Draft
A Ports Primer for Communities
An Overview of Ports Planning and Operations
to Support Community Participation
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EPA-420-D-15-008
October 2015^
For more information: www.eoa.aov/,
Prepared by: EPA's Office of Transportation and Air Qualit
-initiative.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
O
1.0 Introduction 3
2.0 The Role of Ports 4
3.0 How Ports Work
O
4.0 Port-Community Relations 11
HLl 5.0 Land Use and Transportation 14
6.0 Local and Regional Economy 19
7.0 Environmental Impacts 24
8.0 Tools and Resources 31
9.0 Appendix 35
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Welcome! This Ports Primer for Communities has been developed by
the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Office of Transportation
and Air Quality (OTAQ) in cooperation with the Mobile Source Technical
Review Subcommittee (MSTRS) Ports Subgroup including community
stakeholders for near-port communities interested in becoming more
involved in port decisions that may impact local land use, the environment
and quality of life. This Primer is intended to help community members
participate effectively in the decision-making process by increasing local
understanding of:
• The role of ports,
• How ports can impact local land use, economic trends and the
environment, and
• Tools and resources that have been successful in other
communities.
This document provides a general overview that can be used as a
springboard for further exploration and learning. Links to additional
resources have been provided throughout the document for more
information. We also encourage you to reach out to us to explore further
opportunities for engagement with OTAQ and EPA Regional Offices.
Contact information is provided at the end of the Primer.
Sincerely,
Chris Grundler, Director
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
How to Use this Document
This document is designed to be an interactive experience
for the user. The navigation bar along the bottom of each
page allows users to:
jump to the home page.
jump to the previous page or the next page.
refresh the current page to minimize its interactive
features.
jump from section to section.
jump to the Appendix.
jump to the Glossary, which contains definitions for
words that are underlined throughout the document.
jump to the Endnotes.
Within each section, buttons in the lower left, or in some
cases icon buttons, reveal additional information and case
studies.
Web links throughout the document allow users to access
additional online resources.
Check the Community Action
Roadmap
The Community Action Roadmap is a companion document
that provides a step-by-step process to apply the information
in the Primer for building capacity and empowering
communities.
For more information: http://www2.epa.aov/ports-initiative
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2.0 The Role of Ports
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The Role of Ports
Intermodal Transportation System
Ports serve as important transportation
hubs that facilitate goods movement
to businesses in local communities
and worldwide markets. Ports can
connect goods to consumers through
our highway system, railroads, air
transit and domestic marine highways
(see figure at right). Intermodal
Transportation refers to movements
of cargo between different kinds of
transport modes.
As trade growth continues, ports are
focusing on expanding their internal
capacity by increasing efficiency
and investing in infrastructure to
support larger ships. Ports must
also coordinate with communities,
Metropolitan Planning Organizations,
state and federal Departments of
Transportation, and other agencies to
expand transportation capacity outside
the port to avoid bottlenecks created
by limitations from other modes of
transportation.
Non-local Destination
"^^^^P^^r
"^^f^P^^~
Local Store / Factory
Airport
Transload or I
Storage Yard (Warehouse/
1 Consolidator
Near-dock
Railyard
On-dock Railyard
Marine Terminal
Drayage Terminal
cean Going Vessel (OGV)
The Intermodal Transportation System connects goods to consumers.
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2.2 Current Port Industry Challenges
The port industry faces many challenges. These include:
The Role of Ports
Post-Panamax
Shipping
v y
Container
Management
Congestion
Workforce
Development
Environmental
Sustainability
$
Economic
Trends
Workforce Development
Improvements in technology can help increase
the capacity and efficiency of port operations.
For example, implementing technology that
makes loading or unloading cargo more efficient
may reduce the number of workers needed
to manage this process. However, balancing
technology-driven efficiency gains with labor
issues can be complex. Furthermore, workers
must be trained to use new technologies.2
Climate
Adaptation
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3.0 How Ports Work
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How Ports Work
3.1 Port Operations
Ports can serve a range of vessels including recreational watercraft,
barges, ferries, and ocean-going cargo and passenger ships.1 The
United States has over 150 deep-draft ports, which serve ocean-
going ships.2
The way ports operate and how they are governed varies and may
include state and local public entities, such as port authorities, port
navigation districts and municipal port departments. The structure of
a local port has implications for how near-port communities relate to
decision makers and participate in decision-making processes.
Port vs. Port Authority
f The Port Authority's Role in Operations
Types of Cargo
Operational Ports vs. Landlord Ports
Port vs. Port Authority3
A port is a geo-economic entity. The term refers
to the collective port-related activities of a
particular place that may be operated by many
different entities including public, private or some
combination of the two.6
A port authority is a government entity. A port
authority may own facilities in one or more ports,
and a port authority's domain may include both
seaports and airports.
For example, port authorities do not control
private terminals, military operations or industrial
facilites located in or around port facilities.
However, some private tenants in ports
may be subject to controls written into lease
agreements.7
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How Ports Work
3.2 Port Governance
State and local governments are important players in port
governance and in oversight of transportation projects that may
affect ports. Private corporations may also play a role if they lease
or own a terminal at a port. Roles and potential entities involved in
decision-making may include:
• Regional, state or local port authority
• Divisions of state, county or municipal government
• Independent port or navigation district
• Private corporations (terminal lessees or owners)
Treaties between specific nations may stipulate additional
regulations for ports and port-going vessels.
Port Agency Types
Port Authority Jurisdiction
Governing Boards and Commissions
f Coordinating with Port Staff
Port Agency Types1
The agencies that govern ports may vary
considerably, so it is important to understand the
authority and responsibilities of the port agency
near you. Common examples include:
• Autonomous (independent) port authority:
a self-sustaining, self-governing public body
• Semi-autonomous (semi-independent) port
authority: a public body subject to certain
state controls
• Bi-state or regional port authorities: a public
body created by agreement between two or
more states
• Port authorities with limited agency or power:
a public body limited to certain actions such
as bonding
• Divisions of state, county or municipal
government: a government department
• Independent port or navigation districts:
entities that function as "special purpose"
political subdivisions of a state with defined
geographic boundaries over which they have
authority.
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How Ports Work
3.3 Federal and International Governance
The U.S. Constitution grants the federal government jurisdiction over
the navigable waters of the United States.
• Eighteen federal departments and agencies have a role in
governance.1
• The U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and the Army Corps of
Engineers (USAGE) have the primary delegated authority.2
• No lead agency exists; instead, agencies manage their
responsibilities separately.3
• The Committee on the Marine Transportation System (CMTS)
acts as a coordinating body among federal agencies.4
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), a special agency of
the United Nations, is responsible for additional oversight, including
safety, security and pollution concerns. Vessels are regulated by the
IMO and international treaties.
Current Federal Roles
Agencies with Current Oversight
International Maritime Organization
Current Federal Roles5
According to the U.S. Maritime Administration,
"the Transportation Research Board identifies
the roles currently undertaken by the federal
government as:
• Constructing, operating and maintaining the
navigable channels
• Managing the traffic on the waterways
• Providing mariners with aids to navigation,
charts and information on water and weather
conditions
• Regulating the safety and environmental
compatibility of vessels
• Responding to marine accidents that
threaten public safety and the environment
• Helping to finance the highways that connect
marine ports and terminals to the larger
transportation system
• Ensuring the security of the Marine
Transportation System and its many
components."
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4.0 Port-Community Relations
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Port-Community Relations
Socioeconomic Mapping
Port of Savannah and People of Color
Population by Census Tract
2010 Demographic Profile 1 - Shapefile Format
https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/tiger-data.html
Legend
I I Port of Savannah
Interstate Highways
2010 Census Tract Population
% People of Color
0 - 50%
j^| 50 - 75%
^•75-100%
Population Within 2 Miles of
the Port of Savannah
Caucasian
33%
Chatham County Population
Caucasian
50%
People of
Color
50%
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Port-Community Relations
4.2 Case Studies: Port-Community Relations
The relationship between ports and near-port communities can be
complex, ranging from adversarial to collaborative. The case studies
presented here illustrate this range, including:
• Instances where near-port communities fought legal battles to
hold ports accountable for community impacts.
• Instances where community-based organizations and local
government work to limit the impact of port activity through
policies protecting sensitive populations.
• Instances where ports and communities work collaboratively to
create positive community change.
Additional case studies are provided in Sections 5, 6 and 7.
Los Angeles and Long Beach Ports: Clean Trucks Program
c
Camden Waterfront South: Education and Retrofit Grant
Ditching Dirty Diesel Collaborative: Diesel Pollution Reduction Strategies
f Los Angeles and Long Beach Ports: Air Quality Settlement Funding
Baltimore Port Alliance: Proactive Community Engagement
Reminder: Check the Community Action Roadmap for a step-
by-step process to apply the information in the Primer for building
capacity and empowering communities.
