&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Public Meeting and Webinar:
Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant
Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4)
Meeting Presentations
Held June 25, 2014
USEPA, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water
Office of Water (MLK 140) EPA 815-A-14-001 June 2014
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
Revisions to the Unregulated
Contaminant Monitoring Rule
(UCMR 4) for Public Water Systems
Public Meeting and Webinar
June 25th, 2014
Meeting starts at 9:00 a.m. E.T.
USEPA
Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
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June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
WELCOME
Revisions to the Unregulated
Contaminant Monitoring Rule
(UCMR 4) for Public Water Systems
Public Stakeholder Meeting
and Webinar
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
General Meeting Information
Purpose
o Review the status of EPA's efforts in the areas of analyte
selection, analytical methods, sampling design, determination of
minimum reporting levels, and other possible revisions relative
to the rule
Webinar lines are muted to minimize background noise.
On-site attendees:
o Please mute electronic devices/cell phones.
o Bathrooms in hall, follow signs; need door key cards, which
should be returned after use.
o Lunch break will be at 11:45; list of restaurants available at
registration table.
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
Agenda
8:30-9:00
9:00-9:20
9:20-9:50
9:50-10:30
10:30-10:45
Stakeholder Sign-in
Welcome - Introduction and Agenda
Overview of the UCMR Program
UCMR 3 Status
BREAK
10:45-11:30 UCMR 4 Potential Sampling Design Change Relative to UCMR 3
11:30-11:45 Discussion
11:45-1:15 LUNCH
1:15-3:00 UCMR 4 Candidate Selections and Rationale
3:00-3:15 BREAK
3:15-3:45 Approval of Laboratories Supporting UCMR 4
3:45-5:00 Discussion
June 25, 2014 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Overview of the Unregulated
Contaminant Monitoring Program
Public Meeting and Webinar
Washington D.C.
June 25th, 2014-9:20 a.m.
Brenda Parris
USEPA, OGWDW, SRMD
Technical Support Center
Cincinnati, Ohio
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
Overview
Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring (UCM)
program
Regulatory background for UCMR
- Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) authority
- Relationship to Contaminant Candidate List (CCL)
Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule
(UCMR) approach
- UCMR cycles
- UCMR implementation
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Safe Drinking Water Act
Passed in 1974, amended in 1986 and 1996
Authorized EPA to set enforceable health
standards for contaminants in drinking water
- National Primary Drinking Water Standards
(NPDWS)
Outlined a sound science approach to
NPDWS development that required
consideration of:
- Occurrence Data
- Health Effects Data
- Cost Benefit Analysis
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
Unregulated Contaminant
Monitoring
1986 SDWA amendments were the basis for
the original UCM program
UCM Rounds 1 (1988-1992, 62 contaminants)
& 2 (1993-1997, 48 contaminants)
- State drinking water programs managed the
original UCM program
- Public water systems (PWSs) serving > 500 people
were required to monitor
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Safe Drinking Water Act
1996 SDWA amendments changed the
process of developing and reviewing NPDWS
- Contaminant Candidate List
- Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule
- Regulatory Determination
- Six-Year Review
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
General Flow of Regulatory Process
Draft CCL
J
| Final CCL L
Draft UCMR
Final UCMR
No further action if make
decision not to regulate (may
develop health adv:-;o. > ,
Proposed Rule
(NPDWR)
1
Final Rule
(NPDWR)
Six Year Review of
Existing NPDWRs
At each stage, need increased specificity and confidence in the type of
supporting data used (e.g. health and occurrence).
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Contaminant Candidate List
SDWA requires EPA to list unregulated
contaminants that may require a national
drinking water regulation in the future
Every five years CCL defines unregulated
contaminants for which EPA needs
- Occurrence data
- Analytical methods
- Potential health effects
- Evaluation of treatment techniques
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
Contaminant Candidate List
EPA considered approximately 7,500 potential chemical
and microbial contaminants
Screening process based on a contaminant's potential to
occur in public water systems (PWSs) and the potential for
public health concerns
Further detailed evaluations, public input, and expert
judgment and review are used in the final contaminant
selection
Final CCL 3 published October 8, 2009
- 104 chemicals or chemical groups and 12 microbiological
contaminants
CCL 4 is in development
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Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule
1996 Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments
- Redesigned the UCM program and included these
requirements:
Monitor no more than 30 contaminants per 5-year cycle
Monitor only a representative sample of PWSs serving
10,000 or fewer people
Store analytical results in the National Contaminant
Occurrence Database (NCOD)
Direct implementation - EPA managed program in
partnership with States
EPA funds testing/analytical costs for small PWSs
June 25, 2014
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
Objective of UCMR Program
Develop a list of contaminants, largely based on CCL,
every five years
Collect occurrence data for suspected drinking water
contaminants that do not have health-based standards
set under SDWA
Occurrence information is used to support future
regulatory decision-making
Supports the Administrator's determination of whether
(or not) to regulate a contaminant under the drinking
water program
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Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule
UCMR groups contaminants into three tiers
based on their priority and analytical
methodologies
- Assessment Monitoring (List 1)
- Employs commonly used analytical techniques
- Screening Survey (List 2)
- Uses more recently developed analytical techniques
- Pre-Screen Testing (List 3)
- Utilizes new or specialized techniques
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
UCMR1
UCMR 1 (2001-2005, 26 contaminants)
- Published in Federal Register (FR) on
September 17, 1999
- Required all large PWSs and a nationally
representative sample of small PWSs serving
<10,000 people to monitor for contaminants on
List 1
- Required a random selection of 300 large and
small PWSs to monitor for contaminants on List 2
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UCMR 2
UCMR 2 (2007-2011, 25 contaminants)
- Published in Federal Register (FR) on
January 4, 2007
- More PWSs included under List 2
Screening Survey than for UCMR 1 to
provide more representative results
- Define monitoring schedules to improve
compliance
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
UCMR 3
UCMR 3 (2012-2016, 30 contaminants)
- Currently ongoing - monitoring ends in
2015, data review will occur in 2016
- Published in Federal Register (FR) on
April 16, 2012
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UCMR Implementation
OGWDW, SRMD, Technical Support Center
(Cincinnati)
- Review and track PWS applicability and monitoring
progress
- Coordinate Laboratory Approval Program
- Provide technical support for Regions, States,
PWSs and laboratories
- Coordinate outreach
- Assist and support Regional compliance efforts
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
UCMR Implementation
OGWDW, SRMD, Technical Support Center
(Cincinnati)
- Small PWS support
- Maintain lab and implementation contracts to support UCMR
- Manage sample kit distribution
- Responsible for data review and reporting
- Prepare data for NCOD
- Large PWS support
- Extract data from the Safe Drinking Water Accession and Review
System (SDWARS) for evaluation and reporting to NCOD
- Support SDWARS reporting system and users
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Extended UCMR Implementation Team
OGWDW, DWPD, Infrastructure Branch
- Responsible for SDWARS
EPA Regional Offices
- Coordinate State partnership agreements
- Assist States and PWSs with UCMR
requirements, compliance and enforcement
Partnering States
- Support various levels of monitoring coordination
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
Status of the Third Unregulated
Contaminant Monitoring Rule
(UCMR 3)
Public Meeting and Webinar
Washington D.C.
June 25th, 2014-9:50 a.m.
Gregory J. Carroll
USEPA, OGWDW, SRMD
Technical Support Center
Cincinnati, Ohio
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Overview
Timing, Activities and Applicability
Monitoring
-Listl, List2, Lists
Reporting
- Current Status
Occurrence Data
-NCOD
Preparation for UCMR 4
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
Time Line of UCMR 3 Activities
2012
Pre-monitonng
Implementation
Lab Approval
Notifications
SDWARS
Registration
Inventory
Schedule
2013 2014 2015
Sampling and Reporting Period
One consecutive 12-month period during
January 2013 - December 2015 (monitoring
can span more than one calendar year, as long
as conducted during a consecutive 12-month
period).
2016
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Post-monitoring
Phase
Complete
Resampling
Conclude Data
Reporting
Finalize NCOD
Continue
Enforcement
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System Definitions and Sizes
Public water system (PWS) provides water for human consumption
through pipes or other constructed conveyances to at least 15 service
connections or serves an average of at least 25 people for at least 60
days a year.
- Community Water System (CWS) supplies water to the same population
year-round.
- Non-Transient Non-Community Water System (NTNCWS) regularly
supplies water to at least 25 of the same people at least six months per
year, but not year-round. Examples include schools, factories, office
buildings, and hospitals that have their own water systems.
- Transient Non-Community Water System (TNCWS) provides water in a
place such as a gas station or campground where people do not remain
for long periods of time.
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
UCMR 3 System Applicability
800 randomly selected systems
CWS & NTNCWS
TNCWS
All systems(~410) serving more
than 100,000, and -320 randomly
selected systems serving 10,001 to
100,000
No requirements
480 randomly selected systems
No requirements
Pre-Screen Testing (List 3 Contaminants)
;WS, TNCWS & NTNCWS
ms Servina > 1.000
ems Servina < 1.000
No requirements
800 randomly selected systems
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UCMR 3 Monitoring
PWSs must monitor during a consecutive
12-month period between 2013 - 2015
Number of times a PWS samples is directly
related to the sample point source
- Surface water and ground water under the direct
influence of surface water - must monitor quarterly
during their 12-month schedule (sample three
months apart)
- Ground water - must monitor twice during their
12-month schedule (sample five to seven
months apart)
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
UCMR 3 Monitoring Lists
Assessment Monitoring (List 1 Contaminants) relies on
common analytical method technologies used by drinking water
laboratories
Screening Survey (List 2 Contaminants) monitoring uses more
specialized analytical method technologies
Pre-Screen Testing (List 3 Contaminants) relies on newer
method technologies not as commonly used by drinking water
laboratories
UCMR 3 Pre-Screen Testing involves ground water systems that:
- Serve less than 1,000 people
- Do not disinfect
- Are located in vulnerable areas of karst or fractured bedrock
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UCMR 3 Sampling Locations
Contaminant Type
Volatile Organic Compounds
Synthetic Organic Compound (1,4-dioxane)
Perfluorinated Compounds
Oxyhalide Anion (chlorate)
Metals
Chromium-6
Sampling Location Type
EPTDS
EPTDS
EPTDS
EPTDS and
EPTDS and
EPTDS and
DSMRT
DSMRT
DSMRT
Screening Survey: List 2 Contaminants
Hormones | EPTDS
Viruses
EPTDS
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
UCMR 3 List 1 Contaminants
Assessment Monitoring: List 1 Contaminants
Volatile Organic Compounds - EPA Method
chloromethane (methyl chloride)
bromomethane (methyl bromide)
chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22)
bromochloromethane (halon 1011)
1,1-dichloroethane
1,2,3-trichloropropane
1,3-butadiene
0.2
0.2
0.08
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.1
Synthetic Organic Compound - EPA Method 52
1,4-dioxane
0.07
EPA will pay for all analytical and shipping costs associated with List 1 monitoring at small systems (< 10,000).
