EPA910-R-99-015
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Region 10,1200 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101-1128
Mineraloglcal Study of Boreholes B98-13 and B9S-12
Frontier Hard Chrome Site
Vancouver, Washington
August, 1999
Prepared By
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Office of Environmental Assessment
. Region 10
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CONTRIBUTORS TO STUDY
Project Planning
Office of Environmental Assessment
R.F. Weston, Inc.
Field Sampling
Sonia Fernandez and Mark Pugh
Roy F, Weston, Inc.
Laboratory Analysis
Sample Preparation, ICP-AES Analysis and X-ray Diffraction Analysis
USEPA Manchester Laboratory
Scanning Electron Microscopy/Electron Microprobe Microanalysis
Bart Cannon, Cannon Microprobe
Report Compilation
David Frank
Office of Environmental Assessment
Site Managers
Ken Marcy and Sean Sheldrake
Office of Environmental Cleanup
Study Project Officer
Bernie Zavala
Office of Environmental Assessment
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Appreciation for their review comments is extended to Keith Pine and Roger McGinnis,
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
DISCLAIMER
Mention of commercial products or trade names is for method documentation and does
not constitute endorsement.
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CONTENTS
Contributors to Study . ii
Acknowledgments , , ii
Disclaimer ii
Contents iii
Abstract 1
Introduction , 1
Methods and Materials 2
Study Design 2
Field Work 2
Laboratory Methods 3
Results 4
Distribution of Minerals 4
Discussion 6
Conclusions 7
References .........7
FIGURES
1. Index map of the Frontier Hard Chrome site ........9
2. Selection of BSE images 10
3. Distribution of chromium concentration with depth 11
TABLES
1. Field sample and corresponding laboratory sample numbers 13
2. Inorganic analyses of soil samples ...14
3. Phases discussed in report and appendices 15
4. Summary list of minerals identified by XRD 16
5. Summary list of minerals identified by SEM/EPMA 17
APPENDICES
A. Laboratory Report for X-ray Diffraction Analysis 37 pages
B. Laboratory Report for Scanning Electron Microscope/Probe Microanalysis 66 pages
in
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ABSTRACT
The mobility of chromium in ground water is an important consideration for evaluating
remedial options for the Frontier Hard Chrome industrial site, Vancouver, Washington. One
factor in assessing metal mobility is the degree of chromium reduction and secondary
mineralization in a silt unit and underlying sand and gravel aquifer that extends from the site
toward the Columbia River. Samples of fill at 16 feet, silt at 21-22 feet, and the underlying
aquifer material at 25-26 feet in boreholes B98-13 and B98-12 were collected for chemical and
mineralogical analysis. Samples were analyzed by ICP-AES for metals concentration, scanning
electron microscopy/electron microprobe for mineralogical texture and microanalysis, powder x-
ray diffraction for mineral identification, and optical microscopy for textural observations.
Microprobe analysis showed that chromium occurred in metallic particles originating in
the fill material, in iron and iron-titanium oxides that are part of the sediments that were
transported by natural fluvial processes through the Columbia River Basin, and in fine-grained
iron aluminum silicates that were found in fine sand- to clay-size fractions of both the Silt and
Aquifer Units. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the fine-grained fraction of these units
contained an abundant suite of detrital clay minerals including primarily illite, chlorite, and
smectite, and lesser kaolinite. The presence of chlorite and smectite is consistent with the
microprobe observation of iron-bearing aluminum silicates in the fine grained fraction of the
samples. Chromium concentration in the fine-grained material was elevated to a level consistent
with chromium in the bulk material and about 10-20 times nearby background concentrations.
Though much higher concentrations are found in the metallic particles and iron-titanium oxides,
the sparse amount of these phases suggests that an important contributor to the bulk chromium
content resides in the clay minerals.
INTRODUCTION
Remedial planning for the Frontier Hard Chrome site in Vancouver, Washington, requires
an understanding of the geochemical processes affecting the fate of chromium in the subsurface.
Disposal of chrome-plating liquids has left an area of ground water contamination underlying
about 30 acres of industrial land along the north shore of the Columbia River. After years of
little apparent extension of a concentrated ground water plume of chromium, interest developed
in acquiring a more detailed understanding of the nature of chromium mobility at the site. The
objective of this study is to identify metal-bearing phases in the Fill, Silt and Aquifer Units. The
emphasis is on chromium compounds as well as other minerals that might provide reactive
material for enhancing chromium reduction and precipitation of secondary phases. The goal is to
determine if there is evidence for the occurrence of natural attenuation at the site.
Some of the terms used here may warrant clarification. The term "minerals", by strict
definition, refers to naturally occurring compounds. Although man-made compounds such as
some waste materials found in fill are not natural minerals, they are described here by their
mineral analog in cases where compound identification can be analytically matched to a unique
mineral composition and structure. "Phase" is used here in the general sense for a particular
composition of mineral or other compound regardless if naturally occurring or man-made.
1
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Primary minerals or phases are those believed to be an original part of the solid matrix.
Secondary minerals or phases are those believed to have formed as coatings or void fillings after
formation of the solid matrix, or as in-situ alteration products of primary phases.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Study Design
Samples were collected from the Fill, Silt, and Aquifer Units in two boreholes located
downgradient from the source of chrome-plating wastes, the property formerly housing the
Frontier Hard Chrome facility. A sampling and analysis plan for the study was prepared by Roy
F, Weston (1998). The samples were analyzed for metals concentration by ICP-AES, and for
mineralogy by scanning electron microscopy/electron microprobe (SEM/EPMA), x-ray
diffraction (XRD), and low-power optical microscopy. A sample preparation procedure was
used to separate grain sizes as a means of concentrating mineral phases associated with particular
size ranges. The separation procedure was expected to potentially concentrate more reactive
material, and possibly secondary minerals, in the smaller size fractions. Accordingly, a fine-
grained separate was prepared to provide a concentrate of secondary minerals. The coarser-
grained separates, on the other hand, provided larger-sized material expected to have intact
coatings or alteration rims made up of relatively harder secondary minerals,
Field Work
Samples were collected with a 2.5 inch inside-diameter split-spoon sampler driven
through an 8-inch hollow-stem auger (Roy F. Weston, 1999). On April 27, 1998, six samples for
chemical and mineralogical analysis were collected from boreholes B98-13 and B98-12, located
100-200 feet southeast of the Frontier Hard Chrome building and approximately 3000 ft north of
the Columbia River (Figure 1). Seven additional samples were collected from boreholes B98-
20A and B98-21A on April 30 and B98-21B on May 28, approximately 900 feet south and
downgradient of B98-12 and B98-13 (Figure 1). These later samples were submitted for
chemical analysis and archived for possible mineralogical analysis pending review of the
chemical data. Mineralogical analysis of the distal samples was not conducted because of their
low chromium content.
For the samples that underwent mineralogical analysis, Table 1 lists the sample numbers,
depths, and unit descriptions from the field report (Roy F. Weston, 1999). Three units were
sampled in each of the two boreholes. The units include fill at a depth of 16 feet, silt at 21-22
feet, and the Aquifer A-zone at 25-26 feet. In order to provide information on variability within
a sampled unit, two portions of the sample from the Silt Unit (SBR1-9813-0210) from borehole
B98-13 were prepared for analysis. Therefore a total of six field samples and one duplicate were
carried through the mineralogical procedures.
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Laboratory Methods
Approximately 500 g of each sample were separated by wet sieving to produce five size
fractions: gravel (>2 mm), coarse sand (0.5-2 mm), fine sand (0.07-0.5 mm), and silt and clay
(<0.07 mm). The gravel fraction was further divided at about 10 mm into larger gravel and
smaller gravel. No gravel fragments were larger than about 20 mm. Each size-separate was
assigned a new lab number for a total of 35 laboratory samples generated from the original six
field samples and one duplicate (Table 1).
The size separates were well mixed and split for optical microscopy and x-ray diffraction
analysis at the Manchester Laboratory, and for scanning electron microscopy/electron probe
microanalysis at Cannon Microprobe, Seattle. The larger gravel clasts (>10 mm) were split with
a diamond saw. The remaining sand and gravel fractions were split with a riffle splitter, and the
silt and clay fractions were split by quartering. Table 1 lists the percent weights resulting from
the size separation.
X-ray diffraction analysis was accomplished at the Manchester Laboratory with a Scintag
XI powder diffractometer using CoKa radiation at a wavelength of 1.78897 angstroms (A),
generated at 36 ma and 45 kv. Several diffractograms were also acquired early in the project
with CuKa radiation at 1.54056 A at 40 ma and 45 kv. Diffractograms were recorded at scan
speeds of 15 degrees and 0.5-1 degrees of two-thcta (°2d) units per minute over a 2-76 degree
range. The XRD method provided qualitative identification of minerals greater than about five
percent in concentration. Identifications were made by matching measured diffraction patterns
with a database maintained by the International Centre for Diffraction Data (1996), and by
comparison with the literature as noted. Clay mineral identifications were verified by chemical
and thermal treatments that alter the structural thickness of clay minerals in a diagnostic manner
as described by Brindley and Brown (1980) and Moore and Reynolds (1986). The clay minerals
were expanded by intercalation with ethylene glycol, and contracted by heating at 150°, 300°, and
550° C.
A Frantz LB-1 magnetic barrier separator was used for selected samples to provide
mineral concentrates for both XRD and microprobe analysis. Additional separation of the finest
fractions was accomplished by vacuum filtration of re-suspended particulates in deionized water
onto 0.45 fj.m cellulose filters. A Wild M5-A stereomicrosope was used for optical microscopy
with incident light in order to describe and document samples and XRD specimens. The XRD
laboratory report is in Appendix A and contains a list of analyzed separates, matched phases,
annotated diffractograms, and notes on microscopic observations.
Scanning electron microscopy/electron microprobe analysis was performed at Cannon
Microprobe, Seattle, using an ARL SEMQ electron microprobe at 20 kv and 50 na beam current.
Both grain mounts and polished sections were prepared as specimens. Scanning electron
microscope images were made in the backscattered electron detection mode (BSE images) by
which image contrast is a function of atomic number. Microanalysis was accomplished with the
probe using a Kevex energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometer (EDS) for rapid detection of several
elements, and four wavelength-dispersive x-ray spectrometers (WDS) for quantitation of
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chromium, manganese, barium, and iron. The WDS analytical volume is about one cubic
micrometer. The microprobe report is in Appendix B and contains a narrative discussion of the
distribution of chromium, lists of WDS analyses for four elements, a group of BSE images, x-ray
map images for chromium and manganese, and a group of EDS spectra.
RESULTS
The borehole samples consist of granular material that spans a size range from clay to
pebbles (Table 1). The Fill Unit has the coarsest material, and the Silt Unit has the finest.
Samples from the Fill Unit have primarily dark gray to black sand and gravel with about 14-19%
fines of silt and clay. Samples from the Silt Unit have dark gray to dark grayish brown silt and
clay with 61-67% fines. Samples from the Aquifer Unit have dark brown to dark grayish brown
sand and gravel with 23-27% fines.
Visual examination of the gravel fractions indicate the most common rock types in these
samples are black basalt, gray andesite, and white to beige quartz and quartz-rich rocks such as
quartzite and granodiorite. The Fill Units from both boreholes contained calcite-coated pebbles
from chunks of concrete. The Fill also has a large proportion of angular basalt, suggestive of
crushed aggregate. Many of the basalt pebbles in the Fill Unit are coated with asphalt. The Silt
and Aquifer Units have a much smaller proportion of angular pebbles than the Fill Unit, though
angular basalt fragments are still common in the coarse part of the Silt Unit.
Results of the chemical analyses of borehole samples are listed in Table 2. Included with
the results for boreholes B98-13 and B98-12 are the more distal samples from B98-21 A, B98-
2IB, and B98-20 (Figure 1). Table 2 shows that chromium concentrations are highest in B98-13
and B98-12 for all Units. Within each borehole, chromium is relatively higher in the Silt Unit
and is also preferentially concentrated in the silt and clay fractions of the Fill and Aquifer Units.
Other metals that had highest concentrations in boreholes B98-13 and B98-12 include iron,
sodium, calcium, potassium, copper, lead, and zinc.
Distribution of Minerals
Table 3 lists the phases discussed in this report and appendices, including the mineral
name, ideal chemical formula, and whether the phase is found by XRD or microprobe analysis.
Tables 4 and 5 provide a summary of the XRD and microprobe results, respectively.
With reference to the XRD results in Table 4, the common rock-forming minerals, quartz
and feldspar are ubiquitous, occurring as major minerals in all of the samples. Mica and the clay
minerals are abundant as minor components in both the Silt and Aquifer Units. From the size
distribution (Table 1), the Silt Unit contains over 60% silt- and clay-size grains for which XRD
indicates the presence of abundant clay minerals. Prominent among the clay minerals are those
that are potentially iron-bearing, chlorite, smectite, and illite. Lesser kaolinite also occurs in the
Silt Unit. The Aquifer Unit contains a similar group of clay minerals, but in somewhat less
amount than the Silt Unit.
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A distinctive feature of the clay minerals is a lack of interstratification. Reaction among
clay minerals to form mixed layer clays, or interstratification, is a common occurrence in active
soil-forming environments. Lack of interstratification indicates that the clay minerals are detrital
rather than authigenic. In other words, these clay minerals probably do not represent secondary
mineralization at the site, but rather were transported into the area by fluvial processes.
XRD examination of coatings found calcite coatings to be common. The Fill Unit
contains major ealeite and trace aragonite and vaterite in coatings associated with remnants of
concrete. Vaterite was also detected in coatings in the Silt Unit suggesting that this unit has
entrained concrete fragments in the area of Borehole B98-13, The Fill Unit at both boreholes
also contains abundant asphalt covered pebbles of angular basalt.
In general, coatings other than calcite or asphalt are not at all common in the borehole
samples. Orange and yellow-stained grains occur, but the stains are very thin and did not provide
enough mass for identification of a discrete phase by microprobe. A group of such grains was
examined by XRD and found to contain chlorite (Table 4-sand and gravel fraction). The
association of chlorite with an orange coating suggests that the chlorite is an iron-bearing variety.
No discrete chromium- or manganese-bearing phases were found by XRD, indicating that
any such minerals are less than 5% in concentration. Of the minerals identified by XRD, those
most likely to provide reactive sites for chromium are the clay minerals which tend to incorporate
iron, particularly chlorite and smectite.
With reference to the microprobe results summarized in Table 5, the phases with the
highest chromium content are rare grains of chromite, iron-titanium oxides, spinel, and iron
metal. Figure 2 shows backseattered electron (BSE) images of representative textures of these
phases in the Silt Unit. Chromite (Figure 2A, grain with about 57% chromium), and iron-
titanium oxides and spinel (Figure 2B, zoned grain with up to 15% chromium) may be naturally
occurring as they would be consistent with the abundant basaltic content of the borehole material.
Iron metal (Figure 2C, 4.6% chromium) is probably associated with the man-made fill material.
Chromium-bearing metallic grains were identified not just in the Fill Unit, but also in the Silt and
Aquifer Units (Table 5).
The microprobe data show that some of the metallic grains which have high chromium
content are depleted of chromium around their edges, indicating the grains underwent leaching.
For example, an x-ray map of chromium distribution in a grain of metallic iron (image X-l in
Appendix B) from the Fill Unit shows decreased chromium in the corroded rim of the grain.
Similarly, some grains of chromium-bearing metallic iron were also found to have iron oxide or
iron aluminum silicate crusts which were depleted of chromium (Figure 2C), indicating either the
occurrence of leaching or at a lack of secondary chromium mineralization.
In contrast to the rare chromium-rich grains, a fine-grained iron-bearing aluminum
silicate phase (FeAISi in Table 5) was identified by microprobe to be the most common
chromium-bearing phase, but with relatively lower chromium content (Figure 2D, 0.5%
chromium). Inspection of the WDS quantitative results for chromium in the mieroprobe report
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(Appendix B) shows that many of the chromium values for iron-bearing aluminum silicate in the
Silt Unit in B98-13 (sample 56) are in the range of 0.05% (500 ppm) or less. Although this
amount of chromium is low relative to discrete chromium minerals such as chromite, 500 ppm is
still more than ten times a probable natural background for the Vancouver area. The average
chromium content of the iron aluminum silicate is difficult to determine from the data; the probe
report suggests a value of about 0.15% for the Silt Unit in B98-13 (sample 56). The chromium
content of iron aluminum silicate in the Silt Unit in B98-12 (sample 72) appears to be higher than
in B98-13 but still less than a percent. The iron aluminum silicate phase is also found in the
Aquifer Unit at both boreholes (Table 5). The microprobe report indicates that some of the iron
aluminum silicate phase had no detectable chromium at all, indicating concentrations below the
reported chromium detection limit of 200-400 ppm by WDS.