CASE STUDY | Los Angeles and Long
Beach Ports: Clean Trucks Program
The Trade, Health, Environment (THE) Impact
Project is a regional community-based
participatory research partnership to address air
pollution and health impacts related to activities
at the Los Angeles and Long Beach Ports. One
of the results of THE Impact Project was the
development of the Clean Air Action Plan
(CAAP) and an increase in accountability to
local communities for health and environmental
impacts. One strategy of the CAAP is the Clean
Trucks Program (CTP), which phases out older,
more polluting diesel trucks and replaces them
with 16,000 port-serving cleaner fuel trucks. Two
crucial objectives of the CTP include advancing
the improvement of air quality at the Port and
reducing the negative impacts of goods
movement on the local community. During
CTP's first year, there was a 70 percent
reduction in the rate of port truck emissions. In
2012, the fully implemented program reduced
port truck emissions by more than 80 percent.
For more information:
Progress at the Ports of Los Angeles and Long
Beach
The Port of Los Angeles Clean Truck Program
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5.0 Land Use and Transportation
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Land Use and Transportation
5.1 Goods Movement and Transportation
Planning
Goods movement is an integral aspect of port operations and
planning. The transportation system helps move freight from its
source of production to points of consumption.
Communities and businesses around the world gain economic
benefits from the ability to buy and sell their goods in distant
markets. The movement of goods through ports often directly
impacts communities next to these facilities. Near-port communities
can be disproportionately impacted by goods movement because of
the cumulative impact of the many types of freight facilities that may
converge at ports.
Freight facilities may include:1
• Seaports, airports and border crossings
• Railyards and rail lines
• Marine highways
• Highways and high truck traffic roads
• Warehouse and distribution facilities
f Transportation Planning and Coordination
f Goods Movement and Supply Chains
Local Transportation Regulations
Example Truck Route Scenario: Challenges
Example Truck Route Scenario: Solutions
f The Role of Metropolitan Planning Organizations
Transportation Planning and Coordination
Transportation planning is critical for effective
operations at ports. If goods cannot get into or
out of a port facility efficiently, this bottleneck
can slow port operations. Therefore, agencies
involved in planning of different modes of
transportation must coordinate to improve
the flow of goods to and from ports while also
achieving transportation goals of the local
community.5
Government entities involved in transportation
planning can include:
• Local transportation planning departments
• Metropolitan planning organizations
• State and Federal Departments of
Transportation
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Land Use and Transportation
5.2 Land Use
Land use at ports can have a direct impact on neighboring
residential communities. Impacts can include:
• Competition between port land uses and community land uses
as ports expand.
• Loss of residential and commercial property through the
exercise of eminent domain.
• Air and noise pollution from machines, trucks and ships as well
as channel maintenance and expansion.
• Light pollution from both constant and flashing lights.
Ports are also often co-located with other heavy industries.
The combined effect of port operations along with operations at
neighboring facilities may create a disproportionate burden for
communities located near ports.
Land Use Regulations
Port Expansion Alternatives
f Strategies for Alleviating Other Port-Related Impacts
Potential Health Impacts
Reminder: Check the Community Action Roadmap for a step-
by-step process to apply the information in the Primer for building
capacity and empowering communities.
Land Use Regulations
Land use is typically regulated at the local level
by city and county governments.
In some instances, the port authority itself
may be set up as a political subdivision of the
state called an independent port or navigation
district. In these instances, the port district may
have regulatory control of land use within their
jurisdiction.
Federal agencies, including EPA, do not have
direct authority over zoning and other land use
decisions made at the local level.
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Land Use and Transportation
5.3. Potential Community Interests
Community interests in transportation planning and land use may
include:
• Air quality: The concentrated use of djesej engines in and
around ports, as well as co-located stationary sources such as
industrial sites, can contribute to decrease air quality.
• Public safety: Intensive goods movement via heavy trucks and
rail can create public safety concerns around truck routes and
rail crossings.
• Competing land uses: Port expansion needs may cause ports
to compete with communities for developable land and may
limit the available land for community-oriented amenities and
services.
• Impacts from nuisances: Light and noise pollution from port
operations can result in lower quality of life and health impacts
for community residents.
• Environmental justice: Near-port communities often experience
higher concentrations of environmental impacts than other
residential communities; these cumulative impacts may result in
environmental justice concerns.
• Resilient adaptation: Climate change and extreme weather
events can impact both ports and near-port communities, who
have a shared interest in the protection of critical infrastructure.
f Light
and Noise Nuisances
Potential Health Impacts from Air Emissions
f Environmental Justice and Air Emissions
Light and Noise Nuisances
In land use regulation, a "nuisance" is
considered an activity that disrupts an individual
or community's "right to quiet enjoyment" of
their space or property. Light and noise pollution
created by port operations are examples of
nuisances that can affect daily quality of life of
near-port communities.
Light and noise pollution have also been linked
to health impacts such as hearing impairment,
high blood pressure and sleep deprivation.1
In addition, light and noise pollution may impact
wildlife. Noise from ship engines can disrupt
important habitats, leading to impacts on bird
feeding and nesting sites as well as marine
mammal hearing and behavior patterns.2 Light
pollution can also disrupt biological rhythms,
leading to high mortality in bird populations.3
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Land Use and Transportation
5.4. Case Studies: Land Use and
Transportation
Strategies to reducing the impact of goods movement and land use
on near-port communities are often interrelated. Examples include:
• Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission -An MPO uses
federal transportation funding to conduct diesel retrofit projects.
• Air Pollution and Public Health in Galena Park, Texas -A
regional non-profit partners with a near-port community to
quantify public health impacts from air pollution and identify
strategies for reducing air pollution.
• Advocating for Healthy Land Use Siting Practices in the San
Francisco Bay Area - A local collaborative advocates for land
siting practices that protect sensitive populations from air
pollution impacts.
• Land Use Planning at Helsinki's Vuosaari Harbor-A port in
Finland has a unique opportunity as it relocates to incorporate
cutting-edge land use planning strategies to reduce impacts on
wildlife and near-port communities.
Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission: Diesel Retrofit Projects
Galena Park: Air Pollution and Public Health Study
San Francisco Bay Area: Advocating for Healthy Land Use Siting Practices
Vuosaari Harbor: Land Use Planning
CASE STUDY | Delaware Valley Regional
Planning Commission: Diesel Retrofit
Projects
The Delaware Valley Regional Planning
Commission (the Commission) serves nine
counties in the Greater Philadelphia area and is
responsible, among other things, for regional
transportation planning and administration of
federal transportation funds from the Congestion
Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement (CMAQ)
program. In 2012, the Commission sponsored a
competitive process to award $10.7 million in
CMAQ funds to local transportation-related
projects. This led to the selection of 18 projects,
including three diesel retrofit projects that
received a total of $2.9 million. These projects
included:
• A diesel locomotive repower initiative by the
Southeastern Pennsylvania Transit Authority
• A diesel locomotive retrofit for a CSX
switcher locomotive
• Construction equipment retrofits in the south
Jersey area
Together, these three projects are estimated to
reduce diesel emissions by 258 kilograms/day.
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6.0 Local and Regional Economy
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Local and Regional Economy
6.1. Local Economy and Jobs
The port sector contributes significantly to the local economy in
communities where ports are located. Contributions include:
• Employment opportunities at the port
• Employment opportunities in port-related sectors (e.g. the rail
and trucking industries)
• Increased tax base for the local and state government
At some ports, workers are members of labor unions that advocate
on their behalf and may establish terms related to hiring, wages and
advancement.
Cargo Handling Employment Opportunities
Additional Port-Related Employment Opportunities
f Worker Classifications
f Labor Unions, Workers and Ports
f The Impact of Port Labor Disputes on Port-Related Jobs
Cargo Handling Employment
Opportunities
Cargo-handling jobs are often the first thing that
comes to mind when thinking of employment
opportunities at ports. A few of the jobs related
to cargo-handling are listed below:1
• Clerks check the actual count of the goods
versus the amount listed on the ship's
manifest when cargo is unloaded from a
ship. The clerk will note shortages, overages
or damage.
• Longshoremen (also called stevedores) load
and unload ships or perform administrative
tasks associated with the loading or
unloading of cargo. Longshore "gangs" are
hired by stevedoring firms and may or may
not be labor union members.
• Hostlers (or hustlers) drive tractors for
moving cargo within a container yard.
• Consolidators combine cargo from a number
of shippers into a container that will deliver
the goods to several buyers.
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Local and Regional Economy
6.2. Port Factors Impacting the Regional
Economy
Ports support regional economies as well as local economies.
Shifting trends in regional and international trade can have a
significant impact on goods distribution patterns and therefore
on regional economies. When port activity rises or falls, related
business sectors, especially those in the goods movement sector,
can experience a ripple effect.
Potential Suez Canal Expansion
Top 25 U.S. Container Ports
Regional Shifts Related to International Trade Patterns
Economic Impacts on Port-Related Industries
Post-Panamax Shipping
Which Ports will be Post-Panamax Ready?