June 25,2014 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 33
UCMR 3 List 1 Contaminants
Assessment Monitoring: List 1 Contaminants
Perfluorinated Compounds- EPA Method 537
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS)
perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA)
perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS)
perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA)
perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS)
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.09
Oxyhalide Anion - EPA Method 300.1 ; SM 4110D; ASTM D658-08
chlorate
20
EPA will pay for all analytical and shipping costs associated with List 1 monitoring at small systems (< 10,000).
June 25,2014 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 34
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
UCMR 3 List 1 Contaminants
cobalt
molybdenum
strontium
vanadium
chromium
Chromium-6 - EPA Method 218.7
chromium-6
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.03
EPA will pay for all analytical and shipping costs associated with List 1 monitoring at small systems (< 10,000).
June 25,2014 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 35
UCMR 3 List 2 Contaminants
17-(3-estradiol
17-a-ethynylestradiol (ethinyl estradiol)
16-a-hydroxyestradiol (estriol)
equilin
estrone
testosterone
4-androstene-3,17-dione
0.0004
0.0009
0.0008
0.004
0.002
0.0001
0.0003
EPA will pay for all analytical and shipping costs associated with List 2 monitoring at small systems (< 10,000).
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
UCMR 3 List 3 Contaminants ^^
Pre-Screen Testing: List 3 Contaminants
^^HHMi g^H ^_
Detection Assay 1
Microbiological Contaminants - EPA Method 1615
enterovirus
norovirus
Cell culture; qPCR
qPCR
Microbiological Indicators
total coliforms
£. co//
Enterococci
bacteriophage
aerobic spores
EPA will collect the samples from List 3 sampling locations, and will pay for all analytical and shipping costs associated with
viruses and indicators at these small systems (< 1 ,000).
June 25, 2014 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 37
UCMR 3 Responsibilities
Small PWSs serving 10,000 or fewer people
are not responsible for the costs associated
with analyses and shipping
- EPA engages States and PWSs to collect samples
for List 1 and List 2
- EPA collects samples for List 3
- EPA coordinates sample analyses with contracted
laboratories and funds the analyses
- EPA examines the results along with quality control
data and generates reports
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
UCMR 3 Responsibilities
Large PWSs serving more than 10,000 people
are responsible for the costs associated with
analyses
- PWS coordinates sample analyses with an
approved laboratory
- Laboratories post the data to the Safe Drinking
Water Accession and Review System (SDWARS 3)
- PWS reviews and can act upon
(e.g., approve) data in SDWARS 3
States and EPA review results
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UCMR 3 Occurrence Data
- Updated quarterly and posted in the National
Contaminant Occurrence Database (NCOD)
- Quarterly updates can be accessed from
- http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/sdwa/ucmr/data.cfm*
ucmr2013
- Zipped file contains a summary document (PDF), occurrence
data (.txt), disinfectant residual type (.txt) and U.S. postal
service zip code(s) for all areas served by a PWS (.txt)
- Data will continue to be added and may be corrected
on further review
- Use caution when interpreting the data before the dataset is
complete (mid-late 2016)
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
UCMR 3 Results To-Date
OGWDW posted PWS results (submitted through
April 2014) to the web (NCOD)
Chemicals are studied at levels that are often
significantly below those in previous UCMRs
The detection of a UCMR 3 analyte above the MRL
does not represent cause for concern, in and of itself
The data should be judged considering health
effects information (reference concentration)
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UCMR 3 Preliminary Results
-3500 sample results from -400 PWSs for
hormones
-18,000 sample results from -1900 PWSs for
metals, chlorate
-11,000 sample results from 1800-1900 PWSs
for other chemicals
-1/3 of data that will ultimately be collected
June 25, 2014
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
Preliminary Data Summary Points
Metals
- Many PWSs had detections of metals (i.e., above the
MRL)
- Between 0-3% of sample results were above the
Reference Concentration (Ref Cone)
- Vanadium above the Ref Cone at ~3% of PWSs; strontium
above the Ref Cone at 1%; other metals measured above
the Ref Cone by less than 1 % of PWSs
Chlorate
- Many of the PWSs (-10,000 of-18,000) had detections of
chlorate
- 35% of the PWSs had chlorate measurements above the
Ref Cone
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Preliminary Data Summary Points
1,4-dioxane
- -400 of -1800 PWSs had detections of 1,4-dioxane
- -7% above the 1Q-6 Ref Cone of 0.35 ug/L; none
above the 1Q-4 Ref Cone of 35 |jg/L
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
- One or more VOCs detected by 104 of the -1800
PWSs that reported data
- Relatively few VOC measurements above the Ref
Cone
- 1,2,3-trichloropropane measured by -1.4% of PWSs
above the 1Q-4 Ref Cone; detected above MRL by
-1.7% (MRL > 10-6 Ref Cone)
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
Preliminary Data Summary Points
- Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)
36 of the -1900 PWSs detected one or more PFCs
6 PWSs measured PFOS above the Ref Cone
Ref Cone currently only available for PFOA and PFOS
- Hormones
17 of the -400 PWSs detected one or more
hormones
Ref Cone available for the 5 estrogenic hormones, not
the 2 androgenic hormones
None of the PWSs had (estrogenic) hormone
measurements above the Ref Cone
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Preliminary Virus Data
Pre-Screen Testing at 800 small GW systems for
norovirus, enterovirus, and "indicator" organisms
Field samples collected from ~376 PWSs; data
available for ~173
133 indicator detections
- 26 enterococci
- 9 bacteriophage
- 84 aerobic spores
- 2 E. coli
- 12 total coliform
3 norovirus detections
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
Timing for UCMR 3 and UCMR 4
> UCMR 3 monitoring activities are scheduled to
end in December 2015
UCMR 3 data will be finalized in 2016
> EPA anticipates proposing UCMR 4 in mid
2015
UCMR 4 is anticipated to be final in late 2016
Implementation activity for UCMR 4 expected
to begin in 2017 with monitoring expected to
begin in January 2018
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Revisions to the Unregulated
Contaminant Monitoring Rule
(UCMR 4) for Public Water Systems
Public Stakeholder Meeting
and Webinar
June 25, 2014
Morning Break
Resume at 10:45 a.m.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
UCMR 4
Potential Sampling Design Changes
Relative to UCMR 3
Public Meeting and Webinar
Washington D.C.
June 25th, 2014-10:45 a.m.
Brenda Parris
USEPA, OGWDW, SRMD
Technical Support Center
Cincinnati, OH
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Overview
Background for the Unregulated Contaminant
Monitoring Rule (UCMR) sampling design
UCMR 4 sampling design considerations
Approach to tiered monitoring
- Assessment Monitoring (List 1)
- Screening Survey (List 2)
- Pre-Screen Testing (List 3)
Potential changes between UCMR 3 and
UCMR 4
Implementation considerations
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
UCMR Background
UCMR program designed for Safe Drinking Water
Act (SDWA) specifications
Under § 1445(a)(2)(A) of SDWA, as amended in
1996, EPA required to:
- "vary the frequency and schedule for monitoring ...based
on the number of persons served by the system, the
source of supply, and the contaminants likely to be found;"
- ensure "that only a representative sample of systems
serving 10,000 persons or fewer are required to monitor;"
and
- "pay the reasonable cost of such testing and laboratory
analysis..." for small systems
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PWS Types
Community water system
- Public Water System (PWS) that supplies water to
the same population year-round
Non-transient non-community water system
- PWS that supplies water to at least 25 of the same
people at least six months per year, but not year-
round
- Schools
Transient non-community water system
- PWS that provides water where people do not
remain for long periods of time
- Gas stations and campgrounds
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
PWS Sizes
Small PWSs serve 10,000 people or less
Large PWSs serve 10,001-100,000 people
"Extra large" PWSs serve over 100,001
people
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Sampling Design Considerations
UCMR 4 expected to be based on the
sampling and statistical design used in
UCMR 1,2 and 3
-Vetted with stakeholders
- Peer reviewed
-Three rounds of public comment
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
Sampling Design Considerations
Data Quality Objectives
Unbiased national exposure estimates; small margin
of error
Account for differential occurrence
Stratify across system size and source water type to
account for differences
Multiple sample events over multiple years to address
temporal variability
Allocation across states proportional to population
served; at least two per state
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Assessment Monitoring
(List 1): Statistical Approach
Expect to maintain same statistical design for
Assessment Monitoring used in UCMR 1, 2 and 3
- Nationally representative sample of 800 small systems
- Census of large water systems
Small system statistical sample combined with
large system census data provides a powerful tool
for assessing contaminant occurrence
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
Sample Allocation for Small Systems in
Assessment Monitoring (List 1)
Size Category
500 and under
501 to 3,300
3,301 to 10, 000
Total
Ground Water Surface Water
Systems Systems
85
223
220
528
10
83
179
272
95
306
399
800
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Screening Survey (List 2):
Statistical Approach
Designed to ensure the data can be used to
support regulatory determinations and rule
development (if warranted)
Account for possible laboratory capacity issues
related to use of recently developed or
technically complex methods
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Screening Survey (List 2):
Statistical Approach
Considering similar approach as UCMR 2 and 3:
- National sample of 800 systems, allocated across
systems serving 100,000 or fewer:
- Small system (serving 10,000 or fewer) sample would not
overlap with Assessment Monitoring
- Sample again allocated across strata of system size and source
water type
- Census of all systems serving 100,001 and over
(~400 systems)
- Adds further confidence in the sampling results by including a
census of the largest systems
Total number of systems ~1,200
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UCMR Pre-Screen Testing (List 3)
Envisioned for use with methods that are in the early
stages of development, and/or very specialized (such
as those for viruses or DMA/microchips)
May be conducted by limited number of PWSs
identified as vulnerable (by EPA and/or State
agencies)
Not currently anticipated to be utilized for UCMR 4
June 25, 2014
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
UCMR 4 Implementation Considerations
The same sampling frequency used in UCMR 3 for
Assessment Monitoring (AM) and Screening Survey
(SS) is expected to be utilized for the majority of
potential UCMR 4 analytes
- Surface water systems (including groundwater under the
direct influence of surface water) would sample four times
during their year of monitoring
- Ground water systems would sample two times during their
year of monitoring
Considering altering the sampling frequency for
selected AM and/or SS analytes in UCMR 4
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Potential Change Between
UCMR 3 and UCMR 4: Monitoring
Selective monitoring for List 1 and 2 contaminants, such as
cyanotoxins and pesticides?