DISCUSSION
The distribution and textural characteristics of the iron-bearing aluminum silicate phase
identified by microprobe indicate that it is the same material that was identified as clay minerals
by XRD, The microprobe results show that the phase is most concentrated in the Silt Unit and
the SEM images show it to be very fine grained. XRD data show that corresponding clay
minerals are most abundant in the Silt Unit. Although the iron aluminum silicate material is too
fine-grained to yield a discrete description by mieroprobe, XRD provides identification of a
unique set of minerals (illite, chlorite, smectite, and kaolinite) with chlorite and smectite the two
most likely to have high iron content.
Since the microprobe found a few hundred to a few thousand parts per million chromium
in the iron aluminum silicate, the data suggest that iron-bearing chlorite and smectite may be
preferentially incorporating chromium. Not only is the concentration of these clay minerals
elevated in the Silt Unit relative to the other Units, but also the bulk chromium content of the Silt
Unit exceeds that of the other units in each respective borehole (Figure 3). Additionally the silt-
size fractions of the coarser units contain elevated chromium relative to the bulk samples (dotted
pattern in Figure 3). Therefore both the mineral and chemical distribution demonstrate that
chromium is preferentially associated with fines containing the clay minerals, chlorite and
smectite.
The mineralogical data do not establish the specific type of interaction between
chromium and the clay minerals. For example, chromium-bearing chlorite could occur in which
chromium is an essential part of the chlorite structure. Such binding might provide relative long-
term immobility for precipitated chromium. Alternatively, chromium could occur as a
coprecipitate in the clayey material, an adsorbed phase on a clay mineral surface, or an
exchangeable ion. The various types of binding would have different degrees of permanence for
immobilizing chromium, depending on reactivity with future ground water composition.
Because of detection limits, the chromium concentrations would have to be higher than those
found in these boreholes in order to determine the nature of chromium binding by the
mineralogical methods used here.
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CONCLUSIONS
With respect to the objectives of the study, several chromium-bearing phases have been
found and can be placed in three general groups:
1. Metallic materials associated with man-made fill,
2. Chromite, iron and titanium oxides, and other igneous minerals associated with basalts, and
3, Iron-bearing clay minerals.
A second objective was to determine if phases were present that could be expected to
react with chromium in an attenuation process. The iron-bearing clay minerals in the Silt and
Aquifer Units represent such phases and they are common.
The goal of the study was to determine if there is sufficient evidence for the natural
attenuation of chromium. Sufficient evidence is not available from the mineralogical data at
hand. Chromium appears to be somewhat concentrated in the clay minerals, which is consistent
with an attenuation process. However, the concentrations are not sufficient to determine the
nature of the binding or the presence of a discrete chromium-bearing mineral. Therefore the
permanence of attenuation under present or future conditions could not be determined.
REFERENCES
Brindley, G.W. and Brown, G., 1980, Crystal structures of clay minerals and their x-ray
identification: Mineralogical Society, Monograph No. 5, 495 p.
International Centre for Diffraction Data, 1996, Powder diffraction file 1996 PDF-2 database sets
1-46: International Centre for Diffraction Data, Newtown Square, Pennsylvania, CD-
ROM, ICDD 1996 Release A6.
Moore, Duane M. And Reynolds, Robert C., Jr., 1986, X-ray diffraction and the identification
and analysis of clay minerals: New York, Oxford University Press, 332 p.
Reynolds, R.C., Jr. and Reynolds, Robert C., Ill, 1996, Newmod for Windows. The calculation of
one-dimensional x-ray diffraction patterns of mixed-layer clay minerals: R.C. Reynolds,
Jr., 8 Brook Road, Hanover, New Hampshire, 25 p.
Roy F. Weston, 1998, Final sampling and analysis plan, addendum 5, Frontier Hard Chrome,
Vancouver, Washington: prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Work
Assignment No. 46-38-027N, 13 p., 1 fig., 3 tabs., 1 app.
Roy F. Weston, 1999, Site conditions technical memorandum, June 1998 soil sampling results,
Frontier Hard Chrome, Vancouver, Washington: prepared for U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Work Assignment No. 46-38-027N, 4 p., 2 figs., 4 tabs., 3 app.
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Figures
1. Index map of the Frontier Hard Chrome
2. Selection of BSE images
3. Distribution of chromium concentration with depth
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Lewis and Clark Hwy
f
EXPLANATION
+ Existing Monitoring Well Location
O Boring Location and Number
N
300ft
Figure 1. Index map of the vicinity of the former Frontier Hard Chrome building (FHC) and
nearby boreholes. Samples from B98-13 and B98-12 underwent mineralogical analysis.
Map is modified from Roy F. Weston (1999); newer roads along the south border of map
are not shown.
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A.
C.
Figure 2. Selection of BSE images that show representative textures of chrome-bearing phases.
A. 98182357,898-13, Silt Unit Chromite at (a).
B. 98182356, B98-13, Silt Unit Cr-bearing spinel zones in Cr-bearing magnetite on fayalite.
C. 98182372, B98-12, Silt Unit Cr-bearing iron (a) rimmed with Cr-free Fe Al silicates (b).
D. 98182376, B98-12, Aquifer Unit Fe Al silicates (a) with trace Cr in soft matrix. Quartz grain at (b).
%Cr
57
15
4.6
0.5
10
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Q.
0)
Q
0)
0 i
5
10
15
20
25
o>
a: 30
35
40
45
50
21A
20A
21B
Fill Unit
Silt Unit
Aquifer - A Zone
Aquifer - B Zone
i r i 1111
i i i 111 ii
10
100 1000
Chromium, mg/kg
10000
100000
Figure 3. Distribution of chromium concentration with relative depth. Concentration profiles are
labeled for boreholes B98-13, B98-12, B98-20A, B98-21A, and B98-21B (deep). Solid
lines are for bulk samples from all wells; dotted lines are for the combined silt and clay
size fractions from B98-13 and B98-12. Depths are normalized relative to the Silt Unit in
B98-13at21 ft.
11
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Tables
1. Field sample and corresponding laboratory sample numbers
2. Inorganic analyses of soil samples
3. Phases discussed in report and appendices
4. Summary list of minerals identified by XRD
5, Summary list of minerals identified by SEM/EPMA
12
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Table 1. Field samples and corresponding laboratory size-separates selected for mineralogical
analysis by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy/electron
microprobe (EM). Field lithologic descriptions by Roy F. Weston (1999) are in bold.
Lab Number
EPA
Borehole B98-1 3
Fill Unit at 16 ft
98184301
98182379
98182350
98182351
98182352
98182353
Silt Unit at 21 ft
98184302
98182380
98182354
98182355
98182356
98182357
Silt Unit at 21 ft
98184302DU
98182381
98182358
98182359
98182360
98182361
Aquifer A-zone at 25 ft
98184303
98182382
98182362
98182363
98182364
98182365
Borehole B98-12
Fill Unit at 16 ft
98184304
98182383
98182366
98182367
98182368
98182369
Silt Unit at 22 ft
98184305
98182384
98182370
98182371
98182372
98182373
Aquifer A-zone at 26 ft
98184306
98182385
98182374
98182375
98182376
98182377
Field Number
Weston
Size Fraction Cum Size
mm
cum%
XRD
analysis
EM
analysis
silty sand with gravel
SBR1-9813-0160
SBR1-9813-0160
SBR1-9813-0160
SBR1-9813-0160
SBR1-9813-0160
SBR1-9813-0160
SBR1 -981 3-0210
SBR1 -981 3-0210
SBR1 -981 3-0210
SBR1 -981 3-0210
SBR1 -981 3-0210
SBR1 -981 3-0210
SBR1 -981 3-0210
SBR1 -981 3-0210
SBR1 -981 3-0210
SBR1-981 3-0210
SBR1-981 3-0210
SBR1-981 3-0210
SBR1-9813-0250
SBR1-9813-0250
SBR1-9813-0250
SBR1 -981 3-0250
SBR1 -981 3-0250
SBR1 -981 3-0250
SBR1-9812-0160
SBR1-9812-0160
SBR1-9812-0160
SBR1-9812-0160
SBR1-9812-0160
SBR1-9812-0160
SBR1 -981 2-0220
SBR1 -981 2-0220
SBR1 -981 2-0220
SBR1 -981 2-0220
SBR1 -981 2-0220
SBR1 -981 2-0220
SBR 1-98 12-0260
SBR1-9812-0260
SBR 1-98 12-0260
SBR1-9812-0260
SBR 1-98 12-0260
SBR1-9812-0260
field sample
4 cut pebbles
>2
0.5-2
0.07-0.5
<0.07
silt
field sample
1 cut pebble
>2
0.5-2
0.07-0.5
<0.07
silt
field sample
1 cut pebble
>2
0.5-2
0.07-0.5
<0.07
silty gravel
field sample
6 cut pebbles
>2
0.5-2
0.07-0.5
O.07
silt with gravel
field sample
7 cut pebbles
>2
0.5-2
0.07-0.5
<0.07
silt
field sample
2 cut pebbles
>2
0.5-2
0.07-0.5
<0.07
silty gravel
field sample
8 cut pebbles
>2
0.5-2
0.07-0.5
<0.07
47.3
20.6
18.2
13.9
16.6
5.1
14.7
63.5
15.8
7.6
9.7
66.9
55.3
9.1
12.7
23.0
32.6
24.5
24.4
18.5
20.1
6.0
12.7
61.2
49.8
8.4
15.2
26.6
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
13
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Table 2. Inorganic analyses of soil samples collected April-May, 1998, Frontier Hard Chrome site (from Weston, 1999).
14
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Table 3. Phases discussed in this report. The abbreviations and analytical procedures (XRD or
EM) are noted. Phases described by EM that are not discrete identifiable minerals are
noted by . The phase, FeAISi, is placed under clay minerals because of the fine-grained
texture apparent in SEM images.
XRD EM
SILICATES
Silica
QZ
CR
quartz
cristobalite
IDEAL FORMULA
SiO2
SiO,
x
x
X
X
X
X
Other Silicates
FS feldspar
x PX pyroxene
x AM amphibole
MI mica
x FA fayalite
(K,Na,Ca)Al(Al,Si)3Og
(Ca,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)206
(Na,Ca)2(Mg,Fe)5Sig022(OH)2
K(Al,Mg,Fe)M(Al,Si)4010(OH,F)2
Fe2SiO4
Clay Minerals
IL illite (K,Na,Ca)(Mg,Fe,Al)2.3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2
SM smectite Ca05(Mg,Fe)3(Si,Al)4O10O(OH)2.4H2O
CH chlorite (Mg,Fe)6AlSi3O,0(OH)8
KA kaolinite Al2Si2O5(OH)4
FeAISi iron-bearing aluminum silicate
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
OXIDES
MT
MH
CT
ILM
TMT
SP
FeHox
CARBOI
CA
AR
VT
magnetite
maghemite
chromite
ilmenite
titanomagnetite
spinel
iron hydroxide
calcite
aragonite
vaterite
SI siderite
Fe304
Fe203
FeCr2O4
FeTiO3
Fe(Fe,Ti)204
MgAl204
CaCO3
CaC03
CaCO3
FeCO,
x
x
METALS
FE
Cr/Ti
iron or steel
chromium/titanium phase
15
-------
Table 4. Summary list of minerals as identified by x-ray diffraction (Appendix A).
Explanation:
Phases
Amount of phases
Not Analyzed -
am-amphibole
ar-aragonite
ct-cristabolite
ca-calcite
ch-chlorite
fs-feldspar
il-illite
ka-kaolinite
mi-mica
mt-magnetite
px-pyroxene
qz-quartz
sm-smectite
vt-vaterite
major mineral +-H- minor mineral ++ trace mineral +
Borehole
Depth
B98-13
16ft
21ft
21 ft dup
25ft
B98-12
16ft
22ft
26ft
B98-13
16ft
21ft
21 ft dup
25ft
B98-12
16ft
22ft
26ft
B98-13
21ft
B-98-13
16ft
21ft
B98-12
16ft
B-98-13
21ft
silica silicate clay mineral oxide carbonate
qz ct fs px/am mi II sm ch ka mt ca ar vt
Silt and Clay Size Fraction (<0.07 mm)
+++ 4, 4.++ + + + + + + 4,
+++ + +++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ + +
+++ + +-H- + ++ ++ + ++ + +
4.++ 4. +++ + ++ ++ ++ ++
+++ * +++ + + « + + + +!
+++ + +++ + + + ++ ++ + ++
+++ + +++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ + + +
Fine Sand Size Fraction (0,07-0.5 mm)
++» *+! + + -f + +
+++ + +++ ++ *+ ++ ++ +
I-** + +++ * ++ ++ ++ + +
*** +++ * ** ** ** * +*
+++ + +++ + + + + +
+++ + »++ ++ ++ +++! + +
+++ + +++ + ++ -M- ++ + +
Sand and Gravel Size Fraction (>0.5 mm)
orange oxide-coated grains
+++ ++ + + + +
white carbonate-coated grains
M- ++ +++ + +++ +
++ + +++ + + +++ +
*** +* *** + +*+ ++ +
black uncoated basalt grains
******* * *
16
-------
Table 5, Summary list of minerals containing chromium and manganese in samples from
Frontier Hard Chrome, as identified by scanning electron microscopy/electron
microprobe analysis (see Appendix B).
Explanation:
Phases
Amount of phases
Amount of element in phases
Not Analyzed
am-amphibole
cr/ti-chromium/titanium phase
ct-chromite
fa-fayalite
fe-iron or steel
fealsi-lron-bearing aluminum silicate
fehox-iron hydroxide.
common phase ++ rare phase +
Cr and Mn occur in major to minor amounts where shaded, and trace amounts where
not shaded.
px-pyroxene
il-ilmenite
mt-magnetite
tmt-titanomagnetite or titanian magnetite
si-siderite
sp-spinel
Borehole
Depth
B98-13
16ft
21ft
25ft
B98-12
16ft
21ft
25ft
B98-13
16ft
21ft
25ft
B98-12
16ft
21ft
25ft
B98-13
16ft
Chromium-bearing Phases
px/am fealsl fehox mt ilm tmt ct fe other
Silt and Clay (<0.07 mm)
_
++ + :j*;j
4- :!:#:::*'-;:
_ ______
Fine Sand (0.07-0.5 mm)
:;*^;
* *+ + * * iMi&M^&M
+ * * w$3 mmmm
+ ++ + + ;j;*;j si
*
Sand and Gravel (>0.5 mm)
+ * + fa?
Manganese-bearing Phases
px/am fealsi fehox mt ilm tmt ct fe other
Silt and Clay (<0.07 mm)
_
1**1 Ilill!-^;-
+ !*;==:*
iiiiiit^yi +
Fine Sand (0.07-0.5 mm)
iiiiiiiii;: ;:;ii^i>io
;i:i;i*:i;;!li;;**!;!; ;i;*;i;!;i*:i:i;i;*::;- +
iiii^^iiiii mmm m.
* :-W**ti Ml< + !i*|: si
;!lii!:
Sand and Gravel (>0.5 mm)
;i!*:;!:;i*;i;i;i:tijii
17
-------
Appendices
A. Laboratory Report for X-ray Diffraction Analysis
B. Laboratory Report for Scanning Electron Microscope/Probe Microanalysis
18
-------
APPENDIX A
Laboratory Report for X-ray Diffraction Analysis.
19
-------
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION 10
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, Washington 98101
Rcplv To
Altnot'Ol:A-U95
MEMORANDUM May 17, 1999
SUBJECT: Frontier Hard Chrome site, Vancouver, Washington - X-ray diffraction analysis of
laboratory-prepared separates 98182379-85 from borehole samples 98184301-06
FROM: David Frank
Office of Environmental Assessment
To: Bernie Zavala
Office of Environmental Assessment
Ken Marcy
Office of Environmental Cleanup
This memorandum provides documentation of x-ray diffraetion (XRD) analysis of
laboratory -prepared separates from six borehole samples from B98-12 and B98-13. Analysis was
by Method XRD-QL (USEPA Manchester Laboratory, version October 1. 1997) which consists
of qualitative identification of minerals and other compounds.
SAMPLES
Six samples for chemical and mineralogical analysis were collected from boreholes B98-
12 and B98-13 by Mark Pugh and Sonia Fernandez, Roy F. Weston, Inc., April 27, 1998 (Roy F.
Weston, 1999). The boreholes were located 100-200 feet southeast of the Frontier Hard Chrome
building, and approximately 3000 ft north of the Columbia River. The boreholes were drilled
with an 8-inch hollow-stem auger. Samples were collected with 2.5-inch inside-diameter split-
spoon sampler. Soil boring logs and sampling procedures are described by a Roy F. Weston
(1999) Technical Memorandum. Two 32-ozjars for mineralogical analysis, accompanied by 4-
o/. jars for chemical analysis, were received for each sample by the Manchester Laboratory under
chain-of-custody on April 29, 1998.
Seven additional samples were collected by Roy F. Weston, Inc. from boreholes B98-20A
and B98-21A on April 30, and borehole B98-21B on May 28. approximately 900 feet south and
downgradient of B98-12 and B98-13. These samples were submitted for chemical analysis and
archived for possible mineralogical analysis pending review of the chemical data. Mineralogical
analysis of the latter samples was not conducted because of their low chromium content.
