
;;:;,<-.;- '-,,; ;;- .-_ -".;i,.;/. aWi"'? ;'nC' IS "C'LJ-"'!' i"' l"e,T!in.:' ii-tl
Kn'.&\ iDCKu on f;-eabtf,k ':'cm e'-id-useid The penmeier
andvacLi/i cuilyc!:onocrt ^:<:^; >j-erc also moaified to include
threaded connections that seal the filter holder with o-nngs
One-way reagent injection and sample extraction ports were
added to allow iiv .sei !; eo'iily "ปti:i ! femove liquid from
the filter holder via a syrn^f Finrflv the ;l:!er holder -var
MRIGIobal performed collection efficiency
comparison testing between the 3M
Trace Evidence Filter Matrix and the BCF
Matrix. This testing was performed with
the setup shown to the left with a mono-
disperse aerosol of 1, 4.5, and 10|jm
polystyrene latex microspheres. The
microspheres were drawn into the system
by vacuum and captured by the matrix
candidate installed inline. Particle
concentration measurements were made
at locations 1 and 2 with a TSI 3321 APS.
Particle capture efficiency was calculated
as the ratio of particles at position 2 to
position 1. Differential pressure
measurements across the matrix
candidate were made concurrently with
particle concentration measurements.
Extraction Protocols
3M Extraction Protocol
Engineering Results
Use of the 3M Trace Evidence Filter is complicated by the post-collection
processing method, which requires opening the housing and removing the
filter. This approach can increase the chance for sample loss and
contamination of biosafety cabinets used for sample processing. These
issues increase the time and expense of sample processing and jeopardize
the integrity of the forensic sample.
BCF Extraction Protocol
Extraction from the BCF involves an in situ extraction method that requires
no opening or removal of the filter and therefore preserves the integrity of the
collected evidence and prevents contamination of the collected sample while
promoting greater recovery and limiting losses during processing.
Biological Testing and Evaluation
MRIGIobal tested the BCF in operationally relevant test scenarios with high
replicates to provide statistical confidence in performance limits. These
studies addressed extraction validation criteria to include target range, limit
of detection and the quantity of target needed for subsequent live culture
and PCR analysis.
Additional Modificjtloni
Live culture study was performed with Bacillus anthracis. The filter units
were seeded at 1E8 -1E2 CFU/filter with various background materials from
.5 - 2.0 g/filter. Testing showed that a 1 g/filter background load and 1E3
CFU/filter spiking concentration provided the best live culture results
During al tests, sample flow rate was maintained at 1100 liters/minute, which
corresponds to the measured collection flow rate of the 3M Trace Evidence
Vacuum. This flow rate resulted in a face velocity at the filter of 2.6
meters/second. Average pressure drop across the filter at the sample flow rate
for each candidate is shown below in Table 1. Pressure drops did not vary
significantly during the course of the evaluation and were under the 13.7kPa
limit for the 3M Trace Evidence \&cuum as specified by 3M.
Tabb 1 .
* Prtuuti Diop DaU lot Uซirlx C*ndld*!**
FllKtyp.
',,!.:-. .!
..... ., ... .1
H*V.Kir
Avwigt PTMMV
drop (Pi|
1500
M
MO
Particle capture efficiency data for the matrix candidates are shown below in
Table 2. Particle capture efficiency is a ratio of the number of particles retained
by the filter to the number of particles available for capture by the filter and
provides an indication of how well filters retain particles that are picked up by
the vacuum. These results show that the Fibertectฎ matrix exhibits greater
capture efficiency over the target particle range when compared with the 3M
filter.
"abk 1 Avtragt Particle Captur* EfHci*ncy Data 'or Uatra Candidate
FlIWTff.
Ml... 1 ,.l-i . .-.-.I., J.i.i
Fftwrted DKaUuTMulKn Fabnc
High V<ปjn* Uwmrj* Sar^to
1
1|jm
,,,"
ปf%
ซrtd.dlปp
4.3nm
tor
10 |m
'-
not te4al
M in
W4lt*l*j
Live Culture and PCR Results
MRIGIobal executed molecular and microbiological comparison testing between
the 3M Filter Matrix and the Fibertect Forensic Filter Matrix. This testing aimed to
prove that the Fibertect Filter Matrix performed as good as or better than the 3M
Filter Matrix in relevant collection situations. The results of this testing are shown in
the charts below.
1
Year 3 consisted of range finding studies from 1e5 to 1e2 which yielded the limit of
reliable detection through PCR for Bacillus anthracis (5e3 seeding level), Vaccinia
virus (1e3 seeding level), Yersinia pestis (1e3 seeding level). To prove statistical
robustness of the extraction method 62 samples were processed for the range
finding study, precision studies, consisted of two operators and 48 samples.
Missouri Colorado Horida Maryland Virginia Kansas Washington, OC
Science * Engineering > Integration ป Management
425 VbllterBvd, Kansas Oty, Missouri 64110-2241 Phone: 816-753-7600, haoc 816-753-8420
.rfglo
C-597
-------
Evaluation of chlorine dioxide and ozone formulations for soil sanitation
Craig Ramsey and Andrea Beam
USDA-APHIS-PPQ-S&T-CPHST
Steven E Newman, Debra Newman, and Paul Freebury Colorado State University
USDA
Introduction
Methods
Results
Due to the phase-out of methyl bromide, alternative methods are
needed for nursery soil sanitation. This study was conducted to
explore various oxidant biocide formulations for deactivating
pathogens in nursery soils. Several biocides were tested in a
greenhouse soil column study: ozonated water, liquid chlorine
dioxide, chlorine dioxide granules (fumigant), steam treatment
(autoclave) and untreated soil (control). We evaluated the effects
of soil type (commercial top soil or potting soil) and the effect of
repeated biocide applications (2, 4 or 6 applications) for
ozonated water and liquid chlorine dioxide.
Ozone Chlorine Dioxide
Methods
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene soil columns measuring 30.5 cm
long with a 10.2cm inside diameter were filled with commercial
top soil or commercial potting soil (Fig. 1a). The soil surface was
4 cm from the top of the tube. For the potting soil and top soil,
700ml_ and 500ml_, respectively, of liquid biocide were added to
soil columns in 2, 4 or 6 weekly applications (Fig. 1 b).
Fig. 1 a: Soil columns in greenhouse
Fig. 1b: Liquid chlorine dioxide
added to soil tube
We evaluated the effect of a single application of chlorine dioxide
(CIO2) granules to each soil type. CIO2 gas was generated in the
soil matrix by mixing two granular reagents (120 g per 2,058 cm2
of soil; ICA TriNova Z-series) with moist soil. (Fig. 2). After
granule application, tubes were covered with waxed paper for 5
days to trap the CIO2 gas.
We also evaluated untreated control samples and soil samples
that were autoclaved 3 times on days 0, 21 and 28 of the
experiment (positive control).
All tubes were covered with a Sani-Cloth during the experiment
to prevent microbial contamination. The cloth was only removed
during biocide applications or for tube measurements.
Fig. 2a: Chlorine dioxide fumigant.
The granules in the tubes are mixed and
added to soil.
Fig. 2b: After granule application,
white and tan granules mixed on soil
surface
Soil respiration (CO2 concentration [efflux]) was measured 0,
23, 58, 79 and 93 days after the first biocide application using a
LICOR 6400XT soil chamber head. We hypothesized that a
reduction in the native microbial population in soils, due to the
biocide treatment, would reduce soil respiration rates in the
treated samples.
As an additional measure of antimicrobial efficacy, steel
washers were inoculated with Bacillus subtilis spores (Fig. 3).
Bacillus spores were selected because they may be a good
model for disinfectant-resistant pathogens. Washers were
inserted 10 cm into each soil column before the liquid biocide
treatments, exposed to the biocides for 30 minutes, and then
retrieved forculturing to determine viable spore counts. For
the CIO2 granules, washers were inserted 5 days after the
granules were applied and removed after 30 min.
Mean efflux measurements were graphed using statistical
smoother lines to join the points. For B. subtilis testing, Iog10
spore reduction was calculated as: Iog10 control CFU per
washer counts - Iog10 treatment CFU per washer counts.
Fig. 5: Viable 6. subtilis spore counts after biocide treatment*
Fig. 3: Steel washers inoculated with Bacillus subtilis spores
Results
A single application of chlorine dioxide granules resulted in
a soil respiration rate equivalent to the autoclave treatment
for the potting soil at 93 days after biocide application (Fig.
4b).
For the top soil, the autoclave treatment had a slightly
lower soil respiration rate than the chlorine dioxide
granules after 93 days (Fig. 4a).
Fig. 4: Soil respiration means ([jmol CO2/m2/s) over time
a. Top Soil b. Potting Soil
The chlorine dioxide liquid biocide had the lowest viable B.
subtilis spore count (viable CFU/washer), which resulted in
the highest efficacy rating among the three treatments that
were tested with the inoculated spore samples (Fig. 5).