- UCMR 3: Selective monitoring was conducted with List 3 viruses but
has not been conducted with List 1 or 2 contaminants
- UCMR 4 potential change: Target the monitoring of cyanotoxins and
potentially pesticides by sampling in the warmer months of the year
and only sampling surface water or ground water under the direct
influence of surface water?
- Reason for considering change:
- To obtain more accurate occurrence data on contaminants whose
concentrations fluctuate
- Target timeframes when the contaminant is most likely to found,
vulnerable period(s)
June 25, 2014
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UCMR 4 Implementation Considerations
Same monitoring schedule anticipated for AM
andSS
- Months assigned to ensure coverage of temporal
vulnerability and variability
- System monitoring spread across 3-year period to
provide temporal coverage and to accommodate
lab capacity
Year and months of monitoring assigned to small systems
Large systems can re-define their year and month(s) of
monitoring
June 25, 2014
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Potential Change Between
UCMR 3 and UCMR 4: Monitoring
Reduce the period of UCMR monitoring?
- UCMR 3: 3 years were allocated for sample
monitoring
- UCMR 4 potential change: Compress the
monitoring period to 2 years?
- Reason for considering change:
- UCMR data would be available earlier to support
regulatory determinations
June 25, 2014
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
UCMR 4 Implementation Considerations
Sampling locations for potential AM and SS
chemicals
- All chemicals would be sampled at the entry points
to the distribution systems (EPTDSs)
- Metals, if any, would also be sampled at the
distribution maximum residence time (DSMRT)
location in the distribution systems
- Some adjustment in sampling locations may be
warranted depending on the final selection of
UCMR 4 contaminants
June 25, 2014
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Potential Change Between
UCMR 3 and UCMR 4: QC Data
Collect additional quality control (QC) data in SDWARS?
- UCMR 3: EPA collects more extensive small system QC data
from contract laboratories, large systems report limited QC data
- UCMR 4 potential change: Require similar QC data to be
submitted for both large and small systems?
- Reason for considering change:
- Ensure a more robust dataset
June 25, 2014
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
Potential Change Between
UCMR 3 and UCMR 4: SDWARS
Improve SDWARS reporting functionality?
- UCMR 3: Compliance reports offer a summary of the reporting
status of individual PWSs and if they have fulfilled their
monitoring requirements
- UCMR 4 potential change: Update the functionality of
SDWARS to include compliance reports for multiple PWSs
simultaneously?
- Reason for considering change:
- Facilitates compliance tracking by the Regions and States
June 25, 2014
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Revisions to the Unregulated
Contaminant Monitoring Rule
(UCMR 4) for Public Water Systems
Discussion
11:30 a.m. - 11:45 a.m.
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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Revisions to the Unregulated
Contaminant Monitoring Rule
(UCMR 4) for Public Water Systems
Public Stakeholder Meeting
and Webinar
Lunch Break
Meeting will resume at 1:15 p.m.
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
UCMR 4 Candidate Selection,
Rationale and Method
Considerations
Public Meeting and Webinar
Washington D.C.
June 25th, 2014-1:15 p.m.
Melissa Simic and Steve Wendelken
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water
Technical Support Center
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
Overview
UCMR 4 Schedule
Candidate Selection Process and Rationale
Method Considerations
Health and Occurrence Data with Sources
Contaminant Specific Information by Method
Other UCMR 4 Contaminants Under
Consideration
UCMR 4 Schedule
Public
Comment
Period Begins
UCMR Method
Development
Stakeholder Meeting
May 15, 2013
June 25, 2014
Publish
UCMR 4
Proposal
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
UCMR 4 monitoring
tentatively starting
in 2018
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
UCMR 4 Prioritization Process
CCL 3 [106 chemicals +12 microbes]
+ 48 CCL 4 nominations1 = 166 contaminants
45 CCL + 48 related non-CCL analytes
[16 methods]
Propose up to 30
contaminants for
comment
Z
Not currently regulated or previous regulatory
determination
Not monitored for on UCMR 2 or UCMR 3
Low national occurrence is not anticipated
Have a completed drinking water method
UCMR4 Candidates:
31 CCL + 18 related non-CCL
analytes [9 methods]
+ other contaminants under t
consideration2
Most contaminants in method group:
Have an available health assessment to facilitate
regulatory determinations and/or high public concern
Have critical health endpoints, probable carcinogens,
active pesticides
Have an occurrence data gap
Workgroup and stakeholder input
Cost-effective method group
Implementation considerations
After considering comments, publish up to
30 contaminants for UCMR 4 monitoring
tentatively starting in 2018
159 unique CCL 4 nominations; 11 removed because already on CCL 3 or regulated
2 Nitrate/Nitrite, 4 unregulated brominated DBFs
June 25, 2014
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CCL an
Assessment Monitoring (List 1)
iermanium
Manganese (CCL 4 nomination)
ithoprop
Ipha-Hexachlorocyclohexane
'ermethrin,trans-
'ermethrin, cis-
Oxyfluorfen
Dimethipin (Method 530)
2-Propen-l-ol
2-Methoxyethanol
Irythromycin
friclosan (CCL4 nomination)
Carbamazepine
Diazepam
Sulfamethoxazole
rrimethoprim
Diclofenac
Naproxen
Gemfibrozil
Fluoxetine
Enalapril
Phenytoin
:ormaldehyde
Acetaldehvde
Screening Survey (List 2)
Vlicrocystin-LR
Vlicrocystin-YR
Vlicrocystin-RR
^icrocystin-LA
Anatoxin-a
Microcystin-LF
Microcystin-LY
Nodularin
Cylindrospermopsin
Under Evaluation
LegioneHo pneumophHo
The candidates highlighted in gray are related non-CCL3 analytes
June 25, 2014
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Potential EPA Methods
Assessment Monitoring (List 1) Screening Survey (List 2)
Method 200. 8 (ICP-MS)
Method 525. 3 (GC/MS)
Method 530 (GC/MS)
Method 538 (DAI-LC/MS/MS)
Method 541 (GC/MS)
Method 542 (LC/MS/MS)
Method 556.1 (FastGC)
Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)
Gas Chromatography (GC)
Direct Aqueous Injection (DAI)
Method 544 (LC/MS/MS)
Method 545 (LC/ESI-MS/MS)
Mass Spectrometry (MS)
Liquid Chromatography (LC)
Electrospray lonization (ESI)
The monitoring location(s) are still being determined
June 25, 2014
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Health Effects Data
Identify health effects information compiled during CCL 3 + CCL 4 nominations
- Potential health effects
- Reference Dose (RfD) or other non-cancer health value
- Cancer Slope Factor (CSF)
- Health Reference Levels (HRLs)*
- Cancellation Status for Pesticides
Determine health assessment status:
(1) Available health assessment from an EPA (i.e., IRIS, OPP, OW) or comparable non-EPA source
(e.g., ATSDR)
(2) Available health assessment from an EPA or comparable non-EPA source needs to be updated
(3) A health assessment is not currently available but sufficient information may exist to conduct a
health assessment
(4) A health assessment is not currently available and there are substantial data needs
*Note: HRLs are risk-derived concentrations against which to evaluate the occurrence data to determine if contaminants
occur at levels of potential public health concern. HRLs are not final determinations about the level of a contaminant in
drinking water that must not be exceeded to protect any particular population.
June 25, 2014
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
Health Effects Data Sources
EPA
- Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP)
- Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
- Office of Water Health Advisory (HA)
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
California Office of Environmental Health and Hazard Assessment (OEHHA)
Risk Assessment Information System (RAIS)
Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS)
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization
(WHO)
Center for Disease Control (CDC)
Single Studies
Note: The health values are derived using the health effects information available during CCL 3. The health values
are subject to change as health assessments are completed or updated based on more recent health effects
information.
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Calculating CCL 3 Health Reference Levels
Non-Cancer CCL3 HRL (mg/L) = [(RfD x BW)/DWI] x RSC]
Where:
RfD = Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
RfD = Point of Departure (POD) -^Uncertainty Factors (UF)
Point of Departure = the dose (e.g., No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) or Lowest
Observed Adverse Effect level (LOAEL))
BW = Body Weight for an adult, assumed to be 70 kilograms (kg)
DWI = Drinking Water Intake for an adult, assumed to be 2 L/day (90th
percentile)
RSC = 20% Relative Source Contribution, assumed to be the level of exposure
from drinking water when compared to other sources.
June 25, 2014
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
Calculating CCL 3 Health Reference Levels
Cancer Unit Risk (|jg/L)-1 = CSF x [(DWI x CW)/BW]
Where:
' CSF = Cancer Slope Factor (mg/kg/day)-1
DWI = Drinking Water Intake for an adult, assumed to be 2 L/day (90th
percentile)
CW = Unit risk concentration in drinking water of 0.001 mg/L (1 ug/L)
BW = Body Weight for an adult, assumed to be 70 kilograms (kg)
The cancer HRL is the concentration of a contaminant in drinking water
corresponding to an excess estimated lifetime cancer risk of one-in-a-million (1x
10~6), calculated as follows:
Cancer HRL (|jg/L) = Risk Level of 10-6 4- Unit Risk (M9/L)-1
June 25, 2014
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Occurrence Data and Information Sourc
Finished Water Data
Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR)
- UCMR 1 Screening Survey/Assessment Monitoring (2001 - 2003)
National Inorganics and Radionuclides Survey (NIRS) (1984 -1986)
Disinfection By-Product Information Collection Rule (DBP-ICR) Data (1997
-1998)
U.S. Department of Agriculture Pesticide Data Program (POP)
Pesticides Pilot Monitoring Program (PPMP)
California Department of Health Services (CAL DHS)
Small-Scale Local Occurrence Studies
Note: Occurrence results are presented as a number or percent of detects at systems/sites. Where available, a
statement is included about the maximum concentration being above or belowthe health reference level (HRL).
June 25, 2014
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
Occurrence Data and Information
Sources (cont.)
