DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT

                         for

    EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS

                       for the

NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY

                      VOLUME IV

                    Primary Zinc
                    Primary Lead
                   Secondary Lead
                  Primary Antimony

                  William K. Reilly
                    Administrator
                Rebecca Hanmer,  Acting
          Assistant Administrator for Water
              Martha Prothro,  Director
      Office of Water Regulations and Standards
            Thomas P.  O'Farrell,  Director
           Industrial  Technology  Division
             Ernst P.  Hall,  P.E.,  Chief
               Metals  Industry Branch
                         and
              Technical Project Officer
                     May 1989
        U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency
                   Office of  Water
      Office  of  Water  Regulations and Standards
           Industrial  Technology Division
              Washington, D.  C.  20460

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                  ORGANIZATION OF THIS DOCUMENT

This development document for the nonferrous metals manufacturing
category  consists  of  a  general  development  document   which
considers  the general and overall aspects of the regulation  and
31  subcategory specific supplements. These parts  are  organized
into 10 volumes as listed below.

The information in the general document and in the supplements is
organized  by sections with the same type of information reported
in  the same section of each part.  Hence to find information  on
any  specific aspect of the category one would need only look  in
the  same  section  of  the general  document  and  the  specific
supplements of interest.

The ten volumes contain contain the following subjects:

   Volume I    General Development Document

   Volume II   Bauxite Refining
               Primary Aluminum Smelting
               Secondary Aluminum Smelting

               Primary Copper Smelting
               Primary Electrolytic Copper Refining
               Secondary Copper Refining
               Metallurgical Acid Plants

               Primary Zinc
               Primary Lead
               Secondary Lead
               Primary Antimony

               Primary Precious Metals and Mercury
               Secondary Precious Metals
               Secondary Silver
               Secondary Mercury

               Primary Tungsten
               Secondary Tungsten and Cobalt
               Primary Molybdenum and Rhenium
               Secondary Molybdenum and Vanadium

               Primary Beryllium
               Primary Nickel and Cobalt
               Secondary Nickel
               Secondary Tin

   Volume VIII  Primary Columbium and Tantalum
               Secondary Tantalum
               Secondary Uranium

   Volume IX   Primary and Secondary Titanium
               Primary Zirconium and Hafnium

   Volume X     Primary and Secondary Germanium and Gallium
               Primary Rare Earth Metals
               Secondary Indium
Volume III
Volume IV
Volume V
Volume VI
Volume VII

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                        TABLE OF CONTENTS
Supplement                                        Page


Primary Zinc                                           1449



Primary Lead                                           1657


Secondary Lead                                         1825


Primary Antimony                                       2045
For detailed contents see detailed contents list in
individual supplement.
                               111

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NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY-


           DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT SUPPLEMENT


                       for the


              Primary Zinc Subcategory
                    Lee M.  Thomas
                    Administrator
                Rebecca Hanmer,  Acting
          Assistant Administrator for Water
              Martha Prothro,  Director
      Office of  Water Regulations and Standards
        Thomas  P.  O'Farrell,  Acting  Director
           Industrial  Technology  Division
             Ernst  P.  Hall,  P.E.,  Chief
              Metals  Industry  Branch
                         and
              Technical  Project Officer
                   December  1988
        U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency
                  Office of Water
     Office  of Water Regulations and Standards
           Industrial Technology Division
             Washington, D. C.  20460
                        1449

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                   PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY
                        TABLE OF*CONTENTS I
Section
I         SUMMARY                                          1461

II        CONCLUSIONS                                      1463

III     
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Section
                   PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY
                  TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
VI
VII
VIII
SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS                1583

Conventional and Nonconventional Pollutant       1584
  Parameters
Conventional and Nonconventional Pollutant       1584
  Parameters Selected
Toxic Pollutants                                 1584
Toxic Pollutants Never Detected                  1584
Toxic Pollutants Never Found Above Their         1584
  Analytical Quantification Limit
Toxic Pollutants Present Below Concentrations    1584
  Achievable by Treatment
Toxic Pollutants Detected in a Small Number of   1585
  Sources
Toxic Pollutants Selected for Further            1587
  Consideration for Establishing Limitations and
  Standards

CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES               1597

Technical Basis of BPT                           1597
Current Control and Treatment Practices          1597
Zinc Reduction Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control 1598
Preleach Wastewater                              1598
Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control               1598
Electrolyte Bleed Wastewater                     1598
Cathode and Anode Washing Wastewater             1598
Casting Wet Air Pollution Control                1599
Casting Contact Cooling                          1599
Cadmium Plant Wastewater                         1599
Control and Treatment Options                    1599
Option A                                         1600
Option B                                         1600
Option C                                         1600
Treatment Technologies Rejected at Proposal      1600
Option D                                         1600
Option F                                         1601

COSTS, ENERGY AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS       1603

Treatment Options Considered         .            1603
Option A                                         1603
Option B                                         1603
Option C                                         1603
Cost Methodology            •                     1603
Nonwater Quality Aspects                         1604
Energy Requirements                              1605
Solid Waste                                      1605
Air Pollution                                    1606
                               1452

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                   PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY
Section

IX

X
XI
        TABLE OF CONTENTS  (Continued)

                                                 Page

BEST PRACTICABLE TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY AVAILABLE  1609

BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY  ECONOMICALLY           1611
  ACHIEVABLE ,

Technical Approach to BAT                        1611
Option A                                         1612
Option B                                         1612
Recycle of Water Used in Wet Air Pollution       1612
  Control
Recycle of Casting Contact Cooling Through       1613
  Cooling Towers
Option C                                         1613
Industry Cost and Pollutant Removal Estimates    1614
Pollutant Removal Estimates                      1614
Compliance Costs                                 1614
BAT Option Selection - Proposal                  1615
BAT Option Selection - Promulgation              1615
Wastewater Discharge Rates                       1616
Zinc Reduction Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control 1617
  Wastewater
Preleach Wastewater                              1617
Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control Wastewater    1617
Electrolyte Bleed Wastewater                     1618
Cathode and Anode Washing Wastewater             1618
Casting Wet Air Pollution Control                1619
Casting Contact Cooling                          1619
Cadmium Plant Production                         1619
Regulated Pollutant Parameters                   1620
Effluent Limitations                             1621

NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS '                1633

Technical Approach to BDT                        1633
Option A                                         1633
Option B                                         1633
Option C                                         1633
BDT Option Selection                             1633
Regulated Pollutant Parameters                   1634
New Source Performance Standards                 1634
                                                                   ..,-_«£
                               1453

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                   PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY


                  TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Section
XII       PRETREATMENT STANDARDS                           1641

          Technical Approach to Pretreatment               1641
          Pretreatment Standards for Existing and New      1642
            Sources
          Option A                                         1642
          Option B                                         1642
          Option C                                         1642
          Industry Cost and Pollutant Removal Estimates    1642
       —  PSES Option Selection                            1643
          PSNS Option Selection                            1643
          Regulated Pollutant Parameters                   1643
        ~ Pretreatment Standards                           1643

XIII           BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL         1655
                 TECHNOLOGY
                               1454

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                    PRIMARY  ZINC  SUBCATEGORY


                          LIST OF TABLES

 Table No.                                                  Page

 III-l     INITIAL OPERATING YEAR (RANGE)  SUMMARY OF        I486
           PLANTS  IN THE PRIMARY  ZINC  SUBCATEGORY
           BY  DISCHARGE TYPE

 III-2     PRODUCTION RANGE  FOR THE PRIMARY ZINC            1487
           SUBCATEGORY

 III-3     SUMMARY OF PRIMARY ZINC PROCESSES AND            1488
           ASSOCIATED WASTE  STREAMS

 V-l        WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR ZINC           1506
           REDUCTION FURNACE WET  AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

 V-2        WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR LEACHING WET   1506
           AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

 V-3        WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR CATHODE AND    1507
           ANODE WASHING WASTEWATER

 V-4        WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR CASTING WET    1507
           AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

 V-5        WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR CASTING        1508
           CONTACT  COOLING

 V-6        WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR CADMIUM        1508
           PLANT WASTEWATER

 V-7        ELECTROLYTE BLEED  RAW WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA   1509

 V-8        CATHODE  BRUSH WATER AND ANODE CLEANING WATER     1513
           RAW WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA

 V-9        PRIMARY  ZINC SAMPLING DATA COMBINED RAW          1526
           WASTEWATER

 V-10       PRIMARY  ZINC SAMPLING DATA MISCELLANEOUS RAW     1528
          WASTEWATER

 V-ll      MISCELLANEOUS WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA           1531

V-12      MISCELLANEOUS WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA           1542
           (Additional Streams)
                               1455

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                   PRIMARY ZINC SOBCATEGORY
                   LIST OF TABLES (Continued)

Table No.                                                  Page

V-13      PRIMARY ZINC SAMPLING DATA, TREATMENT PLANT      1552
          SAMPLES, PLANT' A .

V-14      PRIMARY ZINC SAMPLING DATA, TREATMENT PLANT      1554
          SAMPLES, PLANT B

V-15      PRIMARY ZINC SAMPLING DATA, TREATMENT PLANT      1556
          SAMPLES, PLANT C

V-16      PRIMARY ZINC SAMPLING DATA, TREATMENT PLANT      1558
          SAMPLES, PLANT D

V-17      PRIMARY ZINC SAMPLING DATA, TREATMENT PLANT      1559
          SAMPLES, PLANT E

V-18      PRIMARY ZINC SAMPLING DATA, TREATMENT PLANT      1564
          SAMPLES, PLANT G

VI-1      FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF TOXIC POLLUTANTS .     1590
          PRIMARY ZINC RAW WASTEWATER

VI-2      TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED                  1594

VI-3      TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER FOUND ABOVE THEIR         1596
          ANALYTICAL QUANTIFICATION LIMIT

VIII-1    COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE PRIMARY ZINC          1507
          SUBCATEGORY, DIRECT DISCHARGERS

VIII-2    COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE PRIMARY ZINC          1507
          SUBCATEGORY, INDIRECT DISCHARGERS

X-l       CURRENT RECYCLE PRACTICES WITHIN THE PRIMARY     1622
          ZINC SUBCATEGORY

X-2       POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES FOR PRIMARY ZINC,     1623
          DIRECT DISCHARGERS

X-3       BAT WASTEWATER RATES FOR THE PRIMARY ZINC        1624
          SUBCATEGORY

X-4       BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY ZINC    1625
          SUBCATEGORY

XI-1      NSPS WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE          1635
          PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY
                               1456

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                   PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY


                   LIST OF TABLES (Continued)

Table No.                                                  Page

XI-2      NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY            1636

XII-1     POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES FOR PRIMARY ZINC     1645
          INDIRECT DISCHARGERS

XI1-2     PSES AND PSNS WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR     1646
          THE PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY

XII-3     PSES FOR THE PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY            1647

XII-4     PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY            1651
                               1457

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                   PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY


                         LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No.                                                 Page

III-l     ELECTROLYTIC ZINC PRODUCTION PROCESSES           1489

III-2     GENERALIZED FLOWSHEET OF PYROLYTIC ZINC PLANTS   1490

III-3     PYROMETALLURGICAL CADMIUM PRODUCTION PROCESS     1491

III-4     HYDROMETALLURGICAL CADMIUM PRODUCTION PROCESS    1492

III-5     GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS OF PRIMARY ZINC PLANTS    1493

V-l       SAMPLING SITES AT PRIMARY ZINC PLANT A           1576

V-2       SAMPLING SITES AT PRIMARY ZINC PLANT B           1577

V-3       SAMPLING SITES AT PRIMARY ZINC PLANT C           1578

V-4       SAMPLING SITES AT PRIMARY ZINC PLANT D           1579

V-5       SAMPLING SITES AT PRIMARY ZINC PLANT E           1580

V-6       SAMPLING SITES AT PRIMARY ZINC PLANT F           1581

V-7       SAMPLING SITES AT PRIMARY ZINC PLANT G           1582

X-l       BAT TREATMENT SCHEME, OPTION A                   1629
          PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY

X-2       BAT TREATMENT SCHEME, OPTION B                   1630
          PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY

X-3       BAT TREATMENT SCHEME, OPTION C                   1631
          PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY
                               1459

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             PRIMARY  ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT -  I



                            SECTION  I

                             SUMMARY


On  February 27, 1975, EPA promulgated technology-based  effluent
limitations  and  performance  standards  for  the  primary  zinc
subcategory  of the Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Point  Source
Category.  On  March  8, 1984, EPA promulgated amendments  to  the
effluent limitations  and standards for this subcategory  pursuant
to  the  provisions   of  the Clean Water  Act  as  amended.  This
supplement provides a compilation and analysis of the  background
material   used  to   develop  these  effluent    limitations   and
standards.  This subcategory regulation includes BPT, BAT,  NSPS,
PSES and PSNS.

The primary zinc subcategory is comprised of nine plants.  Of the
nine  plants,  three  discharge directly  to  rivers,  lakes,  or
streams;  one  discharges  to a publicly  owned  treatment  works
(POTW); and five achieve zero discharge of process wastewater.

EPA  first  studied   the primary zinc  subcategory  to  determine
whether   differences   in   raw   materials,    final   products,
manufacturing processes, equipment, age and size of plants, water
usage, required the development of separate effluent  limitations
and  standards for different segments of the  subcategory.   This
involved a detailed analysis of wastewater discharge and  treated
effluent characteristics, including  (1) the sources and volume of
water used, the processes employed, and the sources of pollutants
and  wastewaters  in  the  plant; and  (2)  the  constituents  of
wasfcewaters, including toxic pollutants.

Several  distinct  control and treatment technologies  (both  in-
plant and end-of-pipe) applicable to the primary zinc subcategory
were  identified.    The Agency analyzed both historical and newly
generated   data  on  the  performance  of  these   technologies,
including  their nonwater quality environmental  impacts (such  as
air  quality  impacts  and solid  waste  generation)  and  energy
requirements.  EPA also studied various flow reduction techniques
reported  in  the  data collection  portfolios   (dcp)  and  plant
visits.

Engineering  costs  were  prepared for each of   the  control  and
treatment  options considered for the subcategory.    These  costs
were  then  used  by  the  Agency  to  estimate  the  impact   of
implementing  the  various  options in the  industry.   For  each
control  and  treatment option that the Agency found to  be  most
effective  and technically feasible in controlling  the  discharge
of  pollutants,   the  number of  potential  closures,  number  of
employees  affected, and impact on price were  estimated.    These
results  are  reported in a  separate document  entitled  Economic
Impact  Analysis  of Effluent  Limitations and S_t,\ndard_s  f_or  the
Npnferrous S~elt_ing and Refining I_ndus_t r_y.

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             PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - I


Based  on  consideration  of the above  factors,  EPA  identified
various control and treatment technologies which formed the basis
for  BPT and selected control and treatment appropriate for  each
set  of  standards  and limitations.  The  mass  limitations  and
standards  for  BPT, BAT, NSPS, PSES, and PSNS are  presented  in
Section II.                 .

For  BAT, the Agency has built upon the BPT basis by  adding  in-
process  control  technologies which include recycle  of  process
water from air pollution control and metal contact cooling  waste
streams.   Filtration is added as an effluent polishing  step  to
the  end-of-pipe  treatment scheme.   Sulfide  precipitation  and
sedimentation technology is included after lime precipitation and
sedimentation to achieve the performance by application of  lime,
settle,  and  filtration technology.  To meet  the  BAT  effluent
limitations   based   on  this  technology,  the   primary   zinc
subcategory  is  estimated  to incur a  capital  cost  of  $0.457
million (1982 dollars) and an annual cost of $0.236 million (1982
dollars).

The  best demonstrated technology (BDT),  which is the  technical
basis  of NSPS,  is equivalent to BAT.   In  selecting  BDT,  EPA
recognizes  that new plants have the opportunity to implement the
best  and  most efficient manufacturing processes  and  treatment
technology.   As  such,  the  technology basis of  BAT  has  been
determined as the best demonstrated technology.

EPA  did not propose pretreatment standards for existing  sources
(PSES)  for the primary zinc subcategory.   Since that time,  the
Agency has learned that one primary zinc plant previously thought
to  be  a  zero discharger is actually  an  indirect  discharger.
There fore,  the Agency is promulgating PSES for the primary zinc
sub- category   based  on  the  BAT  model  technology  and  flow
allowances.  The  technology basis is in-process flow  reduction,
lime precipitation and sedimentation, sulfide precipitation and
sedimentation, and multimedia filtration.

The  technology basis for pretreatment standards for new  sources
(PSNS)  is  the best demonstrated technology,  and the  PSNS  are
identical to NSPS for all building blocks.
                               1462

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               PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II



                           SECTION II

                           CONCLUSIONS


EPA  has  divided  the primary zinc subcategory  into  eight
subdivisions or building blocks for the purpose of  effluent
limitations and standards.  These building blocks are:

(a)  Zinc reduction furnace wet air pollution control,
(b)  Preleach of zinc concentrates,
(c)  Leaching wet air pollution control,
(d)  Electrolyte bleed,
(e)  Cathode and anode wash wastewater,
(f)  Casting wet air pollution control,
(g)  Casting contact cooling, and
(h)  Cadmium plant wastewater.

EPA promulgated BPT and BAT effluent limitations for the  primary
zinc subcategory on February 27, 1975 as Subpart H of 40 CFR Part
421.  At this time, EPA is not promulgating any modifications  to
BPT effluent limitations.  The effluent limitations and standards
apply to discharges resulting from the production of primary zinc
by  either electrolytic of pyrolytic means.  BPT was  promulgated
based  on  the  performance  achievable  by  the  application  of
chemical  precipitation  and  sedimentation  (lime  and   settle)
technology.

The following BPT effluent limitations were promulgated:

                                     Effluent Limitations

                                          Average of Daily Values
   Effluent               Maximum for        for 30 Consecutive
Characteristic           Any One Day      Days Shall Not Exceed
                           Metric Units (kg/kkg of product)
                         English Units (lb/1,000 Ib of product)
TSS
As
Cd
Se
Zn
pH
0.42
1.6 x 10-3
0.008
0.08
0.08
Within the
0.21
8 x 10-4
0.004
0.04
0.04
range of 6.0 to 9.0
                               1463

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               PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II


EPA  is  modifying  the BAT effluent  limitations  to  take  into
account  the   pollutant   concentrations   achievable    by  the
application  of  lime precipitation  and  sedimentation,  sulfide
precipitation    and   sedimentation,    multimedia    filtration
technology,  and in-process flow reduction control methods.   The
following  BAT effluent limitations are promulgated for  existing
sources:

(a)  Zinc Reduction Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average


              Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc reduced
         English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of zinc reduced
Cadmium
Copper
Lead
Zinc
0.334
2.135
0.467
1.702
0.134
1.018
0.217
0.701
(b)  Preleach of Zinc Concentrates BAT
Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate leached
      English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate leached

Cadmium                              0.180           0.072
Copper                               1.153           0.550
Lead                                 0.252           0.117
Zinc                                 0.919           0.378
                               1464

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               PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II
 (c)  Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control  BAT
Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
Pollutant  Property         .     Any One Day      Monthly Average


     Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc processed through leaching
    English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of zinc processed through
                             leaching

Cadmium                               0               0
Copper                                0               0
Lead                                  0               0
Zinc                                  0               0
(d) Electrolyte Bleed Wastewater  BAT
Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
          Metric Units - mg/kg of cathode zinc produced
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of cathode zinc produced

Cadmium                              0.086           0.035
Copper                               0.553           0.264
Lead                                 0.121           0.056
Zinc                                 0.441           0.182
                               1465

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               PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II


(e)  Cathode and Anode Wash Wastewater  BAT


Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average


          Metric Units - mg/kg of cathode zinc produced
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of cathode zinc produced
Cadmium
Copper
Lead
Zinc
0.150
0.961
0.210
0.766
0.060
0.458
0.098
0.315
(f)  Casting Wet Air Pollution Control  BAT
Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average


                Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc cast
           English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of zinc cast

Cadmium                              0.051           0.021
Copper                               0.329           0.157
Lead                                 0.072           0.033
Zinc                                 0.262           0.108
                               1466

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               PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II


(g)  Casting Contact Cooling   BAT


Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average


                Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc cast
           English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of zinc cast
Cadmium
Copper
Lead
Zinc
0.036
0.232
0.051
0.185
0.014
0.110
0.024
0.076
(h)  Cadmium Plant Wastewater  BAT
Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average


            Metric Units - mg/kg of cadmium produced
       English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of cadmium produced
Cadmium
Copper
Lead
Zinc
1.234
7.899
1.728
6.295
0.494
3.765
0.802
2.592
NSPS  are promulgated based on the performance achievable by  the
application   of  lime  precipitation,   sedimentation,   sulfide
precipitation,    sedimentation,   and   multimedia    filtration
technology  and  in-process flow reduction control  methods.  The
following effluent standards are promulgated for new sources:
                               1467

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               PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II


(a)  Zinc Reduction Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
Pollutant  Property     .         Any One Day      Monthly Average


              Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc reduced
         English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of zinc reduced

Cadmium                              0.334           0.134
Copper                               2.135           1.018
Lead                                 0.467           0.217
Zinc                                 1.702           0.701
TSS                                 25.020          20.020
pH                                Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                           at all times
(b)  Preleach of Zinc Concentrates NSPS
Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average


           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate leached
      English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate leached

Cadmium                              0.180           0.072
Copper                               1.153           0.550
Lead                                 0.252           0.117
Zinc                                 0.919           0.378
TSS                                 13.520          10.810
pH                              Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                        at all times
                               1468

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               PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II


(c)  Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
Pollutant  Property     .         Any One Day      Monthly Average


     Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc processed through leaching
    English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of zinc processed through
                             leaching

Cadmium                              0               0
Copper                               0               0
Lead                                 0               0
Zinc                                 0               0
TSS                                  0               0
pH                               Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                           at all times
(d)  Electrolyte Bleed Wastewater NSPS
Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average


          Metric Units - mg/kg of cathode zinc produced
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of cathode zinc produced

Cadmium                              0.086           0.035
Copper                               0.553           0.264
Lead                                 0.121           0.056
Zinc                                 0.441           0.182
TSS                                  6.480           5.184
pH                              Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                         at all times
                               1469

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               PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II


(e)  Cathode and Anode Wash Wastewater NSPS
Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average


          Metric Units - mg/kg of cathode zinc produced
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of cathode zinc produced

Cadmium                              0.150           0.060
Copper                               0.961           0.458
Lead                                 0.210           0.098
Zinc                                 0.766           0.315
TSS                                 11.270           9.012
pH                              Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                           at all times
(f)  Casting Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS


Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average


                Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc cast
           English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of zinc cast

Cadmium                              0.051           0.021
Copper                               0.329           0.157
Lead                                 0.072           0.033
Zinc                                 0.262           0.108
TSS                                  3.855           3.084
pH                              Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                           at all times
                               1470

-------
               PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY
           SECT -II
 (g)  Casting Contact Cooling NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant  Property
 Maximum for
 Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
                Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc cast
           English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of zinc cast
Cadmium
Copper
Lead
Zinc
TSS
pH
     0.036           0.014
     0.232           0.110
     0.051           0.024
     0.185           0.076
     2.715           2.172
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
           at all times
(h)  Cadmium Plant Wastewater NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant  Property
 Maximum for
 Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
            Metric Units - mg/kg of cadmium produced
       English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of cadmium produced
Cadmium
Copper
Lead
Zinc
TSS
pH
     1.234           0.494
     7.899           3.765
     1.728           0.802
     6.295           2.592
    92.570          74.050
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
           at all times
PSES  are promulgated based on the performance achievable by  the
application  of  lime precipitation  and  sedimentation,  sulfide
precipitation    and   sedimentation,    multimedia    filtration
technology,  and in-process flow reduction control methods.    The
following pretreatment standards are promulgated for new sources:
                               1471

-------
               PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II


(a)  Zinc Reduction Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control PSES
Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average


               Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc reduced
         English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of zinc reduced

Cadmium                              0.334           0.134
Zinc                                 1.702           0.701
(b)  Preleach of Zinc Concentrates PSES


Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average


           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate leached
      English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate leached

Cadmium                              0.180           0.072
Zinc                                 0.919           0.378
(c)  Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control PSES
Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average


     Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc processed through leaching
English Units - Ib/m'illion Ibs of zinc processed through leaching

Cadmium                              0.000           0.000
Zinc                                 0.000           0.000
                               1472

-------
               PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II
(d)  Electrolyte Bleed Wastewater PSES


Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average


          Metric Units - mg/kg of cathode zinc produced
     English Units - Ib/million Ibs of cathode zinc produced

Cadmium                                  0.086           0.035
Zinc                                     0.441           0.182
(e)  Cathode and Anode Wash Wastewater PSES
Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average


          Metric Units - mg/kg of cathode zinc produced
     English Units - Ib/million Ibs of cathode zinc produced

Cadmium                              0.150           0.060
Zinc                                 0.766           0.315
(f)   Casting Wet Air Pollution Control PSES
Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average


                Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc cast
           English Units - Ib/million Ibs of zinc cast

Cadmium                              0.051           0.021
Zinc                                 0.262           0.108
                               1473

-------
               PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II
(g)  Casting Contact Cooling PSES
Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
Pollutant  Property        .      Any One Day      Monthly Average


                Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc cast
           English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of zinc cast

Cadmium                               0.036           0.014
Zinc                                  0.185           0.076
(h)  Cadmium Plant Wastewater PSES
Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average


             Metric Units - mg/kg of cadmium produced
       English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of cadmium produced

Cadmium                              1.234           0.494
Zinc                                 6.295           2.592
PSNS  are promulgated based on the performance achievable by  the
application  of  lime precipitation  and  sedimentation,  sulfide
precipitation    and   sedimentation,    multimedia    filtration
technology,  and in-process flow reduction control methods.   The
following pretreatment standards are promulgated for new sources:

(a)  Zinc Reduction Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS


Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average


              Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc reduced
         English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of zinc reduced

Cadmium                               0.334           0.134
Zinc                                  1.702           0.701
                               1474

-------
               PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II


 (b)  Preleach of Zinc Concentrates PSNS


Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average


           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate leached
      English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate leached

Cadmium                              0.180           0.072
Zinc                                 0.919           0.378
(c)  Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average


     Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc processed through leaching
    English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of zinc processed through
                             leaching

Cadmium                              0               0
Zinc                                 0               0
(d)  Electrolyte Bleed Wastewater PSNS


Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average


          Metric Units - mg/kg of cathode zinc produced
     English Units - Ib/million Ibs of cathode zinc produced

Cadmium                              0.086           0.035
Zinc                                 0.441           0.182
                               1475

-------
               PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II
(e)  Cathode and Anode Wash Wastewater PSNS


Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant  Property     '    .     Any One Day      Monthly Average


          Metric Units - mg/kg of cathode zinc produced
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of cathode zinc produced

Cadmium                              0.150           0.060
Zinc                                 0.766           0.315
(f)  Casting Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average


                Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc cast
           English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of zinc cast

Cadmium                              0.051           0.021
Zinc                                 0.262           0.108
(g)   Casting Contact Cooling  NSPS
Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average


                Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc cast
           English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of zinc cast

Cadmium                               0.036           0.014
Zinc                                  0.185           0.076
                               1476

-------
               PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II
(h)  Cadmium Plant Wastewater PSNS
Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
Pollutant  Property     •         Any One Day      Monthly Average


            Metric Units - mg/kg of cadmium produced
       English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of cadmium produced

Cadmium                                  1.234           0.494
Zinc                                     6.295           2.592
                               1477

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Page Intentionally Blank

-------
                PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - III



                           SECTION III

                        INDUSTRY PROFILE
This  section  of the primary zinc supplement describes  the  raw
materials  and  processes  used in  producing  primary  zinc  and
presents a profile of the primary zinc plants identified in  this
study.

DESCRIPTION OF PRIMARY ZINC PRODUCTION

There   are   two  zinc  -production  processes;   pyrolytic   and
electrolytic.   The  pyrolytic process involves the  roasting  of
zinc concentrates followed by preparation of the roasting calcine
for  reduction  in  either  electrothermic  or  vertical   retort
furnaces.   The  electrolytic  process  also  involves   roasting
followed  by  leaching and electrolytic  precipitation.   At  the
present  time, four plants use the electrolytic process  and  one
uses  the  pyrolytic process.  Three other  plants  produce  zinc
oxide pyrolytically.  One of the three plants purifies zinc oxide
intermediates -produced  at another facility.   The  ninth  plant
currently operating in the subcategory produces only cadmium from
baghouse dust collected at other facilities.

There are a number of by-products associated with the  production
of  zinc.   Cadmium  and  sulfuric acid are  the  two  major  by-
products.   Currently, six zinc plants have sulfuric acid  plants
and  cadmium  plants on site.  (For further  discussion  of  acid
plants,  refer  to  the  Metallurgical  Acid  Plants  Subcategory
Supplement).

RAW MATERIALS

The  principal  raw  material used to produce zinc  is  zinc  ore
concentrate.    More  than  two-thirds  of  the  zinc  concentrate
produced  in the United States is recovered as a co-product  from
lead  and  copper ores;  slightly less than  one-third  originates
from zinc ores.

ELECTROLYTIC ZINC PRODUCTION

Figure  III-l (page 1489) presents a general flow diagram of  the
electrolytic zinc production process.  The primary steps involved
in this process are:

     1.  Roasting,
     2.  Leaching,
     3.  Purification,
     4.  Electrolytic precipitation,  and
     5.  Cathode melting and casting.

Prior  to roasting,   magnesium may be removed from  high-magnesia
concentrates   by preleaching with weak sulfuric  acid.    This  is


                               1479

-------
                PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - III


done  to  prevent the build-up of magnesium in  the  electrolyte.
Currently,  two  of the four electrolytic plants leach  prior  to
roasting.   One of the two reports a wastewater stream  resulting
from  the  leaching process.  The second plant currently  is  not
operating  the  process.   The  build-up  of  magnesium  in   the
electrolyte also can be alleviated by bleeding spent  electrolyte
from the electrolytic precipitation process.  One plant practices
this method of magnesium removal.  The spent electrolyte is  sent
to  treatment.   From  the available data, it  appears  that  the
fourth  electrolytic plant does not operate a distinct  step  for
removing magnesium.

Roasting  the  zinc concentrates prior to leaching  converts  the
zinc sulfide present in the concentrates to zinc oxide and sulfur
dioxide.  The chemical reaction for this process is:

     ZnS + 3O2 = ZnO + SO2                    (1)

Zinc  oxide is more amenable to leaching than zinc sulfide.   The
zinc  concentrates are roasted in  multiple  hearth,  flash,  and
fluid  bed  roasters.   All four of the plants that produce  zinc
electrolytically use fluid bed roasters.   The exhaust gases from
the  roasters are conditioned by dust collection equipment  prior
to  entering an acid plant where the sulfur dioxide is  converted
to  sulfuric acid.   Wastewater produced by the  conditioning  of
roaster off-gases is considered part of the acid plant.

The  zinc oxide calcines from the roaster may be finely ground in
a  ball  mill  and  charged  to  the  leaching  process.    Spent
electrolyte  containing sulfuric acid and residual zinc  sulfate,
and  make  up  sulfuric  acid are added to  the  process  as  the
solvent.  The spent electrolyte is recycled from the electrolytic
precipitation  cells  which follow.  The acid dissolves  the  ZnO
present  in the calcines. The chemical reaction for this  process
is:

     ZnO + H2SO14s = ZnSO4 + H2O                  (2)
Through careful control of pH,  the various impurities present in
the  calcines  such as iron, silica, arsenic,  and  antimony  are
converted  to insoluble hydroxides and oxides.   These  insoluble
impurities  become  part of the underflow and  can  be  processed
further  to  recover  residual  zinc.   Following  residual  zinc
recovery,  the final residue containing lead and precious  metals
is usually sent to a lead smelter.

Cadmium  and  a portion of the copper present in the calcine  are
dissolved along with zinc and leave the leaching process as  part
of  the overflow.    Because an acid is used as the  solvent,  air
pollution  control may be necessary to control air emissions from
the  leaching  process.   Three  plants report  the  use  of  wet
scrubbers  to  control the air emissions.   The  scrubber  liquor
produced by these  scrubbers is a source of wastewater.

After  leaching,  the  overflow is filtered to  remove  suspended


                               1480

-------
                PRIMARY  ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT -  III
                                                                 %.

 solids  and  then  purified.   The purpose  of  the  purification
 process  is to remove copper and cadmium from  solution.   Lesser
 impurities such as cobalt,  germanium, arsenic, and antimony must
 also  be  removed.   Purification  must  be  extremely  efficient
 because  even  minute  quantities of  impurity  metals  adversely
 affect the electrolytic  precipitation process.   Purification  is
 accomplished by adding zinc dust,  which precipitates the copper,
 cadmium,  and  lesser impurities by replacement.   By adding zinc
 dust   in  multiple  stages,  it  is  possible  to   make   rough
 separations, such as a high-copper precipitate and a high cadmium
 precipitate,   while  precipitating  impurities.    The   cadmium
 precipitate  is sent to  a cadmium plant.  Copper precipitate  may
 be  releached with spent electrolyte to remove zinc, and then  be
 sent to a copper refinery.

 The  purified zinc sulfate solution from the leaching process  is
 now  ready  for  electrolytic  precipitation.   The  electrolytic
 precipitation process is carried out in a tankhouse containing 50
 to  250 tanks.   Each tank contains a number of alternate  anodes
 and cathodes.   The zinc containing electrolyte flows slowly from
 tank to tank.   Zinc is  deposited from solution onto the cathodes
 until the deposit attains the required thickness.   The  cathodes
 are then removed for zinc stripping.   Wastewater is generated by
 washing the cathode zinc prior to casting.  The spent electrolyte
 is  sent to the leaching process where it is used as the solvent.
 One plant bleeds some of the spent electrolyte to treatment as  a
 means of controlling magnesium build-up in the circuit.

 The  cathode  sheets are melted in an electric furnace  prior  to
 casting.   Fumes and dust from this process are usually collected
 in a baghouse, however one plant uses a scrubber to collect these
 emissions.   The  scrubber  liquor produced is another source  of
 wastewater.

 After melting,  the molten zinc is cast into ingots, sows, slabs,
 or other shapes.   The contact cooling water used in casting is a
 source of wastewater.

 PYROLYTIC ZINC PRODUCTION

 Figure  III-2 (page 1490) presents a general flow diagram of  the
 pyrolytic zinc production process.   The primary steps involved in
 this process are:

     1.  Roasting,
     2.  Sintering,
     3.  Reduction, and
     4.  Refining.

Three plants process zinc concentrates pyrolytically.   Two of the
plants  use rotary concentrate dryers ahead of the  roasters  for
moisture   content  adjustment  of  the   concentrate.     Venturi
scrubbers  are  used to clean the gaseous  emissions  from  these
dryers.  The  liquor produced by these scrubbers is  a  potential
source of wastewater.
                               1481

-------
                PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - III
After  drying,  the  zinc concentrates are fed  to  the  roasting
plant.   Zinc concentrates currently used consist of zinc sulfide
(ZnS)  or franklinite (ZnFe204).   Two plants roast zinc  sulfide
and  the  third  plant roasts franklinite.   In  the  two  plants
processing zinc sulfide, roasting converts the ZnS present in the
concentrates to ZnO and S02«   More than 90 percent of the sulfur
is  removed  in the roasters,  however,  it is not  necessary  to
remove  all the sulfur since the sintering process which  follows
will  consume the remaining sulfur.   Roasting also volatizes the
cadmium  and lead impurities present in  the  concentrates.   The
gaseous  emissions  from  roasting pass through  dust  collection
equipment before entering an acid plant where S02 is converted to
sulfuric acid.  Both pyrolytic plants processing zinc sulfide use
dry collection equipment to condition the roaster off-gases.  The
pyrolytic  plant  that  roasts  franklinite  does  not  currently
operate  its  acid  plant because franklinite  does  not  contain
sulfur.  Roasting converts the franklinite to zinc oxide.

The roasting may be accomplished in flash,  multiple  hearth,  or
fluid  bed  roasters.   One plant uses a fluid bed  roaster,  one
plant  uses flash roasters,  and the third plant uses all  three.
Because  of the high temperatures associated with the  off-gases,
waste  heat boilers may be used to conserve energy.   Two of  the
three pyrolytic plants with roasters produce zinc oxide as  their
final  product.   A fourth pyrolytic plant processes the  calcine
from another pyrolytic plant to produce high-purity zinc oxide.

Calcine  from  the roasters along with baghouse or  electrostatic
precipitator dusts,  various residues,  zinc oxide materials, and
return  portions for resintering make up the feed for  sintering.
This feed is mixed with coke and a small portion of silica  sand.
The silica is added for structural strength, and is pelletized to
assure a uniform,  permeable bed for sintering.   Sintering is  a
heating process that agglomerates the small feed particles into a
granular  form  without melting.   One plant currently  practices
sintering.   Sintering  removes  the remaining  sulfur  from  the
calcine  along  with as much as 90 percent of the cadmium and  70
percent of the lead.   Sulfur is oxidized to S02,  while  cadmium
and lead are volatilized.   The one plant with sintering uses air
pollution  control  on its sintering machines.   This plant  uses
three  electrostatic  precipitators  and one  fabric  filter  bag
collector  in  parallel.   The  electrostatic  precipitators  are
preceded by spray chambers.  The spray chamber water is  recycled
with  a bleed stream used at the sinter plant in the  pelletizing
process.  After pelletizing, some of this water is discharged.

The product from the sintering plant is now ready for  reduction.
The reduction process is accomplished in either electrothermic or
vertical  retort  furnaces.   The  one  plant  with  a  sintering
operation  uses electrothermic furnaces.  In  the  electrothermic
furnaces,  preheated  coke and sinter, along  with  miscellaneous
zinc  bearing products are fed to the furnace.   Vertical  retort
furnaces  could  also  be used.    The  vertical  retort  furnaces
require  the  sinter to be ground,  mixed  with  pulverized  coal,


                               1482

-------
                 PRIMARY  ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT -  III


 clay, moisture,  a  binder, and then briquetted.  In  both  furnaces
 the   zinc  oxide  is reduced by carbon to metallic zinc and  carbon
 monoxide.  The  chemical reactions for this process are:

      ZnO + CO  =  Zn( vapor) + CC>2                        (3)

      +   CC-2 + C = 2CO                                 (4)
      ZnO + C =  Zn + CO                                  (5)

The   zinc vaporizes and is collected in a condensing  device.   A
wet   scrubber   in combination with a baghouse is used to rid  the
carbon monoxide stream of entrained solids.   The plant with this
scrubber practices extensive recycle of the scrubber liquor. Blue
powder,   a  mixture  of  metallic  zinc  and  zinc   oxide,   is
periodically collected as a scrubbing or baghouse residue.   This
material is recycled.

The   condensed  zinc  metal  may  be  purified  by  liquation  or
redistillation.   In liquation, the metal is allowed to  cool  to
just  above the melting point of zinc.  At this temperature,  any
lead  and iron.present in amounts exceeding their  solubility  in
zinc  separate by precipitation and can be removed  mechanically.
Redistillation involves the use of dual fractionating columns  to
separate the zinc from cadmium, iron, and lead impurities.   Zinc
and cadmium are vaporized in the first column while the iron  and
lead  remain liquid.  The zinc and cadmium vapors  are  condensed
and   then  fed  to the second fractionating  column,  where  zinc
remains as a liquid while the cadmium vaporizes.  Cadmium  vapors
are   condensed  to  produce  a  cadmium-zinc  alloy   containing
approximately  15  percent cadmium.  The  high-grade  zinc  metal
removed from the bottom of the second column is used for  special
applications which require high purity metal, such as die casting
alloys.

After liquation or redistillation,  the zinc is cast into various
shapes  such  as  ingots or  sows.   Wastewater  associated  with
casting  contact  cooling  is produced by one  of  the  pyrolytic
plants.

CADMIUM PRODUCTION

Figures III-3 and III-4 (pages 1491 and 1492) present the general
flow  diagrams  for two different cadmium  production  processes.
Figure III-3 shows a pyrometallurgical process while Figure III-4
presents  a  hydrometallurgical  process.    In 'both   processes,
various  residues  from  zinc refining  operations,   and  cadmium
precipitated  by  zinc  dust   in  purifying  zinc  solutions  are
important cadmium sources.  Cadmium-bearing dusts and residues may
be  allowed  to  oxidize in air or  roasted  to  further  oxidize
cadmium  prior  to leaching.  Infrequently, one plant  washes  the
feed material with water to remove chloride before roasting.  The
cadmium-bearing  material   is leached by either a  sulfuric  acid
solution or  a solution made up of spent electrolyte  and  sulfuric

-------
                PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - III


acid.   Cadmium  is then precipitated from solution  by  galvanic
displacement  with  zinc  dust.  After  the  precipitation  step,
cadmium    is    extracted    either    pyrometallurgically    or
hydrometallurgically.    In  the  pyrometallurgical  process,  the
cadmium  sponge is washed to remove water-soluble impurities  and
compacted  by  briquetting.  As a final  purification  step,  the
briquettes  may  be melted using sodium hydroxide as  a  flux  to
remove impurities such as iron, tin, lead, copper, and  antimony.
The cadmium is then cast into various shapes.

In the hydrometallurgical process, the cadmium sponge is  leached
with  sulfuric  acid  and  spent  electrolyte  from  the  cadmium
electrolysis  cells  which  follow.   Following  filtration,  the
cadmium sulfate solution is processed electrolytically.   Cadmium
deposits  on  the  cathode  and  is  stripped  when  the  desired
thickness is acquired.  Following stripping, the cadmium is  cast
into various shapes.  Contact cooling water is sometimes used  in
casting.   The  cast  cadmium  may be  cleaned  with  caustic  or
solvents  and rinsed.  Rinse water is usually discharged to  waste
treatment.   There  are  a number of wastewater  sources  in  the
cadmium  recovery process. The major sources are associated  with
the following:

     1.  Cadmium feed wash water,
     2.  Leaching tank discharge,
     3.  Cadmium sponge wash water,
     4.  Cathode wash water,
     5.  Casting contact cooling water, and
     6.  Cadmium metal cleaning water.

PROCESS WASTEWATER SOURCES

The   principal  sources  of  wastewater  in  the  primary   zinc
subcategory are:

     1.  Wet air pollution control on reduction furnaces,
     2.  Preleach wastewater,
     3.  Wet air pollution control on leaching process,
     4.  Electrolyte bleed wastewater,
     5.  Cathode and anode washing,
     6.  Casting contact cooling water,
     7.  Casting wet air pollution control, and
     8.  Cadmium plant wastewater.

OTHER WASTEWATER SOURCES

There   are   other  wastewater  streams  associated   with   the
manufacture  of  primary  zinc.   These  wastewater  streams  may
include;  water from residue washings, storm water runoff,  water
from  pelletizing  process, water from briquetting  process,  air
pollution  control  on  concentrate  dryers,  zinc   purification
process,  and  maintenance and clean up water.  These  wastewater
streams  are not considered as a part of this rule  making.   EPA
believes  that the flows and pollutant loadings  associated  with
these  waste  streams   are insignificant relative  to  the  waste


                               1484

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                PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - III


streams  selected and are best handled by the appropriate  permit
authority on a case-by-case basis under authority of Section  402
of the CWA.

In the dcp,  two plants report using Venturi scrubbers to control
air  emissions  from  the drying of zinc  concentrates  prior  to
roasting.    Plant   282  reports  it  operates   this   scrubber
approximately 30 days per year and the scrubber is a net user  of
water.  Plant 283 reports reusing scrubber liquor common to  both
the  ore  dryer scrubber and roaster scrubbing system.   In  this
way,  the  ore dryer scrubber at this plant does not  use  source
water  as makeup to the system.  Since both existing  concentrate
drying scrubbers are net users of water, a building block was not
provided   for   this   process.  In addition,  EPA  received  no
comments concerning concentrate drying wet air pollution control.
This waste stream will not be discussed in the remainder of  this
document.

AGE, PRODUCTION, AND PROCESS PROFILE

A  distribution  of primary zinc plants in the United  States  is
shown in Figure III-5 (page 1493).  Primary zinc or zinc oxide is
produced  electrolytically  by four plants and  pyrolytically  by
four plants; cadmium is a by-product at six plants.

Table  III-1 (page 1486) indicates that the average plant age  is
about  50 years.  Table III-2 (page 1487) shows that the  average
size  plant has a production  less  than 100,000 tons  per  year.
Table  III-3 (page 1488) provides a summary of the plants  having
the  various  primary  zinc  processes.  The  number  of   plants
generating wastewater from the processes is also shown.
                               1485

-------
                                           Table III-1

                        INITIAL OPERATING  YEAR (RANGE)  SUMMARY OF PLANTS
                       IN THE PRIMARY  ZINC  SUBCATEGORY  BY DISCHARGE TYPE
                                         Plant  Age Range (Years)
00
CTl

Type of Plant
Discharge
Direct


Indirect


Zero
Total






1983-
1959
0-25
1


0


0
1






1958-
1949
25-35
0


0


2
2.






1948-
1939
35-45
1


0


0
1






1938-
1929
45-55
1


0


0
1






1928-
1919
55-65
0


1


1
2






1918-
1904
65-80
0


0


0
0






1903-
1879
80-105
0


0


1
1






Before
1879
105+
0


0


0
0







Insuf f .
Data
0


0


1
1








Total
3


1


_5
9






fd
H
>
»
IS1
H
55
o

M
G
M
O
W
O
fd
en
W
o
H
                                                                                                   H

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                PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - III


                           TABLE III-2

       PRODUCTION RANGES FOR THE PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY


            Production Range         Number of Plants
               (tons/yr)

           Less than 100000               5

            100001 - 200000               3

        Total plants surveyed             8
NOTE: Production data for one plant was not availabale
                               1487

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                PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - III


                           TABLE II1-3

 SUMMARY OF PRIMARY ZINC PROCESSES AND ASSOCIATED WASTE STREAMS

                         Number of Plants     Number of Plants
    Process             •   With Process    Generating Wastewater

Preleaching                   2                        1
Roasting                      9 (a)                    0
Sulfuric Acid Production      6                        6

Sintering                     1                        1
Zinc Reduction                1
  -Air Pollution Control      1                        1

Leaching                      5                        1
  -Air Polllution Control     4                        3
Purification                  4                        1

Electrolysis       -           4
  -Electrolyte Bleed          1                        1
  -Anode and Cathode wash     3                        3

Casting                       5
  -Casting Contact Cooling    4                        3
  -Air Pollution Control      3                        0
Cadmium Plant                 6                        4
NOTE:  Through  reuse  or  evaporation  practices,  a  plant  may
generate a wastewater from a particular process but not discharge
it.

(a) One plant only purifies zinc oxide.
                               1488

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              PRIMARY ZINC  SUBCATEGORY     SECT  -  III
                                   Zinc Concentrace
   Preleach
  Wastewater
to Treatment
                      Underflov
                   Solids to
                   Copper or
                   Lead Refinery
                   Solids to
                   Cadmium Plant
                       Zinc Oxide
                      Water
                                                      Caseous Emissions to
                                                      Acid Plant
                                                      Calcine Dust
                                                       Zinc  Solution from Cadmium
                                                       Plant
                                                          Spent
                                                          Cell
                                                          Acid
                                                                     Electrolyte Bleed
                                                                   ~^o Treatment

                                                                   _^Anode and Cathode
                                                                     Wash Water to
                                                                     Treatment
                                                       Cooling Tower Slowdown
                                              Otner Shapes
                                       Blocks
                                  FIGURE  III-l
                ELECTROLYTIC  ZINC  PRODUCTION  PROCESS
                                     1489

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            PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY
                                            SECT - III
        ZINC  CONCENTRATES
    Storage,  drying,  blending
   Secondary  or
 oxidic materials
                          i
                                            Gaseous  Emissions
                                            to  Acid  Plant
  Fumes,  dusts,
    residues
         t
                                T
                               Calcine
                     Moisture
    Preparation
                    Oxides
                               	li
                   Coke
                                         Sand
                               Pelletizing
                    Return
                    sinter
                                            Recycle dust
                                                      Dust
                                                   Collection
                                                           t
              Metallics
           Coke
                                      T
                                       Briquetting
                                Cadmium  plant

                               _____  Coal,  clay
                     Electrothertnic
                        reduction
                                     Vertical retort
                                       reduction
    Blue powder
                          \
                                                           and binder
                                                                Stack
                                           •	1 Carbon monoxide
                       ~! Products  of  reduction
                                                                	1
 SLAB  ZINC   -^
,	--_'_••"    -   —"•
Lower  grades
               Liauation
   "W
Oxidation
ZINC OXIDE
         1 —
American
process

SLAB ZINC
special
high grade

ZINC OXIDE
                                                               t
                                                          Plant use
                                    Residue  treatment
                        Refining
                    (redistillation)
                               Slag
                              discard
French process
                          Ferros ilicon
                                       /
                                           zinc
                                      concentrate
                                      recycled

                                  Reclaimed coke
                                 'recvcled
                              Lead-silver  cone.
                              to  lead  plant
                              FIGURE  III-2

            GENERALIZED  FLOWSHEET OF PYROLYTIC ZINC PLANTS

                                1490

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  PRIMARY ZINC  SUBCATEGORY     SECT -  III
                       Cadmium Rich Solids
     Water & H,S04
 Solids to
 Zinc Leaching
Zinc Rich Solution
to Zinc Leaching or
Waste Treatment
Wash Water to Waste
Treatment
Casting Contact
Cooling Water co
Waste Treatment
Rinse Water to
Waste Treatment
                                              , CuSO,, SrSO,
                                                   4      4
                                            Zinc Dust
                                            •Water
                                            NaOH
                                            Water
                                           •Water
                        Cadmium Shapes
                     FIGURE  III-3

PYEOh£TALLUB.GICAL  CADMIUM  PRODUCTION PROCESS
                         1491

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   PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY     SECT -  III
  Solids eo
  Zinc Leaching
  Zinc Rich Solution
  co Zinc Leaching or
  Waste Treatment
  Casting Contact Cool-
  ing Water to Waste
  Treatment
  Rinse Water to
  Waste Treatment
                       Cadmium Rich Solids

                               I
                                           Water and H.SO,
                                                    2 4
                                                     Zn, CuSO ,  SrSO
                                                           4     4
           inc Dust
                                                     Water and
                                       Spent Electrolyte
Water
                         Cadmium Shapes



                     FIGURE  III-4


HYDROMETALLURGICAL CADMIUM PRODUCTION  PROCESS
                          1492

-------
OJ
                                          IIAWM
I-Indirect Process Wastewater Discharge  Plants

D-Direct  Process Wastewater Discharge  Plants

Z-Zero Process Wastewater Discharge Plants
                                               FIGURE III-5



                             GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS OF  PRIMARY  ZINC PLANTS
                                                                                                              N
                                                                                                              H
                                                                                                              iz:
                                                                                                              o

                                                                                                              en
                                                                                                              c
                                                                                                              03
                                                                                                              O
                                                        M
                                                        Q


                                                        I
                                                                                                              C/l
                                                                                                              M
                                                                                                              n

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                PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IV



                           SECTION IV

                        SUBCATEGORIZATION

This  section  summarizes  the  factors  considered  during   the
designation  of  the  primary zinc subcategory  and  its  related
subdivisions.    Primary   zinc   was  considered  as  a   single
subcategory during the previous 1975 rulemaking.   The rulemaking
established BPT and BAT effluent limitations for the primary zinc
subcategory.   The  purpose of this rulemaking is  to  promulgate
modifications  to the BAT effluent limitations,  and to establish
NSPS, PSES, and PSNS.

FACTORS CONSIDERED IN SUBDIVIDING THE PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY

The  factors  listed  for  general  subcategorization  were  each
evaluated  when  considering  subdivision  of  the  primary  zinc
subcategory.  In the discussion that follows, the factors will be
described as they pertain to this particular subcategory.

The  rationale for considering segmentation of the  primary  zinc
subcategory  is based primarily on the production  process  used.
Within  this  subcategory, a number of different  operations  are
performed,  which may or may not have a water use  or  discharge,
and  which  may require the establishment  of  separate  effluent
limitations   and  standards.   While  primary  zinc   is   still
considered  a single subcategory, a more thorough examination  of
the   production   processes,  has  illustrated  the   need   for
limitations  and standards based on a specific set of  wastewater
streams. Limitations and standards will be based on specific flow
allowances for the following building blocks:

     1.   Zinc reduction furnace wet air pollution control,
     2.   Preleach wastewater,
     3.   Leaching wet air pollution control,
     4.   Electrolyte bleed wastewater,
     5.   Cathode and anode washing wastewater,
     6.   Casting wet air pollution control,
     7.   Casting contact cooling, and
     8.   Cadmium plant wastewater.
                                                             *
OTHER FACTORS

A  number  of other factors considered  in  this  evaluation  were
shown to be inappropriate bases for further segmentation.   These
are discussed briefly below.

TYPE OF PLANT

As  discussed in Section III,  there are two types of  production
processes used in the primary zinc  subcategory:   electrolytic and
pyrolytic.  Initially,   it  was thought  that  the  primary  zinc
subcategory should be divided into  two  segments,  electrolytic and
pyrolytic.   This  segmentation  is  too  general.    It  is   the


                               1495

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                PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IV


individual  operations  such as electrolysis and  zinc  reduction
which produce wastewater.  The wastewaters from these  operations
have   distinctly  different  characteristics.    Pyrolytic   and
electrolytic  zinc  production share common  operations  such  as
roasting,  casting, and cadmium production.  Thus, pyrolytic  and
electrolytic   zinc   production  are  not   totally   different.
Individual  operations  such  as  leaching,  casting,  and   zinc
reduction  are distinctly different.  Accordingly,  the  building
blocks  used  to  segment  the  subcategory  are  determined   by
individual  operations  which  produce  significant  amounts   of
wastewater, not by plant type.

PLANT SIZE

It  is difficult to categorize zinc plants on the basis of  size.
The  individual  processes  involved  in  zinc  production  often
produce different amounts of zinc-bearing material. Therefore, it
is  more  appropriate to categorize zinc plants on the  basis  of
process  production  e.g., leaching production.   The  production
normalizing parameter for the primary zinc subcategory is process
production.   Thus,  process size is an  important  parameter  in
determining  the production normalized flow (PNF), which  is  the
flow  divided  by production, values of the eight  zinc  building
blocks.

PRODUCTION NORMALIZING PARAMETERS

The effluent limitations and standards developed in this document
establish mass limitations on the discharge of specific pollutant
parameters.   To allow these regulations to be applied to  plants
with  various  production  capacities,  the  mass  of   pollutant
discharged must be related to a unit of production.  This  factor
is known as the production normalizing parameter (PNP).

In  general,  for  each production process which  has  wastewater
associated with it,  the actual mass of zinc product will be used
as the PNP.  The PNP's for the eight subdivisions are as follows:

            Building Block                         PNP

     1.  Zinc reduction furnace              kkg of zinc reduced
         Wet air pollution control

     2.  Preleach wastewater                 kkg of concentrate
                                             leached

     3.  Leaching wet air pollution          kkg of zinc
         control                             processed through
                                             leaching

     4.  Electrolyte bleed wastewater        kkg of cathode zinc
                                             produced

     5.  Cathode and anode                   kkg of cathode zinc
         washing wastewater                  produced


                               1496

-------
           PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IV
6.  Casting wet air pollution           kkg of zinc cast
    control
7.  Casting contact cooling             kkg of zinc cast
8.  Cadmium plant wastewater            kkg of cadmium
                                        produced
                          1497

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Page Intentionally Blank

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             PRIMARY  ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V




                            SECTION V

            WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS
This   section  describes  the  characteristics   of   wastewater
associated  with  the  primary zinc subcategory.   Data  used  to
quantify   wastewater  flow  and  pollutant  concentrations   are
presented,  summarized,  and  discussed.   The  contribution   of
specific production processes to the overall wastewater discharge
from primary zinc plants is identified whenever possible.

Two  principal  data  sources were used  in  the  development  of
effluent  limitations and standards for this  subcategory:   data
collection   portfolios   and  field  sampling   results.    Data
collection  portfolios contain information  regarding  wastewater
flows  and production levels.  Data gathered through comments  on
the  proposed mass limitations and Section 308 requests are  also
principal data sources.

In  order to quantify the pollutant discharge from  primary  zinc
plants,  a  field  sampling program  was  conducted.   Wastewater
samples   were   collected   in  two   phases:    screening   and
verification.  The first phase, screen sampling, was to  identify
which  toxic  pollutants  were present in  the  wastewaters  from
production  of  the  various  metals.   Screening  samples   were
analyzed for 125 of the 126 toxic pollutants and other pollutants
deemed appropriate. (Because the analytical standard for TCDD was
judged  to  be  too hazardous to  be  made  generally  available,
samples  were  never analyzed for this pollutant.   There  is  no
reason  to  expect  that TCDD would be present  in  primary  zinc
wastewater).   A  total  of 10 plants were  selected  for  screen
sampling  in  the nonferrous metals  manufacturing  category.   A
complete  list of the pollutants considered and a summary of  the
techniques used in sampling and laboratory analyses are  included
in  Section V of the General Development Document.    In  general,
the samples were analyzed for three classes of pollutants:  toxic
organic   pollutants,  toxic  metal  pollutants,   and   criteria
pollutants (which includes both conventional and  nonconventional
pollutants).  A verification sampling effort was conducted at one
primary  zinc  plant  between  proposal  and  promulgation.   EPA
believed  additional process and wastewater data were  needed  to
better characterize the subcategory.