Potential Suez Canal Expansion
In 2014, Egypt announced plans to expand the
Suez Canal, which connects the Mediterranean
Sea and the Red Sea and facilitates shipping
between Europe and Asia. Currently, the Suez
Canal predominately supports one-way traffic,
and the planned expansion could nearly double
the shipping routes capacity from 49 ships a day
to 97 ships a day. If the project moves forward, it
is likely to port activities in U.S. ports. However,
economic and political instability have raised
questions about the feasibility of the project and
timeline for completion is uncertain.1
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6.3. Potential Community Interests
Community interests in the impact of ports on the local and regional
economy may include:
Local and Regional Economy
Post-Panamax
Shipping
Labor and
Working
Conditions
Jobs and Job
Training Programs,
Impacts on
Goods Movement
Post-Panamax Shipping
Many ports are facing pressure to expand their
capacity to accommodate post-Panamax ships.
This can impact near-port communities in a
variety of ways including:
• New jobs created by port expansion and
upgrades
• Competing land use needs as ports seek
room to expand
• Environmental impacts related to
construction and dredging
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Local and Regional Economy
6.4. Case Studies: Job and Benefits
Ports can implement a number of programs and policies that spur
investment in local entrepreneurs and the local workforce. These
programs can be tailored to emphasize investments in near-port
communities and/or communities experiencing high rates of poverty,
unemployment and underemployment. Two successful examples of
ports with these policies include the Port of Oakland and the Port of
Los Angeles.
Port of Oakland: Social Responsibility Division
Port of Los Angeles: Project Labor Agreement
CASE STUDY | Port of Oakland: Social
Responsibility Division1'2
The Social Responsibility Division (3RD) at the
Port of Oakland oversees port efforts to invest in
near-port communities. Programs and policies
include a commitment to invest in local
businesses and the local workforce.
Some of these include: a small local business
utilization policy, a disadvantaged business
enterprise program, a Maritime and Aviation
Project Labor Agreement (which includes a
commitment to local hiring and local workforce
development), and a living wage policy.
For more information: Port of Oakland
Today, there are high expectations for
business and government to collaborate and
invest in society. Looking at one's business
through the community lens and investing
time, money and energy in projects that
benefit one's neighbors help build trust
and allies. A port's active investment in the
community results in long-term community
support and goodwill that makes it possible
for the port to succeed in business. *
- Port Spokeswoman Marilyn Sandifur
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7.0 Environmental Impacts
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Environmental Impacts
7.1. Environmental Impacts
Port operations can lead to environmental impacts on air, water
and land. Many communities with environmental justice concerns
also experience disparities in health outcomes that they attribute to
exposure to emissions from port operations.
The Environmental Protection Agency has authority to address some
but not all causes of these impacts. For example, EPA has regulated
manufacturers to build cleaner engines, but EPA can't mandate use
of clean equipment or control hours of operation of port equipment.
EPA also has no authority to regulate land use. EPA can assess
the environmental impacts of siting a new highway but has limited
authority to prevent that highway from being built.
Climate Adaptation
f Air
c
Water
Risks and Health Impacts
Reminder: Check the Community Action Roadmap for a step-
by-step process to apply the information in the Primer for building
capacity and empowering communities.
Climate Adaptation
Ports rely on a wide range of vehicles with diesel
engines, which are a source of greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions and affect climate change.
This is discussed further on the following page.
In addition, due to their coastal locations,
seaports are increasingly devoting substantial
resources to address risks associated with
extreme weather events. Flooding associated
with extreme weather events stands out as
one of the most significant risks to ports.
Flooding has the potential to damage electrical
substations, as well as electrical motors on
wharf cranes and ground level electric pumps.
It can also destroy cargo. Ports are developing
plans to mitigate the effects of climate change-
related extreme weather events.
For more information, see:
Ports Planning for Climate Change Impacts
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Environmental Impacts
7.2. Air Emissions
Near-port communities are often disproportionately impacted by air
emissions due to port operations, goods movement operations and
other industries that may be co-located with ports. Air emissions at
ports also impact regional air quality.
EPA sets national air quality standards that are implemented by
states and tribal agencies. There is also growing momentum within
the port sector to reduce emissions and improve air quality.
f Pollutants from Diesel Engines
Emission Reduction Approaches
Clean Air Programs at Ports
Metropolitan Planning Organizations and Regional Air Quality
)
)
EPA SmartWay Program
c
North American Emission Control Area
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Environmental Impacts
7.3. Federal Environmental Regulations,
Initiatives and Standards
The mission of EPA is to protect human health and the environment.
EPA is responsible for establishing regulations and standards for key
environmental statutes affecting ports. While there is a broad range
of environmental regulations that applies to ports depending on the
circumstance, regulations and initiatives with particular relevance to
near-port communities include:
• Clean Water Act (CWA) and the proposed Waters of the United
States rule
• Clean Air Act (CAA)
• National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
• Ports Initiative
Clean Air Act (CAA) and the Clean Power Plan
f Clean Water Act (CWA) and the Waters of the United States
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
c
EPA Ports Initiative
Cleaner Fuel and Cleaner Equipment Available
C
Additional Information
Clean Air Act (CAA) and the Clean Power
Plan
The CAA is designed to protect public health from
different types of air pollution. It establishes air
quality standards and requires states to develop
enforceable plans to achieve those standards.
For the port industry, significant aspects of the
CAA include regulations on diesel engines,
marine vessel loading operations, paint coatings,
and emissions from vehicles and many types of
port equipment.
Many of the vehicles and equipment involved in
port activities remain in operation for a long time.
Often referred to as the legacy fleet, existing
diesel vehicles and equipment are not governed
by the CAA. Unlike EPA, states are able to
regulate the use of the legacy fleet.
On August 2, 2015 the President unveiled The
Clean Power Plan that establishes guidelines for
states to follow in developing and implementing
plans to reduce Greenhouse Gases that
contribute to climate change. Included are
requirements that vulnerable communities have a
seat at the table with other stakeholders. EPA is
proposing a model rule states can adopt, as well
as a federal plan that the EPA will put in place if a
state fails to submit an adequate plan.
For more information: Clean Air Act.
Clean Power Plan. Fact Sheet
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Environmental Impacts
7.4. Agency Responsibilities
In addition to EPA, many federal, state and local agencies have
responsibilities related to ports and port-related issues. A chart in
Section 3 outlines federal regulation of port operations in more
detail. This section describes:
• State and local agencies with environmental oversight
• Federal agencies with environmental oversight
State and Local Agencies
Federal Agencies
State and Local Agencies
State and local agencies with responsibilities
related to human health and the environment will
vary. Generally speaking, the following agencies
may have oversight, planning or service
responsibilities:
Environment
Transportation
and Goods
Movement
Health
Development
and Land Use
Planning
^H 1M WjUM til* M ilH [44
State and local departments
of the environment
Local health departments
(occasionally)
State and local
transportation departments
Metropolitan Planning
Organizations
State and local health
departments
State and local planning
departments
Local planning commission
For resources to help locate state level
regulators: Port Compliance: State Regulations
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7.5 Current Port Industry Challenges
Community interests in environmental impacts may include:
Environmental Impacts
N X"
Environmental
Justice
N /"
\ X1
Public Health
Outcomes
Air
Quality
Nuisance
Impacts
\ /"
Ecological
Impacts
I
Access to
Natural Areas &
Open Space
Environmental Justice
Near-port communities often experience higher
concentrations of environmental impacts than
other residential communities; these cumulative
impacts may result in environmental justice
concerns.
Climate
Adaptation/
Resilience
-------
Environmental Impacts
7.6. Case Studies: Environment
Near-port communities and ports have successfully partnered on
projects to reduce environmental impacts. Through the Swan Island
Air Quality Project, the Port of Portland, Oregon, partnered with
neighborhood association leaders and other port stakeholders to
address air quality and health impacts on the local community. The
Port of Bellingham and the Washington Department of Ecology
engaged community residents, business owners and other port
stakeholders to develop a plan for aligning environmental cleanups
and waterfront revitalization at Bellingham Bay.
In other instances, legal challenges have resulted in improvements
to environmental conditions. At the Port of Los Angeles, a legal
settlement between the Port and the City of Los Angeles and the
claimants resulted in the introduction of shoreside power technology
at the China Shipping terminal.
Port of Los Angeles: Shoreside Power
Port of Bellingham: Bellingham Bay Demonstration Project
f Port of Portland: Swan Island Air Quality Project
CASE STUDY | Port of Los Angeles:
Shoreside Power1
The Port of Los Angeles has made a significant
investment in extending electric power
infrastructure to container ship terminals. This
allows ships to plug into external power sources
instead of continuously idling while at the
terminal. The power facility is a direct outcome of
a legal settlement from the Port and the City of
Los Angeles who were sued by the Natural
Resource Defense Council, Coalition for Clean
Air, and two San Pedro Homeowner groups.
The port has the capability to plug in two
container ships at a time. The port estimates that
this alternate mode of powering docked ships
results in the elimination of at least one ton of
nitrous oxides and particulate matter each day for
every ship that plugs in.