For the samples that underwent mineralogical analysis. Table 1 lists the sample numbers.
depths, and unit descriptions as used by Ro\ F. Weston ( 1999). Three units were sampled in
each of two boreholes. B98-13 and B98-12. The units include fill at a depth of 16 feet, silt at 21-
o
Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
22 feet, and the Aquifer A-zone at 25-26 feet. In order to provide information on variability
within a sampled unit, two portions of the sample from the Silt Unit (SBR1-9813-0210) from
borehole B98-13 were prepared for analysis. Therefore a total of six field samples and one
duplicate were carried through the mineralogical procedures.
SAMPLE PREPARATION
The borehole samples were separated into five size fractions at the Manchester
Laboratory according to the flow sheet in Figure 1. The purpose of the size fractionation was to
concentrate secondary minerals. Prior to size separation, the samples were mixed and 100 g
withdrawn for examination of water-soluble phases and for archiving. Then 500 g were
withdrawn for size separation by wet sieving. Size fractions include gravel (>2 mm), coarse
sand (0.5-2 mm), fine sand (0.07-0.5 mm), and silt and clay (<0.07 mm). The gravel fraction
was further divided at about 10 mm into larger gravel and smaller gravel. No gravel fragments
were larger than about 20 mm.
Each size fraction was assigned a new lab number for a total of 35 laboratory samples
generated from the original six field samples and one duplicate sample. In addition a sieve blank
of deionized water was collected to determine the potential contribution of metals from the sieve
materials. The size separates were well mixed and split for optical microscopy and x-ray
diffraction analysis at the Manchester Laboratory, and for scanning electron microscopy/electron
probe microanalysis at Cannon Microprobe, Seattle. The larger gravel clasts (>10 mm) were
split with a diamond saw. The remaining sand and gravel fractions were split with a riffle
splitter, and the silt and clay fractions were split by quartering. Table 2 lists the sample numbers
and the weight and percentage results from size separation. Figure 2 shows the cumulative size
distribution.
METHODS
XRD analysis was done on bulk material from the fine sand and silt-and-clay fractions,
and on hand-picked clasts, rims, and coatings from the coarse sand and gravel fractions. A
Scintag XI powder diffractometer was used for XRD analysis. Mineral concentrates based on
magnetic response were made to aid in mineral identification. Magnetic separations were made
with a Frantz LB-1 magnetic barrier separator. Separation of the finest fractions was
accomplished by vacuum filtration of re-suspended particulates in deionized water onto 0.45 //m
cellulose filters. A Wild M5-A stereomicrosope was used for optical microscopy with incident
light in order to describe and document samples.
Most of the x-ray diffraction mounts were prepared by crushing a few hundred milligrams
of material to a fine powder and side-packing into sample holders. Mounts were also prepared
by dusting smaller amounts of material onto glass slides or onto low-background plates of single-
crystal quartz or silicon. Some mounts were prepared from fine sediment deposition onto
0.45/^m cellulose filters.
-------
Diffraction patterns were acquired using CoKa. radiation at a wavelength of 1.78897
o
angstroms (A), generated at 36 ma and 45. kv. Screening diffractograms were recorded at a low
resolution scan speed of 15 degrees of two-theta (°20) units per minute over a 2-76 degree range.
High-resolution diffractograms were recorded at a scan speed of 0.5-1.0°(20) per minute over the
same range. In addition, several diffractograms were acquired early in the project with CuKa.
radiation at 1.54056 A. A change to cobalt radiation was made to provide greater resolution for
clay minerals. Table 2 notes those samples for which diffraction data were collected. Sixty
diffraction patterns were recorded for the analysis. Twelve annotated XRD pattems-of-record
are included in this documentation. Phase identifications were based on comparing these
diffraction data with the database of diffraction peaks maintained by the International Centre for
Diffraction Data (1996), and with other x-ray diffraction or mineralogical references from the
literature as noted. Clay mineral identifications were based on Brindley and Brown (1980) and
Moore and Reynolds (1986).
Quality control checks for this project include the following:
1. The alignment of the goniometer was performed at the beginning of the project with NIST
Standard Reference Material 1976, a flat plate of sintered alumina provided by the National
Institute of Standards and Technology.
2. The alignment of the goniometer was checked at the beginning of each day of data collection
with the measurement of the 3.34 A (101) peak of a cryptocrystalline quartz reference plate
(novaculite).
3. The alignment of the goniometer for each specimen was checked with the peaks for diagnostic
minerals which provided an internal reference. Quartz was abundant in all of these samples and
therefore provided the most useful internal reference for alignment.
4. The stability of the x-ray intensity was checked at the beginning of each day of data collection
by monitoring the peak height of the 3.34 A (101) peak of the quartz reference plate.
RESULTS
The XRD results are listed in Table 3. Fourteen minerals were identified. Attachment 1
contains Table Al from which Table 3 was condensed. Table Al lists identified phases and
corresponding Powder Diffraction File card numbers of matching phases in the ICDD PDF-2
database. Attachment 2 contains annotated XRD diffraction patterns that provide examples of
the identifications for each phase listed in Table 3. Attachment 3 contains notes on microscopic
observations under incident light at low power.
The phases in Table 3 are listed by mineral name and ideal chemical formula. Although
some compounds found in these samples, such as fragments of concrete, are usually not
-------
considered natural minerals by definition, they are listed in Table 3 by their mineral analog for
convenience of discussion. The associated chemical formulae noted for each compound is ideal.
As is common for natural minerals, the actual chemical formula may deviate from the ideal
because of elemental substitution.
The list is grouped by six general types of phases including three forms of silicate
minerals (silica, other silicates, and clay minerals), oxides, carbonates, and amorphous material.
The abundance of each phase is denoted in a qualitative manner as a major (M), minor (X), or
trace (T) amount based on the intensity of diagnostic diffraction peaks. Corresponding numerical
values are approximately greater than 20% by weight for major, 5-20% for minor, and less than
5% for trace. Most phases less than 1-5% in these samples may not be identifiable by the
technique used. Diagnostic peaks used for estimating abundance values are circled in the
annotated diffractograms in Attachment 2, The diffractograms are annotated for mineral
designation and d-spacing for key peaks.
Results are provided in Table 3 for the silt and clay fractions (<0.07 mm) and fine sand
fractions (0.07-0,5 mm) for all of the borehole samples. Results are also listed for separations of
selected larger grains which had coatings or alteration rims. Coatings are material whose texture
indicate secondary deposition onto the outside of a grain by mineral precipitation. Alteration
rims have a texture indicating secondary mineral reaction within the margin of a grain such as by
weathering. Where noted, the distinction was made by microscopic observation. For the largest
gravel fragments, the coatings were scraped off and analyzed separately. None of the coatings
were thick enough to be able to analyzed in a pure form, but rather were concentrated along with
a variable amounts of the underlying rock matrix.
The borehole samples consist of granular material that spans a size range from clay to
pebbles. The Fill Unit has the coarsest material, and the Silt Unit has the finest. Samples from
the Fill Unit have primarily dark gray to black sand and gravel with about 14-19% fines of silt
and clay (Figure 2). Samples from the Silt Unit have dark gray to dark grayish brown silt and
clay with 61-67% fines. Samples from the Aquifer Unit have dark brown to dark grayish brown
sand and gravel with 23-27% fines.
Visual examination of the gravel fractions indicate the most common rock types in these
samples are black basalt, gray andesite, and white to beige granitic material, perhaps
granodiorite, or quartzite. The Fill Units from both boreholes contained calcite-coated pebbles
from chunks of concrete. The Fill also has a large proportion of angular basalt. Many of the
basalt pebbles in the Fill Unit are coated with a sticky tar-like material that resembles asphalt.
The Silt and Aquifer Units have a much smaller proportion of angular pebbles than the Fill Unit,
though angular basalt fragments are still common in the Silt Unit,
Silicate Phases
Two silica minerals were identified, quartz and cristobalite. Quartz occurs as a major
-------
mineral in all of the hulk samples (Attachment 2. diffractogram D-l), though it is sparse in
separations of the basalt fragments. Cristobalitc also occurs in the hulk samples in trace amounts
(D-2). and is more abundant in the white coatings of concrete. Other silicates identified in all the
bulk samples are major feldspar (D-3), and minor to trace pyroxene (D-4), amphibole (D-5), and
mica (D-6). No attempt was made to further distinguish specific members of these mineral
groups, although microscopic observation indicated the presence of hornblende in the amphibole
group, and both muscovite and biotitc in the mica group. A variety of silicate clay minerals were
identified and are discussed separately below.
Carbonate Phases
Calcite was found primarily as a component of white coatings on pebbles (D-7). In the
Fill Unit, some of the coalings were relatively thick 1-3 mm and commonly entrained other rocks
indicating that the coalings were remnants of concrete. Calcile would not be expected to be a
primary phase in concrete, but could form as a weathering product. Two other carbonates,
aragonite (D-8) and valeritc (D-9), were found with calcitc in coatings in the Fill Unit and less
commonly in the Silt Unit. Vaterite has been reported elsewhere to be an alteration product of
concrete. Minor to trace calcitc was also identified in the bulk samples of the deeper units.
Oxide Phases
The only oxide that was identified was magnetite (FejO4) in trace amounts. Magnetite
may mask other spinel-type phases, one of which is chromitc. Magnetic separation was used to
remove the magnetite component in an attempt to determine if chromite could be detected.
Chromitc was not abundant enough to be detected in the magnetic separates.
Clay Minerals
A variety of clay minerals, illite, chlorite (D-10), smectite, and kaolinite, were identified
in all of the samples. The most abundant clay minerals were in the Silt Unit, less in the Aquifer
Unit, and trace amounts in the Fill Unit. Diagnostic treatments were conducted on samples from
the Fill and Aquifer Units to expand the clays with cthylene glycol, and contract them with heat
in order to verify the presence of the different clay groups (Figure 3). Illite was identified by a 10
A peak that persisted after heating to 550C. Likewise chlorite was identified by persistent 7 A
and 14 A peaks with the same heating. Kaolinite lost its structure with heating, and smectite had
diagnostic expansion with glycol.
The relative abundance of the different clays was determined by comparison of the peak
heights in oriented specimens with the modeled peak heights in clay mixtures using the method
of Reynolds and Reynolds (1996). The model that best tit the measured diffraction peaks
consisted of a mixture of the four clays, rather than an inierstraiiilcation. Among the clay
minerals in the Fill Unit, the approximate order of abundance is illite, chlorite, smectite, and
kaolinite. In the Aquifer Unit, smectite appears to be more abundant than chlorite, though illite
-------
remains dominant. Illite comprises about half of the clay mineral content.
Illite is a potassium-rich aluminum silicate that can be considered a clay-size mica phase.
In contrast with ideal muscovite, illitc is deficient in potassium and consequently allows
substitution of other metals including iron. Chlorite and smectite are magnesium- and/or iron-
rich aluminum silicates. Smectite is an expanding clay and generally the finest grained variety of
this group. Kaolinite is an aluminum silicate. Of these clay minerals, the types that are likely to
be most abundant in iron are chlorite and smectite, and to a lesser extent illite. Together, the
chlorite and smectite make up about 30-40% of the clay mineral content in the silt and clay
fraction. In the coarser size fractions, coatings were examined for clay minerals. One
concentrate of orange-oxide coated grains contained trace, but elevated amounts of both smectite
and chloride.
Chromium- and Manganese-bearing Phases
A particular search was made for secondary chromium-bearing phases. Focused methods
included size separation to concentrate the fines, which would be expected to also concentrate
secondary minerals. The size separation was very helpful in identification of the clay minerals,
but no discrete chromium phases were abundant enough to be identified in the silt and clay
fraction. Coatings, which would also be expected to have secondary minerals, were examined
and concentrated. Calcite coatings were the most abundant, but they also did not yield
identifiable chromium-bearing phases. Magnetic separations of the sample from the Silt Unit at
B98-13 were made, as well, in an unsuccessful attempt to produce a chromium concentrate.
Since no discrete chromium mineral was identified by x-ray diffraction, any such minerals if
present would likely occur at a concentration of less than 5%.
In addition, manganese-bearing phases were particularly sought. As with chromium, any
manganese minerals present were not concentrated enough to be identifiable by XRD.
Summary of the Distribution of Phases
Common rock-forming minerals, quartz, feldspar, pyroxene, amphibole, and mica are
distributed as major and minor minerals in all three units of each borehole. The Fill Unit
contains major calcite and trace aragonite and vaterite in coatings associated with remnants of
concrete. Vaterite was also detected in coatings in the Silt Unit suggesting that it has entrained
concrete fragments in the area of Borehole B98-13. The Fill Unit at both boreholes also contains
abundant asphalt covered pebbles of angular basalt.
With reference to the size distribution (Figure 2), the Silt Unit contains over 60% silt- and
clay-size grains for which XRD indicates the presence of abundant clay minerals. Prominent
among the clay minerals are those that are potentially iron-bearing, chlorite, smectite, and illite.
Lesser kaolinite also occurs in the Silt Unit. The type of modeled clay mixture that best fits the
measured data is one which lacks interstratification. Lack of interstratification indicates that the
-------
clay minerals arc dciriial raiher than uulhigonic. In other words, they do not represent secondary
mineralization at the site, hut raiher were transported into the area by lluvial processes. The
Aquifer Unit contains a similar group of clay minerals, but in somewhat less amount.
No discrete chromium- or manganese-bearing phases were found, indicating that any such
minerals arc less than 5% in concentration. Of the minerals identified, those most likely to
provide reactive sites for chromium arc the clay minerals which tend to incorporate iron,
particularly chlorite and smectite.
REFERENCES
Brindley, G.W. and Brown, G.. 1980, Crystal structures of clay minerals and their x-ray
identification: Mineralogical Society, Monograph No. 5, 495 p.
International Centre for Diffraction Data, 1996, Powder diffraction file 1996 PDF-2 database sets
1-46: International Centre for Diffraction Data, Newtown Square, Pennsylvania, CD-
ROM, ICDD 1996 Release A6.
Moore, Duane M. And Reynolds, Robert C., Jr., 1986, X-ray diffraction and the identification
and analysis of clay minerals: New York, Oxford University Press, 332 p.
Reynolds, R.C., Jr. and Reynolds, Robert C., HI, 1996, Ncwmod for Windows. The calculation of
one-dimensional x-ray diffraction patterns of mixed-layer clay minerals: R.C. Reynolds,
Jr., 8 Brook Road, Hanover, New Hampshire, 25 p.
Roy F. Weston, 1999, Site conditions technical memorandum, June 1998 soil sampling results,
Frontier Hard Chrome, Vancouver, Washington: prepared for U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Work Assignment No. 46-38-027N. 4 p., 2 figs., 4 tabs,, 3 apps.
-------
FIGURES
Figure 1, Flow sheet of sample preparation procedure.
Figure 2, Size distribution of borehole samples.
Figure 3. X-ray diffraetograms of clay minerals in the Silt and Aquifer Units.
-------
Sample Preparation - Frontier Hard Chrome Mineralogy
raw field sample In 32 oz glass jars
mix
100 g
OM
500 g wet wt
wet sieve at 2 mm
gravel (>2mm)
dty at 35 deg and weigh
combine larger pebbles with any remaining in raw sample
sand, silt, clay (<2 mm)
wet sieve at 0.5 and 0.0? mm
larger gravel (>10 mm)
section split
OM/XRO
EM
smaller gravel (2-10rnrn)
nttle split
OM/XRD
sand (.07-.5 and .5-2 rnm)
dry at 35 deg and weigh
ritlle split
OM/XRD
EM EM
rnag separation and weigh
Analytical Methods
- OM optical microscopy.
- XRD - x-ray diffraction,
EM - scanning electron microscopy/electron rnicroprobe analysis.
- CHEM - chemical analysis.
XRD
silt, clay (<0.07 rnm)
settle, decant, litter, dry at 35 deg
quarter split
OM/XRO
CHEM EM
mag separation and weigh
XRD
Figure I, Flow sheet for the sample preparation procedure for mineralogical analysis. Separate jars of the same field sample were also
submitted for chemical analysis.
-------
0)
CD
c
CD
O
0)
Q.
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
*-^f
""'">"" ^-x.
\
\
s
\
^
-.,
\
^
\
S
t-
\
s
*s
"s
V,
N
^
X
N
\
N
"V
s
\
rt
.'"-..
it'*'
N r
\
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
i-2
5-2
!-2
1-2
\-?
!-1
)-1
1DU
1
2
6
5
6
6
a
qu
silt
fer
fill
100
10
gravel
1 0.1
sand i
Grain Size, mm
0.01
silt
0.001
clay
Figure 2. Size distribution of <20 mm fraction of borehole samples for the Frontier Hard
Chrome site. Samples are labeled by borehole and depth; 12-26 designates borehole B98-
12 at a depth of 26 ft.
10
-------
CO
Q.
o
CO
c
0)
0)
0)
DC
12000 i
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
~ 6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
Fine fractions from borehole 13
Heat treatment and glycolation
150C ;
300C
550C
21ft
21 ft dup
i i i i
I I
I I I I I
Two-Theta Angle, degrees
Figure 3. X-ray diffractograms of clay minerals in the Fill and Aquifer Units.