As described in Section IV of this supplement,   the primary  zinc
subcategory has been further segmented into eight subdivisions or
building  blocks,   so that the regulation contains  mass discharge
limitations  and  standards for eight unit processes  discharging
process    wastewater.      Differences    in    the    wastewater
characteristics  associated with these building blocks are to  be
expected.    For this reason,  wastewater streams corresponding  to

each  segment  are addressed separately in the  discussions  that


                               1499

-------
             PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V


follow.

WASTEWATER SOURCES, DISCHARGE RATES, AND CHARACTERISTICS

The  wastewater data presented in this section were evaluated  in
light  of  production process information  compiled  during  this
study.   As  a result,  it was possible to identify the principal
wastewater  sources  in  the  primary  zinc  subcategory.   These
include:

     1.  Zinc reduction furnace wet air pollution control,
     2.  Preleach wastewater,
     3.  Leaching wet air pollution control,
     4.  Electrolyte bleed wastewater,
     5.  Cathode and anode washing wastewater,
     6.  Casting wet air pollution control,
     7.  Casting contact cooling, and
     8.  Cadmium plant wastewater.

Data supplied by dcp responses were evaluated,  and two  flow-to-
production  ratios  were  calculated for each  stream.   The  two
ratios,   water   use   and  wastewater   discharge   flow,   are
differentiated by the flow value used in calculation.  Water  use
is  defined  as  the  volume  of  water  or  other  fluid  (e.g.,
emulsions,  lubricants) required for a given process per mass  of
zinc  product  and is therefore based on the sum of  recycle  and
make-up  flows  to a given process.  Wastewater  flow  discharged
after  pretreatment or recycle (if these are present) is used  in
calculating  the  production  normalized flow —  the  volume  of
wastewater discharged from a given process to further  treatment,
disposal,  or discharge per mass of zinc  produced.   Differences
between  the  water use and wastewater flows  associated  with  a
given  stream result from recycle, evaporation, and carryover  on
the   product.   The  production  values  used   in   calculation
correspond to the production normalizing parameter, PNP, assigned
to  each  stream,  as outlined in  Section  IV.   The  production
normalized  flows  were compiled and  statistically  analyzed  by
stream type.  Where appropriate, an attempt was made to  identify
factors  that  could account for variations in water  use.   This
information is summarized in this section.  A similar analysis of
factors affecting the wastewater values is presented in  Sections
X,  XI  and XII where representative BAT, BDT,  and  pretreatment
discharge flows are selected for use in calculating the  effluent
limitations and standards.  As an example, zinc reduction furnace
scrubbing  wastewater  flow  is  related  to  reduction   furnace
production.   As such, the discharge rate is expressed in  liters
of scrubber wastewater produced per metric ton of zinc reduced.

Since  the data collection portfolios have  been  collected,   the
Agency  has  learned that two primary zinc facilities  have  shut
down.  Flow and production data (when available) for these plants
are  presented  in  this section and in  the  remainder  of  this
supplement.   Analytical data gathered at these plants  are  also
presented.   Although  the plants are closed, these data  are  an
integral  part  of  the BAT effluent  limitations  because  these


                               1500

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             PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V


plants were  representative processes and provide useful  measures
of  the relationship between production and discharge.  Therefore,
it  is appropriate to present this information.

In  order to quantify the concentrations of pollutants present  in
wastewater   from  primary zinc plants,  wastewater  samples  were
collected  at  six of the zinc  plants  before  proposal.   After
proposal,  a seventh plant was sampled.   Diagrams indicating the
sampling sites and contributing production processes are shown  in
Figures V-l  through V-7  (pages 1576 - 1582).

The raw wastewater sampling data for the primary zinc subcategory
are  presented  in Tables V-7 through V-9 (pages  1509  -  1526).
Miscellaneous  waste-water sampling data are presented in  Tables
V-10  through  V-12  (pages  1528  -  1542).  Treated  wastewater
sampling data are shown  in Tables V-13 through V-18 (pages 1552 -
1564).  The  stream codes displayed in Tables V-7 through V-18 may
be  used to  identify the location of each of the samples  on  the
process flow diagrams in Figures V-l through V-7.  Where no  data
is listed for a specific day of sampling, the wastewater  samples
for the stream were not  collected. If the analysis did not detect
a pollutant  in a wastestream, the pollutant was omitted from  the
table.

The  data tables include some samples measured at  concentrations
considered not quantifiable.   The base-neutral extractable, acid
extractable,  and volatile organics are generally considered  not
quantifiable  at concentrations equal to or less than 0.010 mg/1.
Below  this  concentration  organic analytical  results  are  not
quantitatively  accurate;  however, the analyses  are  useful  to
indicate  the presence of a particular pollutant.  The  pesticide
fraction  is considered not quantifiable at concentrations  equal
to  or  less  than  0.005  mg/1.   Nonquantifiable  results   are
designated  in the tables with an asterisk (double  asterisk  for
pesticides).

These detection limits shown on the data tables are not the  same
in  all  cases  as  the  published  detection  limits  for  these
pollutants by the same analytical methods.   The detection  limits
used  were  reported with the analytical data and hence  are  the
appropriate  limits  to  apply  to  the  data.    Detection  limit
variation  can  occur  as a result of  a  number  of  labor'atory-
specific,   equipment-specific,    and   daily   operator-specific
factors.    These  factors can include day-to-day  differences  in
machine calibration,  variation in stock solutions,  and  variation
in operators.

The  statistical analysis of data includes some samples  measured
at concentrations considered not quantifiable.    Data reported as
an  asterisk  are considered as  detected but  below  quantifiable
concentrations,  and a value of zero is used for averaging.   Toxic
organic,  nonconventional and conventional pollutant data reported
with  a  "less  than" sign are considered as  detected,   but  not
further  quantifiable.    A  value  of  zero  is  also  used   for
averaging.   If  a pollutant is reported as  not   detected,   it  is


                               1501

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             PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V


excluded in calculating the average.  Finally, toxic metal values
reported  as  less than a certain value were  considered  as  not
detected  and a value of zero is used in the calculation  of  the
average.  For example, three samples reported as ND, *, and 0.021
mg/1  have  an  average 'value  of  0.010  mg/1.   The   averages
calculated  are  presented with the sampling data;  these  values
were not used in the selection of pollutant parameters.

The  method  by which each sample was collected is  indicated  by
number, as follows.

     1     one-time grab
     2     24-hour manual composite
     3     24-hour automatic composite
     4     48-hour manual composite
     5     48-hour automatic composite
     6     72-hour manual composite
     7     72-hour automatic composite
     8     8-hour manual composite

In the data collection portfolios,  plants were asked to indicate
whether  or  not any of the toxic pollutants were believed to  be
present  in  their wastewater.   Responses for the  toxic  metals
chosen  as  pollutant parameters are summarized below  for  those
plants responding to that portion of the questionnaire.

                Known       Believed      Believed      Known
Pollutant      Present       Present       Absent       Absent
Arsenic           42             00
Cadmium           6            00            0
Chromium          21             21
Copper            40             11
Lead              50             01
Nickel            21             21
Selenium          41             10
Silver            22             20
Zinc              6            00            0

ZINC REDUCTION FURNACE WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

In pyrolytic zinc plants,  zinc oxide is reduced to metallic zinc
in  vertical retort or electrothermic furnaces.    Zinc vapor  and
carbon  monoxide enter a water cooled condenser  through  a  vapor
ring.   Most  of the zinc is condensed while the carbon  monoxide
and  uncondensed zinc pass into air pollution control  equipment.
One  pyrolytic plant uses a scrubber to treat the carbon monoxide
and uncondensed zinc.   The carbon monoxide may  be recovered  for
use  as  a  fuel and the zinc may be  recovered   at  the  plant's
wastewater  treatment  system.  Zinc reduction  furnace  wet  air
pollution control water use and discharge rates  are in liters per
metric ton of zinc reduced as shown in Table V-l (page 1506).
                               1502

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             PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
Table V-17 (page 1559) summarizes the field sampling data for the
toxic  and selected conventional and  nonconventional  pollutants
detected.  The Agency did not collect any raw wastewater  samples
from  the  reduction  furnace  scrubbers at  either  of  the  two
pyrolytic  zinc  plants  'with wet  scrubbers  on  zinc  reduction
furnaces.   However, treatment plant samples were collected.   As
shown by Table V-17, zinc reduction furnace scrubbing  wastewater
may contain treatable concentrations of zinc, cadmium, and  other
toxic metals.

The  treatment  plant  samples  contained  wastewater  from   the
reduction furnaces, contact cooling, and leaching.  No samples of
the  individual  streams were taken because  these  streams  were
inaccessible.   Therefore,  it is necessary to assume  that  each
stream exhibits similar characteristics.

PRELEACH WASTEWATER

Preleaching  of  zinc concentrates to control  magnesium  in  the
electrolytic  circuit is practiced currently at one  electrolytic
zinc  plant.   Another plant with a preleach circuit is  currently
not  in operation.   The plant operating this process  discharges
901  1/kkg  (216  gal/ton) of  concentrate  leached.   Wastewater
samples for this waste stream were not collected by the Agency.

However,  data for seven parameters taken over a two-week  period
were submitted by the plant with this wastewater.  These data are
included in the administrative record supporting this regulation.
Preleach wastewater contains treatable concentrations of arsenic,
cadmium,  lead, zinc, and total suspended solids.  This stream is
also strongly acidic (pH of approximately 2.5).

LEACHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

Three  electrolytic plants report the use of contact scrubbers to
reduce leaching air emissions.  The water use and discharge rates
reported  for leaching wet air pollution control, in  liters  per
metric ton of zinc processed through leaching, are shown in Table
V-2  (page  1506).  Two of the three plants report  no  discharge
from  leaching  wet air pollution control.   The  Agency  did  not
collect  any  raw  wastewater or  treatment  plant  samples  from
leaching scrubbers. Waste streams from leaching scrubbers  should
contain  various  toxic  metals based on the  raw  materials  and
process used.

ELECTROLYTE BLEED WASTEWATER

One electrolytic plant bleeds a portion of  the spent  electrolyte
after  electrolysis to control magnesium.    This plant discharges
432  1/kkg (104 gal/ton)  of cathode  zinc  produced.   Wastewater
sampling  data  for this  stream is presented in Table  V-7   (page
1509).     This   wastewater   is   characterized   by   treatable
concentrations  of  chromium, zinc,  and total  suspended  solids.
Electrolyte  bleed is strongly acidic with  a pH of  approximately
1.0.
                               1503

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             PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
CATHODE AND ANODE WASHING WASTEWATER

Three plants in this subcategory currently produce a waste stream
associated  with the washing.of cathodes and anodes.   The  water
use and discharge rates from these plants are presented in liters
per metric ton of cathode zinc produced in Table V-3 (page 1507).
Wastewater  sampling  data for cathode and anode wash  water  are
presented  in  Table V-8 (page 1513).  This  wastewater  contains
treatable  concentrations of chromium, copper, lead, zinc,  total
suspended  solids, and oil and grease.  The waste stream is  also
acidic with a pH of approximately 2.5.

CASTING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

In the electrolytic production of zinc, the stripped cathode zinc
must be melted prior to casting.   Three plants report the use of
air  pollution control equipment to clean the off-gases from  the
casting  furnace.   One plant which is now shut down used  a  wet
scrubber.   All  three  plants  use  dry  air  pollution  control
equipment. .The water use and discharge rate for the scrubber was
2,580  liters per metric ton of zinc cast, as shown in Table  V-4
(page 1507).

Raw  wastewater samples were collected from a waste stream  which
contained  wastewater  from the casting  furnace  scrubber.   The
waste  stream  is  characterized by  the  presence  of  treatable
concentrations  of  toxic metals and suspended solids.   The  raw
wastewater data are shown in Table V-9 (page 1526).

CASTING CONTACT COOLING

Contact cooling water may be used for casting.  The cooling water
may  be recycled but a bleed stream (blowdown) may be required to
dissipate  the build-up of dissolved solids.  The water  use  and
discharge rates for casting contact cooling, in liters per metric
ton of zinc cast, are shown in Table V-5 (page 1508).  One  plant
evaporates  all  of  its cooling water in  an  evaporation  pond.
Another  plant  uses noncontact cooling water and  contact  water
sprays.  The contact water completely evaporates on contact  with
the zinc metal.  Other plants report partial evaporation when the
water  contacts  the  cast  zinc.   None  of  the  plants  report
recycling of contact cooling water.  Tables V-14 (page 1554)  and
V-17 (page 1559) present data on the composition of waste streams
which  contain  contact cooling wastewater.   These  streams  may
contain treatable concentrations of several toxic metals.

CADMIUM PLANT WASTEWATER

Six zinc plants currently have the technology in place to recover
cadmium  as  a by-product.   Wastewater from cadmium  plants  may
originate  from  various sources such as rinsing  cadmium  balls,
casting contact cooling,  cadmium sponge washing,  or discharging
leaching tank water.   Four plants report waste streams generated
by  their cadmium recovery process.   The water use and discharge


                               1504

-------
             PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V


rates for the cadmium plants, in liters per metric ton of cadmium
produced,  are shown in Table V-6.   Treatment plant samples were
taken  from  a stream which contained cadmium  plant  wastewater.
This stream contained treatable concentrations of cadmium,  lead,
selenium,  and zinc.  Data from the samples are shown in Table V-
17 (page 1559).
                               1505

-------
             PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V


                            TABLE V-l

    WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR ZINC REDUCTION FURNACE
                    WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
                     (1/kkg of Zinc Reduced)

Plant   Percent   Production Normalized   Production Normalized
Code    Recycle      Water Use FLow          Discharge Flow

282*       100              NR                    0

283         87.7         16340                 2002
                            TABLE V-2

           WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR LEACHING
                    WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
           (1/kkg of Zinc Processes Through Leaching)

Plant   Percent   Production Normalized   Production Normalized
Code    Recycle      Water Use FLow          Discharge Flow

279       NR             NR                       NR

281      100            667                        0**

283      100           8607                        0
NR - data not reported in dcp.

*   -  Plant currently produces only zinc oxide.  Zinc  reduction
       furnace not operating

** - 100 percent evaporation
                               1506

-------
             PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY
SECT - V
                            TABLE V-3

       WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR CATHODE AND ANODE
                       WASHING WASTEWATER
                (1/kkg of Cathode Zinc Produced)
                                          Production Normalized
                                             Discharge Flow

                                                  NR

                                                  NR

                                               19850

                                                 751
Plant
Code
278
280*
281
9060
Percent
Recycle
NR
NR
NR
0
Production Normalized
Water Use FLow
NR
NR
NR
751
                            TABLE V-4

            WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR CASTING
                    WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
                      (1/kkg of Zinc Cast)
Plant   Percent   Production Normalized
Code    Recycle      Water Use FLow

280*       0             2570
 Production Normalized
    Discharge Flow

      2570
NR - not reported in dcp

*  - plant closed
                               1507

-------
             PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY
SECT - V
                            TABLE V-5

                WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
                     CASTING CONTACT COOLING
                      (1/kkg of Zinc Cast)
Plant Percent
Code Recycle
279
280 (a)
281
283
9030
0
0
0
0
0
                  Production Normalized
                     Water Use FLow

                         NR

                       4366

                       1050

                         50

                         NR
 Production Normalized
    Discharge Flow

         NR

       4366

          0 (b)

          2.1 (c)

          0 (d)
Notes:
(a) - Plant Closed
(b) - 100 percent evaporation in evaporation pond
(b) - 96 percent evaporation while cooling
(d) - Spray water 100 percent evaporated on contact with metal
NR  - Not reported in dcp
                            TABLE V-6

   WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR CADMIUM PLANT WASTEWATER
                   (1/kkg of Cadmium Produced)
Plant   Percent   Production Normalized
Code    Recycle      Water Use FLow
279       NR                  NR

281      100                  NR

282 (a)   NR                  NR

283       NR                  NR

1166       0                  NR

Notes:
(a) - Plant closed
(b) - Infrequent discharge
NR  - Data not reported in dcp
 Production Normalized
    Discharge Flow
         NR
     450360 (b)

       6171

      17517
                               1508

-------
                                                 Table V-7  .

                             ELECTROLYTE BLEED RAW WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                                                    Concentrations (mg/1, except as noted)
Pollutant

Toxic Pollutants (a)

  1.  acenaphthene
  4.  benzene
 11.  1,1,1-trichloroethane
 18.  bis(2-chloroethyl)ether
 21.  2,4,6-trichlorophenol
 22.  p-chloro-m-cresol
 23.  chloroform
 38.  ethylhenzene
 39.  fluoranthene
 A3.  bls(2-chloroethoxy )methane
 47.  bromofonn (tribromomethane)
 57   2-nltrophenol
 58,   4-nltrophenol
 62.  N-nltrosodlphenylamlne
 65.  phenol
 66.  bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
 68.  di-n-butyl phthalate
 69.  dl-n-octyl phthalate
 70.  dlethyl phthalate
 76.  rhrysene
 80.  fluorene
 81.  phenanthrene
 84.  pyrene
 8").  tetrachloroethylene
 86.  toluene
 87.  trichloroethylene
 95.  alpha-endosulfan
Stream
Code
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
Sample
Type*
3
1
1
3
3
3
1
1
3
3
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
3

Source
ND
ND
*
ND
ND
0.040
0.013
0.049
ND
ND
*
*
ND
ND
ND
0.040
*
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
*
ND

Day 1
*
0.018
*
*
*
ND
*
ND
*
0.020
*
*
*
*
*
0.243
*
0.012
ND
*
*
*
*
ND
ND
ND
*

Day 2
ND
ND
*
*
ND
ND
*
0.044
ND
0.013
*
ND
ND
ND
ND
*
*
ND
*
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
*
ND

Day 3
ND
ND
*
ND
ND
ND
*
ND
ND
*
*
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.020
0.028
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
*
*
ND
ND

Average
*
0.018
*
*
*

*
0.044
*
0.011
*
*
*
*
*
0.088
0.009
0.012
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
H
S

K
N
M

O
O
M
CD
M
O

-------
                                          Table V-7  (Continued)



                             ELECTROLYTE  BLEED RAW WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                                                     Concentrations (mg/1,  except as noted)
Pollutant
Toxic Pollutants (a)  (Continued)
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
M 114.
£ 115.
o 117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126
127
128.
aeptachlor epoxide
alpha-BHC
1 eta- BUG
gamma -BHC
delta-BHC
antimony
arsenic
beryl Hum
cadmium
chromium (total)
copper
cyanide (total)
lead
mercury
nickel
selenium
silver
thallium
zinc
Nuuconventlonal Pollutants



acldl y

a 1 ka 11 ni r.y

c"i luml ix'im

ammonia nitrogen
Stream
Code
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
Sample
Type* Source Day 1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
*
ND
*
ND
ND
<0.01
<0.01
<0.005
<0.02
<0.02
<0.05
<0.02
<0.05
<0.001
<0.05
<0.05
<0.01
<0.01
0.06
<1
73
<0.10
<1
ND
ND
ND
ND
*
0.03
<0.01
<0.1
<0.4
<0.4
<1.0
<0.02
<10.0
<0.001
<1.0
(b) (c)
0.01
(c)
20,700.0
252,000
<1
10.0
10
Day 2 Day 3
ND
ND
*
*
ND
<0.10 (b)
<0.01
<0.1
<0.4
0.8
<1.0
<0.02
<10.0
<0.001
<1.0
(c)
0.01
<0.02 (b)
24,000.0 22
254,000 257
<1
12.0
24
*
*
*
ND
ND
<0.10
<0.01
<0.1
<0.4
1.2
<1.0
0.02
<1.0
<0.001
<1.0
(c)
<0.01
(c)
,300.0
,000
<1
12.0
5.5
Average
*
*
*
*
*
(b) 0.01
<0.01
<0.1
<0.4
0.7
<1.0
0.01
<7.0
<0.001
<1.0

0.01

22,333.0
254,000
<1
11.3
13
                                                                                                                 N
                                                                                                                 H
                                                                                                                 55
                                                                                                                 O

                                                                                                                 W


                                                                                                                 3
                                                                                                                 n
                                                                                                                 w
                                                                                                                 Q
                                                                                                                 M
                                                                                                                 w
                                                                                                                 o

-------
                                          Table V-7 (Continued)

                             ELECTROLYTE BLEED RAW WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                                                    Concentrations (mg/1,  except  as noted)
Pollutant

Nonconventional Pollutants (Continued)

barium
boron
calcium
chemical oxygen demand (COD)
ch]orlde
cobalt
fluoride
Iron
magnesium
manganese
molybdenum
phenollcs
phosphate
sodium
sulfate
tin
titanium
total dissolved solids (TDS)
total organic carbon (TOC)
total solids (TS)
vanad! :i:n
y" I r 1 vim
Stream
Code
d)
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
322
Sample
Type*

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

Source

<0.05
<0.10
37.2
<1
5
<0.05
0.1
0.30
5.50 12
<0.05 1
<0.05
<0.005
0.26
4.10
36 277
0.50
<0.05
189 <364
3
200 <305
<0.05
<0.05

Day 1

<1.0
2.0
364.0
8
38
<1.0
1.5
<1.0
,100.0 11
,860.0 1
<1 .0
<0.005
<0.01
386.0
,000 276
<10.0
<1 .0
,000 307
39
,000(d)<368
<1 .0
<1.0

Day 2

<1.0
2.0
338.0
<1
98
<1.0
1.3
<1.0
,900.0
,780.0
<1 .0
0.01
<0.01
386.0
,000
<10.0
<1 .0
,000
18


Day 3 Average

<1.0
2.0
374.0
11
84
<1.0
1.5
2.0
11,600.0 11
1,800.0 1
<1.0
<0.005
<0.03
390.0
112,000 222
<10.0
<1 .0
<370,000(d) 102
15
,000(d)<334,000(d)<336

-------
Ln
I—1
NJ
                                                 Table V-7 (Continued)

                                    ELECTROLYTE BLEED RAW WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                                                           Concentrations  (mg/1, except as noted)
       I'oMutant

       Conventiona1  Pol hitants

       oil and grease
       total suspended solids (TSS)
       I'll (standard units)
Stream   Sample
 Code     Type*   Source    Day 1     Day 2     Day 3    Average
322
322
322
           1
           3
           3
3        4         <1          3           2.3
1     1,470     1,600      1,324      1,464
6         0.7       1.0        1.0
                                                                          H
                                                                          3
N
H
3
O
to
C
W
O
       *Samp'e '"ype - Note:  These numbers also apply to subsequent sampling data  tables.

                      1 - one-time grab
                      2 - 24-hour manual composite
                      3 - 24-hour automatic composite
                      4 - 48-hour manual composite
                      5 - 48-hour automatic composite
                      6 - 72-hour manual composite
                      ~*   72-hour automatic composite
                      8 - 8-hour manual composite

       (a)  All toxic pollutant fractions were analyzed
       (b)  Detection limit raised due to interference
       (c)  Interference
       (d)  Sulfurlc acid interference
                                                                          to
                                                                          M
                                                                          O
                                                                          H3

-------
                                              fable V-8

                            CATHODE BRUSH WATER AND ANODE CLEANING WATER
                                    RAW WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                                                    Concentrations (mg/1, except  as  noted)
Pollutant (a)
Toxic Pollutants
  1.  acenaphthene
  4.  benzene
 11.  1,1,1-trichloroethane
 22.  p-chloro-m-cresol
 23.  chloroform.
 34.  2,4-dimethylphenol
 36.  2,6-dtnitrotoluene
Stream
Code


331
332
323

331
332
323

331
332
323

331
332
323
331
332
323
331
332
323
331
332
323
Sample
Type*


8
8
2

1
1
1

1
1
1

8
8
2
1
1
1
8
8
2
8
8
2

Source Day 1
1

*

ND

0.019

ND

* *
*
* *

0.040 ND
0.040
0.040 ND
0.013 0.011
0.013
0.013 *
*

ND
*

ND

Day 2


ND
ND
ND

ND
ND
ND

*
*
0.017

ND
ND
0.014
ND
*
*
ND
*
ND
ND
ND
ND

Day 3



ND
ND


ND
ND


*
*


ND
0.042

*
*

*
ND

ND
ND

Average

*
'


0.019



*
*
0.005



0.035
0.011
*
*
*
*

*


g
H
3
3
H
3
O
to
§
O
^
M
0
o
H<


to
M
O
1-3
1










-------
                                        Table V-8 (Continued)

                            CATHODE BRUSH WATER AND ANODE CLEANING WATER
                                    RAW WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
Pollutant (a)

Toxic Pollutants (Continued)

 38.  ethyl benzene



 44.  methylene chloride



 47.  bromoform (trtbromomethane)



 48.  diehlorobromomethane



 56.  nitrobenzene



 57.  2-nltrophenol
                                                    Concentrations (mg/lt except as noted)

Stream
Code



331
332
323


331
332
323

331
332
323


331
332
323
331
332
323
331
332
323

Sample
Type*



1
1
1


I
I
1

I
1
1


1
1
1
8
8
2
8
8
2


Source Day I



0.049 ND
0.049
0.049 ND


0.013 0.032
0.013
0.013 0.018

*

ND


ND

*
*

*
* ND
*
* ND


Day 2



0.051
ND
0.051


0.016
0.015
0.017

*
*
*


ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND


Day 3




ND
ND



*
0.015


*
*



ND
ND

ND
ND

*
ND


Average



0.051

0.051


0.024
0.007
0.016

*
*
*




*
*

*

*

T)
H
3
«!
IS)
H
55
O
W
c
td
o
[3
w
o
o
si


W
M
o
n
I
<







-------
                                        Table V-8 (Continued)

                            CATHODE BRUSH WATER AND ANODE CLEANING WATER
                                    RAW WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                                                    Concentrations  (mg/1,  except  as noted)
Po i ! u t an  ( a )
Toxic Pollutants (Continued)
 62.  KJ-nl trob-odlphenylamlne
 65.  pt-enol
 66.  his(2 ethylhexyl)phthalate
 68.  din butyl phthalate
 70.  dlethyl phthalate
 76.  chrysene
Stream
Code


331
332
323

331
332
323

331
332
323

331
332
323
331
332
323
331
332
323
Sample
Type* Source


8
8
2

8
8
2

8 0.040
8 0.040
2 0.040

8 *
8 *
2 *
8 ND
8 ND
2 ND
8
8
2

Day 1


ND

*

*
*

*

*

0.015

*
*

*
*

ND

Day 2


*
ND
ND

ND
ND
ND

*
*
0.012

*
*
*
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

Day 3



ND
ND


ND
ND


0.031
0.010


*
*

ND
ND

ND
ND

Average


*

*

*
*

*
0.015
0.007

0.007
*
*
*

*
*

,
H
>
K
H
2;
o
to
c;
0
H
K
8
K


V
t
C.
H.
1
'







-------
                                        Table V-8 (Continued)

                            CATHODE BRUSH WATER AND ANODE CLEANING WATER
                                    RAW WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
Pol.lutant_ (a)

Toxic Pollutants (Continued)

 80.  fluorene



 81.  phenanthrene



 84.  pyrene



 85.  tetrachloroethylene



 86.  toluene



 87.  trichloroethylene
                                                    Concentrations (mg/1, except as noted)
Stream
Code
331
332
323
331
332
323
331
332
323
331
332
323
331
332
323
331
332
323
Sample
Type* Source
8
8
2
8
8
2
8
8
2
1 ND
1 ND
1 ND
1
1
1
1 *
1 *
1 *

Day 1
*
*
ND
ND
ND
*
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND

Day 2
ND
ND
ND
*
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
*
*
*

Day 3 Average

ND
ND *
*
ND
ND

ND
ND *

* *
ND

0.019 0.019
0.016 0.016
*
ND *
ND *
H
»
H
O
C/l
a
o
M
o

w
M
o
i-3
1









-------
                                        Table V-8 (Continued)

                            CATHODE BRUSH WATER AND ANODE CLEANING WATER
                                    RAW WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                                                    Concentrations (mg/1, except  as noted)
Pol hit ant (a)

Toxic Pollutants (Continued)

 99.   endrin aldehyde
100.  heptachlor
101.  heptachlor epoxlde
102.  ... Ipha-BHC
103.  bfta-BHC
104.  g,imma--BHC
Stream
Code

331
332
323

331
332
323

331
332
323

331
332
323
331
332
323
331
332
323
Sample
Type*

8
8
2

8
8
2

8
8
2

8
8
2
8
8
2
8
8
2

Source ,





ND
ND
ND

**
**
**

ND
ND
ND
**
**
**




Day 1

ND

ND

ND

**

ND

ND

**

ND
**

**
ND

ND

Day 2

ND
ND
**

ND
ND
ND

ND
ND
ND

**
**
**
ND
ND
**
ND
**
ND

Day 3 Average


ND
ND **


ND
ND **

** **

ND

**
** **
** **
**
** **
ND **

ND **
ND
M
3

K
M
O
C/J
d
w
0
H
M
0
O
K


W
M
O
1-3
1
<







-------
                                         Table V-8 (Continued)

                            CATHODE  BRUSH  WATER AND ANODE CLEANING WATER
                                     RAW  WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
!'<.•! luUml (a)

• >xlc Pollutants (Continued)

I  -).   
-------
                                             Table V-8 (Continued)

                                 CATHODE BRUSH WATER AND ANODE CLEANING WATER
                                         RAW WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                                                         Concentrations (mg/1, except as noted)
Ul
     Pollutant (a)

     Toxic Pollutants (Continued)
      • '0.  copper
     12V .  cyanide (total)
     122   lead
     123.  mercury
     124.  nickel
     125.  selenium
Stream
Code
331
332
323
331
332
323
331
332
323
331
332
323
331
332
323
331
332
323
Sample
Type*
8
8
2
1
1
1
8
8
2
8
8
2
8
8
2
8
8
2
Source
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05 (c)
<0.05 (c)
<0.05 (c)
Day 1
1.85
0.15
No data
<0.02
94.4

<0.05
0.001
<0.001
<0.05

0.2
<0.01
<0.05 (c)
Day 2
2.10
1.55
0.15
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
16.4
40.4
<0.05
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.05
<0.05
0.25
<0.01
<0.01
<0.05 (c)
Day 3

1.55
0.10
<0.02
<0.02

24.6
0.05

<0.001
<0.001

<0.05
0.15

(b)
<0.05
Average
1.97
1.55
0.13
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
55.4
32.5
0.016
0.0005
<0.001
<0.001
<0.05
<0.05
0.2
<0.01
<0.01
(c)<0.05(c)
PRIMARY ZINC
C/3
C
tfl
o
M
o
0


M
o
H
<






-------
            Table V-8 (Continued)

CATHODE BRUSH WATER AND ANODE CLEANING WATER
        RAW WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                        Concentrations (mg/1, except as noted)

Stream
Pol !nt ant (a) Code
Toxic Pollutants (Continued)
126. silver 331
332
323

'-' 127. thallium 331

-------
            Table V-8 (Continued)

CATHODE BRUSH WATER AND ANODE CLEANING WATER
        RAW WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                        Concentrations (mg/1, except as noted)
Pollutant (a)
Nonconventlonal
ammonia nitrogen
barium

boron

c ". 1 c 1 urn

chtmical oxygen


chloride


Stream
Code
Pollutants (Continued)
331
332
323
331
332
323
331
332
323
331
332
323
demand (COD) 331
332
323
331
332
323
Sample
Type*
8
8
2
8
8
2
8
8
2
8
8
2
8
8
2
8
8
2
Source ' Day 1
a
<0.05 0.15
<0.05
<0.05 0.15
<0.10 <0.10
<0.10
<0.10 <0.10
37.2 247.0
37.2
37.2 56.3
<1
<1
<1 4
5
5
5 5
Day 2
1.5
<0.05
0.10
0.15
<0.10
<0.10
<0.10
255.0
207.0
54.7
13
15
21
5
8
3
Day 3
3

0.10
0.10

<0.10
<0.10

189.0
50.0

25
6

9
5
Average
2.25
0.075
0.10
0.13
<0.10
<0.10
<0.10
251
198
53.6
13
20
10
5
8
4
RIMARY ZINC SUBC2
M
0

C/1
M
O
1
<







-------
                                                Table V-8 (Continued)

                                    CATHODE BRUSH WATER AND ANODE CLEANING WATER
                                            RAW WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                                                            Concentrations (rng/1, except as noted)
Ul

Pollutant (a)
N nconventlonal Pollutants

cobalt



fluoride



Iron



raagnesl urn


manganese


molybdenum


Stream
Code
(Continued)

331
332
323

331
332
323

331
332
323

331
332
323
331
332
323
331
332
323
Sample
Type*


8
8
2

8
8
2

8
8
2

8
8
2
8
8
2
8
8
2

Source


<0.0.5
<0.05
<0.05

0.1
0.1
0.1

0.30
0.30
0.30

5.50
5.50
5.50
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05

Day 1


<0.05

<0.05



0.2

1.45

7.45

68.7.

166.0
116.0

59.1
<0.05

<0.05

Day 2


<0.05
<0.05
<0.05

0.2
0.2
<0.1

5.0
4.25
9.40

75.3
51.7
151.0
16.6
49.3
65.1
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05

Day 3



<0.05
<0.05


0.2
0.1


4.10
8.95


65.5
112.0

44.6
54.3

<0.05
<0.05

Average


<0.05
<0.05
<0.05

0.2
0.2
0.1

3.2
4.10
8.60

72.0
58.6
143.0
66.3
46.9
59.5
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
H

N
H
O
W
§
O
Jjj
w
1
K


W
0
^
1
<







-------
                                         Table V-8 (Continued)



                            CATHODE  BRUSH WATER AND ANODE CLEANING WATER

                                     RAW WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
Pol Uitant (a)



.^onconventional Pollutants  (Continued)
• henol 1 cs
phut, plu; te
sodium
   fate
tin
I 1tanlum
Concentrations (mg/
Stream
Code
d)
331
332
323
331
332
323
331
332
323
331
332
323
331
332
323
331
332
323
Sample
Type*

1
1
1
8
8
2
8
8
2
8
8
2
8
8
2
8
8
2
Source

<0.005
<0.005
<0.005
0.26
0.26
0.26
4.10
4.10
4.10
36
36
36
0.50
0.50
0.50
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
Day 1

<0.005
No Data
<0.01
6.1
9.6
3,500
<0.05
<0.5
<0.05
0.1
1, except
Day 2

0.015
<0.005
0.005
<0.01
0.12
0.15
6.7
6.6
9.4
3,110
2,540
3,580
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.05
<0.05
0.1
as noted)
Day 3

<0.005
<0.005
<0.01
<0.01
7.5
7.6
2,180
2,850
<0.5
<0.5
<0.05
0.1

Average
0.015
<0.005
0.001
<0.01
0.06
0.005
6.4
7
8.8
3,110
2,360
3,310
0.28
<0.5
<0.5
<0.05
<0.05
0.1
tM


2!

0
                                                                                                                  c
                                                                                                                  w
                                                                                                                  0
                                                                                                                  M
                                                                                                                  O
                                                                                                                  O
                                                                                                                  tt
                                                                                                                  0

-------
                                              Table V-8  (Continued)

                                  CATHODE BRUSH WATER AND  ANODE  CLEANING  WATER
                                          RAW WASTEWATER SAMPLING  DATA
                                                          Concentrations  (mg/1,  except  as no ted)
to
      rollutant (a)

      Nonconventlonal Pollutants (Continued)

      lotrfl dissolved solids (IDS)
      tot.il organic carbon (TOG)
      total solids (TS)
      vanadi urn
      yttrium
Stream
Code
d)


331
332
323

331
332
323
331
332
323

331
332
323
331
332
323
Sample
Type*



8
8
2

8
8
2
8
8
2

8
8
2
8
8
2

Source



189
189
189

3
3
3
200
200
200

<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05

Day 1





6,560



10


6,790

<0.05

<0.05
<0.05

<0.05

Day 2



5,260
4,080
6,000

7
5
6
4,970
3,830
5,820

<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05

Day 3




2,300
4,630


6
6

3,680
4,610


<0.05
<0.05

<0.05
<0.05

Average



5,260
3,190
5,730

7
5.5
7
4,970
3,760
5,740

<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
ID
M
>
Csl
M
525
O
to
G
td
o
1-3
M
0
o


en
M
o
1-3
i
<




-------
                                              Table V-8 (Continued)

                                  CATHODE BRUSH WATER AND ANODE CLEANING WATER
                                          RAW WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                                                          Concentrations (mg/1, except  as  noted)
Ln

Pollutant ( t)
Conventional Pollutants

oil and grease


total suspended solids (TSS)


pH (standard units)




Stream
Code


331
332
323
331
332
323
331
332
323


Sample
Type*


1
1
1
8
8
2
8
8
2



Source


3
3
3
1
1
1
6
6
6



Day 1 Day 2
,

29 3,530
33
19 12
No Data 166
220
18 17
1-2 Unable
Unable
2.7 2.5



Day 3


1
10
4

122
9
to Determine
to Determine
2.5



Average


,779
21
12
166
171
15

1-2



H
3
*)
N
M
"Z
0
w
<=!
w
o
H
M
O
*

w
w
o
H
       * - <^ 0.010 mg/1

      ** -  £ 0.005 mg/1

      (a)  Mi toxic pollutant  fractions were analyzed

      (b)  Interference

      (c)  Detection limit raised due to Interference.

-------
                    Table V-9



PRIMARY ZINC SAMPLING DVTA COMBINED RAW WASTHWATER
                    Concentrations (mg/lt except as noted)
Pol lutant
Stream
Code
Sample
Typet Source (a) Day 1
Day 2 Day 3 Average
Toxic Pollutants
44.
114.
115.
lib.
S117'
^118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
methyl pne chloride
antimony
arsenic
asbestos (MFL)
beryllium
cadmium
chromium
copper
cyanide
lead
mercury
nickel
selenium
silver
thallium
zinc
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
<0
0

<0
6
0
1
<0
24
0
0
0
0


-------
                                         Table V-9  (Continued)

                           PRIMARY ZINC SAMPLING DATA COMBINED  RAW UASTEWATER



                                             Concentrations  (mg/1,  except as noted)
Ln
to


Pollutant
Nonconventionals

chemical oxygen demand
(COD)

total organic carbon
(TCXJ)


phenols (total; by
4-AAP method)

Conventional
total suspended solids
(TSS)

pH (standard units)

Stream
Code


4


4



4



4


4

Sample
Typet Source(a)


2


2



2



2


1


Day 1


220


2



<0.002



88


2.15


Day 2 Day 3 Average


200 210


2 2



<0.002 <0.002



130 109


2.15
hd
»

K
tsi
H
^
n
en
c
to
o
>
H
M
§
3
K

cn
M
o
1^
1
**
    (a)  Source water was not analyzed.

-------
                                                       Table V-10
                                PRIMARY ZINC SAMPLING DATA MISCELLANEOUS RAW WASTEWATER
                                                           Concentrations (rog/1, except as noted)
oo
Pollutant
Toxic l'oUutant3( a)
  4. bunzene
  6. carbon tetr^chloride
 10. 1,2-H
-------
I--'
u>
NJ
                                                Table V-10 (Continued)
                               PRIMARY ZINC SAMPLING DATA MISCELLANEOUS RAW WASTEWATER

                                                          Concentrations (mg/1, except as noted)
      Pol h i ant.
     Toxic  Pollutants (a)
121. cyanide
\22. Lead
126. nickel
125. selenium
128. zinc

Nonconventionals
chemical oxygen demand  (COD)
phenols (total; by 4-AAP method)
total organic carbon  (TOC)
Conventional^
oi 1 and grease
total suspended solids  (TSS)
pH  (standard units)
Stream
Code
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
Sample
Type
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
1
3
1
Source (b) Day 1
0.692
0.003
3.0
6.0
<0.002
100.0
76.0
0.002
10.0
13.0
23.0
2.0
Day 2
0.009
0.003
3.0
4.0
0.2
100.0
56.0
0.01
9.0
13.0
12.0
2.3
Day 3
0.503
0.004
3.0
3.0
0.1
100.0
46.0
0.001
9.0
16.0
9.0
2.1
Average
0.401
0.003
3.0
4.3
0.10
100.0
59.3
0.004
9.3
14.0
14.7

                                                                                                                 M

                                                                                                                 K
                                                                                                                 tsi
                                                                                                                 M
                                                                                                                 25
                                                                                                                 O
                                                                                                                      C
                                                                                                                      W
                                                                                                                      O
W
O
O
^
                                                                                                                      W
                                                                                                                      O

-------
I—
1.71
                                                Table V-10 (Continued)


                               PRIMARY ZINC SAMPLING IttTA MISCELIANEOUS RAW WSTEWATER



      .0
-------
                                              Table V-ll




                                MISCELLANKOUS WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
Pollutant (a )
Toxic Pollutants
  1 .  aceimplithene
   .  carbon te11aoh1 or 1de
 ' 1 .   1,1 ,1-r.r lohl oroetliane
 2'. .  p-chloro-m-r reso 1
 23.  ch lo roform
 TR.  et h\'1
Stream
Code


333
328
333
328
333
334
328
333
334
328
333
334
328
333
334
328
Sample
Type*


1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Source






*
*
*
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.049
0.049
0.049

Day I Day 2


*
ND
ND
3.010
*
*
*
ND
0.014
0.015
*
*
0.016
ND
0.057
ND

Day 3 Average


*


3.010
*
*
*

0.014
0.015
*
*
0.016

0.057

50
M
s
K
tsi
M
n
w
n
M
o
0
50
K

M
n
1
^




 39.  fluoranthene
334
0.002
0.002

-------
                                       Table V-L1 (Continued)




                               MISCELLANEOUS WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                                                    Concentrations (mg/1, except as noted)
Pol Jutant (a)




Toxic Pollutants (Continued)




 4 A .   methylene chloride
 l\ 1,   btmpoform (t r ibromomethane)
 48.  dIrhlorobromcmethane
  1.  chlorodibromomethane
 6 •.  bts(2-ethylhexyl)phthai ate
 68.  di-n-butyl phthalate
 70.  dlethyl phthalate
Stream
Code

333
33A
328

333
33A
328

333
33A
328

333
33A
328
333
33A
328
333
33A
328
333
33A
328
Sample
Type*

1
1
1

1
L
1

1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Source





*
*
*








O.OAO
O.OAO
O.OAO
*
*
*
ND
ND
ND

Day I Day 2

*
0.01A
0.013

ND
ND
*

ND
ND
*

ND
ND
*
*
ND
*
*
0.01A
0.012
*
*
*

Day 3 Average

*
0.01A
O.OL3



*



*



*
*

*
*
0.01A
0.012
*
*
*
H

N
HH
2S
O
C/J
c
GO
O
M
8
Kj
^N

C/J
M
O
1
<










-------
                                       TableV-ll (Continued)




                               MISCELLANEOUS WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
Pn I In? ;int ( a )
Toxlr PoJIntants (Continued)
 84.  pyrene
 R r>.  tetrachloroethy 1 ene
  <1--   t r 1 chloroet liylene
 94.  4,4'-ODD
 )r>.  a Ipha-endosulf an
100.  heptachlor
101.  lieptachlor epoxlde
                                                    Concentrations (rog/1, except  aa  noted)
Stream
Code
333
328
333
328

333
334
328
333
334
328
333
328
333
328
333
334
328
333
334
328
Sample
Type*
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Source
1


ND
ND
ND
*
*
*




ND
ND
ND
*
*
*
Day I Day 2 Day 3 Average
* *
ND
* *
ND

ND
* *
ND
ND
* *
* *
ND
** **
ND
** **
ND
** **
** **
ND
ND
** **
PRIMARY ZINC SI
*— i
M
n
M
o

en
M
n
^










-------
                                       Table V-ll (Continued)




                               MISCELLANEOUS WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                                                    Concentrations (ing/1, except  as  noted)
£pj Ititant ( a )





Toxic Pollutants (Continued)




102.  alpha-BHC
103.  beta-BHC
104.  gamma-BUG
      delta-BHC
114.  antimony
115.  arsenic
 17.   beryl Hum
Stream
Code
333
334
328
333
334
328
333
328
333
328
333
334
328
333
334
328
333
334
328
Sample
Type*
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Source
ND
ND
ND
*
*
*




<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.005
<0.005
<0.005
Day 1 Day 2
**
**
** •
ND
ND
ND
**
**
ND
ND
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.005
<0.005
<0.005
Day 3 Average
**
**
**


**
**


<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.005
<0.005
<0.005
PRIMARY ZINC SUBC,
i-3
W
O
O
K

w
w
n
^
<









-------
                                                 Table V-ll (Continued)

                                         MISCELLANEOUS WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                                                              Concentrations (tng/1, except as noted)
          Pollutant (a)

          Toxic Pollutants (Continued)
Stream   Sample
 Code     Type*   Source    Day 1     Day 2     Day 3
          118.  cadmlurn
          119.  chromium (total)
Ln
          120.
                copper
          121.  cyanide (total)
          122.  lead
          123.  mercury
          124.  nickel
333
334
328
333
334
328
333
334
328
333
334
328
333
334
328
333
334
328
333
334
328
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.02
0.18
0.3
<0.02
0.04
0.06
<0.05
0.45
0.3
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.05
0.95
0.25
<0.001
0.028
0.27
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
Average
                                                          <0.02
                                                           0.18
                                                           0.3

                                                          <0.02
                                                           0.04
                                                           0.06

                                                          <0.05
                                                           0.45
                                                           0.3

                                                          <0.02
                                                          <0.02
                                                          <0.02

                                                          <0.05
                                                           0.95
                                                           0.25

                                                          <0.001
                                                           0.028
                                                           0.27

                                                          <0.05
                                                          <0.05
                                                          <0.05
              M
              53
              n
              en
              d
              ca
              n
                                                                                                                     M
                                                                                                                     en
                                                                                                                     o
              M
              n

-------
cr\
                                                 Table V-ll (Continued)




                                         MISCELLANEOUS WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                                                              Concentrations (rng/1, except as noted)

Pollutant (a)
Toxic Pollutants (Continued)
125. selenium




126. stiver


12V. thallium



128. zinc


Nonconventional Pollutants
acidity


alkalinity


Stream
Code

333
334
328


333
334
328
333
334
328

333
334
328

333
334
328
333
334
328
Sample
Type*

1
1
1


1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

Source Day 1 Day 2

<0.05(b) <0.01
<0.05(b) <0.01
<0.05(b) <0.01


<0.01 <0.01
<0.01 <0.01
<0.01 <0.01
<0.01 <0.01
<0.01 <0.01
<0.01 <0.01

0.06 1.46
0.06 48.5
0.06 45.9

<1 <1
<1 184
<1 139
73 3
73 <1
73 <1

Day 3 Average

<0.01
<0.01
<0.01


<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01

1.46
48.5
45.9


-------
                                                 Table V-ll (Continued)



                                         MISCELLANEOUS WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
tn
          Pollutant (a)



          Nonconventional Pollutants (Continued)
          a lumi num
          ammonia nitrogen
          barium
          boron
          calcium
          chemical oxygen demand (COD)
                                                              Concentrations (mg/1, except aa noted)
Stream
Code
d)
333
334
328
333
334
328
333
334
328
333
334
328
333
334
328
333
334
328
Sample
Type*
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Source
<0.10
<0.10
<0.10

-------
                                                 Table V-ll (Continued)

                                         MISCELLANEOUS WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
U)
00
          Pollutant (a)

          Nonconventional Pollutants (Continued)
          chloride
          cobalt
          fluoride
          iron
          magnesium
          r .nganese
                                                              Concentrations (mg/1, except aa noted)
Stream
Code
d)
333
334
328
333
334
328
333
334
328
333
334
328
333
334
328
333
334
328
Sample
Type*
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Source
5
5
5
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.30
0.30
0.30
5.50
5.50
5.50
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05

Day 1 Day 2

2
27
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.450
3 .95
1.10
0.20
9.70
8.50
<0.05
2.0
0.70

Day 3 Average

2
27
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.450
3.95
1.10
0.20
9.70
8.50
<0.05
2.0
0.70
N
H
n
w
s
n
w
a
8
                                                                                                                     en
                                                                                                                     w
                                                                                                                     o

-------
                                       Table  V-ll  (Continued)

                               MISCELLANEOUS  WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                                                    Concentrations  (rng/1,  except  as noted)
Pollutant (a)
Stream
 Code
Nonconventlonal Pollutants (Continued)
molybdenum
phenol 1 i'
phosphate
sodium
sulfate
tlr,
Sample
 Type*
Source
Day 1
333
334
328
333
334
328
333
334
328
333
334
328
333
334
328
333
334
328
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.005
<0.005
<0.005
0.26
0.26
0.26
4.10
4.10
4.10
36
36
36
0.50
0.50
0.50
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.005
0.01
0.01
<0.01
<0.01
3.05
0.20
1.20
7.2
3
229
188
<0.05
<0.05
0.15
Day 2
Day 3    Average
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05

<0 .005
0.01
0.01


<0.01
<0.01
L>l
H
25
n
in
c!
W
n
H)
M
Q
o
»

                                                                                               3.05
                                         0.20
                                         1.20
                                         7.2
                                         3
                                       229
                                       188

                                        <0.05
                                        <0.05
                                         0.15
                                          in
                                          W
                                          n

-------
        Table V-ll (Continued)




MISCELLANEOUS WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                     Concentrations (mg/1,  except as noted)
Stream
Pollutant (a) Code
Nonconventlonal Pollutants (Continued)
titanium 333
334
328

total dissolved solids (TDS) 333
K 334
£ 328
total organic carbon (TOC) 333
334
328
total solids (TS) 333
334
328

vanadium 333
334
328
yttrium 333
334
328
Sample
Type*

1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

Source

<0.05
<0.05
<0.05

189
189
189
3
3
3
200
200
200

<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05

Day 1 Day 2

<0.05
<0.05
<0.05

33
328
394
4
5
11
33
431
436

<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05

Day 3 Average

<0.05
<0.05
<0.05

33
328
394
4
5
11
33
431
436

<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
*
H
*
H
2
O
w
§
o
HI
M
Q
O
s


w
o
1-3
1
<







-------
                                        Table V-ll Continued)




                               MISCELLANEOUS WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                                                    Concentrations (mg/1,  except as noted)

Pollutant (a)
Conventional Pollutants
o f 1 and grease




tot il suspended solids (TSS)



pi! (standard units)







Stream
Code

333
334
328


333
334
328

333
334
328





Sample
Type*

1
1
1


1
1
1

1
1
1






Source Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Average

35 5
3 <1 <1
3 <1 <1


1 <1 <1
18 8
14 4

6 7.5
6 3-4
6 4





*
50
H
Kj
N
H
0

M
C
dd
0
1-3
W
8
£3


en
w
o
1
<
 * - <_ 0.010 mg/1




** - _< 0.005 mg/1




(a)  All toxic pollutant fractions were analyzed




(b)  Detection limit raised due to Interference

-------
                                                      Table V-12


                                        MISCELLANEOUS WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
Ln
Ji.
ro
         Pollutant (a)
         Toxic Pollutants
           1.  acenaphthene
          1 .   1,1,1-trlchloroethane
          18.  bls(2-chloroethyl)ether
          22.  p-chloro-m-cresol
          23.  chloroform
            .   ethylbenzene
                                                             Concentrations (mg/1, except as noted)
Stream
Code

324
329
330

324
329

330


324
329
330
324
329
330
324
329
330
324
329
330
324
329
330
Sample
Type*

1
1
1

1
1

1


1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Source





*
*

*





0.040
0.040
0.040
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.049
0.049
0.049




Day 1


ND
* '


*

*



ND
*

ND
ND

*
*

ND
ND

*
*

Day 2 Day 3 Average

ND

*

* *
*

*


ND

*
ND


* *
*
*
ND


* *
*
*
*
H
3
N
H
2!
n

c;
w
n
>
1-3
M
Q
0
»


M
n

i
<









-------
                                               Table  V-12  (Continued)


                                       MISCELLANEOUS  WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
*>.
U)
Pollutant (a)


Toxic Pollutants (Continued)


 '»7.  broraoform (trlbromomethane)




 .1.  chlorodlbromomethane





 66.  bls(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate





 68.  dl-n-butyl phthalate





 70.  dlethyl phthalate




 73.  benzo(a)pyrene




 76.  chrysene
                                                            Concentrations (mg/1,  except as noted)

Stream
Code


324
329
330


324
329

330

324
329
330


324
329
330
324
329
330
324
329
330
324
329
330

Sample
Type*


1
1
1


1
1

1

1
1
1


1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1


Source


*
*
*







0.040
0.040
0.040


*
*
*
ND
ND
ND








Day 1 Day 2


*
ND
*


*
ND

ND

ND
*
*


*
0.014
*
ND
ND
*
*
ND
ND
*
*
*


Day 3 Average


*

*


*





*
*


*
0.014
*


*
*


*
*
*
IT)
\J
H
K
N
H
•z
0
en
C
tfl
o
H

a
o
K!


en
M
0

1






,

V

-------
                                       Table V-12 (Continued)




                               MISCELLANEOUS WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
Pollutant (a)




Toxic Pollutants (Continued)




 84.  pyrene









 85.  tetrachloroethylene









 87.  trichloroethylene









101.  heptachlor epoxlde









102.  alpha-BHC









103.  beta-BHC









104.  gamma-BHC
                                                    Concentrations (mg/1,  except as noted)
Stream
Code
324
329
330

324
329
330

324
329
330

324
329
330
324
329
330
324
329
330
324
329
330
Sample
Type*
1
1
1

1
1
1

1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Source




ND
ND
ND

*
*
*

*
*
*
ND
ND
ND
*
*
*




Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Average
* *
* *
* *

ND
ND
ND

* *
ND
* *

ND
ND
ND
ND
* *
ND
ND
* *
ND
ND
* *
ND
*
H
N
H
O
w
c:
w
o
5
M
O
£*


w
M
0
""3
1
<









-------
                                                Table V-12  (Continued)


                                        MISCELLANEOUS WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
Ln
*>.
Ln
Pollutant (a)


Toxic Pollutants (Continued)


105.  delta-BHC





114.  antimony





115.  arsenic





117.  beryllium





118.  cadmlura





Ii9.  chromium (total)





120.  copper
                                                             Concentrations (rag/1,  except as noted)
Stream
Code
324
329
330
324
329
330
324
329
330
324
329
330

324
329
330
324
329
330
324
329
330
Sample
Type*
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Source



<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.005
<0.005
<0.005

<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
Day 1

*
ND
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.005
<0.005


<0.02
<0.02

<0.02
<0.02

<0.05
<0.05
Day 2 Day 3 Average
ND
*

<0.01 <0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01 <0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.005 <0.005
<0.005
<0.005

<0.02 <0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02 <0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.05 <0.05
<0.05
<0.05
H
H
O
to
§
o
i-3
M
Q
O
K

M
M
O
(-3
I
<









-------
                                       Table V-12 (Continued)




                               MISCELLANEOUS WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                                                    Concentrations  (mg/1,  except  as  noted)
Pol'utant (a)




Toxic Pollutants (Continued)




121.   cyanide (total)
122.  lead
123.  mercury
124.  nickel
125.  selenium
126.  silver
127.  thallium
Stream
Code


32A
329
330

32A
329
330
32A
329
330


32A
329
330
32A
329
330
32A
329
330
32A
329
330
Sample
Type*


1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1


1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Source


<0
<0
<0

<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0


<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0


-------
                                       MISCELLANEOUS WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
LT!
J^
-J
Pollutant (a)



Toxic Pollutants (Continued)



128.  zinc








Nonco.ivent lonal Pollutants



acidity








alkalinity








alumlnum








ammonia nitrogen








barium








boron
                                                            Concentrations (tng/1, except  as  noted)
Stream
Code
324
329
330
324
329
330
324
329
330
324
329
330
324
329
330
324
329
330
324
329
330
Sample
Type*
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i

Source
0.06
0.06
0.06
<1
<1
<1
73
73
73
<0.10
<0.10
<0.10
<1
<1
<1
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.10
<0.10
<0.10

Day 1 Day 2
0.08
1.84
0.380
<1
<1
<1
74
73
74
<0.10
<0.10
<0.10
<1
<1
<1
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.10
<0.10
<0.10

Day 3 Average
0.08
1.84
0.380
<1
<1
<1
74
73
74
<0.10
<0.10
<0.10
<1
<1
<1
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.10
<0.10
<0.10
                                                                                                                      o

                                                                                                                      w
                                                                                                                      c
                                                                                                                      M
                                                                                                                      o
a
o
                                                                                                                      VI
                                                                                                                      M
                                                                                                                      n
                                                                                                                       I

                                                                                                                      <

-------
        Table V-12 (Continued)




MISCELLANEOUS WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                     Concentrations (mg/1,  except  as  noted)
Stream
Pollutant (a) Code
Nonconventlonal Pollutants (Continued)
calcium • 324
329
330


chemical oxygen demand (COD) 324
M 329
E 330
oo
chloride 324
329
330


cob;:lt 324
329
330

fluoride 324
329
330
Iron 324
329
330
magnesium 324
329
330
Sample
Type*

1
1
1


1
1
1

1
1
1


1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Source

37.2
37.2
37.2


<1
<1
<1

5
5
5


<0.05
<0.05
<0.05

0.1
0.1
0.1
0.30
0.30
0.30
5.50
5.50
5.50

Day 1 Day 2

37.3
36.2
37.8


2
7
6

4
4
4


<0.05
<0.05
<0.05

0.1
0.1
0.1
<0.05
0.35
<0.05
5.50
5.80
5.60

Day 3 Average

37.3
36.2
37.8


2
7
6

4
4
4


<0.05
<0.05
<0.05

0.1
0.1
0.1
<0.05
0.35
<0.05
5.50
5.80
5.60
%
H
K
H
O
tn
c
w
0
>
%
w

S


OT
W
O
1-3
1
<








\

-------
        Table V-12 (Continued)




MISCELLANEOUS WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                     Concentrations (mg/1,  except as noted)

Pollutant (a)
Nonconventlonal

inangaiu =s>



molybde"iit!i


phenollcs



pho; >hate


socilun;


sulfate


tin


Stream
Code
Pollutants (Continued)

324
329
330

324
329
330
324
329
330

324
329
330
324
329
330
324
329
330
324
329
330
Sample
Type*


1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Source


<0.05
<0.05
<0.05

<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.005
<0.005
<0.005

0.26
0.26
0.26
4.10
4.10
4.10
36
36
36
0.50
0.50
0.50

Day 1 Day 2


<0.05
0.05
<0.05

<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
0.022
<0.005
0.010

0.18
0.24
0.12
3.70
3.9
3.90
37
43
40
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05

Day 3 Average


<0.05
0.05
<0.05 ,

<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
0.022
<0.005
0.010

0.18
0.24
0.12
3.70
3.9
3.90
37
43
40
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
3
H
1
IN]
M
2
*-\
0
W
G
O
HI
M
§
K


W
W
o
1-3
1










-------
        Table V-12 (Continued)




MISCELLANEOUS WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                     Concentrations (ing/1, except as noted)

Pollutant (a)

Stream
Code

Sample
Type*


Source


Day 1 Day 2


Day 3 Average

Nonconventional Pollutants (Continued)

t Itanium



total dissolved solids (TDS)



total organic carbon (TOC)




total solids (TS)


vanadium


yttrium



324
329
330

324
329
330

324
329
330


324
329
330
324
329
330
324
329
330

1
1
1

1
1
1

1
1
1


1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

<0.05
<0.05
<0.05

189
189
189

3
3
3


200
200
200
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05

<0.05
<0.05
<0.05

194
182
191
:
5
16
5


169
199
187
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05

<0.05
<0.05
<0.05

194
182
191

5
16
5


169
199
187
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
3
H
s
/*J
N
H
25
O
M
§
O
^
w
o
o
K


M
W
0

1







-------
                                      Table V-12  (Continued)




                               MISCELLANEOUS WASTEWATER  SAMPLING DATA
                                                   Concentrations (mg/1, except  as noted)
Pollutant (a)
Conventional Pollutants


oil and grease



total suspended solids (TSS)



pH (standard units)




Stream
Code



324
329
330

324
329
330

324
329
330


Sample
Type*



1
1
1

1
1
1

1
1
1


hj
to
i i
Source Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Average 3



3 <1
3 <2
3 7

1 <1
1 <1
1 <1

6 7.5
6 8.3
6 8.0


§
IS!
H
<1 25
<2 n
7C/3
r-t
§
n
<1 M
<1 °
V1 O
to
K

w
w
n
 * - _< 0.010 mg/1




** - _< 0.005 mg/1




(a) All toxic pollutant fractions were  analyzed,




(b) Detection limit raised due to Interference.