Chlorine dioxide applied as a liquid, or as the granules,
had an average Iog10 B. subtilis spore reduction of 0.69
and 0.30, respectively, for an exposure time of 30 minutes,
at 10 cm deep in top soil (Table 1).
Jl
Table 1: 6. subtilis efficacy results
Discussion
The soil sanitation results differed between the soil
respiration and the spore efficacy tests. Based on soil
respiration results, the CIO2 granules (fumigant) were
equivalent to the autoclave for the potting soil, and almost
equivalent for the top soil, at 93 days post-application. The
autoclave was considered to be highly effective at
reducing microbial populations. The liquid biocides
showed very poor results, i.e., liquid biocides had high soil
respiration rates compared to the control treatment at 93
days.
In contrast, the B. subtilis spore efficacy results showed
that the liquid biocides had low viable spore counts
compared to the control viable spore counts. The
contrasting results between the soil respiration and spore
efficacy results suggested that the method for measuring
soil microflora is important. Soil respiration is a function of
microbial respiration, chemical reactions in organic matter
due to heat and chem icals, and amount of porosity or air
space in the soil. Chemical reactions created by the liquid
biocides may have generated carbon dioxide from the
organic matter in the soil, which in turn may have
confounded the interpretation of soil respiration rates in
this study.
This study didn't analyze spore samples that remained in
the soils over multiple biocide applications, so the
cumulative effect of multiple applications could not be
reported for the liquid biocides. In addition, higher spore
efficacy may have been seen with the CIO2 granules if the
washers were inserted immediately after granule
application. Washer application had to be delayed 5 days
to prevent the CIO2 from immediately escaping from the
tubes.
Future studies should include a method to sample the soil
microbial population directly, to avoid any confusion with
CO2 generation by physical or chemical processes. The
use of DMA barcoding or Petri dish plating with non-
selective media could be used in future studies to measure
microbial populations.
C-598
-------
DAHLGREN
Test method development for hot, humid air decontamination of materials
contaminated with clean or dirty spores including Bacillus anthracis
T.L. Buhr, A.A. Young, H. Barnette, Z.A. Minter, N. Kennihan,
C.A. Johnson, M. Bohmke, M. DePaola Naval
Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren, VA
DAHLGREN
OBJECTIVE
Methods to develop practical and statistical confidence in data
sets for hot air decontamination were developed in order to
assess technology using the synergistic action of heat, humidity
and time as a biological decontaminant(s) for sensitive
equipment without degradation of the functionality of that
equipment. Evaluate the limits of the decontamination
technology.
NEED
There are no and/or limited sporicidal decontaminants that can
be used on aircraft interior and/or sensitive equipment.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Figure 1. Step-by-step diagram of the hot, humid air decontamination method.
TIER I
TIER I
Figure 2. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) expert
design for three test factors (ฐC, % relative humidity, tim
days). The center point is 68ฐC, 75% RH, 4 days.
Figure 3. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) experimental
design for three test factors (ฐC, % relative humidity, time in
days). The center point is 65ฐC, 80% RH, 2 days.
:-..,.,
Figure 4. SEM micrographs of 6. anfftrac/s ASterne clean spores (A), sporesmixedwith humicacid (B), or
spores mixed with kaolin (C). The interaction of the spore exosporium and the debris is highlighted by the
black arrow. Size bars are 1.0 urn.
RESULTS
Tables. Sporeinactivationof 6.
+ spent sporulation medium
inthracis ASterne sporesmixedwith humicacid
Kaolin HumicAcid
Temp CO Tซmp CC|
65 70 75 55 60 65 70 75
Table 1. Spore inactivation of clean 6. anthracis ASterne spores.
Table 2. Spore inactivation of 6. anfftrac/sASteme sporesmixedwith kaolin.
Figure 5. Models with a 90% statistical probability of a 6-log spore survival (purple) for 8. anthracis ASterne
spores (clean, kaolin, humic acid + spent sporulation medium (humid acid)) after three days incubation in hot
humid air.
DISCUSSION
Control driven test method improvements and the use of multiple independent spore preparations with a single protocol useful for both 6. anthracis Sterne and 6. thuhngiensis Al Hakam (Buhret al 2012) allowed for the application of a statistically based experimental design, specifically RSM. This
use of RSM analysis of test data for multiple combinations of spore strains, spore preparations, temperature, time, RH, materials, and debris permitted subsequent mathematical analysis and modeling of the response, generating a predictive capability valuable to potential end users of hot, humid air
decontamination technology.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported through funding provided by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency Joint Science and Technology Office, Protection and Hazard Mitigation Capability Area (Project Number BA08PHM113). Dr. Chuck Bass is credited with the recommendation to test kaolin. Dr. Martin Page is credited with
the selection of humicacid. We thank our colleagues at the Naval Surf ace Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division and innumerable collaborators.
REFERENCES
Buhr, T., Young, A.A., Wells, C.M., Minter, Z.A., McPherson, D.C., Hooban, C. Johnson, C., Prokop, E.J., Crigler,J.R. (2012) Hot, humid air decontamination of materials contaminated with Bacillus anthracis ASterne and 6. thuhngiensis Al Hakam spores J Appl Microbiol 113, 1037-1051.
Prokop, E.J., Crigler, J.R., Wells, C.M., Young, A.A., Buhr, T.L. (2014) Response Surface Modeling of Hot, humid air decwrtitQiration of materials contaminated with Bacillus anthracis ASterne and 6. thuhngiensis Al Hakam spores. AMB Express 4:21
T.L. Buhr, A.A. Young, H. Barnette, Z.A. Minter, N. Kennihan, C.A. Johnson, M. Bohmke, M. DePaola, M. Page. (2015) Test methods and response surface modelsfor hot, humid air decontamination of materials contaminated with dirty spores of Bacillus anfftrac/sAStemeand 6. thuhngiensis M Hakam.
Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited; NSWCDD-PN-15-00239
-------
r-pym New Developments in the Solid Oxidizer Decontamination Technology - Dahlgren Decon
WARFARE CENTERS
Dr. Bryan Tienes, Dr. Timothy Burgin, Kathryn Burns, Vanessa Vates
Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren
4045 Higley Rd Dahlgren, VA 22448 USA
brvan.tienesfS) navv.mil
Introduction
threat agents and inactivating bacterial spores/vegetative cells. Naval Surface
Division (NSWnX'! p. tvviously developed -.. .'eco-ii-smii^n: technology whicn incorporates a solid per-=c
containing borate salt, PES-Solid. This technology is called Dahlgr.?n Uecon. UnliK" typical solid systen
the peracetic acid from PES-Solid is immediately available to neuti alize threat agents and is readily solul
in water. Dahigren Ocon is safe, demonstrates excellent materials compatibility, &nd ii ,'ssr-friendly
the warfighter.
Dahlgren Decon, the fom.ulation developed by NSWCDD Code 221, was succesr.rullv demonstra'
Restoration (HaMMER) Advanced Tecnnology Demonstration (ATD). This iixed formulation product a
Military Equipment f.lGf'l.-l-'Vt} program. Additionally, ''<- -O.h' lory wo~ modulated in the Jo
Science and Technology Offi- e's iiSTO) "Dial-A-Decon" program i?ni sii-.essfully tranationed to the Jo
Project Manager Protection's (JPM P) DFoS technology portfolio at the end of 2012 with a Technolc
Readiness Level (TRL) of 6.
PES-Solid (Peracetyl Borate)
Theoretical weight% PAA based on the proposed structure: 34%
Spectroscopic Analysis of Aqueous PES-Solid Solutions
FT-IR Spectroscopy
The ATR-FTIR srectiun: frr a GoUition of PES-Soi;.-. at pH 7 is shown in Figure 2. Spectra
of aqueous solutions of PAA and a mixture of PAA and sodium feiraboiate e.:? aLo shown Ibr
comparison. Tne frequency of the C==O stretch of the aceric acid species is the san-,e as :nat
stretch of the PAA moiety is shifted to a slightly lower frequency in the PES-Solid/PAA-
tetraborate mix spectra than what is observed in the PAA solution at the same pH. This shift
PAA Decomposition Rates
,-: :':: "-
:ion of PAA i
si, followed b-.
lowing the concent
5pH is different bet
s through a differei
ation of PAA
ind PES-Solid
. ,,j,..-,j ...... .-
. .,.,,,1.. ,= JL. ..v
> ,*j.*,X ..^ . A'"".-1
f- . -_^.ฃf:.
:-.
s-^\m.
i %N
Evaluation of PAA Decomposition Kinetics
Decomposition Kinetics Constants
seful when
processes of these reactions. Additional data analysis revealed the
vari't Hoff plots based on Eq. 2, in which the logarithm was taken of
each side of Eq. 1. The slope of the line fit to the plot of log (-d[PAA]/di)
versus log [PAA] is equal to the order of the reaction. According to
the PES-Solid solution decomposed via first order kinetics (Figure 9).