25 ft
' I
20
11
-------
TABLES
Table 1, Field samples and lithologic units.
Table 2. Field samples and corresponding laboratory size-separates.
Table 3. List of phases identified by x-ray diffraction.
12
-------
Table I. Field samples and lithologic units, from Roy F. Weston (1999).
Borehole
B98-13
B98-13
B98-13
B98-13
B98-12
B98-12
B98-12
Roy F. Weston field
Sample Number
SBR1-9813-0160
SBR1-9813-0210
SBR1-9813-0210
SBR 1-98 13-0250
SBR1-9813-0160
SBR1 -98 13-0220
SBR1 -98 13-0260
EPA lab
Sample Number
98184301
98184302
981 84302 dup
98184303
98184304
98184305
98184306
Depth
16
21
21
25
16
22
26
Unit
Fill
Silt
Silt
Aquifer
- A-zone
Fill
Silt
Aquifer
- A-zone
Lithologic
Description
silty sand
with gravel
silt
silt
silty gravel
silt with
gravel
silt
silty gravel
13
-------
Table 2. Field samples and corresponding laboratory si/.e-separates.
Lab Number Field Number
. EPA
Weston
Field Samples
98184301 i SBR1-9813-0160
98184302
98184302DU
98184303
98184304
98184305
SBR 1-98 13-02 10
SBR 1-98 13-02 10
SBR 1-98 13-0250
SBR1-9812-0160
Depth Grain Size Wet Weight
ft ' g wet wt
!
Dry Weight Cum Size | Cum Size
g © 35C cum%
j
I
16
21
21
25
16
SBR1-9812-0220 i 22
98184306 : SBR 1-98 12-0260 ! 26
Laboratory Separates !
bulk 501
bulk 501
bulk 499
bulk ' 499
bulk . 503
bulk . 503
bulk 501
410.
375.
372.
405.
359.
tot cum%
XRDdata
i
396.
418.
98182379 : SBR1-9813-0160 16 14 cut pebbles
98182350 SBR 1-98 13-0 160 16 >2
98182351
98182352
98182353
98182380
98182354
SBR 1-98 13-0 160
SBR1 -9813-01 60
SBR 1-98 13-0 160
SBR 1-98 13-02 10
SBR 1-98 13-02 10
98182355 ! SBR 1-98 13-0210
98182356 '< SBR1-9813-0210
98182357 ] SBR1-9813-0210
98182381
98182358
98182359
98182360
98182361
98182382
SBR1-9813-0210
SBR1-9813-0210
SBR1-9813-0210
16
16
16
21 _[
0.5-2
0.07-0,5 .
<0.07
194 47.3
85 20.6
75 18.2
57 13.9
1 cut pebble :
21 i >2
21
21
21
21
21
21
0.5-2
0.07-0.5
<0.07 !
62 16.6
19 5.1
55 14.7
238 . 63.5
1 cut pebble
>2
0.5-2
SBR1-9813-0210 21 0.07-0.5 ;
SBR 1-981 3-0210 21 i <0.07
SBR 1-98 13-0250
98182362 i SBR1-9813-0250
98182363
98182364
98182365
98182383
98182366
98182367
98182368
98182369
98182384
98182370
98182371
98182372
^_SBR1 -981 3-0250
SBR1-9813-0250
SBR 1-98 13-0250
SBR 1-98 12-0 160
SBR 1-98 12-0 160
SBR1-9812-0160
SBR1-9812-0160
SBR1-9812-0160
25
25
25
25
25
16
16
16
16
16
SBR 1-98 12-0220 22
SBR1 -9812-0220 I 22
SBR1-9812-0220
SBR 1-98 12-0220
98182373 SBR 1-98 12-0220
98182385 j SBR 1-98 12-0260
98182374 I SBR 1-98 12-0260
98182375 j SBR 1-98 12-0260
98182376
98182377
98182378
SBR1-9812-0260
SBR1-9812-0260
sieve blank
6 cut pebbles
>2
0.5-2
0.07-0.5
<0.07
59 15.8
X
X
i X
100.0 ' x
100.0
x
x
X
X
>
28 7.6 |
36 ; 9.7
249 66.9
!
224 55.3
37 9.1
51 12.7
93 23.0
7 cut pebbles
>2
0.5-2
0.07-0.5 ;
<0.07
117 : 32.6
88 ; 24.5
88 i 24.4
66 ' 18.5
i
2 cut pebbles
>2 ;
22 ! 0.5-2
22 ! 0.07-0.5
22
<0.07 :
79 I 20.1
24 ! 6.0
50 ; 12.7
242 61.2
26 ;8 cut pebbles :
26
26
26
26
>2
0.5-2
0.07-0.5
<0.07
208 49.8
35 8.4
64 15.2
111 . 26.6
1000
100.0
X
X
I X
100.0 < x
100.0
100.0
100.0
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
14
-------
Table 3. Minerals identified by x-ray diffraction. Material listed ineludcs the silt- and-clay and fine sand fractions (shaded), and selected grains with coatings or
alteration rims as noted.
Borehole samples from B98-1 3 and B98-1 2, collected April 27, 1 998, for the Frontier Hardchrome site. I ]
Qualitative abundance designated by major (M), minor (X), trace (f). j "' ' ' --j^ j - .. - --
Borehole :
Field Number
Unit - Depth ' "
Laboratory Number (last two digits ot series 98182350-98182385)
Size Fraction *
Material '*
PHASE ^GENERIC FORMULA
SILICA ' ' '
Quartz ,SiO2
Cnstobalite SiO2
SILICATE
Feldspar " !(K,Na.Ca)AI(AI,Si)3O8
Pyroxene .(Ca,Mg,Fe)2(Si.AI)2O6
Amphibolo "" '(Ca,Na)2(Mg.Fe,AI)s(Si,AI)g6'22(OH)j
Mica '" "K(Ai.Mg.F"e)2.,(Si.AI)<0,0(OH.F)2
CLAY MINERALS '. '
Hlite \K,Na,Ca)(Mg,Fe,AI)j.3,(AI,SiJ4b,0(OH)2
Smectite 'Ca05(Mg,Fe}3(Si,AI)401(){OH)i,.4H2O
Chlorite"* (Mg,Fe)6AISi3O,0(OH)8
Kaolinite "* AI2Si2O5(OH>4
OXIDES ' "" " ' "
Magnetite "" Fe3O4
CARBONATES \ " ' '"~
Calcite " |CaCO3 ' ~"~ "
Aragonite ;CaCO3
Vaterite CaCO3 "
OlHtH :
Amorphous :
tXHLANATION AND PHASE NOTES
*_Size Fractions^ silt/clay (<6.07 mm), f sand (0.07-0.5 mm), c sari?
(0.5-2 mm), gravel (>2 mm), gravel'-cut pebbles (>iO mm).
"*_Material: wh-white, bl-black, or-orange coatings or a'lteration rims.
Amphibole primarily horneblende.
Mica primarily muscovite; may inciu.de some biotite. ~ "
Uhlorite may include some kaolinite
Magnetite may include maghemite and chromite.
"79
gravel"
whet
X
X
' ' M '
- ^._...
M
T
B98
"9818'
Fill Unit
"...59".
gravel
blcl
M
""M"
T
T
T
-
-13
»301
-16ft
1"52 ""
f sand
bulk
M"
~'M"
T
T '"
. _^___
f
T
T
B98-13 ; B98-13 B98-13
' ,__ 98184302 - 1 981 84302 dup' " ' 98184303
" "~ Silt Unit -21 ft - Fill'unit-21 ft' Aquifer Unit - 21 ft
_""5?.__^ " 54 ! _55 [ 55 '. .56 ; "'57 ] 1 60 61 [ ' 64 ' 65
silt/clay gravel; sand sand .f sand silt/clay f sand silt/clay f sand silt/clay
bulk_ : whcrblrim! or ct \ bulk _ bulk bulk ' bulk = bulk " bulk
1 i 1
M ! XTMMM1 MM MM
T ~ "" " T" T ' " T l T T T : T
- * - r ; ; »
M i M M ' X M'"'" "M M ' "M ' M M
""T r-T--- x-;"'f- T i T T " ""T ", ' " ' T ^
T "; X f" T ]' j' ' IT T
T ; j ' " "t"" X : "X "' ' X X X ! X
T ! X X " ' X
T T I T "| "f""l X X "; X ! T ', '"x ; X
T J [ T X X XX X ; X
-Z^I.'I" .!. ..".~L..r . .. 17_T".''' . '_'_', T"~y~"
T : T ; T T T l "Y~ ~ " " "V
j i
" f M : | T " x
' .1 ;
T- . . ......
"" '"*"' " -; !-- -j---
~T""";" ' 'T T ; T
'
: ' ' ~" ----
.
, . .
j ]
-- - : : - ^- - - -- :
15
-------
Table 3. Minerals identified by x-ray diffraction. Material listed includes the silt- and-elay and line sand fractions (shaded), and selected grains with coatings or
alteration rims as noted.
Boretiole samples from B98-13 and B98-12, collected April 27, 1998
Qualitative abundance designated by major (M), minor (X), trace (T)
Borehole j '
B98-f2
Field Number '. ' --- : : 98184304"
Unit -Depth ' " " " i Fill Unit - 16 ft"
Laboratory Number (last two digits o! series 98182350-98182385) ' 83 I 68
Size Fraction " . ^ gravel" fsand
Material " ' : wh rim T bulk
PHASE GENERIC FORMULA \ ".
SILICA - . . ^ ......
.
Quartz :SiO2 ; ; M ! M
Cristobalite SiO2 " -- -- ; ^
SILICATE
Feldspar t(K,Na,Ca)AI(AI,Si),O8 " ' "M"
i
T
M
Pyroxene |(Ca,Mg,Fe)?(Si,AI)jO6 i i
Amphibole"" |(Ca,Na),(Mg,Fe,Al)5(Si.AI)8OM(OH)s :" : ' T
Mica'" K(AI,Mg,Fe)j.3(Si,AI)4010{OH,F)2 j
, . . ...._.!..
CLAY MINERALS j r
Illite |(K,Na.Ca)(Mg.Fe,AI)j.3,(AI,Si)4O1o(bH)2
Smectite !Ca05(Mg,Fe)3(Si,AI),O10(OH)2.4HjO
Chlorite"' " (Mg.Fe)6AiSi30,o(bH)8" "" " !""'
Kaolinite '" AljSijOsfOH), '.
OXIDES
T
T
-
' LZZI
Magnetite "" Fe3O4 !
i
CARBONATES ' " ^
-----
Calcite CaCO3 " M~ T
Aragonite ,CaCO3 X |
Vaterite 'CaC03 .... - - ........ .^ .
OTHER
Amorphous
EXPLANATION AND PHASE NOTES
' Size Fractions: silt/clay (<0.07 mrn), f sand (0.07-0.5 mm), c sand
'
(0.5-2 mm), gravel (>2 mm), gravel'-cut pebbles (>10 mm).
" Material: wh-white, bl-black, or-orange coatings or alteration rims, . '
'" Amphibole primarily horneblende.
"" Mica primarily muscovite; may include some biotite.
"'* Chlorite may include some kaolinite
'" Magnetite may include maghemite and chromite.
69
silt/clay
bulk
"~M""
. ,
" B98-12 B98-12
"98184305 ' j" " ' j 98184306
Silt Unit - 22 ft : Aquifer Unit -
72 j 73 | ': 76 [ 7
fsand silt/clay 'fsand .silt/
26ft
7
clay
: bulk bulk bulk bulk
- "|
j
j - ; - ;
" M " M" ' M ^
"T i"" T ' T ;
M
; 1 _ ^ ;_ , _ ^
A
M M 1 ' M M
T : ' j" "' "T T j T T :
"T r j"" x T T' T i ' "
,_. « . .... .... . ....
T ; XT XX
i " '"' I ' ' ^ \
T !
T " ' .
T |
.' Lr.i ".'^
IT' ' | X
x ' " "x ' x ;
XX * X f
- - : '
< ;
<""!
.
~::\-
T ~"j r T "T~" " T T
.:
. _ ; .!_...: i .. '. i
f
X T T . : T T
' ' ' '. 1
.. .
T .
! ... r
!
i
' T
; - - -
! : . !
^ \ ;
; ,
i 1
...
r '"'" '
:
16
-------
ATTACHMENTS
Attachment 1. Detailed list of phases identified by x-ray diffraction.
Attachment 2. Annotated diffractograms.
Attachment 3. Notes on microscopic observations.
17
-------
Attachment 1. Detailed List of Phases Identified by X-ray Diffraction.
Information on Phase List (Table Al):
a. Field and laboratory numbers.
b. Specimen preparation - size fraction and material type,
c. Phase and card number used for peak match with two-theta positions and relative
intensities from the ICDD PDF-2 file (International Centre for Diffraction Data, Powder
Diffraction File);
d. Qualitative abundance designated as major (>20%), minor (5-20%), and trace (<5%)
based on peak area or height.
18
-------
Table Al. List of phases identified by x-ray diffraction.
Frontier Hard Chrome Mineralogy - phases identified by x-ray diffraction. , j
Qualitative abundance
designated by major (M), minor (X), trace fT),
Borehole - Unit - Depth 898-13 Fill Unit - ten 1
Field Sample
Laboratory Number
Size Fraction
Material
98184301 !
;iast two digits of series 98182350-98182385 79 , 50 : 52 53 53 : 54
sc-silt/clay. fs/cs-fine/coarse sand, g-gravel, cp-cut pebbiej cp g '. fs sc sc [ g
wh/bl/or ct/rim-white. bl-black, or-orangc coatings or rims '. wh ct bl ct bulk bulk sed i wh ct
ised-suspended sediment, maq-magnetic separate i !
Speciman Mount
run
pattern
PHASE
SILICA
Quartz
Cristobalite
SILICATE
Feldspar
Anorthite ord
Anorthite Na ord
Anorthite Na dis
Anorthite Na int
Albite Ca ord
Albite ord
Albite ord
Albite dis
Orthoclase
Microcline int
Pyroxene
Augite
Amphibole "
Hastingsite Mg
plate j plate box < b^v filter 1 1 plate
fc79r1 fcSOr tc52 ; tc53 , fc53f ! fc54r
c-coded p-printed r-run cpr cpr cpr ; pr . pr cpr
. ..§5
cs
bl dm
plate
fcSSb
cpr
i
L:
..
55 55 56
: CS
. orct
cs
, wh ct
' plate plate
fc55or
cpr
i
iCDD iGENERIC FORMULA '< \
\ .
' I '
46-1045 SiO2 X M M M . X .- X
39-1425 SiO2 X i T '
fcsswr
cpr
, Is
; bulk
box
1 fc56
T cpr
T
T
! i
i i ' '
(K,Na,Ca)AI(AI.Si)3O, M M M M . X X ( M
41-1486 CaAI2Si2O8 ' '_ ;
20-0528 (Ca,Na)(AI,Si)2Si2Os ^ ;
41-1481 (Ca,Na)(AI,Si)4Oa
18-1202 (Ca,Na)(AI,Si)4O, M
41-1 480 <(Na,Ca)AI(Si,AI)3O9 M , ; ;
09-0466 NaAISijOs ; | i
19-1184 NaAISi3O8 !
10-0393 NaAISijOj ; M
31-0966|KAISijO8 j '
" M
| M
X
; M
T
r x
!' "~"
M
1 9-0932 !KAISi,Oa : ;
;(Ca,Mg,Fe)2(Si.AI)j06 T T T i j ; X
24-0201 |Ca{Fe,Mg)Si2O6 \
.(Ca,Na)2(Mg,Fe,AI)5(Si,AI)sO!!2(OH)2 | T T | i i
20-0469 (Ca,Na)2(Fe,AI)5(Si,AI)aOM(OH)2 ' i
Magnesiohomeblenda'20-0481 (Ca,Na)226(Mg,Fe,AI)5 ,5(Si,AI)8022(OH)2 | j j
MICA
Muscovite "
Muscovite 2M1
Biotite "
BiotitetM
Phlogopite 1M
CLAY MINERALS
Illite "
Illite 2M1
Smectite
Chlorite '"
Clinochlore 1Mllb-2
Clinochlore JMlIb
Kaolinite *"
Amorphous
OXIDES
Magnetite '"*
CARBONATES
Calcite
Calcite, magnesian
Aragonite
Vaterite
Calcite mg :
PHASE NOTES \
Primarily horneblen(
" Muscovite may inck
"" Chlorite may inciud
"*" Magnetite may incl
,
K(AI,Mg,Fe)2.3(Si,AI)40,0(OH,F)2 . ;
X
(K)(AI)2(AI,Si)40,0(OH)! . T T j
06-0263 KAI2CSi3A!)0,0(OH,F)2 . i j j
K(Mg.Fe)3(SiiAI},O,0{OH,F)2 i . :
24-086? KMg3(Si3AI)O,D(OH)2 j
16-0344 KMg3(Si3AI)O,0F, j ;
| i J
; :
(K,Na,Ca)(Mg,Fe,AI)2.j(AI,Si),O,0(OH)2 ' X j
26-0911 (K,H3O)AI2Si3AIO,0(OH)? ] \ ' \
13-0305 Ca0s(Mg.Fe)3(Si,A!)4O,o(OH)2.4H2O T ' T ' T X ' "" ' "x" '
(Mg.FeJsAISijOrofOH), .......... ^ , ^ ^
46-1 323 ;(Mg,AI,Fe)6(S,AI)40,0{OH}8 : j
12-0242 ;(Mg,Fe)6!S.4,,4Oio(OH)8 1 i
14-0164 !AI2Si2O5{OH)4 - . j . . . ..