-------
                                               Table V-13


                       PRIMARY ZINC SAMPLING DATA TREATMENT PLANT SAMPLES PLANT A
                                                    Concentrations (mg/1, except as noted)
Pollutant:


Toxic Pollutants


 23. chloroform

 66. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

106. PCB-1242     (a)
107. PCB-1254     (a)
108. PCB-1221     (a)
Ln
Ln
NJ





109.
110.
111.
112.
118.
120.
122.
123.
128.
PCB-1232
PCB-1248
PCB-1260
PCB-1016
cadmium
copper
lead
mercury
zinc
(b)
(b)
(b)
(b)





Nonconvent ionaIs
ammonia

chemical oxygen demand (COD)

phenols (total; by 4-AAP method)

total organic carbon (TOC)
Stream
Code
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
Sample
Type
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
Source Day 1
* ND
* *
** **
** **
0.02 <0.002
0.007 0.03
0.05 0.1
<0.0001 0.0032
0.9 0.8
0.8
23.0
1.0
0.004
Day 2
*
0.176
**
**
0.003
<0.006
<0.02
0.003
0.9
19.0
22.0
5.0
<0.001
Day 3
0.029
*
0.018
0.0084
0.2
0.02
<0.02
0.0028
10.0
12.0
28.0
3.0
<0.001
Average
0.015
0.0587
0.006
0.0028
0.07
0.017
0.03
0.003
3.9
10.60
24.3
3.0
0.0013
N
H
55
O
O
I
                                                                                                                 M
                                                                                                                 O
                                                                                                                 1-3

                                                                                                                  I

                                                                                                                 <

-------
Pollutant
Con vent I ona Is
                  Table V-13 (Continued)
PRIMARY ZINC SAMPLING DATA TREATMENT PLANT SAMPLES PLANT A

             	Concentrations (rog/1, except as noted)	
             Stream   Sample
              Code     Type    Source    Day 1     Day 2     Day 3    Average
oil and grease
total suspended solids (TSS)
pll (standard units)
               37
               37
               37
2
2
2
4.0
 4.0
37.0
11.3
 6.0
33.0
10.6
 2.0
82.0
11.0
 4.0
50.7
                                                                                                                  H
                                                         25
                                                         O
                                                         cn
                                                         c
                                                         Cd
                                                         o
                                                                                                                  M
                                                                                                                  CD
                                                                                                                  I
                                                                                                                  cn
                                                                                                                  M
                                                                                                                  o
                                                                                                                  i
                                                                                                                  <
(a),(b)  Reported together.
**l,ess than 0.005 mg/1.

-------
                                               Table V-14



                       PRIMARY ZINC SAMPLING DATA TREATMENT PLANT SAMPLES PLANT B




                                                    Concentrations (mR/1, except as noted)
Pol jtant



Toxi.  Pollutants



 2 3. ~h loro form




 44. methylene chloride




 49. trichlorofluoromethane




 66. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate




114. antimony




115. arsenic




117. beryllium





118. cadmium




119. chromium
Stream
Code
210
211
210
211
210
211
210
211
210
211
210
211
210
211
210
211
210
211
Sample
Type Source
5 *
5
5 *
5
5 *
5
5 *
5
5 <0.8
5
5 <0.01
5
5 <0.01
5
5 <0.005
5
5 <0.01
5
Day 1 Day 2
0.055
ND
2.61
*
0.101
ND
0.107
*
<0.8
<1 .52
<0.01
0.836
<0.01
<0.02
0.022
8.08
0.14
2.186
Day 3 Average
0.055
2.61
*
0.101
0.107
*
<0.8
<1 .52
<0.01
0.836
<0.01
<0.02
0.022
8.08
0.14
2.186
N
o

w

§
o
w
o
8
M
w
o

-------
Ln
                                               Table V-14 (Continued)



                             PRIMARY ZINC SAMPLING DATA TREATMENT PLANT SAMPLES PLANT B






                                                          Concentrations (mg/ltexcept as noted)
Pollutant
Stream
Code
Sample
Type
Source
Day 1 Day 2
Day 3 Average
Toxic Pollutants

1

1

1

1



1


1

1


20.

22,

23.

24.



25.


26.

28.


copper

lead

mercury

lickel



selenium


s i 1 ver

zinc


210
211
210
211
210
211
210
211


210
211

210
211
210
211

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5


5
5

5
5
5
5

0

<0

<0

<0



<0


<0

0


.019

.05

.002

.005



.001


.0063

.38


0
6
<0
8
<0
0

-------
                                                      Table V-15
                             PRIMARY ZINC SAMPLING DATA TREATMENT PLANT SAMPLES PLANT C
                                                          Concentrations (mg/1, except as noted)
en
i_n
(Ti
Pollutant
Toxic Pollutants
 10. 1 ,2-dichloroethane
 23. chloroform
 29. 1 ,1-dichloroethylene
 47. bromoform
 6  . bls(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
 6*:  di-n-butyl phthalate
 85, tetrachloroethylene
 87. trlchloroethylene
114. antimony
115. , rsenlc
118. c admium
119. Cftromlum
120. copper
121. cyanide
122. lead
124. nickel
125. selenium
128. zinc
Stream
Code
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
Sample
Type Source(a)
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Day 1
0.012
0.385
0.015
0.053
0.041
*
0.03
0.061
0.1
<0.03
0.129
0.291
0.009
0.007
0.16
<0.05
0.6
0.308
Day 2
0.072
0.087
ND
ND
0.018
*
ND
<0.031
<0.002
0.005
0.143
0.306
0.019
0.003
0.188
<0.05
0.05
5.0
Day 3
ND
0.054
ND
ND
0.022
0.013
*
<0.036
0.1
0.002
0.071
0.463
0.113
0.05
0.115
<0.05
0.15
0.834
Average
0.042
0.18
0.015
0.053
0.027
0.004
0.02
0.02
0.07
0.002
0.11
0.353
0.05
0.02
0.15
<0.05
0.3
2.0
                                                                                                                     H
                                                                                                                     3
N
H
25
o
en
C
w
o
5
w
O
O
                                                                                                                     cn
                                                                                                                     w
                                                                                                                     o
                                                                                                                     i-3

-------
                                         TableV-15 (Continued)
                       PRIMARY ZINC SAMPLING DATA TREATMENT PLANT SAMPLES PLANT C

                                                    Concentrations (mg/1, except as noted)
Pollut iiU
Nonconventionals
chemical oxygen demand  (COD)
phenols (total; by 4-AAP method)
total organic carbon (TOC)
Convent ionaIs
oil and grease
total suspended solids  (TSS)
pH (standard units)
Stream
Code

8
8
8
8
8
8

Sample
Type Source(a)

2
2
2
2
2
1

Day 1

18.0
0.008
9.0
11.0
9.0
8.2

Day 2

17.0
0.008
8.0
1.0
1.0
8.4

Day 3

15.0
0.011
8.0
18.0
9.0
8.6

Average
16.7
0.009
8.3
10.0
9.3


M
»
tXl
M
O
SUBCA
M
1
K

w
M
O
(-3
(a)  Source water was not analyzed.

-------
                                                     Table V-16
                             PRIMARY  ZINC SAMPLING DATA TREATMENT PLANT SAMPLES PLANT D
                                                          Concentrations (nig/1, except as noted)
en
t_n
CO
Pollutant
Toxic Pollutants
118. cadmium
119. chromium
120. copper
122. lead
123. mercury
125. selenium
128. zinc
Nonconventionals
ammonia
chemical oxygen demand  (COO)
phenols (total; by 4-AAP method)
total organic carbon  (TOG)
Convent tonals_
oil ind grease
total suspended solids  (TSS)
Stream
Code
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
Sample
Type Source(a) Day 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 <0.017
2
2
2
Day 2 Day 3
0.02
• 0.48
1.01
0.2
0.0006
0.25
0.65
0.4
4.0

3.0
3.0
1.0
Average
0.02
0.48
1.01
0.2
0.0006
0.25
0.65
0.4
4.
<0.017
3.0
3.0
1.0
                                                                                                                      N
                                                                                                                      H
                                                                                                                      2
                                                                                                                      n
c
w
n
5
w
I
                                                                                                                      w
                                                                                                                      n
                                                                                                                      (-3
                                                                                                                      I
                                                                                                                      <
     (a) So.irce water was  not  analyzed.

-------
                                                   Table V-17



                           PRIMARY ZINC SAMPLING DATA TREATMENT PLANT SAMPLES PLANT E
    Pollutant
    Toxic Pollutants



       '\. benzene
      9. hexachlorobenzene
LT,     10.  1 ..'-dxchloroethane
     23,  chloroform
     29.  1,1-dichloroethylene
     39.  fluoranthene
     44. methylene  chloride
     54.  isophorone
      66.  bis(2-ethylhexyl)  phthalate
                                                        Concentrations (mg/1, except as noted)
Stream
Code

5
6
5
6

5
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
Sample
Type Sourcet

2
2
3
3

2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
3
3
3
3
Day 1

<0.029
*
ND
0.047

*
0.019
0.378
0.329

0.011
0.015
ND
0.221
0.133
0.018
ND
ND
*
Day 2

*
0.02
ND
ND

ND
ND
0.098
0.0955
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.023
0.012
Day 3

<0.014
*
0.1
ND

0.073
0.046
0.077
0.088
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
*
0.013
Average
<0.018
0.007
0.1
0.047

0.037
0.033
0.18
0.17

0.011
0.015

0.221
0.133
0.018

0.01
0.008
PRIMARY
H
55
n
in
n
M
O

en
n
i
<








-------
Ln
CT\
o
                                               Table V-17 (Continued)


                             PRIMARY ZINC SAMPLING DATA TREATMENT PLANT SAMPLES PLANT E



                                                          Concentrations (rng/1, except as noted)
      Pollutant


      Toxic Pollutants


       67. butyl benzyl pbthalate
         . dl-n-butyl phthalate
.  diethyl phthalate
       71. dimethyl phthalate
       76. chrysene
       7 7. acenaph thylene
       80. fluorene
       84. pyrene
       87. trichloroethylene
Stream
Code




5
6

5
6
5
6
5
6

5
6

5
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
Sample
Type




3
3

3
3
3
3
3
3

3
3

3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2

Sourcet Day 1




0.03
ND

0.03
*
0.018
ND
0.022
ND

0.011
ND

0.018
*
0.014
*
0.014
*
<0.182
<0.049

Day 2




ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
*
ND

Day 3




ND
ND

ND
0.015
*
ND
ND
ND

*
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
0.015
ND
<0.074
ND

Average



0.03


0.03
0.0075
0.009

0.022


0.0055


0.018
*
0.014
*
0.015
*
<0.089
<0.049
3
H
3
S
K
IS]
H
0
en
c:
Q)
0
M
»
*

en
M
o
1-3
i
<








-------
tn
CTl
Pollutant

Toxic Pollutants

106. PCB-1242
107. PCB-1254
108. PCB-1221

109. PCB-1232
110. PCB-1248
111. PCB-1260
112. PCB-1016

113. toxaphene
      1 14. antimony


      115. arsenic


      117. beryllium


      118. cadmium


      119. chromium
(a)
(a)
(a)

(b)
(b)
(b)
(b)
                                               Table V-17 (Continued)

                             PRIMARY ZINC SAMPLING DATA TREATMENT PLANT SAMPLES PLANT E


                                                          Concentrations (mg/1, except as noted)
Stream
Code
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
Sample
Type Sourcet
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Day 1
**
<0.02
**
<0.015
**
<0.007
<0.002
0.004
0.003
<0.002
<0.002
<0.002
0.41
0.595
<0.024
<0.024
Day 2
ND
<0.02
ND
<0.015
ND
<0.007
<0.002
<0.002
<0.002
0.003
<0.002
<0.002
0.24
0.666
<0.024
<0.024
Day 3
ND
<0.02
ND
<0.015
ND
<0.007
<0.002
<0.002
0.003
0.002
<0.002
<0.003
0.391
0.638
<0.024
<0.024
Average
**
<0.02
**
<0.015
**
<0.007
<0.0023
0.001
0.002
0.002
<0.002
<0.002
0.35
0.633
<0.024
<0.024
                                                                                                                     M
                                                                                                                     N
                                                                                                                     M
                                                                                                                     55
                                                                                                                     O

                                                                                                                     M
O

1-3
M
O
O
                                                                                                               M
                                                                                                               M
                                                                                                               O

-------
                                              Table V-17  (r ntlnued)


                            PRIMARY ZINC SAMPLING DATA TREATMENT PLANT SAMPLES PLANT E




                                                          Concentrations (mg/1, except as noted)
     Pollutant


     Toxic Pollutants


     120. copper




     121. cyanide




     122. lead




£    123. mercury
K)


     124. nickel




     125. selenium




     1/8. zinc




     N onconven t ionals


     cheml  ~1 oxygen demand  (COD)




     phenols (total; by 4-AAP method)




     total organic carbon  (TOC)
Stream
Code
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
Sample
Type Sourcet
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2 0.010
2
2
2
Day 1
0.011
0.032
0.518
0.007
<0.06
<0.06
0.0011
0.0005
<0.05
<0.05
0.03
0.025
9.0
7.0
18.0
14.0
0.018
0.011
8.0
9.0
Day 2
0.023
0.013
0.13
0.008
0.1790
<0.06
0.0035
0.0004
<0.05
<0.05
0.0018
0.025
8.0
8.0
24.0
23.0
0.021
0.01
6.0
7.0
Day 3
0.076
0.009
0.477
0.009
0.599
<0.06
0.004
0.0005
<0.05
<0.05
0.25
0.03
9.0
8.0
19.0
14.0
0.036
0.005
8.0
9.0
Average
0.037
0.02
0.38
0.008
0.26
<0.06
0.0029
0.0005
<0.05
<0.05
0.094
0.027
8.7
7.7
20.3
17.0
0.025
0.009
7.3
8.3
fd
8

N
M
55
O

M

CO
O
M
Q
O
M
n

-------
                                          TableV-17 (Continued)




                       PRIMARY  ZINC  SAMPLING DATA TREATMENT PLANT SAMPLES PLANT E






                                                     Concentrations (rog/1, except as noted)
I'ol Int.ant
Ci >i-v/f>nt. i.onals
oil and gr'-ase
  )tal suspended solids  (TSS)
   (standard iini rsl
          '      ' '  •
Stream
Code
5
6

5
6

5
6



Sample
Type
2
2

2
2

1
1




Sourcet Day 1
6.0
3.0

12.0
<1 .0

7.35
7.4




Day 2
1.0
12.0

8.0
1.0

7.95
7.6




Day 3 Average
24.0 10.3
7.0 7.3

20.0 13.3
<1.0 0.33

7.4
7.65



50
H
H
O
CO
<=!
W
O
(-3
M
O
O
50
CO
M
O
(-3
tSource water  analyzed for asbestos and phenols only.  Asbestos was not  detected.

-------
                                              Table V-18




                            PRIMARY ZINC TREATMENT PLANT SAMPLES - PI.ANT G
 ' JL'lLl'llL (
-------
I-'
in
                                                  Table V-18  (Continued)


                                      PRIMARY ZINC TREATMENT  PLANT SAMPLES - PLANT G
                                                               Concentrations (rog/1, except  as noted)
Stream
nllutant (a) Code
•••(.: Pollutants (Continued)
'4. 2 ,4-dimethyl phenol 325
326
'•' , 2,6-dinitrotoluene 325
326
''• othylbonzene 325
326
327
' luoranthene 325
326
44 . px-thylene chloride 325
326
327
47. hromofonn (tribromomethane) 325
326
327
48. di chlorobromomethane 325
326
327
56. nitrobenzene 325
326
Sample
Type*

2
3
2
3
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
Source





0.049
0.049
0.049
ND
ND
ND
ND

*
*
*
ND
ND

ND

Day 1

ND
ND
ND
*
ND
ND

*
ND
0.018
0.021

ND
*

ND
*

ND
*
Day 2

ND
*
ND
ND
ND
ND

*
*
*
*

*
*

ND
ND

ND
ND
Day 3

ND
ND
ND
ND
0.055
0.043
0.049
ND
ND
0.012
0.013
0.016
*
*
*
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Average


*

*
0
0
0
*
*
0
0
0
*
*
*

*


*





.055
.043
.049


.01
.011
.016








                                                                                                                         K;

                                                                                                                         tsi
                                                                                                                         M
                                                                                                                         Z
                                                                                                                         o

                                                                                                                         in

                                                                                                                         Cfl
                                                                                                                         o
M
C5
O
                                                                                                                          in
                                                                                                                          M
                                                                                                                          o
                                                                                                                          H3

-------
            Table V-18 (Continued)


PRIMARY ZINC TREATMENT PLANT SAMPLES - PLANT G
                        Concentrations (mg/1, except as noted)
Pollutant (a)
Toxic Pollutants (Continued)
")/. 2-nitrophenol
i 2. N-nitrosodiphenylamine
6). phenol
66. bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate

68. di-n-butyl phthalate

69. di-n-octyl phthalate
70. diethyl phthalate

Stream
Code
325
326
325
326
325
326
325
326
327
325
326
327
325
326
325
326
327
Sample
Type*
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
3
2
Source
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.040
0.040
0.040
*
*
*

ND
ND
ND
Day 1
ND
ND
ND
0.014
*
ND
*
*

*
*

ND
*
*
ND

Day 2
ND
ND
*
*
ND
*
*
ND

*
*

ND
ND
*
ND

Day 3
ND
*
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
*
*
0.014
0.012
0.016
ND
ND
ND
*
*
Average
*
*
0
*
*
*
*
*
0
0
0
*
*
*
*
.007



.0046
.004
.016



                                                                                 N
                                                                                 H
                                                                                 55
                                                                                 n
                                                                                 n

                                                                                 5
                                                                                 M
                                                                                 W
                                                                                 M
                                                                                 n

-------
cr>
                                                 Table V-18  (Continued)


                                      PRIMARY  ZINC TREATMENT  PLANT SAMPLES - PLANT G
Pollutant (a)


Toxic Pollutants (Continued)


 76.  chrysene





 80.  fluorene



 81.  phenanthrene



 84.  pyrene





 85.  tetrachloroethylene




 86.  toluene



 87.  trichloroethylene
                                                              Concentrations  (mg/1.  except as noted)
Stream
Code
325
326
327
325
326
325
326
325
326
327
325
326
327
325
326
325
326
327
Sample
Type*
2
3
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Source
ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
*
*
*

Day 1
*
ND

ND
*
*
*
*
ND

ND
0.034

ND
0.019
*
*


Day 2
ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND
if
*


Day 3
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
*
*
ND
*
ND
ND
*

Average
*



if
*
*
*



0.017
*

0.009
*
*
*
                                                                                                                     J0
                                                                                                                     N
                                                                                                                     H
                                                                                                                     5S
                                                                                                                     O

                                                                                                                     cn
                                                                                                                     c
                                                                                                                     ca
                                                                                                                     o
                                                                                                                     M
                                                                                                                     cn
                                                                                                                     M

-------
                                                 Table V-18  (Continued)

                                     PRIMARY ZINC TREATMENT  PLANT  SAMPLES  -  PLANT G
Ul
&.
00
Pollutant (a)

Toxic Pollutants (Continued)

101.  heptachlor epoxide

102.  alpha-BIIC




HO.  beta-BMC




HVi.  gamma-RHC




1t>5.  delta-BHC




114.  antimony




115.  arsenic
                                                              Concentrations  (mg/1,  except as noted)
Stream
Code


327

325
326
327


325
326
327
325
326
327
325
326
327
325
326
327
325
326
327
Sample
Type*


2

2
3
2


2
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2

Source


*

ND
ND
ND


*
*
*
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01

Day 1




ND
**



ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND

0.01
<0.01

0.02
<0.01


Day 2




**
**



**
**

**
ND

**
ND

<0.01
<0.01

0.02
<0.1


Day 3


*

**
**
**


ND
ND
**
ND
ND
**
**
**
ND
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.02(b)
<0.01
<0.01

Average


*

**
**
**


**
**
**
**

**
**
**

0.003
<0.01
<0.01
0.013
<0.04
<0.01
pa

*
N
H
2J
n
to
§
n
t-3
M

o
pa


M
n
t-3
I
**








-------
                                                Table V-t8 (Continued)


                                     PRIMARY  ZINC TREATMENT PIANT SAMPLES - PLANT G
                                                              Concentrations (wig/1, except as noted)
tn
en
VD
         Pollutant  (a)


         T'qxic PoLIutants  (Continued)


         H7,  beryllium
12,'
               cadiiijum
         119.   chromium (total)
          20,   copper
         I'M.  cyanide  (total)
                lead
          23.  mercury
Stream
Code
325
326
327
325
326
327
325
326
327
325
326
327
325
326
327
325
326
327
325
326
327
Sample
Type*
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
1
1
1
2
3
2
2
3
2
Source
<0.005
<0.005
<0.005
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Day 1
<0.005
<0.005
9.12
0.08
0.06
<0.02

5.4
<0.05

0.03
<0.02

0.4
<0.05

0.064
<0.001

Day 2
<0.005
<0.005
10.0
0.08
0.06
0.02

5.95
<0.05

0.02
<0.02

0.45
<0.05

0.068
<0.001

Day 3
<0.005
<0.005
<0.005
9.38
0.08
0.08
0.06
<0.02
<0.02
5.55
<0.05
<0.05
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
0.55
<0.05
<0.05
0.082
<0.001
<0.001
Average
<0.005
<0.005
<0.005
9.5
0.08
0.08
0.06
0.006
<0.02
5.6
<0.05
<0.05
0.02
<0.02
<0.02
0.5
<0.05
<0.05
0.071
<0.001
<0.001
hd
H
3
H
O
c
w
o
Hi
w
Q
O
K


C/l
w
o

<










-------
h-'
Ln
                                                  Table V-18 (Continued)


                                      PRIMARY  ZINC TREATMENT PLANT SAMPLES - PLANT G
                                                               Concentrations (mg/1,  except as noted)


Po1



lutant (a)


Stream
Code


Sample
Type*



Source



Day 1





Day 2




Day 3





na
H
rs
Average >


Toxic Pollutants (Continued)
K'4



121)



126



127


128


nickel



selenium



silver



thallium


zinc


325
326
327

325
326
327

325
326
327

325
326
327
325
326
327
2
3
2

2
3
2

2
3
2

2
3
2
2
3
2
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05

<0.05(b)
<0.05(b)
<0.05(b)

<0.01
<0.01
<0.01

<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.06 1,
0.06
0.06
0.05
<0.05


<0.05(b)
<0.01


<0.01
<0.01


<0.01
<0.01

680 1
0.460

<0
<0


<0
<0


<0
<0


<0
<0

,810
0

.05
.05


.05(b)
.01


.01
.01


.01
.01

1
.880

<0.05
<0.05
<0.05

<0.05(b)
<0.01
<0.01

<0.01
<0.01
<0.01

<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
,760 1
0.960
0.980
0
<0
<0

<0
<0
<0

<0
<0
<0

<0
<0
<0
,750
0
0
.02
.05
.05

.05
.01
.01

.01
.01
.01

.01
.01
.01

.766
.980
K
N
H
55
0
cn
W
0
HI
M
0
O
K


cn
M
0
1-3
i
<



Nonconventional Pollutants
acidity




325
326
327
2
3
2
<1 7,
<1
<1
270 6
<1

,980
2

7


,190 7
<1
5
,146
0
5

.7





-------
            Table V-18 (Continued)




PRIMARY ZINC TREATMENT PLANT SAMPLES -  PLANT G
                         Concentrations (mg/1,  except as noted)
Stream
Pollutant (a) Code
Nonconventional Pollutants (Continued)
alkalinity 325
326
327

' liimlniB:. 325
326
327

ammonia ni trogen 325
326
327

barium 325
326
327

boron 325
326
327
calcium 325
326
327
chemical oxygen demand (COD) 325
326
327
Sample
Type*

2
3
2

2
3
2

2
3
2

2
3
2

2
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2

Source

73
73
73

<0.10
<0.10
<0.10

<1
<1
<1

<0.05
<0.05
<0.05

<0.10
<0.10
<0.10
37.2
37.2
37.2

-------
                                                 Table V-18 (Continued)


                                     PRIMARY ZINC TREATMENT PLANT SAMPLES - PLANT G
LH
Pollutant (a)


Nonconventional Pollutants (Continued)


chloride





cobalt





fluoride





iron





magnes ium





manganese
                                                              Concentrations (mg/1,  except as noted)
Stream
Code
id)
325
326
327
325
326
327
325
326
327
325
326
327
325
326
327
325
326
327
Sample
Type*
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
Source
5
5
5
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.30
0.30
0.30
5.50
5.50
5.50
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
Day 1
214
104
0.05
<0.05
15
6.3
41.8
<0.05
763.0
476.0
128.0
2.95
Day 2
112
103
0.10
<0.05
19
11
46.3
<0.05
809.0
464.0
129.0
3.70
Day 3
119
105
96
0.05
<0.05
<0.05
19
11
11
43.8
<0.05
<0.05
819.0
517.0
487.0
136.0
4.65
7.5
Average
148
104
96
0.06
<0.05
<0.05
17
9.4
11
43.9
<0.05
<0.05
797
485
487.0
131
3.7
7.5
                                                                                                                     H
                                                                                                                     2
                                                                                                                     n
                                                                                                                     c;
                                                                                                                     M
                                                                                                                     n
                                                                                                                     n


                                                                                                                     i

                                                                                                                     <

-------
                                       Table V-18 (Continued)



                           PRIMARY  ZINC TREATMENT P1ANT SAMPLES - PIANT G
                                                     Concentrations (ing/1, except  as  noted)
Pollutant t-0



Nonconyent.i or s; j! Pollutants  (Con11 nued)



molyhclenum
phenolics
phosphate
soc, urn
sulfate
tin
Stream
Code
id)
325
326
327
325
326
327
325
326
327
325
326
327
325
326
327
325
326
327
Sample
Type*
2
3
2
1
1
1
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
Source
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.005
<0.005
<0.005
0.26
0.26
0.26
4.10
4.10
4.10
36 11
36 3
36
0.50
0.50
0.50
Day 1
<0.05
<0.05
<0.005
<0.005
<0.01
<0.01
147.0
143.0
,300 11
,990 3
<0.5
<0.5
Day 2
<0.05
<0.05
<0.005
<0.005
<0.01
<0.01
146.0
131.0
,000
,470
<0.5
<0.5
Day 3
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.005
0.006
<0.005
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
158.0
144.0
147.0
5,670
3,510
3,420
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
Average
<0.05
<0.05 ,
<0.05
<0.005
0.002
<0.005
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
150
139
147.0
9,320
3,660
3,420
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
                                                                                                             tsi
                                                                                                             M
                                                                                                             z
                                                                                                             n

                                                                                                             W
                                                                                                             a
                                                                                                             w
                                                                                                             n
                                                                                                             M
                                                                                                             Q
                                                                                                             o
                                                                                                             to
                                                                                                             M
                                                                                                             n

-------
Ln
                                                  Table V-18 (Continued)




                                      PRIMARY ZINC TREATMENT PIANT SAMPLES - PLANT G
           Pollutant (a)




           Nonconventional Pollutants (Continued)
           t itanium
           total dissolved solids (TDS)
           total organic carbon (TOC)
           total solids (TS)
           vanadium
           yttrium
                                                               Concentrations (mg/1, except as noted)
Stream
Code
>d)
/

325
326
327

325
326
327
325
326
327

325
326
327
325
326
327
325
326
327
Sample
Type*



2
3
2

2
3
2
2
3
2

2
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2

Source



<0.05
<0.05
<0.05

189 16
189 6
189
3
3
3

200 7
200 6
. 200
<0.05
. <0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05

Day 1



0.6.
<0.05


,500
,120

6
9


,010
,250

<0.05
<0.05

<0.05
<0.05


Day 2



0.65
<0.05


16,400
6,130

5
3


17,500
6,210

<0.05
<0.05

<0.05
<0.05


Day 3



0.60
<0.05
<0.05

17,200
6,370
6,170
4
3
1

16,800
6,420
6,100
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05

Average



0.6
<0.05
<0.05

16,700
6,210
6,170
5
5
1

13,770
6,300
6,100
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
H
3
K
N
H
2!
O
C
w
£
bd
Q
0
*

W
bd
n
1-3
i
<







-------
LM

^J

Ul
                                                  Table V-18 (Continued)



                                      PRIMARY  ZINC TREATMENT PI ANT SAMPLES - PLANT G
           Pollutant (a)
           Conventional Pollutants
           o'I  and grease
               )l -u.spended  solids  (TSS)
           pll (::t-.andard units)
                                                                Concentrations (ing/1, except as noted)
Stream
Code
325
326
327
325
326
327
325
326
327
Sample
Type*
1
1
1
2
3
2
2
3
2

Source
3
3
3
1
1
1
6
6
6

Day 1
6
<2

27
14

2.2
9.9


Day 2

<1

33
16

1.5
9.3


Day 3

<1
<1
32
14
16
1.5
8.8
8.4

Average
2
1.3
<1
30
14
16



tsi
H

n
C
w
n

5
                                                                                                                       M
                                                                                                                       O
            * - < 0.010 mg/1



           ** - <. 0.005 mg/1



           (a. All  toxic  pollutant fractions were analyzed



                Detection limit raised due to interference

-------
PRIMARY ZINC  SUBCATEGORY     SECT -  V
                                             VOA Blank
Contact
Cooling From
Rolling Mill


Oil Skimmers
(Four)
Waelz Kiln
Residue
Quenching


Kiln
Quench Pit
                                         0.48 MOD ^^V  | 037

                                                    Discharge
                                              Discharge
                                              24 MGD
                                                  Discharge
                                                  	»•
                                         036
                      Figure V-l

     SAMPLING  SITES AT  PRIMARY ZINC  PLANT  A
                      1576

-------
       PRIMARY ZINC  SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
Tap
Water
           —s-
   Lab anc!
  Pilot Plan:
  Acrivines
:    Acic
:Scruooer «s:
                                                       0.766 MGD
                           Figure V-2

           SAMPLING SIT:£S AT  PRIMARY ZI^'C  PLANT  B


                            1577

-------
PRIMARY ZINC  SUBCATEGORY
SECT  -  V
                    Underflow to
                    Vacuum Filter
                  Then to Landfill
                                      Discharge
                     Figure V-3

     SAMPLING  SITES AT PRIMARY ZINC PLANT C

-------
PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY     SECT - V
                                         Discharge
                                          *•
                    Figure V-4

     SAMPLING  SITES AT PRIMARY  ZINC PLANT D
                     1579

-------
PRIMARY ZINC  SUBCATEGORY
                     SECT - V
Return to Scrubber
      •*
                                       Discharge
                                       Discharge
Well
Water •
           Figure V-5


     SITE;' A:  PRIMARY ZINC  PLANT  E
           1580

-------
PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY     SECT - V
                             Chemical
                            Precipitation
                               and
                                         Discharge
SAMPLING
                     F .-.-are  V-6

                    : AT PRIMARY ZINC PLANT F
                    1581

-------
PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
                 Figure V-7



 SAMPLING SITES AT PRIMA.T?V  "INC PLANT G
                  1582

-------
                PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI



                           SECTION VI

                SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
This section examines chemical analysis data presented in section
V  from  primary  zinc  plants and  discusses  the  selection  or
exclusion of pollutants for potential limitation.  The basis  for
the  regulation  of toxic and other pollutants  is  discussed  in
Section  VI of Vol. 1. Additionally, each pollutant selected  for
potential limitation is discussed there. That discussion provides
information  about where the pollutant originates (i.e.,  whether
it  is  a naturally occurring substance, processed  metal,  or  a
manufactured compound); general physical properties and the  form
of  the pollutant; toxic effects of the pollutant in  humans  and
other  animals;  and  behavior of the pollutant in  POTW  at  the
concentrations expected in industrial discharges.

The  discussion  that  follows describes the  analysis  that  was
performed  to select or exclude pollutants for consideration  for
limitations   and  standards.   Pollutants  are  considered   for
limitations  and standards if they are present in  concentrations
treatable  by the technologies considered in this analysis.   The
treatable concentrations used for the toxic metals were the long-
term   performance  values  achievable  by  lime   precipitation,
sedimentation, and filtration.  The treatable concentrations used
for  the  toxic organics were the  long-term  performance  values
achievable by carbon adsorption.

As  discussed in Section V, EPA collected  additional  wastewater
sampling   data   after  proposal  in  an  attempt   to   further
characterize  the primary zinc subcategory.  As a result  of  the
new   data,  the  Agency  revised  its  pollutant  frequency   of
occurrence  analysis.  However, the same pollutants selected  for
further  consideration  for  limitation  at  proposal  have  been
selected for consideration at promulgation as discussed below.

After  proposal,  the  Agency  also  re-evaluated  the  treatment
performance  of  activated  carbon adsorption  to  control  toxic
organic  pollutants.    The  treatment performance  for  the  acid
extractable,  base-neutral  extractable,  and  volatile   organic
pollutants  has been set equal to the  analytical  quantification
limit  of  0.010 mg/1.  The analytical quantification  limit  for
pesticides  and  total phenols (by 4-AAP method)  is  0.005  mg/1,
which  is  below  the 0.010 mg/1 accepted  for  the  other  toxic
organics.   However,  to be consistent, the treatment  performance
of  0.010  mg/1 is used for pesticides and  total  phenols.   The
0.010 mg/1 concentration is achievable,  assuming  enough carbon is
used  in the column and a suitable contact time is allowed.   The
frequency  of occurrence for 36 of the toxic pollutants has  been
redetermined  based on the revised treatment  performance  value.
However,   the  revised  frequency  counts  did  not  change   the
pollutants selected for consideration for limitation at proposal.


                               1583

-------
                PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI
CONVENTIONAL AND NONCQNVENTIONAL POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

This  study considered samples from the primary zinc  subcategory
for  three  conventional pollutant parameters  (oil  and  grease,
total  suspended  solids,  and  pH)  and  three   nonconventional
pollutant  parameters  (chemical  oxygen  demand,  total  organic
carbon, and total phenols).

CONVENTIONAL AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT PARAMETERS SELECTED

The following conventional pollutant parameters were selected for
limitation in this subcategory:

     Total suspended solids (TSS)
     pH

TSS  concentrations  ranged  from  9  to  1,600  mg/1.    Current
treatment  technology  can reduce the TSS  concentration  to  2.6
mg/1.  Treatable  concentrations  of TSS were found  in  all  ten
samples  analyzed.   Also, most of the specific methods  used  to
remove  toxic  metal  do so by chemical  precipitation,  and  the
resulting  toxic  metal-containing  precipitants  should  not  be
discharged.  Therefore, total suspended solids are  selected  for
limitation in this subcategory.

A  pH range of 0.7 to 2.7 was observed in the ten raw  wastewater
samples.   Many  deleterious  effects  are caused  by  acidic  pH
values,  or  by rapid change in pH.   Effective removal of  toxic
metals by chemical precipitation requires careful control of  pH.
Therefore, pH is selected for limitation in this subcategory.

TOXIC POLLUTANTS

The  frequency  of occurrence of the toxic pollutants in the  raw
wastewater samples taken is presented in Table VI-1 (page  1590).
These  data provide the basis for the categorization of  specific
pollutants,  as discussed below.  Table VI-1 'is based on the  raw
wastewater  data from streams 4, 322, 323, and 332  (see  Section
V).   These streams include the data the Agency collected  at  an
electrolytic zinc plant after proposal.  Treatment plant sampling
data were not used in the frequency count.

TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

The  toxic pollutants listed in Table VI-2 (page 1594)  were  not
detected  in  any  wastewater  samples  from  this   subcategory;
therefore,   they   are  not  selected   for   consideration   in
establishing limitations:

TOXIC    POLLUTANTS   NEVER   FOUND   ABOVE   THEIR    ANALYTICAL
QUANTIFICATION LIMIT

The toxic pollutants listed in Table VI-3 (page 1596)  were  never
found above their analytical quantification concentration in  any


                               1584

-------
                PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI
wastewater samples from this subcategory; therefore, they are not
selected for consideration in establishing limitations.

TOXIC  POLLUTANTS  PRESENT  BELOW  CONCENTRATIONS  ACHIEVABLE  BY
TREATMENT

The pollutants listed below are not selected for consideration in
establishing  limitations  because  they were not  found  in  any
wastewater  samples  from this subcategory  above  concentrations
considered   achievable  by  existing  or   available   treatment
technologies.    These  pollutants  are  discussed   individually
following the list.

     123.  mercury
     125.  selenium

Mercury was detected above its analytical quantification limit in
two   of   ten  raw  wastewater  samples.    The   two   reported
concentrations   are   0.01   mg/1   and   0.008   mg/1.    These
concentrations are below the 0.036 mg/1 concentration  considered
attainable   by  identified  treatment  technology.    Therefore,
mercury is not selected for limitation.

Selenium  was detected above its analytical quantification  limit
in one of ten raw wastewater samples taken from the primary  zinc
subcategory.   The  concentration of selenium in the  sample  was
0.02  mg/1.   This  value is below'the  0.20  mg/1  concentration
considered   attainable  by  identified   treatment   technology.
Therefore, selenium is not selected for limitation.

TOXIC POLLUTANTS DETECTED IN A SMALL NUMBER OF SOURCES

Toxic  pollutants  detectable in the effluent from only  a  small
number  of sources within the subcategory and uniquely related to
only  those  sources  are not appropriate  for  limitation  in  a
national regulation.   The following pollutants were not selected
for limitation on this basis.

       4.  benzene
      11.  1,1,1-trichloroethane
      22.  parachlorometa-cresol
      38.  ethylbenzene
      44.  methylene chloride
      66.  bis(2-ethylhexyl)  phthalate
      68.  di-n-butyl phthalate
      69.  di-n-octyl phthalate
      86.  toluene

Although  these  pollutants were not selected for consideration in
establishing nationwide limitations,   it may be appropriate, on a
case-by-case  basis,   for  the  local   permit  writer  to  specify
effluent limitations.

Benzene  was found above its  treatable concentration (0.010 mg/1)
in  one  of  ten  samples with  a  concentration  of  0.018  mg/1.
                               1585

-------
                PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI


Analysis of two other samples from the same raw wastewater stream
did  not  detect benzene.  Also, no other streams  at  that  same
plant  contained  this  pollutant.  In the  dcp,  all  responding
plants  indicated that this pollutant was known to be  absent  or
believed  to  be  absent.   For these  reasons,  benzene  is  not
selected for limitation.

1,1,1- Trichloroethane   was   detected   above   its    treatable
concentration   (0.01  mg/1)  in  one  of  ten  samples  with   a
concentration  of  0.017 mg/1.  Since  1,1,1-trichloroethane  was
found  in  only  one  waste  stream and  since  in  the  dcp  all
responding  plants indicated that this pollutant was known to  be
absent  or  believed  to  be  absent,  it  is  not  selected  for
limitation.

Parachlorometa-cresol   was   detected   above   its    treatable
concentration  (0.010  mg/1)  in  two of  ten  samples  with  the
concentrations  of  0.014  and  0.042  mg/1  from  the  same  raw
wastewater  stream. Analysis of a third sample from the same  raw
wastewater stream reported no parachlorometa-cresol.  In the dcp,
all responding plants indicated that this pollutant was known  to
be  absent  or  believed  to be absent.   Therefore,  it  is  not
selected for limitation.

Ethylbenzene  was found above its treatable  concentration  (0.01
mg/1) in two of ten samples with concentrations of 0.051 mg/1 and
0.044  mg/1.   Analysis of four other samples from the  same  raw
wastewater streams detected no ethylbenzene.  For these  reasons,
and  since in the dcp all responding plants indicated  that  this
pollutant was known to be absent or believed to be absent, it  is
not selected for limitation.

Methylene chloride was detected above its treatable concentration
(0.010  mg/1)  in  five of ten  samples  with  concentrations  of
ranging   from  0.015  to  0.4  mg/1.   This  pollutant  is   not
attributable  to specific materials or processes associated  with
the  primary  zinc subcategory, however, it is a  common  solvent
used  in analytical laboratories.  For these  reasons,  methylene
chloride is not selected for limitation.

Bis(2-ethylhexyl)   phthalate was found above both its  analytical
quantification limit and its treatable concentration (0.010 mg/1)
in  four  of 10 samples,  with a maximum concentration  of  0.243
mg/1.   The  presence  of this pollutant is not  attributable  to
materials   or  processes  associated  with  the   primary   zinc
subcategory.  It is commonly used as a plasticizer in  laboratory
and field sampling equipment.   EPA suspects sample  contamination
as the source of this pollutant.  Also, in the dcp all responding
plants  indicated that this pollutant was known to be  absent  or
believed to be absent.  Therefore, bis(2-ethylhexyl)  phthalate is
not selected for limitation.

One of ten samples analyzed for di-n-butyl phthalate was found to
contain  a  concentration  above  its  analytical  quantification
limit.   This  sample  was above  the  0.010  mg/1  concentration


                               1586

-------
                 PRIMARY  ZINC  SUBCATEGORY     SECT - VI


 considered   achievable   with   treatment.  The  presence  of .  this
 pollutant    is   not   attributable   to  materials   or   processes
 associated   with the  secondary lead subcategory.  It is  commonly
 used as a plasticizer in laboratory and field  sampling equipment.
 EPA    suspects   sample   contamination  as   the source  of    this
 pollutant. Also,  in the  dcp all  responding  plants indicated   that
 this   pollutant  was known to  be  absent or believed to be  absent.
 It is  thus not selected  for limitation.

 Di-n-octyl    phthalate    was   found   above   its    analytical
 quantification   limit   (0.010 mg/1)  in one  of  ten  samples.   The
 presence  of  this pollutant is not  attributable to  materials  or
 processes  associated with the primary zinc subcategory.   It  is
 commonly  used as a plasticizer  in  laboratory  and field  sampling
 equipment.   EPA   suspects sample contamination as the  source  of
 this pollutant.  Also, in the dcp all responding plants indicated
 that   this   pollutant was known  to  be absent or  believed  to  be
 absent.  Therefore,  di-n-octyl  phthalate  is  not  selected  for
 limitation.

 Toluene  was  detected   in three   of  ten   samples.   All  three
 detections occurred in three  separate raw wastewater streams from
 the  same plant.  Additional  samples from these streams  did  not
 contain  toluene.  Two of  the measured concentrations were  above
 the  treatable concentration  (0.010 mg/1),  with values  of  0.016
 mg/1 and 0.019 mg/1.  In  the  dcp, all responding plants indicated
 that   this  pollutant was  known  to  be absent or  believed  to  be
 absent. For  these reasons, and since toluene was detected only at
 one plant, it is not selected for limitation.

 TOXIC   POLLUTANTS   SELECTED FOR  FURTHER   CONSIDERATION   FOR
 ESTABLISHING LIMITATIONS  AND  STANDARDS

 The  pollutants  listed below are selected  for consideration  for
 establishing limitations  and  standards for  this subcategory.  The
 toxic  pollutants selected are discussed  individually  following
 the list.

     115.  arsenic
     116.  asbestos
     118.  cadmium
     119.  chromium
     120.  copper
     122.  lead
     124.  nickel
     126.  silver
     128.  zinc

Arsenic was detected above its analytical quantification limit in
 two  of  ten raw wastewater samples taken from the  primary  zinc
 subcategory.    The  concentration of arsenic was 0.4 mg/1 in both
 raw  wastewater samples.    This concentration is above  the  0.34
mg/1   concentration considered attainable by identified treatment
 technology.     Therefore,   arsenic  is  selected   for   further
consideration for limitation.
                               1587

-------
                PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI
Asbestos  was  detected in the only raw wastewater  sample  taken
from  the  primary zinc subcategory with a  concentration  of  68
million  fibers per liter (MFL).   This value is above the 10 MFL
considered attainable by identified treatment technology.   There
fore, asbestos is selected for consideration for limitation.

Cadmium was detected above its analytical quantification limit in
two  of  ten raw wastewater samples taken from the  primary  zinc
subcategory.  The concentration of cadmium in the samples was 6.8
mg/1  and  8.3  mg/1.   These values are  above  the  0.049  mg/1
concentration  considered  attainable  by  identified   treatment
technology.   Therefore,   cadmium  is   selected   for   further
consideration for limitation.

Chromium  was detected above its analytical quantification  limit
in nine of ten raw wastewater samples taken from the primary zinc
subcategory.  The concentration of chromium in the samples ranged
from 0.04 mg/1 to 1.2 mg/1.   Seven of the nine values are  above
the  0.07 mg/1 concentration considered attainable by  identified
treatment  technology.   Therefore,  chromium  is  selected   for
further consideration for limitation.

Copper  was detected above its analytical quantification limit in
seven  of ten raw wastewater samples taken from the primary  zinc
subcategory.   The concentration of copper in the samples  ranged
from  0.10 mg/1 to 1.9 mg/1.   Four of the seven values are above
the 0.039 mg/1 concentration considered attainable by  identified
treatment technology.   Therefore, copper is selected for further
consideration for limitation.

Lead  was  detected above its analytical quantification limit  in
five  of ten raw wastewater samples taken from the  primary  zinc
subcategory.   The  concentration  of lead in the samples  ranged
from 0.05 mg/1 to 40.4 mg/1.   Four of the five values are  above
the  0.08 mg/1 concentration considered attainable by  identified
treatment  technology.   Therefore,  lead is selected for further
consideration for limitation.

Nickel was detected above its analytical quantification limit  in
five  of  ten raw wastewater samples taken from the primary  zinc
subcategory.   The concentration of nickel in the raw  wastewater
samples  ranged  from 0.08 mg/1 to 0.25 mg/1.   Two of  the  five
samples   are  above  the  0.22  mg/1  concentration   considered
attainable  by  identified treatment technology.   Nickel  is  an
extremely  toxic pollutant and its discharge should be  carefully
monitored.   Therefore,   nickel   is   selected   for    further
consideration for limitation.

Silver  was detected above its analytical quantification limit in
five  of ten raw wastewater samples taken from the  primary  zinc
subcategory.   The  concentration of silver in the samples ranged
from  0.01 mg/1 to 0.18 mg/1.   Two of the five values are  above
0.07  mg/1  concentration  considered  attainable  by  identified
treatment technology.   Therefore, silver is selected for further


                               1588

-------
                PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI
consideration for limitation.

Zinc  was detected above its analytical quantification  limit  in
all ten of the raw wastewater samples taken from the primary zinc
subcategory.   The  concentration  of zinc in the samples  ranged
from  259 mg/1 to 24,000 mg/1.   These values are well above  the
0.23  mg/1  concentration  considered  attainable  by  identified
treatment technology.    Therefore,  zinc is selected for  further
consideration for limitation.
                               1589

-------
                                                    Table VI-1

                               FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE  OF TOXIC  POLLUTANTS
                                                   PRIMARY  ZINC
                                                  RAW  WASTEWATER
O
       I'ol Infant

I . arcu;!) Jit hcne

I. .u-iylnnltrl lc
'
uMizliline

fc . carlx>ii t *!t rarh lor Ido
/ ttilorolwn/ciie
It
4 1
II)
1 1.
12. 1
1 ).
14.
I1).
If..
17.
IB.
. 2 .4- 1 1 ti:h loi otteim'no
loxacliliiriitienzme
,2 
  • i s(chloroinethyl) ether jls(2 rliloro"lhyl) ether 19. 2-chlorwihyl vinyl ether 20. 2 -ch loronaphthalene 21 . 2.4,6-t rlchlorophenol 22. parachlororoeta cresol 2). chloroform 24. 2-ch lorophenot 25. 26. 27. 28. 2'J. JO. 51. 32. )). ,2-dlchlorobenzone , i-dlchlorobenzene ,4 dlchlorobenzene , V -dlchlorobunzldlne , 1 -dichltjr'oethy lei>e . 2 - 1 r;ui3 -d 1 ch loroethy lene ,4 di(1iTon)()hti)ol , 2 -cl I cli loropropane ,3-dlrhlnrupropyleiie 34. 2.4-dlnltrotoluene 2,6-d1nlt rotoInene 1 ,2 dtplteny Ihydraziw? Analyt leal
    -------
                                                                   Table  VI-1   (Continued)
    
                                                 FREQUENCY  OF  OCCURRENCE   OF  TOXIC  POLLUTANTS
                                                                            PRIMARY   ZINC
                                                                          RAW  WASTEWATER
    (.n
    W
    H'
              Pol Kit ant.
    
    IH.  ethyl benzene
    19.  fhioranthene
    -M).  't-chlorophenyl  phenyl ether
    '"'  'i  lunnophonyl phmyl rl her
    rW.  !»(n(2 -chloroi3<»pi <)i»yI) ethtT
    '•].  bts(2-chloroellioxy) methane
    Vi.  melhylene chlorl').  methyl chlorlile
    'i(>.  iwthyl hromlile
    tt  • .  hrmnoform
    'iH  illchlorobromomethane
    V).  t r I chlorof IIMX <*m't \\nrv
    50.  illchlorudir liuroinethaiie
    51.  chlorodlhr'>.  naphthalene
    56.  nit.robenzaie
    *) /.  i  nl t tophctml
    58.  'i-nltrophenol
    59.  2.4-clinItrophenol
    6ls(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
    67.  biityl Ix-nzyl phthalate
    68.  mcent rat Ion
    Ins/ 1) (a)
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    Treatable
    Concentra-
    tion (mR/l)(
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    o.oto
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    Number of
    Streams
    b) Analyzed
    It
    It
    It
    It
    It
    It
    4
    It
    It
    It
    It
    It
    It
    It
    It
    1^
    It
    It
    It
    It
    It
    It
    It
    It
    It
    It
    It
    It
    It
    It
    It
    It
    It
    It
    it
    It
    It
    Number of
    Samples
    Analyzed
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    to
    10
    to
    to
    10
    to
    to
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    to
    10
    10
    10
    10
    to
    10
    to
    to
    
    
    ND
    8
    9
    10
    10
    10
    10
    3
    10
    10
    3
    9
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    to
    to
    9
    8
    9
    to
    10
    10
    8
    10
    10
    8
    2
    10
    2
    9
    8
    to
    10
    10
    10
    Detected Detected
    Detected Below Below Treat- Above Treat-
    Quant If Icat Ion able Concen- able Concen-
    Concentration t ration t rat ion
    2
    \
    
    
    
    
    1 1 5
    
    
    7
    1
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    1
    2
    1
    
    
    
    2
    
    
    2
    it it
    
    1 \
    1
    2
    
    
    
    
                                                                                                                                                                           ISI
                                                                                                                                                                           H
                                                                                                                                                                           "Z
                                                                                                                                                                           o
                                                                                                                                                                           en
                                                                                                                                                                           c
                                                                                                                                                                           ro
                                                                                                                                                                           o
                                                                                                                                                                           S
                                                                                                                                                                           w
                                                                                                                                                                           en
                                                                                                                                                                           M
                                                                                                                                                                           o
                                                                                                                                                                            I
                                                                                                                                                                           <
    

    -------
                                                               Table  VI-1   (Continued)
    
                                             FREQUENCY  OF  OCCURRENCE  OF  TOXIC POLLUTANTS
                                                                       PRIMARY  ZINC
                                                                     RAW  WASTEWATER
    Ul
    U3
    tsj
     75.
     76.
     1 1 .
     /8.
     79.
     80.
     81.
     82.
     83.
     84.
     8").
     86.
     87.
     88.
     89.
     •HI.
     91 .
     92.
     93.
     'tt)0
    alplia-endctsulfan
    betH-er*lo9ul f an
    emiosul fan sulfate
    erxlrln
    eivlrln alrKiyC1!-I2'.8
    K:B-I260
    (Til- 1 016
                                  (tl)
                                  (cJ)
                                  (cJ)
                                  (e)
                                  (e)
                                  (e)
                                  (e)
    Analytical
    (>wnt If (cation
    CixK'entratlon
    (n«/l)(a)
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    O.OU5
    0.005
    Treatable
    Concentra-
    tion (n«/l)(b)
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    Number of
    Streams
    Analyzed
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    3
    3
    4
    3
    3
    3
    Number of
    Samples
    Analyzed
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    8
    8
    10
    8
    8
    8
    Itetected Detected
    Detected Below Below Treat- Alxwe Treat
    Quantification able Concen- able Concen-
    ND Concentration t rat Ion tratlon
    10
    V
    10
    10
    10
    8
    t
    10
    10
    8
    8
    7
    7
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    9
    10
    10
    10
    9
    9
    8
    5
    5
    8
    5
    10
    8
    8
    10
    8
    8
    8
    
    1
    
    
    
    2
    1
    
    
    2
    2
    1 I
    3
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    1
    
    
    
    1
    1
    2
    5
    5
    'i
    5
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    N
    H
    2!
    o
    en
    c!
    W
    o
    M
    O
    O
                                                                                                                                                                  Cfi
                                                                                                                                                                  M
                                                                                                                                                                  O
    

    -------
                                                            Table .VI-1   (Continued)
    
                                           FREQUENCY  OF  OCCURRENCE  OF  TOXIC  POLLUTANTS
                                                                   PRIMARY  ZINC
                                                                  RAW  WASTEWATER
    VD
    UJ
                           Pollutant.
    1 i '3. tnxaphene
    1 1 4. aril 1 m inv
    1 15. aittmlc
    1 16. asbestos
    117. beryllium
    1 IB. ca<
    o.oto
    0.47
    0.34
    10 MFL
    0.20
    0.49
    0.07
    0.39
    0.047
    0.08
    0.036
    0.22
    0.20
    0.07
    0.34
    0.23
    Not Analyzed
    
    Ninter of
    Streams
    Analyzed
    4
    4
    4
    1
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    4
    3
    4
    4
    4
    
    
    Nuifcer of
    Samples
    Analyzed
    10
    10
    10
    1
    to
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    10
    6
    10
    8
    10
    
    
    Detected Below
    Quantification
    ND Concentration
    10
    9 1
    5
    
    10
    8
    1
    3
    9 1
    5
    8
    5
    5
    1 4
    8
    
    
    Detected
    Below Treat-
    able Concen-
    tration
    
    
    3
    
    
    
    2
    3
    
    1
    2
    3
    1
    3
    
    
    
    Detected
    Above Treat-
    able Concen-
    tration
    
    
    2
    1
    
    2
    7
    4
    
    4
    
    2
    
    2
    
    10
    
                 (a) Analytical quantification concentration was reported with the data (see Section V).
    
                  b) Treatable concentrations are based on performance of line precipitation, sedimentation,  and filtration for toxic metal pollutants and activated
                     en i lion adsorption for toxic organic pollutants.
    
                 i--).(d).(e) Reported together for two samples.
                                                                                                                                                          50
                                                                                                                                                          H
                                                                                                                                                          3
                                                                                                                                                          55
                                                                                                                                                          O
                                                                                                                                                          in
                                                                                                                                                          c,
                                                                                                                                                          w
                                                                                                                                                          O
    M
    O
    O
                                                                                                                                                          M
                                                                                                                                                          O
     I
    <
                  (M Analytical quantification concentration for EPA Method 335.2. Total Cyanide Methods for Chemical Analysis ot Water and Wastes. EPA-6OO/4- 79-020,
                     March 1979.
    