The results for the PAA solution matched with data found in the
-:..
and Eq. 4) w
d[^AA\
Td )
V
ซฑ^"
iKt
' "
approximately 1.7 times lower tr
Implications of the Decomposition Kinetics
Since the decomposition of PAA in solutions of PES-Solid is of a
different reaction order, it is difficult to compare the reaction rates;
however, comparisons of the 1st half-lives ar?-- rjossih'? using the same initial
presented in Table 3 along with the rate constants for solutions of PAA.
Also included in the table are half-lives based on the experimentally
true tor x secono order reaction, where the hal!-::fe is (jependeif on the
Conclusions
;-, -: 'iv
Asarrtijitof work per'oi-i-riej In th's uro^ct, acieaier picture is
structure of PES-Solid, both in its solid form and in aqueous solutic
PAA in PrS-Solid *:k.tier:3. Tn- ^jra^eti'.n or :-V,i, ;- r-'FS-i=i:d solutions was
determined to be 1st order as compared to 2nd order for solutions of PAA prepared
uroucsai th=t in aaueou;- S'-ปu!.;ons of r-fi Solid, a significant proportion of the
peracetic acid exists as a complex with the Poric acid/horate salts. The existence of
decontamination chemistry, but as evidenced from previous PES-Solid eTicacy
In summary, a pi ?;i--e !.!-der:"a'-d'rv, of rhis d'.-graJat:-..n 'Jnet'cs provides insight
:JtiiT,ately, l.hose insigLt; help to ,"iderS:-jnd ti^- nv.,.Jo(st of reaction with chemical
agents and provide potential means of enhancing the efficacy of PES-Solid based
Future Work
Acknowledgments
Refere
C-600
Distribution
Statement A: Approved for Public Release; Distribution is unlimited
NSWCDD-PN-15-00237
-------
WARFARE CENTERS
DAHLGREN DECON - A Solid Oxidizer Decontaminant
Kathryn Burns, Chris Hodge
Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren
4045 Higley Rd Dahlgren, VA 22448 USA
kathryn.burns@navy.mil
INTRODUCTION
extra water, it is desirable to reduce the logistical footprint of decontaminants by identifying solids to be mixed
on site. One of the more challenging components is the oxidizing agent. While currently fielded high test
hypochlorite (HTH) is a solid, it is also a harsh, halogenated material with poor materials compatibility. Non-
salt that provides 25-30 wt% peracetic acid (PAA) when dissolved in water. Peracetic acid is therefore
biological and traditional chemical agents, improved materials compatibility and it offers the desired reduced
logistical footprint. Dahlgren Decon was successfully evaluated as part of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency
(DTRA) Hazard Mitigation, Materiel and Equipment Restoration Advanced Technology Demonstration (HaMMER
ATD) and was used as the government baseline in the Joint Project Manager for Protection (JPM P) Joint
General Purpose Decontaminant for Hardened Military Equipment (JGPD-HME) Competitive Prototype testing.
During pi
is develop
m (NSWCDD), emphasis
acid. The
forts at Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlg
itifying a solid source of peracetic acid (PAA). Typical systems generate the pere
tetraacetylethlyenediamine1. This approach is feasible, but offers limited success partially becau:
solubility and a slowed reaction rate. A milestone was reached when an NSWCDD research team idei
methods1. In conjunction with the above efforts, the NSWCDD research team developed, optimized and tested
resulted in the patented formulation of a Solid Oxidizer Decontaminant named Dahlgren Decon. In a number of
laboratory test efforts, Dahlgren Decon has shown improved threat agent decontamination over currently
Dahlgi
i Decor
DAHLGREN DECON MICROEMULSION
.- _-
_F :
T=S.S^
Lipophilic
Hydrophilic
lulsifying oil soluble thre
DAHLGREN DECON CWA EFFICACY
DAHLGREN DECON BWA EFFICACY
B. anthracis Ames
(7.0ฑ0.3
logio/coupon)
B. anthracis ASterne
(7.2 ฑ0.2
logio/coupon)
B. thuringiensis
Al Hakam
(7.2 ฑ0.3
logio/coupon)
F. Philomiragia
(7.6 ฑ0.2
logio/coupon)
MS2
(6.8 ฑ0.2
logio/coupon)
50g/LPES-SolidinWater:
CARC-W
MgF2 Gloss
Stainless Steel 304
APC
NTC
Lexan
LDPE
1.3ฑO.S
0.0ฑ0
*0.3ฑO.S
0.0ฑ0
*0.4ฑ0.9
0.0ฑ0
0.0ฑ0
1.7ฑ1.3
*0.4ฑO.S
0.0ฑ0
0.0ฑ0
*0.1ฑ0.3
0.0ฑ0
0.0ฑ0
1.3ฑ1.6
0.0ฑ0
0.0ฑ0
0.0ฑ0
*0.1ฑ0.2
0.2ฑ0.2
0.0ฑ0
1.3ฑ1.7
0.0ฑ0.0
0.3ฑ0.4
0.2ฑ0.2
0.7ฑ0.9
0.2ฑ0.2
0.0ฑ0.0
0.6ฑ1.3
0.0ฑ0.0
0.3ฑO.S
0.7ฑ1.5
0.0ฑ0.0
0.2ฑ0.5
O.SฑO.S
50g/LPES-Solid in Dahlgren Surfactant System:
CARC-W
MgF2 Gloss
Stainless Steel 304
APC
NTC
Lexan
LDPE
0.3ฑ0.6
0.0ฑ0
0.0ฑ0
0.0ฑ0
0.0ฑ0
0.0ฑ0
0.0ฑ0
0.0ฑ0
0.0ฑ0
0.0ฑ0
0.0ฑ0
*0.6ฑ1.3
0.0ฑ0
0.0ฑ0
0.0ฑ0
0.0ฑ0
0.0ฑ0
0.0ฑ0
0.7ฑ0.5
0.0ฑ0
0.0ฑ0
0.0ฑ0.0
0.0ฑ0.0
0.0ฑ0.0
0.0ฑ0.0
0.0ฑ0.0
0.0ฑ0.0
0.0ฑ0.0
0.0ฑ0.0
0.0ฑ0.0
0.0ฑ0.0
0.0ฑ0.0
0.0ฑ0.0
0.2ฑ0.5
0.0ฑ0.0
DAHLGREN DECON MATERIALS COMPATIBILITY
Coatings
H20
CONTROL
DAHLGREN
DECON
TEST PERFORMED
TEST METHOD
ASTM D2240-97, Rubber Pro,
Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release, Distribution is Unlimited
NSWCDD-PN-15-00238
C-601
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Dahlgren Decon and Solid Oxidizer technology developmental work, biological efficacy and materials compatibility work was supported by the Defense
Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) and executed under the management of NSWCDD Z21. Chemical efficacy data from the HaMMER ATD was carried out
at Battelle, Inc. and previously supplied by DTRA. We wish to thank our colleagues at DTRA, Battelle Inc. and our contributing colleagues at NSWCDD.
-------
How clean is safe? The detection of chemical warfare agent at ultra-low
concentration after decontamination
Chan Lai San Clareene, Chew Khee Siah Kendrick, Chia Chan Wing Andrew, Chua Hoe Chee and Loh Wai Leng
DSO National Laboratories, 20 Science Park Drive, Singapore 118230
Introduction
a CWA can persist in environment for a long time.
a Porous surfaces (e.g. concrete) can trap CWA where decontaminants is unable to reach. Trapped CWA off-gas to pose a persister
Desorption of Soman (GD) from Decontaminated
Desorption of Sulfur Mustard (HD) from Concrete
Decontaminated Concrete
*"r 1
"is c
{ . _^_, 1 I
I - -
,
* . .
'***ป
t desorption hazard.
Desorption of VX from Decontaminated Concrete
=ฃ..
|. ^
i
'fi."0
5"
Time /hour o 5 10 15 a s sj
chem cai Detection Limit of Desorption Resultant wooer's a Difficult if not impossible to remove and decontaminate CWA from surfaces, especially porous matrices.
Agent Chemical Detector rate after 20 Vapour Population
(mg/m3) hours Concentrati Limit, WPL
(ng/cm2/h) on in air (mg/m3) Q Decontaminant is unable to reach and detoxify agent that penetrated nto a surface.
(mgfmS)
a Agent contaminated surfaces (even after decontamination) might cont nue to pose desorption hazard.
VX Raid-M 0 04 68 0 00113 0 000001
(AEGL2) aAffectthe re-occupancy of a contaminated site.
AP2C 0 03
a Current CV\
GD Raid-M 0 04 294 0 0049 0 00003 . , . ...
JAEGL2) a Worker Po
AP2C oos ./orkinghfc
HD Ra,d-M 0.13 500 0 0083 0 0004 ฐ AS ***"[*
(AEGL1) methodolo
AP2C 0 93
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGL) are derived based on a 8 hours exposure.
For AEGL 2, it is predicted that above this concentration level, the public could experience irreversible or other s
A detectors capability is not sensitive enough to eluc date down to the evel that is deemed to be safe for human occupancy.