', 'i I M .
1 9-0629 'Fe.,O, T T , T '.
05-0586 ICaCOj j M '. . T T : M
43-0697 ICaCOj ' | ! '
41-1475 'CaCO3
33-0268 jCaCO, T ! '
43-0697 (Ca.Mg)CO, ' : I j j
' ' ' i
- i . !
Je. ' ' [ ''.'.','.
jde some biotite: illite assigned to clay-size fraction. ; : '
s some kaolinite. :
jde maghemite and chromite- \ -,
...
T
i
M ; M
M
I M
i"
' M
T
T
j
T
----- -
T
: T
1 T
T
X
X
X
T
; T
T
T
|
i
T
M
T
X
X
X
T
19
-------
Table Al. List of phases identified by x-ray diffraction.
Frontier Hard Chrome Mineralogy - phases identified by x-ray diffraction. i ' i ' ; j
Qualitative abundance designated by major (M). minor (X), trace (T). :
B~orehole Unit - Depth
Field Sample
Laboratory Number
Size Fraction
Material
last two <
SC-Siit/Cle
wh/bl/or
~B98-13-SiltUnit-2rft " " i
98184302
Jigits of series 981 82350-981 82385 56 ; 56
y, fs/cs-fine/coarse sand, g-gravel, cp-cut pebble Is fs
56
fs
El/rim-white, bl-black, or-orange coatings or rirns ' mag mag ; mag
sed-suspended sediment, mag-magnetic separate ; i
Specimen Mount
run
pattern
PHASE
SILICA
Quartz
Crisfobalite
box i box
! fcmd fcm(2
c-coded
!9QP.._
p-printed r-run ; cpr j cpr
GENERIC FORMULA
1
46-1045 ]SiO2 | X ; X
39-1425 SiOj,
SILICATE : :
Feldspar
Anorthite ord
41-1486
Anorthite Na ord J20-0528
Anorthite Na dis
Anorthite Na int
Albite Ca ord
Albite ord
Albite ord
Albite dis
Orthoclase
Microcline int
Pyroxene
Augite
Amphibole *
Hastingsite Mg
Magnesiohomeblende
MICA
Muscovite "
Muscovite 2M1
41-1481
18-1202
(K.Na,Ca)AI(AI,Si)jO8 i M
CaAI2Si2O9
box
(cmpi
pr
^56 , 56
fs fs
56
fs
mag mag ' mag
box box i box
fcmp2 ' fcmp4
cpr
M
M M
M
_S.P'
M
56 57 57
_ ts .
mag
box
:cmp3dfcmd1
cpr cpr
sc i sc
bulk t sed
box
" tc57
pr
slide
fc57s
cpr
57
SC
sed
filter 1
fc57H
pr
! i I
~M
f
M , M M
M
M : M
X
T :
T
|
M M
i - ;
(Ca,Na)(AI,Si)sSijO,
(Ca,Na)(AI,Si)40B . ;
(Ca,Na)(AI,Si)4O, , M
41-1480j(Na,Ca)AI(Si,AI)3O,
09-0466
19-1184
NaAISi3O8
NaAISijOe
i
10-0393 1 NaAISijOj j
31-0966
19-0932
24-0201
M
M
i
KAISijO,
KAISi3OB
(Ca,Mg,Fe);(Si,AI)2O6 X
X ; x
Ca(Fe,Mg)Si2O6 ; X X
;(Ca,Na)2(Mg,Fe,AI)5,Si,AI)8O22(OH)2 :
20-0469
20-0481
06-0263
Biotile " i
Biotite 1M
Phlogopite 1 M
24-0867
16-0344
;
CLAY MINERALS ;
Illite " !
Illite 2M1 '26-0911
Smectite
Chlorite '"
Clinochlore1Mllb-2
Clinochlore 1Mllb
13-0305
46-1323
12-0242
(Ca,Na}2(Fe.AI)5,Si.AJ),OM(OH)j |
(Ca,Na)2 26(Mg,Fe.AI)5 ,5(Si,AI)8OM(OH),
K(AI.Mg,Fe)!.3(Si,A!)40,0(OH,F),
(K)(AI)2(A1,Si}40,0(OH)2
T
M
:
T
; X
|
i
KAI2(Si3AI)O,0(OH,F)j
K(Mg,Fe)3(Si3AI)4O,0(OH,F)2 . T
KMg,(Si3AI)010(OH),
T
X
X
X
] ;
T
T
I
T
T
I
M T
T T i
T i
KMg3(Si3AI)O,0F2 : :
(K,Na.Ca)(Mg.Fe,AI)M(AI,Si)4O,o(OH)}
(K,H36)Ai8Si3Ai6,o(OHJj'~ "
Ca05(Mg,Fe)3(Si,AI)4O10(OH),.4HjO
(Mg,Fe)6Arsi30,o(OH),
(Mg,AI,Fe)6(s,AI},010(OH)a
(Mg,Fe)6,s,4IH01Q(OH)e'
Kaolinite *" 14-01 64 'Ai2Si265(6H)4
Amorphous i
OXIDES ' !
Magnetite ""* 119-0629 FejO, ; M
CARBONATES j '.
Calcite j05-0586'CaCO3 ;
Calcite, magnesian j43-0697'CaCO3
Aragonite J41-1475 CaCO3
Vaterite 33-0268 iCaCO,
Calcite mg J43-0697 ^(Ca,Mg)c63
PHASE NOTES
Primarily horneblende.
*" Muscovite may include some biotite; illite assigned to clay-size fraction.
"* Chlorite may include some kaolinite.
"" Magnetite may include maghernite and chromite. :
....
. _
X
. . . .
i
" X
X
X
T
i . ...
M ; ^r~"
T
X
.
T
f-
i
X
T
:
_
.. X
T
f
X
...
M
T
M
20
-------
Table Al. List of phases identified by x-ray diffraction.
Frontier Hard Chrome I
Qualitative abundance
i/lineralog
designate
y - phases identified by x-ray diffraction
d by major (M), minor (X), trace (T).
Borehole - Unit - Depth B9
Field Sample
Laboratory Number
Size Fraction
Material
8-13- SH Unit -
21 ft
. 698- 1 3 - Aquifer Unit - 25 ft
I 981 84302 dup :
last two <
"sc'-siit/clj
JigitS of senes 98182350-98182385
iy, fs/cs-finefcoarse sand, g-gravel, cp-cut pebble
wh/bl/or ct/rim-white, bl-black, or-orange coatings or rims
- 60
r (s
'' bulk
sed-suspended sediment, mag-magnetic separate !
Speciman Mount
run
pattern
PHASE
SILICA
Quartz
Cristobalite
SILICATE
Feldspar
Anorthite ord
Anorthite Na ord
Anorthite Na dis
Anorthite Na int
Albite Ca ord
Albite ord
Albite ord
Albite dis
Orthoclase
Microcline int
Pyroxene
Augite
Amphibole '
box
i fc60
61 ; 61
| sc
! bulk
I SC
sed
box slide
i fc61 fc61s
c-coded p-printed r-run cpr ' pr cpr
ICDD
46-1045
39-1425
"~
41-1486
20-0528
41-1481
18-1202
41-1480
09-0466
:
GENERIC FORMULA
1
SiO2 M M
Si02
T T
i M
(K,Na,Ca)AI(AI,S>)3Qa ' M M . M
CaAt2Si2O8
(Ca,Na)(AI,Si)2Sij,Oe
(Ca.Na)(AI,Si)4O9
(Ca,Na)(AI,Si)4O8
(Na.Ca)AI(Si,AI)308 |
NaAISi30,
19-1184|NaAISi3O,
10-0393
31 -0966
T 9-0932
24-0201
Hastingsite Mg \ 20-0469
Magnesiohomeblende
MICA
Muscovite "
Muscovite 2M1
Biotite **
Biotite 1M
Phlogopite 1M
CLAY MINERALS
20-0481
NaAISi3O8
KAISijOe
KAISijO,
M j
{Ca,Mg,Fe)2(Si,AI)2O6 | T
Ca(Fe,Mg)Si2O6 |
(Ca,Na)2(Mg,Fe,AI)5(Si,AI)8O2j(OH)2
(Ca,Na)2(Fe,AI)5,Si.AI)8O22(OH)2
(Ca,Na)2 26(Mg,Fe,AI)5 ,5(Si,AI)8O22(OH)2
.. . .
06-0263
K(AI,Mg,Fe)M(Si.AI)4010(OH,F)2
(K)(AI)2{AI,Si)4010(OH)2
KAI2(Si3AI)0,0iOH,F)2
K(Mg,Fe)3(Si3Ai)4010(OH,F)2
24-0867
16-0344^
KMg3(Si3AI)0,0(OH}i,
KMg3(Si3AI)O,0F2
Illite " (K,Na,Ca)(Mg,Fe.AI)M(AI,Si)4O,0(OH)2
Illite 2M1 26-0911 (K,H3O)AlzSi3Al670(OH)2
Smectite 13-0305 Cao5(Mg/Fe]3(Si;Ai),O,0(OH)2.4H;,O
Chlorite " XMg.FeJeAiSiaO.ofOHJa
Clinochlore 1 Mllb-2 ^46-1323 (Mg,AI,Fe)6,s,,AI),O10(OH)9
"Clinochlore 1Mllb 12-0242 i(Mg,Fe)6(SlSIHO1c,(6H),
Kaolinite "" '14-0164 'AIjSizQsfOHJj
Amorphous ;
OXIDES '
Magnetite"" 19-0629 Fe.-A
CARBONATES '
Calcite !05-0586 :CaCO3
Calcite, magnesian '43-0697 'CaCO3
Aragonite '41-1475 CaCO,
Vaterite 33-0268 'CaCOj
Calcite mg 43-0697 :(Ca,Mg}CO3
PHASE NOTES : '
* Primarily horneblende,
" Muscovite may include some biotite. illite assigned to clay-size fraction.
"* Chlorite may include some kaolinite.
"" Magnetite may include rnaghemite and chromite.
T
T 1 T
X
.. ._..
.._..
X
X
T
T
T
\
T
X '
s 61
t
SC
sed
filter 1
j fc61d
L Pr
M
M
!
I
i, - .. .»-
I
r
i
L
-
T
X
T
X
T
X
X
T
T
X
i
T
T
T
i
i
*
98184303 ;
64 . 65 65
fs . sc "f sc
bulk
box
fc64
cpr
M
M
;
X
. 65_ :_
SC
bulk ' sed ! sed i
box
" filter 1
tc65 'fc65(1
pr pr
M
t M
T
j filter 1 j
ifc65f2"
i pr :
i L
M !
M
I
M
1 .
M ;
i
1 J
. . .i
j ; j
M
T
:
T
X
T
~l
X
X
T
;
X
-- r
T j
-t
;
X
" X
X
T
T
_...
M
T
"
X
,.
1
X
X
T
" f " .
i
-j
i
21
-------
Table A1. List of phases identified by x-ray diffraction.
Frontier Hard Chrome Mineralogy - phases identified by x-ray diffraction. i : I ; - !
Qualitative abundance designate
Borehole - Unit - Depth
Field Sample
Laboratory Number
Size Fraction
Material
d by major (M). minor (X), trace (T). :
B98-12 - Fill Unit- 16 ft
last two digits of series 981 82350-981 82385 83
98184304
~~6fTT~69~~r" 69
sc-silt/clay, fs/cs-fine/coarse sand, g-gravel. cp-cut pebble, cp ; fs sc
wh/bl/or ct/rim-white, bl-black, or-orange coatings or rims : wh ct bulk '' bulk
sc
setT"
1
B98-12-SiltUnit - 22 f
sed-suspended sediment, mag-magnetic separate ;
Speciman Mount
run
; box
box box filter 2
Ic83r ; fc68 ., fc69 fc69f2
98184305
72 73
fs ; sc
bulk " bulk
73
sc
sed
t~" '§98-12 - Aqui
":"" 9818
| :
box box I filter 1 .
er Unil
»306
-26ft
76 77 77 77
fs : sc
bulk bulk
1
box box
sc sc
sed sed
slide filter 1
: fc72 fc73 .fc73(1 fc76 \ fc77 Ifc77s1ifc77f1
pattern c-coded p-printed r-njn i cpr cpr pr cpr
PHASE
ICDD
SILICA 1
Quartz
Cristobalite
46-1045
39-1425
SILICATE
Feldspar
Anorthite ord
Anorthite Na ord
Anorthite Na dis
Anorthite Na int
Albite Ca ord
Albite ord
Albite ord
Albite dis
Orthoclase
Microcline int
Pyroxene
Augite
41-1486
20-0528
41-1481
18-1202
41-1480
09-0466
19-1184
10-0393
31 -0966
; :
GENERIC FORMULA | !
cpr pr cpr ; cpr
; '
SiO2 M ; M ; M X
SiO2 X
!
T T
(K,Na,Ca)AI(AI,Si)3O8 M : M I M i M
CaAI2Si2OB X j
(Ca.Na)(AI,Si)2Si2OB ;
(Ca,Na)(AI,Si)4OB M j
(Ca,Na)(AI,Si)_O8 M
(Na,Ca)AI(Si,AI)3O8 .
NaAISi3Oa
NaAISi3Os | ' i
NaA~ISi36a _i X : j
KAISi3OB i
1 9-0932 jKAISi3O8 j
24-0201
Amphibole " j
Hastingsite Mg
20-0469
Magnesiohorneblende 20-0481
MICA
Muscovite "
Muscovite 2M1
Biotite "
Biotite 1M
Phlogopite 1 M
CLAY MINERALS
Illite "
IHrte2M1
(Ca,Mg,Fe)2(Si,AI)206
Ca(Fe,Mg)Si2O6
(Ca.Na)2(Mg,Fe,AI)5(Si,AI)8022(OH)2
(Ca.Na)2(Fe,AI)5|Si,AI)a022(OH)2
(Ca,Na)2 26(Mg,Fe,AI)5 ,5(Si,AI)8O22(OH)2
;K(AI,Mg,Fe)2.3(Si,AI)40,0(OH.F)2
06-0263
24-0867
16-0344
T
T T
.
M : M
.._
T T
...._..
M
M
i
M
;
X :
x |
X
T
I
!
i
T
i : X : T
'ill
(K)(AI)2(AI,Si)40,0(OH)2 i T T
^(SijAIJO.ofOH.F), ;
K(Mg,Fe)3(Si3AI)4010(OH,F)2
KMgn(Si3Ai)010(OH)2
KMg3(Si3AI)O10F2
' ' " " '
(K.Na,Ca)(Mg,Fe,AI)2.3(AI,Si).,O,0(OH)2
26-091 1 !(K.H30)AI2Si3AI01(1(OH)2
Smectite 13-0305
Chlorite "
Ciinochlore 1Mllb-2 46-1323
Clinochlore 1Mllb 112-0242
Kaolinite "' 14-0164
Amorphous j
OXIDES I
Magnetite"" i 19-0629
CARBONATES '
Calcite 05-0586
Calcite, magnesian 43-0697
Aragonite 41-1475
Vaterite J33-0268
Calcite mg J43-0697
PHASE NOTES '
Primarily horneblende
" Muscovite may include some
" Chlorite may include some k
"" Magnetite may include mag
Ca0 5(Mg,Fe)3(Si,AI)40,0(OH)2.4H20 T
(Mg,Fe)3AISi30,0(OH)a j
(Mg,'AI.Fe)6(s,AI)4b10(OH)8
(Mg.Fe)6|5l.A,|40,0(OH)B
AI2Si?O5(OH)4 " " '
;
. i .
Fe304 ;
CaCO3 M
CaCO3
CaCO3 X
CaCO3 ; T
(Ca.Mg)CO3
biotite: illite assigned to clay-size fraction.
aolinite.
lemite and chromite.
T
f T
T
T T
T X
T i
i
,
X
X
"f
M
M
X
-
1 -
i
T i
i
t
X
X "
T
T
X
x"
T
T
X
M
T
M
. cpr_
cpr pr
....
M
T
X
M
T
T
T
i
I
!
-----
i i
X
M
___...
. . .
X~"
^
i
j .
T T j
T
X
X
X
T
X
X
..._.
T
T
T
X
~x
. _..
T~~
T
T
!
X
M
_____
"x
T
M
t
X
22
-------
Attachment 2.
Annotated Diffractograms.
Key to mineral designations on annotated diffractograms. Numerical values noted on
diffractograms are structural d-spacings; circled d-spacings denote diagnostic peaks used for
abundance estimates.