    -------
              PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI
    
    
                         TABLE VI-2
    
               TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
    
     2.  acrolein
     3.  acrylonitrile
     5.  benzidine
     6.  carbon tetrachloride (tetrachloromethane)
     7.  chlorobenzene
     8.  1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
     9.  hexachlorobenzene
    10.  1,2-dichloroethane
    12.  hexachloroethane
    13.  1,1-dichloroethane
    14.  1,1,2-trichloroethane
    15.  1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
    16.  chloroethane
    17.  DELETED
    19.  2-chloroethyl vinyl ether
    20.  2-chloronaphthalene
    24.  2-chlorophenol
    25.  1,2-dichlorobenzene
    26.  1,3-dichlorobenzene
    27.  1,4-dichlorobenzene
    28.  3,3'-dichlorobenzidine
    29.  1,1-dichloroethylene
    30.  1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
    31.  2,4-dichlorophenol
    32.  1,2-dichloropropane
    33.  1,3-dichloropropylene
    35.  2,4-dinitrotoluene
    36.  2,6-dinitrotoluene
    37.  1,2-diphenylhydrazine
    40.  4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
    41.  4-bromophenyl phenyl ether
    42.  bis(2-chloroisopropyl)  ether
    43.  bis(2-chloroethoxy) methane
    45.  methyl chloride
    46.  methyl bromide
    49.  DELETED
    50.  DELETED
    51.  chlorodibromomethane
    52.  hexachlorobutadiene
    53.  hexachlorocyclopentadiene
    54.  isophorone
    55.  naphthalene
    59.  2,4-dinitrophenol
    60.  4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
    61.  N-nitrosodimethylamine
    63.  N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
    64.  pentachlorophenol
    67.  butyl benzyl phthalate
    71.  dimethyl phthalate
    72.  benzo(a)anthracene
    73.  benzo(a)pyrene
                             1594
    

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                    PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI
    
    
                         TABLE VI-2 (Continued)
    
                     TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
    
          74.  3,4-benzofluoranthene
          75.  benzo(k)fluoranthene
          77.  acenaphthylene
          78.  anthracene   (a)
          79.  benzo(ghiJperylene
          82.  dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
          83.  indeno (1,2,3-cd)pyrene
          88.  vinyl chloride
          89.  aldrin
          90.  dieldrin
          91.  chlordane
          92.  4,4'-DDT
          93.  4,4'-DDE
          94.  4,4'-ODD
          96.  beta-endosulfan
          97.  endosulfan sulfate
          98.  endrin
         106.  PCB-1242     (b)
         107.  PCB-1254     (b)
         108.  PCB-1221     (b)
         109.  PCB-1232     (c)
         110.  PCB-1248     (c)
         111.  PCB-1260     (c)
         112.  PCB-1016     (c)
         113.  toxaphene
         117.  beryllium
         127.  thallium
         129.  2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
    
    (a)  Reported  with phenanthrene  for two samples.
    
    (b),(c)  Reported together  for two  samples.
                                   1595
    

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                    PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI
                               TABLE VI-3
    
           TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER FOUND ABOVE THEIR ANALYTICAL
                          QUANTIFICATION LIMIT
    
           1.   acenaphthene
          18.   bis(chloromethyl)ether
          21.   2,4,6-trichlorophenol
          23.   chloroform
          34.   2,4-dimethyl phenol
          39.   fluoranthene
          47.   bromoform
          48.   dichlorobromomethane
          56.   nitrobenzene
          57.   2-nitrophenol
          58.   4-nitrophenol
          62.   N-nitrosodiphenylamine
          65.   phenol
          70.   diethyl  phthalate
          76.   chrysene
          80.   fluorene
          81.   phenanthrene (a)
          84.   pyrene
          85.   tetrachloroethylene
          87.   trichloroethylene
          95.   alpha-endosulfan
          99.   endrin aldehyde
         100.   heptachlor
         101.   heptachlor epoxide
         102.   alpha-BHC
         103.   beta-BHC
         104.   gamma-BHC
         105.   delta-BHC
         114.   antimony
         121.   cyanide  (total)
    
    (a)  Reported with anthracene  as a combined value for  two samples,
                                   1596
    

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                    PRIMARY  ZINC  SUBCATEGORY      SECT  -  VII
    
    
    
                               SECTION VII
    
                    CONTROL  AND TREATMENT  TECHNOLOGIES
    
    
     The   preceding   sections  of  this  supplement  discussed   the  waste
     water sources,   flows and characteristics of the  wastewaters  from
     primary  zinc plants.    This  section summarizes  the  description  of
     these wastewaters and  indicates  the  treatment  technologies which
     are  currently practiced in the primary zinc  subcategory.
    
     TECHNICAL BASIS OF BPT
    
     EPA   promulgated BPT   effluent limitations   guidelines   for  the
     primary  zinc subcategory  on  February  27,  1975.   The BPT  effluent
     limitations limited the discharge of  arsenic,   cadmium, selenium,
     zinc,  and  TSS and  required  the   control of  pH.   The   best
     practicable  control technology currently available is  the  reuse
     or   recycle  of specific wastewater  to  minimize  discharge  and
     treatment  of the remaining  wastewater by lime  precipitation  and
     sedimentation.  Specific water reuse and recycle measures  included
     are    recycle    of  casting  contact  cooling   water,   and   the
     minimization  of  acid  plant blowdown through  water   reuse  and
     recycle.   Acid plant  blowdown is included  in  the  BPT   effluent
     limitations  for  both  the primary zinc  and metallurgical   acid
     plants   subcategories.    However,   this  double   counting    of
     limitations  is eliminated  in  the  promulgated  BAT    effluent
     limitations for  this rulemaking.
    
     CURRENT CONTROL AND TREATMENT PRACTICES
    
     This  section   presents a summary of  the  control  and  treatment
     technologies  that  are   currently being applied to each  of  the
     wastewater sources in this subcategory.   As discussed in Section
     V,  wastewater  associated with the primary  zinc  subcategory   is
     characterized   by the presence of the toxic metal pollutants  and
     suspended  solids.   The  raw  (untreated)  wastewater  data  for
     specific  sources as well as combined waste  streams is  presented
     in Section V.   Generally,  these pollutants are present in each of
     the  waste  streams at  treatable concentrations, so  these  waste
     streams  are  commonly  combined  for  treatment  to  reduce  the
     concentrations   of  these  pollutants.   Construction   of   one
     wastewater treatment system for combined treatment allows  plants
     to  take advantage of economies of scale and, in some  instances,
     to  combine streams of differing alkalinity to  reduce  treatment
     chemical requirements.   Six plants in this subcategory  currently
     have  combined  wastewater  treatment systems,  three  have  lime
     precipitation and sedimentation,  and two have lime precipitation,
     sedimentation   and   filtration.    One  plant   practices   lime
    precipitation  and  sedimentation and sulfide  precipitation  and
     filtration.   One of the two plants operating lime and settle also
     utilizes  sulfide  precipitation periodically.   As  such,  three
    options  have been selected for consideration for BAT,   BDT,  and
    pretreatment in this subcategory,  based on combined treatment  of
    
    
                                   1597
    

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                   PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY     SECT -VII
                                                          s
    
    these compatible waste streams.
    
    ZINC REDUCTION FURNACE WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
    
    In  the  pyrolytic production of zinc,  zinc oxide is reduced  to
    metallic zinc in vertical retort or electrothermic furnaces.  The
    off-gases  from this process may be treated by wet air  pollution
    control equipment to remove particulate matter, uncondensed zinc,
    and carbon monoxide.   One of the pyrolytic zinc plants currently
    uses   wet  scrubbers  on  its  electrothermic   furnaces.    The
    wastewater  from  the  wet  scrubbers  is  treated  by   chemical
    precipitation   (with   NaOH)   and   sedimentation.    Following
    treatment,  approximately 88 percent of the scrubbing  liquor  is
    recycled.
    
    PRELEACH WASTEWATER
    
    Two plants preleach zinc concentrates to control magnesium in the
    electrolytic circuit.  At one plant, the wastewater is  equalized
    with   other   process  wastewater,  then   treated   with   lime
    precipitation  and  sedimentation before discharge.   The  second
    plant  currently  is not operating this process.   However,  when
    operating,  the preleach wastewater is treated with  other  plant
    wastewater  in a lime precipitation and  sedimentation  treatment
    system.
    
    LEACHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
    
    Contact  scrubbers are used at two of the electrolytic plants  to
    control leaching air emissions.  One of the pyrolytic plants also
    uses leaching scrubbers in its cadmium recovery process.  One  of
    the   plants  (the  pyrolytic  plant)  completely  recycles   its
    scrubbing  liquor.   One of the  electrolytic  plants  completely
    evaporates the scrubber liquor in an evaporation pond.  The third
    plant  did not report its discharge rate, however, it did  report
    that recycling is used to reduce the discharge from the  leaching
    scrubbers.   Wastewater  from this plant is treated  by  chemical
    precipitation   (with   lime)  and  sedimentation.    A   polymer
    flocculant is added to aid in the settling of solids.
    
    ELECTROLYTE BLEED WASTEWATER
    
    One  plant  bleeds  a  portion of  the  spent  electrolyte  after
    electrolysis   to   control  magnesium.     This   wastewater   is
    neutralized  with limestone, then mixed with other plant  process
    water  before  entering  central  treatment.    Central  treatment
    consists of lime precipitation and sedimentation.
    
    CATHODE AND ANODE WASHING WASTEWATER
    
    Several   plants   report  that  wastewater  is   produced   from
    electrolytic  zinc  refining operations.  At  three  plants  this
    wastewater is associated with the washing of cathodes and anodes.
    The  two  plants  which wash cathodes  and  anodes  use  chemical
    precipitation  and  sedimentation to treat their  waste  streams.
                                   1598
    

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                    PRIMARY  ZINC  SUBCATEGORY      SECT  - VII
    
    
     The  third plant reuses  the wash water  in  roaster  scrubbers  . after
     settling  in  a holding pond.  Lime  is the  usual  precipitating
     agent used.  Polymer  is also sometimes used  as a  flocculant.
    
     CASTING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
    
     Particulates  produced  from  the melting of cathode zinc prior   to
     casting are removed by  air pollution control devices.   Three   of
     the  electrolytic plants use baghouses to remove  melting  furnace
     emissions.  Another electrolytic plant that  is now shut down used
     wet  scrubbers.   The scrubbing liquor was discharged for treatment
     by chemical precipitation and sedimentation.
    
     CASTING CONTACT COOLING
    
     Four  of  the nine plants in this subcategory  report  wastewater
     associated with casting contact cooling.  Two plants achieve zero
     discharge  through evaporation of the  contact cooling wastewater.
     Other  plants limit the discharge of contact  cooling  wastewater
     through  partial  evaporation and recycle.   Partial  evaporation
     results  when   the cooling water vaporizes after  contacting  the
     cast zinc.   At  two plants in this subcategory,   contact  cooling
     wastewater  is  combined with wastewater from other processes  and
     treated  by chemical precipitation (a  polymer flocculant is  used
     by  one  of  the  plants to  aid in the settling   of  solids)  and
     sedimentation.  One of  these plants  also uses a polishing filter.
    
     CADMIUM PLANT WASTEWATER
    
     Wastewater from cadmium plants may originate from various sources
     such  as  cadmium  sponge washing, leaching  tank  discharge,  or
     rinsing cadmium balls.  Four plants  report wastewater  associated
     with their cadmium plants.   One plant  recycles its cadmium  plant
     wastewater.     Two   plants  use   chemical   precipitation   and
     sedimentation   (filtration   is also  used at one plant)  to  treat
     their wastewater.  The  fourth plant  practices precipitation  with
     caustic,  filtration,  and sulfide precipitation   and  filtration,
     followed   by   lime  neutralization  before  discharge   to   an
     evaporation impoundment.
    
     CONTROL AND TREATMENT OPTIONS
    
     The  Agency  considered  three control and  treatment  technology
     options  that  are applicable to the  primary  zinc  subcategory.
     These options,  discussed below,   were selected, after examination
     of  the raw wastewater data,   which  showed the presence of  toxic
     metal pollutants and TSS.
    
     Examination  of  the raw wastewater data does not show any  toxic
     organic pollutants at  or above treatable  concentrations.    Also,
     organic  pollutants  are not  characteristic of the raw  materials
    and  processing  agents used   in  this  subcategory.    Therefore/
    Option  E,   which includes activated carbon adsorption,   was  not
     considered as an appropriate  treatment technology.
                                   1599
    

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                   PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY     SECT - VII
    OPTION A
    
    Option  A  for the primary zinc subcategory is equivalent to  the
    BPT  control  and treatment technologies.   The  BPT  end-of-pipe
    treatment   scheme   consists  of  chemical   precipitation   and
    sedimentation.  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation consists
    of  lime  addition  to precipitate  metals  followed  by  gravity
    sedimentation for the removal of suspended solids, including  the
    metal precipitates.
    
    OPTION B
    
    Option  B  for  the  primary zinc  subcategory  consists  of  the
    chemical precipitation and sedimentation considered in Option  A,
    plus  in-plant  reduction  of  process  wastewater  flow.   Water
    recycle and reuse are the control mechanisms for flow reduction.
    
    OPTION C
    
    Option  C  for  the  primary zinc  subcategory  includes  sulfide
    precipitation and sedimentation followed by multimedia filtration
    technology  added  at the end of the Option B  treatment  scheme,
    which consists of chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and  in-
    process  flow  reduction.  Extensive treatment  performance  data
    submitted  to the Agency by two properly designed plants  in  the
    subcategory  demonstrate that the proposed BAT  mass  limitations
    are  not achievable.  The principal reason for not being able  to
    attain  the  filtration  performance data  is  the  inability  to
    achieve  the  combined  metals  data  lime  and  settle   values.
    However,   the   Agency   believes  the   addition   of   sulfide
    precipitation,  in conjunction with multimedia  filtration,  will
    achieve the treatment performance values as proposed (see Section
    X  - Option Selection).  Multimedia filtration is used to  remove
    suspended  solids, including precipitates of metals,  beyond  the
    concentrations  attainable by gravity sedimentation.  The  filter
    suggested is the gravity, mixed-media type, although other  forms
    of  filters such as rapid sand filters or pressure  filters  also
    perform satisfactorily.
    
    TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES REJECTED AT PROPOSAL
    
    Two  additional treatment technologies were considered  prior  to
    proposing  effluent limitations for this subcategory as discussed
    below.   Activated  alumina  and reverse  osmosis  were  rejected
    because  they  were  not demonstrated in  the  nonferrous  metals
    manufacturing  category  nor were they readily transferable  from
    other categories.  These options are discussed below.
    
    OPTION D
    
    Option  D  for  the primary zinc  subcategory  consisted  of  the
    chemical precipitation, sedimentation, in-process flow reduction,
    and  multimedia  filtration technologies considered in  Option  C
    with  the addition of activated alumina technology at the end  of
    the  Option C treatment scheme.  Option D was considered  as  the
    
    
                                   1600
    

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                   PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY     SECT - VII
    
    
    technology  basis  because it could, in  theory,  reduce  arsenic
    concentrations   in  wastewaters  generated  from  primary   zinc
    smelters.
    
    OPTION F
    
    Option  F for the primary zinc subcategory consisted  of  reverse
    osmosis  and evaporation technology added to the treatment scheme
    of   Option  C,  which  consisted  of   chemical   precipitation,
    sedimentation,   in-process   flow  reduction,   and   multimedia
    filtration.  Option  F was provided for complete recycle  of  the
    treated  water  by  controlling the  concentration  of  dissolved
    solids.  Multiple effect evaporation was included to dewater  the
    brines rejected from reverse osmosis.
                                   1601
    

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                    PRIMARY  ZINC  SUBCATEGORY      SECT  - VIII
    
    
    
                               SECTION VIII
    
               COSTS, ENERGY AND  NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS
    This   section presents the costs associated with the control  and
    treatment technologies identified in Section VII for  wastewaters
    from   primary  zinc  plants.   The  energy  consumption  of  each
    technology   is  presented, and the effect of each  technology  on
    non-water  quality  aspects  of  the  environment,  such  as  air
    pollution, are discussed.
    
    TREATMENT OPTIONS CONSIDERED
    
    Three  treatment options have been considered since proposal  for
    the primary  zinc subcategory.  These options are summarized below
    and are schematically presented in Figures X-l through X-3 (pages
    1629 - 1631).
    
    OPTION A
    
    Option  A  consists of chemical precipitation  and  sedimentation
    (lime  and   settle)  technology applied  to  combined  wastewater
    streams.   Option  A  represents no additional  cost  since  this
    technology   is  in  place  at all  plants  in  the  primary  zinc
    subcategory.
    
    OPTION B
    
    Option B consists of in-process flow reduction measures added  to
    the  chemical  precipitation and sedimentation (lime and  settle)
    technology of Option A.   Specifically,  flow reduction  measures
    include  the  recycle of zinc reduction furnace  scrubber  water,
    casting scrubber water,  leaching scrubber water, and the recycle
    of  casting  contact cooling water.    Flow reduction for wet  air
    pollution control liquor is based on holding tanks, while contact
    cooling water flow is reduced through the use of cooling towers.
    
    OPTION C
    
    Option  C consists of the in-process flow reduction  measures  of
    Option B,  and chemical precipitation and sedimentation,  sulfide
    precipitation  and sedimentation,   and multimedia filtration end-
    of-pipe treatment technology.
    
    COST METHODOLOGY
    
    A  detailed  discussion of the methodology used  to  develop  the
    compliance  costs  is presented in Section VIII  of  the  General
    Development Document.   Plant-by-plant compliance costs have  been
    estimated  for the nonferrous metals manufacturing  category  and
    are  presented  in  the  administrative  record  supporting  this
    regulation.   A comparison of the  costs developed for  proposal and
                                   1603
    Preceding page blank
    

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                    PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY     SECT - VIII
    
    
    the  revised  costs for the regulation are  presented  in  Tables
    VIII-1  and  VIII-2  (page  1507) for  the  direct  and  indirect
    dischargers.
    
    Each of the major assumptions used to develop compliance costs is
    presented  in Section VIII of Vol. I. However,  each  subcategory
    contains  a  unique  set  of  waste  streams  requiring   certain
    subcategory-specific  assumptions  to develop  compliance  costs.
    Seven major assumptions are discussed briefly below.
    
         (1)  Capital  and   annual   costs  for  plants  discharging
              wastewater in  both the primary zinc and  metallurgical
              acid  plants   subcategories were  attributed  to  each
              subcategory  on a flow-weighted basis.
    
         (2)  Because  the  compliance  costs  need   only  represent
              incremental  costs  which primary zinc  plants  may  be
              expected  to incur in complying with  this  regulation,
              annual   costs  for in-place treatment used  to  comply
              with     the   promulgated  BPT  regulation  for   this
              subcategory were   not included in a plant's total cost
              of compliance for this regulation.
    
         (3)  Zero   discharge   of the leaching  scrubber  water  is
              accomplished  by 100 percent recycle through a  holding
              tank.
    
         (4)  Sludge   generated  by  the  sulfide precipitation  and
              settle  process  was  considered  hazardous  waste  for
              disposal purposes.
    
         (5)  Recycle   of  zinc  reduction  furnace scrubber  liquor
              and  casting  scrubber  liquor  is  based  on   recycle
              through  holding   tanks.   Annual   costs   associated
              with  maintenance and sludge disposal are  included  in
              the  estimated compliance costs.  If a plant  currently
              recycles  scrubber   liquor,  capital  costs   of   the
              recycle   equipment (piping, pumps, and holding  tanks)
              were  not   included   in  the  compliance  costs.  (6)
              Recycle   of    casting  contact   cooling   water   is
              accomplished   with  cooling  towers.   Annual    costs
              associated  with  maintenance and  chemical   treatment
              to  prevent biological  growth,  corrosion,  and  scale
              formation  are  included  in the  estimated  compliance
              costs.  If a plant currently  recycles  casting contact
              cooling   water,  capital  costs   of    the    recycle
              equipment  (piping,  pumps, and cooling   tower)   were
              not  included  in  the  compliance costs.
    
    NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS
    
    Nonwater   quality   impacts   specific  to  the   primary   zinc
    subcategory,  including energy requirements,  solid waste and air
    pollution, are discussed below.
                                   1604
    

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                    PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY     SECT - VIII
    
    
    ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
    
    The  methodology used for determining the energy requirements for
    the various treatment options is discussed  in Section VIII of the
    General Development Document.   No additional energy is  required
    for  Option  A  as a result of this regulation since  BPT  is  in
    place.  Energy requirements for Options B and C are 0.02 MW-hr/yr
    and 0.08 MW-hr/yr, respectively.  These values include the energy
    requirements  of lime precipitation and sedimentation  technology
    for plants without this technology in place.  Option C represents
    less  than  one  percent of a typical plant's  electrical  energy
    usage.  It is therefore concluded that the  energy requirements of
    the treatment options considered will have  no significant  impact
    on total plant energy consumption.
    
    SOLID WASTE
    
    Sludges  associated  with  the  primary  zinc  subcategory   will
    necessarily contain additional quantities (and concentrations) of
    toxic metal pollutants.  Wastes generated by primary smelters and
    refiners are currently exempt from regulation by Act of  Congress
    (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)), Section 3001(b).
    Consequently, sludges generated from treating primary industries'
    wastewater  are not presently subject to regulation as  hazardous
    wastes.
    
    Sludges  generated  by  lime  precipitation,  sedimentation,  and
    filtration  are  not  likely  to  exhibit   a  characteristic   of
    hazardous   waste.   By  the  addition  of  excess  lime   during
    treatment,  similar  sludges, specifically  toxic  metal  bearing
    sludges, generated by other industries such as the iron and steel
    industry passed the Extraction Procedure (EP) toxicity test.  See
    40  CFR 261.24.  The Agency believes that the wastewater  sludges
    will  similarly not be EP toxic if the recommended technology  is
    applied.
    
    However,  the  technology basis for the primary zinc  subcategory
    also  includes  sulfide precipitation for the  control  of  zinc,
    cadmium,  and  other  toxic metals.   The Agency believes  sludge
    generated    through   sulfide   precipitation    (followed    by
    sedimentation)  will be classified as hazardous under RCRA.   .The
    costs  of  hazardous  waste disposal  for  sulfide  sludges  were
    considered  in the economic analysis for this  subcategory  (even
    though  the waste is now exempt),  and they were determined to  be
    economically achievable.
    
    The  Agency  estimates  implementation of  lime  and  settle,  in
    conjunction  with  sulfide precipitation and  settle  technology,
    will  generate  approximately  235 tons per   year  of  wastewater
    treatment   sludge.    Sulfide   precipitation   will    generate
    approximately  35  tons  per  year  of  this  total.    Multimedia
    filtration technology will not generate any  significant amount of
    sludge  over  that resulting from lime precipitation  and  sulfide
    precipitation.
                                   1605
    

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                    PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY     SECT - VIII
    
    
    Although it is the Agency's view that solid wastes generated as a
    result  of  lime precipitation are not expected to be  hazardous,
    generators  of these wastes must test the waste to  determine  if
    the  wastes  meet any of the characteristics of  hazardous  waste
    (see 40 CFR 262.11).
    
    If these wastes should be identified or are listed as  hazardous,
    they  will  come  within the scope of RCRA's  "cradle  to  grave"
    hazardous waste management program, requiring regulation from the
    point  of  generation  to  point  of  final  disposition.   EPA's
    generator   standards  would  require  generators  of   hazardous
    nonferrous metals manufacturing wastes to meet  containerization,
    labeling,  recordkeeping, and reporting requirements;  if  plants
    dispose of hazardous wastes off-site, they would have to  prepare
    a manifest which would track the movement of the wastes from  the
    generator's premises to a permitted off-site treatment,  storage,
    or  disposal  facility.  See 40 CFR 262.20 45 FR 33142  (May  19,
    1980),  as  amended  at 45 FR 86973  (December  31,  1980).   The
    transporter regulations require transporters of hazardous  wastes
    to comply with the manifest system to assure that the wastes  are
    delivered to a permitted facility.  See 40 CFR 263.20 45 FR 33151
    (May  19, 1980), as amended at 45 FR 86973 (December  31,  1980).
    Finally, RCRA regulations establish standards for hazardous waste
    treatment,  storage, and disposal facilities allowed  to  receive
    such wastes.  See 40 CFR Part 464 46 FR 2802 (January 12,  1981),
    47 FR 32274 (July 26, 1982).
    
    Even if these wastes are not identified as hazardous,  they still
    must  be  disposed  of  in compliance with the  Subtitle  D  open
    dumping standards,  implementing 4004 of RCRA.   See 44 FR  53438
    (September 13,  1979).   The Agency has calculated as part of the
    costs  for wastewater treatment the cost of hauling and disposing
    of  these  wastes.   For more details,  see Section  VII  of  the
    General Development Document.
    
    AIR POLLUTION
    
    There  is no reason to believe that any substantial air pollution
    problems  will result from the implementation of flow  reduction,
    chemical precipitation and sedimentation,  and filtration.  These
    technologies generally transfer pollutants to solid waste and  do
    not involve air stripping or any other physical process likely to
    transfer  pollutants  to  air.   Minor amounts of sulfur  may  be
    emitted during sulfide precipitation,  and water vapor containing
    some  particulate  matter  will be released  in  the  drift  from
    cooling  tower  systems  which are  used  for  recycling  casting
    contact  cooling  water.  However, the Agency does  not  consider
    this impact to be significant.
                                   1606
    

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                    PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY     SECT - VIII
    
    
                              TABLE VIII-1
    
           COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY
                           DIRECT DISCHARGERS
    
                        Proposal                   Promulgation
    Option    Capital Cost  Annual Cost     Capital Cost  Annual Cost
    
      A               00                0            0
    
      B         310000         64000            94000        55000
    
      C        3498000       2215000           457000       236000
                              TABLE VIII-2
    
           COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY
                          INDIRECT DISCHARGERS
    
                        Proposal                   Promulgation
    Option
    A
    B
    C
    Capital Cost
    *
    *
    *
    Annual Cost
    *
    *
    *
    Capital Cost
    0
    2900
    112000
    Annual C
    0
    4600
    58000
    NOTE: All values in March, 1982 Dollars
    
    *  EPA  did not promulgate pretreatment  standards  for  existing
    sources in the primary zinc subcategory.
                                   1607
    

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                   PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IX
    
    
    
                               SECTION IX
    
             BEST PRACTICABLE TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
    EPA  promulgated  BPT effluent limitations for the  primary  zinc
    subcategory on February 27, 1975 as Subpart H of 40 CFR Part 421.
    At  this time,  EPA is not proposing any modifications  to  these
    existing BPT effluent limitations.   The BPT effluent limitations
    apply to discharges resulting from the production of primary zinc
    by  either electrolytic or pyrolytic means,  as well as discharge
    resulting  from  the  by-product recovery  of  sulfuric  acid  in
    primary zinc acid plants.
    
    Discharges  from primary zinc acid plants are also  regulated  at
    BPT   in  the  metallurgical  acid  plants   subcategory.    This
    modification  of  the metallurgical acid  plants  subcategory  to
    include  primary  zinc acid plants, without deletion of  the  BPT
    acid  plant allowance provided in the primary  zinc  subcategory,
    creates  the potential for double counting of the BPT acid  plant
    allowance  at  primary zinc plants.  However, EPA  believes  that
    existing permits at these plants will be modified to reflect  the
    BAT  requirements  where  there  is  no  such  double   counting.
    Therefore, this apparent inconsistency should not have any actual
    effect  on  existing  permits.   Pollutants  regulated  by  these
    limitations  are arsenic, cadmium, selenium, zinc,  TSS,  and  pH.
    The  effluent limitations established by BPT standards are  based
    on chemical precipitation and sedimentation and are as follows:
    
                                         Effluent Limitations
    
                                              Average of Daily Values
       Effluent              Maximum for        for 30  Consecutive
    Characteristic           Any One Day      Days Shall Not Exceed
    
    
                               Metric Units (kg/kkg of  product)
                            English Units (lb/1,000 Ib  of product)
    
    TSS                         0.42                  0.21
    As                          0.0016                0.0008
    Cd                          0.008                 0.004
    Se                          0.08                  0.04
    Zn                          0.08                  0.04
    pH                         Within the range of 6.0  to 9.0
                                   1609
    

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                   PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    
    
    
    
                                 SECTION X
    
             BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY ACHIEVABLE
     The  effluent   limitations   are  based on  the   best   control   and
     treatment   technology used  by  a  specific point  source within   the
     industrial  category or subcategory,  or by another  industry where
     it  is   readily transferable.  Emphasis is  placed  on  additional
     treatment techniques applied at  the  end of the  treatment   systems
     currently employed for BPT,  as well  as reduction of  the amount of
     water  used and  discharged,  process  control,   and  treatment
     technology  optimization.
    
     The  factors   considered  in assessing best  available  technology
     economically   achievable  (BAT) include the age  of  equipment   and
     facilities  involved,   the process  used,  process changes,  nonwater
     quality environmental impacts  (including energy  requirements),
     and  the costs of  application  of such technology  (Section  304(b)
     (2)(B)  of  the Clean Water  Act).    BAT  represents the  best
     available technology economically  achievable at plants of various
     ages,   sizes,   processes,   or  other  characteristics.   Where the
    .Agency  has found  the  existing  performance  to  be uniformly
     inadequate,  BAT may be transferred  from a different  subcategory
     or  category.    BAT  may  include  feasible process  changes  or
     internal controls,  even when not in  common industry  practice.
    
     The  required   assessment of BAT considers costs,  but does   not
     require a balancing of costs against  effluent reduction  benefits
     (see Weyerhaeuser  v.   Costle,  590 F.2d  1011 (D.C.   Cir.   1978)).
     However,  in   assessing the  proposed  BAT,  the   Agency  has given
     substantial   weight   to  the  economic   achievability   of   the
     technology.
    
     On  February 27, 1975,  EPA promulgated technology-based  effluent
     BAT  limitations   for   the primary zinc   subcategory.   The  main
     purpose of these  effluent guidelines  was  to limit quantities   of
     total suspended solids, arsenic, cadmium,  selenium,  zinc,  and the
     range   of pH found in  primary  zinc discharges.  EPA   is  amending
     the  promulgated   BAT  effluent limitations for  the   primary  zinc
     subcategory pursuant  to the  provisions of  Sections 301, 304,  306,
     and 307 of  the  Clean Water Act and its amendments.
    
     TECHNICAL APPROACH TO  BAT
    
     The Agency  reviewed   a  wide  range   of   technology   options   and
     evaluated   the  available possibilities  to ensure  that  the  most
     effective   and  beneficial technologies'were  used as  the basis   of
     BAT.    To   accomplish  this,  the Agency  elected to examine three
     technology  options  which could be applied  to  the   primary  zinc
     subcategory as  BAT  options.
    
     The three  options examined for BAT are   discussed   below.    The
    
    
                                   1611
    

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                  PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    
    
    first  option  considered  is the same as the BPT  treatment  and
    control technology.
    
    In summary, the treatment technologies considered for the primary
    zinc subcategory are:
    
    Option A (Figure X-l, page 1629) is based on:
    
         o  Chemical precipitation  (lime) arid sedimentation
    
    Option B (Figure X-2, page 1630) is based on:
    
         o  Chemical precipitation  (lime) and sedimentation
         o  In-process flow reduction of scrubber liquor and
            casting contact cooling water
    
    Option C (Figure X-3, page 1631) is based on:
    
         o  Chemical precipitation  (lime) and sedimentation
         o  In-process flow reduction of scrubber liquor and
            casting contact cooling water
         o  Sulfide precipitation and sedimentation
         o  Multimedia filtration
    
    OPTION A
    
    Option  A for the primary zinc subcategory is equivalent  to  the
    BPT  control  and treatment technologies.   The  BPT  end-of-pipe
    treatment   scheme   consists  of  chemical   precipitation   and
    sedimentation.  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation consists
    of  lime  addition  to precipitate  metals  followed  by  gravity
    sedimentation for the removal of suspended solids including metal
    precipitates (see Figure X-l, page 1629).
    
    OPTION B
    
    Option  B  for  the  primary zinc  subcategory  consists  of  the
    chemical precipitation and sedimentation technologies of Option A
    plus in-plant reduction of process wastewater flow (see Figure X-
    2,  page  1630). Flow reduction  measures,  including  in-process
    changes, result in the elimination of some wastewater streams and
    the concentration of pollutants in other effluents.   As explained
    in  Section  VII  of Vol. I, treatment  of  a  more  concentrated
    effluent  allows achievement of a greater net  pollutant  removal
    and  introduces  the possible economic benefits . associated  with
    treating a lower volume of wastewater.  Methods used in Option  B
    to  reduce  process  wastewater  generation  or  discharge  rates
    include the following:
    
    Recycle of Water Used iri Wet Air Pollution Control
    
    Recycle  or reuse of water used in wet air pollution  control  is
    being  considered  for BAT.    There are three wastewater  sources
    associated  with  wet air pollution control which  are  regulated
    under these effluent limitations:
                                   1612
    

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                  PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
         1.  Zinc reduction furnace wet air pollution control,
         2.  Leaching wet air pollution control, and
         3.  Casting.
    
    Table  X-l   (page 1622) presents the number of  plants  reporting
    wastewater   use  with  these  sources,  the  number  of   plants
    practicing recycle or reuse of scrubber liquor, and the range  of
    recycle  values being used.  The water picks up particulates  and
    fumes  from  the air, and a blowdown or periodic cleaning  may  be
    necessary  to  prevent the build-up of  dissolved  and  suspended
    solids.
    
    Recycle of_ Casting Contact Cooling Through Cooling Towers
    
    Recycle of casting contact cooling water is being considered  for
    BAT.  The function of casting contact cooling water is to quickly
    remove  heat  from  the  cast  zinc.   Therefore,  the  principal
    requirement  of the water is that it be cool.
    
    There  is  sufficient  industry experience with  casting  contact
    cooling  wastewater  within the nonferrous  metals  manufacturing
    category  to assure the success of this technology using  cooling
    towers  or   heat exchangers to cool the water  prior  to  recycle
    (refer  to   Section  VII  of Vol. I).   A  blowdown  or  periodic
    cleaning  may  be needed to prevent a build-up of  dissolved  and
    suspended solids, which causes surface imperfections on the  cast
    metal.  (EPA has determined that a blowdown of 10 percent of  the
    water applied in a process is adequate.)
    
    OPTION C
    
    Option  C  for the primary zinc subcategory consists of  the  in-
    process flow reduction, chemical precipitation, and sedimentation
    technologies   of   Option   B   plus   sulfide    precipitation,
    sedimentation, and multimedia filtration technology added at  the
    end of the Option B treatment scheme (see Figure X-3,  page 1631).
    Sulfide  precipitation  and  sedimentation  is  added  to  reduce
    cadmium,  zinc,   and  other  toxic  metal  concentrations   below
    concentrations  achievable  with  lime  and  settle.   Multimedia
    filtration   is   used  to  remove  suspended  solids,    including
    precipitates  of metals, beyond the concentration  attainable  by
    gravity  sedimentation.  The filter suggested is of the  gravity,
    mixed media type, although other forms of filters,  such as  rapid
    sand filters or  pressure filters, would perform satisfactorily.
                                   1613
    

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                  PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    
    
    INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
    
    As one means of evaluating each technology option,  EPA developed
    estimates  of the pollutant removal estimates and the  compliance
    costs  associated  with  each  option.    The  methodologies  are
    described below.
    
    POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
    
    A  complete description of the methodology used to calculate  the
    estimated  pollutant removals achieved by the application of  the
    various  treatment options is presented in Section X of  Vol.  I.
    The  pollutant removal estimates have been revised from  proposal
    based  on  comments and new data. However,  the  methodology  for
    calculating  pollutant removals was not changed.  The  data  used
    for  estimating pollutant removals are the same as those used  .to
    revise the compliance costs.
    
    Sampling  data collected during the field sampling  program  were
    used  to  characterize  the major waste  streams  considered  for
    regulation.   At  each sampled facility, the sampling  data  were
    production  normalized  for each unit operation  (i.e.,  mass  of
    pollutant  generated  per mass of  product  manufactured).    This
    value,  referred  to as the raw waste, was used to  estimate  the
    mass  of  toxic  pollutants generated  within  the  primary  zinc
    subcategory. By multiplying the total subcategory production  for
    a  unit operation by the corresponding raw waste value, the  mass
    of pollutant generated for that unit operation was estimated.
    
    The volume of wastewater discharged after the application of each
    treatment  option was estimated for each operation at each  plant
    by  comparing the actual discharge to the regulatory  flow.   The
    smaller of the two values was selected and summed with the  other
    plant flows.  The mass of pollutant discharged was then estimated
    by  multiplying the achievable concentration values attainable by
    the  option (mg/1) by the estimated volume of process  wastewater
    discharged by the subcategory.   The mass of pollutant removed is
    simply  the  difference between the estimated mass  of  pollutant
    generated  within  the  subcategory and  the  mass  of  pollutant
    discharged after application of the treatment option.  The   total
    of both these calculations represents estimated mass loadings for
    the subcategory.  The pollutant removal estimates for the  direct
    dischargers  in  the primary zinc subcategory  are  presented  in
    Table X-2 (page 1623).
    
    COMPLIANCE COSTS
    
    Compliance costs presented at proposal were estimated using  cost
    curves,   which   related  the  total   costs   associated    with.
    installation  and operation of wastewacer treatment  technologies
    to plant process wastewater discharge.  EPA applied these  curves
    on  a  per  plant basis,  a plant's costs  —  both  capital,  and
    operating  and maintenance -- being determined by what  treatment
    it  has  in  place  and  by  its  individual  process  wastewater
    discharge (from dcp). The final step was to annualize the capital
    
    
                                   1614
    

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                  PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    costsf and to sum the annualized capital cost, and the  operating
    and  maintenance costs, yielding the cost of compliance  for  the
    subcategory.  Since proposal, the cost estimation.methodology has
    been changed as discussed in Section VIII of this document and in
    Section VIII of the General Development Document.  A design model
    and  plant  specific information were used to size  a  wastewater
    treatment system for each discharging facility.  After completion
    of  the design, capital and annual costs were estimated for  each
    unit  of  the wastewater treatment system.   Capital  costs  were
    developed from vendor quotes and annual costs were developed from
    literature.  The revised compliance costs are presented in  Table
    VIII-1 (page 1607).
    
    BAT OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL
    
    At proposal,  EPA selected Option C without sulfide precipitation
    as  the  basis for BAT in this subcategory.   The  BAT  treatment
    scheme   proposed   consisted  of  in-process   wastewater   flow
    reduction, chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and  multimedia
    filtration.   Wastewater  flow reduction was based  on  increased
    recycle of scrubber water and casting contact cooling water.  EPA
    proposed  filtration as part of the BAT technology  because  this
    technology is demonstrated in the subcategory (two of five direct
    discharging  plants  presently  have  filters)  and  results   in
    additional removal of toxic pollutants.  In addition,  filtration
    adds  reliability  to  the treatment system  by  making  it  less
    susceptible  to  operator  error and to  sudden  changes  in  raw
    wastewater flows and concentrations.
    
    Other  treatment  technologies  considered in  Options  D  and  F
    included  activated alumina and reverse osmosis.   Although these
    technologies   are   theoretically  applicable   to   wastewaters
    generated  in  the primary zinc subcategory, they  were  rejected
    because  they  are  not demonstrated  in  the.  nonferrous  metals
    manufacturing category, nor are they clearly transferable.
    
    BAT OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION
    
    For promulgation,  the Agency amended the proposed BAT technology
    basis  for  the  primary  zinc  subcategory  to  include  sulfide
    precipitation.   The complete technology basis promulgated for BAT
    thus  consists of in-process flow reduction through  recycle  and
    end-of-pipe  lime and settle, sulfide precipitation (followed  by
    sedimentation), and multimedia filtration technology.   Extensive
    self-monitoring  data  were submitted through  comments  for  the
    primary  zinc subcategory.   The data were analyzed  statistically
    for comparison with the combined metals data base.  In  addition,
    design  and operating parameters for the treatment  systems  from
    which  the data were collected was solicited through Section  308
    authority.   The Agercy has determined that data from one of  the
    three   plants  shou d  not  be  used  to   establish   treatment
    effectiveness  because  of   inadequate  equalization  of  process
    wastewater  prior  to treatment.  The treatment  systems  at  the
    other  two  primary  zinc plants submitting  data  appear  to .be
    properly   designed.    These  plants  appear  to  have   problems
    
    
                                   1615
    

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                  PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    
    
    complying  with  the proposed zinc limitations due  to  extremely
    high influent zinc concentrations or to ammonia interferences not
    previously considered.  However, the Agency believes the addition
    of   sulfide  precipitation,  in  conjunction   with   multimedia
    filtration,  will  achieve the treatment  performance  values  as
    proposed  based on the lower solubility of metal sulfides  (i.e.,
    lower than metal hydroxides) as well as performance data for this
    technology   on   inorganic   chemical   wastewaters.    (Sulfide
    precipitation  technology  is discussed .fully in Section  VII  of
    Vol. I.)  Sulfide precipitation is currently demonstrated in  the
    nonferrous  metals manufacturing category at a cadmium  plant  in
    the primary zinc subcategory, at a primary molybdenum plant  with
    a  metallurgical acid plant, and at two secondary silver  plants.
    Sulfide  precipitation,  in conjunction with lime, is  also  used
    occasionally at one primary electrolytic zinc facility.
    
    EPA  used  data  and information submitted through  comments  and
    solicited  through Section 308 requests,  as well as  information
    obtained in an engineering site visit to a primary zinc plant, to
    revise the flow allowances for this subcategory.  In the proposed
    mass limitations,  a flow allowance was provided for leaching  of
    zinc  concentrates.   The Agency has withdrawn this allowance and
    promulgated flow allowances for preleach and electrolyte bleed in
    its  place.   The Agency believes these revised  flow  allowances
    more  accurately reflect operating practices at electrolytic zinc
    plants.  The Agency has also revised the flow allowance for anode
    and cathode wash water based on an engineering site visit.   These
    revisions are discussed in detail below.
    
    Application  of the proposed BAT effluent mass  limitations  will
    result in the removal of an estimated 1.16 million kg/yr of toxic
    pollutants above the estimated raw discharge rate.  The final BAT
    effluent mass limitations will remove 1,260 kg/yr of toxic metals
    over   the  intermediate  BAT  option  considered,  which   lacks
    filtration.   Both  options  are  economically  achievable.   The
    Agency  believes that incremental removal  (including  additional
    removals  of  cadmium, one of the more  toxic  metals)  justifies
    selection  of  filtration as part of BAT  model  technology.    In
    addition,   filtration  is  demonstrated  at  one  primary   zinc
    facility.    The  estimated  capital  investment  cost   of   the
    promulgated  BAT  is  $457,000  (March,  1982  dollars)  and  the
    estimated annualized cost is $236,000 (March, 1982 dollars).
    
    WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES
    
    Important  operations in the electrolytic production of zinc  are
    leaching,  electrolysis,  and casting.   Reducing and casting are
    important operations in the pyrolytic production of zinc.   All of
    these  operations  along  with  cadmium  recovery  are  potential
    sources  of  wastewater and ai'e evaluated to  establish  effluent
    limitations for the primary zinc subcategory.
    
    Specific  wastewater  streams associated with  the  primary  zinc
    subcategory  are discharges from air pollution  emission  control
    devices for the zinc reduction furnace, casting melting  furnace,
    
    
                                   1616
    

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                  PRIMARY  ZINC  SUBCATEGORY     SECT - X
    
    
     and  leaching, and  those  from casting contact cooling, cathode and
     anode  washing,  preleaching,  electrolyte  bleed,  and    cadmium
     production.    Table   X-3   (page  1624)   lists   the   production
     normalized  wastewater discharge allowances allocated at BAT  for
     these wastewater streams.   The values represent the best existing
     practices of the subcategory, as determined from the analysis  of
     dcp.   The  basis  for  the BAT discharge   allowance  is  discussed
     below for each waste stream. Individual discharge rates from  the
     plants surveyed are presented in Section  V of this supplement for
     each wastewater stream.
    
     ZINC REDUCTION FURNACE WET  AIR POLLUTION  CONTROL WASTEWATER
    
     The   BAT  wastewater  discharge  allowance  proposed  for   zinc
     reduction furnace  wet air pollution control was 1,668 1/kkg  (400
     gal/ ton) of zinc  reduced.  This allowance was provided only  for
     the  users of wet  air pollution control devices.   Two  pyrolytic
     plants used wet scrubbers to control reduction furnace emissions.
     Both  plants  practiced  extensive  recycle  of  their  scrubbing
     wastewater. One plant practiced complete  recycle while the  other
     plant  recycles 88 percent  of the scrubbing  liquor.   Wastewater
     discharge  rates   are  presented in Section V  (Table  V-l,  page
     1506).   The  proposed BAT  discharge allowance was  based  on  90
     percent  recycle   or  reuse  of the  water  used  in  the  single
     discharging plant.  Information on water use was not available  at
     the plant which practices complete recycle.
    
     The  BAT wastewater discharge allowance used at  promulgation  is
     1,668 1/kkg (400 gal/ton) of zinc reduced.  This is equivalent to
     the  BAT allowance used at proposal.  The Agency received no  new
     data  or  comments demonstrating that this  allowance  should  be
     revised.
    
     PRELEACH WASTEWATER
    
     The  BAT wastewater discharge allowance used at  promulgation  is
     901  1/kkg (216 gal/ton)  of concentrate leached.   This  allowance
     is based on the average of 14 discharge flow and production  data
     points provided by the plant with this stream.   The second  plant
     with  a preleach circuit is currently not operating this  process
     and flow data were not available.  This waste stream,  along  with
     electrolyte  bleed, replaces the leaching waste stream which * was
     proposed. The purpose of the leaching waste stream was to provide
     a  means  of removing magnesium from  the  electrolytic  circuit.
     However, with the new data,  more accurate flow allowances can  be
     provided.
    
     LEACHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL WASTEWATER
    
    At proposal,   no BAT wastewater  discharge allowance was  provided
     for leaching wet air pollution control devices.    Two  of the five
     electrolytic  plants  used  scrubbers  to  control   leaching  air
    emissions.    One  plant completely recycled its  scrubbing  water.
     Information  on  water discharge was not available  for the  other
    plant,  however  this plant reported that  some recycle is used.
    
    
                                   1617
    

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                  PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    One  of  the  pyrolytic plants reported  that  leaching  wet  air
    pollution  control  was  used in its  cadmium  recovery  process.
    Total  recycle  of  the scrubbing liquor was  practiced  by  this
    plant.  Water  use  and discharge rates are  presented  for  this
    stream  in Table V-2 (page 1506).  Since two out of three  plants
    practiced  total  recycle of leaching wet air  pollution  control
    wastewater, the BAT allowance for leaching wet air pollution  was
    zero discharge of wastewater pollutants.
    
    For promulgation, no BAT wastewater pollutant discharge allowance
    is  provided for leaching wet air pollution control.  The  Agency
    received no new data demonstrating that this allowance should  be
    revised.
    
    ELECTROLYTE BLEED WASTEWATER
    
    The   promulgated   BAT  wastewater   discharge   allowance   for
    electrolyte  bleed  is 432 1/kkg (104 gal/ton)  of  cathode  zinc
    produced.  This  rate is based on the discharge flow of  the  one
    plant with this waste stream.  This stream, along with  preleach,
    replaces  the  leaching  waste stream which  was  proposed.   The
    purpose  of the leaching waste stream was to provide a  means  of
    removing magnesium from the electrolytic circuit.  However,  with
    the new data, more accurate flow allowances can be provided.
    
    CATHODE AND ANODE WASHING WASTEWATER
    
    The  BAT wastewater discharge allowance proposed for cathode  and
    anode  washing  wastewater  was 19,850 1/kkg (4,760  gal/ton)  of
    cathode  zinc produced.   Three plants discharge wastewater  from
    cathode and anode washing.  The BAT discharge allowance was based
    on  the  discharge  from  one of  these  plants.   There  was  no
    information  available on water use and discharge rates from  the
    other plants to use in establishing the allowance.
    
    The  promulgated BAT wastewater discharge rate is 751 1/kkg  (180
    gal/ton)  of cathode zinc produced.   After proposal,  the Agency
    collected  flow  and  production data for this  stream  during  a
    wastewater  sampling  effort.   The  discharge  from  this  plant
    (#9060) is 751 1/kkg, which is the regulatory flow.  The proposed
    regulatory  flow was based on plant 281.   Plant 281 reported  an
    annual  production for this process that is 128 times  less  than
    the  capacity.   It  is apparent that the plant did  not  operate
    continuously  over  the  period  that the  production  data  were
    collected.   However,  the annual wastewater flow was  calculated
    from the plant daily discharge rate from the process based on 365
    operating  days  per year because actual process operating  hours
    were  not reported in the dcp.   The Agency does not believe  the
    production   normalized   flow  calculated  for  plant   281   is
    representative  of  a  normal  operating  electrolytic   process.
    Furthermore,  plant  281 reported washing  cathodes  only,  while
    plant  9060 washes both anodes and cathodes.  For these  reasons,
    EPA has modified the regulatory flow allowance based on the  flow
    and  production data collected during the sampling site visit  at
    
    
                                   1618
    

    -------
                  PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    plant  9060.
    
    CASTING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
    
    The  BAT  discharge  allowance  proposed  for  casting  wet   air
    pollution control is 257 1/kkg  (61.8 gal/ton) of zinc cast.  This
    rate   was  allocated  only for  the users  of  wet  air  pollution
    control  devices.  The majority of electrolytic zinc plants  used
    dry  air pollution control devices at their casting  plant.   One
    plant  used wet scrubbers to control melting  furnace  emissions.
    This   plant  did not recycle any of the  scrubbing  liquor.   The
    proposed BAT discharge allowance was based on 90 percent  recycle
    or reuse of the water used at the single discharging plant (refer
    to  Section  VII  of the General  Development  Document).   Since
    plants  in this subcategory recycled other scrubber waters  (such
    as  zinc  reduction furnace scrubber water or  leaching  scrubber
    water)  at  rates exceeding 90 percent, the Agency  believed  the
    single plant discharging casting wet air pollution control  could
    achieve 90 percent recycle.
    
    The promulgated BAT wastewater discharge rate for casting wet air
    pollution control is 257 1/kkg  (61.8 gal/ton) of zinc cast.  This
    is equivalent to the proposed BAT allowance.  The Agency received
    no new data or comments demonstrating that this allowance  should
    be revised.
    
    CASTING CONTACT COOLING
    
    The BAT wastewater allowance proposed for casting contact cooling
    was 181 1/kkg (43.4 gal/ton) of zinc cast.   Four plants reported
    wastewater  from contact cooling.  Three of these plants did  not
    recycle   casting  contact  cooling  water.   The   other   plant
    evaporates  all of its casting contact cooling water in  a  pond.
    The distribution of wastewater rates for casting contact  cooling
    is  presented  in  Table  V~5   (page  1508).   The  proposed  BAT
    discharge allowance was based on 90 percent recycle of the  water
    used  at  three plants (based on 90 percent  recycle  of  average
    water  use).    Information  on water use and  discharge  was  not
    available at the other plant.
    
    The promulgated BAT wastewater discharge rate for casting contact
    cooling  is  181  1/kkg (43.4 gal/ton)  of  zinc  cast.   This  is
    equivalent to the proposed BAT allowance.  The Agency received no
    new data or comments demonstrating that this allowance should  be
    revised.
    
    CADMIUM PLANT PRODUCTION
    
    The BAT discharge allowance proposed for cadmium plant wastewater
    was 6,171 1/kkg (1,480 gal/ton)  of cadmium produced.   Four plants
    reported  wastewater  associated with  cadmium  production.    One
    plant  completely  recycled cadmium  plant  wastewater.    Recycle
    rates were not available from the other plants.   The proposed BAT
    discharge allowance was based on the discharge rate at one of the
    plants.  Information on water discharge rates was not reported by
    
    
                                   1619
    

    -------
                  PRIMARY ZINC SDBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    
    
    the other plants.  Water use and discharge rates are presented in
    Table V-6 (page 1508).
    
    The promulgated BAT is based on a wastewater discharge  allowance
    of  6,171  1/kkg (1,480 gal/ton) of cadmium  produced.   This  is
    equivalent  to  the  flow allowance basis for  proposal  of  BAT.
    After  proposal the Agency received flow and production data  for
    this  process  from one plant previously not in  the  data  base.
    However,  the Agency did not receive comments demonstrating  that
    this allowance should be revised.
    
    REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
    
    In implementing 33 U.S.C. (1314(b)(2)(A and B)(1976)), the Agency
    placed  particular  emphasis on the toxic  pollutants.   The  raw
    wastewater  concentrations  from individual  operations  and  the
    subcategory as a whole were examined to select certain pollutants
    and pollutant parameters for consideration for limitation.   This
    examination  and evaluation, presented in Section  VI,  concluded
    that   nine  toxic  pollutants  are  present  in   primary   zinc
    wastewaters at concentrations that can be effectively reduced  by
    identified treatment technologies.
    
    However,  the  cost  associated with  analysis  for  toxic  metal
    pollutants has prompted EPA to develop an alternative method  for
    regulating  and  monitoring toxic pollutant discharges  from  the
    nonferrous metals manufacturing category.  Rather than developing
    specific effluent mass limitations and standards for each of  the
    toxic  metals  found  in  treatable  concentrations  in  the  raw
    wastewaters  from  a given subcategory, the Agency  is  proposing
    effluent mass limitations only for those pollutants generated  in
    the  greatest  quantities  as shown by  the  pollutant  reduction
    benefit   analysis.    The  pollutants  selected   for   specific
    limitation are listed below:
    
         118.  cadmium
         120.  copper
         122.  lead
         128.  zinc
    
    By establishing limitations and standards for certain toxic metal
    pollutants,  discharqers  will attain the same degree of  control
    over  toxic metal po.lutants as they would have been required  to
    achieve had all the toxic metal pollutants been directly limited.
    
    This  approach  is  technically  justified  since  the  treatment
    effectiveness  concentrations  used for  lime  precipitation  and
    sedimentation  technology  are based on optimized  treatment  for
    concomitant  multiple metals removal.  Thus, even  though  metals
    have  somewhat different theoretical solubilities, they  will  be
    removed at very nearly the same rate in a lime precipitation  and
    sedimentation  treatment  system  operated  for  multiple  metals
    removal.  Filtration as part of the technology basis is  likewise
    justified   because   this   technology   removes   metals   non-
    preferentially.
    
    
                                   1620
    

    -------
                  PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    The  following toxic pollutants are excluded from  limitation  on
    the basis that they are effectively controlled by the limitations
    developed for cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc:
    
         115.  arsenic
         116.  asbestos
         119.  chromium
         124.  nickel
         126.  silver
    
    EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
    
    The   treatment   effectiveness  concentrations   achievable   by
    application  of  the BAT treatment technology  are  discussed  in
    Section  VII  of this supplement.   The  treatment  effectiveness
    concentrations (both one day maximum and monthly average  values)
    are multiplied by the BAT normalized discharged flows  summarized
    in  Table  X-3 (page 1624) to calculate the  mass  of  pollutants
    allowed  to  be discharged per mass of product.  The  results  of
    these  calculations  in milligrams of pollutant per  kilogram  of
    product represent the BAT effluent limitations and are  presented
    in Table X-4 (page 1625) for each individual wastewater stream.
    