For more information:
Port of Los Angeles Alternative Maritime Power
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8.0 Tools and Resources
-------
Tools and Resources
8.1. Using Scientific Data and Research
Communities can demonstrate environmental concerns by providing
scientific evidence of environmental impact. In some cases,
communities may be able to access existing local data and conduct
their own analyses by partnering with a local agency, organization or
academic institution that collects raw data. Studies using local data
are not common because of the high level of resources typically
needed to collect the data. Additionally, technical support may be
needed to conduct the data analysis desired by the community.
However, when these resources are available, local data can be an
extremely powerful tool. One example from the San Francisco Bay
Area is provided below.
When local data are not available, communities may turn to
existing studies to demonstrate the known and potential impacts of
environmental conditions on human health and the environment.
This approach can also be an effective tool for communicating the
urgency to address the community's environmental concerns.
f Bay Area Air Quality Management District: Local Data Analysis
Mapping and Data Tools Available to the Public
c
EJSCREEN
f C-FERST
Reminder: Check the Community Action Roadmap for a step-
by-step process to apply the information in the Primer for building
capacity and empowering communities.
Bay Area Air Quality Management District:
Local Data Analysis
The Bay Area Air Quality Management District
has done air quality analyses for regional land
use and transportation planning as well as
local air quality analyses for West Oakland,
California. These analyses were conducted in
the context of development of two Environmental
Impact Reviews (EIRs) triggered by California
Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) requirements.
(CEQA is the state version of the National
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and triggers
development of EIRs, which are similar to the
Environmental Impact Statements triggered by
NEPA.)
These air quality analyses are available in the
form of individual chapters of the respective
EIRs. The methodologies might be adapted by
other agencies or technical service providers
partnering with local communities. To access the
analyses, follow the links provided below:
• West Oakland Specific Plan - Draft EIR.
Section 4.2
• Plan Bay Area 2040. Public Review Draft
Environmental Impact Report. Section 2.2
-------
lools and Resources
8.2. Citizen Science Projects
Citizen science is a tool that can empower communities to better
understand the environmental conditions impacting them, provide
a vehicle for analyzing and sharing that data, and advocate for
positive environmental and community change. Citizen science
projects recognize the value of engaging the public in scientific
investigations. Citizens can participate in or lead research efforts
both by analyzing existing data and gathering new data for analysis.
Members of the public have contributed to scientific research
for a very long time, but recently new technology has spurred
the emerging field of citizen science. Community residents bring
valuable local knowledge to scientific research. For example,
community residents may be able to identify and prioritize locations
of concern for the placement of air quality monitors.
For more information:
Volunteers Make Citizen Science Work
Community-Based Participatory Research
Citizen Science and Air Quality Monitoring
c
EPAs Air Sensor Toolbox for Citizen Scientists
Community-Based Participatory Research
Citizen science is a form of community-based
participatory research (CBPR). As defined by
the W.K. Kellogg Foundation Community Health
Scholars Program, CPBR is a "collaborative
approach to research that equitably involves all
partners in the research process and recognizes
the unique strengths that each brings. CBPR
begins with a research topic of importance to the
community, has the aim of combining knowledge
with action and achieving social change to
improve health outcomes and eliminate health
disparities."1
O C
-------
lools and Resources
8.3. Citizen Science Case Studies
The following case studies exemplify the use of citizen science tools:
• Village Green Project- air monitoring bench provides air
quality data to community
• Ironbound Community-based Environmental Monitoring
Study- Citizens from Newark, NJ collect air quality data while
piloting air quality monitor.
Village Green Project
Ironbound Community-based Environmental Monitoring Study
O C
CASE STUDY | Air Monitoring Benches
Installed for Public Use
Through the Village Green Project, EPA has
developed an air monitoring bench that operates
on solar and wind power and provides minute-to-
minute data on two common air pollutants -
ozone and particulate pollution - and weather
conditions. The real-time data is publically
available and can better help citizens
understand air quality.
EPA is collaborating with state and local partners
to further test the air monitoring system, and
provide educational outreach on air quality.
For more information: Village Green Project
-------
9.0 Appendix
-------
APPENDIX TABLE OF CONTENTS
A1. Federal Role in the Marine Transportation System 37
A2. Citizen Mapping, Data Tools and Resources 38
A3. Glossary 44
A4. Endnotes and Image Sources 49
A5. Acknowledgements and Contacts 57
-------
Appendix
A1. Federal Role in the Marine Transportation
System
The Committee on the Marine Transportation System (MTS) has
developed a compendium addressing federal programs in the MTS
and an accompanying set of online resources. According to the
Committee, the compendium represents "the first-ever categorical
matrix of programs and functions for the 35 Federal Departments,
agencies, and bureaus engaged with the MTS." The following
resources are available online:
• A Compendium of Federal Programs in the MTS -A resource
guide to the roles, responsibilities and interests of the 11 federal
agencies involved in the MTS.
• Accompanying Matrices-A set of matrices with varying degrees
of detail that outline the interests and responsibilities of the 11
federal agencies involved in the MTS. For an example, click
the button below to view the simplest matrix. For more detailed
matrices, follow the link and explore online.
For more information:
Compendium of Federal Programs in the MTS
Compendium Website
Educational Matrix
CMTS
A Compendium of
Federal Programs in the
MTS
A O C Ł*
© © ©
-------
Appendix
A2. Citizen Mapping, Data Tools and Resources
The tools listed here are in various stages of development and from various sources. The potential value for using tools will
vary on a case-by-case basis depending on the purpose and level of a capacity of users. Although, the information included
in this table is intended to make the Ports Primer more useful, the presence of a resource on this list does not constitute EPA
endorsement.
The following symbols provide more information about the availability of each data source:
S = resource available in relevant format
D = data which are available for download
O = data which are available online
MP = accessible via mobile phone
MP/I = accessible via mobile phone or internet
C/l = requires users to have a working knowledge of computers and the internet
GIS = some uses may require users to have access to and working knowledge of Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
software
Resource
Air Data (EPA)
AIRNowfEPA}
Air Sensor Toolbox
for Citizen Scientists
(EPA)
Alternative Fuelina
Station Locator CU.S.
Dept. of Energy)
Type
Mobile Apps
^
^
^
Data Collection
Tool
^
as
is
Q
D
Data Analysis
^
as
+j
as
Q
15
is
a.
w
O
Mapping Tool
^
^
Networking
Description
Provides reports, data visualization tools, data download
and online mapping tools for air quality.
Provides real-time, location-specific air quality information
and forecasts.
Provides "information and guidance on new low-cost
compact technologies for measuring air quality."
Provides the locations of alternative fueling stations,
including places to buy fuels such as electricity, natural
gas, biodiesel, E85, propane or hydrogen.
Cost
Free
Free
Free
Free
Access
C/l
MP
C/l
MP/I
Adapted from: U.S. EPA. Mapping Tools for Communities to Identify Assets and Hazards in Local Areas. Retrieved from: http://www.epa.gov/
compliance/ei/resources/publications/sustainabilitv/team-ei-mappina-tools.pdf.
-------
Appendix
A2. Citizen Mapping, Data Tools and Resources
Resource
Area Health Resource
Files (U.S. Dept. of
Health and Human
Services)
Census (U.S. Census
Bureau)
Cleanups in Mv
Communitv (EPA)
Common Sense
Communitv (Common
Sense)
Type
Mobile Apps
^
Data Collection
Tool
^
3
Q
D
D
Data Analysis
^
as
+j
ns
Q
15
is
a.
w
D
D
0
Mapping Tool
^
^
^
Networking
Description
Provides access to county-level health data, an online
mapping tool and health resources comparison tools.
Some data may require special software to access.
Provides access to census and American Community
Survey data in a variety of formats, including topical and
location-based fact sheets, mobile applications, interactive
maps, and geographic data and demographic datasets
that can be downloaded for further analysis.
A mapping tool that displays locations where pollution is
being or has been cleaned up. Clicking on a site reveals
additional information about its environmental status.
Common Sense develops mobile sensing technologies
(hardware and software) that collect environmental data.
The project is still in the pilot phase and aims to help
communities "gather and analyze environmental data[,
...] learn more about their environment, and influence
environmental regulations and policy. Ultimately, the
project seeks to empower citizens and novice users with
opportunities to pursue the kinds of data collection and
analysis that were once handled almost exclusively by
professional scientists and analysts."
Cost
Free
Free
Free
Tools and
software
were used
in a pilot
study and
are not yet
available
for
purchase.
Access
C/l, GIS
C/l
Adapted from: U.S. EPA. Mapping Tools for Communities to Identify Assets and Hazards in Local Areas. Retrieved from: http://www.epa.gov/
compliance/ej/resources/publications/sustainabilitv/team-ej-mappina-tools.pdf.
-------
Appendix
A2. Citizen Mapping, Data Tools and Resources
Resource
Community Commons
(Community
Commons and IPS)
Community Plannina
and Development
Maps (U.S. Dept. of
Housing and Urban
Development)
Data.aov CU.S.