Dulation Limit is the concentration at which an unprotected worker can operate safely 8 hours a day, 5 days a week for a
time without adverse health effect.
on hazard is above WPL and current detector detection imit is above desorption leve , it is imperative to develop a
jy that is able to quantitate agents at ultra-low concentration.
Materials and Methods
Set Conditions Insert Permeation Tubes
*. t?"1 -*3fl f*ฃ^fe\fc
Ultra low concentration of chemical agent
vapour is generated using vapour f ^^E~l *
generation system. ^r^tf
This system consists of at least a HT mV* F*1
permeation oven and a dilution unit to
produce the desired WPL concentration.
Sampling Quantiflcation usl
Air samples are collected using air sampling
tube packed with adsorbent, Tenax TA.
For HD and GB, the a r samples collected were analysed and quantified
using an Auto Thermal Desorber coupled with Gas Chromatography Mass
Spectrometer (ATD-GCMS).
ofDilution I*-
H__, ] j
^pง ^
tig ATD-GCMS
The agent is filled in a Teflon
permeation tube. The permeation
tube is then housed in a glass bottle
and placed in a heating block under
controlled temperature.
The vapourised agent permeates
through the tube and carried by air to
eventually to our sampling rigs.
Results
We have successfully generated, identified
and quantitated Sulfur Mustard (HD) and
Sarin (GB) vapour at their sub-WPL level.
Average HD concentration is at 1.15 x 1O4 1
mg/m3 with standard deviation of less f ซ...
than 12% over the sets of experiments.
A ^__
ปซ
Upcoming Work
Average GB concentration is at
y.BU x 1 u-ฐ mg/m-5 with standard
deviation of less than 12% over the _
sets of experiments.
1 1 9JE-05
I
i""
'
Sets of Experiments
Conclusion
With the robust result obtained for the 2 agents, it gives us the confidence to extend the
validation methodology to other chemical agents. This can be achieved by:
1. To study the vapour generation of other chemical agents at their ultra-low concentration
(WPL).
2. To explore other vapour generation techniques.
DSO has developed the capability to generate a steady and sustainable flow of ultra-low
concentrations of agent HD and GB, and aims to do so for other agents. This will enable the
validation of laboratory methods to sample and quantify agents at their sub-WPL levels.
This capability is essential for authorities to annunciate a chemical agent incident area back
to normalcy, with high degree of confidence.
3. To identify and quantify the vapour generated by developing analytical methodology
using suitable analytical instrument configurations (GC-MS-MS, GC-FPD, LCMS, etc).
C-602
-------
Facility Decontamination Strategy
and Technology Selection Tool
D. Edwardst, I Sat, |_. Yangt, P Krautertt,
S. Ryan*, R Lemieux*, Leroy Mickelsen*, Mario lerardi*
tSandia National Laboratories, ttSandia National Laboratories (retired),*U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Facility remediation following B, anthracis
contamination is a complex problem.
For each potential decontamination
technology, decision makers must
balance consideration of the
performance data on each of the
facility materials (structural, interior,
and contents), the cost of the
decontamination process,
availability of resources, time
required, the destructiveness and
waste generated.
Approac.
Create a comprehensive tool - the DeconST -
that supports the decision process, by
combining the IBRD-developed Decon Trade-
off tool with EPA's Incident Waste Decision
Support Tool (I-WASTE DST) plus published,
scientific literature on decontamination
technologies.
* decontamination lethnatogyefficaciaK I"*
*
It technology efficacious In the envlrcmnwm
(temperature. RRwIfid^ If not, can conditions
be overcome {hearers, tiumkiifiers.- etc.j?
Wtech material [structural, interior, S contents] eel
dKontHtmnated bYtn.-iTechnolocv? which eatrfesirov&
... .,.-; vn MfdhtwIavrtifftHJcii iiiซl ....-...--,.
Mater ink Lu IK n
ฃ=:; :im nateo r s..f.
bt LU~.uf ila ;ri ji,e Lw*
Materials to be destructwetv 111 Materials tc be removed
ated in sitj III (as contaminated waste)
and bealtd en iilu
How much docs ii co-si
to deconfcซj Aiding S.
How much dchK it cost to
dซon sensitive uneterials
-cv. much docs rt cost tomBfice waste
reniove, treat, sample, Ifansport. dispose
cplacc)?
Cost, if any. to
overcome emnforv-
mental conditions
Tota I Cose of De-con Technology & Waste Managcmcnt i[w/o operatianaJ constnunb)
Results
For each decontamination technology
applied to a specific facility, the DeconST
shows the efficacy, destructiveness, and
waste generated, as well as the total relative
cost of the complete decontamination
process, including waste handling.
Furthermore, the DeconST
Considers the particular facility structural and
interior materials as well as the building contents
Highlights special considerations that might affect
the results (e.g., HVAC accessibility)
Is not an expert system, but instead compares the
estimated viability of all available options without
removing any from consideration
Impai
The DeconST has been
Formally transferred from DHS-S&T to USEPA
Written into the draft USEPA Operational Bio Guide
for the USEPA responders, the likely users being
the Technical Working Group providing input to the
Incident Command
Integrated by the DoD DTRA's Transatlantic
Collaborative Biological Resiliency Demonstration
(TaCBRD) program into its TaCBoaRD integrated
suite of response and recovery decision-support
tools
Sandia
National
Laboratories
SAND2015-2899C
Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a
wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear
Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.
r> eno
C-603
This poster has been subject to an administraSve review but does not necessarily reflect the views of the EPA. No official
endorsement should be inferred. EPA does not endorse the purchase or sale of any commercial products or services.
-------
Aerosol Delivery of Liquid Decontaminants: A Novel Approach for
Decontamination of Complex Interior Spaces
Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM USA
Mark D. Tucker, Ph.D., Andres Sanchez, Joshua Hubbard, Ph.D., MatthewTezak, Matthew Hankins, Ph.D., Scott Davison, Ph.D., Steven Storch, Brandon Sen/antes
Problem:
Decontamination of Bacillus anthracts spores and other persistent
agents (e.g. Sulfur Mustard [HO]) In critical Infrastructure (e.g.,
subway systems, major airports) and critical assets (e.g..the interior
of aircraft) can be challenging because effective decontamlnantscan
damage materials.
Current decontamination methods require the use of highly toxic
and/or highly corrosive chemical solutions because bacterial spores
are very dlfflcultto kill and other agents may require oxidation.
Complex deployment system for chlorine ^^ Tj
di oxifl*g*s i nsid* of* contaminated facility I
icl lowing the 2QQ1 anthrax Attacks.
Prxrim cuu1n> erf US ERA
Corrosion of a metal lamp fixtu re
Toll owl tig application of chlorine
dioxide gas Inside ol an office
building.
Concept:
Approach #1 (Germination):
Sandia (In collaboration with prtvate Industry) has developed a unique process to disperse aqueous and
non-aqueous liquid decontamlnants nearly uniformly on all surfaces in a space via charged aerosols.
We have developed a non-toxic, non-corrosive decon method to hill highly
resistant bacterial spores.
A chemical solution that triggers the germination process In bacterial spores to cause
them to rapidly and completely change lo mucrt less-resl-siarn vegetative cells which
can be easily kilted.
* Vegetative cells are then exposed to mild chemicals (e.g.. low concen (rations or
hydrogen peroxide, quaternary ammonium com pounds, alcohols, aldehydes, etc.) or
natural elements (e.g., heat, humidity, ultraviolet Upm. etc.] for complete and rapid Mil.
Aggressive fumigation
formutations are currently needed
because terial sporesare
extremely slstant.
11 of Bacdtusceretts spores (an
rax surrogate) with and without
dltionof a germination solution
Cf U'i - coiony forming units).
Approach #2 (Liquid Decontaminants):
Impact:
A aerosol deployment device has been
tested that can give nearly uniform
coverage of liquid decontaminants on
surfaces in interior spaces.
Two approaches have been evaluated:
Direct application of decontaminants and
a two-step approach utilizing a
germination solution.
Preliminary methods have been tested
that demonstrate high rates of
decontamination of BW and CW
surrogates.
Not decontaminant specific.
Could potentially be used for many types
of complex spaces: Aircraft, subway cars,
emergency vehicles, etc.
Could potentially be used in conjunction
with other processes (e.g., prior to hot,
humid air decontamination).
Liquid decontaminants (DF-200 and peracetic acid) were deployed as charged aerosols against
CBW agent simulants in the Sandia Test Chamber. High efficacy was achieved.
Bacillus atmphaeus spore
decon with DF-200
Bacillus atyophaeus spore
decon with peractlc acid
Ti.nrt5wllpk.JW min)
CWA simulant
(Dlphenyl
chlorophosphate)
decon with DF-200
olony Forming unit*
Cm out gf 20 Hamitcr tubซ *am&ieป jhov.'ed vflly miM
Germination Results:
Acknowledgements: Funding for this work was provided by Sandia National Laboratories LORD (Laboratory Directed Research &
Development) and by the U.S. Department of Defense, Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA).