    The  regulatory tables which follow, (Tables X-4, XI-3 and  XI-4)
    contain   the   limitations  established   for   each   regulated
    pollutant (indicated by *). The limitations which would have been
    established   if   the  other  pollutants  found   at   treatable
    concentrations  were  regulated are also shown in  these  tables.
    This additional information may be used by the permit writer when
    establishing  a  permit regulating the. discharge  of  wastewaters
    from  this  subcategory and other sources and which  may  contain
    pollutants  present  but not specifically  regulated  under  this
    subcategory.
                                   1621
    

    -------
                  PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
                                TABLE X-l
    
                  CURRENT RECYCLE PRACTICES WITHIN THE
                        PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY
                              Number of    Number of    Range of
                             Plants with  Plants with   Recycle
                              Wastewater    Recycle    Values (%)
    
    Zinc Reduction Furnace        2            2       88 - 100
    
    Leaching                      3            3       NR - 100
    
    Casting                       1            0          -
    
    
    
    NR - not reported in dcp
                                   1622
    

    -------
                                                                 Table X-2
    
                            POLLUTANT  REMOVAL  ESTIMATES  FOR  PRIMARY  ZINC  DIRECT  DISCHARGERS
    CTi
    M
    POLLUTANT
    Arsenic
    Cadmium
    Chromium
    Lead
    Nickel
    Selenium
    Copper
    Zinc
    TOTAL TOXIC METALS
    Aluminum
    Ammonia
    Fluoride
    I ron
    TOTAL NONCONVENTIONALS
    TSS
    .TOTAL CONVENTIONALS
    TOTAL POLLUTANTS
    FLOW (1/yr)
    
    TOTAL
    RAW WASTE
    (kg/yr)
    6,081.6
    205.336.6
    2.880.0
    147.559.3
    4.216.4
    274.7
    48.849.6
    744.719.4
    1 .159.917.7
    2.369.5
    421.5
    47.3
    242.8
    3.081 .0
    47,518.2
    47.518.2
    1.210.516.9
    
    
    OPTION B
    DISCHARGED
    (kg/yr)
    270.5
    169.7
    44.6
    63.6
    392.5
    159.1
    307.6
    689.5
    2.097.2
    1 .188.1
    421 .5
    47.3
    217.5
    1,874.4
    6,364.8
    6.364.8
    10.336.4
    530,400,000
    
    OPTION B
    REMOVED
    (kg/yr)
    637.7
    205.166.8
    2,835.4
    147.495.7
    3,823.9
    115.5
    48,542.0
    744.029.9
    1 .152.647.0
    1 .181 .4
    0.0
    0.0
    25.3
    1.206.7
    41.153.4
    41,153.4
    1.195,007.1
    
    
    OPTION C
    DISCHARGED
    (kg/yr)
    180.3
    26.0
    37.1
    42.4
    116.7
    106.1
    206.9
    122.0
    837.5
    790.3
    421 .5
    47.3
    148.5
    1 ,407.6
    1.379.0
    1.379.0
    3.624.1
    530,400,000
    
    OPTION C
    REMOVED
    (kg/yr)
    5.901.3
    205.310.6
    2.842.9
    147.516.9
    4,099.7
    168.6
    48.642.8
    744.597.4
    1 .159,080.2
    1 .579.2
    0.0
    0.0
    94.3
    1 .673.4
    46.139.2
    46.139.2
    1.206,892.8
    
    
    H
    S
    N
    M
    O
    CJ
    td
    o
    •M
    ^TEGOR
    K;
    
    w
    o
    (-3
    I
    X!
                       NOTE:  TOTAL TOXIC METALS - Arsenic * Cadmium + Chromium +  Lead + Nickel + Selenium + Copper * Zinc
                             TOTAL NONCONVENTIONALS - Aluminum + Ammonia + Fluoride + Iron
                             TOTAL CONVENTIONALS - TSS
                             TOTAL POLLUTANTS - Total Toxic Metals + Total Nonconventlonals + Total Conventiona13
    
                             OPTION  B - Lime Precipitation, Sedimentation, and In-process Flow Reduction
                             OPTION  C - Option B, plus Sulflde Precipitation and  Sedimentation, and Multimedia Filtration
    

    -------
                                         Table X-3
    
              BAT WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE PRIMARY ZINC  SUBCATEGORY
                                    BAT Normalized
                                    Discharge Rate
        Wastewater Stream
    
    Zinc Reduction Furnace Wet
     Air Pollution Control
    
    Preleach Wastewater
    
    Leaching Wet Air Pollution
     Control
    
    Electrolyte Bleed Wastewater
    
    Cathode and Anode Wash
     Wastewater
    
    Casting Wet Air Pollution
     Control
    
    Casting Contact Cooling
    
    Cadmium Plant Wastewater
    1/kkg
    1,668
    901
    0
    432
    751
    gal/ton
    400
    216
    0
    104
    180
      257
    
    
      181
    
    6,171
       61.8
    
    
       43.4
    
    1,480
                             Production Normalizing
                             	Parameter	
    
                             Zinc reduced
    Concentrate leached
    
    Zinc processed through
    leaching
    
    Cathode zinc produced
    
    Cathode zinc produced
    
    
    Zinc cast
    
    
    Zinc cast
    
    Cadmium produced
                                                                                             H
                                                   K;
                                                   N
                                                   H
                                                   55
                                                   n
                                                   w
                                                   3
                                                   n
    
                                                   I
                                                   a
                                                   8
    w
    M
    n
    

    -------
                          ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    
    
                                TABLE X-4
    
        BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY
    
    (a)  Zinc Reduction Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
                  Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc reduced
             English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of zinc reduced
    Arsenic
    *Cadmium
    Chromium
    *Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    *Zinc
    2.319
    0.334
    0.617
    2.135
    0.467
    0.917
    0.484
    1.702
    1.034
    0.134
    0.250
    1.018
    0.217
    0.617
    0.200
    0.701
    *Regulated Pollutant
    
    (b)  Preleach of_ Zinc Concentrates BAT
    
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
               Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate leached
          English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate leached
    
     Arsenic                              1.252           0.559
    *Cadmium                              0.180           0.072
     Chromium                             0.333           0.135
    *Copper                               1.153           0.550
    *Lead                                 0.252           0.117
     Nickel                               0.496           0.333 '
     Silver                               0.261           0.108
    *Zinc                                 0.919           0.378
    
    *Regulated Pollutant
                                   1625
    

    -------
                  PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    
    
                          TABLE X-4 (Continued)
    
        BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY
    
    
    (c)  Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control  BAT
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
         Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc processed through leaching
        English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of zinc processed through
                                 leaching
    Arsenic
    *Cadmium
    Chromium
    * Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    *Zinc
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    *Regulated Pollutant
    
    (d) Electrolyte Bleed Wastewater  BAT
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kg of cathode zinc produced
         English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of cathode zinc produced
    Arsenic
    *Cadmium
    Chromium
    * Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    *Zinc
    0.600
    0.086
    0.160
    0.553
    0.121
    0.238
    0.125
    0.441
    0.268
    0.035
    0.065
    0.264
    0.056
    0.160
    0.052
    0.182
    *Regulated Pollutant
                                   1626
    

    -------
                  PRIMARY ZINC SUECATEGORY    SECT - X
    
    
                          TABLE X-4 (Continued)
    
        BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY
    
    
    (e)  Cathode and Anode Wash Wastewater  BAT
    
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
              Metric Units - mg/kg of cathode zinc produced
         English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of cathode zinc produced
    
     Arsenic                              1.044           0.466
    *Cadmium                              0.150           0.060
     Chromium                             0.278           0.113
    *Copper                               0.961           0.458
    *Lead                                 0.210           0.098
     Nickel                               0.413           0.278
     Silver                               0.218           0.090
    *Zinc                                 0.766           0.315
    
    *Regulated Pollutant
    
    
    (f)   Casting Wet Air Pollution Control  BAT
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
                    Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc cast
               English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of zinc cast
    Arsenic
    *Cadmium
    Chromium
    *Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    *Zinc
    0.357
    0.051
    0.095
    0.329
    0.072
    0.141
    0.075
    0.262
    0.159
    0.021
    0.039
    0.157
    0.033
    0.095
    0.031
    0.108
    *Regulated Pollutant
                                   1627
    

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                  PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    
    
                          TABLE X-4 (Continued)
    
        BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY
    
    
    (g)  Casting Contact Cooling   BAT
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
                    Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc cast
               English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of zinc cast
    Arsenic
    *Cadmium
    Chromium
    * Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    *Zinc
    0.252
    0.036
    0.067
    0.232
    0.051
    0.100
    0.052
    0.185
    0.112
    0.014
    0.027
    0.110
    0.024
    0.067
    0.022
    0.076
    *Regulated Pollutant
    
    (h)  Cadmium Plant Wastewater  BAT
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
                Metric Units - mg/kg of cadmium produced
           English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of cadmium produced
    
     Arsenic                              8.578           3.826
    *Cadmium                              1.234           0.494
     Chromium                             2.283           0.926
    *Copper                               7.899           3.765
    *Lead                                 1.728           0.802
     Nickel                               3.394           2.283
     Silver                               1.790           0.741
    *Zinc                                 6.295           2.592
    
    *Regulated Pollutant
                                   1628
    

    -------
                  . :•'• Hediictlon Furnace Scrutiher I.Iquor
    CTi
    p
    l.otr hi ng Sc i "'liter l.lqunr
    ' .'»( h >du and Amide Washing Uastewater
    s^**! I n£ Scrubber M-iuur ^
    "••>!'» fug Coiitiict Cooling Water
    • : f'»?um Plant Wastt-water ^
    !'*«'>«>lyte Bleed Uastewater
    
    
    
    
    Q
    I / v
    Equal 1-
    
    
    
    
    
    
    ID s
    t7^ 7 V m,r.nr8c °
    »» ' 	 » - 	 ^ en
    Chemical ' C
    Precipitation Sedimentation ^
    
    M
    Sludee ^
    Sludge Recycle !S
    h 1 I /'/' I Disposal
    Vacuuii Filtrate V \I^ J 1 \
    ^- 	 -S * 1 M
    <~>
    ^
    Sludge Dewa taring Ji|'i!tr>$i%.tl^!l 1
                                                      Figure  X-l
    
                                          BAT TREATMENT SCHEME OPTION A
                                              PRIMARY ZINC  SUBCATEGORY
    

    -------
     ('.aKtliip, C.onliicl Cooling Water
                                   Recycle
     Pri-lf.irh Uiist ewater
     ('atliode ,-inil  Anode Washing Waatevater
    
     Cadmium PI.-int Wnstewater
     Klcctrolyte Bleeil Waslevater
                                                                                   Chemical Addition
         Reduction  KuriiHce Scrubber l.lquor
    Cast Ing Si-rubber l.lcjuor
          c. Scrubber l.lquor
                                               Holding
                                                Tank
                                                              Recycle
    
                                                     Sludge Removal
                                                     Total Recycle
                                               Holding
                                                Tank
                                                     Sludge Removal
                                                                Figure X-2
    
                                                  BAT  TREATMENT  SCHEME  OPTION B
                                                      PRIMARY  ZINC  SUBCATEGORY
    

    -------
        lnK '-intact ConllnR Water
                            Recycle
    Prelparli Uantruater
    ('ittliode anj  An«ule Washing WaBtewater
    Cadmium Plant ''asteuater
    Electrolyte  Bli'fd Waatewater
     lnc Reduction Frrnace Scruhher Liquor
    ('astlng ScruMtnr Liquor
    I.caching Kcruhlier Liquor
                                                                                                                        Sludge to
                                                                                                                        Disposal
                                               Sludge Removal
                                                                     Figure  X-3
    
                                                       BAT TREATMENT  SCHEME OPTION C
                                                           PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY
    

    -------
    Page Intentionally Blank
    

    -------
                    PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI
    
    
    
    
                               SECTION XI
    
                    NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
    The  basis  for  new source performance  standards   (NSPS)  under
    Section  306  of  the  Act is  the  best  available  demonstrated
    technology  (BDT).  New plants have the opportunity to design  the
    best  and  most  efficient production  processes  and  wastewater
    treatment  technologies,  without  facing  the  added  costs  and
    restrictions  encountered  in  retrofitting  an  existing  plant.
    This   section  describes  the  technologies  for  treatment   of
    wastewater   from  new  sources,  and  presents  mass   discharge
    standards for regulated pollutants for NSPS based on the selected
    treatment technology.
    
    TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BDT
    
    All  of  the  treatment technology options applicable  to  a  new
    source were previously considered for the BAT options.  For  this
    reason,  five options were considered for BDT, all   identical  to
    the   BAT  options  discussed  in  Section  X.    The   treatment
    technologies used for the five BDT options are:
    
    OPTION A
    
         o  Chemical precipitation (lime) and sedimentation
    
    OPTION B
    
         o  Chemical precipitation (lime) and sedimentation
         o  In-process flow reduction of scrubber liquor and
            casting contact cooling water
    
    OPTION C
    
         o  Chemical precipitation (lime) and sedimentation
         o  In-process flow reduction of scrubber liquor and
            casting contact cooling water
         o  Sulfide precipitation and sedimentation
         o  Multimedia filtration
    
    Partial  or  complete  reuse  and recycle  of  wastewater  is  an
    essential part of each option.  Reuse and recycle can precede  or
    follow  end-of-pipe  treatment.   A more  detailed  discussion  of
    these treatment options is presented in Section X.
    
    BDT OPTION SELECTION
    
    EPA  is  promulgating best available demonstrated technology  for
    the  primary  zinc subcategory equal  to  BAT  technology,   which
    consists  of  in-process  wastewater  flow  reduction,   chemical
    precipitation   and  sedimentation,    sulfide  precipitation  and
    
    
                                   1633
    

    -------
                    PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI
    
    
    sedimentation,  and multimedia filtration (Option C).   Review of
    the  subcategory indicates that no new demonstrated  technologies
    exist  that improve on BAT technology.   Reverse osmosis  is  not
    demonstrated  in this subcategory and is not clearly transferable
    to nonferrous metals manufacturing wastewater.   The Agency  also
    does  not  believe that new plants could achieve  any  additional
    flow reduction beyond that promulgated for BAT.
    
    Dry  scrubbing is not demonstrated for controlling emissions from
    zinc  reduction  furnaces,  leaching and  product  casting.   The
    nature of these emissions (acidic fumes,  hot particulate matter)
    technically precludes the use of dry  scrubbers.   Therefore,  we
    are including an allowance from this source at NSPS equivalent to
    that  proposed  for BAT.   EPA does not believe that  new  plants
    could  achieve any additional flow reduction beyond that proposed
    for BAT.
    
    REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
    
    The Agency has no reason to believe that the pollutants that will
    be  found  in treatable concentrations in  processes  within  new
    sources  will  be  any  different  than  with  existing  sources.
    Accordingly,  pollutants  and  pollutant parameters selected  for
    limitation  under  NSPS,  in accordance  with  the  rationale  of
    Sections VI and X, are identical to those selected for BAT.   The
    conventional  pollutant parameters TSS and pH are  also  selected
    for limitation.
    
    NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
    
    The  NSPS discharge flows are the same as the BAT discharge flows
    for all processes.  These discharge flows are listed in Table XI-
    1  (page 1635).  The mass of pollutant allowed to  be  discharged
    per  mass of product is calculated by multiplying the  achievable
    treatment   concentration  (mg/1) by  the  normalized  wastewater
    discharge  flow  (1/kkg).  New source performance  standards,  as
    determined  from  the above procedure, are shown  in  Table  XI-2
    (page  1636)  for each waste stream.  Since both  the   discharge
    flows and achievable treatment concentrations for new sources and
    BAT  are  identical,  the  NSPS are identical  to  the  BAT  mass
    limitations.
                                   1634
    

    -------
                                         Table XI-1
    
             NSPS WASTEWATER DISCHARGE  RATES  FOR THE PRIMARY ZINC  SUBCATEGORY
                                    NSPS  Normalized
                                    Discharge  Rate
        Wastewater Stream
    
    Zinc Reduction Furnace Wet
     Air Pollution Control
    
    Preleach Wastewater
    
    Leeching Wet Air Pollution
     Control
    
    Electrolyte Bleed Wastewater
    
    Cathode and Anode Wash
     Wastewater
    
    Casting Wet Air Pollution
     Control
    
    Casting Contact Cooling
    
    Cadmium Plant Wastewater
    1/kkg
    1,668
    901
    0
    432
    751
    gal/ton
    400
    216
    0
    104
    180
      257
    
    
      181
    
    6,171
       61 .8
    
    
       43.4
    
    1,480
                            Production Normalizing
                            	Parameter	
    
                            Zinc  reduced
    Concentrate leached
    
    Zinc processed through
    leaching
    
    Cathode zinc produced
    
    Cathode zinc produced
    
    
    Zinc cast
    
    
    Zinc cast
    
    Cadmium produced
                                                               23
                                                               n
                                                               n
                                                               1-3
                                                               w
    
                                                               1
    w
    o
    1-3
    X
    

    -------
                    PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI
    
    
                               TABLE XI-2
    
                  NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY
    
    (a)  Zinc Reduction Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
    
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
                  Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc reduced
             English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of zinc reduced
    
     Arsenic                               2.319           1.034
    *Cadmium                               0.334           0.134
     Chromium                              0.617           0.250
    *Copper                                2.135           1.018
    *Lead                                  0.467           0.217
     Nickel                                0.917           0.617
     Silver                                0.484           0.200
    *Zinc                                  1.702           0.701
    *TSS                                  25.020          20.020
    *pH                          Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
                                          at all times
    
    *Regulated Pollutant
    
    (b)  Preleach of Zinc Concentrates NSPS
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
               Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate leached
          English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate leached
    
     Arsenic                              1.252           0.559
    *Cadmium                              0.180           0.072
     Chromium                             0.333           0.135
    *Copper                               1.153           0.550
    *Lead                                 0.252           0.117
     Nickel                               0.496           0.333
     Silver                               0.261           0.108
    *Zinc                                 0.919           0.378
    *TSS                                 13.520          10.810
    *pH                            Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
                                           at all times
    
    *Regulated Pollutant
                                   1636
    

    -------
                    PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI
    
    
                         TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
    
                  NSPS FOR-THE PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY
    
    
     (c)  Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control  NSPS
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
         Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc processed through leaching
        English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of zinc processed through
                                 leaching
    
     Arsenic                             0.000          0.000
    *Cadmium                             0.000          0.000
     Chromium                            0.000          0.000
    *Copper                              0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                0.000          0.000
     Nickel                              0.000          0.000
     Silver         -                     0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                0.000          0.000
    *TSS                                 0.000          0.000
    *pH                        Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
                                           at all times
    
    *Regulated Pollutant
    
    (d) Electrolyte Bleed Wastewater  NSPS
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kg of cathode zinc produced
         English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of cathode zinc produced
    
     Arsenic                              0.600           0.268
    *Cadmium                              0.086           0.035
     Chromium                             0.160           0.065
    *Copper                               0.553           0.264
    *Lead                                 0.121           0.056
     Nickel                               0.238           0.160
     Silver                               0.125           0.052
    *Zinc                                 0.441           0.182
    *TSS                                  6.480           5.184
    *pH                        Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
                                        at all times
    
    *Regulated Pollutant
                                   1637
    

    -------
                    PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI
    
    
                          TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
    
                  NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY
    
    
    (e)  Cathode and Anode Wash Wastewater  NSPS
    
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
              Metric Units - mg/kg of cathode zinc produced
         English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of cathode zinc produced
    
     Arsenic                              1.044           0.466
    *Cadmium                              0.150           0.060
     Chromium                             0.278           0.113
    *Copper             '                  6.961           0.458
    *Lead                                 0.210           0.098
     Nickel                               0.413           0.278
     Silver                               0.218           0.090
    *Zinc                                 0.766           0.315
    *TSS                                 11.270           9.012
    *pH                          Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
                                          at all times
    
    *Regulated Pollutant
    
    
    (f)  Casting Wet Air Pollution Control  NSPS
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
                    Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc cast
               English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of zinc cast
    
     Arsenic                              0.357           0.159
    *Cadmium                              0.051           0.021
     Chromium                             0.095           0.039
    *Copper                               0.329           0.157
    *Lead                                 0.072           0.033
     Nickel                               0.141           0.095
     Silver                               0.075           0.031
    *Zinc                  "  '             0.262           0.108
    *TSS                                  3.855           3.084
    *pH                         Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
                                         at all times
    
    *Regulated Pollutant
                                   1638
    

    -------
                    PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI
    
    
                          TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
    
                  NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY
    (g)  Casting Contact Cooling   NSPS
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
                    Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc cast
               English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of zinc cast
    
     Arsenic                              0.252           0.112
    *Cadmium                              0.036           0.014
     Chromium                             0.067           0.027
    *Copper          .                   .  0.232           0.110
    *Lead                                 0.051           0.024
     Nickel                               0.100           0.067
     Silver                               0.052           0.022
    *Zinc                                 0.185           0.076
    *TSS                                  2.715           2.172
    *pH                       Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
                                       at all times
    
    *Regulated Pollutant
    
    (h)  Cadmium Plant Wastewater  NSPS
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
                Metric Units - mg/kg of cadmium produced
           English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of cadmium produced
    
     Arsenic                              8.578           3.826
    *Cadmium                              1.234           0.494
     Chromium                             2.283           0.926
    *Copper                               7.899           3.765
    *Lead                                 1.728           0.802
     Nickel                               3.394           2.283
     Silver                               1.790           0.741
    *Zinc                                 6.295           2.592
    *TSS                                 92.570          74.050
    *pH                         Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
                                        at all times
    
    *Regulated Pollutant
                                   1639
    

    -------
    Page Intentionally Blank
    

    -------
                    PRIMARY  ZINC  SUBCATEGORY     SECT  - XII
    
    
    
                               SECTION XII
    
                         PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
     Section 307(b) of the Act requires EPA to promulgate pretreatment
     standards   for  existing sources  (PSES), which must  be  achieved
     within three years of promulgation.  PSES are designed to prevent
     the  discharge of pollutants which pass through, interfere  with,
     or  are  otherwise incompatible with the  operation  of  publicly
     owned  treatment  works  (POTW).  The Clean  Water  Act  of   1977
     requires pretreatment for pollutants, such as toxic metals,   that
     limit POTW  sludge management alternatives.  Section 307(c) of the
     Act  requires  EPA to promulgate pretreatment standards  for  new
     sources  (PSNS) at the same time that it promulgates  NSPS.   New
     indirect    discharge  facilities,  like  new   direct   discharge
     facilities,   have  the  opportunity  to  incorporate  the    best
     available   demonstrated technologies, including process  changes,
     in-plant controls, and end-of-pipe treatment technologies, and to
     use  plant  site selection to ensure  adequate  treatment  system
     installation.  Pretreatment standards are to be technology-based,
     analogous   to the best available technology for removal of  toxic
     pollutants.
    
     This section describes the control and treatment technologies for
     pretreatment of process wastewaters from existing sources and new
     sources in the primary zinc sUbcategory.   Pretreatment standards
     for  regulated  pollutants  are presented based on  the  selected
     control and treatment technology.
    
     TECHNICAL APPROACH TO PRETREATMENT
    
     Before  proposing  pretreatment standards,  the  Agency  examines
     whether  the pollutants discharged by the industry  pass  through
     the  POTW  or  interfere with the POTW operation  or  its  chosen
     sludge  disposal  practices.    In determining whether  pollutants
     pass through a well-operated POTW, achieving secondary treatment,
     the Agency compares the percentage of a pollutant removed by POTW
     with  the percentage removed by direct dischargers  applying  the
     best  available technology economically achievable.    A pollutant
     is  deemed to pass through the POTW when the  average  percentage
     removed  nationwide  by  well-operated  POTW  meeting   secondary
     treatment  requirements,  is less than the percentage  removed  by
     direct  dischargers  complying  with  BAT  effluent    limitations
     guidelines  for that pollutant.   (See generally,  46  Fed.  Reg.   at
     9415-16 (January 28,  1981).)
    
    This   definition  of  pass  through  satisfies   two   competing
    objectives  set  by Congress:   (1) that  standards  for  indirect
    dischargers  be equivalent  to standards for   direct   dischargers,
    while  at  the same time,  (2)  that the treatment   capability  and
    performance  of the POTW be recognized and taken  into account  in
     regulating the discharge  of pollutants from  indirect dischargers.
                                   1641
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
    
    
    The  Agency compares percentage removal rather than the  mass  or
    concentration  of pollutants discharged because the latter  would
    not  take into account the mass of pollutants discharged  to  the
    POTW  from  non-industrial  sources  nor  the  dilution  of   the
    pollutants  in the POTW effluent to lower concentrations  due  to
    the addition of large amounts of non-industrial wastewater.
    
    PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR EXISTING AND NEW SOURCES
    
    Options  for pretreatment of wastewaters are based on  increasing
    the effectiveness of end-of-pipe treatment technologies.  All in-
    plant changes and applicable end-of-pipe treatment processes have
    been discussed previously in Sections X and XI.   The options for
    PSNS,  therefore,  are  the same as the BAT options discussed  in
    Section X.
    
    A  description of each option is presented in Section X,  while a
    more detailed discussion, including pollutants controlled by each
    treatment process and expected effluent quality for each  option,
    is presented in Section VII of Vol. I.
    
    The  treatment technology options for the PSES and  PSNS  options
    are:
    
    OPTION A
    
         o  Chemical precipitation (lime) and sedimentation
    
    OPTION B
    
         o  Chemical precipitation (lime) and sedimentation
         o  In-process flow reduction of scrubber liquor and
            casting contact cooling water
    
    OPTION C
    
         o  Chemical precipitation (lime) and sedimentation
         o  In-process flow reduction of scrubber liquor and
            casting contact cooling water
         o  Sulfide precipitation and sedimentation
         o  Multimedia filtration
    INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
    
    The  industry  cost  and  pollutant  removal  estimates  of  each
    treatment  option were used to determine the most  cost-effective
    option.  The methodology applied in calculating pollutant removal
    estimates  and plant compliance costs is discussed in Section  X.
    Table  XII-1 (page 1645)  shows the estimated pollutant  removals
    for  indirect  dischargers.  Compliance costs  are  presented  in
    Table VIII-2 (page 1646).
                                   1642
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
    
    
    PSES OPTION SELECTION
    
    EPA  did not propose pretreatment standards for the primary  zinc
    subcategory.   Since that time,  the Agency has learned that  one
    primary  zinc plant previously thought to be a zero discharger is
    actually  an  indirect  discharger.   Therefore,  the  Agency  is
    promulgating  PSES for the primary zinc subcategory based on  the
    BAT model technology and flow allowances.
    
    Implementation  of the proposed PSES limitations would remove  an
    estimated  685,000 kg/yr of toxic pollutants over  estimated  raw
    discharge.  The final PSES effluent mass limitations will  remove
    210  kg/yr  of  toxic metals over the  intermediate  PSES  option
    considered,   which   lacks   filtration.    Both   options   are
    economically  achievable.   The Agency believes  the  incremental
    removal  justifies selection of filtration as part of PSES  model
    technology. Filtration as an end-of-pipe treatment technology  is
    currently demonstrated by one plant in the subcategory.   Capital
    cost  for  achieving  proposed  PSES  is  $122,000  (March,  1982
    dollars) and annual cost of $58,300 (March, 1982 dollars).
    
    PSNS OPTION SELECTION
    
    The  technology  basis for promulgated PSNS is identical to  NSPS
    and BAT (Option C).   The treatment scheme consists of in-process
    wastewater    flow   reduction,   chemical   precipitation    and
    sedimentation,  sulfide  precipitation  and  sedimentation,   and
    multimedia  filtration.  EPA knows of no demonstrated  technology
    that provides more efficient pollutant removal than NSPS and  BAT
    technology.
    
    REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
    
    Pollutants and pollutant parameters selected for limitation under
    PSNS,  in accordance with the rationale of Sections VI and X, are
    identical  to those selected for BAT except for copper and  lead.
    PSES and PSNS prevent the pass-through of cadmium and zinc, which
    are  the regulated pollutants.   The Agency has  determined  that
    copper  and  lead will not pass through a well-operated POTW  and
    therefore they are not controlled.
    
    PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
    
    The PSES and PSNS regulatory discharge flows are identical to the
    BAT  regulatory discharge flows for all processes.    These  flows
    are  listed  in Table XII-2 (page 1646).   The mass   of  pollutant
    allowed  to  be discharged per mass of product is  calculated  by
    multiplying the achievable treatment concentration  (mg/1)  by  the
    regulatory  wastewater  discharge  flow.  (1/kkg).     Pretreatment
    standards  for existing and new sources,  as determined  from  the
    above procedure,  are shown in Tables XII-3 (page 1647) and  XII-4
    (page 1651)  for each waste stream.
                                   1643
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
    
    
    Mass-based   standards   are  proposed  for  the   primary   zinc
    subcategory to ensure that the standards are achieved by means of
    pollutant removal rather than by dilution.  They are particularly
    important  since  the standards are based  upon  flow  reduction.
    Pollutant  limitations associated with flow reduction  cannot  be
    measured any other way but as a reduction of mass discharged.
                                   1644
    

    -------
                                                              Table  XII-1
    
                         POLLUTANT  REMOVAL ESTIMATES FOR PRIMARY  ZINC INDIRECT  DISCHARGERS
                                                                                                                                          nj
    en
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    POLLUTANT
    Arsenic
    Cadmium
    Chromium
    Lead
    Nickel
    Copper
    Zinc
    
    TOTAL TOXIC MF.TALS
    
    
    
    
    
    TOTAL
    
    
    A luml num
    Ammonia
    Fluoride
    Iron
    
    NONCONVENTIONALS
    TSS
    
    TOTAL CONVENTIONALS
    
    
    
    
    TOTAL POLLUTANTS
    FLOW (1/yr)
    TOTAL
    RAW WASTE
    (kg/yr)
    2.143.0
    3.574.1
    4.5
    22.343.7
    1 .9
    2.01 7.6
    645.827.5
    
    645,957.3
    2.186.7
    86.4
    10.3
    239.4
    
    2.522.8
    351 .160.2
    
    351 .160.3
    
    1 ,038.640.3
    
    OPTION B
    DISCHARGED
    (kg/yr)
    60.5
    38.0
    4.5
    14.2
    1.9
    68.8
    154.3
    
    342.3
    265.9
    86.4
    10.3
    48.7
    
    41 1 .2
    1 .424.4
    
    1.424.4
    
    2.177,9
    118.700.000
    OPTION B
    REMOVED
    (kg/yr)
    637.7
    3,536.1
    0.0
    22,329.4
    0.0
    1 ,948.8
    654,718.2
    
    683,170.2
    1.920.9
    0.0
    0.0
    190.7
    
    2, III .6
    349.735.8
    
    349.735.8
    
    1 .035.017.6
    
    OPTION C
    DISCHARGED
    (kg/yr)
    40.4
    5.8
    4.5
    9.5
    1.9
    46.3
    27.3
    
    135.7
    176.9
    86.4
    10.3
    33.2
    
    306.7
    308.6
    
    308.6
    
    751 .0
    1 18,700,000
    OPTION C
    REMOVED
    (kg/yr)
    2,102.7
    3.568.3
    0.0
    22.334.2
    0.0
    1 .971.3
    654,845.2
    
    684.821 .6
    2.009.9
    0.0
    0.0
    206.2
    
    2.216.0
    350.851 .6
    
    350.851.6
    
    1 .037,889.3
    
    A*
    M
    
    *)
    K
    
    
    O
    
    CO
    c:
    w
    0
    (-3
    M
    Q
    O
    frj
    K
    
    
    CO
    M
    O
    (-3
    i
                    NOTE:  TOTAL TOXIC METALS - Arsenic + Cadmium + Chromium + Lead «• Nickel + Copper + Zinc
                          TOTAL NONCONVENTIONALS - Aluminum * Ammonia  + Fluoride * Iron
                          TOTAL CONVENTIONALS - TSS
                          TOTAL POLLUTANTS  - Total Toxic Metals + Total Nonconventtonals  + Total ConventtonaIs
    
                          OPTION B - Lime Precipitation, Sedimentation, and In-process Flow Reduction
                          OPTION C - Option B, plus Sulflde Precipitation and Sedimentation, and Multimedia Filtration
    

    -------
                                         Table XII-2
    
    
       PSES AND PSNS WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY
                                    PSES and PSNS
    
                                      Normalized
    
                                    Discharge Rate
        Wastewater Stream
    
    
    Zinc Reduction Furnace Wet
    
     Air Pollution Control
    
    
    Preleach Wastewater
    
    
    Leaching Wet Air Pollution
    
     Control
    
    
    Electrolyte Bleed Wastewater
    
    
    Oathode and Anode Wash
    
     Wastewater
    
    
    Casting Wet Air Pollution
    
     Control
    
    
    Casting Contact Cooling
    
    
    Cadmium Plant Wastewater
    1/kkg
    1 ,668
    901
    0
    432
    751
    gal/ton
    400
    216
    0
    104
    180
      257
    
    
    
    
      181
    
    
    6,171
       61.8
    
    
    
    
       43.4
    
    
    1 ,480
                             Production Normalizing
    
                             	Parameter	
    
    
                             Zinc reduced
    Concentrate leached
    
    
    Zinc processed through
    
    leaching
    
    
    Cathode zinc produced
    
    
    Cathode zinc produced
    
    
    
    
    Zinc cast
    
    
    
    
    Zinc cast
    
    
    Cadmium produced
                                                               N
                                                               H
    
                                                               2!
    
                                                               O
                                                               a
                                                               w
                                                               n
    
                                                               •5
                                                               M
                                                               O
                                                               O
    W
    n
    1-3
    H
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
    
    
                               TABLE XII-3
    
                  PSES FOR THE PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY
    
    (a)  Zinc Reduction Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control PSES
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
                  Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc reduced
             English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of zinc reduced
    Arsenic
    *Cadmium
    Chromium
    * Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    *Zinc
    2.319
    0.334
    0.617
    2.135
    0.467
    0.917
    0.484
    1.702
    1.034
    0.134
    0.250
    1.018
    0.217
    0.617
    0.200
    0.701
    *Regulated Pollutant
    
    (b)  Preleach of Zinc Concentrates PSES
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
               Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate leached
          English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate leached
    
     Arsenic                              1.252           0.559
    *Cadmium                              0.180           0.072
     Chromium                             0.333           0.135
    *Copper                               1.153           0.550
    *Lead                                 0.252           0.117
     Nickel                               0.496           0.333
     Silver                               0.261           0.108
    *Zinc                                 0.919           0.378
    
    *Regulated Pollutant
                                   1647
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
    
    
                          TABLE XII-3 (Continued)
    
                  PSES FOR THE PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY
    
    
    (c)  Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control  PSES
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
         Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc processed through leaching
        English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of zinc processed through
                                 leaching
    Arsenic
    *Cadmium
    Chromium
    * Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    *Zinc
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    *Regulated Pollutant
    
    (d) Electrolyte Bleed Wastewater  PSES
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kg of cathode zinc produced
         English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of cathode zinc produced
    Arsenic
    *Cadmium
    Chromium
    * Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    *Zinc
    0.600
    0.086
    0.160
    0.553
    0.121
    0.238
    0.125
    0.441
    0.268
    0.035
    0.065
    0.264
    0.056
    0.160
    0.052
    0.182
    *Regulated Pollutant
                                   1648
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
    
    
                          TABLE XII-3 (Continued)
    
                  PSES FOR THE PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY
    
    
    (e)  Cathode and Anode Wash Wastewater  PSES
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
              Metric Units - mg/kg of cathode zinc produced
         English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of cathode zinc produced
    Arsenic
    *Cadmium
    Chromium
    *Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    *Zinc
    1.044
    0.150
    0.278
    0.961
    0.210
    0.413
    0.218
    0.766
    0.466
    0.060
    0.113
    0.458
    0.098
    0.278
    0.090
    0.315
    *Regulated Pollutant
    
    
    (f)  Casting Wet Air Pollution Control  PSES
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
                    Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc cast
               English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of zinc cast
    Arsenic
    *Cadmium
    Chromium
    * Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    *Zinc
    0.357
    0.051
    0.095
    0.329
    0.072
    0.141
    0.075
    0.262
    0.159
    0.021
    0.039
    0.157
    0.033
    0.095
    0.031
    0.108
    *Regulated Pollutant
                                   1649
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
    
    
                          TABLE XI1-3 (Continued)
    
                  PSES FOR THE PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY
    
    
    (g)  Casting Contact Cooling   PSES
    
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
                    Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc cast
               English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of zinc cast
    Arsenic
    *Cadmium
    Chromium
    * Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    *Zinc
    0.252
    0.036
    0.067
    0.232
    0.051
    0.100
    0.052
    0.185
    0.112
    0.014
    0.027
    0.110
    0.024
    0.067
    0.022
    0.076
    *Regulated Pollutant
    
    (h)  Cadmium Plant Wastewater  PSES
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
                Metric Units - mg/kg of cadmium produced
           English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of cadmium produced
    
     Arsenic                              8.578           3.826
    *Cadmium                              1.234           0.494
     Chromium                             2.283           0.926
    *Copper                               7.899           3.765
    *Lead                                 1.728           0.802
     Nickel                               3.394           2.283
     Silver                               1.790           0.741
    *Zinc                                 6.295           2.592
    
    *Regulated Pollutant
                                   1650
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
    
    
                               TABLE XI1-4
    
                  PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY
    
    (a)  Zinc Reduction Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
    
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
                  Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc reduced
             English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of zinc reduced
    Arsenic
    *Cadmium
    Chromium
    * Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    *Zinc
    2.319
    0.334
    0.617
    2.135
    0.467
    0.917
    0.484
    1.702
    1.034
    0.134
    0.250
    1.018
    0.217
    0.617
    0.200
    0.701
    *Regulated Pollutant
    
    (b)  Preleach of Zinc Concentrates PSNS
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
               Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate leached
          English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate leached
    
     Arsenic                              1.252           0.559
    *Cadmium                              0.180           0.072
     Chromium                             0.333           0.135
    *Copper                               1.153           0.550
    *Lead                                 0.252           0.117
     Nickel                               0.496           0.333
     Silver                               0.261           0.108
    *Zinc                                 0.919           0.378
    
    *Regulated Pollutant
                                   1651
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
    
    
                          TABLE Xll-4 (Continued)
    
                  PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY
    
    
    (c)  Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control  PSNS
    
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
         Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc processed through leaching
        English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of zinc processed through
                                 leaching
    Arsenic
    *Cadmium
    Chromium
    * Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    *Zinc
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    *Regulated Pollutant
    
    (d) Electrolyte Bleed Wastewater  PSNS
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kg of cathode zinc produced
         English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of cathode zinc produced
    Arsenic
    *Cadmium
    Chromium
    * Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    *Zinc
    0.600
    0.086
    0.160
    0.553
    0.121
    0.238
    0.125
    0.441
    0.268
    0.035
    0.065
    0.264
    0.056
    0.160
    0.052
    0.182
    *Regulated Pollutant
                                   1652
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
    
    
                          TABLE XII-4 (Continued)
    
                  PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY
    
    
    (e)  Cathode and Anode Wash Wastewater  PSNS
    
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
              Metric Units - mg/kg of cathode zinc produced
         English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of cathode zinc produced
    Arsenic
    *Cadmium
    Chromium
    * Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    *Zinc
    1.044
    0.150
    0.278
    0.961
    0.210
    0.413
    0.218
    0.766
    0.466
    0.060
    0.113
    0.458
    0.098
    0.278
    0.090
    0.315
    *Regulated Pollutant
    
    
    (f)   Casting Wet Air Pollution Control  PSNS
    
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
                    Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc cast
               English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of zinc cast
    Arsenic
    *Cadmium
    Chromium
    * Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    *Zinc
    0.357
    0.051
    0.095
    0.329
    0.072
    0.141
    0.075
    0.262
    0.159
    0.021
    0.039
    0.157 .
    0.033
    0.095
    0.031
    0.108
    *Regulated Pollutant
                                   1653
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
    
    
                          TABLE XII-4 (Continued)
    
                  PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY
    
    
    (g)  Casting Contact Cooling   PSNS
    
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
                    Metric Units - mg/kg of zinc cast
               English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of zinc cast
    Arsenic
    *Cadmium
    Chromium
    *Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    *Zinc
    0.252
    0.036
    0.067
    0.232
    0.051
    0.100
    0.052
    0.185
    0.112
    0.014
    0.027
    0.110
    0.024
    0.067
    0.022
    0.076
    *Regulated Pollutant
    
    (h)  Cadmium Plant Wastewater  PSNS
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
                Metric Units - mg/kg of cadmium produced
           English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of cadmium produced
    
     Arsenic                              8.578           3.826
    *Cadmium                              1.234 .          0.494
     Chromium                             2.283           0.926
    *Copper                               7.899           3.765
    *Lead                                 1.728           0.802
     Nickel                               3.394           2.283
     Silver                               1.790           0.741
    *Zinc                                 6.295           2.592
    
    *Regulated Pollutant
                                   1654
    

    -------
                  PRIMARY ZINC SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XIII
    
    
    
                              SECTION XIII
    
             BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
    
    
    EPA  is  not  promulgating best  conventional  pollutant  control
    technology (BCT) for the primary zinc subcategory at this time.
                                   1655
    

    -------
    

    -------
    NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY
    
    
               DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT SUPPLEMENT
    
    
                           for the
    
    
                  Primary Lead Subcategory
                      William K.  Reilly
                        Administrator
                       Rebecca Hanmer
          Acting Assistant  Administrator  for  Water
                  Martha Prothro,  Director
          Office of  Water Regulations  and Standards
                Thomas  P.  O'Farrell,  Director
               Industrial  Technology  Division
                 Ernst  P.  Hall,  P.E.,  Chief
                   Metals  Industry  Branch
                             and
                  Technical  Project Officer
                        May  1989
            U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency
                      Office of Water
         Office  cf Water Regulations and Standards
              .Industrial Technology Division
                 Washington, D. C.  20460
                            1657
    

    -------
    Page Intentionally Blank
    

    -------
                    PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    
    
                            TABLE OF CONTENTS
    
    Section                                                    Page
    
    I         SUMMARY                                          1667
    
    II        CONCLUSIONS                                      1671
    
    III       SUBCATEGORY PROFILE                              1679
    
              Description of Primary Lead Production           1697
              Raw Materials                                    1697
              Sintering                                        1697
              Blast Furnace Reduction                          1698
              Dressing                                         1699
              Softening and Refining                           1700
              Casting                                          1701
              Process Wastewater Sources                       1701
              Other Wastewater Sources                         1701
              Age, Production and Process Profile              1701
    
    IV        SUBCATEGORIZATION                                1707
    
              Factors Considered in Subdividing the Primary    1707
              Lead Subcategory                                 1707
              Other Factors                                    1708
              Production Normalizing Parameters                1709
    
    V         WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS         1711
    
              Wastewater Sources,  Discharge Rates, and         1711
                Characteristics
              Sinter Plant Materials Handling Wet Air          1714
                Pollution Control
              Blast Furnace Slag Granulation                   1715
              Blast Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control          1715
              Dross Reverberatory  Furnace Granulation          1715
                Wastewater
              Dross Reverberatory  Furnace Wet Air Pollution    1715
                Control
              Zinc Fuming Furnace  Wet Air Pollution Control    1716
              Hard Lead Refining Wet Air Pollution Control     1716
                and Slag Granulation
              Facility Washdown                                1716
              Employee Handwash                                1717
              Employee Respirator  Wash                         1717
              Laundry of Uniforms                               1717
                               1659
    

    -------
                    PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    Section
    VI
    VII
    VIII
                      TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
    SELECTION OF POLLUTANTS
    
    Conventional and Nonconventional Pollutant
      Parameters
    Conventional and Nonconventional Pollutant
      Parameters Selected
    Toxic Pollutants
    Toxic Pollutants Never Detected
    Toxic Pollutants Never Found Above Their
      Analytical Quantification Concentration
    Toxic Pollutants Present Below Concentrations
      Achievable by Treatment
    Toxic Pollutants Detected in a Small Number of
      Sources
    Toxic Pollutants Selected for Consideration in
      Establishing Limitations
    
    CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
    
    Prior Regulations
    Current Control and Treatment Practices
    Sinter Plant Materials Handling Wet Air
      Pollution Control
    Blast Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control
    Blast Furnace Slag Granulation
    Dross Reverberatory Slag Granulation Wastewater
    Dross Reverberatory Furnace Wet Air
      Pollution Control
    Zinc Fuming Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control
    Hard Lead Refining Wet Air Pollution
      Control and Slag Granulation
    Facility Washdown
    Wastewater from Industrial Hygiene Compliance
    Control and Treatment Options
    Option A
    Option B
    Option C
    Treatment Options Rejected
    Option F
    
    COSTS, ENERGY, AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS
    
    Treatment Options Costed for Existing Sources
    Option A
    Option B
    Option C
    Cost Methodology
    Nonwater Quality Aspects
    Energy Requirements
    Solid Waste
    Air Pollution
    1732
    1732
    1733
    
    1733
    
    1734
    
    1735
    
    
    1743
    
    1743
    1744
    1744
    
    1745
    1745
    1745
    1746
    
    1746
    1746
    
    1746
    1746
    1747
    1747
    1747
    1747
    1748
    1748
    
    1749
    
    1749
    1749
    1749
    1750
    1750
    1751
    1751
    1752
    1753
                               1660
    

    -------
                    PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    
                      TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
    
    Section                                                 .   Page
    
    IX        BEST PRACTICABLE TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY AVAILABLE  1755
    
              Technical Approach to BPT                        1756
              Industry Cost and Pollutant Removal Estimates    1758
              BPT Option Selection                             1758
              Wastewater Discharge Rates                       1759
              Sinter Plant Materials Handling Wet Air          1760
                Pollution Control
              Blast Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control          1760
              Blast Furnace Slag Granulation                   1760
              Dross Reverberatory Slag Granulation Wastewater  1760
              Dross Reverberatory Furnace Wet Air              1761
                Pollution Control
              Zinc Fuming Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control    1761
              Hard Lead Refining Wet Air Pollution Control     1761
              Hard Lead Refining Slag Granulation              1761
              Facility Washdown                                1762
              Employee Handwash                                1762
              Respirator Wash                                  1761
              Laundering of Uniforms                           1762
              Regulated Pollutant Parameters                   1762
              Stormwater and Precipitation Allowances          1763
              Effluent Limitations                             1763
    
    X         BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY           1771
              ACHIEVABLE
    
              Technical Approach to BAT                        1773
              Option A                                         1774
              Option B                                         1774
              Recycle of Water Used in Wet Air Pollution       1775
                Control
              Recycle or Reuse of Dross Reverberatory Furnace  1775
                Granulation Wastewater
              Option C                                         1775
              Industry Cost and Pollutant  Removal Estimates    1776
              Pollutant Removal Estimates                       1776
              Compliance Costs                                 1776
              BAT Option Selection                             1777
              Wastewater Discharge Rates                       1778
              Blast Furnace Slag Granulation                   1778
              Zinc Fuming Furnace Wet Air  Pollution Control    1779
              Dross Reverberatory Furnace  Wet Air              1779
                Pollution Control
              Dross Reverberatory Slag Granulation Wastewater  1779
              Hard Lead Refining Wet Air Pollution Control     1780
              Regulated Pollutant Parameters                   1780
              Stormwater and Precipitation Allowances          1781
              Effluent Limitations                             1781
                               1661
    

    -------
                    PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    
                      TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
    
    Section
    
    XI        NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
    
              Technical Approach to BDT                        1793
              BDT Option Selection                             1793
              Regulated Pollutant Parameters                   1794
              New Source Performance Standards                 1794
    
    XII       PRETREATMENT STANDARDS                           1803
    
              Technical Approach to Pretreatment               1803
              Pretreatment Standards for Existing Sources and  1804
                New Sources
              Industry Cost and Pollutant Removal Estimates    1804
              Pretreatment Standards for Existing Sources      1805
              Pretreatment Standards for New-Sources           1805
              Regulated Pollutant Parameters                   1805
              Pretreatment Standards                           1806
    
    XIII      BEST CONVENTIONAL TECHNOLOGY                     1823
                               1662
    

    -------
                    PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    
                             LIST OF TABLES
    
    Number                                                     Page
    
    III-l     INITIAL OPERATING YEAR SUMMARY OF PLANTS IN      1703
              THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY BY DISCHARGE TYPE
    
    III-2     PRODUCTION RANGES FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD           1703
              SUBCATEGORY
    
    III-3     SUMMARY OF PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY PROCESSES    1704
              AND ASSOCIATED WASTE STREAMS
    
    V-l       WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR SINTER         1718
              PLANT MATERIALS HANDLING WET AIR POLLUTION
              CONTROL
    
    V-2       WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR BLAST          1718
              FURNACE SLAG GRANULATION
    
    V-3       WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR DROSS          1719
              REVERBERATORY FURNACE GRANULATION WASTEWATER
    
    V-4       WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR DROSS          1719
              REVERBERATORY FURNACE WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
    
    V-5       WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR ZINC FUMING    1720
              FURNACE WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
    
    V-6       WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR HARD LEAD      1720
              REFINING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
    
    V-7       WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR HARD LEAD      1721
              REFINING SLAG GRANULATION
    
    V-8       PRIMARY LEAD SAMPLING DATA RAW SMELTING          1722
              WASTEWATER
    
    V-9       PRIMARY LEAD SAMPLING DATA MISCELLANEOUS         1724
              WASTEWATER
                                                               •
    V-10      PRIMARY LEAD SAMPLING DATA PARTIAL TREATMENT     1726
              SAMPLES PLANT A
    
    VI-1      FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF TOXIC POLLUTANTS      1736
              PRIMARY LEAD RAW WASTEWATER
    
    VI-1      TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED                  1740
                               1663
    

    -------
                    PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
                       LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
    
    Number                                                    Page
    
    VIII-1    COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD          1754
              SUBCATEGORY DIRECT DISCHARGERS
    
    VII1-2    COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD          1754
              SUBCATEGORY INDIRECT DISCHARGERS
    
    IX-1      BPT WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE           1765
              PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    IX-2      BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD    1766
              SUBCATEGORY
    
    X-l       POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES FOR PRIMARY LEAD     1782
              DIRECT DISCHARGERS
    
    X-2       BAT WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE PRIMARY   1783
              LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    X-3       BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD    1784
              SUBCATEGORY
    
    XI-1      NSPS WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES.FOR THE PRIMARY  1796
              LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    XI-2      NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY            1797
    
    XII-1     POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES FOR PRIMARY LEAD     1807
              INDIRECT DISCHARGERS
    
    XII-2     PSES WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE PRIMARY  1808
              LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    XI1-3     PSNS WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE PRIMARY  1809
              LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    XI1-4     PSES FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY            1810
    
    XII-5     PSNS FOR-THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY            1816
                               1664
    

    -------
                    PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    
                             LIST OF FIGURES
    
    Number              -                                       Page
    III-l     PRIMARY LEAD MANUFACTURING PROCESS               1705
    
    III-2     GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS OF PRIMARY LEAD             1706
              SUBCATEGORY PLANTS
    
    V-l       SAMPLING SITES AT PRIMARY LEAD PLANT A           1728
    
    V-2       SAMPLING SITES AT PRIMARY LEAD PLANT B           1729
    
    V-3       SAMPLING SITES AT PRIMARY LEAD PLANT C           1730
    
    IX-1      BPT TREATMENT SCHEME FOR PRIMARY LEAD            1771
              SUBCATEGORY
    
    X-l       BAT TREATMENT SCHEME OPTION A                    1788
    
    X-2       BAT TREATMENT SCHEME OPTION B                    1789
    
    X-3       BAT -TREATMENT SCHEME OPTION C                    1790
                               1665
    

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     PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                1666
    

    -------
                         LEAD SUBCATEGORY     SECT -  I
    
    
    
                                SECTION  I
    
                                 SUMMARY
    On  February 27, 1975, EPA promulgated technology-based  effluent
    limitations  for the primary lead subcategory of  the  Nonferrous
    Metals  Manufacturing  Point Source Category.   Best  practicable
    control  technology currently available  (BPT) and best  available
    technology  economically  achievable  (BAT)  effluent  limitations
    were established.  Under these limitations, discharge of  process
    wastewater  pollutants into navigable waters was  prohibited  for
    plants  located in historical areas of net evaporation  with  the
    following  exceptions.  Discharge without limitation was  allowed
    for  a volume of process wastewater equivalent to the  volume  of
    stormwater  in excess of that attributable to a 10-year,  24-hour
    rainfall   falling   on  the  wastewater   cooling   impoundment.
    Discharge,   subject  to  concentration-based  limitations,   was
    allowed  for a volume equal to the net monthly  precipitation  on
    the wastewater cooling pond.
    
    The  best practicable control technology currently available  was
    also  established  for plants located in historical areas of  net
    precipitation.  These limitations allowed a constant discharge of
    process wastewater and limited the quantities of total  suspended
    solids, cadmium, lead, zinc, and the range of pH found in primary
    lead effluents.
    
    EPA promulgated amendments to BPT and BAT, and establish  BDT and
    pretreatment standards for this subcategory pursuant to the Clean
    Water  Act  amendments  of  1977.   This  supplement  provides  a
    compilation  and  analysis  of the background  material  used  to
    develop these effluent limitations and standards.
    
    The primary lead subcategory is comprised of six plants.    Of the
    six plants,  four discharge directly to a river, lake,  or stream;
    two discharge to publicly owned treatment works (POTW);   and none
    achieve zero discharge of process wastewater.
    
    EPA  first  studied  the primary lead  subcategory  to  determine
    whether   differences   in   raw   materials,    final   products,
    manufacturing  processes, equipment, age and size  of plants,  and
    water  usage,  required  the  development  of   separate  effluent
    limitations   and  standards  for  different  segments   of   the
    subcategory.   This  involved a detailed analysis   of  wastewater
    discharge and treated effluent characteristics,  including (1) the
    sources  and  volume of water used,  the processes  used,   and  the
    sources  of pollutants and wastewaters in the  plant; and  (2)  the
    constituents of wastewaters, including toxic pollutants.
    
    Several  distinct  control and treatment technologies  (both  in-
    plant and end-of-pipe) applicable to the primary lead subcategory
    were  identified.   The Agency analyzed both historical  and   newly
    generated   data  on  the  performance  of  these    technologies,
    
    
                               1667
    

    -------
                 PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - I
    
    
    including  their nonwater quality environmental impacts (such  as
    air  quality  impacts,  and solid  waste  generation)  and  energy
    requirements.  EPA also studied various flow reduction techniques
    reported  in  the  data collection  portfolios  (dcp)  and  plant
    visits.
    
    Engineering  costs  were  prepared for each of  the  control  and
    treatment  options considered for the subcategory.   These  costs
    were  then  used  by  the  Agency  to  estimate  the  impact   of
    implementing  the various options on the subcategory.   For  each
    control  and  treatment option that the Agency found to  be  most
    effective  and technically feasible in controlling the  discharge
    of  pollutants,  the  number of  potential  closures,  number  of
    employees  affected, and impact on price were  estimated.   These
    results  are  reported in a separate document  entitled  Economic
    Impact Analysis of_ Effluent Limitations Guidelines and  Standards
    for the Nonferrous Smelting and Refining Industry.
    
    Based  on  consideration  of the above  factors,  EPA  identified
    various control and treatment technologies which formed the basis
    for  BPT and selected control and treatment appropriate for  each
    set  of  standards  and limitations.  The  mass  limitations  and
    standards  for  BPT, BAT, NSPS, PSES, and PSNS are  presented  in
    Section II.
    
    After  examining the various treatment technologies,  the  Agency
    has  identified BPT to represent the average of the best existing
    technology.   Metals  removal  based on  lime  precipitation  and
    sedimentation technology is the basis for the BPT limitations. To
    meet  the BPT effluent limitations based on this technology,  the
    primary  lead  subcategory  is expected  to  incur  an  estimated
    capital  cost of $0.260 million (1982 dollars) and  an  estimated
    annual cost of $0.116 million (1982 dollars).
    
    For  BAT, the Agency has built upon the BPT basis by  adding  in-
    process  control  technologies which include recycle  of  process
    water   from   air   pollution   control,   dross   reverberatory
    granulation,  and  facility washdown waste  streams.   Multimedia
    filtration  followed  by  sulfide precipitation is  added  as  an
    effluent  polishing  step to the  end-of-pipe  treatment  scheme.
    Sulfide precipitation and sedimentation technology is added after
    lime  precipitation 'and sedimentation to achieve the  performance
    of lime, settle, and filter technology.  To meet the BAT effluent
    limitations   based   on  this  technology,  the   primary   lead
    subcategory  is  expected to incur an estimated capital  cost  of
    $0.215  million  (1982 dollars) and an estimated annual  cost  of
    $0.118 million (1982 dollars).
    
    The  best demonstrated technology (BDT),  which is the  technical
    basis of NSPS,  has been determined as zero discharge of  process
    wastewater  pollutants except for wastewater generated from those
    industrial  hygiene  streams provided an allowance  at  BAT.   In
    selecting   BDT,  EPA  recognizes  that  new  plants   have   the
    opportunity   to   implement   the  best   and   most   efficient
    manufacturing  processes and treatment technology.  As such,  new
    
    
                               1668
    

    -------
                 PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - I
    
    
    plants  entering  the  primary lead  subcategory  will  have  the
    opportunity  to install  dry slag conditioning devices, or  reuse
    and  recycle  process wastewater if a wet granulating  system  is
    installed.
    
    The  Agency is promulgating pretreatment standards  for  existing
    sources  based  on the same technology as  BAT.   The  technology
    basis   is   in-process  flow  reduction,   lime   precipitation,
    sedimentation,   sulfide   precipitation,   sedimentation,    and
    multimedia  filtration.   To  meet the  PSES,  the  primary  lead
    subcategory  will  incur  an estimated  capital  cost  of  $0.038
    million  (1982  dollars) and an estimated annual cost  of  $0.007
    million  (1982  dollars). The technology basis  for  pretreatment
    standards for new sources (PSNS) is equivalent to the  technology
    used  for  NSPS.  The  PSNS do not allow a discharge  of  process
    wastewater  pollutants  except  for  wastewater  generated   from
    industrial hygiene streams.
                               1669
    

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    PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - I
      THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                  1670
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    
    
    
    
                                SECTION II
    
                               CONCLUSIONS
    EPA has divided the primary lead subcategory into 12 subdivisions
    or  building blocks for the purpose of effluent  limitations  and
    standards.  These building blocks are:
    
        (a)  Sinter plant materials handling wet air pollution
             control,
        (b)  Blast furnace wet air pollution control,
        (c)  Blast furnace slag granulation,
        (d)  Dross reverberatory slag granulation,
        (e)  Dross reverberatory furnace wet air pollution control,
        (f)  Zinc fuming furnace wet air pollution control,
        (g)  Hard lead refining slag granulation,
        (h)  Hard lead refining wet air pollution control,
        (i)  Facility washdown,
        (j)  Employee handwash,
        (k)  Respirator wash, and
        (1)  Laundering of uniforms.
    