General Services
Administration)
EJScreen (EPA)
Type
Mobile Apps
^
Data Collection
Tool
03
+j
03
Q
D
O
Data Analysis
03
•s
Q
15
is
a.
w
0
0
D
O
0
Mapping Tool
^
^
^
^
Networking
^
Description
Community Commons provides educational resources,
an interactive mapping tool and networking opportunities
for sustainable communities. It includes over 7,000 GIS
data layers and an online mapping tool that allows users
to create and share maps of their own communities.
Sources for data are provided, but data cannot be directly
downloaded. It also includes profiles of many place-based
community initiatives and peer learning forums.
An interactive online mapping service for mapping current
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
(HUD) grant activities, local housing market and economic
data, and census data.
A vast collection of data, tools and resources based on
federal datasets and data contributed by non-federal
participants. Organized by topic and searchable by
location and keyword.
An online environmental justice (EJ) mapping tool that
"provides EPA with a nationally consistent dataset and
methodology for calculating "EJ indexes," which can
be used for highlighting places that may be candidates
for further review, analysis, or outreach as the agency
develops programs, policies and other activities. The tool
provides both summary and detailed information at the
Census block group level or a user-defined area for both
demographic and environmental indicators."
Cost
Free
Free
Free
Free
Access
C/l
C/l
C/l
C/l
Adapted from: U.S. EPA. Mapping Tools for Communities to Identify Assets and Hazards in Local Areas. Retrieved from: http://www.epa.gov/
compliance/ei/resources/publications/sustainabilitv/team-ei-mappina-tools.pdf.
Eli]
-------
Appendix
A2. Citizen Mapping, Data Tools and Resources
Resource
Enforcement and
Compliance Historv
Online (ECHO) (EPA)
EnviroAtlas fEPA^
Envirofacts and
Enviromapper (EPA)
Environmental Public
Health Trackina
Network CU.S. Centers
for Disease Control
and Prevention)
Mv Environment
(EPA)
The National Map
(U.S. Geological
Survey)
Type
Mobile Apps
Data Collection
Tool
3
Q
O
o
D
0
D
Data Analysis
^
^
03
+j
03
Q
15
is
Q.
W
O
D
D
O
D
Mapping Tool
^
^
^
^
^
Networking
Description
Allows users to assess facilities' compliance with
environmental regulations. Provides information on
permit data, inspection dates and findings, violations,
enforcement actions and penalties assessed
Provides interactive tools and resources on ecosystem
services (the many benefits people receive from nature).
Key tools include an interactive mapping service and
an Eco-Health Relationship browser which explores the
relationship between ecosystems and human health.
An online search tool for accessing environmental data
from EPA. Includes access to an interactive mapping tool.
Provides a broad array of data including information on
Superfund sites, drinking water, toxic and air releases,
hazardous waste, water discharge permits, and grants.
Provides maps, tables and charts on "health, exposure,
and hazard information and data from a variety of national,
state, and city sources." Data can be accessed by topic or
location.
Provides a cross-section of environmental information
based on the user's location.
Provides access to free spatial data, including
orthoimagery (aerial photographs), elevation, geographic
names, hydrography, boundaries, transportation,
structures and land cover. Also provides online mapping
tools for some data types.
Cost
Free
Free
Free
Free
Free
Free
Access
C/l
C/l, GIS
C/l
C/l
C/l
C/l, GIS
Adapted from: U.S. EPA. Mapping Tools for Communities to Identify Assets and Hazards in Local Areas. Retrieved from: http://www.epa.gov/
compliance/ei/resources/publications/sustainabilitv/team-ei-mappina-tools.pdf.
-------
Appendix
A2. Citizen Mapping, Data Tools and Resources
Resource
National-Scale Air
Toxics Assessment
(NATA} Data (EPA}
nowCOAST
(National Oceanic
and Atmospheric
Administration
(NOAA))
Smart Location
Database (EPA)
Sustainable
Communities HOT
Report (EPA-HUD-
DOT Partnership
for Sustainable
Communities)
Type
Mobile Apps
Data Collection
Tool
03
+j
03
Q
D
D
Data Analysis
S
03
•S
Q
15
is
a.
tn
O
D
Mapping Tool
S
s
Networking
Description
Data from EPA's ongoing assessment of air toxics. The
website includes a summary report with maps of cancer
and non-cancer effects. For the expert user, data is
available in MS Excel format from 1996, 1999, 2002 and
2005.
A mapping tool that "provides real time coastal
observations and NOAA forecasts." Tool allows users to
visually explore current snapshots of the weather and
other environmental conditions in coastal communities.
A "nationwide geographic data resource for measuring
location efficiency. It includes more than 90 attributes
summarizing characteristics such as housing density,
diversity of land use, neighborhood design, destination
accessibility, transit service, employment, and
demographics. Most attributes are available for every
census block group in the United States." The tool may be
useful for mapping equity-related information.
An online tool that produces community sustainability
comparison reports at the county level. Factors analyzed
by the tool include transportation, housing, economic
development, income and equity.
Cost
Free
Free
Free
Free
Access
C/l
C/l
C/l
Adapted from: U.S. EPA. Mapping Tools for Communities to Identify Assets and Hazards in Local Areas. Retrieved from: http://www.epa.aov/
compliance/ej/resources/publications/sustainabilitv/team-ej-mappina-tools.pdf.
-------
Appendix
A2. Citizen Mapping, Data Tools and Resources
Resource
Transportation
Infrastructure Fundina
Map (Committee
on the Marine
Transportation
System)
Tox Town (National
Institue of Health)
Web-based Injurv
Statistics Querv
and Reportina
Svstem (Wl SOARS}
(U.S. Centers for
Disease Control and
Prevention)
Type
Mobile Apps
Data Collection
Tool
03
+j
03
Q
D
O
Data Analysis
s
03
•S
Q
15
is
a.
tn
0
o
Mapping Tool
s
s
Networking
Description
An interactive tool that maps five years of Federal
infrastructure investment in the marine transportation
system (MTS).The tool allows users to visually explore
15 datasets related to the MTS and is intended to inform
future infrastructure investment decisions.
Provides an introduction to toxic chemicals and
environmental health risks that citizens may encounter in
everyday life.
A database that provides data on fatal and nonfatal injury,
violent death, and cost of injury. The website includes a
mapping tool that allows users to explore injury data at the
state and county levels.
Cost
Free
Free
Free
Access
C/l
C/l
C/l
Adapted from: U.S. EPA. Mapping Tools for Communities to Identify Assets and Hazards in Local Areas. Retrieved from: http://www.epa.gov/
compliance/ej/resources/publications/sustainabilitv/team-ej-mappina-tools.pdf.
-------
Appendix
A3. Glossary
Glossary courtesy of the American Association of Port Authorities, National Cooperative Freight Research Program, Starcrest
Consulting Group and the U.S. Department of Transportation.
Ballast water: Fresh or salt water, sometimes containing sediments, held in tanks and cargo holds of ships to increase
stability and maneuverability during transit.
Breakbulk: General cargo that is not in containers but rather is stored in boxes, bales, pallets or other units to be
loaded onto or discharged from ships or other forms of transportation. Examples include iron, steel, machinery,
linerboard and wood pulp.
Bulk: Loose cargo (dry or liquid) that is loaded (shoveled, scooped, forked, mechanically conveyed or pumped) in
volume directly into a ship's hold. Examples include grain, coal and oil.
Capacity: The available space for, or ability to handle, freight.
Cargo: The freight (goods, products) carried by a ship, barge, train, truck or plane.
Class I freight railroad: Defined by the American Association of Railroads each year based on annual operating
revenue. A railroad is dropped from the Class I list if it fails to meet the annual revenue threshold for three consecutive
years.
Clerks: When cargo is unloaded from a ship, a clerk checks the actual count of the goods versus the amount listed on
the ship's manifest. The clerk will note shortages, overages or damage. This is used to make claims if needed.
Consolidator: The person or firm that consolidates (combines) cargo from a number of shippers into a container that
will deliver the goods to several buyers.
Container: A box made of aluminum, steel or fiberglass used to transport cargo by ship, rail, truck or barge. Common
dimensions are 20' x 8' x 8' (called a TEU or twenty-foot equivalent unit) or 40' x 8' x 8' (called an FEU or forty-foot
equivalent unit).
Diesel: A type of fuel typically used in a compression-ignition engine. In common maritime use, diesel can refer to
several varieties of fuels including Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) and Marine Gas Oil (MGO). Diesel may also be labeled by
-------
Appendix
A3. Glossary
Glossary courtesy of the American Association of Port Authorities, National Cooperative Freight Research Program, Starcrest
Consulting Group and the U.S. Department of Transportation.
its sulfur content, such as the case of LSD (low sulfur diesel with less than 500 parts per million (ppm) sulfur) or ULSD
(ultra-low sulfur diesel with less than 15 ppm sulfur).
Draft: The depth of a loaded vessel in the water taken from the level of the waterline to the lowest point of the hull of the
vessel; depth of water, or distance between the bottom of the ship and waterline.
Dredge: The process of removing sediment from harbor or river bottoms for safety purposes and to allow for deeper
vessels.