Dispers.il testing of the germination and kill solutions via charged
aerosols resulted In -2 x 1Q7 bacterial spores killed on coupons
mounted in various locations tn the test chamber.
Red - germinated spores
Blue = ungerrolnated spores
Creen = spores that germinated and were killed
Red = spores ttial germinated and were not killed
Blue= ungermlnated spores
Total Spore* Germinated / K .lied
lJ'
C-604
A B 0 R A T
SAND2015
-------
AUTOMATED OECOnTWUlATIOn CALCULATOR
Calculating
Decontaminant
Solution '
Formula calculations occur in the background to
alleviate the guesswork; turning these complex
chemical formulas into five simple steps.
Formulas allow for a variety of measurements
(SI and English units).
Tool uses HTH, HTB, Calcium Hypochlorite (65% &
67%), and Sodium Hypochlorite (5%, 7%, & 10%).
Powered by Microsoft Excel 2010, the interactive
interface provides:
Four clear, concise, easy to answer questions
ฐ Natural step progression; allows user to
achieve their goals
A strong visual hierarchy
Easy access help icons and teaching scenarios
* Consistent and accurate required concentrations
Achievement of immediate goals
ฐ Leads to user's increased confidence
Approved for use in three U.S. Multi-Service <-^p
Publications and U.S. Army Medical Research D^
Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD) i
Air Force Civil Engineer Center
Emergency Management Division
139 Barnes Drive, Suite 1
Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida 32403
-------
Enhanced Isolation of Viable Bacillus Spores
Using Commercially Available Cell Lysis Solutions
Douglas W. Hamilton1, Erin Silvestri2 and Paul Lemieux3
1ORISE Research Participant 2>3United States Environmental Protection Agency 2>3National Homeland Security Research Center
OAK HDQE MCTTUTE FOR
8OIENOE AND EDUOAT1ON
MonagmayORmj KrQOt
T
Abstract
I'he response '.o the irite:V'0:^l dissem,nation of 'S'ac'/'i/s Wv'w-
spores (anthrax) via the US Postal Service in 2001, and subsequent
i&search activities arr.i planning '-zeroises hi^niighie;.i ih=:' extent to v/iiroh
diifertht materials if a bunding might L:ป contaminated Subsequent
research endears locused nn the development of sample collection
and analytica1 methods smv-ibie for deteiniin^ig the eriica<:y of
aecoi;toiT'"':Ji.:ori strategies ana ;_o characterize residu 31 vas'es Sample
collection methods for su if aces routinely employ swabs, wipes and
vacuum socks \viih culture methods serving as the analytical "gold
standard' for anau'iis1 Rear-'eniv; "pores fiom complex matrices (e g
soils, porous building material? and heterogeneous wriste and debris)
has been achieved with mixed results by mixing the sample with an
aqueous easier medi'j'~'' i.o generate a sluny !haL can be manipulated2
Quantification of spores from these Slurries using culture methods can ne
challenging due to the concurrent growth of native organisms m the
sample on culture media, therefo:e, sample r/rooessmg rneLhods capable
of ieauciiig background flora A'ciila enhance the analytical capaoihties
and i:riprov- me c.ia^acteri~a?;or. 01" a Cample
Studies of coat proteins (6 atrophaeus) and e^osponum proteins (B
<~int.!-/,'cic:s :i! (;'/_,"/,-'^;er'S/sj o:" spore-forming bacteria have identified a
possible suategy thai rna\ be u-etui m ooore recovery and analysis from
complex matrices The efficient dissociation of spore exosporium
proteins r 'yoicaiiy reaped iniv a^ei treatment w;th ttiong denafurams
(e g, SDS buffer -- SM urea) and liars'- pnys;cal treatment (e g, boning)3
in contras:., the "yeriic" ji^rupuon of vegeia^ve bicte'ia can be icutiiiely
for these lysis solutions typically require short incubation times with
buffer and are performed under ambient conditions L'Oieniiaii} .-liiowmg
for r.igh through[,'Ut prucessingof muitipii-} sarr.pies
Currently no information is available for the behavior of these
ccmmeii.ia! reagonis whh regaiT! to ^pC'te ir.aOfr/as.on it is hypothesized
thai the naMy nature ;! ine spore couici be e/pioited, wneieDy the spore
would remain viable under conditions that reduce the viability of
vogetai!'..'Q bacteria Specifically, cherrncai, physical ann/or enzymatic
treatment could be used to reduce or eMmm^e, ;.r,e present o' native
vegetative orgarusii'S, tfereby -^nhancing spore anaiyucoi procedure? and
improving sar^ple ch -iiTictenz;i,jr.,;i Tne data pie-sented i'eiein
summarize initial efforts in reau; i!ig;iie gro^h of vegeiauve iLsjhencr/is
coli and Enterococcus faecal:s using commiert-aiiy available lys:s
solutions and : haracien/o;s the mfuienoe of these solutions on 8
disophaeus sp>:re geriTiir.ation Additior.aily. a comparison is presented
between the spread plate technique and ihe spiral plate ie.-nn.que for the
enumeration of spcies a:id bacteria
I
Introduction
Background:
Objectives:
Materials and Methods
Sample Preparation
I
| & Analytical Methods
Organism
6. atrophaeus
E. coli
E. faecalis
Suspension Solution
PBS(n=5)
PBS + 0.05%Tween 20 (n=5)
Analytical Method
Spread Plate
Spiral Plate
I
Reduction of
\/fegetative Bacteria
B-PER(n=3)
B-PER + Lysozyme (n=3)
Analytical Method
Spiral Plate
Results
B. atroohaeus Spores
E. co/l
t'r'f* \<. C'p^M-it?';1 ^. ~ ooc'i'f i i-jr.ng Acpncy u icer .1"? ixicuionii1 Response
FraiTicwork, Lo prepare for, respond 'o and 'ecoer '"ror! a LhreaL to public
health, welfare or the environment These threats include chemical,
rjiOioSiCrji an:i rac'io!o!.;:ri!i ^ub'y.jnrf-;^ v/hsihes accidentally ot
infentionaiiy :&ieased Foncwing the tenonsi events of 2001, EPA formed
the National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC) in 2002 to
perform research to '~U':!'~ess -vrTi'jicJpi!!.:/ respor.'iP ki-.v/l'A1::? C,aps par!
or MHSRC's mission ^sto develop "ird evaiuate deconiam'naiior' methods
for contaminated indoor and outdoor areas as v,/el! as treatment and
disposal methods for contaminated v-a^.te -Tinci denris Research efforts
arฐ focused m O'l'SL-'-fiertive I.C?L pranice:, thai, support decision making
follcvving hoiTieiarid iecurir> incidents
I
Sample Preparation &
Analytical Methods
Preparation Solution & Analytical Method Evaluation
(Error Bars = 95% Confidence Interval)
HIMUVH
Summary
Testof Normality (Shapiro-Wilk) /
Homogeneity of Variance (Levene Statistic) -J
ANOVA Significance <.000
/
/
0.001
/
/
<.ooo
Sample Comparison
(Tukey's Test, p-value)
I
Reduction of Vegetative
Bacteria
B. atrophaeus: Chemical Ly.<
PBS- PBST- PBST-
Spiral Spread Spiral
PBS-Spread 0.030 0.000 0.000
PBS-Spiral 0.000 0.000
PBST-Spread 0.050
i
E. co/i: Preparation & Analytical Methods
E. co//: Preparation & Analytical Methoc
x^
Chemical Treatment
'
E. co/i: Chemical Lysi
PBS- PBST- PBST-
Spiral Spread Spiral
PBS-Spread 0.885 0.019 0.020
PBS-Spiral 0.004 0.005
PBST-Spread 1.000
I-
o
n
Inconclusive
TNTC
E. faecalis: Preparation & Analytical Methods
E. faecalis: Preparations Analytical Methods \
E. faecalis: Chemical tysi
PBS- PBST- PBST-
Spiral Spread Spiral
PBS-Spread 0.000 0.009 0.000
PBS-Spiral B 0.002 0.557
PBST-Spread 0.000
ฃ
I
J -]
K
Complete Inactivation
Acknowledgments
References
One-way AVON A
Tukey's Test
IBM SPSS Statisties v. 22
Conclusions
II Sample Preparation & |
| Analytical Methods
Analysis ofsample preparation methods
using thep-value from the Tukey's Test
indicated that PBST resultedin enhanced
Bflritfusspore dispersion, slightly reducedE.
coli viability, andresultedin mixed results
forf. faecalis.
Comparison of the spread plate technique
and the spiral plate technique resultedin
mixed results.
It was concluded that any combination of
preparation methods is suitable for the
purposes of this study. As such, the
decision was made to conduct experiments
bypreparingsamplespikes in PBST and
analyzing samples by the spread plate
method
I
Reduction of Vegetative
Bacteria
It was determined that B-PER reagent and
B-PER reagent amended with Lysozyme
did not reduce the viability of B.attvphaeus
spores.