    A  modified  BPT  is promulgated based  on  the  performance
    achievable by the application of chemical precipitation, and
    sedimentation  (lime and settle) technology.   The following
    BPT effluent limitations are promulgated:
    
    (a)  Sinter Plant Materials Handling Wet Air Pollution
         Control  BPT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
    
    
                Metric Units - mg/kkg of sinter production
           English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of sinter production
    
    Lead                                   594.000        270.000
    Zinc                                   525.000        219.600
    TSS                                 14,760.000      7,020.000
    pH                           Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                          at all times
                               1671
    

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                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    
    
    (b)  Blast Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control  BPT
    Pollutant or•Maximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
       Metric Units - mg/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced
             English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of blast furnace
                          lead bullion produced
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    TSS                                      0.000          0.000
    pH                              Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                              at all times
    (c)  Blast Furnace Slag Granulation  BPT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
       Metric Units - mg/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced
             English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of blast furnace
                          lead bullion produced
    
    Lead                                 6,155.000      2,798.000
    Zinc                                 5,446.000      2,276.000
    TSS                                153,000.000     72,740.000
    pH                           Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                          at all times
                               1672
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    (d)  Dross Reverberatory Slag Granulation   BPT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
        Metric Units - mg/kkg of slag, matte, or speiss granulated
        English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of slag, matte, or speiss
                                granulated
    
    Lead                                 9,499.000      4,318.000
    Zinc                                 8,405.000      3,512.000
    TSS                                236,000.000    112,300.000
    pH                             Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                               at all times
    (e)  Dross Reverberatory Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
     Metric Units - mg/kkg of dross reverberatory furnace production
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of dross reverberatory furnace
                                production
    
    Lead                                15,920.000      7,235.000
    Zinc                                14,080.000      5,884.000
    TSS                                395,500.000    188,100.000
    pH                              Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                               at all times
                               1673
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    (f)  Zinc Fuming Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
    
    
       Metric Units - mg/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of blast furnace lead bullion
                                 produced
    
    Lead                                   702.900        319.500
    Zinc                                   622.000        259.900
    TSS                                 17,470.000      8,307.000
    pH                             Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                               at all times
    (g)  Hard Lead Refining Slag Granulation BPT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
    
    
               Metric Units - mg/kkg of hard lead produced
          English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of hard lead produced
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    TSS                                      0.000          0.000
    pH                             Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                              at all times
                               1674
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    
    
    (h)  Hard Lead Refining Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
    Pollutant or            •          Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
               Metric Units - mg/kkg of hard lead produced
          English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of hard lead produced
    
    Lead                                32,730.000     14,880.000
    Zinc                                28,960.000     12,100.000
    TSS                                813,300.000    386,800.000
    pH                             Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                               at all times
    (i)  Facility Washdown BPT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
    
    
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    TSS                                      0.000          0.000
    pH                              Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                               at all times
                               1675
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    (j)  Employee Handwash  BPT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
    Lead                                     5.445          2.475
    Zinc                                     4.818          2.013
    TSS                                    135.300         64.350
    pH                              Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                             at all times
    (k)  Respirator Wash  BPT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
    Lead                                     8.745          3.975
    Zinc                                     7.738          3.233
    TSS                                    217.300        103.400
    pH                             Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                               at all times
                               1676
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    (1)  Laundering of Uniforms  BPT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
    Lead                                    25.580         11.630
    Zinc                                    22.630          9.455
    TSS                                    635.500        302.300
    pH                             Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                               at all times
    A modified BAT is promulgated based on the performance achievable
    by the application of lime precipitation, sedimentation,  sulfide
    precipitation,    sedimentation,   and   multimedia    filtration
    technology,  and in-process flow reduction control methods.   The
    following  BAT effluent limitations are promulgated for  existing
    sources:
    (a)  Sinter Plant Materials Handling Wet Air Pollution
             Control BAT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
                Metric Units - mg/kkg of sinter production
           English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of sinter production
    
    Lead                                   100.800         46.800
    Zinc                                   367.200        151.200
                               1677
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    
    
    (b)  Blast Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control  BAT
    Pollutant or            .          Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
       Metric Units - mg/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of blast furnace lead bullion
                                 produced
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    (c)  Blast Furnace Slag Granulation  BAT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
       Metric Units - mg/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of blast furnace lead bullion
                                 produced
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    (d)  Dross Reverberatory Furnace Slag Granulation   BAT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
        Metric Units - mg/kkg of slag, matte/ or speiss granulated
        English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of slag, matte, or speiss
                                granulated
    
    Lead                                 1,612.000        748.400
    Zinc                                 5,872.000      2,418.000
                               1678
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    
    
    (e)  Dross Reverberatory Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
    
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
    
    
     Metric Units - mg/kkg of dross reverberatory furnace production
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of dross reverberatory furnace
                                production
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    
    
    
    (f)  Zinc Fuming Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control  BAT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
       Metric Units - mg/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of blast furnace lead bullion
                                 produced
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    (g)   Hard Lead Refining Slag Granulation  BAT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
               Metric Units - mg/kkg of hard lead produced
          English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of hard lead produced
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
                               1679
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    
    
    (h)  Hard Lead Refining Wet Air Pollution Control  BAT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property      •          Any One Day   Monthly Average
               Metric Units - mg/kkg of hard lead produced
          English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of hard lead produced
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    (i)   Facility Washdown  BAT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    (j)   Employee Handwash  BAT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units '- Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
    Lead                                     0.924          0.429
    Zinc                                     3.366          1.386
                               1680
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT -II
    
    
    (k)  Respirator Wash  BAT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
    Lead                                     1.484          0.689
    Zinc                                     5.406          2.226
    (1)  Laundering of Uniforms  BAT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
    Lead                                     4.340          2.015
    Zinc                                    15.810          6.510
    NSPS  are  promulgated  based on the  performance  achievable  by
    the  application  of lime precipitation,  sedimentation,  sulfide
    precipitation,    sedimentation,   and   multimedia    filtration
    technology,  and in-process flow reduction control  methods.   The
    following effluent standards are promulgated for new sources:
                               1681
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    (a)  Sinter Plant Materials Handling Wet Air Pollution
             Control  NSPS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
                Metric Units - mg/kkg of sinter production
           English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of sinter production
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    TSS                                      0.000          0.000
    pH                           Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                          at all times
    (b)  Blast Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control  NSPS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
       Metric Units - mg/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced
             English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of blast furnace
                          lead bullion produced
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    TSS                                      0.000          0.000
    pH                             Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                               at all times
                               1682
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    
    
    (c)  Blast Furnace Slag Granulation  NSPS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
       Metric Units - mg/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced
             English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of blast furnace
                          lead bullion produced
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    TSS                                      0.000          0.000
    pH                           Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                          at all times
    (d)  Dross Reverberatory Slag Granulation   NSPS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
        Metric Units - mg/kkg of slag, matte, or speiss granulated
        English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of slag, matte, or speiss
                                granulated
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    TSS                                      0.000          0.000
    pH                            Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                             at all times
                               1683
    

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                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    
    
    (e)  Dross Reverberatory Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control  NSPS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
     Metric Units - mg/kkg of dross reverberatory furnace production
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of dross reverberatory furnace
                                production
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    TSS                                      0.000          0.000
    pH                              Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                               at all times
    (f)  Zinc Fuming Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control  NSPS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
       Metric Units - mg/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of blast furnace lead bullion
                                 produced
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    TSS                                      0.000          0.000
    pH                              Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                               at all times
                               1684
    

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                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    
    
    (g)  Hard Lead Refining Slag Granulation  NSPS
    Pollutant or            .          Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
               Metric Units - mg/kkg of hard lead produced
          English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of hard lead produced
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    TSS                                      0.000          0.000
    pH                              Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                               at all times
    (h)  Hard Lead Refining Wet Air Pollution Control  NSPS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
               Metric Units - mg/kkg of hard lead produced
          English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of hard lead produced
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    TSS                                      0.000          0.000
    pH                             Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                               at all times
                               1685
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    
    
    (i)  Facility Washdown  NSPS
    Pollutant or            .          Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    TSS                                      0.000          0.000
    pH                             Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                               at all times
    (j)  Employee Handwash  NSPS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
    Lead                                     0.924          0.429
    Zinc                                     3.366          1.386
    TSS                                     49.500         39.600
    pH                             Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                               at all times
                               1686
    

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                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    
    
    (k)  Respirator Wash  NSPS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
    Lead                                     1.484          0.689
    Zinc                                     5.406          2.226
    TSS                                     79.500         63.600
    pH                             Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                              at all times
    (1)  Laundering of Uniforms  NSPS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
    Lead                                     4.340          2.015
    Zinc                                    15.810          6.510
    TSS                                    232.500        186.000
    pH                              Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                               at all times
                               1687
    

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                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    
    
    PSES  are  promulgated  based on the  performance  achievable  by
    the  application  of lime precipitation,  sedimentation,  sulfide
    precipitation,    sedimentation,   and   multimedia    filtration
    technology,  and in-process flow reduction control  methods.  The
    following  pretreatment•  standards are promulgated  for  existing
    sources:
    
    (a)  Sinter Plant Materials Handling Wet Air Pollution
             Control  PSES
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
                Metric Units - mg/kkg of sinter production
           English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of sinter production
    
    Lead                                   100.800         46.800
    Zinc                                   367.200        151.200
    (b)  Blast Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control  PSES
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
       Metric Units - mg/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of blast furnace lead bullion
                                 produced
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
                               1688
    

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                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    
    
     (c)  Blast Furnace Slag Granulation  PSES
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
       Metric Units - mg/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of blast furnace lead bullion
                                 produced
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    (d)  Dross Reverberatory Slag Granulation   PSES
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
        Metric Units - mg/kkg of slag, matte, or speiss granulated
        English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of slag, matte, or speiss
                                granulated
    
    Lead                                 1,612.000        748.400
    Zinc                                 5,872.000      2,418.000
    (e)  Dross Reverberatory Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control  PSES
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
     Metric Units - mg/kkg of dross reverberatory furnace production
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of dross reverberatory furnace
                                production
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
                               1689
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    
    
    (f)  Zinc Fuming Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control  PSES
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
       Metric Units - mg/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of blast furnace lead bullion
                                 produced
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    (g)  Hard Lead Refining Slag Granulation  PSES
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
               Metric Units - mg/kkg of hard lead produced
          English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of hard lead produced
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    (h)  Hard Lead Refining Wet Air Pollution Control  PSES
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
               Metric Units - mg/kkg of hard lead produced
          English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of hard lead produced
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
                               1690
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    
    
    (i)  Facility Washdown  PSES
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
    
    
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
    Lead                                     0.000        '  0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    (j)  Employee Handwash  PSES
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
    Lead                                     0.924          0.429
    Zinc                                     3.366          1.386
    (k)  Respirator Wash  PSES
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
    Lead                                     1.484          0.689
    Zinc                                     5.406          2.226
                               1691
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    
    
    (1)  Laundering of Uniforms  PSES
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    Lead
    Zinc
    4.340
    15.810
    2.015
    6.510
    PSNS are promulgated based on the performance achievable  by
    the  application  of lime precipitation,  sedimentation,  sulfide
    precipitation,    sedimentation,   and   multimedia    filtration
    technology,  and in-process flow reduction control  methods.  The
    following pretreatment standards are promulgated for new sources:
    
    
    (a)  Sinter Plant Materials Handling Wet Air Pollution
             Control  PSNS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
                Metric Units - mg/kkg of sinter production
           English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of sinter production
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
                               1692
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    
    
    (b)  Blast Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control  PSNS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
       Metric Units - mg/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of blast furnace lead bullion
                                 produced
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    (c)  Blast Furnace Slag Granulation  PSNS
    Pollutant or    -                  Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
       Metric Units - mg/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of blast furnace lead bullion
                                 produced
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    (d)  Dross Reverberatory Slag Granulation   PSNS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
        Metric Units - mg/kkg of slag,  matte,  or speiss granulated
        English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of slag, matte, or speiss
                                granulated
    
    Lead                                    .0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
                               1693
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    
    
    (e)  Dross Reverberatory Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control  PSNS
    Pollutant or           .           Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
     Metric Units - mg/kkg of dross reverberatory furnace production
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of dross reverberatory furnace
                                production
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    (f)   Zinc Fuming Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control . PSNS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
       Metric Units - mg/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of blast furnace lead bullion
                                 produced
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    (g)  Hard Lead Refining Slag Granulation   PSNS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
               Metric Units - mg/kkg of hard lead produced
          English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of hard lead produced
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
                               1694
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    
    
    (h)  Hard Lead Refining Wet Air Pollution Control  PSNS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property         .       Any One Day   Monthly Average
               Metric Units - mg/kkg of hard lead produced
          English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of hard lead produced
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    (i)  Facility Washdown  PSNS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
    
    
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    (j)   Employee Handwash  PSNS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
    Lead                                     0.924          0.429
    Zinc                                     3.366          1.386
                               1695
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    (k)  Respirator Wash  PSNS
    Pollutant or
    Pollutant Property
    Maximum for   Maximum for
    Any One Day   Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    Lead
    Zinc
           1.484
           5.406
            0.689
            2.226
    (1)  Laundering of Uniforms  PSNS
    Pollutant or
    Pollutant Property
    Maximum for
    Any One Day
    Maximum for
    Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    Lead
    Zinc
           4.340
          15.810
            2.015
            6.510
                               1696
    

    -------
                PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - III
    
    
    
                               SECTION III
    
                           SUBCATEGORY PROFILE
    
    
    This  section  of the Primary Lead Supplement describes  the  raw
    materials  and  processes used in smelting and  refining  primary
    lead and presents a profile of the primary lead plants identified
    in this study.   For a discussion of the purpose,  authority, and
    methodology  for  this  study and a general  description  of  the
    nonferrous metals manufacturing category, refer to Section III of
    Vol. I.
    
    DESCRIPTION OF PRIMARY LEAD PRODUCTION
    
    Primary  lead production can be divided into five distinct  steps
        sintering, blast furnace reduction, dressing,  softening  and
    refining,   and  casting.   With  only  a  few  exceptions,   the
    pyrometallurgical  processes  used  in  the  U.S.  primary   lead
    industry  have changed little in the last 75 years.  The  primary
    lead production process is presented schematically in Figure III-
    1 (page 1705) and described below.
    
    RAW MATERIALS
    
    Galena  (PbS),  cerusite   (PbC03),  and  anglesite  (PbS04)  are
    the  principal  mineral  ores used in the production  of  primary
    lead.  Most of these ores originate in southeastern Missouri, but
    Idaho  and Utah also produce significant amounts.   Missouri  ore
    concentrates  have  a lead content exceeding 70 percent  and  few
    .impurities; the combined zinc and copper content of these ores is
    less  than  3  percent.   Fewer refining steps are  required  for
    Missouri ores because of their high grade.   Other domestic  lead
    smelters  process different domestic and imported ores.  The  ore
    concentrates  used by these smelters vary, but generally  contain
    less lead and more impurities than concentrates from Missouri.
    
    SINTERING
    
    The  initial step in the production of primary lead is a smelting
    operation  which consists of blending the ore  concentrates  with
    recycle products and fluxes.   The blend is moistened,  pelletized
    using  ball  drums,  and  fed to a  traveling  grate  furnace  or
    sintering machine.
    
    The  objectives of the sintering operation are not only to remove
    sulfur  as S02 and 863 and to eliminate, by volatilization,  much
    of  the  cadmium  present in the ore  concentrate,  but,   equally
    important, to produce "sinter" of suitable size distribution  and
    strength for subsequent treatment in the blast furnace.
    
    In  the  most  common type of sintering  operation,   a  layer  of
    pellets  is placed on a grate and ignited by  overhead  downdraft
    burners.   Another  layer of pellets is then laid upon the  first
    
    
                               1697
    

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                PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - III
    
    
    layer, and the traveling grate enters the updraft windbox section
    of the sintering machine.   The applied updraft causes the bed of
    sinter to burn from the bottom up.   In another sintering method,
    the  air flows from above (downdraft system) and the burners  are
    placed below the charge.  Whichever system is used, the charge is
    sintered  in the front half of the sintering machine,  called the
    strong gas strand,  while the rear half,  the weak gas strand, is
    used  to  cool  the sintered  charge.   Sulfur  oxides,  arsenic,
    antimony,  and  cadmium are volatized during this  process.   The
    highly concentrated SOX stream emitted during the initial part of
    the sintering operation is usually sent to a sulfuric acid plant.
    Particulates entrained in the off-gases are removed from gas by a
    flue  or  baghouse or both.  The collected  particulate  is  then
    mixed with water in a pugmill and then recycled to the  sintering
    machine.
    
    In the next step,  the sinter is passed through a sinter  breaker
    at the end of the sintering machine, broken, and sized.  Oversize
    particles are fed to the blast furnace, while undersize particles
    are  crushed and water cooled before returning to the sinter feed
    operation.   Sinter breaking produces significant amounts of dust
    that are collected and recycled to the sinter feed.
    
    Two  plants report using wet scrubbers to control  fugitive  lead
    emissions   from   transfer  points,  conveyers,   and   crushing
    operations  associated with sintering.  A  separate  subcategory,
    metallurgical  acid plants, has been created to account  for  the
    control of by-product recovery from the acidic SOX gas stream
    which sintering generates.
    
    BLAST FURNACE REDUCTION
    
    The  blast  furnace  is  the primary reduction  unit  of  a  lead
    smelter.   By  a  combination  of heat  and  reducing  gases,  it
    separates  the  constituents into two phases:  molten  metal  and
    slag.  The metals that are easily reduced, such as lead,  copper,
    silver, gold, bismuth, antimony, and arsenic, become part of  the
    metal  phase; metals that are not easily reduced become  part  of
    the  slag  phase  along with  the  nonmetallic  elements.   Blast
    furnaces are usually rectangular, water cooled, and charged  from
    the top while air, sometimes enriched with oxygen, is  introduced
    into the bottom by tuyeres.  The charge consists of sinter, flux,
    and coke, and usually includes recycled slag and dust from  other
    operations.
    
    Two  or three molten layers form in the blast furnace.    The  top
    layer of the melt is slag containing iron, calcium, and magnesium
    silicates; small quantities of arsenic and antimony;  and variable
    amounts  of  lead (1.5 to 4 percent).   Slags  with  economically
    recoverable zinc may be processed on-site by slag fuming for zinc
    recovery.   In this process, the slag is heated with coal to high
    temperatures  that  oxidize zinc into particles  which  are  then
    collected  with  dust-collecting equipment.    Wet  air  pollution
    control  methods  may  also  be  applied  to  these  zinc  fuming
    furnaces.   Slag  after zinc fuming, or slag which  is  discarded
    
    
                               1698
    

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                PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - III
    
    
    without  fuming, is usually granulated by impacting a  stream  of
    the  molten slag with a high-pressure water jet.  The  granulated
    slag  may be dewatered and either recycled as part of the  charge
    materials to the sinter process or, depending on slag composition
    and plant facilities, totally discarded.
    
    A  middle layer,  matte,  may be formed in some cases.   Matte is
    composed of copper and iron sulfides, along with precious metals.
    If  significant quantities of arsenic are present in the  charge,
    speiss  is  also formed.   Matte and speiss are usually  sent  to
    copper smelters for further treatment.
    
    The bottom layer,  lead bullion, is retained and further refined.
    Lead  bullion normally contains quantities  of  copper,  arsenic,
    antimony,  or  bismuth.   These  impurities  must be  removed  by
    further  processing to produce an acceptable lead  product.   The
    lead bullion also may contain precious metals in quantities  that
    are economically recoverable.
    
    BROSSING
    
    Dressing  is the initial step in refining the molten lead bullion
    from  the  blast furnaces.   The bullion is transferred  to  open-
    topped, gas heated dressing kettles.  Agitation and oxidation  is
    provided by submerged air lances or mechanical means.  The molten
    lead  is cooled to a temperature at which oxides of lead and  the
    common impurities in lead,  particularly copper, solidify but  the
    lead  remains  liquid.   Since  lead has  such  a  high  specific
    gravity,  the separated impurities float to the top of the  metal
    bath  and  form a solid scum, or "dross," which  is  subsequently
    skimmed  off.   The liquid lead may be transferred  to  a  second
    kettle,  where  a  second  cycle can  be  performed.    Sulfur  is
    sometimes  added to the melt to enhance the removal of copper  as
    black  copper sulfide powder which also rises to the top  of  the
    kettle.   By dressing, the copper content of the lead is  reduced
    from  as high as several tenths of a percent to as low  as  0.005
    percent.
    
    The skimmed dross,  which typically contains about 90  percent lead
    oxide, 2 percent copper, and 2 percent antimony,  as well as gold,
    silver,  arsenic,  bismuth,  indium,  zinc,   tellurium,    nick*el,
    selenium,  and  sulfur is charged to a  by-product  reverberatory
    furnace  (i.e., dross reverb) to recover lead bullion  and  other
    marketable  products.  Sodium carbonate and coke breeze are  also
    charged  to the furnace as  fluxes to facilitate matte and  speiss
    formation.  Matte and speiss separate into two layers  beneath  the
    top  slag and are removed and sold to a copper  smelter.    Liquid
    lead is tapped from the bottom of the furnace and returned to the
    dross kettles.   Slag is returned to the lead blast furnace.    Wet
    air pollution control scrubbers may be used to control  emissions
    from  the dross reverberatory furnace.   Additionally,   wastewater
    may be generated by the granulation of slag,  matte,  and speiss.
                               1699
    

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                PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - III
    SOFTENING AND REFINING
    
    After dressing,  the bullion is subjected to a "softening"  step.
    This  refining  operation  is  performed to  remove  antimony  by
    oxidation and produces a product of lower hardness and  strength.
    In  contrast,  lead alloyed with antimony is commonly referred to
    as "hard lead" or antimonial lead.
    
    Softening  may be done in a reverberatory-type furnace or  by  an
    oxidative  slagging procedure using a sodium hydroxide and sodium
    nitrate  mixture  as an oxidant.   In the  reverberatory  furnace
    operation,  air  is introduced through pipes or lances  into  the
    melt  to oxidize impurities and form a slag which is then skimmed
    from  the  melt.   This oxidation-skimming step  is  repeated  to
    remove a second slag.   The two slags are treated for recovery of
    antimony,  antimonial lead, and sodium arsenate.  Sodium arsenate
    is usually discarded.  Tin slag generated in this process is sent
    to a tin recovery operation.
    
    There  are two oxidative slagging techniques for antimony removal
    from lead bullion:  the kettle process and the Harris process. In
    both processes,  a sodium hydroxide and sodium nitrate mixture is
    added  to the molten metal,  and impurities are then  removed  by
    skimming.   The  slag  is discarded in the  kettle  process,  but
    sodium  hydroxide is recovered hydrometallurgically from the slag
    in the Harris process.   Other metals, such as arsenic, antimony,
    and tin, may also be recovered.
    
    Arsenical and anhimonial skims may be sent to a furnace and  then
    to a refining kettle to produce antimonial lead.   Coke,  silica,
    and  sodium  carbonate  are sometimes added to  the  furnace,  as
    fluxes,  and lead oxide may be added to the refining kettle.  Wet
    air pollution control methods or granulation of furnace slag with
    water may also be practiced.
    
    Final  refining of softened lead bullion is undertaken to  remove
    gold,  silver,  and bismuth.   Gold and silver are removed by the
    Parke's  process in which zinc is added to the molten bullion  to
    form  insoluble  zinc-gold  and  zinc-silver  compounds.    These
    compounds are subsequently skimmed, and residual zinc is  removed
    from  the  bullion  by vacuum  dezincing.   Vacuum  dezincing  is
    performed  in  a separate cell which vaporizes and  removes  zinc
    from the melt under a vacuum.
    
    The  Betterton  process  is  used to remove  bismuth  from  lead.
    Calcium and magnesium are simultaneously added to molten lead  to
    precipitate  CaMg2Bi2 crystals which float to the surface and are
    skimmed.   Antimony  or  organic agents are  sometimes  added  to
    facilitate  removal.   Residual calcium and magnesium are removed
    by adding caustic soda to the bullion in a final refining kettle.
    A slag containing calcium,  magnesium, and other trace impurities
    is  removed  from the refined bullion and recycled to  the  blast
    furnace.
                               1700
    

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                PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT -  III
    CASTING
    
    Refined lead,  which now assays greater than 99.9 percent purity,
    is  sent to a casting operation where it is cast into   ingots  or
    pigs.   None  of  the  plants  in the  primary  lead  subcategory
    reported using contact cooling water.
    
    PROCESS WASTEWATER SOURCES
    
    Although  a  variety of processes are involved  in  primary  lead
    production,  the  significant  wastewater sources  that  will  be
    associated with the primary lead subcategory can be subdivided as
    follows:
    
         1.  Sinter plant materials handling wet air pollution
             control,
    
         2.  Blast furnace wet air pollution control,
    
         3.  Blast furnace slag granulation,
    
         4.  Zinc fuming furnace wet air pollution control,
    
         5.  Dross reverberatory furnace wet air pollution control,
    
         6.  Dross reverberatory furnace granulation wastewater,
    
         7.  Hard lead refining wet air pollution control, and
    
         8.  Hard lead refining slag granulation.
    
    Although not related to any one specific operation,   contaminated
    wastewater  is generated due to industrial hygiene  requirements.
    Wastewater associated with employee hand washing,  laundering  of
    uniforms,    respirator  wash,    and  facility  washdown  are  all
    contaminated with lead.
    
    OTHER WASTEWATER SOURCES
    
    There  are  other waste streams associated with the  primary  lead
    subcategory.   These  waste streams  include  stormwater  runoff,
    maintenance  and  cleanup water,   and  miscellaneous  granulation
    water.   These waste streams are not considered as a  part of  this
    rulemaking.    EPA believes that the flows  and  pollutant  loadings
    associated  with  these waste  streams are   too  insignificant  to
    warrant  a  discharge  allowance   and are   best  handled  by  the
    appropriate  permit  authority  on  a  case-by-case   basis  under
    authority  of Section 402 of the Clean Water  Act.
    
    AGE, PRODUCTION,  AND PROCESS PROFILE
    
    Figure   III-2 (page 1706)  shows the locations  of  the six  primary
    lead plants  operating in the United States.  All  six are  located
    west  of  the Mississippi  River with the  greatest   concentration
    near the rich lead ore deposits in Missouri.
                               1701
    

    -------
                PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - III
    Table  III-l  (page  1703)  illustrates  the  relative  age   and
    discharge status of the primary lead plants throughout the United
    States.   Four plants were built prior to or during World War  I,
    and  the  other  two  have . been built  in  the  last  15  years.
    Smelting, which includes sintering, blast furnace reduction,  and
    dressing,  is performed by five of the six plants.  Two of  these
    plants  also  soften,  refine,  and cast  the  lead.   One  plant
    performs only the last three refining steps.
    
    From  Table  III-2  (page 1703) it can be seen that  of  the  six
    facilities  which  produce primary lead,  production  is  between
    100,000  and 250,000 tons/yr.  Mean production is  about  150,000
    tons/yr.
    
    Table  III-3  (page  1704) provides a summary of  the  number  of
    plants  generating  wastewater for the waste  streams  associated
    with  the  various processes and the number of  plants  with  the
    process.
                               1702
    

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                PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
     SECT - III
                               TABLE III-l
    
             INITIAL OPERATING YEAR SUMMARY OF PLANTS IN THE
               PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY BY DISCHARGE TYPE
                         Initial Operating Year
                          (Plant Age in Years)
    Type of
    Plant
    Direct
    Indirect
    Zero
    Total
    1983-
    1967
    (0-15)
    2
    0
    £
    2
    1966-
    1947
    (15-35)
    0
    0
    £
    0
    1946-
    1927
    (35-55)
    0
    0
    £
    0
    1926-
    1907
    (55-75)
    1
    0
    £
    1
    1906-
    1883
    (75-100)
    1
    2
    £
    3
    Total
    4
    2
    £
    6
                               TABLE  III-2
    
           PRODUCTION RANGES  FOR THE  PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
            Production Ranges  for  1976
                   (Tons/Year)a
    
                  50000 -  100000
    
                 100001 -  200000
    
                 200001 -  250000
    
                 Total
    Number of Plants
    
           1
    
           2
    
           3
    
           6
    (a)  - Based on production  from blast  furnace,
                               1703
    

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                                        Table III-3
    
         SUMMARY OF PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY PROCESSES AND ASSOCIATED WASTE STREAMS
                Waste Stream
    Sinter Plant Materials Handling
      o  Air Pollution Control
    
    Blast Furnace
      o  Slag Granulation
      o  Air Pollution Control
    
    Zinc Fuming Furnace
      o  Air Pollution Control
    
    Dross Reverberatory Furnace
      o  Slag Granulation
      •>  Air Pollution Control
    
    Hard Lead Refining
      o  Slag Granulation
      o  Air Pollution Control
    Number of Plants
      With Process
    
           5
           2
    
           5
           3
           5
    
           2
           2
    
           4
           2
           4
    
    
    
           k
           Ob
      Number of Plants
    Generating Wastewater3
              3
              0
              o
              o
                                  5
                                  tr"
                                  W
                                  c!
                                  W
                                  n
                                  S
                                  w
                                  o
                                  o
    w
    n
    a Through reuse or evaporation practices, a plant may "generate" a wastewater from
       a particular process but not discharge it.
    
    b At proposal one plant generated wastewater from this process.  The plant has
       since closed.
                                                                                               H
                                                                                               H
    

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      PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY     SECT -  III
    
    
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                        Figure  III-l
    
          PRIMARY LEAD MANUFACTURING PPOCESS
                             1705
    

    -------
                                I - Indirect process wastewater discharge plants
                                D - Direct process wastewater discharge plants
                                Z - Zero discharge of process wastewater plants
                                                                                     H
                                                                                     K
    
    
                                                                                     W
                                                                                     in
                                                                                     s
                                                                                     o
    
                                                                                     w
                                                                                     a
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                            Figure III-2
    
    
    GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS OF PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY  PLANTS
    

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                 PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IV
    
    
    
    
                                SECTION IV
    
                            SUBCATEGORIZATION
    This  section  summarizes  the  factors  considered  during   the
    designation  of  the  primary lead subcategory  and  its  related
    subdivisions.  The  production of lead is distinguished from that
    of  other  nonferrous metals because the type  of  metal  product
    accounts for differences in production processes,  raw materials,
    and  many other characteristics that are unique to the production
    of  specific  nonferrous  metals.   Lead is  produced  from  both
    primary and secondary materials.   Since the extraction processes
    and waste generation are dissimilar,  lead production is  divided
    into primary and secondary lead subcategories on the basis of raw
    materials.
    
    FACTORS CONSIDERED IN SUBDIVIDING THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    Because   different  production  processes  generate   dissimilar
    wastewaters  and the combination of production processes utilized
    varies  from  plant to plant  within  the  subcategory,  effluent
    limitations   and  standards  are  developed  for  each  specific
    wastewater  source  or  building  block.    The  limitations  and
    standards  will  be  based on specific flow  allowances  for  the
    following building blocks.
    
         1.  Sinter plant materials handling wet air pollution
             control,
         2.  Blast furnace wet air pollution control,
         3.  Blast furnace slag granulation,
         4.  Dross reverberatory furnace granulation wastewater,
         5.  Dross reverberatory furnace wet air pollution control,
         6.  Zinc fuming furnace wet air pollution control,
         7.  Hard lead refining slag granulation,
         8.  Hard lead refining wet air pollution control,
         9.  Facility washdown,
        10.  Employee hand wash,
        11.  Respirator wash, and
        12.  Laundering of uniforms.
    
    These  subdivisions follow directly from differences between  the
    processing  steps  of primary  lead  production.    Blast  furnace
    reduction,  dressing,  and refining each have various steps which
    may generate wastewaters.
    
    Sinter  plant materials handling wet air pollution control  is  a
    result of wet scrubbers used in the ventilating system to control
    fugitive   emissions   emitted  during  the   transportation   of
    concentrate prior to sintering.   A separate subdivision has  been
    created   for  this  waste  stream  because  its    operation   is
    independent of the blast furnace area.
                               1707
    

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                 PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IV
    
    
    Blast furnace reduction of sinter into lead bullion establishes a
    need  for  the  next three subdivisions  —  blast  furnace  slag
    granulation,  blast furnace wet air pollution control,  and  zinc
    fuming  furnace wet air pollution control.  Slag from  the  blast
    furnace,  or  from  a  zinc  fuming  furnace,  is  granulated  by
    impacting a stream of molten slag with a high pressure water jet.
    The  water from this process may be recycled or discharged.   Wet
    air pollution control devices may be used to control  particulate
    and  volatile  emissions from the blast furnace and from  a  high
    temperature  furnace used to oxidize and "fume" recoverable  zinc
    from  a  blast  furnace slag.  Three  separate  subdivisions  are
    necessary because some plants do not use all these processes.
    
    The  fifth and sixth subdivisions result from differences in  the
    dressing practices at plants.   Reverberatory furnaces, which are
    used  to  separate  impurities from the skimmed  dross  from  the
    dressing kettles,  may require wet air pollution control devices.
    Additionally,  if  the copper rich matte and speiss are recovered
    for resale,  water may be used to granulate the matte and  speiss
    layers  in much the same way as slag from blast furnace reduction
    is granulated.   Creation of these two subdivisions is  necessary
    to  account  for  the  presence or absence  of  these  wastewater
    sources.
    
    The  rationale  for creation of subdivisions seven and  eight  is
    based  on  a  potential wastewater source in  the  softening  and
    refining step.   Wet air pollution control methods may be used to
    reduce  particulate emissions from "hard  lead"  furnaces,  while
    slag  from the "hard lead" furnaces may be granulated with water.
    Subdivision  is necessary to account for the actual  presence  or
    absence of each source.
    
    Subdivisions  for the final four waste streams have been  created
    to  account  for wastewater generated due to  industrial  hygiene
    requirements.   A  subdivision is created for each source because
    respirators and uniforms may be cleaned off-site or dry vacuuming
    methods  may  be  used  instead  of  washdown  waters.   Separate
    allowances  for  each source will provide the permit  or  control
    authority  with the flexibility to provide only those  allowances
    that are appropriate for operations conducted on-site.
    
    OTHER FACTORS
    
    The  other factors considered in this evaluation  either  support
    the  establishment  of  the 12 subdivisions or were shown  to  be
    inappropriate  bases  for  subdivision.    Air 'pollution  control
    methods,  treatment  costs,  and  total energy  requirements  are
    functions  of  the selected subcategorization  factors  —  metal
    product,  raw materials, and production processes.   As  discussed
    in  Section  IV of Vol. I, certain other factors,  such  as  plant
    age, plant size, and the number of employees, were also evaluated
    and  determined  to  be  inappropriate  for  use  as  bases   for
    subdivision of nonferrous metal subcategory.
                               1708
    

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                 PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
     SECT - IV
    PRODUCTION NORMALIZING PARAMETERS
    
    As  discussed previously, the effluent limitations and  standards
    developed  in  this document establish mass  limitations  on  the
    discharge  of  specific  pollutant parameters.   To  allow  these
    regulations  to  be  applied to plants  with  various  production
    capacities, the mass of pollutant discharged must be related to a
    unit  of  production.   This factor is known  as  the  production
    normalizing parameter (PNP).  The Agency received no comments  on
    the  proposed effluent limitations questioning the  selection  of
    production normalizing parameters.  Therefore, the Agency is  not
    changing  the  PNP for any waste stream.  The PNP's  for  the  12
    subdivisions or building blocks are as follows:
              Building Block
    
     1.  Sinter plant materials handling
         wet air pollution control
    
     2.  Blast furnace wet air pollu-
         tion control
    
     3.  Blast furnace slag granulation
         Dross reverberatory furnace
         granulation wastewater
    
         Dross reverberatory furnace
         wet air pollution control
     6.  Zinc fuming furnace wet air
         pollution control
    
     7.  Hard lead refining slag gran-
         ulation
    
     8.  Hard lead refining wet air
         pollution control
    
     9.  Facility washdown
    10.  Employee hand wash
    11.  Respirator wash
    12.   Laundering of uniforms
        PNP
    kkg of sinter production
    kkg of blast furnace lead
    bullion produced
    
    kkg of blast furnace lead
    bullion produced
    
    kkg of slag, matte, or
    speiss granulated
    
    kkg of dross
    reverberatory
    furnace production
    
    kkg of blast furnace lead
    bullion produced
    
    kkg of hard lead produced
    kkg of hard lead produced
    kkg of lead bullion
    produced
    
    kkg of lead bullion
    produced
    
    kkg of lead bullion
    produced
    
    kkg of lead bullion
    produced
                               1709
    

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    PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IV
      THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                  1710
    

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                  PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
    
    
    
    
                                SECTION V
    
                WASTE USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS
    This   section   describes  the  characteristics  of   wastewater
    associated  with  the primary lead  subcategory.   Data  used  to
    quantify   wastewater  flow  and  pollutant  concentrations   are
    presented,   summarized,  and  discussed.   The  contribution  of
    specific production processes to the overall wastewater discharge
    from primary lead plants is identified whenever possible.
    
    Two  principal  data  sources were used  in  the  development  of
    effluent  limitations  and standards for this  subcategory:  data
    collection   portfolios  and  field   sampling   results.    Data
    collection  portfolios  contain information regarding  wastewater
    flows and production levels.   Data gathered through comments  on
    the  proposed  mass  limitations  and  specific data requests  to
    evaluate these comments are also principal data sources.
    
    In  order  to quantify the pollutant discharge from primary  lead
    plants,  a field sampling program was conducted.  A complete list
    of the pollutants considered and a summary of the techniques used
    in sampling and laboratory analyses are included in Section V  of
    the  General  Development  Document.    Wastewater  samples  were
    collected in two phases:   screening and verification.  The first
    phase,  screen  sampling,  was to identify which toxic pollutants
    were  present in the wastewaters from production of  the  various
    metals.  Screening samples were analyzed for 125 of the 126 toxic
    pollutants and other pollutants deemed appropriate.  (Because the
    analytical standard for TCDD was judged to be too hazardous to be
    made  generally available,  samples were never analyzed for  this
    pollutant.   There  is  no  reason to expect that TCDD  would  be
    present  in primary lead wastewater.)   A total of 10 plants  were
    selected   for   screen  sampling  in   the   nonferrous   metals
    manufacturing  category.   In general,  the samples were analyzed
    for three classes of pollutants:  toxic organic pollutants, toxic
    metal  pollutants,  and criteria pollutants (which includes  both
    conventional and nonconventional pollutants).
    
    As  described in Section IV of this supplement,  the primary lead
    subcategory has been segmented into 12 building blocks,  so  that
    the  promulgated  regulation contains mass discharge  limitations
    and  standards for 12 process wastewaters.    Differences  in  the
    wastewater  characteristics associated with these building blocks
    are  to  be  expected.     For  this  reason,  wastewater  streams
    corresponding  to  each segment are addressed separately  in  the
    discussions that follow.
    
    WASTEWATER SOURCES,  DISCHARGE RATES, AND CHARACTERISTICS
    
    The  wastewater data presented in this section were evaluated  in
    light  of  production process information  compiled  during  this
    study.   As  a result,   it was possible to identify the principal
                               1711
    

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                  PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
    
    
    wastewater  sources  in  the  primary  lead  subcategory.   These
    include:
    
         1.  Sinter plant materials handling wet air pollution
              control,
         2.  Blast furnace wet air pollution control,
         3.  Blast furnace slag granulation,
         4.  Dross reverberatory furnace granulation wastewater,
         5.  Dross reverberatory furnace wet air pollution control,
         6.  Zinc fuming furnace wet air pollution control,
         7.  Hard lead refining slag granulation,
         8.  Hard lead refining wet air pollution control,
         9.  Facility washdown,
        10.  Employee hand wash,
        11.  Respirator wash, and
        12.  Laundering of uniforms.
    
    Data   supplied  by  data  collection  portfolio  responses  were
    evaluated,  and two flow-to-production ratios were calculated for
    each stream.   The two ratios, water use and wastewater discharge
    flow,  are differentiated by the flow value used in  calculation.
    Water  use is defined as the volume of water required for a given
    process  per mass of lead product and is therefore based  on  the
    sum of recycle and make-up flows to a given process.   Wastewater
    flow is used in calculating the production normalized flow — the
    volume  of wastewater discharged from a given process to  further
    treatment,  disposal,  or discharge per mass  of  lead  produced.
    Differences between the water use and wastewater flows associated
    with  a  given  stream  result  from  recycle,  evaporation,  and
    carry-over on the product.  The production values in  calculation
    correspond to the production normalizing parameter, PNP, assigned
    to  each  stream,  as outlined in  Section  IV.   The  production
    normalized   flows   were  compiled  by   stream   type.    Where
    appropriate,  an attempt was made to identify factors that  could
    account  for  variations  in  water  use.   This  information  is
    summarized  in  this  section.  A  similar  analysis  of  factors
    affecting  the wastewater values is presented in Sections X,  XI,
    and   XII,  where  representative  BAT,  BDT,  and   pretreatment
    discharge flows are selected for use in calculating the  effluent
    limitations  and  standards.  As an example, blast  furnace  slag
    granulation  wastewater  flow is related to  blast  furnace  lead
    bullion production.  As such, the discharge rate is expressed  in
    liters  of blast furnace slag granulation wastewater  per  metric
    ton  of blast furnace lead bullion production (gallons  of  blast
    furnace slag granulation wastewater per ton of blast furnace lead
    bullion production).
    
    Since  the data collection portfolios have  been  collected,  the
    Agency  has learned that one primary lead facility has shut down.
    Flow  and production data from this plant are still presented  in
    this  section and in the remainder of the  document.   Analytical
    data  gathered at this plant are also  presented.   Although  the
    plant  is closed,  flow and production data from the plant are an
    integral  part  of the flow components for BPT and  BAT  effluent
    mass  limitations.   Therefore,  it is necessary to present  this
    
    
                               1712
    

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                  PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
    information so that BPT and BAT limitations are documented.   EPA
    believes that the data from this plant provide useful measures of
    the relationship between production and discharge.   In light  of
    this conclusion,  (and indications that the plant closure may not
    be   permanent),   the   Agency  is  using  these  data  in   its
    consideration of BPT and BAT performance.
    
    In order to quantify the concentrations of pollutants present  in
    wastewater  from  primary lead plants,  wastewater  samples  were
    collected at three of the seven plants.   Diagrams indicating the
    sampling sites and contributing production processes are shown in
    Figures V-l through V-3 (pages 1728 - 173C).
    
    The  sampling data for the primary lead subcategory are presented
    in Tables V-8 through V-10 (pages 1722 - 1726).  The stream codes
    displayed in Tables V-8 through V-10 may be used to identify  the
    location  of  each  of the samples on process  flow  diagrams  in
    Figures V-l through V-3.  Where no data are listed for a specific
    day  of sampling, the wastewater samples for the stream were  not
    collected.  If the analysis did not detect a pollutant in a waste
    stream, the pollutant was omitted from the table.
    
    The  data tables-include some samples measured at  concentrations
    considered not quantifiable.    The base-neutral extractable, acid
    extractable,  and volatile organics are generally considered  not
    quantifiable  at concentrations equal to or less than 0.010 mg/1.
    Below  this  concentration,  organic analytical results  are  not
    quantitatively  accurate;  however,  the analyses are  useful  to
    indicate  the presence of a particular pollutant.   The pesticide
    fraction  is considered not quantifiable at concentrations  equal
    to  or  less  than  0.05  mg/1.    Nonquantifiable  results   are
    designated  in  the tables with an asterisk (double asterisk  for
    pesticides).
    
    These detection limits shown on the data tables are not the  same
    in  all  cases  as  the  published  detection  limits  for  these
    pollutants by the same analytical methods.   The detection limits
    used  were  reported with the analytical data and hence  are  the
    appropriate  limits  to  apply  to  the  data.   Detection  limit
    variation  can  occur  as  a result of a  number  of  laboratory-
    specific,   equipment-specific,   and   daily   operator-specific
    factors.   These  factors can included day-to-day differences  in
    machine calibration,  variation in stock solutions, and variation
    in operators.
    
    The  statistical analysis of data includes some samples  measured
    at concentrations considered not quantifiable.   Data reported as
    an  asterisk  are considered as detected but  below  quantifiable
    concentrations, and a value of zero is used for averaging.   Toxic
    organic,  nonconventional,  and conventional data reported with a
    "less  than"  sign are considered as detected,  but  not  further
    quantifiable.   A value of zero is also used for averaging.  If a
    pollutant  is  reported  as  not  detected,  it  is  excluded  in
    calculating the average.  Finally, toxic metal values reported as
    less  than a certain value were considered as not detected and  a
                               1713
    

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                  PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
    
    
    value  of zero is used in the calculation of  the  average.   For
    example,  three samples reported as ND, *, and 0.021 mg/1 have an
    average  value  of  0.010  mg/1.   The  averages  calculated  are
    presented  with the sampling data;  these values were not used in
    the selection of pollutant parameters.
    
    The  method  by which each sample was collected is  indicated  by
    number as follows:
    
         1    one-time grab
         2    24-hour manual composite
         3    24-hour automatic composite
         4    48-hour manual composite
         5    48-hour automatic composite
         6    72-hour manual composite
         7    72-hour automatic composite
    
    In the data collection portfolios,  plants were asked to indicate
    whether or not any of the toxic pollutants were present in  their
    effluent.   Six  of  the  plants  indicated  that  toxic  organic
    pollutants  were believed to be absent from their effluent.   One
    plant  indicated that a few of the toxic organic  pollutants  are
    believed to be present in its effluent.  A majority of the plants
    stated  that some of the toxic metals were known to be present in
    their  effluent.    The  responses  for  the  toxic  metals   are
    summarized below:
    
                  Known        Believed      Believed       Known
    Pollutant    Present       Present         Absent       Absent
    Antimony        4             1             20
    Arsenic         5110
    Beryllium       0061
    Cadmium         7000
    Chromium        1             2             4             0
    Coppe r          6             1             0             0
    Lead            7000
    Mercury         2122
    Nickel          3310
    Selenium        2221
    Silver          4210
    Thallium        1             2             40
    Zinc            7             0             0             0
    
    SINTER PLANT MATERIALS HANDLING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
    
    Fugitive lead emissions in the sintering area are controlled with
    scrubbers  at two plants.   Ventilation systems utilizing Venturi
    scrubbers are used to capture lead and other dusts emitted at the
    transfer points, conveyers, and crushing operations.  Both plants
    using  scrubbers  currently recycle scrubber liquor as  shown  in
    Table  V-l (page 1718).  Although the Agency did not sample  this
    waste  stream, it is expected to contain lead,  cadmium,  copper,
    zinc,  and suspended solids based on the raw materials  used  and
    
    
                               1714
    

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                  PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
    
    
    the  pollutants  detected  in  blast  furnace  slag   granulation
    wastewater.
    
    BLAST FURNACE SLAG GRANULATION
    
    Slag after zinc fuming,  and blast furnace slag which is recycled
    or  discarded without fuming,  may be granulated by impacting the
    molten slag with a high-pressure water jet.   Four plants  report
    this  waste  stream.   Three of these plants granulate  discarded
    blast furnace slag,  and one plant granulates zinc fuming furnace
    slag.   The water use and discharge rates for blast furnace  slag
    granulation are shown in Table V-2 (page 1718).
    
    Blast  furnace  slag granulation sampling data are  presented  in
    Table  V-10 (page 1726).  This waste stream is  characterized  by
    the  presence  of treatable concentrations  of  cadmium,  copper,
    lead, zinc and suspended solids.
    
    BLAST FURNACE WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
    
    There are six plants in this subcategory that smelt lead in blast
    furnaces.   All six plants use baghouses to control blast furnace
    off-gases  and  particulates.   None  of the  plants  report  any
    wastewater  associated  with  blast  furnace  wet  air  pollution
    control.
    
    DROSS REVERBERATORY FURNACE GRANULATION WASTEWATER
    
    Sometimes  slag,   speiss,   or  matte  produced  in  the   dross
    reverberatory  furnaces  are granulated in water.   Three  plants
    report  a dross reverberatory furnace granulation  waste  stream.
    The  water  use and discharge rates for this stream are shown  in
    Table V-3 (page 1719).
    
    As shown by Figure V-2, slag and matte granulation wastewater was
    a  constituent of a sampled stream.   The sampling data for  this
    stream  are  presented  in Table V-9 (page  1724).   The  sampled
    stream was characterized by treatable concentrations of lead  and
    zinc.   Speiss  granulation  wastewater may  also  contain  these
    pollutants  along  with  treatable  concentrations  of  suspended
    solids, antimony, and arsenic.
    
    DROSS REVERBERATORY FURNACE WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
    
    Five plants report the use of dross reverberatory furnaces.   Four
    of  these plants use baghouses  to control fumes from the furnace,
    while one plant uses a wet scrubber.   The water use and discharge
    rates for the plant that uses the scrubber are presented in Table
    V-4 (page 1719).
    
    Dross  reverberatory furnace scrubber water was also part of  the
    lead smelter discharge stream shown in Figure V-3.   As discussed
    previously,    this   stream   is   characterized   by   treatable
    concentrations of antimony,   cadmium,  lead,   zinc,  and suspended
    solids.
                               1715
    

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                  PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
    ZINC FUMING FURNACE WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
    
    Three  plants report the use of fuming furnaces to  recover  zinc
    from  blast furnace slag.   The slag is heated with coal to  high
    temperatures  that  oxidize  zinc into particles which  are  then
    collected with air pollution control equipment.  One plant uses a
    wet scrubber to collect the zinc particles while the other plants
    use baghouses.   The water use and discharge rates for the  plant
    that  uses  wet air pollution control are presented in Table  V-5
    (page 1720).
    
    As  shown  by  Figure V-3,  a lead smelter discharge  stream  was
    sampled.   This  stream  contained zinc fuming  furnace  scrubber
    water and other wastewaters.  The sampling data for the discharge
    stream  are  presented  in  Table  V-8  (page  1722).   Treatable
    concentrations  of antimony, cadmium, lead, zinc,  and  suspended
    solids characterize this stream.
    
    HARD LEAD REFINING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AND SLAG GRANULATION
    
    Two  plants  use hard lead refining to produce  antimonial  lead.
    One  of  these  plants generates wastewater  from  both  refining
    furnace  slag granulation and refining furnace wet air  pollution
    control.    The   other  plant  reports  that  no  wastewater  is
    associated with its hard lead refining process.   The  respective
    water  use  and  discharge rates for hard lead refining  wet  air
    pollution  control  and hard lead refining slag  granulation  are
    shown in Tables V-6 and V-7 (pages 1720 and 1721).
    
    Hard lead refining wet air pollution control and slag granulation
    wastewaters  were also constituents of the lead smelter discharge
    stream shown in Figure V-3.  As discussed previously, this stream
    is   characterized  by  treatable  concentrations  of   antimony,
    cadmium, lead, zinc, and suspended solids.
    
    FACILITY WASHDOWN
    
    Work  areas in primary lead facilities are often washed  down  to
    minimize  employee  exposure  to  fugitive  lead.   As  might  be
    expected,  water used for facility washdown is quite variable due
    to physical differences in plant size.  Information obtained from
    the  dcp  and from Section 308 requests indicates  that  facility
    washdown  is often combined with other waters and is inseparable.
    However,   information   from   three   plants   indicates   that
    approximately  12 1/kkg (3 gal/ton) to 175 1/kkg (42 gal/ton)  of
    lead produced is used for facility washdown.   This wastewater is
    expected to contain treatable concentrations of toxic metals  and
    suspended solids.
                               1716
    

    -------
                  PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
    EMPLOYEE HAND WASH
    
    Primary lead plant employees must wash their hands before  breaks
    and  end-of-shift  to reduce occupational  lead  exposures.   The
    Agency obtained water use and sampling data for this waste stream
    to  discern whether a flow -allowance as needed.  The  method  for
    determining the regulatory flow allowance is presented in Section
    IX.  Flow and sampling data were collected by the Agency  at  two
    integrated  secondary  lead smelters  and  battery  manufacturing
    plants.   The  Agency  has determined  that  each  employee  uses
    approximately  4.53 liters (1.2 gallons) of wash water  per  day.
    (There is no reason to believe that this would differ for primary
    lead  plant  employees.)  It is reasonable to  assume  that  this
    wastewater  will contain treatable concentrations of lead,  zinc,
    and  TSS because occupational exposures are similar.   Wastewater
    samples from secondary lead plants indicate that this  wastewater
    is  basic  (pH of 8.0) and contains treatable  concentrations  of
    copper,  lead, zinc, total suspended solids, and oil and  grease.
    Wastewater  sampling  data are presented in  the  secondary  lead
    supplement.
    
    EMPLOYEE RESPIRATOR WASH
    
    Respirators worn at primary lead smelters to reduce  occupational
    lead exposures must be cleaned daily.  The Agency collected water
    use   and  wastewater  sampling  data  for  this  stream  at  two
    integrated  secondary  lead-battery  manufacturing  plants.   The
    Agency  has  determined  that  approximately  7.34  liters  (1.94
    gallons)  of  wash water is used per employee per  day  to  clean
    respirators,  a rate unlikely to vary if primary lead respirators
    are  washed.  Calculation of the production normalized  discharge
    allowance  for  this  waste stream is discussed  in  Section  IX.
    Wastewater  sampling  data,  presented  in  the  secondary   lead
    supplemental  development  document,  indicate  the  presence  of
    copper,  lead,  zinc, and total suspended solids in  this  water.
    The pH is neutral (7.0).
    
    LAUNDERING OF UNIFORMS
    
    Employee  uniforms  must  be laundered daily to  meet  industrial
    hygiene requirements.  The Agency measured flows and sampled this
    wastewater  since  industry data were not available.   Data  were
    collected  at  two  secondary  lead  and  battery   manufacturing
    facilities.   The Agency has determined that  approximately  21.6
    liters  (5.7 gallons) of water per employee per day is  used  for
    laundering of uniforms.   (This rate is applicable to primary lead
    employee  uniforms as well).   The regulatory flow  allowance  for
    this stream is discussed in Section IX. Wastewater sampling  data
    for  this  waste  stream  are presented  -in  the  secondary  lead
    supplemental  development  document.  These data  show  treatable
    concentrations of lead,  zinc, and total suspended solids.  The pH
    is slightly acidic (6.0).
                               1717
    

    -------
                  PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
                                 SECT - V
                                TABLE V-l
    
             WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR SINTER PLANT
              MATERIALS HANDLING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
                      (1/kkg of sinter production)
         Plant
         Code
    
         288
    
         290
                       Production        Production
    Percent Recycle    Normalized        Normalized
      or Reuse*      Water Use Flow    Discharge Flow
         92
    
         87
    2538
    
    3976
    203
    
    517
                                TABLE V-2
    
                 WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR BLAST
                        FURNACE SLAG GRANULATION
             (1/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced)
         Plant   Percent Recycle
         Code      or Reuse*
    
         280         100**
    
         286         100
    
         288         100
    
         290          71
                       Production
                       Normalized
                     Water Use Flow
                         13060
    
                         20150
    
                          4135
    
                         13060
                    Production
                    Normalized
                  Discharge Flow
    
                      0
    
                      0
    
                      0
    
                   3730
    * Reuse in processes associated with this subcategory.
    
    ** 55 percent of the water used in blast furnace slag granulation
    at this plant is entrained in the slag and transported to a  slag
    pile. All reusable -  not entrained in slag - is recycled tp slag
    granulation.
                               1718
    

    -------
                  PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
                                 SECT - V
                                TABLE V-3
    
                 WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR DROSS
              REVERBERATORY FURNACE GRANULATION WASTEWATER
               (1/kkg of slag, speiss or matte granulated)
         Plant   Percent Recycle
         Code      or_ Reuse*
    
         280          0
    
         290          0
    
        4502        100**
                       Production
                       Normalized
                     Water Use Flow
                           NR
    
                         8379
    
                         3134
                    Production
                    Normalized
                  Discharge Flow
    
                        NR
    
                      8379
    
                      3134
    * Reuse in process associated  with this subcategory
    
    ** 100 percent reuse in other planta processes
    
    NR - Not reported in dcp
                                TABLE V-4
    
                 WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR DROSS
             REVERBERATORY FURNACE WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
            (1/kkg of dross reverberatory furnace production)
         Plant
         ode
    
         280
                       Production
    Percent Recycle    Normalized
     or Reuse       Water Use Flow
         0
    9646
       Production
       Normalized
    Discharge Flow
    
         9646
                               1719
    

    -------
                  PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
                                TABLE V-5
    
                 WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR ZINC
                FUMING FURNACE WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
             (1/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced)
    
                                    Production        Production
         Plant   Percent Recycle    Normalized        Normalized
         Code      o_£ Reuse*      Water Use Flow    Discharge Flow
    
         280          0                426               426
    
    * Reuse in processes associated with the primary lead subcategory
                                TABLE V-6
    
                 WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR HARD
                 LEAD REFINING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
                      (1/kkg of hard lead produced)
    
                                    Production        Production
         Plant   Percent Recycle    Normalized        Normalized
         Code      or Reuse*      Water Use Flow    Discharge Flow
    
         280          0              19836              19836
                               1720
    

    -------
             PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
                           TABLE V-7
    
            WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR HARD
                LEAD REFINING SLAG GRANULATION
                 (1/kkg of hard lead produced)
    
                               Production        Production
    Plant   Percent Recycle    Normalized        Normalized
    Code      or Reuse*      Water Use Flow    Discharge Flow
    
    280          NR              251297             251297
                          1" 21
    

    -------
    NJ
    NJ
           Pollutant  (a)
    Stream
     Code
    Toxic
    114.
    115.
    116.
    117.
    1 18.
    119.
    120.
    121.
    122.
    123.
    124.
    125.
    126.
    127.
    128.
    Pollutants
    ant imony
    arsenic
    asbestos
    beryllium
    cadmium
    chromium
    copper
    cyanide
    lead
    mercury
    n ickel
    selenium
    s ilver
    thallium
    zinc
    Nonconventionals
           chemical  oxygen
             demand  (COD)
           phenols  (total;  by
             by 4-AAP  method)
           total  organic
             carbon  (TOG)
      205
    
      205
    
      205
                                                    Table V-8
    
                                            PRIMARY  LEAD SAMPLING  DATA
                                             RAW SMELTING WASTEWATER
    Sample
     Typet
                                                 Concentrations  (mg/1,  except as  noted)
    Source
    205
    205
    205
    205
    205
    205
    205
    205
    205
    205
    205
    205
    205
    205
    205
    2
    2
    1
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
      2
    
      2
    
      2
    Day 1
               1.0
    
    
    
               6
    
               0.086
    
               5
    Day 2
                        /o
    Day 3    Average    H
              6.0
    
    
    
              4
    
              0.059
                                                                                  8.8
              0.006
    
              1.0
              5.3
    
    
    
              3.3
    
              0.050
    
              2.0
    
    -------
                                            Table V-8 (Continued)
    
                                          PRIMARY LEAD SAMPLING DATA
                                           RAW SMELTING WASTEWATER
                                               Concentrations (mg/1,  except as noted)
    M
    U)
    
    Pollutant (a)
    Conventionals
    
    total suspended
    solids (TSS)
    pH (standard uni
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    (a) Two samples
    found above
    Stream Sample
    Code Typet Source Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Average
    
    
    205 2 25 12 40 26
    
    ts) 205 1 10.7 9.45 6.2
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    were analyzed for each of the toxic organic pollutants; no organlcs were
    their analytical quantification limit.
    H
    
    §
    w
    >
    \J
    to
    C
    w
    o
    w
    g
    »
    to
    w
    1
    <
         tSample type.  Note:
    These numbers also apply to subsequent samplng data tables In this
    section.
    