Exports: Merchandise transported out of the United States to foreign countries.
Freight: Merchandise hauled by transportation lines.
Goods movement: The distribution of freight (including raw materials, parts and finished consumer products) by all
modes of transportation including marine, air, rail and truck.
Gross domestic product (GDP): The total value of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the
United States. As long as the labor and property are located in the United States, the supplier (workers, owners) may be
either U.S. residents or residents of foreign countries.
Hostler (or hustler): An employee who drives a tractor for the purpose of moving cargo within a container yard.
Imports: Commodities of foreign origin entering the United States, as well as goods of domestic origin returned to the
United States with no change in condition or after having been processed and/or assembled in other countries.
Intermodal: Used to indicate movements of cargo containers interchangeably between transport modes - i.e. motor,
water and air carriers - and where the equipment is compatible within multiple systems. For example, boxes of hot
sauce from Louisiana are stuffed into metal boxes called containers at the factory. That container is put onto a truck
chassis (or a railroad flat car) and moved to a port. There the container is lifted off the vehicle and lifted onto a ship. At
the receiving port, the process is reversed. Intermodal transportation uses few laborers and speeds up the delivery time.
-------
Appendix
A3. Glossary
Glossary courtesy of the American Association of Port Authorities, National Cooperative Freight Research Program, Starcrest
Consulting Group and the U.S. Department of Transportation.
Labor union: An organization of workers formed to serve members' collective interests with regard to wages and
working conditions.
Landlord port: At a landlord port, the port authority owns the wharves, which it then rents or leases to a terminal
operator (usually a stevedoring company). The operator invests in cargo-handling equipment (forklifts, cranes, etc.),
hires longshore laborers to operate such lift machinery and negotiates contracts with ocean carriers (steamship
services) to handle the unloading and loading of ship cargoes.
Longshoremen: Dock workers who load and unload ships or perform administrative tasks associated with the loading
or unloading of cargo. They may or may not be members of labor unions. Longshore "gangs" are hired by stevedoring
firms to work the ships. Longshoremen are also called stevedores.
Marine Transportation System (MTS): Consists of all the intermodal components that are part of the maritime domain,
including ships, ports, inland waterways, intermodal rail and trucks, and other users of the maritime system.
Maritime: Located on or near the sea. Commerce or navigation by sea. The maritime industry includes people working
for transportation (ship, rail, truck and towboat/barge) companies, freight forwarders and customs brokers; stevedoring
companies; labor unions; chandlers; warehouses; ship building and repair firms; importers/exporters; pilot associations,
etc.
Neo-bulk: Uniformly packaged goods, such as wood pulp bales, which stow as solidly as bulk, but are handled as
general cargoes.
Operating port: A port where the port authority builds the wharves, owns the cranes and cargo-handling equipment,
and hires the labor to move cargo in the sheds and yards. A stevedore hires longshore laborers to lift cargo between the
ship and the dock, where the port's laborers pick it up and bring it to the storage site. (See landlord port.)
Particulate matter (PM): Refers to small particles in the air that can be measured to determine air quality and potential
health impacts. Airborne PM can result from direct emissions of particles (primary PM) or from the condensation of
-------
Appendix
A3. Glossary
Glossary courtesy of the American Association of Port Authorities, National Cooperative Freight Research Program, Starcrest
Consulting Group and the U.S. Department of Transportation.
certain gases that have themselves been directly emitted or chemically transformed in the atmosphere (secondary PM).
PM is often classified by size:
• PM25-Also known as "fine" particulate matter, PM25 refers to the fraction of PM in a sample that is 2.5 microns in
diameter or less. This size of PM is commonly associated with combustion and secondary PM.
• PM10- Also known as "coarse" particulate matter, PM^0 refers to the fraction of PM in a sample that is 10 microns in
diameter or less.
Port: The harbor area where ships are docked.
Port Agency or Port Authority: A government entity. A port authority may own facilities in one or more ports, and a port
authority's domain may include both seaports and airports. It may be difficult to tell visually where the control of a port
authority ends. For example, port authorities do not control private terminals (except in as much as landlord ports can
impose lease-based controls on private terminal tenants), military operations and industrial facilities located in or around
port facilities.
• Autonomous (independent) port authority: a self-sustaining, self-governing public body
• Semi-autonomous (semi-independent) port authority: a public body subject to certain state controls
• Bi-state or regional port authorities: a public body created by agreement between two or more states
• Port authorities with limited agency or power: a public body limited to certain actions such as bonding
• Divisions of state, county or municipal government: a government department
• Independent port or navigation districts: entities that function as "special purpose" political subdivisions of a state
with defined geographic boundaries over which they have authority
-------
Appendix
A3. Glossary
Glossary courtesy of the American Association of Port Authorities, National Cooperative Freight Research Program, Starcrest
Consulting Group and the U.S. Department of Transportation.
Roll-on/Roll-off (ro/ro): Cargo that can be driven directly into the belly of the ship via ramps that are lowered to the
dock, rather than being lifted aboard. Examples include cars, buses, trucks or other vehicles.
Stevedores: Labor management companies that provide equipment and hire workers to transfer cargo between ships
and docks. Stevedore companies may also serve as terminal operators. The laborers hired by the stevedoring firms are
called stevedores or longshoremen.
Supply Chain: A network that supplies goods or services from the source of production through the point of
consumption. A supply chain is considered to include people, organizations, transportation infrastructure, information
technology and physical locations such as manufacturing plants, distribution centers, and retail outlets.
Terminal: A designated area of a port used for the transmission, care and convenience of cargo and/or passengers
in the interchange of them between land and water carriers or between two water carriers. It includes wharves,
warehouses, covered and/or open storage spaces, cold storage plants, grain elevators and/or bulk cargo loading and/or
unloading structures, landings, and receiving stations.
Trucks: Heavy automotive vehicles used to transport cargo. In the maritime industry, cargo is often carried by tractor-
trailers. The tractor is the front part of the vehicle, also called a cab. The trailer is the detachable wheeled chassis
behind the tractor, on which containers or other cargoes are placed.
Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit (TEU): A unit of measurement equal to the space occupied by a standard twenty-foot
container. Used in stating the capacity of container vessel or storage area. One 40-foot container is equal to two TEUs.
Vessel: A ship or large boat.
Volatile organic compound (VOC): A very broad term used to describe the entire set of vapor-phase atmospheric
organic chemicals.
-------
Appendix
A4. Endnotes and Image Sources
2.1 The Role of Ports
Endnotes
1. U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America's Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, p. 8. Retrieved from: http://www.glmri.org/down-
loads/Ports&l ntermodalTransport. pdf.
2. American Association of Port Authorities. 2013. U.S. Public Port Facts. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/lndustrv/content.cfm7ltemNum-
ber=1032.
3. U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America's Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, pp. 43-44. Retrieved from: http://www.glmri.org/
downloads/Ports&l ntermodalTransport. pdf.
4. American Association of Port Authorities. 2013. U.S. Port Industry. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/lndustrv/content.cfm7ltemNum-
ber=1022&navltemNumber=901.
5. American Association of Port Authorities. 2013. U.S. Port Industry. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/lndustrv/content.cfm7ltemNum-
ber=1022&navltemNumber=901.
6. American Association of Port Authorities. 2013. U.S. Public Port Facts. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/lndustrv/content.cfm7ltemNum-
ber=1032.
7. U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America's Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, pp. 43-45. Retrieved from: http://www.glmri.org/
downloads/Ports&l ntermodalTransport. pdf.
8. Adapted from: U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America's Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, p. 44-45. Retrieved from: http://www.
glmri.org/downloads/Ports&l ntermodalTransport. pdf.
9. American Association of Port Authorities. 2014. National Economic Impact of the U.S. Coastal Port System: Executive Summary. Retrieved from:
http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/Martin%20studv%20executive%20summarv%20final.pdf
Image Sources
U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America's Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, pp. 45. Retrieved from: http://www.glmri.org/
downloads/Ports&l ntermodalTransport. pdf
©iStock.com/michaeljung - Not For Reuse
©iStock.com/TERADAT SANTIVIVUT - Not For Reuse
©iStock.com/kozmoat98 - Not For Reuse
2.2 Current Port Industry Challenges
Endnotes
1. U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America's Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, p. 8. Retrieved from: http://www.glmri.org/
downloads/Ports&l ntermodalTransport. pdf.
2. U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America's Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, p. 11. Retrieved from: http://www.glmri.org/
downloads/Ports&l ntermodalTransport. pdf.
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Appendix
A4. Endnotes and Image Sources
3. U.S. Department of Transportation. 2009. America's Container Ports, p. 11. Retrieved from: http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/
publications/americas container ports/2009/pdf/entire.pdf.
3.1 Port Operations
Endnotes
1. Adapted from: American Association of Port Authorities. 2013. U.S. Public Port Facts. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/lndustrv/content.
cfm?ltemNumber=1032.
2. American Association of Port Authorities. 2013. U.S. Public Port Facts. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/lndustrv/content.
cfm?ltemNumber=1032.