Supplemental Drinking Water and Ambient Water Data
United States Geological Survey (USGS), Ambient Water
- National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA)
National Reconnaissance of Emerging Contaminants (NREC)
National Random and Focused Source Water Surveys (with AWWARF)
- Special reports
Other specialized studies and literature
Production, Release, Usage and Other Data
Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)
National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP)
OPP Reregistration Eligibility Document (RED)
Data from pesticide registrants
Chemical Update System/Inventory Update Reporting Program (CUS/IUR)
Cancellation Status for Pesticides
Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic (PBT) Profiler
June 25, 2014
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Metals
EPA Method 200.8 (ICP/MS), 1994
Determination of trace elements in waters by inductively coupled plasma - mass
spectrometry, revision 5.4
Analytes
Manganese (2)
Nickel
Germanium (4)
Thorium
June 25, 2014
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Manganese: Background
Heavy metal element found in over 100 naturally occurring
minerals, including silicates, carbonates, sulfides, oxides,
phosphates and borates; ubiquitous in soil, water, food and air
Small amounts found in foods are an essential nutrient for humans
and animals
Commercially imported manganese compounds include
ferromanganese (used in the production of steel), manganese
sulfate (fertilizer), manganese dioxide (matches, batteries,
fireworks) and potassium permanganate (wastewater and drinking
water treatment chemical)
Common manganese compounds range from insoluble to
moderately soluble in water
June 25, 2014
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Manganese: Health Effects
Health Assessment Status = 2
- 1995 IRIS Risk Assessment
RfD = 0.047 mg/kg-day
- Critical Effect = Central nervous system effects
- NOAEL = 0.14 mg/kg-day; UF = 3 [Reflects a modifying factor of 3 to adjust
for increased bioavailability when in drinking water]
HRL: 300 ug/L (non-cancer)
Sensitive populations: Children, the elderly, pregnant
women, iron deficient individuals, and individuals with
impaired liver function
- Recent studies indicate concern for neurological effects in children
and infants
June 25, 2014
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Manganese: Occurrence
National Inorganics and Radionuclides Survey (NIRS), Finished Water,
1984-1986 (MRL = 1 ug/L):
- 672 detections (median = 11.96 ug/L) out of 989 sites; Maximum detect (1,341 ug/L)
> HRL (300 ug/L)
USGS, National Water-Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA), Ambient
Water, 1992-2001:
- 6,447 detections (median = 19 ug/L) out of 8,002 sites; Maximum detect (70,000
ug/L) > HRL (300 ug/L)
USGS, Toccalino et al., 2010, Ambient Water:
- 543 detections (median = 8.99 ug/L) out of 808 samples; Maximum detect (1,923
ug/L) > HRL (300 ug/L)
Toxic Release Inventory - Total:
- 15,872,968 Ibs/yr in 48 states in 2010
June 25, 2014
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Germanium: Background
Naturally-occurring element in earth's crust and oceans,
widely distributed in low concentrations in oxide and
sulfide minerals; commercially available in combination
with other elements and produced mainly as a
byproduct of zinc ore processing
Used primarily in infrared optics, fiber-optic systems,
electronics and solar electric applications
Some germanium compounds (e.g., germanium
dioxide) are water soluble
June 25, 2014
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Germanium: Health Effects
Health Assessment Status = 4
- Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS): Single Study
(Obaraetal. 1991)
RfD-like = 0.0001 mg/kg-day
- Critical Effect = Kidney, Ureter, Bladder- changes in tubules (including acute
renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)
- LOAEL = 0.318 mg/kg-day*; Default UF = 3,000
CCL 3 HRL: 0.744 ug/L (non-cancer)
Sensitive populations: Individuals with compromised renal
function
*OW did not obtain the same LOAEL as RTECS using the data in the identified paper. Based on OW's evaluation of the dose
information in the report, the LOAEL should be about ten times larger (i.e., 3.18 mg/kg-day).
June 25, 2014
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Germanium: Occurrence
National Inorganics and Radionuclides Survey (NIRS),
Finished Water, 1984-1986 (MRL = 22 ug/L):
- 4 detections (median = 220 |jg/L) out of 989 PWSs; Minimum
detection (26 ug/L) > HRL (0.744 ug/L)
Chemical Update System / Inventory Update Reporting:
- <500K Ibs/yr in 2006
Toxic Release Inventory - Total:
- No data in 2004 or 2010
June 25, 2014
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
Semivolatile Organic Chemicals
EPA Method 525.3 (GC/MS), 2012
Determination of semivolatile organic chemicals in drinking water by solid
phase extraction and capillary column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry,
version 1.0
Analytes
Disulfoton (1)
Ethoprop (1)
Alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane (2)
Permethrin, trans - (1)
Permethrin, cis- (1)
Tebuconazole (1)
Tribufos (1)
Prof en ofos (1)
Oxyfluorfen (2)
Vinclozolin (2)
Dimethipin (method 530) (1)
June 25, 2014
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Disulfoton: Background
Organophosphate pesticide; used as an insecticide; currently
registered for use on over 35 crops, plus domestic outdoor
use on potted plants and ornamentals
Production cancelled 2009 (74 FR 48551)
Expected to be not very mobile to moderately mobile in
water, based on physical and chemical properties
Projected half-life in water is 7 - 41 days (PBT Profiler)
The PBT Profiler (2009) predicts that 17% of disulfoton will
partition to water when modeled in a four-compartment
system (water, air, soil and sediment)
Moderately persistent in the environment
June 25, 2014
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Disulfoton: Health Effects
Health Assessment Status = 1
- 2006 OPP Risk Assessment
RfD = 0.00013 mg/kg-day
- Critical Effect = Plasma, RBC, brain and corneal cholinesterase
(ChE) inhibition
- NOAEL = 0.013 mg/kg-day; UF = 100
CCL3 HRL: 0.91 ug/L (non-cancer)
Sensitive populations: None identified
June 25, 2014
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Disulfoton: Occurrence
UCMR 1 Screening Survey, Finished Water, 2001-2003 (MRL = 0.5
M9/L):
- No detections of 2k samples in 295 systems
USDA, Pesticide Data Program (POP), Finished Water, 2001-2009 (min
detect = N/A):
- No detections in 4k samples
USGS, Toccalino et al. 2010, Ambient Water (MRL = 0.01 - 0.02 ug/L)
- No detections in 647 samples/systems
National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Pesticide
Application:
- 1,196,066 I bs/yr i n 33 states i n 1997
June 25, 2014
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Ethoprop: Background
A phosphorodithioate pesticide; used as an insecticide
Expected to be moderately mobile in water, based on
physical and chemical properties
PBT Profiler (2009) predicts 23% of ethoprop will partition
to water when modeled in a four-compartment system
(water, air, soil and sediment)
June 25, 2014
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Ethoprop: Health Effects
Health Assessment Status = 1
- 2001 OPP Risk Assessment
RfD = 0.0001 mg/kg-day*
- Critical Effect = Plasma cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition
- NOAEL = 0.01 mg/kg-day; UF = 100
CCL 3 HRL: 0.7 ug/L (non-cancer)
Sensitive populations: None identified
Note: 2006 OPP Risk Assessment; RfD = 0.0014 Brain ChE inhibition; Likely carcinogen, CSF = 0.0281 mg/kg-day-1
June 25, 2014
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Ethoprop: Occurrence
USGS, National Water-Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA), Ambient
Water, 1992-2001:
- 84 detections (median = 0.011 ug/L)out of 7,118 sites; Maximum detection (1.95 ug/L)
>HRL(0.7ug/L)
Pesticide Pilot Monitoring Program (PPMP), Finished Water, 1999:
- 0 detections out of 228 samples
National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Pesticide
Application:
- 1,010,807 Ibs/yr in 28 states in 1997
EPA OPP estimate of pesticide usage:
- 691,000 Ibs/yr (2006 estimate)
Toxic Release Inventory - Total:
- 77,786 Ibs/yr in 4 states in 2004; 35,660 Ibs/yr in 2 states in 2010
June 25, 2014
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alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane: Background
A cyclic halogenated alkane; component of lindane,
formerly used as an insecticide
Expected to be not very to moderately mobile in water,
based on physical and chemical properties
The PBT Profiler (2009) predicts that 6% of alpha-
hexachlorocyclohexane will partition to water when
modeled in a four-compartment system (water, air, soil
and sediment)
June 25, 2014
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alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane: Health Effects
Health Assessment Status = 2
- 1987 IRIS Risk Assessment
Slope Factor = 6.3 (mg/kg-day)-1
Cancer Class = B2
- Sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals
CCL 3 HRL: 0.006 ug/L (cancer)
Sensitive populations: Children may be more
sensitive, but no definitive studies
June 25, 2014
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alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane: Occurrence
USGS, National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA), Ambient
Water, 1992-2001 (MRL = 0.002 ug/L):
- 21 detections (median = 0.011 ug/L) out of 7,119 sites; Maxim urn detection (0.21
ug/L) > HRL (0.006 ug/L)
National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Pesticide
Application:
- No data in 1997
Chemical Update System / Inventory Update Reporting:
- No Reports in 2002
Toxic Release Inventory - Total:
- No data in 2004 or 2010
June 25, 2014
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
Permethrin, cis- and trans-: Background
Permethrin is a substituted diphenyl ether; used as an
insecticide
Expected to be not very to moderately mobile in water,
based on physical and chemical properties
The PBT Profiler (2009) predicts that 2% of permethrin
will partition to water when modeled in a four-
compartment system (water, air, soil and sediment)
May or may not be persistent in the environment
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Permethrin, cis- and trans-: Health Effects
Health Assessment Status = 1
- 2009 OPP Risk Assessment
Slope Factor = 0.0096 (mg/kg-day)-1
Cancer Class = L
- Likely to be carcinogenic to humans
CCL 3 HRL: 3.65 ug/L (cancer)
Sensitive populations: None identified
June 25, 2014
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Permethrin, cis- and trans-: Occurrence
National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP)
Pesticide Application:
- 1,066,056 Ibs/yrin 48 states in 1997
EPA OPP estimate of pesticide usage:
- 2 million Ibs/yr (2007 estimate)
Chemical Update System / Inventory Update Reporting:
- No data in 2002 or 2006
Toxic Release Inventory - Total:
- 17,979 Ibs/yr in 7 states in 2004; 2,116 Ibs/yr in 5 states in 2010
June 25, 2014
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Tribufos: Background
Alkylated phosphorotrithioate pesticide; used as an
insecticide and cotton defoliant
Mobility in water uncertain, physical and chemical
properties provide conflicting indications
The PBT Profiler (2009) predicts that 14% of tribufos will
partition to water when modeled in a four-compartment