E.faecalis was completely inactivated by
both reagent treatments, indicating that
thestandard protocol recommended by the
manufacturer is effective for this organism.
Treatment of E. coli produced mixed results
with the manufacturer's standard
protocol, and resulted in only minimal
inactivation.
Future experiments will be carried out
using additional treatments in the
presence of B-PER in an effort to achieve
the targeted 6-logxo reduction in viability.
-------
www.epa.gov/research
Community Environmental Resilience Indicators
Keely Maxwell, US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Dr. Keely Maxwell I Maxwell.keelv@eDa.gov I 202-564-5266
A. What is community environmental resilience
Resilience is
"the ability to anticipate, prepare for, and adapt to changing
conditions and withstand, respond to, and recover rapidly from
disruptions "!
Environmental resilience is
"Minimizing environmental risks associated with disasters,
quickly returning critical environmental & ecological services
to functionality after a disaster, while applying this learning
process to reduce vulnerabilities & risks to future incidents. "2
How can indicators help EPA support resilience?
Across the United States, communities experience earthquakes, extreme weather
events, technological accidents, and other disruptive incidents. Disasters destroy
critical infrastructure and natural resources, damage human health and the local
economy, displace human populations, and disrupt environmental services.
Federal policies that address disasters, homeland security, and climate change
have begun to use resilience as a guiding principle. Resilience can help
communities mitigate risks that disasters pose and facilitate recovery after an
incident. The EPA has worked extensively with states, utilities, and other
community stakeholders in disaster preparedness, emergency response, recovery
and rebuilding. Indicators can help communities identify environmental
vulnerabilities, assets, and risks in the face of disasters. EPA and community
stakeholders could use indicators to identify resilience priorities, design
interventions, allocate funds, and measure progress.
B. Methodology
Existing resilience indicators (Part C) were collected by a scientific literature
search and put into an MS Accessฎ database (Figure 1). Potential community
environmental resilience indicators (Part D) were collected at two Community
Environmental Resilience Index (CERI) workshops held at EPA in 2014.
Indicators were proposed & discussed by 120 experts from EPA, ten other federal
agencies, and non-federal scientific organizations.
Key terms: Avariableis a factor that affects system resilience; indicator is a representation
of trends and conditions in system variables; metric is a measurement of an indicator.
C. What do existing resilience indicators tell us
about community environmental resilience?
Existing resilience indicators and metrics from the disaster literature have
limitations in their capacity to represent environmental and ecological trends and
conditions that affect resilience (Figure 2). Only ten percent of indicators address
environmental and ecological variables. The majority of indicators do not include
metrics and data sources, impeding measurement of the indicator.
What variables are being measured
Resilience indicators in the disaster literature provide information about different
variables that affect community environmental resilience (Figure 3). Indicators of
economic trends and conditions are most common, followed by infrastructure &
built environment. The majority of demographic and environmental & ecological
indicators are applicable to pre-disaster vulnerability and capacity. The majority
of health & well-being and infrastructure & built environment indicators are
applicable to post-disaster recovery.
Resilience Variable'
Figure 2. Number of resilience indicators pei
riable category
Key terms: Environmental system refers to socio-technical systems such as water and
wastewater treatment plants that produce environmental services. Ecological system is a
natural ecosystem such as a wetland or forest that provides ecosystem services.
D. What are potential indicators of community
environmental resilience?
Experts at the CERI workshops proposed & discussed potential community
environmental resilience indicators. Many of these indicators were not found in the
disaster literature and could fill in the gap in environmental indicators of resilience.
I categorized indicators by variable. Table 2 shows potential indicators of
community waste resilience. It includes indicators of pre-disaster preparedness and
vulnerability, and post-disaster recovery. Socioeconomic and ecological variables
affect community waste resilience, as well as infrastructure and technological
considerations. After Hurricanes Sandy andKatrina, the presence of invasive
species affected debris disposal options. After the 2014 chemical spill in the Elk
River near Charleston, W. Va., over 20 million plastic water bottles were used to
provide residents with drinking water. Two-thirds of area households had no
curbside recycling, turning a water system problem into a waste management
challenge.
Table 2. Potential indicators of community waste resilience & variables measured
Community Waste Resilience
Indicator
-Time to function: waste management
-Invasive species Environmental & ecological
-Percent green debris disposal
:^CneCkStฐdiSPฐSalSite "cture&bui,, environs,
-Predesig nation of debris sites
-Pretesting debris disposal technology
Disaster governance & planning
-Clean-up of key local places (park, school) Sense of place & identity
Health Swell-being
Demographic
-Contracts in place (recycling, waste haulers) Economic
-Maturity of curbside recycling
-Environmental hazards per sq mi
-Contaminants in building stock
-Race, class, ethnicity (in both disaster &
disposal sites)
Social networks & collective action
E. Next Steps
1. Access database of disaster resilience indicators: Add adapted
environmental indicators that could measure resilience. Beta test database so
EPA end users can find relevant indicators to design projects or track progress.
2. Community environmental resilience indicators: Find available metrics
and data sources for potential indicators. Select indicators with input from EPA
Program & Regional partners. Test indicators with community stakeholders.
Use indicators to develop community self-assessment tools.
Acknowledgements: The CERI workshops were able to advance environmental resilience
indicator development thanks to the AAAS Science & Technology Fellowship that supported
my position, innovation funding from the National Homeland Security Research Center to
host the workshops, the CERI team (Brendan Doyle, Susan Julius, Paul Lemieux, Regan
Murray, Eli Walton, Cynthia Yund), and the input of workshop participants.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
C-607
-------
OAK RlOOe MSimiTE FOB
AND EDUCMTKJN
Evaluation of Decontamination
on
Prior to
procedur
laborato
wipes an
materials
Bacillus
contamir
or a co
decontar
viable sp
efficacy
consider
than cor
for coll
contamir
S"PleC
transport of sample containme
es are necessary in order to pre
es. Two sample package dec
d pH-amended bleach spray} v
(corrugated fiberboard, polysty
trophaeus spores were deposi
ation. The inoculated surfaces
mmercial sporicidal bleach w
lination, surfaces were samplec
ores remaining on the surface
was comparable between the t
ng only the aerosol inoculated
ugated fiberboard or polyethyle
ction, packaging, and shipp
ation. Results of these studie
Election, packaging, and deconta
Abstract
nt packages from the
vent contamination o
jntamination approa
ere evaluated for de
ene foam, and polve
ed onto coupons, sin
were decontaminated
pe and allowed to
using a 3M sponge s
after treatment. To
wo spore preparatior
samples, polystyrene
e. Additional work is
ng of biological
are intended to be
mination protocols.
excl
asse
hes
conta
hyler
ulat
with
dry
ck ss
date,
s for
foarr
ongc
amp
used
sion zone, effec
ts in the support
Clorox Healthcar
mination efficacy
e}. Liquid or ae
ng two potential
either pH-adjuste
overnight for 18-
mpler to determ
results suggest t
each of the COL
was more diffic
ngto evaluate th
es for their p
by on-scene coo
ve dec
zone ar
Bleac
on thr
osol pr
real-wo
d bleac
4 hour
ie the s
hat dec
pon m
jit to d
e curre
otentia
dinator
jntamination
d in support
h Germicidal
^e packaging
-parations of
Id modes of
liquid spray
. Following
bundance of
ontamination
terials. Also,
scontaminate
t procedures
for cross-
to enhance
Introduction
Shipment of biological specimens typically occurs through co
During a biological incident, samples are collected and then tran:
a decontamination line, which separates the exclusion and sup
are rendered on sample packaging materials, and are meant t
transported into the support zone, where samples are furthi
laboratories. Although the current CDC surface sampling procedure for B. anthracis &
non-porous surfaces1 requires both the primary and secondary containment s
decontaminated with pH-amended bleach, the procedure does not suggest decontamii
shipping containers that will transport the specimens to their support laboratory. Cro
these shipping containers/packages may pose a potential threat not only to the couri
support laboratories who receive these packages alongside their everyday shipmer
is designed to evaluate the effectiveness of sample packaging deconta
shipped to
ds spores frc
it sample t
a 6. anthracis surrogate, 6. atrophaei
and si
eral sample transport shipping materials.
Test Design
Preparation
Liquid spores
Decontaminants
Clorox Germicidal wipes
pH-amended Bleach spray
Coupon Materials
Stainless Steel Cardboard Styrofoam Low-Density
Polyethylene
non
Kathrvn Mever L2, Jenia Tuftsl'2, and M. Worth Calfee2
1 Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education, Research Triangle Park, NC
2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC
Test Methods
Inoculation
*+* Liquid Deposition
*+* Coupons were inoculated with 10 x 100 u.1 drops of 2 xlO 6CFU of 6. atrophaeus spores in an
hourglass pattern.
*+* Aerosol Deposition
> Coupons were inoculated with 2 xlO7 aerosolized B. atrophaeus spores using a mete red dose inhaler
through an aerosol deposition apparatus2 and placed at room temperature for 18-24 hours for spore
deposition to occur.