SILICATES
Silica
QZ quartz
CR cristobalite
Other Silicates
FS feldspar
PX pyroxene
AM amphibole
MI mica
Clay Minerals
IL illite
SM smectite
CH chlorite
KA kaolinite
OXIDES
MT magnetite
MH maghemite
CT chromite
CARBONATES
CA calcite
AR aragonite
VT vaterite
SiO2
SiO2
(K,Na,Ca)Al(Al,Si)3Os
(Ca,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)206
(Na,Ca)2(Mg,Fe)5Si8022(OH)2
K(Al,Mg,Fe)2.3(Al,Si)Ao(OH,F)2
(K,Na,Ca)(Mg,Fe,Al)w(Al,Si)4Olo(OH)2
(Mg,Fe)6AISi3010(OH)8
Al2Si2O5(OH)4
Fe304
Fe203
FeCr2O4
CaCO3
CaCO3
CaCO3
23
-------
Ki
fo56, ID: 2.0/4.0//0.5/0.3
D*t«: 12/09/98 16:16 Step : 0.020" Cnt Tin*: 1.200 Brno.
R*ng«; 2.00 - 76.00 (Dsg) Cont. ScanRatal ; 1.00 D^q/min.
CP8
5400_
5000_
4600
4200
3800_
3400_
3000_
2600_
2200_
1800_
1400_
1000_
600_
200_
2.
CFS .
2400_
800_
f - o *
t v* t *.*
L ,
Uj
i T r i r "i r
0 7.0
46-1045
c
m-r.?
r ^ .f.*fo
XI
-^l^i^Jju-
1 1 1 1 1 | ! I 1 i j 1 1
12.0 17.0 22.0
ta
*<6
dJAAJ
/"iSl^ 46-1045
\JF
|
" L^AX^A4^^J4^^^
27.0 32.0 37.0 42.0 47.0 52.0 57.0 62.0 67.0 72.0
SILICON OXIDE / QUARTZ, STN
2.0 7.0 12.0 17.0 22.0 27.0 32.0 37.0 42.0 47.0 52.0 57.0 62.0 67.0 72.0
P-t
-------
ril«: fo56, ID: 2.0/4.0//0.5/0.3
D*t«: 12/09/98 16:16 Stop : 0.020* Cnt fin*: 1.200 8*0.
R*ng«: 2.00 - 76.00 (D*g) Cont. Scan R»t« : 1.00 D«g/min.
GPS
5400_
5000_
4600_
4200_
3800_
3400__
3000_
2600_
2200_
1800_
1400_
-
1000_
_
600_
200_
-------
VJ
Fil»: fo56, ID: 2.0/4.0//0.5/0.3
Data: 12/09/98 16:16 Stop : 0.020" Cnt Tina: 1.200 S*a.
Rang*; 2.00 - 76.00 (Dog) Cent. Scam Rat* ; 1.00 Dsg/min.
CPS
2.0
7.0 12.0 17.0 22.0 27.0 32.0 37.0 42.0 47.0 52.0 57.0 62.
67.0 72.0
CPS
2400.
800
41-1481
SODIUM CALCIOW ALDMINOM SILICATE / ANORTHITK, SOOIAM, DISORDERED
Tii|iiii|iiii|iiii|iii i' | i i i iI*V i' i"i ^irhii-1]iiii|ii ' i 'i|-~iiii|i' i 'i 'ip-frii|r~iii|r~iit
2.0 7.0 12.0 17.0 22.0 27.0 32.0 37.0 42.0 47.0 52.0 57.0 62.0 67.0 72.0
-------
i: foSSwh, ID: 2.0/4.0//0.5/0.3
D«t*: 01/20/99 13:56 St*p : 0.020" Cut Tin*: 1.200 8*a.
Rang*: 2.00 - 76.00 (D*g) Cont. Scan Rat* : 1.00 D*q/min.
12.0 17.0 22.0 27.0 32.0 37.0 42.0 47.0 52.0 57.0 62.0 67.0 72.0
2.0
CPS
800_
600_
400
200
7.0
24-0201
CALCIUM IRON MAGNZSIDW SILICATE / ADOITE
2.0
7.0
I I | , , . j I 1 . . ( I , 1 j . 1 . . | 1 . . | 1 . 1 1 | \ 1 , , | . i | . , I | , 1 , | I I , I | I I , 1 | 1
12.0 17.0 22.0 27.0 32.0 37.0 42.0 47.0 S2.0 57.0 62.0 67.0 72.0
D«g.
-------
CO
ril«: fo56, ID: 2.0/4.0//0.5/0.3
Data: 12/09/98 16:16 St*p : 0.020* Cnt Tin*: 1.200 8«a.
Rang*: 2.00 - 76.00(D«g) Cont. Scam Rats ; 1.00 Dag/nin.
CP8
4600.
4200.
3000
2600
2200J
1800
1400
1000
600
200!
20-0481
\^\Le^J^LJ^^^
Hirhii "ii' r iii "i1 'iiif\iiiiiiiiiiiiiiihiiiiiiiiir
iii|iiii' [ iiiiiiiiriir~ii|iir*i|r1TTj' i *ii' r |ii "i1 'i|itii|iiii|iiii|iiih~|iiii|iiif
2.0 7.0 12.0 17.0 22.0 27.0 32.0 37.0 42.0 47.0 52.0 57.0 62.0 67.0 72.0
20-0481
CP8
2400
800
SOD CAL IRON MAO ALOMINOM SILICATE HYDROXIDE / MAQNKSIOHORNBUENDK
I i 1 i I 1
2.0
I i I i 1 f J I I i 1 [ 1 I ( I j I 1 f I 1 ! I 1 I I ( i I I I I 1 J 1 I t I I 1 I i f I i I I i 1 I ! I 1 ! 1 I 1 I I
7.0 12.0 17.0 22.0 27.0 32.0 37.0 42.0 47.0 52.0 57.0 62.0 67.0 72.0
-------
Fil«: fo56, ID: 2.0/4.0//0.5/0.3
D*t«: 12/09/98 16:16 St*p : 0.020* Cnt tim: 1.200 8*0.
Ranga: 2.00 - 76.00 (D«q) Cont. Scan R«t« ; 1.00 Dag/min.
CPS
5400
5000
4600
4200
3800
3400
3000
2600
2200_
1800
1400
1000_
600_
200
3.33
06-0263
06-0263
CPS
2400.
POTASSIUM ALOMINtW SILICATB HYDROXIDE / MOSCOVITi;-2Ml
2.0
i . ... .
7.0 12.0 17.0 22.0 27.0 32.0 37.0 42.0 47.0 52.0 57.0 62.0 67.0 72.0
-------
Fil«: fcSSwh, ID: 2.0/4.0//O.S/0.3
Data: 01/20/99 13:56 St*p : 0.020* Cut Tim: 1.200 S«c.
Rang*: 2.00 - 76.00 (Pag) Cont. Soan Rat* ; 1.00 Pag/min.
7.0 12.0 17.0 22.0 27.0 32.0 37.0 42.0 47.0 52.0 57.0 62.0 67.0 72.0
05-0586
200.
CALCIUM CARBONATE / CALCITE, STN
i 't i i
iiir
72.0
2.0
7.0 12.0 17.0 22.0 27.0 32.0 37.0 42.0 47.0 52.0 57.0 62.0 67.0
-------
Fil«; fc83r, ID: 2.0/4.0//0.5/0.3
Data: 12/16/98 18:00 8t«p : 0.020" Cnt Tim*: 2.400 8«a.
CVB Rang*: 2.00 - 62.00 (P*g) Cont. Scam Rats ; 0.50 D«q/min.
10.0 14.0 18.0 22.0 26.0 30.0 34.0 38.0 42.0 46.0 50.0 54.0 58.0
2.0
6.0
Omg.
***»
loooJ
eool
200J
41-1475 CALCIUM CARBONATE / ARAQONITK
I 1 i i ii , 1 ii , i
1 r < | i i i | 1 ! i | i i i | i i i | i i r | i r i | 1 i i | I I ' 1 I I r r I 1 'l i I 1 I' 1 II 1 1 '] 1 II I 1 1 If
2.0
-------
Wilm: £c55wh, ID; 2.0/4.0//0.5/0.3
Data: 01/20/99 13:56 Stop : 0.020* Cnt Tim: 1.200 8*0.
Rang*: 2.00 - 76.00
-------
T±lm: fo56, ID: 2.0/4.0//0.5/0.3
D«t«: 12/09/98 16:16 St*p : 0.020" Cnt Tima; 1.200
: 2.00 - 76.00 (P«g) Cont. Scan R«ta ; 1.00
Brno.
CPS
5400_
5000^.
4600
4200^.
3800^.
3400^
3000^
2600_
2200_
1800_
1400_
600_
200_
2.
CPS
2400_
8QO_
2
?&*1sfC
S:b U«* - fff^'tf
&*) -as- *+,«* *'*"-
//
"y* ,-sr\
v i i **
'^^ULjLJj^
1 | | i | ! 1 1 1 | I Til 1 | 1 1 1 T ^' 1 T
0 7.0 12.0 17.0 22.0
46-1323
1
.0 7.0 12.0 17.0 22.0
VTS
7*
CM
1 i
ULJUJJ
~i r-| i TT r
27.0 3
MAONI
1
27.0 3
46-1323
,0*
i ^
1 ('l. ^ ' M
\ i
UltjuJL|^
~| i r T r^ 1~ i r "| \ 1 i ' i *j i p i i^j V iTiy'Tn i I"*] t i r~\ | t 7" I 1 [~T i f~f
2.0 37.0 42.0 47.0 52.0 57.0 62.0 67.0 72.0
D»g.
:SIDM ALUMINOM IRON SILICATE HYDROXIDE / CLINOCHLORE-1MIIB-2
i '/ 1 / r -/ ' ' "t 1 ' i"
2.0 37.0 42.0 47.0 52.0 57.0 62.0 67.0 72.0
-------
Attachment 3. Notes on Microscopic Observations
Samples are from boreholes B98-12 and B98-13, collected by Mark Pugh and Sonia Fernandez,
R.F. Weston, for the Frontier Hard Chrome site, Vancouver, Washington, April 27, 1998.
Microscopic observations were made in October 1998 at the EPA Manchester Laboratory using a
Wild MSA stereomicroscope with incident light.
Field Sample SBR1-9813-0160
Lab Number 98182379, cut pebbles.
4 pebbles:
' - 2 w/ black coating, one very thick; one of these also with patchy brown coating.
- 1 w/ patchy white coating and patchy brown coating; 1 mm tan alteration rind.
- 1 w/ no coating.
Lab Number 98182350 >2 mm, gravel
- 50% black angular pebbles coated with tarry material (asphalt-coated basalt).
- remainder brown/gray pebbles.
- <5% white-coated rocks (concrete).
-< l%wood.
Lab Number 98182351, 0.5-2 mm, coarse sand
- gray sand.
- grain coatings: 50% black granular, 5% white.
- grain color: 40% gray, 10% brown, 5% beige (quartz), < 1% white, <1% red/orange,
<1% brick red.
- <1% wood splinters.
Lab Number 98182352 0.07-0.5 mm, fine sand
-very dark gray sand (10YR 3/1).
-grain color: 80% black/brown/gray granular clumps, 20% beige (quartz), 1% mica, 1%
tan/orange.
Field Sample SBR1-9813-0210
Lab Number 98182380, cut pebbles.
1 pebble:
- 1 w/ patchy tan coating; I mm tan alteration rind.
Lab Number 98182354 >2 mm, gravel
- 20% black, angular pebbles.
- 20% white-coated pebbles.
- 20% orange-stained brown pebbles.
- < 1 % coarse quartz.
34
-------
Lab Number 98182355, 0.5-2 mm, coarse sand
- gray sand.
- grain coatings: 20% black granular, 30% orange/tan, 1% white.
- grain color: 10% gray, 5% brown, 20% tan, <1% beige/tan, < 1% white, <1% clear,
30%orange, 0% brick red.
- <1% wood splinters.
Lab Number 98182356 0.07-0.5 mm, fine sand
- grayish brown sand (10YR 5/2.
- grain color: 50% beige (quartz), 5% mica, 40% tan/brown/orange, 1% black.
Field Sample SBR1 -9813-0210 duplicate
Lab Number 98182381, cut pebbles
1 pebble:
- 1 w/ patchy tan coating.
Lab Number 98182358 >2 mm, gravel
- 30% black, angular pebbles (basalt).
- <5% white-coated pebbles.
Lab Number 98182359, 0.5-2 mm, coarse sand
- gray sand.
- grain coatings: 30% black granular, 0% orange/tan, 5% white.
- grain color: 10% gray, 1% brown, 10% tan, 0% beige, 1% white, <1% clear, 5%orange,
<1% brick red.
- <1% wood splinters.
Lab Number 98182360 0.07-0.5 mm, fine sand
-gray sand (10YR 5/1).
- grain color: 60% beige (quartz), 5% mica, 30% orange/tan/brown, 2% black.
Field Sample SBR 1-9813-0250
Lab Number 98182382, cut pebbles
6 pebbles:
- 5 w/ patchy tan coatings.
- 1 w/ no coating; 2 mm alteration rind.
Lab Number 98182362 >2 mm, gravel
- 10% dark, gray angular pebbles.
- 30% rounded orange-stained pebbles.
- <1% coarse-grained quartz.
Lab Number 98182364 0.07-0.5 mm, fine sand
35
-------
- grayish brown sand (10YR 5/2).
- grain color: 40% beige (quartz), 5% mica, 50% orange/tan/brown, 5% gray, 1% black.
Field Sample SBR1-9812-0160
Lab Number 98182383, cut pebbles
7 pebbles:
- 2 w/ white coatings.
- 3 w/ tan coatings.
- 1 w/ white and tan coating.
- 1 w/ no coating.
Lab Number 98182366 >2 mm, gravel
- 30% black angular fragments similar to 50 (basalt).
- 20% round to angular white-coated gray pebbles (concrete).
- 10% orange-stained pebbles.
- < 5% coarse quartz
- <5% coarse granite.
Lab Number 98182367, 0.5-2 mm, coarse sand
- gray sand.
- grain coatings: 20% black granular, 0% orange/tan, 10% white.
- grain color: 20% gray, 10% brown, <1% tan, 5% beige, 10% white, <1% clear,
5%orange, <1% brick red.
- 0% wood splinters.
Lab Number 98182368 0.07-0.5 mm, fine sand
- dark gray sand (10YR 4/1).
- grain color: 30% beige (quartz)l% mica, 30% orange/tan/brown, 30% black.
Field Sample SBR1-9812-0220
Lab Number 98182384, cut pebbles
2 pebbles:
- 2 w/ black coatings.
Lab Number 98182370 >2 mm, gravel
- 20% black, angular pebbles (basalt).
- <1 % coarse quartz.
- < 5% orange-stained pebbles.
-10% wood.
Lab Number 98182371, 0.5-2 mm, coarse sand
- gray sand.
- grain coatings: 30% black granular, 0% orange/tan, 1% white.
36
-------
- grain color: 20% gray, 0% brown, 10% tan, 1% beige, 5% white, 0% clear, 20%oranges
1% brick red.
- 5% wood splinters.
Lab Number 98182372 0.07-0.5 mm, fine sand
- gray sand (10YR 5/1).
- grain color: 70% beige (quartz), 1% mica, 20% orange/brown/tan, 5% black.
Field Sample SBR1-9812-0260
Lab Number 98182385, cut pebbles
8 pebbies:
- 2 w/ very patchy brown coatings.
- 6 w/ no coating.
Lab Number 98182374 >2 mm, gravel
- 20% dark gray, angular pebbles.
- I % coarse quartz.
- 20% brown to orange-stained rounded pebbles.
-<1% wood.
Lab Number 98182375, 0.5-2 mm, coarse sand
- gray sand.
- grain coatings: 5% black granular, 0% orange/tan, <1% white.
- grain color: 30% gray, 5% brown, 5% tan, 1% beige, 5% white, <1% clear, 10%orange,
1% brick red.
- <1% wood splinters.
- <1% brown mica.
Lab Number 98182376 0.07-0.5 mm, fine sand
- gray sand (10YR 5/1).
- grain color: 60% beige (quartz), 5% mica, 30% orange/brown/tan, 5% gray.
37
-------
APPENDIX B
Laboratory Report
for Scanning Electron Microscope/Electron Probe Microanalysis.
59
-------
Cannon fflicroprobe
ELECTRON MICROPROBE and
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE ,
ANALYSIS Of CHROMIUM BEARING
SEDIMENTS from FRONTIER HARD CHROME
PO# 92005L
Invoice # 99 - 240
March 3,1999
Roger McGinnis
Roy F. Weston Inc.
700 5Th Avenue
Suite 5700
Seattle, WA 98104
i
David Frank
US EPA
12006th Avenue
MS OEA - 095
Seattle, WA 98101
Description of Samples
18 samples of different size fractions from among the EPA sample series 98182350-77
Purpose of Analysis
Determine mode of occurrence of chromium, barium and manganese in the samples.
Sample Preparation
Four types of sample mounts were prepared and analyzed, though all types were not prepared
for each sample.