system (water, air, soil and sediment)
Not persistent in the environment
June 25, 2014
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Tribufos: Health Effects
Health Assessment Status = 1
- 2006 OPP Risk Assessment
RfD = 0.001 mg/kg-day
- Critical Effect = Plasma cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition
- NOAEL = 0.1 mg/kg-day; UF = 100
CCL 3 HRL: 7 ug/L (non-cancer)
Sensitive populations: None identified
June 25, 2014
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Tribufos: Occurrence
Pesticide Pilot Monitoring Program (PPMP), Finished Water, 1999:
- 0 detections out of 221 samples
National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Pesticide
Application:
- 4,918,265 Ibs/yr in 16 states in 1997
EPA OPP estimate of pesticide usage:
- 4.5 million Ibs/yr (2006 estimate)
Chemical Update System / Inventory Update Reporting:
- 10K - 500K Ibs/yr in 2002; <500K Ibs/yr in 2006
Toxic Release Inventory - Total:
- 7 Ibs/yr in 1 state in 2004; 9 Ibs/yr in 2 states in 2010
June 25, 2014
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Profenofos: Background
A phosphorothioate pesticide, applied as an insecticide
Mobility in water uncertain, physical and chemical
properties provide conflicting indications
The PBT Profiler (2009) predicts that 9% of profenofos
will partition to water when modeled in a four-
compartment system (water, air, soil and sediment)
Persistent in the environment
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
105
Profenofos: Health Effects
Health Assessment Status = 1
- 2006 OPP Risk Assessment
RfD = 0.00005 mg/kg-day
- Critical Effect = Plasma and RBC cholinesterase (ChE)
inhibition
- NOAEL = 0.005 mg/kg-day; UF = 100
CCL 3 HRL: 0.35 ug/L (non-cancer)
Sensitive populations: None identified
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
106
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Profenofos: Occurrence
Pesticide Program Monitoring Program (PPMP), Finished Water,
1999:
- 0 detections out of 221 samples
National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Pesticide
Application:
- 879,776 Ibs/yrin 14 states in 1997
EPA OPP estimate of pesticide usage:
- 775,000 Ibs/yr (2006 estimate)
Chemical Update System / Inventory Update Reporting:
- No data in 2002 or 2006
Toxic Release Inventory - Total:
- 255 Ibs/yr in 1 state in 2004; no data 2010
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
107
Oxyfluorfen: Background
A substituted diphenyl ether; used as a herbicide
Expected to be not very to moderately mobile in water,
based on physical and chemical properties
The PBT Profiler (2009) predicts that 5% of oxyfluorfen
will partition to water when modeled in a four-
compartment system (water, air, soil and sediment)
Persistent in the environment
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
108
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Oxyfluorfen: Health Effects
Health Assessment Status = 2
- 1986 IRIS Risk Assessment
RfD = 0.003 mg/kg-day
- Critical Effect = Liver toxicity (e.g., increased liver weight and
lesions)
- NOAEL = 0.3 mg/kg-day; UF = 100
CCL 3 HRL: 21 ug/L (non-cancer)
Sensitive populations: Individuals with pre-
existing liver conditions
Note: 2002 OPP Risk Assessment; RfD = 0.03 mg/kg-day based on liver toxicity
June 25, 2014 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
109
Oxyfluorfen: Occurrence
Pesticide Pilot Monitoring Program (PPMP), Finished Water, 1999:
- 0 detections out of 221 samples
National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Pesticide
Application:
- 705,255 Ibs/yr in 37 states in 1997
EPA OPP estimate of pesticide usage:
- 761,000 Ibs/yr on average between 1990 and 1999; usage increasing
Chemical Update System / Inventory Update Reporting:
- No data in 2002 or 2006
Toxic Release Inventory - Total:
- 5 Ibs/yr in 2 states in 2004; 2,503 Ibs/yr in 1 state in 2010
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
110
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Vinclozolin: Background
An oxazolidine pesticide; used as a fungicide
Expected to be moderately to very mobile in water, based
on physical and chemical properties
The PBT Profiler (2009) predicts that 12% of vinclozolin
will partition to water when modeled in a four-
compartment system (water, air, soil and sediment)
Persistent in the environment
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
111
Vinclozolin: Health Effects
Health Assessment Status = 2
- 2000 OPP Risk Assessment
RfD = 0.012 mg/kg-day
- Critical Effect = Lesions in the lungs, liver, ovaries and eye
- NOAEL = 1.2 mg/kg-day; UF = 100
CCL 3 HRL: 84 ug/L (non-cancer)
Sensitive populations: Fetuses, neonates, and
adolescents during puberty could be a sensitive
population
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
112
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Vinclozolin: Occurrence
National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP)
Pesticide Application:
- 121,959 Ibs/yr in 26 states in 1997
EPA OPP estimate of pesticide usage:
- 141,000 Ibs/yr in 2000; expected to drop to 71,000 Ibs/yr after the phase-
out of several uses was completed in 2004
Chemical Update System / Inventory Update Reporting:
- No data in 2002 or 2006
Toxic Release Inventory - Total:
- No data in 2004 or 2010
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
113
Dimethipin: Background
A cyclic dithiane pesticide; used as an herbicide and
plant growth regulator
Expected to be very mobile in water, based on physical
and chemical properties
The PBT Profiler (2009) predicts that 46% of dimethipin
will partition to water when modeled in a four-
compartment system (water, air, soil and sediment)
Moderately persistent in the environment
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
114
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Dimethipin: Health Effects
Health Assessment Status = 1
- 2005 OPP Risk Assessment
RfD = 0.0218 mg/kg-day
- Critical Effect = Kidney, lungs, duodenum, liver, glandular
stomach, heart, aortic artery and testes toxicity. Decreased
body weight gain
- NOAEL = 2.18 mg/kg-day; UF = 100
CCL 3 HRL: 153 ug/L (non-cancer)
Sensitive populations: Non identified
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
115
Dimethipin: Occurrence
National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP)
Pesticide Application:
- 282,458 Ibs/yrin 14 states in 1997
Chemical Update System / Inventory Update Reporting:
- No data in 2002 or 2006
Toxic Release Inventory - Total:
- 250 Ibs/yr in 1 state in 2004; 87 Ibs/yr in 1 state in 2010
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
116
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Tebuconazole: Background
A substituted triazole pesticide; used as a fungicide
Expected to be moderately to very mobile in water, based
on physical and chemical properties
The PBT Profiler (2009) predicts that 9% of tebuconazole
will partition to water when modeled in a four-
compartment system (water, air, soil and sediment)
Persistent in the environment
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
117
Tebuconazole: Health Effects
Health Assessment Status = 1
- 2008 OPP Risk Assessment
RfD = 0.03 mg/kg-day
- Critical Effect = Decreased body weights, absolute brain
weights, brain measurements and motor activity in offspring
- LOAEL = 8.8 mg/kg-day; UF = 300
CCL 3 HRL: 210 ug/L (non-cancer)
Sensitive populations: Infants and children
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
118
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Tebuconazole: Occurrence
National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP)
Pesticide Application:
- 478,568 Ibs/yrin 16 states in 1997
Chemical Update System / Inventory Update Reporting:
- No data in 2002 or 2006
Toxic Release Inventory - Total:
- No data in 2004 or 2010
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
119
Semivolatile Organic Chemicals
Draft EPA Method 530 (GC/MS)
Anticipated Publication Year 2014
Determination of select semivolatile organic chemicals in drinking water by solid
phase extraction and capillary column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Quinoline (1)
o-Toluidine (4)
Butylated hydroxyanisole (3)
Dimethipin (1) (method 525.3)
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
120
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Quinoline: Background
Fused aromatic amine; used as a pharmaceutical (anti-
malarial) and flavoring agent, also produced as a
chemical intermediate
Mobility in water uncertain, physical and chemical
properties provide conflicting indications
PBT Profiler (2009) predicts 31 % of quinoline will
partition to water when modeled in a four-compartment
system (water, air, soil and sediment)
Not persistent in the environment
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
121
Quinoline: Health Effects
Health Assessment Status = 1
- 2001 IRIS Risk Assessment
Slope Factor = 3 (mg/kg-day)-1
Cancer Class = B2
- Sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals
CCL 3 HRL: 0.01 ug/L (cancer)
Sensitive populations: None identified
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
122
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Quinoline: Occurrence
Chemical Update System / Inventory Update Reporting:
- 10K - 500K Ibs/yr in 2002; 1M - <1 OM Ibs/yr in 2006
Toxic Release Inventory - Total:
- 28,629 Ibs/yr in 8 states in 2004; 15,789 Ibs/yr in 9 states in 2010
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
123
o-Toluidine: Background
Aminated aromatic compound; used in production of
dyes, rubber, Pharmaceuticals and pesticides
Expected to be moderately to very mobile in water
based on physical and chemical properties
PBT Profiler (2009) predicts 41 % of o-toluidine will
partition to water when modeled in a four-compartment
system (water, air, soil and sediment)
Not persistent in the environment
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
124
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o-Toluidine: Health Effects
Health Assessment Status = 4
- California Office of Environmental Health and Hazard Assessment
(OEHHA), 2008: Study not provided
Slope Factor =0.18 (mg/kg-day)-1
I ARC Cancer Group = 2A
- Probably carcinogenic to humans
CCL3HRL: 0.194 ug/L (cancer)
Sensitive populations: Infants and children
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
125
o-Toluidine: Occurrence
Chemical Update System / Inventory Update Reporting:
- >10M - 50M Ibs/yr in 2002; 10M - <50M Ibs/yr in 2006
Toxic Release Inventory - Total:
- 10,774 Ibs/yr in 9 states in 2004; 6,623 Ibs/yr in 1 state in 2010
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
126
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Butylated hydroxyanisole: Background
Alkylated methoxyphenol; used as an antioxidant in foods,
particularly those with high fat content and packaged foods
Expected to be moderately mobile to not very mobile in
water, based on physical and chemical properties
PBT Profiler (2009) predicts 15% of butylated
hydroxyanisole will partition to water when modeled in a
four-compartment system (water, air, soil and sediment)
Projected half-life in water is 38 days (PBT Profiler)
Moderately persistent in the water
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
127
Butylated hydroxyanisole: Health Effects
Health Assessment Status = 3
- Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS),
2006: Single Study (Adelaide, S.A., Australia 1959)