Decontamination
*+* CloroxGermicidal Wipes
I- Towelette was folded 2 times. Surface of coupon was wiped in 3 directions, each time the towelette
was folded inward before use. Coupons air dried for 18-24 hours.
Sample Collect ion
*+* Sponge-stick samplers we re used to collect samples from the coupon surfaces after dry ing for 18-24
hours. Surfaces we re sampled in 4 directions and sponges were extracted in PBST in a stomacher.
m
*+* Undiluted and serially diluted sample extracts were plated onto tryptic soy agar (ISA) and CPU were
enumerated to determine survivorship (viable spore abundance).
M
vvEPA
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland SecurityResearch Cent
Results
Decontaminant drying time determination
l~
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Liauid-inoculated coupons
1
* * '
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Summary of Results
The Clorox wipe showed higher decontamination efficacy than the pAB spray, potentially due to the
physical removal associated with wiping.
Liquid-inoculated coupons (known spots of inoculation} wer
aerosol-inoculated coupons (uniform spatial distribution}.
Aerosol-inoculated styrofoam coupons
inoculated cardboard or polyethylene.
asily decontaminated than
References
C-608
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I
STERIS
Micro-vapor Chambers and Design of Experiments Approach
for Investiqatinq Vaporous Decontaminants
Lawrence R. Procell1, Janlyn H. Eikenberg2, Jay P. Davies1, and Matthew J. Shue1
1US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, APG, MD; 2Leidos, Abingdon, MD
Introduction
Vaporous decontamination chemistries are ideally suited to homeland
response scenarios. They provide decontamination for all exposed
surfaces, do not create runoff or transfer contamination, and can greatly
reduce manpower requirements. Furthermore, they may reduce hazards
associated with applying solution-based decontaminants. However,
efficient investigation of these chemistries is greatly hampered when
using standard vapor test chambers as typically only one condition can be
assessed per test session per test chamber due to the long exposures
required and the time associated with bringing the concentration to
equilibrium in a large chamber. A highly efficient approach for
investigating the vaporous decontamination of chemical agent
contaminated surfaces was recently explored using a combination of
micro-vapor chambers and a design of experiments (DOE) approach. The
statistical DOE approach coupled with the micro-vapor chambers was
used to identify the most influential decontamination process factors
associated with using hydrogen peroxide, formic acid and acetic acid
vapors as decontaminants.
Micro-vapor Chambers
2 in diameter Petri dishes served as micro-vapor chambers
Agent placed on plastic holder ensured only vaporous exposure
Vapors were generated by adding calculated volumes of liquid
decontaminant and water (based on interval volume of Petri) to Petri
dishes immediately before placing in temperature controlled enclosure
at 40 or 50 ฐC
Glass microfiber disk in bottom of Petri increased surface area of
added liquids to aid in volatilization
Plastic holder was extracted following vaporous exposure using
2-propanol and analyzed via LC-MS to assess remaining agent
Numerous micro-chamber tests were conducted per test session
permitting examination of multiple vaporous decontaminants,
concentrations and conditions using hydrogen peroxide and acidic
vapors.
The use of multiple micro-chamber tests per test session provided
much greater throughput and efficiency than that provided by standard
vapor exposure chambers
Shown without Petri cover for visual clarity
DOE Process Factors
A DOE study was devised to evaluate 3 decontaminant types (acetic acid,
formic acid, hydrogen peroxide) with a total of 6 process factors (5
continuous, 1 categorical). Estimation of main effects, second order
effects and all 2-way interactions was provided by the design. The DOE
design was created using a D-Optimal criteria within JMP 11 statistical
software (SAS Institute Inc., Gary, North Carolina)
Decon Vapor
Level
Factor
Acetic Acid (calc ppm)
Formic Acid (calc ppm)
H,O, (calc ppm)
Water Vapor Level (calc ppm)
Temperature (ฐC)
Time (h)
Drop Count
Factor Level
Low
1,000
100
1,500
400
40
2
1
Medium
4,000
300
3,500
1,200
3
High
10,000
1,000
5,500
4,000
50
4
2
Main Effects Scaled Estimates
The DOE was analyzed by fitting scaled estimates for the process factors
to permit direct comparison of effect influences within a decontaminant or
between decontaminants.
Decontaminant Type
within Main Effects
Main Effects within
Decontaminant Type
I1'1
li
I1!'
11
T
1
ll
1
t'i -
1
!
i
^P
Summary of Main Effects by Decontaminant Type
(scaled effect estimates (ng))
Decon
Type
Acetic
Acid
Formic
Acid
H202
Decon
Vapor
-374,288
-797,789
48,083
Water
Vapor
-194,855
-65,249
328,507
Improves Efficacy
No Effect
Reduces Efficacy
Time
-206,436
-145,502
-698,909
Temp
-83,470
-15,925
-411,833
Drop#
15,355
-74,676
4,951
Response Surface Grids
The relationships between the process factors and the response variable
are easily visualized for each decontaminant type with increasing
exposure period and by temperature.
Decon type: AtetlL jcid Formic JtlcJ H;O
Acetic acid - the important main effects to increase decontamination
performance were decontaminant vapor, and to a lesser degree water
vapor and exposure time
Form ic acid - the only important main effect to increase decontamination
performance was the decontaminant vapor
H2O2 - the main effects to increase efficacy were time, and temperature,
while water vapor was found to reduce efficacy. This negative effect of
water vapor on hydrogen peroxide efficacy is attributed to its ability to
reduce peroxide vaporization. Since the hydrogen peroxide vapor source
is an aqueous solution containing 41% water (59% Vaprox solution)
additional water may reduce the vapor pressure due to the similarity of
the two compounds.
leidos
Prediction Model Based on
Optimal Settings
The DOE results were used to fit a predictive model which included all
main, 2-way interactions and 2nd order effects. The predictive model was
then used to find the factor settings for optimal efficacy. The optimal factor
settings based on the predictive model were tabulated. As would be
expected, the optimal settings included the highest temperature (50 ฐC)
and longest exposure time (4 h), in addition to decon vapor levels at or
near the high level, with the exception of hydrogen peroxide which was
predicted to provide optimal performance at the low peroxide level (1,500
ppm). Additionally, while hydrogen peroxide and formic acid efficacies
were predicted at 2-6 and 1-2 log reductions of contaminant respectively,
acetic acid was estimated to provide only 82 % neutralization efficacy.
Predicted Optimal Factor Settings
Decon
Acetic
Acid
Acid
H202
Efficacy
82%
1-2 log
reduction
2-6 log
reduction
Decon
Vapor
(ppm
est)
9,400
1,000
1,500
Decon
Vapor
level
Near
Hiqh
High
Low
Water
Vapor
(ppm
est)
4,000
400
400
Water
Vapor
level
High
Low
Low
Temp
<ฐC)
50
50
50
Time
(h)
4
4*
4"
Drops#
1
2
2
Conclusions
The combination of micro-vapor chambers and design of experiments
(DOE) provided a highly efficient approach for investigating the
vaporous decontamination of chemical agent contaminated surfaces
The approach permitted the rapid evaluation of 3 decontaminant types
(hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, and formic acid) with a total of 6
process factors (decontaminant type, decontaminant vapor level,
temperature, time, agent drop size, and humidity)
Estimation of main effects, second order effects and all 2-way
interactions was also provided by the design
The predictive model created via the DOE allowed for the estimation of
optimal efficacy settings using all main, 2-way interactions and 2nd
order effects
Acknowledgements
lain McVey (STERIS Corp.) for financial and technical support
Michael Chesebrough (OptiMetrics, Inc.) for analytical support
Michelle Sheahy and Stefanie Quinones (Leidos Corp.) for laboratory
operational assistance
Jennifer Weitzel and Nicholas Sapienza (Leidos Corp.) for technical
support
Approved for Public Release
C-609
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dsbl
Should I coat my building?
Protecting buildings from CBR contamination
Catherine Toque
Defence Science and Technology Laboratory CBR Division, Institute of Naval Medicine, Crescent Road, Alverstoke PO12 2DL UK
Buildings can become contaminated in a CBRN attack, with contamination penetrating
into the walls. Radionuclides can readily absorb into a substrate in a few weeks '", and be
driven deeper by weathering or water bas '
buildings could need to be subjected to more aggressive decontamination techniqu
destroyed.
Specialist impermeable coatings are used to prevent contamination permeating into porous
indoor surfaces. In industry (e.g. nuclear) and medicine (e.g. medical laboratorif1"
of coatings improves the ability to undertake in-situ routine and end-of life decontc
Could a similar approach mitigate CBRN contamination?
Should we apply Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) coatings to our houses, office blocks and
heritage monuments to enable a cheaper recovery phase and minimise waste? Could the
benefits extend to neutralising chemical contamination and killing biological contamination?