The first type is that of a polished thick section in which the as received soil particles were
emulsed in Buehler two part "SampI-Kwick plastic and the cured casting then ground and
polished to expose the particles and fragments in cross section . The castings consist of single
0.5 inch diameter round mounts of random particles from the minus 0.07 mm in some samples
and the 0.07mm to 0.5 mm in others. In two samples coarser fractions were analyzed. .
The second type was prepared as a loose dusting of the finest particles directly upon conductive
carbon tape.
The third type consisted of a dusting as above, but as fine concentrates from a Frantz Magnetic
Barrier Separator.
The fourth type was prepared as a gravity concentrate using careful hand panning of the fine
fractions. The concentrate was then cast in Sampl-Kwick, and then ground and polished.
t
Electron Microprobe Analysis and Instrumentation
The analysis was conducted in an ARL SEMQ electron microprobe at 20KV and 50 nA beam
current. The instrument is equipped with six wavelength dispersive x-ray spectrometers (WDS)
and a Kevex energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer (EDS). Semi-quantitative analyses were
conducted using the WDS system. Rapid identifications of phases and full spectra were obtained
1041 Northeast 100th Street, Seattle, Washington 98125 206 522 9233 ( 3947 fax) cannonmp@accessone.com
-------
with the EDS system. The sample was imaged with a television rate backscattered electron
detector. Beam co-axial light optics are used for cathodoluminescence and color observations.
The WDS analysis was carried out using mineral standards and manual observation of the x-ray
count rates of their readout bay. Background count rates were established for both low atomic
number silicates and higher atomic number metals and oxides. The elemental analyses were
determined using 10 second counting intervals. Count totals on unknowns minus appropriate
background counts were compared to count rates for the standards to provide the elemental
concentrations used in the report. Aside from the atomic number background factor, other
matrix or fluorescence corrections were not employed.
The standards used were as follows: Cr = chromite, Ba = benitoite, Mn = syn MnS, Fe =
hematite. The background standards used were Cr, and Ba free hematite. This hematite
contained 0.04 weight % Mn and that figure represents the absolute minimum detection limit for
that element. Cr and Ba have detection limits of 0.02 to 0.04% weight per cent via WDS.
The detection limit for Cr via EDS is about 0.2%.
Images were acquired using Digisem hardware and software created by ELMDAS of Alexandria,
PA. The images are of the back scattered electron (BSE) type in which contrast is a function of
the atomic number of the subject. Phases with a high atomic number are brighter than those with
lower atomic numbers.
Analyst
The analyst on all instruments and the author of the report was Bart Cannon
Analyses of Standards
Phase A1203 BaO FeO MgO Mn MnO Si02 Cr203 S
Hematite -- -- 99.1 '-- 0.04
Benitoite -- 33.9 -- -- -- -- 43.6
Chromite 9.5 -- 30.9 5.9 0.8 -- 49.3
MnS -- -- -- -- 63.2 -- -- -- 36.8
Explanation of Terms, Abbreviations, Annotation Scheme.
EDS refers to energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. and EDS spectrum shows the x-ray
spectrum from Na through U. The spectrum number appears in the lower center of each"
spectrum. The code (S - 1) etc. is followed.
WDS refers to wavelenght dispersive x-ray spectroscopic analysis. WDS uses scanning
spectrometers that are tuned to a specific x-ray wavelength. Sensitivity is more than an order of
magnitude better than EDS.
Photos are scanning electron micrographs using back scattered electron imaging. Photo number
refers to sample number followed by photo series number. The series number is referenced
within each sample' photo log in the text section of the report. The code (P-1) etc is used.
X-Ray Maps are images obtained in scanning electron microscope mode with two of the
wavelength dispersive x-ray spectrometers tuned to manganese and chromium. X-ray counts
are integrated with the image scan and plotted as dots where detected. In the case of chromium
0.4% Cr2O3 and higher are plotted as dark blue and 0.3% Cr2O3 and lower are plotted as light
-------
blue. AH values of manganese are plotted as medium red. The quantitative information is in
reality fairly crude at trace concentrations since the dwell time at each pixel is on 0.1 second, not
long enough for decent counting statistics for trace concentrations. The maps are indexed as X-1
through (X-3).
tr = trace concentration of 0.25% or less.
nd = sought, but not detected.
na = not analyzed for.
RESULTS
# 981823 - 50 - > 2mm Sand and Gravel
Chromium was detected as a trace constituent in rare titanomagnetite. Black coatings easily
observed by 10 X stereo microscope examination of coarse pebbles were determined to be
asphalt as indicated by lack of EDS x-ray peaks and the coating's solubility in MEK.
WDS
50 sg 01
50 sg 02
titanomagnetite
titanomagnetite
Cr2O3
0.04
0.06
MnO
tr?
tr?
BaO
nd
nd
FeO
-94
-94
# 981823 - 51 0.5 - 2.0 mm
Chromium was detected as a trace constituent in rare titanomagnetite and magnetite. These
minerals occur in the ground mass of basalt grains. Analyses below are representative of more
than 25 grains analyzed. Possible trace chromium may exist in fayalite or enstatite. Barium was
not detected. Manganese occurs as a trace to minor constituent in magnetite, titanomagnetite
and ilmenite.
WDS
51 01
51 02
51 03
51 04
51 05
titanomagnetite
titanomagnetite
magnetite
magnetite
titanomagnetite
# 981823 - 52 - < 0.07 - 0.5 mm bulk
Cr2O3
0.20
0.14
0.3
0.02
0.04
MnO
0.06
0.5
nd
nd
0.7
BaO
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
FeO
-88
-91
-97
-95
-90
Chromium is associated with rare grains of titanomagnetite. Barium was not detected.
Manganese was encountered in titanomagnetite and ilmenite.
WDS
52 blk 01 titanomagnetite
52 blk 01 ilmenite
52 blk 02 titanomagnetite
52 blk 03 titanomagentite
Cr2O3
0.03
tr?
0.08
-0.2
MnO
0.05
1.24
0.14
tr?
BaO
nd
nd
nd
nd
FeO
-93
-44
-91
-94
Photos
52 blk 01 (P-8) Ilmenite at b. Pyroxene at a and plagioclase at c.
Bright grains at' upper and outer margin of the
ilmenite are titanomagnetite.
X-Ray Map
52 blk 03 (X-1). Puzzling grain of titanomagnetite with unusual ragged
rim. Chromium concentration increases toward the core of the grain.
# 981823 - 52 - Gravity Concentrate
-------
Four grains of chromite were found. Nine grains of titanomagnetite were encountered, most
containing less than 0.2% Cr2O3, but one grain contained 3.2% Cr2O3. (See 52-04 below).
Barium was not detected. Manganese occurs in titanomagnetite as a minor constituent and inter
grown as an iron, manganese hydroxide in one large grain of Fe hydroxide.
EDS
52 gr con 02a(S-6) Mn,Ca Fe hydroxide
52 gr con 02b(S-7) Fe hydroxide. Trace Cr via WDS only.
52 gr con 02c(S-8) Fe hydroxide. Trace Cr via WDS only.
52 gr con 04 (S-l) Cr, Mn bearing titanomagnetite
WDS
52-02a Fe,Mn hydroxide
52-02b Fe hydroxide
52-02c Fe hydroxide
52-04 titanomagnetite
Cr203
0.06
0.04
0.06
3.2
MnO
9.7
0.1
0.2
0.6
Bad
nd
nd
nd
nd
FeO
-41
-53
-55
-47
Photos
52 gr con 01 = Fe hydroxides. Fe hydroxide at "a" of greater hardness
than at "b" and it shows dessication cracks.
52 con 02 = Enlarged easterly view of image of 52 gr con 01.
a=(S-6) Fe,Ca,Mn hydroxide. b=(S-7)Fe hydroxide.
c=(S-8)Fe hydroxide.
# 981823 - 56 - 0.07 - 0.5 mm bulk
Iron bearing aluminum silicates form fine grained aggregates with up to a 2.5 % MnO and
showing up to 0.3% Cr2O3 and averaging about half of that. The silicate is a mixture of minerals
which have probably agglomerated during sample processing, but may contain important chlorite.
Barium was not detected. Manganese occurs as a trace to minor constituent in magnetite and
titanomagnetite and as a minor constituent in agglomerates of Fe.AI silicate clays and chlorites.
EDS
56 06 = (S-2)
56 07 = (S-3)
Fe, Al silicates with coarser quartz and plagioclase.
Fe, Al silicates with coarser quartz and plagioclase.
WDS
56 blk
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
Photos
56 blk
56 02
56 002
56 03
56 003
56 004
56 005
56 06
01 Al,Fe silicate
02a Al,Fe silicate
002a Al, Fe silicate
03a Al,Fe silicate
003a Al,Fe silicate
004a Al,Fe silicate
005a Al, Fe silicate
06 Al,Fe silicate (S-2)
07a Al,Fe silicate (S-3)
01 Al,Fe silicate with
Al,Fe silicates and
Fine Al,Fe silicates
Al, Fe silicates at
Al, Fe silicates at
Al , Fe silicates at
Al Fe silicates at "
Al , Fe silicates at "
Cr203 MnO BaO FeO
0.02 0.3 nd -9
0.02 0.3 nd -11
0.03 0.4 nd -13
0.02 0.3 nd - 9
0.04 0.4 nd - 7
0.3 0.6 nd - 7
0.02 1.2 nd -9
0.02 2.7 nd - 7
0.14 8.1 nd - 8
trace Cr at "a" . (P-l)
coarse quartz and plagioclase at "a". (P-
at "b" with coarser quartz grains. (P-l)
"a" with coarser hard silicates . (P- 1)
"a" with plagioclase at "b".(P-2)
"a" with quartz at "b".(P-2)
a". (P-2)
a" and coarse quartz and plagioclase. (P-
1)
2)
56 07
Al,Fe silicates at "a" and coarse quartz and plagioclase. (P-2)
-------
X-Ray Map
56 bulk (X-2). Fe, Al silicate agglomerate showing trace chromium
distributed according to unknown mineralogical variation. Trace
manganese shows only slight distribution trend at the upper center of
the Fe Al silicate grain.
# 981823 56- coarse Gravity Concentrate
Chromium rich phases are not common. One unusual grain of chromian, titanian Magnetite has
17% Cr2O3. Much of the magnetite in the sample contains trace to 0.04% Cr2O3. Barium was
not detected. Manganese occurs as a minor constituent in titanomagnetite and a trace to minor
constituent in magnetite.
EDS
56 gr con Ola = (S-4) Magnetite grain. Cr detected by WDS, not by EDS.
56 gr con Oil = (S-5) Chromian titanomagnetite.
WDS - , Cr203 MnO BaO FeO
56-01 Magnetite (S-4) 0.02 0.4 nd ~91
56-011 CrTi magnetite (S-5) -17.0 0.8 nd ~24
# 981823 - 56 - MF-1 Magnetic Concentrate, Fine Fraction
Fifteen grains of 40 to 80 um grains of chromium bearing metallic iron (0.4% to 3.2% Cr2O3)
were found. These grains have been partially converted to iron hydroxides with no chromium
present in the encrusting hydroxide. Also 30 grains of chromium free metallic iron. Grains of
nearly pure, chromium free iron are present and more abundant than the chromium bearing iron.
A few grains of high chromian titanomagnetite showing MnO of 3% and Cr2O3 at 1.2%.
No barium was noted, but manganese occurs, as mentioned just previously and in most of the
titanomagnetites in concentrations between trace and 0.2 weight per cent MnO.
EDS
MF1 01a(S-9) Magnetite with minor Cr and Mn.
MF1 052(3-10) Titanian magnetite with minor Cr and Mn.
MFl 06A(S-11) Titanomagnetite. Cr only detected via WDS.
MFl 06B(S-12) Titanomagnetite. Cr detected.
MFl 06C(S-13) Titanian magnetite with minor Cr.
MFl 07a(S-14) Titanian, chromian magnetite.
MFl 08a(S-15) Unknown Fe Cr phase inter grown with Fe,Al silicates.
MFl 08b(S-16) Fe,Al secondary!?) silicate on pyroxenes and plagioclase.
MFl 08c(S-17) Plagioclase. Not denoted in images as "c" .
MFl 09a(S-18) Chrmium bearing iron metal.
MFl 09b(S-19) Fe,Ca,Al silicate encrustation on iron metal.
MFl 10 (S-20) Iron metal with minor Cr and Mn.
WDS Cr203 MnO BaO FeO
56-MF 101(8-9) magnetite 0.45 0.4 nd ~96
56-MF 104 magnetite 0.05 0.08 nd ~96
56-MF 102a iron metal 0.15 0.2 nd -98
56-MF 102b iron hydroxide '/ nd 0.1 nd ~77
56-MF 102c iron hydroxide nd 0.1 nd ~79
56-MF 105(3-10) magnetite 0.55 0.3 nd ~96
56-MF 106a titanomagnetite 0.08 0.1 nd ~74
56-MF 106b titanomagnetite 0.35 0.1 nd ~74
56-MF 106c Ti magnetite 0.40 0.1 nd ~74
56-MF 107 Ti magnetite 3.80 0.2 nd ~86
56-MF 108a CrMn iron phase 6.90 1.6 nd ~89
-------
56-MF 108fo pyroxene 1.30 0.8 nd ~10
Photos
56 MF1 01(P-2) Magnetite
56 MF1 02(P-3) Cr bearing iron metal with alteration to Fe hydroxides.
56 MF1 04(P-3) Cr bearing iron metal with alteration to Fe hydroxides.
56 MF1 05(P-3) sarae as MF1 05.
56 MF1 06(P-3) Titanomagnetite and magnetite.
56 MF1 07(p-3) Chromian titanian magnetite at "a" with pyroxene at "b".
56 MF1 08(P-4) Cr rich iron and Fe,Al silicates encrusting plagioclase
and pyroxene bearing basalt fragment. Synthetic origin?
56 MF1 08(P-4) High magnification of Cr rich iron crust.
56 MF1 09(P-3) Cr bearing iron metal with Cr free Fe,Al silicate crust.
56 MF1 10(P-4) Iron metal with minor Cr and Mn and Cr and Mn crust.
#981823 56 MF-2 Magnetic Concentrate, Fine Fraction
Grains of titanomagnetite are common Chromium concentrations range from 0.0 to 0.3% Cr2O3.
Most titanomagnetite does not contain detectable chromium. Two grains of chromite were noted.
EDS
56 MF2 04(5-21) Chromian titanomagnetite.
WDS Cr203 MnO BaO FeO
56 MF2 01 magnetite tr 0.1 nd ~97
56 MF2 02 titanomagnetite 0,2 0.1 nd -89
56 MF2 03 titanomanetite 0.2 0.3 nd
56 MF2 04 titanomagnetite 1.4 0.2 nd
Photos
56 MF2 04(P-4)(S-21) Chromian titanomagnetite.
# 981823 56 MP-2 Magnetic Concentrate ..,
This sample contains a few grains of an iron manganese aluminum silicate with minor potassium
and calcium and from 0.2% to 0.4% Ct2O3. A single grain of an amphibole with trace chromium
was noted. An ilmenite grain was found which contained 0.03% Cr2O3. It was intergrown with a
magnesium silicate which may be enstatite and which contains trace chromium. Titanian and
titanomagnetite are common, but sess than 10% of the grains show more than 0.2% Cr2O3.
Most show 0.03% or less. Also noted were a few grains of titanium - free, but chromium bearing
(up to 15.4% Cr2O3) spinel were found (S-24).
EDS
56 MP2 02 (S-22) titanomagnetite with trace Cr in FeAl silicate.
56 MP2 03 (S-23) Cr magnetite inter grown with Cr spinel
56 MP2 03c (S-24) Cr Spinel.
56 MP2 04 (S-25) Amphibole with trace Cr.
WDS Cr203 MnO BaO FeO
56 MP2 - 1 ilmenite 0.03 1.4 nd ~50
56 MP2 - 2 enstatite fayalite 0.02 0.3 nd ~ 7
Photos
56 MP2 01 (P-4) FeAIMn silicate with trace Cr at "a" and ilmenite
as bright grain with 0.03% Cr203.
56 MP2 02 (P-4) Cr bearing FeAl silicate at "a". Plagioclase at "b"
and Cr bearing titanomagnetite as bright grain.
56 MP2 03c(P-5) Cr bearing spinel zones in Cr bearing magnetite.
56 MP2 04 (P-5) Magnetite at "a" plagioclase at "c" and Cr bearing
amphibole at "b".
-------
f 981823 - 56 MP-4 Magnetic Concentrate
Chromium bearing phases are very uncommon. A few grains of a chromium bearing pyroxene
were found. Five to ten grains of metallic tin were encountered. Lead was associated with one
of the grains and may represent a particle of solder. No barium phases were encountered.
llmenite, which is rare contains up to about 0.02% Cr203 and up to 3.3% MnO.
WDS Cr2O3 MnO BaO FeO
56 MP4 01 pyrx or amph 0.02 0.30 nd -4,0
56 MP4 02 ilmenite 0.02 3.30 nd -41.0
Photos
56 MP4 01(P-5) Pyroxene or amphibole with trace Cr. EDS spectra similar
to S-25.