3. Definitions adapted from: American Association of Port Authorities. 2013. Glossary of Maritime Terms. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/
lndustrv/content.cfm?ltemNumber=1077.
4. Definitions adapted from: American Association of Port Authorities. 2013. Glossary of Maritime Terms. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/
lndustrv/content.cfm?ltemNumber=1077.
5. Adapted from: Sherman, Rexford B. Seaport Governance in the United States and Canada. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/files/
PDFs/governance uscan.pdf.
6. Adapted from: Sherman, Rexford B. Seaport Governance in the United States and Canada. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/files/
PDFs/governance uscan.pdf.
7. Adapted from: Sherman, Rexford B. Seaport Governance in the United States and Canada. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/files/
PDFs/governance uscan.pdf.
Image Sources
©iStock.com/bugphai - Not For Reuse
3.2 Port Governance
Endnotes
1. Adapted from: Sherman, Rexford B. Seaport Governance in the United States and Canada. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/files/
PDFs/governance uscan.pdf.
2. Adapted from: Sherman, Rexford B. Seaport Governance in the United States and Canada. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/files/
PDFs/governance uscan.pdf.
3. Adapted from: Sherman, Rexford B. Seaport Governance in the United States and Canada. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/files/
PDFs/governance uscan.pdf.
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Appendix
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3.3 Federal and International Governance
Endnotes
1. Adapted from: Sherman, Rexford B. Seaport Governance in the United States and Canada. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/files/
PDFs/governance uscan.pdf.
2. U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America's Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, p. 35. Retrieved from: http://www.gImri.org/
downloads/Ports&l ntermodalTransport.pdf.
3. Sherman, Rexford B. Seaport Governance in the United States and Canada. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/files/PDFs/governance
uscan.pdf.
4. U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America's Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, p. 35. Retrieved from: http://www.glmri.org/
downloads/Ports&l ntermodalTransport.pdf.
5. U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America's Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, p. 36. Retrieved from: http: //www. g I m ri. o rg/
downloads/Ports&l ntermodalTransport.pdf.
6. Quoted from: U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America's Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, p. 35. Retrieved from: http://www.glmri.
org/downloads/Ports&l ntermodalTransport.pdf.
4.1 Port Impacts to Local Communities
Endnotes
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2014. Environmental Justice. Retrieved from: http://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/.
4.2 Case Studies: Port-Community Relations
Endnotes
1. Baltimore Port Alliance. 2013. About the Baltimore Port Alliance. Retrieved from: http://www.baltimoreportalliance.org/.
2. EcoLogix Group. 2014. Baltimore Port Alliance Environmental Committee. Retrieved from: http://www.ecologixgroup.com/baltimore-port-alliance-
environmental-committee.html.
3. Baltimore Port Alliance. 2013. Education and Outreach - Serving Communities, Serving Ports. Retrieved from: http://www.baltimoreportalliance.
org/outreach.php.
5.1 Goods Movement and Transportation Planning
Endnotes
1. National Environmental Justice Advisory Council. 2009. Reducing Air Emissions Associated With Goods Movement: Working Towards
Environmental Justice. Retrieved from: http://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/resources/publications/nejac/2009-goods-movement.pdf.
2. National Environmental Justice Advisory Council. 2009. Reducing Air Emissions Associated With Goods Movement: Working Towards
Environmental Justice. Retrieved from: http://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/resources/publications/nejac/2009-goods-movement.pdf.
3. National Cooperative Freight Research Program. 2012. Guidebook for Understanding Urban Goods Movement, p. 1. Retrieved from: http://
onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/ncfrp/ncfrp rpt 014.pdf.
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A4. Endnotes and Image Sources
4. U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America's Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, p. 22. Retrieved from: http://www.gImri.org/
downloads/Ports&l ntermodalTransport.pdf.
5. Adapted from and images from: Rhodes, Suzann. 2011. Talking Freight. [Presentation prepared for the Transportation Research Board].
Retrieved from: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/freight planning/talking freight/talkingfreightOS 17 11sr.pdf.
6. Adapted from and images from: Rhodes, Suzann. 2011. Talking Freight. [Presentation prepared for the Transportation Research Board].
Retrieved from: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/freight planning/talking freight/talkingfreightOS 17 11sr.pdf.
7. Adapted from: U.S. DOT. The Transportation Planning Process Key Issues: A Briefing Book for Transportation Decisionmakers, Officials and
Staff. Retrieved from: http://www.planning.dot.gov/documents/briefingbook/bbook.htmtf1BB.
Image Sources
U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America's Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, p. 22. Retrieved from: http://www.glmri.org/downloads/
Ports&l ntermodalTransport.pdf
Rhodes, Suzann. 2011. Talking Freight. [Presentation prepared for the Transportation Research Board].Retrieved from: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/
planning/freight planning/talking freight/talkingfreightOS 17 11sr.pdf
©iStock.com/bugphai - Not For Reuse
©iStock.com/StanRohrer- Not For Reuse
©iStock.com/monkeybusinessimages - Not For Reuse
5.2 Land Use
Endnotes
1. Natural Resources Defense Council. 2004. Harboring Pollution: Strategies to Clean Up U.S. Ports, pp. 14-15. Retrieved from: http://www.nrdc.
org/air/pollution/ports/contents.asp.
2. Natural Resources Defense Council. 2004. Harboring Pollution: Strategies to Clean Up U.S. Ports, pp. 63-64. Retrieved from: http://www.nrdc.
org/air/pollution/ports/contents.asp.
Image Sources
Natural Resources Defense Council. 2004. Harboring Pollution: Strategies to Clean Up U.S. Ports, p. 15. Retrieved from: http://www.nrdc.org/air/
pollution/ports/contents.asp
©iStock.com/KSuhorukov - Not For Reuse
©iStock.com/Michal Krakowiak - Not For Reuse
©iStock.com/Leslie Achtymichuk - Not For Reuse
5.3 Potential Community Interests
Endnotes
1. Natural Resources Defense Council. 2004. Harboring Pollution: Strategies to Clean Up U.S. Ports, p. 15. Retrieved from: http://www.nrdc.org/air/
pollution/ports/contents.asp.
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Appendix
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2. Natural Resources Defense Council. 2004. Harboring Pollution: Strategies to Clean Up U.S. Ports, p. 15. Retrieved from: http://www.nrdc.org/air/
pollution/ports/contents.asp.
3. Natural Resources Defense Council. 2004. Harboring Pollution: Strategies to Clean Up U.S. Ports, p. 16. Retrieved from: http://www.nrdc.org/air/
pollution/ports/contents.asp.
4. Adapted from Natural Resources Defense Council. Clean Cargo: A Guide to Reducing Diesel Air Pollution from the Freight Industry in Your
Community, p. 3-5. Retrieved from: http://www.nrdc.org/air/diesel-exhaust/files/clean-cargo-toolkit.pdf.
5. National Environmental Justice Advisory Council. 2009. Reducing Air Emissions Associated With Goods Movement: Working Towards
Environmental Justice. Retrieved from: http://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/resources/publications/nejac/2009-goods-movement.pdf.
6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2010. EPA's Response to the National Environmental Justice Advisory Council Report: Reducing Air
Emissions Associated with Goods Movement: Working Toward Environmental Justice. Retrieved from: http://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/
resources/publications/nejac/epa-resp-nejac-goods-movement-2009.pdf.
Image Sources
Natural Resources Defense Council. Clean Cargo: A Guide to Reducing Diesel Air Pollution from the Freight Industry in Your Community, p. 5.
Retrieved from: http://www.nrdc.org/air/diesel-exhaust/files/clean-cargo-toolkit.pdf
©iStock.com/AnthonyRosenberg - Not For Reuse
5.4 Case Studies: Land Use and Transportation
Endnotes
1. Adapted from: Air Alliance Houston and Global Community Monitor. 2014. Air Pollution and Public Health in Galena, Texas. Retrieved from: http://
airalliancehouston.org//wp-content/uploads/Galena-Park-Monitoring-Report-FINAL.pdf.
2. Adapted from: Switzer Network News. 2013. Ditching Dirty Diesel with Switzer Fellow Catalina Garzon. Retrieved from: http://ditchingdirtvdiesel.
org/about/meet-the-collaborative.
3. Adapted from: Natural Resources Defense Council. 2004. Harboring Pollution: Strategies to Clean Up U.S. Ports, p. 63. Retrieved from: http://
www.nrdc.org/air/pollution/ports/contents.asp.
Image Source
MattiPavola. Retrieved from: http://commons.wikimedia.Org/wiki/File:Vuosaari harbour sunset Julv09 2.JPG
6.1 Local Economy and Jobs
Endnotes
1. Definitions quoted and adapted from: American Association of Port Authorities. 2013. Glossary of Maritime Terms. Retrieved from: http://www.
aapa-ports.org/lndustrv/content.cfm?ltemNumber=1077.