RfD-like = 0.000083 mg/kg-day
- Critical Effect = Changes in liver weight
- LOAEL = 0.249 mg/kg-day; Default UF = 3,000
CCL 3 HRL: 0.581 ug/L (non-cancer)
Sensitive populations: Fetus and neonate may
be sensitive to neurodevelopmental effects
from exposure to high levels
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
128
64
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
Butylated hydroxyanisole: Occurrence
USGS, National Reconnaissance of Emerging Contaminants (NREC),
Ambient Surface Water, 1999-2004:
- 2 detections (median = 0.1 ug/L) in 85 sites; Median of detections < HRL (0.581
ug/L)
USGS, Koplin, et al., 2002, Ambient Water:
- 2.4% detection rate (median = 0.1 ug/L) out of 85 sites; Maximum detect (0.2 ug/L)
< HRL
USGS, Focazio, et al., 2008, Ambient Water:
- No detects out of 73 sites
Chemical Update System / Inventory Update Reporting:
- 10K - 500K Ibs/yr in 2002; <500K Ibs/yr in 2006
Toxic Release Inventory - Total:
- No data in 2004; No data in 2010
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
129
Presenter
Steve Wendelken, USEPA
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
130
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Organic Contaminants
EPA Method 538 (DAI-LC/MS/MS), 2009
Determination of selected organic contaminants in drinking water by direct
aqueous injection-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry,
version 1.0
Analytes
Dicrotophos (1)
Oxydemeton-methyl (1)
Methamidiphos (1)
Acephate (1)
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
131
Dicrotophos: Background
Organophosphate pesticide; used as an insecticide on
cotton
Expected to be moderately mobile to very mobile in
water, based on chemical and physical properties
The PBT Profiler (2009) predicts that 39% of
dicrotophos will partition to water when modeled in a
four-compartment system (water, air, soil and sediment)
Moderately persistent in the environment
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
132
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Dicrotophos: Health Effects
Health Assessment Status = 1
- 2006 OPP Risk Assessment
RfD = 0.00007 mg/kg-day
- Critical Effect = Plasma, RBC and brain cholinesterase (ChE)
inhibition
- LOAEL = 0.02 mg/kg-day; UF = 300
CCL 3 HRL: 0.49 ug/L (non-cancer)
Sensitive populations: None identified
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
133
Dicrotophos: Occurrence
Pesticide Pilot Monitoring Program (PPMP), Finished Water, 1999:
- 0 detections
National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Pesticide
Application:
- 359,726 Ibs/yr in 13 states in 1997
OPP Pesticide Usage Estimate
- 500,000 Ibs/yr (2006 estimate)
Chemical Update System / Inventory Update Reporting:
- No data in 2002 or 2006
Toxic Release Inventory - Total:
- No data in 2004 or 2010
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
134
67
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Oxydemeton-methyl: Background
Thiophosphate pesticide, used as an insecticide on
broccoli, lettuce and other crops
Expected to be very mobile in water based on chemical
and physical properties
The PBT Profiler (2009) predicts that 39% of
oxydemeton-methyl will partition to water when
modeled in a four-compartment system (water, air, soil
and sediment)
Moderately persistent in the environment
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
135
Oxydemeton-methyl: Health Effects
Health Assessment Status = 1
- 2006 OPP Risk Assessment
RfD = 0.00013 mg/kg-day
- Critical Effect = RBC and brain cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition
- NOAEL = 0.013 mg/kg-day; UF = 100
CCL 3 HRL: 0.91 ug/L (non-cancer)
Sensitive populations: None identified
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
136
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Oxydemeton-methyl: Occurrence
Pesticide Pilot Monitoring Program (PPMP) Finished Water, 1999:
- 0 detections
National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Pesticide
Application:
- 154,227 Ibs/yr in 19 states in 1997
OPP Pesticide Usage Estimate
- 145,000 - 186,000 Ibs/yr (2006 estimate)
Chemical Update System / Inventory Update Reporting:
- No data in 2002 or 2006
Toxic Release Inventory - Total:
- No data in 2004 or 2010
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
137
Methamidophos: Background
Phosphoramidothioate pesticide used as an insecticide on
potatoes and other crops; also a degradation product of
acephate, an organic phosphoramide insecticide
Expected to be very mobile in water, based on chemical and
physical properties
The PBT Profiler (2009) predicts that 39% of
methamidophos will partition to water when modeled in a
four-compartment system (water, air, soil and sediment)
Moderately persistent in the environment
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
138
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Methamidophos: Health Effects
Health Assessment Status = 1
- 2006 OPP Risk Assessment
RfD = 0.0003 mg/kg-day
- Critical Effect = Brain cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition
- NOAEL = 0.03 mg/kg-day; UF = 100
CCL 3 HRL: 2.1 ug/L (non-cancer)
Sensitive populations: None identified
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
139
Methamidophos: Occurrence
National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP)
Pesticide Application:
- 965,584 Ibs/yr in 39 states in 1997
OPP Pesticide Usage Estimate
- 640,000 Ibs/yr (2006 estimate)
Chemical Update System / Inventory Update Reporting:
- No data in 2002 or 2006
Toxic Release Inventory - Total:
- No data in 2004 or 2010
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
140
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Acephate: Background
Organic phosphoramide pesticide; used as an
insecticide on cotton, tobacco and other crops
Expected to be very mobile in water, based on chemical
and physical properties
Projected half-life in water of 38 days (PBT Profiler)
PBT Profiler (2009) predicts 46% of acephate will
partition to water when modeled in a four-compartment
system (water, air, soil and sediment)
Not persistent in the environment
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
141
Acephate: Health Effects
Health Assessment Status = 1
- 2006 OPP Risk Assessment
RfD = 0.0012 mg/kg-day
- Critical Effect = Brain cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition
- NOAEL = 0.12 mg/kg-day; UF = 100
CCL 3 HRL: 8.4 ug/L (non-cancer)
Sensitive populations: None identified
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
142
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Acephate: Occurrence
National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP)
Pesticide Application:
- 2,462,354 Ibs/yr in 35 states in 1997
EPA OPP estimate of pesticide usage:
- 4-5 million Ibs/yr (2006 estimate)
Chemical Update System / Inventory Update Reporting:
- No data in 2002 or 2006
Toxic Release Inventory - Total:
- 20,751 Ibs/yr in 5 states in 2004; 5,816 Ibs/yr in 2 states in 2010
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
143
Alcohols
Draft EPA Method 541 (GC/MS)
Anticipated Publication Year 2014
Analysis of low molecular weight alcohols in drinking water by gas
chromatography mass spectrometry
1-Butanol(2)
2-Propen-1-ol(2)
2-Methoxyethanol (3)
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
144
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1-Butanol: Background
Alkyl alcohol compound; used as a paint solvent and
food additive, also formed as a chemical intermediate
Expected to be moderately mobile to very mobile in
water, based on chemical and physical properties
PBT Profiler (2009) predicts 40% of 1-butanol will
partition to water when modeled in a four-compartment
system (water, air, soil and sediment)
Not persistent in the environment
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
145
1-Butanol: Health Effects
Health Assessment Status = 2
- 1987 IRIS Risk Assessment
RfD = 0.1 mg/kg-day
- Critical Effect = Abnormally diminished activity in the
body/organs; inability to control muscles
- NOAEL = 125 mg/kg-day; UF = 1,000
CCL 3 HRL: 700 ug/L (non-cancer)
Sensitive populations: None identified
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
146
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1-Butanol: Occurrence
Chemical Update System / Inventory Update Reporting:
- >1 B Ibs/yr in 2002; >1 B Ibs/yr in 2006
Toxic Release Inventory - Total:
- 17,648,846 Ibs/yr in 44 states in 2004; 11,093,815 Ibs/yr in 47 states in 2010
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
147
2-Propen-1-ol: Background
Alkene/alcohol compound; chemical intermediate used
in the manufacturing of flavorings and perfumes
Expected to be moderately mobile to very mobile in
water, based on chemical and physical properties
PBT Profiler (2009) predicts 48% of 2-propen-1-ol will
partition to water when modeled in a four-compartment
system (water, air, soil and sediment)
Not persistent in the environment
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
148
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2-Propen-1-ol: Health Effects
Health Assessment Status = 2
- 1987 IRIS Risk Assessment
RfD = 0.005 mg/kg-day
- Critical Effect = Impaired renal function and increased relative
liver, spleen and kidney weights
- NOAEL = 4.8 mg/kg-day; UF = 1,000
CCL 3 HRL: 35 ug/L (non-cancer)
Sensitive populations: Individuals with impaired
pulmonary function may be particularly sensitive to the
toxic effects of allyl alcohol through inhalation
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
149
2-Propen-1-ol: Occurrence
Chemical Update System / Inventory Update Reporting:
- >100M - 500M Ibs/yr in 2002; 100M - <500M Ibs/yr in 2006
Toxic Release Inventory - Total:
- 604,872 Ibs/yr in 13 states in 2004; 445,833 Ibs/yr in 13 states in 2010
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
150
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2-Methoxyethanol: Background
Monoalkylated alcohol; used in synthetic cosmetics,
perfumes, fragrances, hair preparations, skin lotions
and other consumer products
Expected to be moderately mobile to very mobile in
water, based on chemical and physical properties
PBT Profiler (2009) predicts 45% of 2-methoxyethanol
will partition to water when modeled in a four-
compartment system (water, air, soil and sediment)
Not persistent in the environment
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
151
2-Methoxyethanol: Health Effects
Health Assessment Status = 3
- Risk Assessment Information System (RAISHE): Single Study
(Gulati, etal. 1990)
RfD-like = 0.003 mg/kg-day
- Critical Effect = Reproductive effects
- LOAEL = 9 mg/kg-day; Default UF = 3,000
CCL 3 HRL: 21 ug/L (non-cancer)
Sensitive populations: None identified
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
152
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2-Methoxyethanol: Occurrence
Chemical Update System / Inventory Update Reporting:
- >1 OM - 50M Ibs/yr in 2002; 1M - <1 OM Ibs/yr in 2006
Toxic Release Inventory - Total:
- 153,774 Ibs/yr in 16 states in 2004; 23,240 Ibs/yr in 16 states in 2010
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
153
Pharmaceuticals
Draft EPA Method 542 (LC/MS/MS)
Anticipated Publication Year 2014
Determination of Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP) in
drinking water by solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography
electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Analytes
Erythromycin (3)
Carbamazepine