This project looked at the possibility of using commercial and novel coating technologies as
protection against building contamination. Information from open sources was us ''
ability to repel or "deal with" chemical (C), biologi
Building conservation issues
Building conservation is a conservative sphere: the
application of protective treatments is avoided due to their
possible adverse effects. These effects can be detrimental to
the building integrity compared to existing cleaning regimes.
Damage can be caused by preventing or slewing down the
normal water movement out of the surface: When water
movement is unhindered, salts within the stone are carried
to the surface where they may be unsightly but can be
washed off. But trapped water deposits the salts behind the
surface layer, where thermal and crystallisation stresses can
eventually cause the stone to spall, leaving a weaker surface
that is more vulnerable to natural weathering. Hence,
impermeable treatments, even 'breathable' ones, should
only be applied to parts of buildings that are otherwise
water-tight. In addition, natural stones vary in properties
(e.g. vapour and liquid transport coefficients) across and
within stone types and so performance and criteria must be
judged en a case by case basis.
Rgure 1: Continuous spalf ng and erosion result in
severe stone decay
Figure 3: Sal efflorescence appears as a fine.
white, powdery substance on a uncoated brick wall
and but is only unsightly and can be washed off.
Use of COTS treatments
With technological advances, coatings
claim to offer greater repellency and
self-deaning properties. In addition
there is evidence of increasing use
on buildings of significance (See
Figures 7 and 8). A selection of COTS
treatments was assessed against a list
of desirable criteria to evaluate
whether their deployment would
provide tangible benefits for CBR
protection and be compatible with
building conservation.
661
Atreatment should:
Repel water, oils and particulates
Be invisible
Be water vapour permeable
Be inert towards the substrate but
functional against the contaminant
Not require aggressive pre-treatments
Be reversible
Be non-prejudicial to later interventions
Be long-lived
Figure 3: Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TECS) is the basis
for the SoMBel process. Hydrolysis, followed by
precipitation, results in the formation in-situ of a
silica polymer
Figure 4: Silica's
reactive OH- groups
can be functionalised
with alkyl
groups to impart
hydrophobicity
Products fall in 3 main technology groups
Silanes/siloxanes blends used with Sol-Gel process
(Rgure 3)
Pros:
Simplecontroloffunctionalitygivesproven
hydrophobicity overtime (alkyl groups), or deophobidty
(pdar groups), or both
On impregnation, mostly invisible and UV resistant
Vapour permeable
Cons
Vulnerable to acid based contaminants
Ineffective against Chemical \Aferfare (CW) agents even
when functicnalised
Possible staining with higher loadings
Variable durability
Not reversible, may prejudice other treatments
Fluorocarbon suspensions
Pros:
Omniphobic
Invisible
\Afetervapour permeable, inert towards matrix
UV resistant
Cons:
Vulnerable to abrasion
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) ban in US and likely in
EU, yet if
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Technical experts from the Joint Project Manager for Elimination and the Edgewood
Chemical Biological Center designed, built and operate the Field Deployable Hydrolysis
System, which uses proven neutralization technology that has safely destroyed more
than 7,250 tons of chemical agent over the past 40 years.
SIDE VIEW
Showing site layout and ventilation
Deck carbon filtration system
i
Chemical agent
filtration system
AERIAL VIEW
Chemical materiel
container
Reagent tanks
Holding/pH adjustment tanks Pump
Each side of the enclosure is ventilated to carbon filters to remove
contaminants. Air from the operational deck of the ship is passed through
additional carbon filtration prior to exiting the ship.
STEP1
STEP1
FDHS Imterior)
FDHS (interiorl
Hot water is fed into the mixing vessel.
Room-temperature water is added to the static mixer manifold.
STEP 2
Chemical materiel
FDHS {interior)
Mustard agent is fed into the mixing vessel and mixed with the hot water.
STEP 3
The HD molecule reacts with two molecules of water.
Two chlorine atoms are removed from the HD, forming a new,
less toxic compound.
STEP 4
Interim holding tank for effluent
The effluent is pH adjusted with sodium hydroxide.The end solution
is a mixture of water, thiodiglycol and sodium chloride.
STEP 5
STEP 2
Chemical materiel
DF is added to the static mixer manifold and mixed directly with the water.
STEP 3
The DF molecule reacts with two molecules of water.
Two fluorine atoms are removed from the DF, forming a new,
less toxic compound.
STEP 4
Interim holding tank for effluent
The effluent is pH adjusted with sodium hydroxide.The end solution
is a mixture of water, methylphosphonate and sodium fluoride.
Interim holding tank for effluent
Isotainer storing effluent
Operators transfer effluent from the interim holding tanks to isotainers for storage. Effluent is delivered to an OPCW-selected commercial treatment facility.
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CRP OVERVIEW
The Critical Reagents Program (CRP) serves as the
principal resource of high quality, validated, and
standardized biological reference materials, reagents,
and assays that meet the technology-development
and sustainment needs of the Department of Defense
(DoD) and its partners. In 2007, the CRP instituted
program-wide quality initiatives to integrate and
execute formal quality management systems into
all aspects of its program operations. The CRP
Product Support Office is ISO: 9001-2008 certified;
CRP production activities and associated reference
standards qualification are registered under ISO Guide
34 and relevant ISO 17025, where appropriate. As
such, the CRP provides the highest quality biological
detection solutions to the DoD, international allies,
and homeland defenders including the Department of
Homeland Security (DHS) BioWatch Program.
CRP SUPPORT OF
PARTDERS
The CRP supplies antigens (inactivated organisms),
genomic material, antibodies, PCR detection assays,
electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunoassays,
and lateral flow immunoassays (LFIs). The program
also provides technical support to various programs
within the US Government and the DoD Chemical and
Biological Defense Program.
LECEHD
REF MATERIALS
ASSAYS
SERVICES
RESOURCES
REAGEDT5
Biological reference materials
UNIFIED CULTURE COLLECTION (UCC)
(microbial strains)
J ANTIGENS (inactivated)
GENOMIC MATERIAL (RNA & DNA)
ANTIBODIES
COLLECTS LADS
Biological reference materials and reagents
CRITICAL REAGEI1T5 PRDCRAm
Products & Services
[@1 UCC (microbial strains)
EDGEWOOD CHEM BIO CENTER
(ECBC) (antibodies & genomics)
WEST DESERT TEST CENTER @
DUGWAY PROVING GROUND
(DPG) (antigens)
TAROIAC
Targeted Acquisition of Reference
Materials Augmenting Capabilities
ASSAUS
Biological detection solutions
^^^^^^^^^^^M
v-^
(] J LATERAL FLOW IMMUNOASSAYS (LFI)
ELECTROCHEMILUMINESCENCE (ECL) ASSAYS
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) ASSAYS
OSCAR
Ordering System for CRP Assays and Reagents
ANTIGENS (inactivated)
GENOMIC MATERIAL (RNA & DNA)
ANTIBODIES
Q)LFI ASSAYS
ECL ASSAYS
PCR ASSAYS
Targeted Acquisition of Reference Materials Augmenting Capabilities (TARMAC)
CRP (microbial) Threat Information Center
PRODUCT DATA PQ STRAIN METADATA
GENOTYPIC DATA
PHENOTYPIC DATA
SAMPLE DATA
C-612
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
RECEI1T DEVELOPIDEI1TS
In 2012,CRP launched their TARMAC initiative. TARMAC
stands for the Targeted Acquisition of Reference
Materials Augmenting Capabilities, and works to
ensure that emerging threats and capability gaps
are effectively addressed by ensuring new pathogen
collections are relevant to the current mission space.
Strains acquired through TARMAC are used to evaluate
and improve the performance of existing assays and
expand the products that are offered to CRP customers.
As a complement to TARMAC, the CRP created a
pathogen data resource called CRPuTIC (the CRP
(microbial) Threat Information Center). This data
resource contains strain metadata, and phenotypic
and genotypic characterization data on the strains
contained in the Unified Culture Collection (UCC). The
UCC serves as the foundation for a wide variety of CRP
products,so this data greatly enhances theinformation
available to a wide variety of CRP stakeholders. All
strain acquisitions through the TARMAC initiative are
also accessioned into the UCC and characterized for
inclusion in CRPuTIC.
In FY15, the CRP introduced online ordering for its
customers. The system, dubbed OSCAR (Ordering
System for CRP Assays and Reagents), integrates
customer ordering with the entire fulfillment process
it's truly an end-to-end solution that allows
customers to place orders online and have 24-hour
visibility into their order status and history. The CRP
office, government support labs, and contracted
storage and distribution partners will all be using the
system, so orders will always be updated in real time.
CODTACT OS
The CRP protects the warfighter and the nation by
working with top scientific experts from the DoD &
other biodefense partners to provide a comprehensive
portfolio of world-class materials, reagents, assays,
and biological detection technologies available.
WEB: www.jpeocbd.osd.mil/packs/Default.aspx?pg=1220
PHONE: 301.619.2277
EMAIL: usarmy.detrick.mcs.mbx.crp@mail.mil
The CRP logo is a gargoyle, signifying protection and
guardianship.
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