2. Smith, Rebecca, Paul Alexander Marvy, and Jon Zerolnick. 2014. The Big Rig Overhaul: Restoring Middle-Class Jobs at America's Ports through
Labor Law Enforcement. Retrieved from: http://www.nelp.org/page/-/Justice/2014/Big-Rig-Overhaul-Misclassification-Port-Truck-Drivers-Labor-Law-
Enforcement. pdf?nocdn=1.
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3. Colliers International. 2012. North American Port Analysis, p. 9. Retrieved from: http://www.colliers.eom/-/media/Files/MarketResearch/
UnitedStates/2012-NA-Hiahliahts-Reports/2012%20Q2/Colliers PortReport 2012a2 final?campaian=Colliers Port Analysis NA Aua-2012.
Image Sources
Panama Canal Authority. Retrieved from: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Panama Canal#/media/File:Acpfigure1.jpg
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2009. America's Container Ports, p. 12. Retrieved from: http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/
publications/americas container ports/2009/index.html
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2009. America's Container Ports, p. 15. Retrieved from: http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/
publications/americas container ports/2009/index.html
NASA. Retrieved from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SuezCanal-EO.JPG
Colliers International. 2012. North American Port Analysis, p. 2. Retrieved from: http://www.colliers.eom/-/media/Files/MarketResearch/
UnitedStates/2012-NA-Highlights-Reports/2012%20Q2/Colliers_PortReport_2012q2_final?campaign=Colliers_Port_Analysis_NA_Aug-2012
©iStock.com/mstahlphoto - Not For Reuse
©iStock.com/Susan Chiang - Not For Reuse
6.2 Port Factors Impacting the Regional Economy
Endnotes
1. Said, Summer and Nicolas Parasie. August 8, 2014. "Suez Canal Set for First Major Expansion." Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from: http://www.
wsj.com/articles/suez-canal-set-for-first-major-expansion-1407489762.
2. U.S. Department of Transportation. 2009. America's Container Ports, p. 12. Retrieved from: http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/
publications/americas container ports/2009/index.html.
3. U.S. Department of Transportation. 2009. America's Container Ports, pp. 15-16. Retrieved from: http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/
files/publications/americas container ports/2009/index.html.
4. U.S. Department of Transportation. 2009. America's Container Ports, pp. 15-16. Retrieved from: http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/
files/publications/americas container ports/2009/index.html.
5. U.S. Department of Transportation. 2009. America's Container Ports, pp. 15. Retrieved from: http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/
publications/americas container ports/2009/index.html.
6. U.S. Department of Transportation. 2009. America's Container Ports, p. 1. Retrieved from: http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/
publications/americas container ports/2009/index.html.
7. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 2012. U.S. Port and Inland Waterways Modernization: Preparing for Post-Panamax Vessels, p. XIII. Retrieved
from: http://www.iwr.usace.armv.mil/Portals/70/docs/portswaterwavs/rpt/June 20 U.S. Port and Inland Waterways Preparing for Post
Panamax Vessels.pdf.
8. U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America's Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, p. 8. Retrieved from: http://www.glmri.org/
downloads/Ports&l ntermodalTransport.pdf.
9. Colliers International. 2012. North American Port Analysis. Retrieved from: http://www.colliers.eom/-/media/Files/MarketResearch/
UnitedStates/2012-NA-Highlights-ReDorts/2012%20Q2/Colliers PortReport 2012g2 final?camDaign=Colliers Port Analysis NA Aug-2012.
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Appendix
A4. Endnotes and Image Sources
10. Colliers International. 2012. North American Port Analysis, p. 3. Retrieved from: http://www.colliers.eom/-/media/Files/MarketResearch/
UnitedStates/2012-NA-Hiahliahts-Reports/2012%20Q2/Colliers PortReport 2012a2 final?campaian=Colliers Port Analysis NA Aua-2012.
11. Colliers International. 2012. North American Port Analysis, p. 2. Retrieved from: http://www.colliers.eom/-/media/Files/MarketResearch/
UnitedStates/2012-NA-Hiahliahts-Reports/2012%20Q2/Colliers PortReport 2012a2 final?campaian=Colliers Port Analysis NA Aua-2012.
6.4 Case Studies: Jobs and Benefits
Endnotes
1. Adapted from: Port of Oakland. 2015. The Social Responsibility Division (SRD). Retrieved from: http://www.portofoakland.com/responsibilitv/.
2. Quote comes from: Sandifur, Marilyn. 2011. Community Investments Stimulate Cycle of Benefits. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/
Publications/SeaportsDetail.cfm?itemnumber=18177#seaportsarticle16.
3. Adapted from: Port of Los Angeles. 2015. Port of Los Angeles Project Labor Agreement. Retrieved from: http://www.portoflosangeles.org/
business/pla.asp.
Image Source
©iStock.com/Jason Doiy - Not For Reuse
7.1 Environmental Impacts
Endnotes
1. Natural Resources Defense Council. 2004. Harboring Pollution: Strategies to Clean Up U.S. Ports, pp. 1-10. Retrieved from: http://www.nrdc.org/
air/pollution/ports/contents.asp.
2. Second paragraph adapted from: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2014. Risk Assessment. Retrieved from: http://www.epa.gov/
sustainabilitv/analvtics/risk.htm.
Image Sources
©iStock.com/Prasit Rodphan- Not For Reuse
©iStock.com/princessdlaf- Not For Reuse
7.2 Air Emissions
Endnotes
1. Adapted from: Starcrest Consulting Group. 2012. Developing Port Clean Air Programs, pp. 3-4. Retrieved from: http://www.theicct.org/sites/
default/files/ICCT SCG Developing-Clean-Air-Programs June2012.pdf
2. Starcrest Consulting Group. 2012. Developing Port Clean Air Programs, p. 4. Retrieved from: http://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/ICCT
SCG D.eveloping-Clean-Air-Programs June2012.pdf
3. Summarized from: Starcrest Consulting Group. 2012. Developing Port Clean Air Programs, pp. 7-13. Retrieved from: http://www.theicct.org/sites/
default/files/ICCT SCG Developing-Clean-Air-Programs June2012.pdf
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4. Starcrest Consulting Group. 2012. Developing Port Clean Air Programs, pp. 39-55. Retrieved from: http://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/ICCT
SCG Developing-Clean-Air-Programs June2012.pdf
5. Starcrest Consulting Group. 2012. Developing Port Clean Air Programs, p. 2. Retrieved from: http://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/ICCT
SCG Developing-Clean-Air-Programs June2012.pdf
6. Adapted/quoted from: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2014. About SmartWay. Retrieved from: http://www.epa.gov/smartwav/about/index.
htm
7. Adapted from: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2010. Designation of North American Emission Control Area to Reduce Emissions from
Ships. Retrieved from: http://www3.epa.gov/otaq/regs/nonroad/marine/ci/420f10015.pdf
Image Sources
©iStock.com/ PhillipMinnis - Not For Reuse
©iStock.com/ yenwen - Not For Reuse
7.3 Federal Environmental Regulations, Initiatives and Standards
Endnotes
1. List quoted from: Natural Resources Defense Council. Defend Your Air: Guide for Reducing Freight Transportation Air Pollution Under the
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). pp. 8-9. Retrieved from: http://www.nrdc.org/air/diesel-exhaust/files/nepa-toolkit.pdf.
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2014. Ports Initiative. Retrieved from: http://www2.epa.gov/ports-initiative.
3. Portcompliance.org. Environmental Compliance for Port Tenants and Authorities: About. Retrieved from: http://www.portcompliance.org/about.
cfm.
7.6 Case Studies: Environment
Endnotes
1. Adapted from: Natural Resources Defense Council. 2004. Harboring Pollution: Strategies to Clean Up U.S. Ports, p. 25. Retrieved from: http://
www.nrdc.org/air/pollution/ports/contents.asp.
8.2 Citizen Science Projects
Endnotes
1. Community-Campus Partnerships for Health. 2013. Community-Based Participatory Research. Retrieved from: http://depts.washington.edu/
ccph/commbas.html.
2. Adapted and quoted from: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2015. U.S. EPA's Air Sensor Toolbox for Citizen Scientists, http://www.epa.gov/
heasd/airsensortoolbox/.
Image Source
©iStock.com/wdstock - Not For Reuse
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Appendix
AS. Acknowledgements and Contacts
This document was developed under U.S. EPA's Technical
Assistance Services for Communities (TASC) Program with
funding from U.S. EPA's Office of Transportation and Air Quality, in
partnership with EPA's Office of Environmental Justice and EPA's
Regional Offices. For more information, please contact any of the
following team members:
• Sabrina Johnson, Project Lead:
johnson.sabrina@epa.gov
202-564-1173
• Connie Ruth:
ruth.connie@epa.gov
734-214-4815
• Reema Loutan:
loutan.reema@epa.gov
212-637-3760
• Gloria Vaughn:
vaughn.gloria@epa.gov
214-665-7535
Also acknowledging Jayme Ballard Brown, formerly of EPA
TAS
TASC is a national EPA program that
provides technical assistance services to
communities. The program's goal is to help
people understand complex environmental
issues and ensure meaningful community
involvement in environmental decision-
making. For more information on TASC,
click here.
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