Diazepam
Sulfamethoxazole
Trimethoprim
Diclofenac
Triclosan (1)
Naproxen
Gemfibrozil
Fluoxetine
Enalapril
Phenytoin
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
154
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Erythromycin: Background
Used in pharmaceutical formulations as an antibiotic
Expected to be moderately mobile to very mobile in
water, based on chemical and physical properties
Projected half-life in water of 180 days (PBT Profiler)
The PBT Profiler (2009) predicts that 6% of
erythromycin will partition to water when modeled in a
four-compartment system (water, air, soil and sediment)
Persistent in the environment
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
155
Erythromycin: Health Effects
Health Assessment Status = 3
- Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA),
2006
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) = 0.0007 mg/kg-day
- Critical Effect = Inhibition of beneficial gastrointestinal bacteria
CCL 3 HRL: 4.9 ug/L (non-cancer)
Sensitive populations: None identified
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
156
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Erythromycin: Occurrence
USGS, National Reconnaissance of Emerging Contaminants (NREC),
Ambient Surface Water, 1999-2004:
- 22 detections (median = 0.1 ug/L) out of 104 sites; Maximum detect (1.7 ug/L) <
HRL (4.9 ug/L)
USGS, Focazio, et al., 2008, Ambient Water:
- Maximum detect value = 0.3 ug/L; Maximum < HRL (4.9 ug/L)
Chemical Update System / Inventory Update Reporting:
- No data in 2002 or 2006
Toxic Release Inventory - Total:
- No data in 2004 or 2010
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
157
Triclosan: Background
Antimicrobial agent found in many personal care products
such as soaps, toothpaste; also used in many other
products including clothing and plastics
Expected to be not very mobile to immobile in water, based
on chemical and physical properties
Projected half-life in water of 60 days (PBT Profiler)
The PBT Profiler (2009) predicts that 7% of triclosan will
partition to water when modeled in a four-compartment
system (water, air, soil and sediment)
Persistent in the environment
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
158
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Triclosan: Health Effects
Health Assessment Status = 1
- 2008 OPP Risk Assessment
RfD = 0.3 mg/kg-day
- Critical Effect = Vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite
- NOAEL = 30 mg/kg-day; UF = 100
HRL 2,100 ug/L (non-cancer)
Sensitive populations: None identified
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
159
Triclosan: Occurrence
USGS, National Reconnaissance of Emerging Contaminants (NREC),
Ambient Ground Water, 1999-2004:
- Median = 0.19 ug/L; < HRL (2,100 ug/L)
USGS, NREC Ambient Surface Water, 1999-2004:
- Median = 0.17 ug/L; < HRL (2,100 ug/L)
USGS, Hopple, et al., 2008, Finished Water:
- Maximum detect value = 0.065 ug/L; Maximum < HRL
USGS, Kolpin , et al., 2002, Ambient Water:
- 49 detections (maximum = 2.3 ug/L, median = 0.14 ug/L) out of 85 sites; Maximum
detect (2.3 ug/L) < HRL (2,100 ug/L)
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
160
80
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
Carbonyl Compounds
EPA Method 556.1 (Fast GC), 1999
Determination ofcarbonyl compounds in drinking water by fast gas
chromatography, revision 1.0
Analytes
Formaldehyde (2)
Acetaldehyde (4)
June 25, 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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Formaldehyde: Background
Aliphatic aldehyde; used as a fungicide and tissue preservative
Drinking water disinfection byproduct (from chlorination,
ozonation)
Present in smoked foods and in living systems as a metabolic
intermediate
Expected to be very mobile in water, based on chemical and
physical properties
The PBT Profiler (2009) predicts that 44% of formaldehyde will
partition to water when modeled in a four-compartment system
(water, air, soil and sediment)
Not persistent in the environment
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Formaldehyde: Health Effects
Health Assessment Status = 2
- 1990 IRIS Risk Assessment
RfD = 0.2 mg/kg-day
- Critical Effect = Reduced weight gain; decreased absolute heart,
liver, testes and kidney weights; increased relative brain weights
- NOAEL = 15 mg/kg-day; UF = 100
CCL 3 HRL: 1,400 ug/L (non-cancer)
Sensitive populations: Deficiencies of folic acid and
factors causing low activity of aldehyde reductase may
increase the toxicity of formaldehyde
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Formaldehyde: Occurrence
Disinfection By-product Information Collection Rule DBP-ICR, Finished
Water, 1997-1998:
- 126 detections (median = 7.6 ug/L) out of 227 sites using ozone; Maximum detect
(30.6 ug/L) < HRL (1,400 ug/L) (only at plants with ozone)
Chemical Update System / Inventory Update Reporting:
- >1 B Ibs/yr in 2002; >1 B Ibs/yr in 2006
Toxic Release Inventory - Total:
- 26,992,234 Ibs/yr in 46 states in 2004; 19,381,048 Ibs/yr in 45 states in 2010
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Acetaldehyde: Background
Aliphatic aldehyde; used as a pesticide and a food additive,
also formed as a chemical intermediate in production of
other substances
Drinking water disinfection byproduct (from chlorination,
ozonation)
Expected to be moderately mobile to very mobile in water,
based on chemical and physical properties
The PBT Profiler (2009) predicts that 49% of acetaldehyde
will partition to water when modeled in a four-compartment
system (water, air, soil and sediment)
Not persistent in the environment
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Acetaldehyde: Health Effects
Health Assessment Status = 4
- Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS),
2008
RfD-like = 0.00333 mg/kg-day
- Critical Effect = Behavioral changes in motor activity (specific
assay)
- LOAEL 10 mg/kg-day; Default UF = 3,000
CCL 3 HRL: 23.3 ug/L (non-cancer)
Sensitive populations: Individuals with polymorphism of
the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) gene
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Acetaldehyde: Occurrence
Disinfection By-Product Information Collection Rule (DBP-ICR), Finished
Water, 1997-1998:
- 27 detections (median = 7.4 ug/L) out of 236 sites using ozone; Maximum detect (18.3
ug/L) < HRL (23.3 ug/L)
California Department of Health Services, Finished Water (CAL DHS):
- 3 detections (median = 2 ug/L) out of 8 sites; Maximum detect (24 ug/L) > HRL
Chemical Update System / Inventory Update Reporting:
- >100M - 500M Ibs/yr in 2002; 100M - <500M Ibs/yr in 2006
Toxic Release Inventory - Total:
- 14,683,890 Ibs/yr in 38 states in 2004; 9,926,083 Ibs/yr in 38 states in 2010
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Cyanotoxins
Draft EPA Method 544 (LC/MS/MS)
Anticipated Publication Year 2014
Determination of microcystins and nodularin in drinking water by solid phase
extraction and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
.
Analytes
Microcystin-LR (3)
Microcystin-RR
Microcystin-YR
Microcystin-LA
Microcystin-LF
Microcystin-LY
Nodularin
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Microcystin-LR: Background
Cyanotoxin (toxin produced and released by
cyanobacteria) that targets the liver
Insufficient data to characterize mobility in
water or environmental persistence
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Microcystin-LR: Health Effects
Health Assessment Status = 3
- Single Study (Ueno, Makita, Nagata et al. 1999)
RfD-like = 0.000003 mg/kg-day
- Critical Effect = Liver effects
- NOAEL = 0.003 mg/kg-day; Default UF = 1,000
CCL 3 HRL: 0.021 ug/L (non-cancer)
Sensitive populations: None identified
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Microcystin-LR: Occurrence
US and Canadian drinking water (bloom area, source, finished water):
- 542 detections out of 677 sites; Typical maximum (0.1 ug/L) < HRL (0.021 ug/L)
Chemical Update System / Inventory Update Reporting:
- No data in 2002 or 2006
Toxic Release Inventory - Total:
- No data in 2004 or 2010
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Cyanotoxins
Draft EPA Method 545 (LC/ESI-MS/MS)
Anticipated Publication Year 2014
Determination of cylindrospermopsin and anatoxin-a in drinking water by liquid
chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Analyte
Anatoxin-a (4)
Cylindrospermopsin (3)
June 25, 2014
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Anatoxin-a: Background
Cyanotoxin (toxin produced and released by
cyanobacteria) that targets the nervous system
Insufficient data to characterize mobility in water or
environmental persistence
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Anatoxin-a: Health Effects
Health Assessment Status = 4
- Single Study (Astrachan and Archer, 1981)
RfD-like = 0.0005 mg/kg-day
- Critical Effect = Mortality in rats (7-day)
- NOAEL = 0.5 mg/kg-day; Default UF = 1,000
CCL 3 HRL: 3.5 ug/L (non-cancer)
Sensitive populations: People using anticholinergic
agents for therapeutic purposes could be at risk of
increased side effects after exposure to anatoxin-a, due
to the potential for the additivity of adverse effects
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Anatoxin-a: Occurrence
CyanoHABs - The Florida Experience, 2000:
- Maximum detect (~10 |jg/L); Maximum detect > HRL (3.5 ug/L)
UCMR 1 Meeting summary:
- 4% detection rate in Lake Champlain
Chemical Update System / Inventory Update Reporting:
- No data in 2002 or 2006
Toxic Release Inventory - Total:
- No data in 2004 or 2010
June 25, 2014
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Cylindrospermopsin: Background
Cyanotoxin (toxin produced and released by
cyanobacteria) that affects the liver and kidney
Insufficient data to characterize mobility in water or
environmental persistence
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Cylindrospermopsin: Health Effects
Health Assessment Status = 3
- Single Study (Humpage and Falconer, 2003)
RfD-like = 0.00003 mg/kg-day
- Critical Effect = Increased kidney weight
- NOAEL = 0.03 mg/kg-day; Default UF = 1,000
CCL 3 HRL: 0.21 ug/L (non-cancer)
Sensitive populations: Children; individuals with liver or
kidney disease
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Cylindrospermopsin: Occurrence
CyanoHABs - The Florida Experience, 2000:
- Maximum detect (-100 ug/L); Maximum detect > HRL (0.21 ug/L)
UCMR 1 Meeting summary:
- Maximum detect (90 ug/L); Maximum detect > HRL (0.21 ug/L)
Chemical Update System / Inventory Update Reporting:
- No data in 2002 or 2006
Toxic Release Inventory - Total:
- No data in 2004 or 2010
June 25, 2014
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Legionella pneumophila
Under Evaluation: Potential methods being investigated
Legionella pneumophila
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Legionella: Background
Legionella bacteria are aerobic gram-negative rods associated with
respiratory infections
Legionella are ubiquitous in fresh and marine waters; exist in
varied temperatures, pH levels and nutrient and oxygen contents
EPA is leading a multi-agency taskforce to develop a document
characterizing the effectiveness of available treatment technologies
for control of Legionella as well as the regulatory implications for
consecutive systems that may become PWSs after installing
additional treatment. The document is scheduled to be completed
by Spring 2015