    1  - one time grab
    2 - 24-hour manual composite
    3 - 24-hour automatic composite
    4 - 48-hour manual composite
    5 - 48-hour automatic composite
    6 - 72-hour manual composite
    7 --72-hour automatic composite
    

    -------
                                                    Table  V-9
    
    
                                            PRIMARY  LEAD SAMPLING  DATA
    
                                            MISCELLANEOUS WASTEWATER
                                                 Concentrations  (mg/1,  except as noted)
    ^j
    ro
    Pollutant (a)
    Stream
    Code
    Sample
    Type
    Source
    Day 1 Day 2
    Day 3 Average
    Toxic Pollutants
    
    1 14.
    
    
    115.
    
    1 18.
    
    119.
    
    
    
    120.
    
    
    122.
    
    123.
    
    124.
    
    m.
    
    
    antimony
    
    
    arsenic
    
    cadmium
    
    chromium
    
    
    
    copper
    
    
    lead
    
    mercury
    
    nickel
    
    selenium
    
    
    201
    202
    
    201
    202
    201
    202
    201
    202
    
    
    201
    202
    
    201 .
    202
    201
    202
    201
    202
    201
    202
    
    1
    1
    
    1
    1
    1 -
    1
    1
    1
    
    
    1
    1
    
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    
    <0.01
    <0.01
    
    <0.005
    <0.005
    <0.001
    <0.001
    <0.005
    <0.005
    
    
    0.026
    0.026
    
    0.014
    0.014
    <0.0002
    <0'.0002
    <0.02
    <0.02
    <0.005
    <0.005
    
    <0.01
    <0.01
    
    0.018
    <0.005
    0.044
    0.04
    0.011
    0.005
    
    
    0.082
    0.033
    
    1.6
    0.8
    <0.0002
    <0.0002
    0.04
    0.05
    <0.005
    <0.005
    
    <0.01
    <0.01
    
    0.018
    <0.005
    0.044
    0.04
    0.01 1
    0.005
    
    
    0.082
    0.033
    
    1.6
    0.8
    <0.0002
    <0.0002
    0.04
    0.05
    <0.005
    <0.005
    'O
    M
    3
    
    tr"
    W
    
    M
    §
    n
    w
    o
    o
    
    
    w
    w
    n
    
    i
    <
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    -------
                                             Table V-9  (Continued)
    
                                           PRIMARY LEAD  SAMPLING  DATA
                                            MISCELLANEOUS WASTEWATER
    fo
    ui
    Pollutant (a)
    126. s ilver
    127. thallium
    128. zinc
    Noncon vent ionals
    ammonia
    chemical oxygen
    demand (COD)
    phenols (total; by
    4-AAP method)
    Convent ionals
    total suspended
    solids (TSS)
    pH (standard units)
    Stream
    Code
    201
    202
    201
    202
    201
    202
    201
    202
    201
    202
    201
    202
    201
    202
    201
    202
    Sample
    Type
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    Source
    <0.001
    <0.001
    <0.005
    <0.005
    0.047
    0.047
    0.4
    0.4
    30
    30
    0.008
    0.008
    45
    45
    7.3
    7.3
    Day 1
    <0.001
    <0.001
    <0.005
    <0.005
    1.19
    1.09
    0.4
    0.5
    11
    18
    0.016
    0.009
    10
    22
    8.4
    8.1
                                                Concentrations  (tng/1,  except as noted)
                                                                        Day 2     Day 3    Average
    
                                                                                          <0.001
                                                                                          <0.001
    
                                                                                          <0.005
                                                                                          <0.005
                                                                                             19
                                                                                             09
                                                                                           0.4
                                                                                           0.5
    
                                                                                          11.0
                                                                                          18.0
    
                                                                                           0.016
                                                                                           0.009
                                                                                          10.0
                                                                                          22.0
    f
    w
    w
    §
    o
    CD
    O
    W
    W
    O
    1-3
           (a)  No  toxic  organic  pollutants were  analyzed  for  in  samples  from Streams 201 and 202.
    

    -------
            Table V-10
    
    PRIMARY LEAD SAMPLING DATA
    PARTIAL TREATMENT SAMPLES
             PLANT A
    Pollutant (a)
    Stream
    Code
    Sample
    Type
    Concentrations (mg/1, except as noted)
    Source Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Average
    Toxic Pollutants
    115.
    116.
    118.
    119.
    120.
    122.
    123.
    124.
    126.
    128.
    129.
    arsenic
    asbestos
    cadmium
    chromium
    copper
    lead
    mercury
    nickel
    selenium
    thallium
    zinc
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    97
    97
    97
    97
    97
    97
    97
    97
    97
    97
    97
    3
    1
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    0
    
    0
    <0
    0
    0
    <0
    0
    <0
    <0
    0
    .011
    
    .001
    .005
    .093
    .25
    .0002
    .04
    .005
    .005
    .25
    0
    1
    0
    0
    1
    38
    <0
    0
    0
    <0
    54
    .13
    .8 MFL
    .292
    .015
    .7
    
    .0002
    .2
    .005
    .005
    .2
    0
    1
    0
    0
    1
    38
    <0
    0
    0
    <0
    54
    .13
    ;8 MFL
    .292
    .015
    .7
    .0
    .0002
    .2
    .005
    .005
    .2
    PRIMARY LEAD
    W
    C
    O
    1
    1
    
    w
    o
    1
    <
    
    
    
    

    -------
                                      Table V-10 (Continued)
    
                                    PRIMARY LEAD SAMPLING DATA
                                    PARTIAL TREATMENT SAMPLES
                                             PLANT A
                                         Concentrations (mg/1, except as noted)
    Pollutant (a)
    Nonconventionals
    ammonia
    chemical oxygen
    demand (COD)
    Convent ionals
    total suspended
    solids (TSS)
    pH (standard units)
    
    
    Stream
    Code
    197
    197
    197
    197
    
    
    Sample
    Type Source Day 1
    3 1 .3
    3 64
    3 336
    1 6.8
    
    
    H
    s»
    Day 2 Day 3 Average >
    M
    1.3 .6
    64.0 §
    n
    1-3
    M
    a
    0
    336.0 K!
    w
    M
    n
    i
    <
    (a)   No  toxic  organic  pollutants were analyzed for  in samples  from Stream  197.
    

    -------
                                                    Figure V-l
                                     SAMPLING  SITES AT PRIMARY LEAD PLANT  A
                                                                                                                H
                                                                                                                3
    KJ
    00
                                                                                                                IT1
                                                                                                                M
                                                                                                                Cd
                                                                                                                O
                                                                                                                5
                                                                                                                M
    Blast Furnncc
    nrnniil.il Ion
    Wastcwater
    
    
    Sell 1 Ing
    Channels
    
    
    Settling
    Pit
                                                                                    DlBclmrp.e
                                                                                    S to 9 MT,n
                                                                                                                tfl
                                                                                                                O
                                                                                                                 I
                                                                                                                 <
    

    -------
    VD
    
    
    
    
    
    
    Source
    Creek Water
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    ____j
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    XX
    200
    <8>
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    — ^.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    Slag
    tfatte
    Granulation
    
    Blast Furnace
    Cooling
    Water
    
    
    
    Acid
    Plant Slowdown
    
    Undefined
    _
    Process
    Wastes
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    0.432
    MGD
    r**s\^
    '~~V^y
    s>^
    Settling and
    Cooling
    Towers
    
    Hot
    Water Pond
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    Settling Pond
    
    
    
    0.20 MGD
    /V^ fc
    V/V '
    1 202 1
    
    
    
    
    
    0.432 MGD
    iS-x»
    
    
    
    J201 j
    __ hd
    r ^xTx\ 5-0
    ' ^-^ ^
    0.864 MGD §
    tr"
    W
    O
    W
    C
    W
    O
    H3
    td
    §
    3
    w
    o
    Excess H
    Construction i
    Water .
    ^^
    """^'Discharge
                                                      Figure V-2
    
    
    
                                        SAMPLING SITES AT PRIMARY LEAD PLANT B
    

    -------
    PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    SECT - V
                               Discharge
                   Figure V-3
    SAMPLING SITES AT PRIMARY  LEAD PLANT C
                       1730
    

    -------
                 PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI
    
    
    
    
                                SECTION VI
    
                         SELECTION OF POLLUTANTS
    This section examines chemical analysis data presented in section
    V  from  primary  lead  plants and  discusses  the  selection  or
    exclusion of pollutants for potential limitation.  The basis  for
    the  regulation  of toxic and other pollutants  is  presented  in
    Section  VI of the General Development  Document.   Additionally,
    each  pollutant  selected for potential limitation  is  discussed
    there.  That discussion provides information about the nature  of
    the  pollutant  (i.e.,  whether  it  is  a  naturally   occurring
    substance, processed metal, or a manufactured compound);  general
    physical properties and the form of the pollutant; toxic  effects
    of the pollutant in humans and other animals; and behavior of the
    pollutant  in POTW at the concentrations expected  in  industrial
    discharges.
    
    The  discussion  that  follows describes the  analysis  that  was
    performed   to   select  or  exclude   pollutants   for   further
    consideration for limitations and standards.  The data from  five
    wastewater samples collected at three lead plants are  considered
    in  this  analysis.   Three samples are  .raw  wastewater  samples
    collected  on three separate days at one of the plants.   Two  of
    the  samples are from partially treated wastewater  collected  at
    the  remaining  two plants.  The partial treatment  samples  were
    collected from wastewater which passed through settling  channels
    and  a  settling pit at one plant, and a hot water  pond  at  the
    other  plant.  Pollutants are selected for further  consideration
    if   they  are  present  in  concentrations  treatable   by   the
    technologies considered in this analysis.  In Sections IX through
    XII,  a final selection of the pollutants to be limited  will  be
    made, based on relative factors.
    
    After proposal, the Agency re-evaluated the treatment performance
    of   activated  carbon  adsorption  to  control   toxic   organic
    pollutants.  The treatment performance for the acid  extractabj.e,
    base-neutral  extractable,  and volatile organic  pollutants  has
    been  set equal to the analytical quantification limit  of  0.010
    mg/1.   The  analytical quantification limit for  pesticides  and
    total phenols (by 4-AAP method) is 0.005 mg/1, which is below the
    0.010 mg/1 accepted for the other toxic organics.   However,  to be
    consistent,  the treatment performance of 0.010' mg/1 is used  for
    pesticides  and total phenols.  The 0.010 mg/1  concentration  is
    achievable,  assuming enough carbon is used in the column  and  a
    suitable  contact time is allowed.  The frequency  of  occurrence
    for 36 of the toxic pollutants has been redetermined based on the
    revised  treatment  performance  value.   However,  the   revised
    analysis  has not changed the pollutants which were selected  for
    further  consideration  for  limitation at  proposal.   No  toxic
    organic   pollutants   were  detected  above   their   analytical
    quantification limit, as discussed below.
    
    
                               1731
    

    -------
                 PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI
    CONVENTIONAL AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
    
    This  study examined samples from primary lead plants  for  three
    conventional   pollutant  parameters  (oil  and   grease,   total
    suspended  solids,  and  pH) and four  nonconventional  pollutant
    parameters  (ammonia,   chemical  oxygen  demand,  total  organic
    carbon, and total phenols).
    
    CONVENTIONAL AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT PARAMETERS SELECTED
    
    The  conventional  and  nonconventional pollutants  or  pollutant
    parameters selected for limitation in this subcategory are:
    
         total suspended solids (TSS)
         pH
    
    Total  suspended solids (TSS)  concentrations in the five  samples
    ranged   from  12  mg/1  to  336  mg/1.   All  of  the   observed
    concentrations  are above the 2.6 mg/1  concentration  considered
    achievable by identified treatment technology.  Furthermore, most
    of  the  technologies  used  to remove  toxic  metals  do  so  by
    converting  these metals to precipitates.  A limitation on  total
    suspended   solids   ensures   that   sedimentation   to   remove
    precipitated  toxic metals is effectively operating.   For  these
    reasons,   total  suspended  solids  is  a  pollutant   parameter
    considered for limitation in this subcategory.
    
    The  pH  values  observed ranged from  6.2  to  10.7.   Effective
    removal of toxic metals by precipitation requires careful control
    of  pH.   Therefore,  pH  is  considered for limitation  in  this
    subcategory.
    
    TOXIC POLLUTANTS
    
    The  frequency  of  occurrence of the  toxic  pollutants  in  the
    wastewater  samples considered in this analysis is  presented  in
    Table  VI-1  (page 1736).  These data provide the basis  for  the
    categorization of specific pollutants, as discussed below.  Table
    VI-1  is  based on the raw wastewater sampling data  from  stream
    205.   Streams 197 and 202 were sampled after settling  and  were
    also used in the  frequency count.  In addition, streams 197  and
    202 were not analyzed for toxic organic pollutants.
    
    TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
    
    The  toxic pollutants listed in Table VI-2 (page 1740)  were  not
    detected  in  any  wastewater  samples  from  this   subcategory;
    therefore,   they   are  not  selected   for   consideration   in
    establishing effluent limitations and standards.
    
    TOXIC  POLLUTANTS NEVER FOUND ABOVE THEIR ANALYTICAL
    QUANTIFICATION CONCENTRATION
    
    The  toxic pollutants listed below were never found  above  their
    
    
                               1732
    

    -------
                 PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI
    
    
    analytical quantification concentration in any wastewater samples
    from  this  subcategory;  therefore, they are  not  selected  for
    consideration in establishing effluent limitations and standards.
    
           4.  benzene
           6.  carbon tetrachloride
          23.  chloroform
          44.  methylene chloride
    
    TOXIC  POLLUTANTS  PRESENT  BELOW  CONCENTRATIONS  ACHIEVABLE  BY
    TREATMENT
    
    The pollutants listed below are not selected for consideration in
    establishing  limitations  and standards because  they  were  not
    found  in  any  wastewater samples from  this  subcategory  above
    concentrations  considered  achievable by existing  or  available
    treatment   technologies.    These   pollutants   are   discussed
    individually following the list.
    
         115.  arsenic
         117.  beryllium
         119.  chromium
         123.  mercury
         124.  nickel
         125.  selenium
         126.  silver
    
    Arsenic was detected above its analytical quantification limit in
    four  of  the five samples.    The observed concentrations  ranged
    from 0.05 mg/1 to 0.016 mg/1.   All of these values are below the
    0.34  mg/1  concentration  considered  achievable  by  identified
    treatment technology.   Therefore,  arsenic is not considered for
    limitation.
    
    Beryllium  was  detected at  its analytical  quantification  limit
    (0.01  mg/1)  in  one  of the five  samples  considered  in  this
    analysis.   The  single  reported value is  below  the  0.2  mg/1
    concentration  considered  achievable  by  identified   treatment
    technology. Therefore, beryllium is not selected for limitation.
    
    Chromium  was detected at or above its analytical  quantification
    limit in four of the five samples.   The observed  concentrations
    ranged  from  0.005 mg/1 to  0.05 mg/1.   All of these values  are
    below  the  0.07  mg/1  concentration  considered  achievable  by
    identified  treatment technology.    Therefore,  chromium  is  not
    considered for limitation.
    
    Mercury was detected above its analytical quantification limit in
    three  of the five samples.    The observed concentrations  ranged
    from  0.005 mg/1 to 0.0095 mg/1.    All of these values are  below
    the  0.036 mg/1 concentration considered achievable by identified
    treatment technology.   Therefore,  mercury is not considered for
    limitation.
    
    Nickel was detected above its analytical quantification limit  in
    
    
                               1733
    

    -------
                 PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI
    
    
    three  of the five samples.   The observed concentrations  ranged
    from  0.05 mg/1 to 0.2 mg/1.   All of these values are below  the
    0.22  mg/1  concentration  considered  achievable  by  identified
    treatment  technology.   Therefore,  nickel is not considered for
    limitation.
    
    Selenium  was detected above its analytical quantification  limit
    in two of the five samples considered in this analysis.   The two
    reported concentrations are 0.02 mg/1,  and 0.015 mg/1.   Both of
    these  values  are below the 0.20 mg/1  concentration  considered
    achievable by identified treatment technology.   For this reason,
    selenium is not considered for limitation.
    
    Silver was detected at its analytical quantification limit  (0.02
    mg/1)  in one of the five samples.   The single reported value is
    below  the  0.07  mg/1  concentration  considered  achievable  by
    identified  treatment   technology.   Therefore,  silver  is   not
    selected for limitation.
    
    TOXIC POLLUTANTS DETECTED IN A SMALL NUMBER OF SOURCES
    
    Toxic  pollutants  detectable in the effluent from only  a  small
    number of sources  within the subcategory and uniquely related to
    only  these  sources  are  not appropriate for  limitation  in  a
    national regulation.   The following pollutants were not selected
    for limitation on this basis:
    
         114.  antimony
         120.  copper
    
    Antimony  was detected above its analytical quantification  limit
    in only one of the five samples considered in the analysis.   The
    reported  value  (0.8  mg/1) is above the 0.47 mg/1  concentration
    considered   achievable  by  identified   treatment   technology.
    Antimony  was not detected in the other four  samples,  including
    two from the same plant which yielded the 0.8 mg/1 value.   Since
    antimony was not detected at two plants, and only detected in one
    of three samples at one plant, it is not selected for limitation.
    
    Copper  was detected above its analytical quantification limit in
    all five samples.   However, copper was present in concentrations
    greater than the 0.39  mg/1 concentration considered achievable by
    identified  treatment   technology in only one of  these  samples.
    Because it was found at a treatable concentration in only one  of
    five samples, copper is not selected for limitation.
                               1734
    

    -------
                 PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI
    TOXIC  POLLUTANTS  SELECTED  FOR  CONSIDERATION  IN  ESTABLISHING
    LIMITATIONS
    
    The  toxic  pollutants  listed  below are  selected  for  further
    consideration in establishing limitations and standards for  this
    subcategory.   The  toxic pollutants selected are each  discussed
    following the list.
    
         116.  asbestos
         118.  cadmium
         122.  lead
         128.  zinc
    
    Asbestos  was detected in one of two samples analyzed with values
    of  1.8  and 11 million fibers per liter  (MFL).   One  of  these
    values  is  above the 10 MFL attainable by  identified  treatment
    technology.    Therefore,   asbestos   is  selected  for  further
    consideration for limitation.
    
    Cadmium was detected above its analytical quantification limit in
    all  five  of  the samples  considered  in  this  analysis.   The
    observed concentrations ranged from 0.04 mg/1 to 2.5 mg/1.   Four
    of  the  five samples contain concentrations of cadmium that  are
    above  the  0.049  mg/1 concentration  considered  achievable  by
    identified treatment technology.   Therefore, cadmium is selected
    for further consideration for limitation.
    
    Lead  was detected above its analytical quantification  limit  in
    all  five samples.   The observed concentrations ranged from  0.8
    mg/1  to  38 mg/1.   All of these values are well above the  0.08
    mg/1 concentration considered achievable by identified  treatment
    technology.    Therefore,   lead   is   selected   for    further
    consideration for limitation.
    
    Zinc  was  detected above its analytical quantification limit  in
    all  five samples.   The observed concentrations ranged from  1.0
    mg/1 to 54.2 mg/1.   All of these values are above the 0.23  mg/1
    concentration  considered  achievable  by  identified   treatment
    technology.    Therefore,   zinc   is   selected   for    further
    consideration for limitation.
                               1735
    

    -------
                                                                Table VI-1
    
                                       FREQUENCY  OF OCCURRENCE  OF TOXIC  POLLUTANTS
                                                               PRIMARY  LEAD
                                                             RAW WASTEWATER
              Pollutant
    
     1.  acenaphthene
     2.  acroleln
     3.  acrylonltrlle
     A.  benzene
     5.  benzldlne
     6.  carbon tetrachlori.de
     7.  chlorobenzene
     8.  1,2,4-trlchlorobenzene
     9.  hexachlorobenzene
    10.  1,2-dlchloroethane
    11.1,1,1 -trlchloroethane
    12.  hexachloroethane
    13.  1 ,1-dlchloroethane
    14.  1,1,2-trlchloroethane
    15.  1.1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
    16.  chloroethane
    17.  bls(chloromethyl) ether
    18.  bls(2-chloroethyl) ether
    19.  2-chloroethyl vinyl ether
    20.  2-chloronaphthalene
    21.  2,4.6-trlchlorophenol
    22.  parachlorometa cresol
    23.  chloroform
    24.  2-chlorophenol
    25.   ,2-dLchlorobenzene
    26.   ,3-d Ichlorobenzene
    27.   ,4-dlchlorobenzene
    28.  3.3'-dlchlorobenzldlne
    29.   ,1-dlchloroethylene
    30.   ,2-trans-dlchloroethylene
    31.  2,4-dlchTorophenol
    32.   ,2-dlchloropropane
    33.   ,3-dlchloropropylene
    3/i.  2,4-dlinethylphenol
    35.  2.4-dlnltrotoluene
    Vt.  2,6-dlnltrotoluene
    37.  I,2-dLphenyIhydrazlne
    Analytical
    Quantification
    Concentration
    (n«/l)(a)
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    Treatable
    Concentre- Number of Number of
    tlon Streams Samples
    (ny/l)(b) Analyzed Analyzed
    0.010 1 2
    0.010 1 2
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    ND
    
     2
     2
     2
    
     2
     1
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
    
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
    Detected Below
    Quantification
    Concentration
      Detected
    Below Treat-
    able Concen-
      tration
      Detected
    Above Treat-
    able Concen-
      tration
                                               M
                                               W
                                               O
                                               H
    

    -------
                                                       Table  VI-1   (Continued)
    
                                      FREQUENCY  OF  OCCURRENCE  OF  TOXIC  POLLUTANTS
                                                              PRIMARY  LEAD
                                                             RAW  WASTEWATER
              Pollutant
    
    38.  ethylbenzene
    39.  fluoranthene
    40.  4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
    41.  4-bromophenyl phenyl ether
    42.  bls(2-chlorolsopropyl) ether
    43.  bls(2-chloroethoxy) methane
    44.  methylene chloride
    45.  methyl chloride
    46.  methyl bromide
    47.  bromoform
    48.  dlchlorobromomethane
    49.  trlchlorofluoromethane
    50.  dlchlorodlflnoromethane
    51.  chlorodlbranomethane
    52.  hexachlorobutaillene
    53.  hexachlorocyclopentadlene
    54.  Isc/phorone
    55.  naphthalene
    56.  nitrobenzene
    57.  ''-nltrophenol
    58.  4-nltrophenol
    59.  2.4-dlnltrophenol
    60.  4.6-dlnltro-o-cresol
    61.  N-nltrosodlmethylamlne
    62.  N-nltrosodlphenylamlrre
    63.  N-nltrosodl-n-propylamlne
    64.  pentachlorophenol
    65.  phenol
    66.  bls(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
    67.  butyl benzyl phthalate
    68.  dl-n-butyl phthalate
    69.  dl-n-octyl phthalate
    70.  dlethyl phthalate
    71.  dimethyl phthalate
    72.  benzo(a)anthracene
    73.  benzo(a)pyrene
    74.  3,4-benzofliioranthene
    Analytical
    Quantification
    Concentration
    (ing/ 1) (a)
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    Treatable
    Concentre- Number of Number of
    tlon Streams Samples
    (mft/l)(b) Analyzed Analyzed
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    
    Detected Below
    Quantification
    ND Concentration
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    Detected Detected
    Below Treat- Above Treat-j^
    able Concen- able Coocen-^
    t rat Ion tration 3
    §
    K
    F
    M
    n
    
    1 w
    s
    Cd
    o
    
    1-3
    M
    i">
    UJ
    o
    
    K
    
    
    
    
    O
    
    
    1
    
    -------
                                                     Table VI-1   (Continued)
    
                                       FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE  OF TOXIC  POLLUTANTS
                                                           PRIMARY  LEAD
                                                          RAW  WASTEWATER
                   Pollutant
    OJ
    oo
    75.
    76.
    77.
    78.
    79.
    80.
    81.
    82.
    83.
    84.
    85.
    86.
    87.
    88.
    89.
    90.
    91.
    92.
    93.
    94.
    95.
    96.
    97.
    98.
    99.
    100.
    101.
    102.
    103.
    104.
    105.
    106.
    107.
    108.
    109.
    110.
    111.
    112.
    benzo(k)f luoranthene
    chrysene
    acenaphthy 1 ene
    anthracene (c)
    benzo (ghl)perylaie
    fluorene
    phenanthrene (c)
    dibenzo(a h)anthracene
    lndeno(1 ,/,3-cd)pyraie
    pyrene
    tetrachloroethylene
    toluene
    tr Ichloroethy lone
    vinyl chloride
    aldrln
    die I fir In
    chlordane
    4. 4 '-DDT
    4, 4 '-DDE
    4, 4 '-01)0
    a Ipha-endosu I fan
    beta-endosulfan
    endnsulfan sulfate
    en«- In
    endrln aldehyde
    heptachlor
    '•eptachlor epoxlde
    alpha- BUG
    beta-Ill 1C
    granna-BIIC
    delta-BIIC
    PCB-1242 (d)
    PCB-1254 (d)
    PCB-1221 (d)
    PCB-1232 (e)
    PCB-1248 (e)
    PCB-1260 (e)
    PCB-1016 (e)
    Analytical
    Quantification
    Concentration
    (mR/Wa)
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    Treatable
    Goncentra- Number of Number, of
    tlon Streams Samples
    QiK/l)(b) Analyzed Analyzed
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    ND
    
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
     2
    Detected Below
    Quant ICleat Ion
    Concentration
      Detected
    Below Treat-
    able Concen-
      tration
      Detected
    Above Treat-
    able Concen-
      tration
                                                                                                                             fd
                                                                                                                             F
                                                                                                                             M
                                                                                                                             01
    
                                                                                                                             3
                                                                                                                             O
                                        M
                                        Q
                                        O
                                                                                                                             Cfl
                                                                                                                             M
                                                                                                                             O
    

    -------
                                                            Table  VI-1   (Continued)
    
                                            FREQUENCY  OF  OCCURRENCE  OF TOXIC POLLUTANTS
                                                                   PRIMARY  LEAD
                                                                  RAW  WASTEWATER
    u>
    >£>
               Pollutant
    
    113.  toxaphene
    114.  antimony
    115.  arsenic
    116.  asbestos
    '17.  beryllium
    1)8.  cadmium
    119.  chromium
    120.  copper
    121.  cyanide
    122.  lead
    123.  mercury
    124.  nickel
    125.  selenium
    126.  silver
    127.  thallium
    128.  zinc
    129.  2,3.7,8-tetrachlorodlbenzo-
         p-dloxln  (TCDD)
    Analytical
    Quantification
    Concent rat Ion
    (mg/l)(a)
    0.005
    0.100
    0.010
    10 MFL
    0.010
    0.002
    0.005
    0.009
    0.02(f)
    0.020
    0.0001
    0.005
    0.01
    0.02
    0.100
    0.050
    Treatable
    Concentra-
    tion
    (mg/l)(b)
    0.01
    0.47
    0.34
    10 MFL
    0.20
    0.049
    0.07
    0.39
    0.047
    0.08
    0.036
    0.22
    0.20
    0.07
    0.34
    0.23
    
    Number of
    Streams
    Analyzed
    1
    3
    3
    2
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    
    Number of
    Samples
    Analyzed
    2
    5
    5
    2
    5
    5
    5
    5
    5
    5
    5
    5
    5
    5
    4
    5
    
    Detected Below
    Quantification
    ND Concentration
    2
    4
    1
    1
    4
    
    1
    
    5
    
    2
    2
    2 1
    4
    4
    
    Detected
    Below Treat-
    able Concen-
    tration
    
    
    4
    
    1
    1
    4
    4
    
    
    3
    3
    2
    1
    
    
    Detected
    Above Treat-
    able Concen-
    tration
    
    1
    
    1
    
    4
    
    1
    
    5
    
    
    
    
    
    5
                                                                                               Not Analyzed
                                                                                                                                                    C/l
                                                                                                                                                    M
                                                                                                                                                    n
         (a)  Analytical quantification concentration was  reported with data (see Section V).
    
         (b)  Treatable concentrations are based on performance of lime precipitation, sedimentation, and filtration for toxic metal pollutants and activated
              carbon adsorption for toxic organic pollutants.
    
         (c).  (d), (e)  Reported together.
    
         (f)  Analytical quantification concentration for  EPA Method 335.2, Toxic Cyanide Methods for Chemical Analysis
              of Water and Wastes. EPA-600/4-79-020, March 1979.
                                                                                                                                                    I
    
                                                                                                                                                    <
    

    -------
           PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI
    
    
    
    
                         TABLE VI-2
    
               TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
    
     1.  acenapthene
     2.  acrolein
     3.  acrylonitrile
     5.  benzidine
     7.  chlorobenzene
     8.  1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
     9.  hexachlorobenzene
    10.  1,2-dichloroethane
    11.  1,1,1-trichloroethane
    12.  hexachloroethane
    13.  1,1-dichloroethane
    14.  1,1,2-trichloroethane
    15.  1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
    16.  chloroethane
    17.  DELETED
    18.  bis(2-chloroethyl) ether
    19.  2-chloroethyl vinyl ether
    20.  2-chloronaphthalene
    21.  2,4,6-trichlorophenol
    22.  parachlorometa cresol
    24.  2-chlorophenol
    25.  1,2-dichlorobenzene
    26.  1,3-dichlorobenzene
    27.  1,4-dichlorobenzene
    28.  3,3'-dichlorobenzidine
    29.  1,1-dichloroethylene
    30.  1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
    31.  2,4-dichlorophenol
    32.  1,2-dichloropropane
    33.  1,3-dichloropropylene
    34.  2,4-dimethylphenol
    35.  2,4-dinitrotoluene
    36.  2,6-dinitrotoluene
    37.  1,2-diphenylhydrazine
    38.  ethylbenzene
    39.  fluoranthene
    40.  4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
    41.  4-bromophenyl phenyl ether
    42.  bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether
    43.  bis(2-chloroethoxy) methane
    45.  methyl chloride
    46.  methyl bromide
    47.  bromoform
    48.  dichlorobromomethane
    49.  DELETED
    50.  DELETED
                         1740
    

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           PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI
    
    
                   TABLE VI-2 (Continued)
    
               TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
    
    51.  chlorodibromomethane
    52.  hexachlorobutadiene
    53.  hexachlorocyclopentadiene
    54.  isophorone
    55.  naphthalene
    56.  nitrobenzene
    57.  2-nitrophenol
    58.  4-nitrophenol
    59.  2,4-dinitrophenol
    60.  4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
    61.  N-nitrosodimethylamine
    62.  N-nitrosodiphenylamine
    63.  N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
    64.  pentachlorophenol
    65.  phenol
    66.  bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
    67.  butyl benzyl phthalate
    68.  di-n-butyl phthalate
    69.  di-n-octyl phthalate
    70.  diethyl phthalate
    71.  dimethyl phthalate
    72.  benzo(a)anthracene
    73.  benzo(a)pyrene
    74.  3,4-benzofluoranthene
    75.  benzo(k)fluoranthene
    76.  chrysene
    77.  acenaphthylene
    78.  anthracene    (a)
    79.  benzo(ghiJperylene
    80.  fluorene
    81.  phenanthrene  (a)
    82.  dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
    83.  indeno (1,2,3-cd)pyrene
    84.  pyrene
    85.  tetrachloroethylene
    86.  toluene
    87.  trichloroethylene
    88.  vinyl chloride
    89.  aldrin
    90.  dieldrin
    91.  chlordane
    92.  4,4'-DDT
    93.  4,4'-DDE
    94.  4,4'-ODD
                         1741
    

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            PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI
    
    
                    TABLE VI-2 (Continued)
    
                TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
    
     95.  alpha-endosulfan
     96.  beta-endosulfan
     97.  endosulfan sulfate
     98.  endrin
     99.  endrin aldehyde
    100.  heptachlor
    101.  heptachlor epoxide
    102.  alpha-BHC
    103.  beta-BHC
    104.  gamma-BHC
    105.  delta-BHC
    106.  PCB-1242      (b)
    107.  PBC-1254      (b)
    108.  PCB-1221      (b)
    109.  PCB-1232      (c)
    110.  PCB-1248      (c)
    111.  PCB-1260      (c)
    112.  PCB-1016      (c)
    113.  toxaphene
    121.  cyanide
    127.  thallium
    129.  2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
    
    (a), (b), (c)  Reported together, as a combined value
                          1742
    

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                PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VII
    
    
    
                               SECTION VII
    
                   CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
    The   preceding  sections  of  this  supplement   discussed   the
    wastewater sources, flows, and characteristics of the wastewaters
    from   primary   lead  plants.   This  section   summarizes   the
    description  of  these wastewaters and  indicates  the  treatment
    technologies  which are currently practiced by the  primary  lead
    subcategory.
    
    PRIOR REGULATIONS
    
    EPA  promulgated  BPT effluent limitations for the  primary  lead
    subcategory  on February 27, 1975 under Subpart G of 40 CFR  Part
    421. These effluent limitations are based on control technologies
    dependent  on geographical location.  For primary  lead  smelters
    located  in  areas  of net evaporation,  zero  discharge  of  all
    process  wastewater  pollutants is required.  It  was  determined
    that the best practicable control technology currently  available
    for  facilities in net evaporation areas is recycle and reuse  of
    wastewater  after,  as needed, neutralization and  settling,  and
    disposal  through solar evaporation.  The Agency recognized  that
    facilities   located  in  geographic  areas  of  historical   net
    evaporation  may  experience periods of net  precipitation  which
    would  inhibit  their ability to meet zero discharge  of  process
    wastewater  pollutants.   As such, catastrophic and  net  monthly
    precipitation  stormwater  allowances were  promulgated.   Plants
    located in areas of net evaporation under the promulgated BPT are
    allowed  to  discharge, during any calendar month,  a  volume  of
    process  water equal to the difference between the  precipitation
    for  that month that falls within the wastewater impoundment  and
    the  evaporation  from the surface of the  impoundment  for  that
    month.  Discharges resulting from net monthly precipitation  were
    subject  to concentration-based limitations achievable with  lime
    precipitation and sedimentation technology.
                                                                •
    The BPT effluent limitations also contained a catastrophic  storm
    water  allowance for plants located in areas of net  evaporation.
    This  stormwater  exemption  states  that  a  volume  of  process
    wastewater in excess of the 10-year, 24-hour storm event  falling
    on  a wastewater impoundment may be discharged.   This  discharge
    was not subject to effluent limitations.
    
    For   those  facilities  located  in  geographic  areas  of   net
    precipitation, the best practicable control technology  currently
    available  was  determined  to  be  chemical  precipitation   and
    sedimentation.   Effluent   limitations   developed   from   this
    technology  are  mass-based limitations and  allow  a  continuous
    discharge   of  process  wastewater  including  discharges   from
    associated acid plants. Pollutant parameters regulated under  BPT
    were cadmium, lead, zi :\c, pH,  and TSS.
    
    
                               1743
    

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                PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VII
    BAT  effluent limitations previously promulgated for the  primary
    lead subcategory were essentially identical to BPT.  However, BAT
    required impoundments to be sized for the 25-year,  24-hour storm
    event instead of the 10-year event that was used for BPT.
    
    CURRENT CONTROL AND TREATMENT PRACTICES
    
    This  section  presents a summary of the  control  and  treatment
    technologies  that  are currently applied to each of the  sources
    generating  wastewater  in  this subcategory.   As  discussed  in
    Section   V,   wastewater  associated  with  the   primary   lead
    subcategory  is characterized by the presence of the toxic  metal
    pollutants  and suspended solids.  This analysis is supported  by
    raw      (untreated)  wastewater  data  presented  for   specific
    sources  as  well  as  combined  waste  streams  in  Section   V.
    Generally,  these  pollutants are present in each  of  the  waste
    streams  at treatable concentrations, so these waste streams  are
    commonly  combined for treatment to reduce the concentrations  of
    these  pollutants.   Construction  of  one  wastewater  treatment
    system for combined treatment allows plants to take advantage  of
    economies of scale and, in some instances, to combine streams  of
    differing  alkalinity to reduce treatment chemical  requirements.
    Two plants in this subcategory currently have combined wastewater
    treatment systems, one has lime precipitation and  sedimentation,
    and  one has lime precipitation, sedimentation,  and  filtration.
    As  such, three options have been selected for consideration  for
    BPT,  BAT,  BDT, and pretreatment in this subcategory,  based  on
    combined  treatment  of  these  compatible  waste  streams.    As
    mentioned  in Section V, the Agency has learned that one  primary
    lead facility has closed since the dcp information was collected.
    Wastewater  treatment  data from this plant are included  in  the
    following discussion.
    
    SINTER PLANT MATERIALS HANDLING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
    
    Two  plants use wet scrubbers to control fugitive lead and  other
    dusts  emitted  at the transfer points, conveyers,  and  crushing
    operations in the sintering area.  Both plants practice extensive
    recycle  of  this  wastewater (87 and 92 percent).   One  of  the
    plants  uses  a  thickener and settling basins  to  recover  lead
    solids  from  this wastewater.  The solids are  returned  to  the
    sintering  process.  Water is recycled to the scrubber  from  the
    settling basins.  Some of the wastewater is discharged to central
    treatment  consisting of lime and polymer addition and  settling,
    followed  by  additional  settling in a pond.  ' The  other  plant
    settles this wastewater in a thickener before recycle.   Overflow
    from  the  thickener is sent to a settling  pond  which  provides
    makeur    water  to  the  blast  and  dross   reverbeiatory   slag
    granulation operations.
    

    -------
                PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VII
    BLAST FURNACE WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
    
    As  discussed  in Section V,  no primary lead plants  report  any
    wastewater  associated  with  blast  furnace  wet  air  pollution
    control.  All plants with blast furnaces use baghouses to control
    particulates in the off-gases.
    
    BLAST FURNACE SLAG GRANULATION
    
    This  wastewater  is generated when blast furnace  slag  or  zinc
    fuming  furnace slag is granulated by water.  Four of  the  seven
    primary lead plants reported this waste stream.  All four  plants
    practice  extensive  or total recycle or reuse of  blast  furnace
    slag granulation wastewater (three plants practice total  recycle
    or reuse).
    
    The blast furnace slag granulation wastewater is treated by  most
    of  the plants prior to recycle or reuse.   The treatment schemes
    include the following:
    
         (1)  No treatment, total recycle of reusable water (some
              water entrained in the slag goes to a slag pile),
    
         (2)  Lime precipitation, total reuse,
    
         (3)  Cooling towers, settling ponds, total recycle or reuse;
              and
    
         (4)  Neutralization with caustic,  sedimentation in lagoons,
              cooling   towers,  partial  recycle,  and   end-of-pipe
              treatment    consisting    of    lime    precipitation,
              flocculation, sedimentation,  and filtration.
    
    As mentioned in Section V,   slag granulation wastewater  contains
    suspended solids and metals.
    
    DROSS REVERBERATORY SLAG GRANULATION WASTEWATER
    
    Slag,  speiss,  and  matte   produced in the  dross  reverberatory
    furnaces  are granulated with water at  three plants.   Wastewater
    from  this process contains suspended solids and dissolved  toxic
    metal pollutants present at treatable concentrations.   All three
    plants report treating the  granulation  wastewater prior to  reuse
    or discharge.  Treatment schemes include the following:
    
         (1)  Sedimentation, reuse;
    
         (2)  Settling, lime precipitation, flocculation, sedimenta-
              tion, reuse in ore mining operations or discharge;  and
    
         (3)  Neutralization with  caustic,  sedimentation,   cooling
              towers,  and  partial  recycle followed  by  end-of-pipe
              treatment    consisting    of    lime    precipitation,
              flocculation, sedimentation,  and filtration.
                               1745
    

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                PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VII
    DROSS REVERBERATORY FURNACE WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
    
    One  plant  uses  a once-through wet scrubber  to  control  dross
    reverberatory   furnace  fumes.   The  scrubbing  wastewater   is
    combined   with  other  process  wastewater  and  treated.    The
    treatment  scheme  includes  initial  settling  in  ponds,   lime
    precipitation,  flocculation,  and thickening.  As  discussed  in
    Section  V,  the combined wastewater  stream  contains  suspended
    solids and metals.
    
    ZINC FUMING FURNACE WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
    
    Three  plants  use  fuming furnaces to recover  zinc  from  blast
    furnace  slag.   One of these plants uses a once-through scrubber
    to  clean  the  emissions  from the  zinc  fuming  furnace.   The
    scrubbing  wastewater is combined with other  process  wastewater
    and treated using settling ponds and thickening.  As mentioned in
    Section  V,  the combined wastewater  stream  contains  suspended
    solids and metals.
    
    HARD LEAD REFINING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AND SLAG GRANULATION
    
    Antimonial  lead is produced at two plants with only one of these
    plants  generating wastewater from hard lead refining.   At  this
    plant, refining furnace scrubber wastewater, and refining furnace
    slag  granulation  wastewater  are combined  with  other  process
    wastewater and treated prior to reuse in ore mining operations or
    discharge.   The   treatment  scheme  includes   settling,   lime
    precipitation,  flocculation,  and sedimentation.   The  combined
    wastewater contains suspended solids and metals.
    
    FACILITY WASHDOWN
    
    Four  plants  report  use of plant  washdown  water  to  minimize
    employee exposure to fugitive lead.   This wastewater is expected
    to  contain  treatable  concentrations of lead  and  other  toxic
    metals,  as  well as suspended solids.   The following  treatment
    practices are currently in use:
    
    
         1.  Lime addition, clarification, and multimedia filtration
             - one plant,
    
         2.  Lime and polymer addition, followed by sedimentation -
             one plant,
    
         3.  Sedimentation in lagoons, followed by reuse - one plant,
             and
    
         4.  Evaporation and reuse - one plant.
    
    WASTEWATER FROM INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE COMPLIANCE
    
    Primary  lead  smelters are required to reduce occupational  lead
    exposures  by  laundering  employee  uniforms,  washing  employee
    
    
                               1746
    

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                PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VII
    
    
    respirators,   and   ensuring  that  employees  use   hand   wash
    facilities.   Through wastewater sampling efforts after  proposal
    at  two  secondary  lead-battery  manufacturing  facilities,  the
    Agency has determined that these wastewaters are contaminated and
    warrant   treatment.    (There  is  no  reason  to  believe   that
    industrial  hygiene  wastewater from primary lead  plants  should
    vary  from  that  at  secondary  lead  plants.)   The   following
    treatment schemes are used to treat the lead and suspended solids
    contained in this wastewater.
    
         1.  Lime addition, clarification, and multimedia filtration
             - one plant,
    
         2.  Lime and polymer addition followed by sedimentation -
             one plant,
    
         3.  Treatment along with sanitary wastes - one plant, and
    
         4.  No treatment - discharge to POTW - three plants.
    
    
    CONTROL AND TREATMENT OPTIONS
    
    Based  on an examination of the wastewater sampling  data,  three
    control  and treatment technologies that effectively control  the
    pollutants  found  in  primary  lead  smelting  wastewaters  were
    selected for evaluation.  The options selected for evaluation are
    discussed below.
    
    OPTION A
    
    Option   A   for   the  primary  lead  subcategory   is   chemical
    precipitation  and sedimentation followed by partial  recycle  of
    treated  effluent for facility washdown.  Chemical  precipitation
    and sedimentation consists of lime addition to precipitate metals
    followed  by gravity sedimentation for the removal  of  suspended
    solids, including the metal precipitates.
    
    OPTION B
    
    Option  B for the primary lead subcategory consists  of  chemical
    precipitation  and  sedimentation  (lime and  settle)  technology
    considered  in  Option  A  plus  in-plant   reduction  of  process
    wastewater  flow.   Water  recycle and reuse  are  the  principal
    control mechanisms for flow reduction.
    
    OPTION C
    
    Option C for the  primary lead subcategory  consists of  in-process
    flow   reduction,  chemical  precipitation,    and   sedimentation
    technology of Option B plus sulfide precipitation,  sedimentation,
    and  multimedia filtration technology.   Sulfide precipitation  is
    used to further reduce the concentration of  dissolved metals  and
    multimedia  filtration  is  used  to  remove  suspended   solids,
    including  precipitates  of  metals,   beyond  the   concentration
    
    
                               1747'
    

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                PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VII
    
    
    attainable by gravity sedimentation.  The filter suggested is the
    gravity,  mixed-media type, although other forms of filters  such
    as   rapid  sand  filters  or  pressure  filters  would   perform
    satisfactorily.
    
    TREATMENT OPTIONS REJECTED
    
    Prior  to  proposing  mass  limitations  for  the  primary   lead
    subcategory,  reverse  osmosis  was  evaluated  as  a   treatment
    technology. Reverse osmosis was rejected, however, because it  is
    not demonstrated in the nonferrous metals manufacturing category,
    nor  is it clearly transferable.  The reverse  osmosis  treatment
    scheme considered is discussed below.
    
    OPTION F
    
    Option  F for the primary lead subcategory consisted  of  reverse
    osmosis  and evaporation technology added to the in-process  flow
    reduction, chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and  multimedia
    filtration  technology  considered  in Option C.   Option  F  was
    provided for complete recycle of the treated water by controlling
    the   concentration   of   dissolved   solids.    Multiple effect
    evaporation was used to dewater the brines rejected from  reverse
    osmosis.
                               1748
    

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                 PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VIII
    
    
    
                              SECTION VIII
    
               COSTS, ENERGY, AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS
    This  section presents the costs associated with the control  and
    treatment technologies identified in Section VII for  wastewaters
    from  primary  lead plants.  The energy consumption and  nonwater
    quality aspects of each technology,  such as air  pollution,  are
    discussed below.
    
    Compliance  costs  were developed for the six  operating  primary
    lead  plants.   Costs are estimates of capital and  annual  costs
    necessary to add and operate treatment not currently in place and
    necessary  for  each plant to meet the applicable  limitation  or
    standard.
    
    The  seventh  plant is currently closed with no  known  immediate
    plans  of  reopening.    Therefore,  compliance  costs  were  not
    developed for-this plant.
    
    TREATMENT OPTIONS COSTED FOR EXISTING SOURCES
    
    Three  treatment  options were considered for  the  primary  lead
    subcategory.    These   options   are   summarized   below    and
    schematically presented in Figures X-l through X-3 (pages 1788  -
    1790), Section X.
    
    OPTION A
    
    Option  A  consists of chemical precipitation  and  sedimentation
    (lime  and  settle)  technology applied  to  combined  wastewater
    streams  followed  by  partial recycle of  treated  effluent  for
    facility  washdown.   Lime and settle technology is currently  in
    place at two plants.
    
    OPTION B
    
    For Option B,  in-process flow reduction measures,   consisting of
    the recycle or reuse of granulation wastewater,  are added to the
    chemical  precipitation and sedimentation (lime and settle)  end-
    of-pipe  technology  of Option A.   There is only one plant  that
    discharges  blast furnace slag granulation wastewater  and  dross
    reverberatory  furnace  granulation wastewater.   At this  plant,
    these  wastewaters are partially recycled through  a  preliminary
    treatment  system  consisting of cooling  towers,  neutralization
    with  caustic,   and sedimentation lagoons.   This plant  has  the
    hardware  in place to achieve the additional flow reduction  that
    is required for these wastewaters at BAT.   Costs associated with
    Option  B for this plant are due to the segregation of the  blast
    furnace  slag  granulation  wastewater from  dross   reverberatory
    granulation   wastewater.    Two  plants  operate  sinter   plant
    materials  handling wet scrubbers and practice extensive  recycle
                               1749
    

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                 PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VIII
    
    
    and  should therefore experience no costs due to  flow  reduction
    for this stream.
    
    OPTION C
    
    Option  C adds to the Option B treatment scheme by adding sulfide
    precipitation   and   sedimentation   followed   by    multimedia
    filtration.   Thus,  the Option C  end-of-pipe  treatment  scheme
    consists  of lime and settle, sulfide and settle, and  multimedia
    filtration.   One plant currently has end-of-pipe  filtration  in
    place.
    
    Cost Methodology
    
    A  detailed  discussion of the methodology used  to  develop  the
    compliance  costs  is presented in Section VIII  of  the  General
    Development Document.  Plant-by-plant compliance costs have  been
    estimated  for the nonferrous metals manufacturing  category  and
    are  presented  in  "the  administrative  -record  supporting  this
    regulation.  A comparison of the costs developed for proposal and
    the  revised  costs  for the final regulation  are  presented  in
    Tables  VIII-1 (page 1754) and VIII-2 (page 1754) for the  direct
    and indirect dischargers, respectively.
    
    Each of the major assumptions used to develop compliance costs is
    presented  in  Section VIII of the General Development  Document.
    However,  each subcategory contains a unique set of waste streams
    requiring  certain  subcategory-specific assumptions  to  develop
    compliance costs.   Seven major assumptions are discussed briefly
    below.
    
         (1)  Costs  for sulfide precipitation and settle  treatment
              are  estimated  for  those primary  lead  plants  which
              reported a discharge of acid plant blowdown.   However,
              the  costs  associated with sulfide  precipitation  are
              attributed  to the metallurgical acid plant subcategory
              because the lead smelter contributes only a small por-
              tion of the total discharge.
    
         (2)  Regulatory  flow  allowances were developed  for  three
              waste   streams  attributable  to  industrial   hygiene
              requirements:   hand wash,  respirator wash water,  and
              laundering of uniforms.  These discharges are routed to
              lime  and  settle treatment along  with  other  process
              waste  streams  unless the data indicated that a  plant
              does not discharge process wastewater'.   In the  latter
              case,  it  is assumed the plant can combine  industrial
              hygiene  waste  streams  with process  wastewaters  and
              still achieve zero discharge.   This assumption is based
              on  the fact that industrial hygiene wastewaters are  a
              small  percentage  of  the  overall  plant  water  use.
              Regulatory flows of industrial hygiene and other  waste
              streams  were  used  for cost estimation if  a  plant's
              actual discharge flow was unknown.
                               1750
    

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                 PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VIII
    
    
         (3)  Recycle  of  treated  water for use as  plant  washdown
              water is accomplished via a 1,000 gallon tank.,  recycle
              piping, and a pump.
    
         (4)  Because the compliance costs only represent incremental
              costs that primary lead plants may be expected to incur
              in complying with this regulation,  operation and main-
              tenance  costs  for in-place treatment used  to  comply
              with  the  1975  promulgated BPT  regulation  for  this
              subcategory are not included in a plant's total cost of
              compliance  for  this  regulation.   However,  a  flow-
              weighted  fraction  of the annual cost was retained  to
              represent  treatment  of  the  industrial  hygiene  and
              washdown   flows,   which  are  not  covered   by   the
              promulgated BPT regulation.
    
         (5)  Capital and annual costs for plants discharging waste-
              water  in both the primary lead and metallurgical  acid
              subcategories  are attributed to each subcategory on  a
              flow-weighted  basis.   The  entire cost  for  washdown
              recycle is attributed to the primary lead subcategory.
    
         (6)  No  cost  is included for direct dischargers to  comply
              with elimination of net precipitation allowances.
    
         (7)  Recycle  of  air pollution control scrubber  liquor  is
              based on recycle through holding tanks.   Annual  costs
              associated  with  maintenance and sludge  disposal  are
              included in the estimated compliance costs.  If a plant
              currently  recycles scrubber liquor,  capital costs  of
              the  recycle  equipment  (piping,  pumps,  and  holding
              tanks) were not included in the compliance costs.
    
    Nonwater Quality Aspects
    
    Nonwater   quality   impacts   specific  to  the   primary   lead
    subcategory,  including energy requirements,  solid waste and air
    pollution, are discussed below.
    
    ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
    
    Energy   requirements  for  the  three  options  considered   are
    estimated at 0.13 MW-hr/yr, 0.066 MW-hr/yr, and 1.1 MW-hr/yr  for
    Options  A,  B, and C respectively.  Option B energy  requirements
    decrease  over  those for Option A because less  water  is  being
    treated, thus saving energy costs for lime and settle  treatment.
    Option  C at a typical primary lead facility  represents  roughly
    one  percent  of  the  total plant's  electrical  usage.   It  is
    therefore concluded that the energy requirements of the treatment
    options considered will have no significant impact on total plant
    energy consumption.
                               1751
    

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                 PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VIII
    SOLID WASTE
    
    Sludges  associated  with  the  primary  lead  subcategory   will
    necessarily contain additional quantities (and concentrations) of
    toxic metal pollutants.  Wastes generated by primary smelters and
    refiners are currently exempt from regulation by Act of  Congress
    (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Section 3001(b)),
    as  interpreted by the Agency.  Consequently,  sludges  generated
    from  treating primary industries' wastewater are  not  presently
    subject to regulation as hazardous wastes.
    
    The  Agency contends that lime sludges generated in  the  primary
    lead subcategory will not be classified as a hazardous waste if a
    small   excess   of  lime  is  added   during   treatment.    The
    metallurgical acid plant subcategory, however, has added  sulfide
    precipitation  to  the  technology basis  for  BAT.   The  Agency
    believes sludge generated through sulfide precipitation (followed
    by  sedimentation)  will be classified as  hazardous  under  RCRA
    because sulfide precipitation leaves metals in a form amenable to
    leaching.   Two  primary lead plants operating  acid  plants  are
    affected by this added technology.  The Agency estimates that the
    plants  will  generate  56 tons per year of  sulfide  sludge  and
    require  disposal  as  a hazardous waste.  This  added  cost  for
    disposal was considered in developing compliance costs and in the
    Economic  Analysis  (even  though  the  waste  is  now   exempt).
    Multimedia   filtration  technology  will  not  result   in   any
    significant  amount  of  sludge over  that  generated  from  lime
    precipitation and sulfide precipitation.
    
    Although it is the Agency's view that lime sludges generated as a
    result  of  these guidelines are not expected  to  be  hazardous,
    generators  of  these wastes must test the waste to determine  if
    the  wastes  meet any of the characteristics of  hazardous  waste
    (see 40 CFR 262.11) .
    
    If these wastes should be identified or are listed as  hazardous,
    they  will  come  within the scope of RCRA'.s  "cradle  to  grave"
    hazardous waste management program, requiring regulation from the
    point  of  generation  to  point  of  final  disposition.    EPA's
    generator   standards  would  require  generators  of   hazardous
    nonferrous metals.manufacturing wastes to meet  containerization,
    labeling,  recordkeeping, and reporting requirements;  if  plants
    dispose of hazardous wastes off-site, they would have to  prepare
    a manifest which would track the movement of the wastes from  the
    generator's  premises to a permitted off-site treatment  storage,
    or  disposal  facility.  See 40 CFR 262.20 45 FR 33142  (May  19,
    1980),  as  amended  at 45 FR 86973  (December  31,  1980).   The
    transporter regulations require transporters of hazardous  wastes
    to comply with the manifest system to assure that the wastes  are
    delivered to a permitted facility.  See 40 CFR 263.20 45 FR 33151
    (May  19, 1980), as amended at 45 FR 86973 (December  31,   1980).
    Finally, RCRA regulations establish standards for hazardous waste
    treatment,  storage, and disposal facilities allowed  to  receive
    such wastes.  See 40 CFR Part 464 46 FR 2802 (January 12,   1981),
    47 FR 32274 (July 26, 1982).
    
    
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                 PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VIII
    Even if these wastes are not identified as hazardous,  they still
    must  be  disposed  of in compliance with  the  Subtitle  D  open
    dumping  standards, implementing 4004 of RCRA.  See 44  FR  53438
    (September  13, 1979).  The Agency has calculated as part of  the
    costs for wastewater treatment the cost of hauling and  disposing
    of  these  wastes.   Section VIII of Vol. I  presents  the  costs
    associated with contract hauling.
    
    AIR POLLUTION
    
    There is no reason to believe that any substantial air  pollution
    problems   will   result   from   implementation   of    chemical
    precipitation,  sedimentation, and multimedia filtration.   These
    technologies  transfer  pollutants  to solid  waste  and  do  not
    involve  air  stripping or any other physical process  likely  to
    transfer  pollutants  to  air.  Minor amounts of  sulfur  may  be
    emitted during sulfide precipitation, and water vapor  containing
    some  particulate matter will be released in the drift  from  the
    cooling  tower  systems  which are used as  the  basis  for  flow
    reduction  in the primary lead subcategory.  However, the  Agency
    does not consider this impact to be significant.
    