# 981823 - 57 - Bulk - < 0.07mrn polished^
Numerous Fe.AI silicate agglomerates containing nil to 0.02% Cr2O3.
EDS
57 07(3-26) Fe,Al silicate with minor Mn and trace Cr.
57 08(8-27) Fe,Al silicate with minor Cr.
WDS Cr2O3 MnO BaO FeO
57 01 Fe,Al silicate 0.03 0.5 nd -4.0
57 04 Fe,Al silicate 0,02 0.1 nd -4.0
57 06a Fe,Al silicate 0.02 0.4 nd -5.2
57 07 (S-26) Fe,Al silicate 0.03 0.9 nd -10.0
57 08 (S-27) Fe,Al silicate 0.15 0.1 nd -3.9
Photos
57 06(P-5) FeAl silicate with 0.02% Cr2O3.
57 08(P-5) (S-27) Fe Al silicate with 0.04% Cr2O3 and. MnO
# 981823 - 57 - < 0.07mm Gravity Concentrate ------------------------------------------------------ -
At least sixteen grains of 20-30 micron chromite in the half of the sample which was
concentrated. A few grains of chromium bearing titanomagnetite were encountered.
WDS Cr203 MnO BaO . FeO
57 gr con 01 chromite -57.0 4.2 nd 8.3
57 gr con 02 titanian magnetite 0.1 0.4 nd -94.0
Photos
57 gr con OKP-5) Loose grain mount. Chromite euhedron at "a".
#08189*3 . fi4 . hulk ... - - .._.._.. ____ ,........ _____ .........
7w 1 VHKt^f \f^f WUIf\ ---------- »w» -- »-> »«»»»! »< *«!««»«<«*
This sample contains rare Fe.AI silicate agglomerates which contain trace chromium and few
pyroxenes with trace chromium and major manganese(S-31). Also noted was a chromium-
titanium bearing pyroxene (S-31). An unknown chromium-titanium phase contained 32.0%
Cr2O3.
EDS
64 blk 01(S-28)Fe,Al silicate with trace Cr.
64 06 blk 01(8-30) Unknown CrTi phase.
-------
64 06 blk 02(S-31)Mn Fe Al pyroxene.
WDS
64 blk 01 (S-28)
64 blk 06 OHS-30) Unk CrTi
64 blk 06 02(3-31) pyroxene
Cr203
0.1
-32.0
0.2
MnO
tr
0.04
-21.00
Photos
64 blk 01 (P-6) Unknown CrTi phase.
64 blk (P-6) Cr bearing Fe,Al silicate.
BaO
nd
nd
nd
FeO
-5.5
-57.0
-31.0
# 981823 - 64 coarse gravity con
Ten grains of titanian magnetite with from 0.3 to 2.3% Cr2O3 were found. Several grains of
chromium bearing iron containing from 6.1 to 16.0% Cr2O3 were found. The high chromium
steel grains do not show alteration to Fe hydroxides. Some very manganese rich ilmenites occur.
EDS
64 gr con 01(3-32) Cr bearing titanian magnetite.
64 gr con 02(3-33) Cr,Mn bearing titanian magnetite.
64 gr con 03(3-34) Chrome steel.
64 gr con 04(3-35) Chrome steel.
WDS
64 gr con 01(3-32)magnetite
64 gr con 02(3-33)magnetite
64 gr con 03(S-34)Cr iron
64 gr con 04(S-35)Cr iron
64 gr con 05 Cr iron
64 gr con 06 ilmenite
64 gr con 07 ilmenite
Cr203
1.9
2.3
6.1
9.6
-16.0
0.1
tr
MnO
0.6
0.3
1.0
0.7
0.3
9.3
7.2
BaO
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
FeO
-84.0
-84.0
-92.0
-92.0
-81.0
-39.0
-40.0
# 981823 - 65 - 0.07mm Gravity Concentrate
Four grains of 20-30 micron chromite grains were found. A single 60 micron grain of somewhat
etched stainless steel containing major chromium was found and photographed (65 01 P-6). Two
grains of titanian magnetite with trace chromium were found.
EDS
65 gr con 01A(S-36) Etched looking stainless steel.
WDS Cr203 MnO BaO FeO
65 gr con 01A(S-36) Stainless -21.0 0.3 nd -77.0
65 gr con 02 chromite -54.0 0.9 nd '-17.0
65 gr con 03 magnetite 0.03 0.1 nd -94.0
65 gr con 04 magnetite 0.02 0.3 nd -93.0
Photos
65 01 (P-6) Corroded stainless steel grain.
#001000 70 KnlU . _
S7O I O£O " I £ UUIIV -------------
Iron aluminum silicate agglomerates containing trace chromium are fairly common. Several
pyrite grains were observed. One grain of siderite with inter grown iron hydroxides was noted.
All of the latter phases contained trace chromium. One grain of a complex hard silicate contained
major chromium (S-37).
EDS
72 blk 02 (3-40) Fe,Al silicate with inter grown apatite.
-------
72 03 (S-37) Complex silicate with major.chromium..
72 blk 03a(S-41) siderite with trace Cr.
72 blk 03b(S-42) Fe,Al silicate with minor chromium.
72 blk 03c(S-43) Fe.Al silicate with minor chromium.
72 blk 04a(S-44) Fe,Mg,Al silicate with trace chromium.
72 blk 05 (S-45) Fe,Mn,Al silicate with trace chromium.
WDS Cr203 MnO
72 blk 01 (P-6) Fe,Al silicate 0.06 tr
72 blk 02 (S-40)Fe,Al Ca silicate 1.8 1.6
72 03 (S-37)complex silicate -16.0 1.1
72 blk 03a(S-41)(P-6)siderite 0.2 0.2
72 blk 03b(S-42)(P-6)Fe,Al silicate 0.7 0.4
72 blk 03c(S-43)(P-6)Fe,Al silicate 0.9 0.3
72 blk 04 (S-44)(P-6)Fe,Al silicate 0.4 0.1
72 blk 05 (S-45)(P-7)Fe,Mn silicate 0.3 -19.0
BaO
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
FeO
~9.0
-27.0
-24.0
-39.0
-36.0
-15.0
-10.0
-22.0
Photos
72 blk 02(P-6)(S-40) Fe,Al silicates with trace Cr and apatite.
72 blk 03 (P-6) (S-41-43) Siderite '"a" and Fe,Al silicates at "b,c".
72 blk 04(P-6) Fe,Mg silicate with trace Cr at "a" and enstatite at
72 blk 05(P-7) Fe,Al silicate with trace Cr.
"b"
X-Ray Map
72 blk 02 (X-3). Trace chromium shows a correlation with the "soft"
minerals in this Fe,Al silicate agglomerate. Manganese does not show a
distribution trend.
A few titanian magnetites with trace chromium were encountered. Most of the chromium appears
to exist as chromium steel particles. It is of interest that the Fe.AI silicate oxidation crusts on
such grains do not show chromium in their spectra. Some iimenites contain up to 4.0% MnO.
EDS
72 gr con 01{S-46) Cr bearing iron.
72 gr con 02(3-47) Cr bearing iron. Cr free Fe,Al silicate at "b" .
WDS Cr203 MnO
72 gr con 01(8-46) Cr iron 4.8 0.3
72 gr con' 02(S-47) Cr iron 4.6 0.4
72 gr con 03 titanomagnetite 0.04 0.1
72 gr con 04 ilmenite tr 4.0
Photos
72 gr con 01 (S-46) (P-7)Cr iron
72 gr con 02 (S-47) (P-7)Cr iron
BaO
nd
nd
nd
nd
# 981823 - 76 - 0.07 - 0.5 mm Bulk
Chromium was noted in uncommon grains of the iron aluminum silicate agglomerates.
EDS
76 blk 05(3-48) Fe,Al,Mg,Ca silicate with trace Cr and minor Mn.
FeO
-92,0
-86.0
-89.0
-44.0
WDS Cr203 MnO BaO FeO
76 blk 01(3-48) Fe.Al silicate 0.5 1.1 nd -19.0
76 blk 02 Fe.Al silicate 0.04 0.2 nd -12.0
Photos
76 blk 01 Fe,Al silicate with trace Cr in soft matrix, "b" = quartz.
-------
# 981823 - 77 - < 0.07 Bulk
A few grains of titanomagnetite with trace chromium were found.
WDS Cr203 MnO BaO FeO
77 blk 01 Fe,Al silicate 0.02 0.2 nd -11.0
77 blk 02 Fe,Al silicate 0.02 0.4 nd -14.0
10
-------
-------
56 07
I ! 30um
*j»f' fx
P-2
-------
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BACKSCATTERED ELECTRON IMAGE 72 BULK02 FeAl SILICATE
MANGANESE
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A
-------
ID(1): # 52 CONCENTRATE 04
930
814
698
581
465
349
233
116
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
5.0
10.0
keV (keV)
15.0
-------
ID(1): # 56 06
1,375
1,203
1,031
859
688
516
344
172
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
10.0
keV (keV)
15,0
tA
i
N)
-------
ID(1): # 56 07
1,077
942
808
673'
539
404
269
135
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
5.0
10.0
keV (keV)
15.0
-------
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
ID{1): # 56 GRAVITY CONCENTRATE 01
1,724
1,509
1,293
1,078
862
647
431
216
5.0
10.0
keV (keV)
15.0
-------
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
ID(1): ft 56 GRAVITY CONCENTRATE Oil
166 -i
145
125 -r
104
83 4-
62
42
iCr
21 -T
-fcrr
5.0
10.0
keV (keV)
Mfa^y^AMA.^ i A^^jUM,,.
15.0
i. AflJM"^"V'^ " tiftm
-------
ID(1): tt 52 gr con 02a
808 T
707 -(--
606 4
505
404
303
202 -
.CO.
101 -!
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Monday, March 01, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
5.0
10.0
keV (keV)
15,0
-------
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Monday, March 01, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
ID(1): # 52 gr con 02b
1,656 -,--
1,449 -L
1,242
1,035
828 -
621
414
207 - -
5.0
10.0
keV (keV)
15.0
-------
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Monday, March 01, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
ID(1): it 52 gr con 02c
1,678--
1,468 -
1,259
1 ,049
839 -f
629
420 -
210 4
-------
ID(1): MF 1 01
1,241
1,086 -
931
'776
621
465
310
155 -
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
5.0
10.0
keV (keV)
15.0
-------
ID(1): MF 1 05 2
2,822
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
2,469 -
2,117
1,76.4 -
1,411
1,058
706
353
15.0
-------
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
ID(1): MF 1 06 A
1,102 -r
964
827
689
551
413
276 -
138
-------
ID(1): MF 1 06 B
1,322
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
1,157
992
826
661
496
331
165
5.0
10.0
keV (keV)
15.0
Cn
-------
ID{1): MF 1 06 C
1,336-,
1, 169
1,002
835
668
501
334
167
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
5.0
10.0
keV (keV)
15.0
-------
ID(1): MF 1 07
1,037
907
778
648
519
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
389
259
130
5.0
10.0
keV (keV)
15.0
-------
ID{1) : MF 1 08 A
477
Cannon Microprobe
AHS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
417
298
239
179
119
60
5.0
10,0
keV (keV)
£&3<&£ md&fc
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15.0
-------
ID(1): MF 108 B
2,049
1,793
1,537
1,281
1,025
768
512
256
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Monday, March 01, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
5.0
10.0
keV (keV)
15.0
-------
ID(1): MF 1 08 C
1,653
1,446
1,240
,1,033
827
620
413
207
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
5.0
10.0
keV (keV)
15.0
CO
I
-------
IDU) : MF 109 A
1,889 -r
1,653 J-
1,417
1,181 -
945
708
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Monday, March 01, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
472 -
236 -
5.0
10.0
keV (keV)
15.0
-------
ID(1): MF 1 09 B
1,565
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
1,369
1,174
978
783
587
391
196
5.0
10.0
keV (keV)
15.0
-------
ID(1): MF 1 10
1,884
1,649
1,413
1,178
942
707
471
236
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
5.0
10.0
keV (keV)
15.0
-------
ID(1): MF 2 04
1,342 -
1,174
1,007
839
671
503
336
168
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
5.0
10.0
keV (keV)
15.0
-------
ID{1): MP 2 02
1,375
1,203 -
1,031
859
688
516
344
172
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
5.0
10,0
keV (keV)
15.0
-------
ID(1): MP 203
1,418
1,241-
1,064
886
709
532
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
355 -
177
-------
ID(1): MP 2 03 C
. 1,284 -i
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
1,124
963
803
642
482
321
161
5.0
10.0
keV (keV)
15.0
-------
ID(1): MP 401
1,370
1,199
1,028
.856
685
514
343
171
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
5.0
10.0
keV (keV)
15.0
-------
ID(1): # 57 07
1,366 -,
1,195 --
1,025
854
683
512
342
171
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
IA
-------
ID(1): # 57 08
3,755
3,286 -
2,816
2,347
1,878-
1,408
0 J
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
5.0
10.0
keV (keV)
15.0
-------
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Tuesday, March 02, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
ID(1): # 64 blk
885 -r
774
664 -- -
553
443
332
221
111
-------
ID(1): # 64 06 BULK 01
735
643 -
551
459
368
276
184
92
i
tyJ
rv
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
5.0
^^^f^i^^^
10.0
15.0
keV (keV)
-------
ID(1): # 64 6 BULK 02
462
404
347-
289
231
173
116
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
^^'W^WYVM^
5.0
10.0
15,0
keV (keV)
-------
ID(1): ft 64 GRAVITY CONCENTRATE 01
609
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
533
457
381
305
228
152
5.0
10.0
keV (keV)
15.0
-------
ID(1): tt 64 GRAVITY CONCENTRATE 02
395
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
346
296
247
198
148
^^fr^/^f^^W^
5.0
10.0
keV (keV)
15.0
CM
t/0
-------
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
ID(1): # 64 GRAVITY CONCENTRATE 03
228 -,
200
171
143
114
86
57 -
A_>,
5.0
10.0
keV (keV)
15. 0
UJ
-*-
-------
ID(1): # 64 GRAVITY CONCENTRATE 04
241
211
181 -
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
151
121
90
60
30 -
M/1
5.0
10.0
keV (keV)
15.0
-------
ID(1): # 65 01A
488
427
366
305
244
183
122
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
5.0
10,0
keV (keV)
15.0
-------
ID(1): # 72 03
213
186
160
133
107
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
ylWAiWw^
5.0
10.0
kev (keV)
15.0
-------
ID(1): # 72 blk 02
907 --,
794
680
567
454
340
227 -
113
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Thursday, March 04, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
5.0
10.0
kev (keV)
15.0
-------
ID(1): # 72 BULK 03 A
873
764
655
546
437
327
218
109
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
5.0
10.0
keV (keV)
15,0
i
x-
-------
Cannon Microprobe
MIS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
ID(1): # 72 BULK 03 B
948
830
711
593
474
356
237
119
-------
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
ID(1): # 72 BULK 03 C
834
730
626
521
417
313
209
104
-------
ID(1): # 72 BULK 04 A
1,141 ~i
998
856
713
571
428
285
143 -
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
5.0
10.0
keV (keV)
15.0
-------
ID(1): ft 72 BULK 05
377 -,
283
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
(VW^^
5.0
10.0
keV (keV)
15.0
-------
ID(1): n 72 GRAVITY CONCENTRATE 01
592 --
508
423
339
254
169
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
^\M^n^
5.0
10.0
keV (keV)
15.0
-------
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
ID(1): # 72 GRAVITY CONCENTRATE 02
2,009
1,758
1,507
1,256
1,005
753
502
251
0 J-
5.0
10.0
keV (keV)
15.0
-------
IDU) : # 76 BULK 05
612
Cannon Microprobe
ANS Quantum Software Report
Friday, February 26, 1999
Spectrum Plot Routine
536
459
383
306
230
-M
,Fe
153 -
77
0 _L
,,Te
5,0
10.0
keV (keV)
15.0
-------
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
1MB No. 0704-0188
--.:ons, searching exist.ng data *ourc
3.---! --.t.rrate of aoy otN*r aspect of ;
/n^-vions and Reports, 1215 jefffc-
r< .', n.nmqioo. DC 2C5C3
iciMCY USE 0!\!LY (U'dve S/jrO j ->. REPORT DATE
I August. 1999
3. REPORT TYPE AND 0-MES COVERED
final
AND SUBTITLE
JMC;NG NUMBERS
Mineralogical Study of Boreholes B98-13 and B98-12
j Frontier Hard Chrome Site, Vancouver, Washington
i If "AUT"HO «s) : : """"
j David Frank (compiler)
\
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESSEES)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 10, Office of Environmental Assessment
I 1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, Washington 98101
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
NUMBER
r.rtGri!TCn;?!''; -iGi?.:'' .\-AMriS} AND ADDRfSSicS)
; 10. SPOHSOSING/MONITORING
! \CEHCY REPORT NUMBER
SUTiON CODE
j 13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 2Cf)>jvcr
------- |