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Legionella: Health Effects
Legionellosis
- Major risk factors: immunosuppression, smoking, travel, use of
undisinfected well water, chronic heart or lung disease and chronic
renal failure
- Community or hospital acquired legionellosis can occur
- Approximately 1,000-2,000 cases are reported to CDC each year
- Prompt diagnosis and treatment results in 95-99% recovery rates
- Mortality in untreated cases is approximately 15% of previously
healthy patients and 75% of severely immunocompromised patients
Pontiac Fever
- Resembles an acute allergic reaction
- Self-limiting; no specific treatment is advised and hospitalization is not
required
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Legionella: Occurrence
Can colonize plumbing fixtures, hot water tanks, warm water spas
and cooling towers
May have evolved a symbiotic relationship with free-living
amoebae, which may facilitate movement and colonization of
domestic and industrial water systems
Colonization of hot water systems in hospitals has resulted in
numerous hospital outbreaks
Community acquired cases are typically associated with cooling
towers or untreated well water exposures
52 documented waterborne disease outbreaks affecting 225
people caused by L. pneumophila as reported by CDC between
1990 and 2010
- Outbreaks associated with drinking water exposure mostly due to premise
plumbing colonization, which is not under jurisdiction of the water utility
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Other UCMR 4 Contaminants Under
Consideration
Presenter
Melissa Simic, USEPA
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Other UCMR 4 Contaminants
Under Consideration
Nitrate/Nitrite (currently regulated)
- Nitrate and nitrite levels may increase in the distribution
system, especially when chloramines are used as residual
disinfectants
- Currently, monitoring is only required at the entry point to
the distribution system and is not required in the distribution
system or for all consecutive systems
- UCMR 4 data could be used to better characterize the
exposure of nitrite and nitrate in the distribution system on a
national scale
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Other UCMR 4 Contaminants
Under Consideration
4 unregulated brominated DBFs
bromodichloroacetic acid, dibromochloroacetic acid, and tribromoacetic acid)
- Monitor at Stage 2 DBPR compliance locations
- Brominated haloacetic acids (HAAs) may pose higher
health risks than chlorinated species
- UCMR 4 data could help inform brominated HAA
occurrence and exposure relative to the regulated HAAS
(i.e., monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid,
monobromoacetic acid, dibromoacetic acid)
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Appendices
June 25, 2014
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Appendix A: Unregulated CCL 3 Contaminants
106 Chemicals and 12 Microbes
Tl^rfefrachloroethane Chloromethane (Methyl chloride) Methyl tert-butyl ether Tebuconazole
l'l-Dichloroethane Clethodim Metolachlor Tebufenozide
1 '2 3-Trichloropropane Cobalt Metolachlor ethanesulfonic acid (ESA) Tellurium
1 3-Butadiene Cumene hydroperoxide Metolachlor oxanilic acid (OA) Terbufos
1 '" Dinitrobcn cnc CylindrospermoDsin Microcvstin-LR Terbufos sulfone
1 iJ-Scotane" '" Dicrotophos
17alpha-Estradiol DimethiPin
1-Butanol Dimethoate
2-Methoxvethanol Disulfoton
2-Propen-1-ol Diuron .
S-Hydroxycarbofuran(degradate) Equilenm
4,4'-Methylenedianiline Equilm
Acephate Erythromycin
Acetaldehvde Estradiol (17-beta)
Acetamide Estrid
Acetochlor Estrone
Acetochlor ethanesulfonic acid (ESA) Etniny' Estradio1 (17-alpha)
Acetochlor oxanilic acid (OA) Ethoprop
Acrolein Ethylene glycol
Alachlor ethanesulfonic acid (ESA) Ethylene oxide
Alachlor oxanilic acid (OA) Ethylene thiourea
alpha-Hexachlorocvclohexane Fenamiphos
Anatoxin-a Formaldehyde
Bensulide Halon 1011 (Bromochloromethane)
Benzyl chloride HCFC-22
Butvlated hvdroxvanisole Hexane
Captan Hydrazine
Chlorate (also D-DBP) Mestranol
Methamidophos
Methyl bromide (Bromom ethane)
Molinate Thiodicarb
Molybdenum Thiophanate-m ethyl
Nitrobenzene Toluene diisocyanate
Nitroglycerin Tribufos
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone Triethylamine
N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) Triphenyltin hydroxide (TPTH)
N-nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA) Urethane
N-Nitroso-di-n-propylamine NDPA) Vanadium
N-Nitrosodiphenylamine Vinclozolin
N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) Ziram
Norethindrone (19-Norethisterone)
n-Propylbenzene Microbes
o-Toluidine Adenovirus
Oxirane, methyl- Caliciviruses
Oxydemeton-methyl Campylobacterjejuni
Oxyfluorfen Enterovirus
Perchlorate Escherichia coli (0157)
Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) Helicobacter pylori
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) Hepatitis A v rus
Permethrin (cis. trans) LeaionellaDneumoDhila
Profenofos Mycobacterium avium
Quinoline Naegleria fowleri
RDX Salmonella enterica
sec- Butyl benzene Shigella sonnei
Strontium
UCMR 4 Candidates
June 25, 2014 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 187
Appendix B: CCL 4 Nominations
3-chloro-4-dichloromethyl-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-
furanone1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
Alkylphenol mono- totri-oxylates
Amoxicillin
Azinphos-m ethyl
Bacitracin zinc
Bentazone
Benzyl butyl phthalate
Bisphenol A
Bromoxynil
Carbaryl
Chlorothalonil
Chlorpyrifos
Dibutyl phthalate
Dicamba
Dichlorvos
Dicofol
Dicyclohexyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Di-isononyl phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
Endosulfan
Fluometuron
Linezolid
Linuron
Malathion
Manganese
Methicillin
Methyl parathion
Nonylphenol
Nonylphenol ethoxylate
Octylphenol
Octylphenol ethoxylate
Oxacillin
Penicillin
Phosmet
Progesterone
Spiramycin
Testosterone
Trichlorfon
Triclocarban
Triclosan
Tylosin
Vancomycin
Virginiamycin
Chlorate (also D-DBP)
Chloromethane (Methyl chloride)
Clethodim
Cobalt
Cumene hydroperoxide
Microbes
Toxoplasma gondii
Vibrio cholerae
UCMR 4 d
ndidates
Note: There were a total of 59 unique nominations for CCL 4. Only 48 are presented here because eleven contaminants were
removed for either having an existing NPDWRorare already on CCL 3.
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Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) Meeting Presentations
Revisions to the Unregulated
Contaminant Monitoring Rule
(UCMR 4) for Public Water Systems
Public Stakeholder Meeting
and Webinar
Afternoon Break
Resume at 3:15 p.m.
June 25, 2014
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Approval of Laboratories
Supporting UCMR 4
Public Meeting and Webinar
Washington D.C.
June 25th, 2014-3:15 p.m.
Brenda Parris
USEPA, OGWDW, SRMD
Technical Support Center
Cincinnati, OH
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Overview
Expected approach to the UCMR 4
Laboratory Approval Program
Maintaining approval
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General Expectations
Laboratory Approval Program expected to be similar
to the process used in UCMR 3
Water systems would need to use EPA UCMR-
approved laboratories for analysis
Labs would need to meet the required equipment,
laboratory performance and data reporting criteria to
become approved
Labs would stilj need to be approved to support
UCMR 4 even if already certified by state, primacy
entity or accredited through the National
Environmental Accreditation Program (NELAP) fora
particular method being used for compliance
monitoring
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General Procedure
Step 1: Request to participate and register
Step 2: Application
Step 3: EPA review of application
Step 4: Proficiency Testing
Step 5: EPA approval
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Stepl
Request to participate and register
- Submit a written participation request to EPA
Laboratory Approval Coordinator
- EPA provides registration material
- Submit complete registration material within 90
days of Final Rule publication in Federal Register
- EPA provides a custom application package
based on registration information
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Step 2
Application Package
- Separate application for each method
- Lab would receive a copy of the Laboratory
Approval Manual
- Completed package would be submitted within
210 days of publication of the Final Rule in the
Federal Register
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Laboratory Approval Manual
Procedures for obtaining UCMR approval and procedures for
revocation of approval
Quality Assurance requirements
Quality Control requirements
- Initial demonstration of capability
- Initial calibration
- Continuing calibration checks
- Surrogate and internal standard criteria
- Reagent blanks and fortified blanks
- Quality control samples
- Spiked field samples
- Field blank criteria (if required by the method)
Sample handling requirements
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Step 2 continued
Completed application package anticipated to
include:
- Precision, accuracy and minimum reporting level
(MRL) studies with documentation
- Documentation of certification or accreditation of
drinking water compliance analyses/selected
methods as requested
- Personnel and quality assurance information
- Description of analytical equipment and sample
handling procedures
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StepS
Review of Application Package
- EPA would review the package and could request
more information
- Email notifying lab would be sent following EPA's
confirmation of successful completion of the
application package
- Once the application has been accepted, the lab
could participate in the corresponding PT studies
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Step 4
Proficiency Testing
- EPA would provide PT samples
- Labs would analyze PT sample(s) for each
method
- Labs would likely have several opportunities to
analyze PT samples
- Only one successful analysis of PT samples per
method would be required
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Step 5
EPA Approval
- Once all steps are completed, EPA would grant
formal written approval (for each method, as
appropriate)
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Maintaining Approval
Adhere to quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC)
measures in both the methods and the Laboratory
Approval Manual
Post occurrence data and required QC data via the
Safe Drinking Water Accession and Review System
(SDWARS) within prescribed timeframe
Participate and pass on-site and/or paper audits
Respond to requests for data outside of SDWARS
June 25, 2014
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Revisions to the Unregulated
Contaminant Monitoring Rule
(UCMR 4) for Public Water Systems
Public Presentations - 3:45 p.m.
Pre-registered speakers only
June 25, 2014
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Revisions to the Unregulated
Contaminant Monitoring Rule
(UCMR 4) for Public Water Systems
Discussion
June 25, 2014
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Closing Remarks
On-site attendees must turn in any door keycards to the
sign-in desk.
Meeting materials were sent to all registered
participants; if you did not receive a copy, please email
UCMRwebinar@cadmusgroup.com and we will send
you a copy.
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