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                 PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VIII
    
    
                              TABLE VIII-1
    
           COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
                           DIRECT DISCHARGERS
    
                          (March, 1982 Dollars)
    
    
                   Proposal Cost               Promulgation Cost
    Option
    A
    B
    C
    Capital Cost
    0
    0
    0
    Annnual Cost
    0
    0
    0
    Capital Cost
    242000
    192000
    196000
    Annual Cost
    112000
    81600
    114000
                              TABLE VII1-2
    
           COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
                          INDIRECT DISCHARGERS
    
                          (March, 1982 Dollars)
    
    
                   Proposal Cost               Promulgation Cost
    Option   Capital Cost  Annnual Cost    Capital Cost  Annual Cost
    A - -
    B - -
    C - -
    56900
    56900
    56900
    10600
    10600 .
    10600
    NOTE: No known indirect dischargers at time of proposal
                               1754
    

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                    PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
    
    
    
                               SECTION IX
    
             BEST PRACTICABLE TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
    EPA  promulgated  BPT effluent limitations for the  primary  lead
    subcategory on February 27, 1975 as Subpart G of 40 CFR Part 421.
    These  effluent  limitations  are based on  control  technologies
    dependent  on geographical location.   For primary lead  smelters
    located  in  areas  of net evaporation,  zero  discharge  of  all
    process  wastewater pollutants is required.   It  was  determined
    that  the best practicable control technology currently available
    for  facilities in net evaporation areas is recycle and reuse  of
    wastewater after,  as needed,  neutralization and  settling,  and
    disposal  through solar evaporation.   The Agency recognized that
    facilities   located  in  geographic  areas  of  historical   net
    evaporation  may  experience periods of net  precipitation  which
    would  inhibit  their ability to meet zero discharge  of  process
    wastewater  pollutants.   As such,  catastrophic and net  monthly
    precipitation  stormwater allowances  were  promulgated.   Plants
    located in areas of net evaporation under the promulgated BPT are
    allowed  to  discharge,  during any calendar month,  a volume  of
    process  water equal to the difference between the  precipitation
    for  that month that falls within the wastewater impoundment  and
    the  evaporation  from the surface of the  impoundment  for  that
    month.    Discharges  resulting from net monthly precipitation are
    subject  to concentration-based limitations achievable with  lime
    precipitation and sedimentation technology.
    
    The  BPT effluent limitations also contain a  catastrophic  storm
    water  allowance for plants located in areas of net  evaporation.
    This  stormwater  exemption  states  that  a  volume  of  process
    wastewater in excess of the 10-year, 24-hour storm event  falling
    on a wastewater impoundment may be discharged.  This discharge is
    not subject to effluent limitations.
    
    For   those  facilities  located  in  geographic  areas  of*   net
    precipitation, the best practicable control technology  currently
    available   was   determined  as   chemical   precipitation   and
    sedimentation.   Effluent   limitations   developed   from   this
    technology  are  mass-based limitations and  allow  a  continuous
    discharge   of  process  wastewater  including  discharges   from
    associated acid plants.  Pollutant parameters regulated under BAT
    are cadmium, lead, zinc,  pH, and TSS.
    
    However,  new  information became available to  the  Agency  that
    supported the need for discharge of wastewater from blast furnace
    slag granulation, an operation previously considered and included
    in  the  promulgated  zero  discharge  regulation.     Information
    obtained  in 1975 indicated that slag granulation is a net  water
    consuming  operation  and,  therefore,  it  did  not  justify   a
    discharge allowance.  Data supplied to the Agency since 1975 show
                               1755
    

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                    PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
    
    
    that  one  plant uses an ore with a lead content  that  makes  it
    feasible to recycle blast furnace slag into the sintering machine
    to  recover  the  remaining lead content.   After  studying  this
    further,  it  was  found that there may  be  an  accumulation  of
    dissolved   salts  in  recycled  slag   granulation   wastewater.
    Accumulation  of dissolved salts, particularly sodium  salts,  in
    the  recycle  water  and  ultimately  in  the  recycled  slag  is
    detrimental to the sintering process chemistry.  For this reason,
    the  promulgated BPT is modified for this subcategory to allow  a
    discharge   to  prevent  the  accumulation  of  solids  in   slag
    granulation  water  circuits.   (Refer  to  the  discussions   of
    Wastewater Discharge Rates below and in Section X.)
    
    Additionally, the Agency is modifying its approach to stormwater.
    The  technology  basis of the promulgated BPT is  not  wastewater
    impoundments  or  cooling ponds,  but rather cooling  towers  and
    clarifiers.   Hardware  of  this nature is not as susceptible  to
    fluctuations due to rainfall.   Therefore, there is no need for a
    monthly or catastrophic rainfall allowance.
    
    TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BPT
    
    The  Agency studied the nonferrous metals manufacturing  category
    to  identify the processes used,  the wastewaters generated,  and
    the  treatment processes installed.   Information  was  collected
    from the category using data collection portfolios,  and specific
    plants  were sampled and the wastewaters analyzed.   Some of  the
    factors  which  must  be  considered  in  establishing   effluent
    limitations based on BPT have already been discussed.  The age of
    equipment and facilities, processes used, and raw materials  were
    taken  into account in subcategorization and subdivision and  are
    discussed  fully  in Section IV.  Nonwater  quality  impacts  and
    energy requirements are considered in Section VIII.
    
    As explained in Section IV, the primary lead subcategory has been
    subdivided  into  12  potential wastewater sources  or  segments.
    Since   the   water   use,   discharge   rates,   and   pollutant
    characteristics  of  each  of these  wastewaters  is  potentially
    unique, effluent limitations will be developed for each of the 12
    building blocks.
    
    For  each  segment,  a  specific approach was  followed  for  the
    development of BPT mass limitations.   To account for  production
    and flow variability from plant to plant, a unit of production or
    production  normalizing parameter (PNP)  was determined  for  each
    waste  stream  which could then be related to the flow  from  the
    process  to determine a production normalized flow. Selection  of
    the  PNP  for each process element is discussed  in  Section  IV.
    Each  process  within  the  subcategory  was  then  analyzed   to
    determine  (1)  whether  or  not  operations  included  generated
    wastewater,  (2)  specific  flow rates  generated,  and  (3)  the
    specific  production  normalized flows for  each  process.   This
    analysis  is  discussed  in  detail  in  Section  V.   Nonprocess
    wastewater  such as rainfall runoff and noncontact cooling  water
    is not considered in this analysis.
    
    
                               1756
    

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                    PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
    Normalized  flows were analyzed to determine which flow was to be
    used as part of the basis for BPT mass limitations.  The selected
    flow  (sometimes  referred  to as a BPT regulatory  flow  or  BPT
    discharge rate) reflects the water use controls which are  common
    practices within the industry.   The BPT normalized flow is based
    on  the average of all applicable data.   Plants with  normalized
    flows above the average may have to implement some method of flow
    reduction  to  achieve the BPT limitations.   It is not  believed
    that these modifications would incur any costs for the plants.
    
    For the development of effluent limitations,  mass loadings  were
    calculated for each wastewater source.  This calculation was made
    on  a  stream-by-stream basis,  primarily because plants in  this
    category  may  perform one or more of the operations  in  various
    combinations.   The  mass loadings (milligrams of  pollutant  per
    metric  ton  of  production unit -  mg/kkg)  were  calculated  by
    multiplying the BPT normalized flow (1/kkg) by the  concentration
    achievable  using  the  BPT  treatment  system  (mg/1)  for  each
    pollutant parameter to be regulated under BPT.
    
    The mass loadings which are allowed under BPT for each plant will
    be  the  sum  of the individual mass  loadings  for  the  various
    wastewater   sources  which  are  found  at  particular   plants.
    Accordingly,  all the wastewater generated within a plant may  be
    combined  for treatment in a single or common  treatment  system,
    but  the effluent limitations for these combined wastewaters  are
    based on the various wastewater sources which actually contribute
    to  the combined flow.  This method accounts for the  variety  of
    combinations of wastewater sources and production processes which
    may be found at primary lead plants.
    
    The Agency usually establishes wastewater limitations in terms of
    mass rather than concentration.   This approach prevents the  use
    of  dilution  as a treatment method (except for controlling  pH).
    The  production  normalized  wastewater flow (1/kkg)  is  a  link
    between  the production operations and the effluent  limitations.
    The  pollutant  discharge attributable to each operation  can  be
    calculated  from the normalized flow and  effluent  concentration
    achievable  by  the treatment technology and summed to derive  an
    appropriate limitation for each subcategory.
    
    BPT  effluent  limitations  are  based  on  the  average  of  the
    discharge flow rates for each source;  consequently, the treatment
    technologies  which are currently used by the lowest  dischargers
    will  be the treatment technologies most likely required to  meet
    BPT  effluent  limitations.  Section VII  discusses  the  various
    treatment  technologies  which are currently in  place  for  each
    wastewater   source.   In  most  cases,  the  current   treatment
    technologies consist of chemical precipitation and  sedimentation
    (lime  and  settle  technology) and a combination  of  reuse  and
    recycle to reduce flow.
    
    The  overall  effectiveness  of  end-of-pipe  treatment  for  the
    removal  of wastewater pollutants is improved by the  application
                               1757
    

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                    PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
    
    
    of water flow controls within the process to limit the volume  of
    wastewater  requiring  treatment.   The  controls  or  in-process
    technologies  recommended under BPT include only  those  measures
    which  are  commonly practiced within the subcategory  and  which
    reduce  flows  to meet the production normalized  flow  for  each
    operation.
    
    In making technical assessments of data.,  reviewing manufacturing
    processes, and assessing wastewater treatment technology options,
    both  indirect  and direct dischargers have been considered as  a
    single  group.   An examination of plants and processes  did  not
    indicate  any process differences based on the type of discharge,
    whether it be direct or indirect.
    
    INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
    
    In  balancing costs in relation to pollutant  removal  estimates,
    EPA  considers the volume and nature of existing discharges,  the
    volume  and  nature of discharges expected after  application  of
    BPT, the general environmental effects of the pollutants, and the
    cost  and  economic  impacts of the  required  pollution  control
    level.  The Act does not require or permit consideration of water
    quality  problems  attributable to particular  point  sources  or
    industries,  or  water  quality improvements in particular  water
    quality bodies.   Accordingly,  water quality considerations were
    not the basis for selecting the proposed BPT.   See  Weyerhaeuser
    Company v. Costle, 590 F.2d 1011 (D.C. Cir. 1978).
    
    The  methodology for calculating pollutant removal estimates  and
    plant  compliance  costs is discussed in Section  X.   Table  X-l
    shows  the pollutant removal estimates for each treatment  option
    considered  for  promulgation for the direct dischargers  in  the
    primary   lead   subcategory.   Compliance   costs   for   direct
    dischargers are presented in Table VIII-1 (page 1754).
    
    BPT OPTION SELECTION
    
    EPA proposed mass limitations for the primary lead subcategory to
    allow  a discharge to prevent dissolved solids from  accumulating
    in  slag  granulation  circuits.  The technology  basis  for  the
    promulgated   BPT   limitations   is   lime   precipitation   and
    sedimentation (Option A).  This technology is demonstrated at two
    plants in the subcategory.  (One of the two plants also has  end-
    of-pipe filtration technology.)  The promulgated BPT is identical
    to the technology basis proposed for BPT.
    
    The   Agency  has  also  considered  additional   waste   streams
    identified   in  comments  to  the  proposed  regulation.    Data
    solicited  by the Agency after proposal were used to determine  a
    BPT  flow allowance for sinter plant materials handling  wet  air
    pollution  control.  This wastewater source is due to  compliance
    with  OSHA  standards which limit fugitive  lead  emissions.   An
    additional  four  building blocks were added for  the  wastewater
    sources generated due to industrial hygiene requirements.   Based
    on information and data gathered at two integrated secondary lead
                               1758
    

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                    PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
    
    
    and battery manufacturing plants (which have lead  concentrations
    similar  to  what one would realistically expect to find  in  the
    analogous  primary lead wastewaters), the Agency  has  determined
    that  floor  washing, employee hand wash,  respirator  wash,  and
    employee  uniform  laundering generate  wastewaters  sufficiently
    contaminated with lead to warrant treatment.  As discussed below,
    the  Agency  is not providing a discharge allowance  for  one  of
    these  wastewater sources (floor washing) because this  operation
    can use recycled treatment plant effluent.
    
    Commenters  argued  that the treatment  performance  values  used
    (CMDB)  for  the lead subcategory are inappropriate  for  primary
    lead  plants, and submitted long-term treatment performance  data
    from two primary lead plants operating BPT equivalent (i.e., lime
    and settle) treatment systems.  The performance data submitted to
    the  Agency  demonstrated  that  primary  lead  wastewaters  have
    different  characteristics than those wastewaters comprising  the
    Agency's treatment performance data base.  The Agency conducted a
    statistical  analysis  on the performance data  and  studied  the
    design  and  operating characteristics of the  treatment  systems
    from  which the commenters1  data were obtained.  The  Agency  has
    determined  that the performance data from one of the plants  are
    representative  of a well-operated treatment system and has  used
    treatment effectiveness concentrations obtained from the data  to
    calculate  the  primary  lead BPT  mass  limitations.   Treatment
    performance from the other plant was not used due to the lack  of
    equalization before lime and settle treatment.
    
    The  Agency is eliminating the allowances for  net  precipitation
    catastrophic  storms  as was done in primary electrolytic  copper
    refining when it was revised in 1980.    As explained  previously,
    EPA  does not believe this allowance is necessary because of  the
    relatively  small surface area impoundments that would be used to
    comply with these limitations.   The Agency does not believe  any
    costs  will result from this change.   Plants using  impoundments
    for other purposes,   such as storm water collection,  may need to
    receive net precipitation allowances from permit authorities on a
    case-by-case basis.
    
    Implementation  of  the promulgated BPT limitations  will  r,emove
    from  raw wastewater an estimated 3,900 kg/yr of toxic metals and
    261,000  kg/yr  of TSS.   The promulgated BPT will result  in  an
    estimated  capital cost of $0.260 million (March,  1982  dollars)
    and  an  estimated annual cost of  $0.116  million  (March,   1982
    dollars).   The  best  practicable  technology selected  for  the
    primary lead subcategory is  presented in Figure IX-1 (page 1771).
    
    WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES
    
    A BPT discharge rate is calculated for each subdivision based  on
    the  average of the  flows of the existing plants,  as  determined
    from  analysis  of  dcp.    The discharge rate is  used  with  the
    achievable  treatment  concentration  to determine  BPT  effluent
    limitations.   Since the discharge rate may be different for each
    wastewater source,  12 wastewater sources are discussed below  and
                               1759
    

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                    PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
    
    
    summarized  in Table IX-1 (page 1765).  The discharge  rates  are
    normalized  on  a  production basis by  relating  the  amount  of
    wastewater  generated  to the mass of  the  intermediate  product
    which is produced by the process associated with the waste stream
    in question.  These production normalizing parameters, or  PNP's,
    are also listed in Table IX-1.
    
    SINTER PLANT MATERIALS HANDLING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
    
    The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for sinter plant materials
    handling wet air pollution control is 360 1/kkg (86.3 gal/ton) of
    sinter  production.  An allowance for this waste stream  was  not
    provided  at  proposal.   Comments  to  the  proposed  regulation
    identified  this  wastewater source as necessary  for  compliance
    with  OSHA standards which limit fugitive lead  emissions.   Data
    solicited  by  the  Agency after proposal show  that  two  plants
    operate  sinter plant materials handling scrubbers.  Both  plants
    practice  extensive  recycle of the scrubber liquor  (87  and  92
    percent).  The  BPT discharge allowance is based on  the  average
    scrubber discharge from the two plants.  Water use and  discharge
    rates are presented in Table V-l (page 1718).
    
    BLAST FURNACE WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
    
    Currently there are no facilities in the primary lead subcategory
    controlling  emissions from a blast furnace with a wet  scrubber.
    Therefore,  a  discharge  allowance  is not  allocated  for  this
    potential source of wastewater.
    
    BLAST FURNACE SLAG GRANULATION
    
    The  BPT  wastewater discharge allowance for blast  furnace  slag
    granulation  is  3,730 1/kkg (895 gal/ton) of blast furnace  lead
    bullion  produced.   Four  plants reported a blast  furnace  slag
    granulation waste stream.   Two plants achieve zero discharge  of
    this  waste stream through total reuse.   One plant achieves zero
    discharge  of  this waste stream through total recycle  of  water
    that is not entrained in the slag (water entrained in the slag is
    transferred to a slag pile).   One plant discharges blast furnace
    slag granulation wastewater.   This plant recycles 71 percent  of
    this  waste  stream.   The  BPT discharge rate is  based  on  the
    discharge  rate of the single discharging plant.   Water use  and
    wastewater discharge rates for blast furnace slag granulation are
    presented in Section V (Table V-2 page 1718).
    
    DROSS REVERBERATORY SLAG GRANULATION WASTEWATER'
    
    The   proposed   BPT   wastewater  discharge   rate   for   dross
    reverberatory furnace granulation wastewater was 3,134 1/kkg (750
    gal/ton)  of  slag, matte, or speiss  granulated.    Three  plants
    report  a dross reverberatory furnace granulation  waste  stream.
    The  proposed BPT discharge was based on the discharge rate  from
    one of these plants.  One plant's discharge rate was reported  as
    22,887  1/kkg (5,490 gal/ton).  This plant's discharge  rate  was
    considered too high to use in determining the BPT discharge  rate
    
    
                               1760
    

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                    PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
    for dross reverberatory furnace granulation wastewater.  A  third
    plant with a dross reverberatory furnace granulation waste stream
    did  not  report  sufficient dcp  information  to  determine  the
    wastewater discharged from this process.
    
    Plant  290  resubmitted  a dcp after the  mass  limitations  were
    proposed for the primary lead subcategory.  Data contained in the
    new  dcp  indicate  that the discharge from  dross  reverberatory
    furnace  granulation has been lowered from 22,893 1/kkg to  8,379
    1/kkg.  EPA omitted the Plant 290 discharge from the calculations
    for the proposed regulation because it found the water use to  be
    excessive.   However,  the  revised  flow does not appear  to  be
    excessively  high so the Agency has averaged it with the flow for
    Plant 4502 used at proposal.  The revised flow allowance for this
    operation  is 5,757 1/kkg (1,381 gal/ton)  of  slag,  speiss,  or
    matte granulated.
    
    DROSS REVERBERATORY FURNACE WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
    
    The BPT wastewater discharge rate for dross reverberatory furnace
    wet air pollution control is 9,646 1/kkg (2,313 gal/ton) of dross
    reverberatory " furnace  production.   The BPT discharge  rate  is
    based  on the discharge rate of the single plant which  practices
    wet  air  pollution control on its dross  reverberatory  furnace.
    This plant does not recycle this wastewater.
    
    ZINC FUMING FURNACE WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
    
    The  BPT  wastewater discharge for zinc fuming  furnace  wet  air
    pollution  control  is 426 1/kkg (102 gal/ton) of  blast  furnace
    lead  bullion produced.  This rate is allocated only  for  plants
    practicing  wet air pollution control for zinc  fuming  furnaces.
    The BPT discharge allowance is based on the discharge rate of the
    single plant that practices wet scrubbing on this process.   This
    plant does not recycle this wastewater.
    
    HARD LEAD REFINING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
    
    The  BPT wastewater discharge rate for hard lead refining wet air
    pollution  control is 19,836 1/kkg (4,747 gal/ton)  of  hard  lead
    produced.   This  rate is allocated only to plants  that  practice
    hard lead refining wet air pollution control.    The BPT discharge
    rate is based on the discharge rate of the single plant reporting
    this waste stream.   This plant does not  recycle this wastewater.
    
    HARD LEAD REFINING SLAG GRANULATION
    
    No  BPT  discharge allowance is provided for hard  lead  refining
    slag granulation.  Only one plant reports this waste stream.  This
    plant  granulates slag from a hard lead  refining furnace prior to
    transferring  the slag to a slag pile.    EPA believes  that  this
    plant can recycle 100 percent of the granulation wastewater since
    this  slag is not returned to the smelter for  further processing.
    Alternatively,   it  could  reuse this wastewater in  other  plant
    processes.    The  Agency  received no  comments  questioning   the
    
    
                               1761
    

    -------
                    PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
    
    
    requirement  of  100  percent  recycle or  reuse  for  hard  lead
    refining slag granulation.
    
    FACILITY WASHDOWN
    
    No  BPT  discharge allowance for facility washdown  is  provided.
    Because floor washing does not require potable water,  the Agency
    believes  lime and settle treatment effluent can be used to  hose
    down  work areas in a lead smelter to control fugitive  lead  and
    dust.   Compliance costs developed for the subcategory included 6
    1/kkg  (of lead produced) of facility washdown water in the total
    plant flow when the clarifier was sized.
    
    EMPLOYEE HAND WASH
    
    Data   gathered   at   an   integrated   secondary   lead-battery
    manufacturing  plant demonstrated that wastewaters generated  due
    to  industrial  hygiene  requirements mandated  by  OSHA  may  be
    sufficiently contaminated with lead to require treatment.   Field
    measurements  performed  by an EPA  representative  indicate  1.5
    liters  (0.4  gallons)  of water is used  per  employee  to  wash
    his/her  hands.   Data taken from the primary lead  dcp  indicate
    that approximately 3.6 employees-year are used per pound of  lead
    produced.   Assuming each employee washes their hands three  times
    per  day,  the production normalized water usage for hand wash  is
    approximately  3.3 1/kkg (0.79 gal/ton) of lead  produced.   This
    value is selected as the BPT discharge rate.
    
    RESPIRATOR WASH
    
    The Agency estimates approximately 7.34 liters (1.94 gallons)  of
    wastewater  is  generated to clean a respirator based  on  actual
    field  measurements.   Assuming each employee wears a respirator,
    it  is cleaned each day,  and using the 3.6 employees-year/lb  of
    lead factor,  the BPT discharge rate is 5.3 1/kkg (1.27  gal/ton)
    of lead produced.
    
    LAUNDERING OF UNIFORMS
    
    Field samples obtained at two integrated secondary lead smelters
    and battery  manufacturing  plants  indicate that 21.4  liters  (5.66
    gallons)  of  wastewater is generated  per  uniform  washed.   If
    employee  uniforms are washed once per day,  and a factor of  3.6
    employees-year/lb of lead is used,  the production normalized BPT
    discharge  rate is 16 1/kkg (3.7 gal/ton) of lead produced.
    
    REGULATED  POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
    
    Four   pollutant  parameters  were  selected  for  BPT   effluent
    limitations  for the primary lead subcategory.  These  pollutants
    and pollutant parameters are present in primary lead  wastewaters
    at  concentrations that can be effectively reduced by  identified
    treatment   technologies.  The following pollutants  or  pollutant
    parameters will be limited under BPT:
                               1762
    

    -------
                    PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
          122.   lead
          124.   zinc
                TSS
                pH
    
     STORM WATER AND PRECIPITATION ALLOWANCES
    
     The   promulgated  1975  BPT  effluent  limitations  include   net
     precipitation  and catastrophic storm allowances  for  facilities
     located  in historical  geographic  areas  of  net  evaporation.
     Facilities  are allowed a discharge of process wastewater which is
     equivalent  to the volume of precipitation that falls within  the
     wastewater  impoundment in excess of that attributable to the  10-
     year,  24-hour  rainfall  event,  when  such  event  occurs.   In
     addition, facilities are allowed to discharge a volume of process
     wastewater  on a monthly basis that is equal to the net difference
     between  the  rainfall falling on the impoundment  and  the  mean
     evaporation from the pond water surface.  This monthly  discharge
     is    subject  to  concentration-based  standards,   whereas   the
     catastrophic storm is not subject to any effluent limitations.
    
     As  discussed  in  greater detail in Section IX  of  the  General
     Development  Document,  the  Agency is modifying its approach  to
     storm water.  The Agency is promulgating BPT effluent limitations
     based  on   lime  precipitation and sedimentation,  not  on  large
     cooling  water impoundments.  The Agency believes the  technology
     basis of BPT does not require a monthly rainfall and catastrophic
     storm water allowance.
    
     EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
    
     The data base used to establish treatment concentrations for  the
     limitations in the promulgated 1975 BPT were based solely on acid
     plant  data.  EPA has since gathered a combined metals data  base
     which  EPA believed is a superior measure of the  performance  of
     lime   precipitation  and  sedimentation  on  nonferrous   metals
     wastewaters.  Treatable concentrations for lime precipitation and
     sedimentation, as determined from the combined metals data  base,
     are discussed in Section VII of this supplement.
                                                                *
     As  discussed  in  the BPT Option Selection,  two  plants  in  the
     primary   lead   subcategory  submitted   long   term   treatment
     performance  data  for  lime and settle,  and  lime,   settle,  and
     filter after mass limitations were proposed for this subcategory.
     The  Agency analyzed the data statistically for  comparison  with
     the combined metals data base.   In addition,  design  and operating
     parameters  for  the treatment  systems from the two   plants  were
     collected   through  Section  308  authority.    The   Agency   has
     determined  that  data from one of the two plants should  not  be
     used  to  establish  treatment   performance  because  of   design
     deficiencies.    However,  the other plant  appears to   be  properly
     designed and is not meeting  the proposed performance for cadmium
     and  lead.   Examination of the  influent to the  treatment  system
     shows a great  deal of of lime and settle  treatment at this  plant
    and has not identified any plant in this  subcategory meeting  the
    
    
                               1763
    

    -------
                    PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
    
    
    combined metals data base limits with lime and settle  treatment.
    Therefore, treatment performance derived from the submitted  data
    are used in calculating the promulgated BPT effluent limitations.
    The  treatable concentrations (both one-day maximum  and  monthly
    average  values) are multiplied by the BPT  normalized  discharge
    flows  summarized  in  Table  IX-1  to  calculate  the  mass   of
    pollutants  allowed  to be discharged per mass of  product.   The
    results  of  these calculations in milligrams  of  pollutant  per
    metric ton of product represent the BPT effluent limitations  and
    are presented in Table IX-2 (page 1766) for each individual waste
    stream.
                               1764
    

    -------
                 PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
                    SECT - IX
                                Table IX-1
    
                  BPT WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE
                         PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
      Wastewater Stream
    
    Sinter Plant Materials
     Handling Wet Air
     Pollution Control
    
    Blast Furnace Wet Air
     Pollution Control
    
    Blast Furnace Slag
     Granulation
    
    Dross Reverberatory
     Slag Granulation
     Wastewater
    
    Dross Reverberatory
     Furnace Wet Air
     Pollution Control
    
    Zinc Fuming Wet Air
     Pollution Control
    
    Hard Lead Refining
     Slag Granulation
    
    Hard Lead Refining
     Wet Air Pollution
     Control
    
    Facility Washdown
    
    Employee Hand Wash
    
    Respirator Wash
    
    Laundering of
     Uniforms
     BPT Normalized
     Discharge Rate
    1/kkg    gal/ton
       360
         0
     3,730
               Production
              Normalizing
               Parameter	
    
           Sinter production
    86
      0
    895    Blast furnace lead
            bullion produced
     5,757    1,381     Slag,  speiss,  or
                        matte granulated
     9,646    2,313    Dross reverberatory
                        furnace production
       426      102    Blast furnace lead
                        bullion produced
    19,836    4,747    Hard lead produced
    
    
    
         0        0
    
         3.3       0.8   Lead bullion produced
    
         5.3       1.3   Lead bullion produced
    
        16        3.'7   Lead bullion produced
    

    -------
                    PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
    
    
                               TABLE IX-2
    
        BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    (a)  Sinter Plant Materials Handling Wet Air Pollution
         Control  BPT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
    
    
                Metric Units - mg/kkg of sinter production
           English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of sinter production
    
     Cadmium                               122,400         54,000
    *Lead              -                   594.000        270.000
    *Zinc                                  525.000        219.600
    *TSS                                14,760.000      7,020.000
    *pH                          Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                          at all times
    (b)  Blast Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control  BPT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
       Metric Units - mg/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced
             English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of blast furnace
                          lead bullion produced
    
     Cadmium                                  0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    *TSS                                      0.000          0.000
    *pH                              Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                              at all times
    
    * Regulated Pollutant
                               1766
    

    -------
                    PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
    
    
                         TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
    
        BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
     (c)  Blast Furnace Slag -Granulation  BPT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
       Metric Units - mg/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced
             English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of blast furnace
                          lead bullion produced
    
     Cadmium                             1,268.000        559.500
    *Lead                                6,155.000      2,798.000
    *Zinc                                5,446.000      2,276.000
    *TSS                               153,000.000     72,740.000
    *pH                          Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                          at all times
    (d)  Dross Reverberatory Slag Granulation   BPT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
        Metric Units - mg/kkg of slag, matte, or speiss granulated
        English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of slag, matte, or speiss
                                granulated
    
     Cadmium                             1,957.000        863.000
    *Lead                                9,499.000      4,318.00*0
    *Zinc                                8,405.000      3,512.000
    *TSS                               236,000.000    112,300.000
    *pH                            Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                               at all times
    
    * Regulated Pollutant
                               1767  '
    

    -------
                    PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
    
    
                         TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
    
        BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (e)  Dross Reverberatory Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
     Metric Units - mg/kkg of dross reverberatory furnace production
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of dross reverberatory furnace
                                production
    
     Cadmium                             3,280.000      1,447.000
    *Lead                               15,920.000      7,235.000
    *Zinc                               14,080.000      5,884.000
    *TSS                               395,500.000    188,100.000
    *pH                             Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                               at all times
    (f)  Zinc Fuming Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
    
    
       Metric Units - mg/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of blast furnace lead bullion
                                 produced
    
     Cadmium                               144.800         63.900
    *Lead                                  702.900        319.500
    *Zinc                                  622.000        259.900
    *TSS                                17,470.000      8,307.000
    *pH                            Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                               at all times
    * Regulated Pollutant
                               1768
    

    -------
                    PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
    
    
                         TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
    
        BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (g)  Hard Lead Refining Slag Granulation BPT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
    
    
               Metric Units - mg/kkg of hard lead produced
          English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of hard lead produced
    Cadmium
    *Lead
    *Zinc
    *TSS
    *pH
    0
    0
    0
    0
    Within the
    .000
    .000
    .000
    .000
    range
    at all
    of 7.0
    times
    0.
    0.
    0.
    0.
    to
    000
    000
    000
    000
    10.
    0
    (h)  Hard Lead Refining Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
               Metric Units - mg/kkg of hard lead produced
          English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of hard lead produced
    
     Cadmium                              6,744.000      2,975.000
    *Lead                                32,730.000     14,880.000
    *Zinc                                28,960.000     12,100.000
    *TSS                                813,300.000    386,800.000
    *pH                             Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                               at all times
    * Regulated Pollutant
                               1769
    

    -------
                    PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
    
    
                         TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
    
        BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (i)  Facility Washdown BPT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
    
    
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
     Cadmium                                  0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                 .    0.000          0.000
    *TSS                                      0.000          0.000
    *pH                              Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                               at all times
    (j)   Employee Handwash  BPT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
    Cadmium                                  1.222          0.495
    Lead                                     5.445          2.475
    Zinc                                     4.818          2.013
    TSS                                    135.300         64.350
    pH                              Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                             at all times
    * Regulated Pollutant
                               1770
    

    -------
    -J
    -J
    Blast Furnarp Slag Granulation Wastewater
    
    
    Zinc Fuming Furnace Scrubber Liquor
    
    
    Hard Lead Refining Scrubber Liquor
    Employee Handwash Waatewater
    Employee Respirator Wash Uaatewater
    1. n under Ing of Uiil forma Uaatewater
    Facility Waalidnwn Waatewater
    SliU-r Plant Materials Handling Scrubber Liquor
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    V
    a.
    Holding
    Tank
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    1
    1
    Sludge Re»c
    
    
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    >v«l
    9,
    i
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    Sludge Recycle
    Vncmm Filtrate
    
    :a ~
    Holding
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    PRIMARY LE;
    a.
    QL A
    u
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    ^D SUBCATEGORY SEC:
    i
    H
    X
                                                 Figure IX-1
    
    
                                             BPT TREATMENT  SCHEME
    
                                           PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    

    -------
     PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
    THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                1772
    

    -------
                PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    
    
    
    
                                SECTION X
    
            BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY ACHIEVABLE
    The  effluent  limitations  are  based on the  best  control  and
    treatment  technology used by a specific point source within  the
    industrial category or subcategory, or by another industry  where
    it  is  readily transferable. Emphasis is  placed  on  additional
    treatment techniques applied at the end of the treatment  systems
    currently used, as well as reduction of the amount of water  used
    and   discharged,  process  control,  and  treatment   technology
    optimization.
    
    The  factors  considered in assessing best  available  technology
    economically  achievable  (BAT) include the age of equipment  and
    facilities involved,  the process used, process changes, nonwater
    quality  environmental impacts (including  energy  requirements),
    and  the costs of application of such technology (Section  304(b)
    (2)(B) of the Clean Water Act).  At a minimum, BAT represents the
    best  available  technology economically achievable at plants  of
    various ages,  sizes, processes, or other characteristics.  Where
    the  Agency  has found the existing performance to  be  uniformly
    inadequate,  BAT may be transferred from a different  subcategory
    or  category.   BAT  may  include  feasible  process  changes  or
    internal controls, even when not in common industry practice.
    
    The  required  assessment of BAT considers costs,  but  does  not
    require  a balancing of costs against effluent reduction benefits
    (see Weyerhauser v.  Costle,  590 F.2d 1011 (D.C.  Cir.  1978))-
    However,  in assessing the promulgated BAT,  the Agency has given
    substantial   weight   to  the  economic  achievability  of   the
    technology.
    
    TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BAT
    
    In pursuing this second round of effluent limitations,  the Agency
    reviewed  a  wide range of technology options and  evaluated  the
    available  possibilities  to ensure that the most  effective  and
    beneficial  technologies  were  used as the  basis  of  BAT.   To
    accomplish  this,  the Agency elected to examine  four  technology
    options  prior  to  proposing mass  limitations  which  could  be
    applied to the primary lead subcategory as treatment options  for
    the  basis of BAT effluent limitations.  Three'of the  technology
    options were re-evaluated for the final rule.   Based on  comments
    regarding  inapplicability  of  the  combined  metals  data  base
    treatment  performance  levels, the Agency  also  evaluated  (and
    developed compliance costs)  alternative technology that could  be
    used to achieve these levels.
    
    For  the development of BAT effluent limitations,  mass  loadings
    were  calculated for each wastewater source or subdivision in the
    subcategory  using the same technical approach as in  Section  IX
    
    
                               1773
    

    -------
                PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    
    
    for  BPT  limitations development.   The differences in the  mass
    loadings  for  BPT  and  BAT  are  due  to  increased   treatment
    effectiveness   achievable  with  the  more   sophisticated   BAT
    treatment   technology  and  reductions  in  the  effluent  flows
    allocated to various waste streams.
    
    In summary, the treatment technologies considered for the primary
    lead subcategory are:
    
    Option A (Figure X-l, page 1788) is based on:
    
         o  Chemical precipitation (lime) and sedimentation
         o  Recycle of treated effluent for facility washdown
    
    Option B (Figure X-2, page 1789) is based on:
    
         o  Chemical precipitation (lime) and sedimentation
         o  Flow reduction
         o  Recycle of treated effluent for facility washdown
    
    Option C (Figure X-3, page 1790) is based on:
    
         o  Chemical precipitation (lime) and sedimentation
         o  Flow reduction
         o  Recycle of treated effluent for facility washdown
         o  Sulfide precipitation and sedimentation
         o  Multimedia filtration
    
    The  three technology options examined for BAT are  discussed  in
    greater detail below.  The first option considered is the same as
    considered  for BPT and presented in the previous  section.   The
    last three options each represent substantial progress toward the
    prevention  of  polluting  the environment above and  beyond  the
    progress achievable by BPT.
    
    OPTION A
    
    Option  A for the primary lead subcategory is equivalent  to  the
    control  and treatment technologies selected as the basis for BPT
    in  Section IX.   The BPT end-of-pipe treatment  scheme  includes
    chemical  precipitation and sedimentation (see Figure  X-l,  page
    1788).  Additionally treated effluent is partially  recycled  for
    use  as  facility washdown water.  The discharge  allowances  for
    Option A are equal to the discharge allowances allocated to  each
    stream at BPT.
    
    OPTION B
    
    Option  B  for  the  primary  lead  subcategory  achieves   lower
    pollutant  discharge  by building upon the Option  A  end-of-pipe
    treatment  technology.  Option B consists of lime  precipitation,
    sedimentation,  and  in-process flow reduction (see  Figure  X-2,
    page   1789).  Flow  reduction  measures,  including   in-process
    changes, result in the elimination of some wastewater streams and
    the concentration of pollutants in other effluents.  Treatment of
    
    
                               1774
    

    -------
                PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    a more concentrated effluent allows achievement of a greater  net
    pollutant  removal and introduces the possible economic  benefits
    associated with treating a lower volume of wastewater.
    
    Methods  used in Option B to reduce process wastewater generation
    or discharge rates through flow reduction are discussed below.
    
    Recycle of Water Used iri Wet Air Pollution Control
    
    There  are  three  wastewater sources  associated  with  wet  air
    pollution  control  which  are  regulated  under  these  effluent
    limitations:
    
         1.  Sinter plant materials handling wet air pollution
             control,
    
         2.  Zinc fuming furnace wet air pollution control,
    
         3.  Dross reverberatory furnace wet air pollution control,
             and
    
         4.  Hard lead refining wet air pollution control.
    
    Two plants reported using sinter plant materials handling wet air
    pollution control.  Both plants practice approximately 90 percent
    recycle.
    
    Only  one  plant  in this subcategory reported the  latter  three
    waste streams.    This plant does not recycle its scrubber liquor;
    however, a portion of the scrubber liquor is reused in ore mining
    and milling operations following treatment.
    
    Recycle  or_  Reuse  of Dross  Reverberatory  Furnace  Granulation
    Wastewater
    
    Three  plants  in this subcategory reported  this  waste  stream.
    Recycle  or  reuse  practices  of  dross  reverberatory   furnace
    granulation wastewater were not available from two of the plants.
    The   third   plant  routes  its  dross   reverberatory   furnace
    granulation  wastewater  to  a  blast  furnace  slag  granulation
    treatment system for treatment followed by recycle or discharge.
    
    OPTION C
    
    Option C for the primary lead subcategory consists of all control
    and  treatment   requirements  of Option  B  (lime  precipitation,
    sedimentation,   and  in-process  flow  reduction)   plus   sulfide
    precipitation,     sedimentation,   and   multimedia    filtration
    technology added at the end of the Option B treatment scheme (see
    Figure  X-3,  page 1790).  Sulfide precipitation will remove  toxic
    metals  to  levels  otherwise  achievable  by  lime  and   settle
    treatment.    Multimedia  filtration is used to  remove  suspended
    solids,  including  precipitates  of  toxic  metals,   beyond  the
    concentration  attainable by gravity sedimentation.    The  filter
    suggested  is  of the gravity,  mixed media type,   although  other
    
    
                               1775
    

    -------
                PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    
    
    filters,  such as rapid sand filters or pressure  filters,  would
    perform satisfactorily.
    
    INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
    
    As  a means of evaluating each technology option,  EPA  developed
    estimates  of  the  pollutant removals and the  compliance  costs
    associated  with each option.   The methodologies  are  described
    below.
    
    POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
    
    A  complete description of the methodology used to calculate  the
    estimated  pollutant removal, achieved by the application of  the
    various  treatment  options  is presented in  Section  X  of  the
    General  Development Document.  The pollutant  removal  estimates
    have  been revised from proposal based on comments and new  data.
    However,  the methodology for calculating pollutant removals  was
    not changed.  The data used for estimating removals are the  same
    as those used to revise compliance costs.
    
    Sampling  data  collected during the field sampling program  were
    used  to  characterize  the major waste  streams  considered  for
    regulation.   At  each sampled facility, the sampling  data  were
    production  normalized  for each unit operation  (i.e.,  mass  of
    pollutant  generated  per mass of  product  manufactured).   This
    value,  referred  to as the raw waste, was used to  estimate  the
    mass  of  toxic  pollutants generated  within  the  primary  lead
    subcategory. By multiplying the total subcategory production  for
    a  unit operation by the corresponding raw waste value, the  mass
    of pollutant generated for that unit operation was estimated.
    
    The volume of wastewater discharged after the application of each
    treatment  option was estimated for each operation at each  plant
    by  comparing the actual discharge to the regulatory  flow.   The
    smaller of the two values was selected and summed with the  other
    plant flows.  The mass of pollutant discharged was then estimated
    by  multiplying the achievable concentration values attainable by
    the  option (mg/1) by the estimated volume of process  wastewater
    discharged by the subcategory.   The mass of pollutant removed is
    the difference between the estimated mass of pollutant  generated
    within the subcategory and the mass of pollutant .discharged after
    application  of  the  treatment option.   The  pollutant  removal
    estimates  for  the  direct  dischargers  in  the  primary   lead
    subcategory are presented in Table X-l (page 1788).
    
    COMPLIANCE COSTS
    
    Compliance costs presented at proposal were estimated using  cost
    curves,   which   related  the  total   costs   associated   with
    installation  and operation of wastewater treatment  technologies
    to plant process wastewater discharge.  EPA applied these  curves
    on  a  per  plant basis, a plant's costs  —  both  capital,  and
    operating  and maintenance — being determined by what  treatment
    it  has  in  place  and  by  its  individual  process  wastewater
                               1776
    

    -------
                PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    
    
    discharge (from dcp). The final step was to annualize the capital
    costs, and to sum the annualized capital costs, and the operating
    and  maintenance costs, yielding the cost of compliance  for  the
    subcategory.
    
    Since proposal,  the cost estimation methodology has been changed
    as  discussed in Section VIII of this document.   A design  model
    and  plant  specific information were used to size  a  wastewater
    treatment system for each discharging facility.  After completion
    of the design,  capital and annual costs were estimated for  each
    unit  of  the wastewater treatment system.   Capital  costs  were
    developed from vendor quotes and annual costs were developed from
    literature.  The revised compliance costs are presented in  Table
    VIII-1 (page 1754).
    
    BAT OPTION SELECTION
    
    Lime precipitation, sedimentation, in-process flow reduction, and
    filtration  were  selected as the basis for the proposed  BAT  in
    this subcategory.  Wastewater generated from slag granulation was
    the only waste stream allocated a flow allowance.
    
    Data  submitted  through comments,  as discussed in  Section  IX,
    demonstrated  that  primary  lead plants  operating  acid  plants
    cannot  achieve  lime  and settle treatment  performance  of  the
    combined  metals data base.   If a plant cannot achieve lime  and
    settle performance, it probably could not achieve the incremental
    removal over lime and settle performance proposed for filtration.
    However,   the   Agency   believes   the  addition   of   sulfide
    precipitation  and  sedimentation in conjunction  with  polishing
    multimedia  filtration  will achieve  the  treatment  performance
    values  proposed.   The  Agency  bases  this  conclusion  on  the
    demonstrated  performance  of this technology and the  fact  that
    metal   sulfides  have  a  much  lower  solubility   than   metal
    hydroxides.   The costs associated with sulfide precipitation  are
    attributed  to the metallurgical acid plant  subcategory  because
    the primary lead smelter contributes only a small portion of  the
    flow.   For  those  plants only  generating  wastewater  to  meet
    industrial  hygiene requirements, the technology basis  does  not
    include  sulfide precipitation since these waste streams are  not
    so  contaminated  and  variable  as  to  require  the  additional
    treatment.
    
    In  the  final  rule,   the Agency has  moved  the  proposed  flow
    allowance  for  the granulating system from  blast  furnace  slag
    granulation to dross furnace speiss granulation.  The Agency made
    this  change so that the plant achieving zero discharge of  blast
    furnace  slag granulation would not receive an allowance they  do
    not  need, and yet still provide an allowance for the plant  that
    has  demonstrated  the  need for a  granulating  allowance.   The
    methodology  and  the  basis for  revisions  of  flow  allowances
    discussed for BPT are also applicable for BAT.
    
    EPA  estimates that the promulgated BAT limitations  will  remove
    4,700 kg/yr  of the toxic metals generated in the subcategory. The
    
    
                               1777
    

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                PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    
    
    final  BAT  effluent  mass limitations will remove 160  kg/yr  of
    toxic metals over the intermediate BAT option  considered,  which
    lacks filtration.  Both options are economically achievable.  The
    Agency believes that the incremental removal justifies  selection
    of sulfide precipitation and multimedia filtration as part of BAT
    model   technology.   Filtration  as  an  end-of-pipe   treatment
    technology  is demonstrated by one facility in the  primary  lead
    subcategory.  Sulfide precipitation is demonstrated by two plants
    in  the nonferrous metals manufacturing phase I category  and  at
    three  plants  in  the  phase II portion  of  this  point  source
    category.  Estimated capital cost for achieving  the  promulgated
    BAT  is  $0.215 million (March, 1982 dollars) and  the  estimated
    annual cost is $0.118 million.
    
    WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES
    
    A  BAT discharge rate was calculated for each  subdivision  based
    upon  the  flows  of  the existing  plants,  as  determined  from
    analysis  of dcp and data collected through comments and  Section
    308  requests.   The discharge rate is used  with  the  treatment
    performance concentrations to determine BAT effluent limitations.
    Since  the  discharge rate may be different for  each  wastewater
    source,  separate production normalized discharge rates for  each
    of  the 12 wastewater sources were determined and are  summarized
    in Table X-2 (page 1783).  The discharge rates are normalized  on
    a production basis by relating the amount of wastewater generated
    to the mass of the intermediate product which is produced by  the
    process  associated  with the waste stream  in  question.   These
    production normalizing parameters (PNP) are also listed in  Table
    X-2.
    
    The  promulgated BAT discharge allowances for five waste  streams
    are identical to those promulgated for BPT.  BPT, as promulgated,
    for  materials handling wet air pollution control is based on  90
    percent  recycle.   The  Agency  does  not  believe  any  further
    reduction  in  flow is justified for BAT  based  on  demonstrated
    recycle  rates.  Flow allowances for hand wash, respirator  wash,
    laundering  of uniforms, and facility washdown are equal to  BPT.
    A discussion of the other wastewater sources in the primary  lead
    subcategory is presented below.
    
    BLAST FURNACE SLAG GRANULATION
    
    The BAT wastewater discharge allowance proposed for primary  lead
    was  developed  for discharges resulting only from blast  furnace
    slag granulation.   There are four plants that-report  generating
    this  waste stream with three of the plants recycling or  reusing
    100  percent  of  this  wastewater.    The  production  normalized
    discharge  for the one discharging facility is 3,730  1/kkg  (895
    gal/ton)  of  lead bullion produced.  This  plant  also  reported
    recycling  71 percent of this waste stream.  Although the  Agency
    proposed a discharge allowance for this unit operation, we  think
    the  allowance more properly belongs to the  dross  reverberatory
    furnace  building  block.   A discharge  from  this  process  was
    thought  necessary so that blast furnace slag can be recycled  to
    
    
                               1778
    

    -------
                PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    the sintering machine.
    
    The   one   discharging   plant   currently   commingles    dross
    reverberatory slag granulation and blast furnace slag granulation
    wastewater together prior to reuse.  Sodium carbonate is used  as
    a fluxing agent in dressing furnace so that when when dross  slag
    is  granulated,  sodium dissolves in the  granulating  water  and
    subsequently contaminates the blast furnace slag.  It is reported
    that  sodium  contaminated slag is detrimental to  the  sintering
    process.  The  plant contends it needs a 150 gpm bleed  from  the
    system  to  prevent sodium contamination.  In  response  to  this
    requirement,  a  blast furnace slag  granulation  flow  allowance
    based  on the production normalized discharge at this  plant  was
    included in the proposed regulation.  However, since proposal the
    Agency  has reconsidered this allowance and provided a  discharge
    for dross reverberatory slag granulation based on segregation  of
    the  two types of slag granulation water.  By changing  the  flow
    allowance,  the  plant  described above will still  have  a  slag
    granulation  bleed to reduce sodium, and those  plants  currently
    achieving zero discharge of blast furnace slag granulation  would
    not receive an unneeded discharge allowance.
    
    ZINC FUMING FURNACE WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
    
    No  BAT discharge allowance is provided for zinc  fuming  furnace
    wet  air  pollution control.   Of the three plants that have  air
    pollution control on zinc fuming furnaces,  two of the plants use
    dry  air pollution control.   The BAT discharge rate is based  on
    dry scrubbing or,  alternatively, 100 percent reuse or recycle of
    air   pollution  scrubber  liquor  in .other   plant   processes.
    Possibilities  for  reuse  of this  waste  stream  include  blast
    furnace slag granulation and acid plant scrubber liquor.
    
    DROSS REVERBERATORY FURNACE WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
    
    No  BAT  discharge allowance is provided for dross  reverberatory
    furnace  wet air pollution control.   Only one plant  reported  a
    waste  stream associated with dross reverberatory furnace wet air
    pollution  control.   The  BAT  discharge rate is  based  on  dry
    scrubbing or,  alternatively,  100 percent reuse of air pollution
    scrubber  liquor  in other plant  processes.   Possibilities' for
    reuse of this waste stream include blast furnace slag granulation
    and acid plant scrubber liquor.
    
    DROSS REVERBERATORY SLAG GRANULATION WASTEWATER
    
    A  BAT discharge allowance is provided for this waste  stream  as
    described  in  the  changes to the proposed  blast  furnace  slag
    granulation  discharge  rate.   The BAT discharge rate for  dross
    reverberatory furnace slag granulation is equal to BPT,   or 5,757
    1/kkg (1,381 gal/ton) of slag,   speiss, or matte granulated.  The
    Agency  believes this discharge rate represents the maximum  flow
    reduction attainable for this process.
                               1779
    

    -------
                PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    HARD LEAD REFINING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
    
    No BAT discharge allowance is provided for hard lead refining wet
    air  pollution  control.   There were two  plants  that  reported
    refining  hard lead.   One of these plants uses a wet scrubber to
    control  emissions  during this process,  while the  other  plant
    reported  no air pollution control.   The BAT discharge  rate  is
    based  on dry scrubbing or,  alternatively,  100 percent reuse or
    recycle  of  air pollution scrubber  liquor.   Possibilities  for
    reuse of waste stream include blast furnace slag granulation  and
    acid plant scrubber liquor.
    
    REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
    
    In  implementing  the terms of the Consent Agreement in  NRDC  v.
    Train, Op. Cit., and 33 U.S.C. (1314(b)(2)(A and B)) (1976),  the
    Agency  placed particular emphasis on the toxic pollutants.   The
    raw wastewater concentrations from individual operations and  the
    subcategory as a whole were examined to select certain pollutants
    and pollutant parameters for consideration for limitation.   This
    examination  and evaluation, presented in Section  VI,  concluded
    that  six  pollutants  and pollutant parameters  are  present  in
    primary   lead   wastewaters  at  concentrations  that   can   be
    effectively reduced by identified treatment technologies.  (Refer
    to Section VI).
    
    However,  the  cost  associated  with analysis  for  toxic  metal
    pollutants  has prompted EPA to develop an alternative method for
    regulating  and  monitoring toxic pollutant discharges  from  the
    nonferrous metals manufacturing category.  Rather than developing
    specific effluent mass limitations and standards for each of  the
    toxic  metals found in treatable concentrations in the raw  waste
    waters from a given subcategory, the Agency is proposing effluent
    mass  limitations  only  for those pollutants  generated  in  the
    greatest  quantities as shown by the pollutant reduction  benefit
    analysis.   The  pollutants selected for specific limitation  are
    listed below:
    
         122.  lead
         128.  zinc
    
    By establishing limitations and standards for certain toxic metal
    pollutants,  dischargers  will attain the same degree of  control
    over  toxic metal pollutants as they would have been required  to
    achieve had all the toxic metal pollutants been directly limited.
    
    This  approach  is  justified  technically  since  the  treatable
    concentrations  used  for lime  precipitation  and  sedimentation
    technology  are  based  on optimized  treatment  for  concomitant
    multiple metals removal.  Thus, even though metals have  somewhat
    different theoretical solubilities, they will be removed at  very
    nearly   the   same  rate  in  a   chemical   precipitation   and
    sedimentation  treatment  system  operated  for  multiple  metals
    removal.  Filtration as part of the technology basis is  likewise
    justified   because   this   technology   removes   metals   non-
    
    
                               1780
    

    -------
                PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    preferentially.
    
    The  following toxic pollutants are excluded from  limitation  on
    the basis that they are effectively controlled by the limitations
    developed for lead and zinc:
    
         116.  asbestos
         118.  cadmium
    
    STORMWATER AND PRECIPITATION ALLOWANCES
    
    The  promulgated  1975  BAT  effluent  limitations  include   net
    precipitation  and catastrophic storm allowances  for  facilities
    located  in  historical  geographic  areas  of  net  evaporation.
    Facilities are allowed a discharge of process wastewater which is
    equivalent  to the volume of precipitation that falls within  the
    wastewater impoundment in excess of that attributable to the  25-
    year,  24-hour  rainfall  event,  when  such  event  occurs.   In
    addition, facilities are allowed to discnarge a volume of process
    wastewater on a monthly basis that is equal to the net difference
    between  the  rainfall falling on the impoundment  and  the  mean
    evaporation from the pond water surface.  This monthly  discharge
    is   subject  to  concentration-based  standards,   whereas   the
    catastrophic storm is not subject to any effluent limitations.
    
    The  Agency is modifying its approach to stormwater.    The Agency
    is  promulgating  BAT  effluent  limitations  based  on  chemical
    precipitation  and  sedimentation,  not on  large  cooling  water
    impoundments.   The  Agency believes the technology basis of  BAT
    does  not require a monthly rainfall and catastrophic  stormwater
    allowance.
    
    EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
    
    The  effluent concentrations achievable by the application of the
    BAT  treatment  technology are discussed in Section VII  of  this
    supplement.   The  treatable concentrations (both one-day  maximum
    and monthly average values) are multiplied by the BAT  normalized
    discharge  flows summarized in Table X-2 to calculate the mass of
    pollutants  allowed to be discharged per mass  of  product.   The
    results  of  these  calculations in milligrams of  pollutant  per
    metric ton of product represent the BAT effluent limitations  and
    are presented in Table X-3 (page 1784)  for each individual  waste
    stream.
                               ITS:
    

    -------
                               Table X-i
    
    
    
    
    POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES FOR PRIMARY LEAD DIRECT DISCHARGERS
    TOTAL OPTION A
    RAW WASTE DISCHARGED
    POLLUTANT (kg/yr)
    Arsenic 0.3
    Cadmium 0.6
    Lead 2.075.9
    Zinc 2.686.9
    TOTAL TOXIC METALS 4.763.6
    
    TSS 273,850.4
    , T"''M POLLUTANTS 278,614.0
    Co FLOW (1/yr)
    (kg/yr)
    0.3
    0.6
    487.6
    349.8
    838.3
    
    12,720.0
    13,558.3
    1 .060,000,000
    NOTE: TOTAL TOXIC METALS - Arsenic + Cadmium + Lead +
    OPTION A
    OPTION B
    REMOVED DISCHARGED
    (kg/yr)
    0.0
    0.0
    1,588.3
    2.337.1
    3,925.4
    
    261.130.4
    265.055.7
    335.
    Zinc
    (kg/yr)
    0.3
    0.6
    154.1
    110.6
    265.5
    
    4.020.0
    4.285.5
    000,000
    
    OPTION B
    REMOVED
    (kg/yr)
    0.0
    0.0
    1.921.8
    2,576.4
    4.498.1
    
    269,830.4
    274.328.5
    335
    
    OPTION C
    DISCHARGED
    (kg/yr)
    0.3
    0.6
    26.8
    77.1
    104.7
    
    871 .0
    975.7
    .000.000
    
    OPTION C
    REMOVED
    (kg/yr)
    0.0
    0.0
    2.049.1
    2,609.9
    4.658.9
    
    272,979.4
    277,638.3
    
    
    
    W
    H
    Kj
    tr1
    W
    §
    in
    a
    n
    M
    Q
    o
    $
    IOTAL POLLUTANTS = Total Toxic Metals + TSS
    O'TION A = Lime Preclpltat
    OCTION B - Option A. plus
    OPTION C = Option B, plus
    
    
    Ion and Sedimentation
    In-process Flow Reduction
    SulClde Precipitation and Sedimentation,
    
    
    
    
    and Multimedia Filtration
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    w
    M
    0
    1
    X
    

    -------
                 PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
                    SECT - X
                                 Table X-2
    
                  BAT WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE
                         PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
      Wastewater Stream
    
    Sinter Plant Materials
     Handling Wet Air
     Pollution Control
    
    Blast Furnace Wet Air
     Pollution Control
    
    Blast Furnace Slag
     Granulation
    
    Dross Reverberatory
     Slag Granulation
     Wastewater
    
    Dross Reverberatory
     Furnace Wet Air
     Pollution Control
    
    Zinc Fuming Wet Air
     Pollution Control
    
    Hard Lead Refining
     Slag Granulation
    
    Hard Lead Refining
     Wet Air Pollution
     Control
    
    Facility Washdown
    
    : mployee Hand Wash
    
    Kespirator Wash
    
    Laundering of
     Uniforms
     BAT Normalized
     Discharge Rate
    1/kkg    gal/ton
       360
         0
         0
    
         3.3
    
         5.3
    
        16
    86
    
    
    5,
    0
    0
    757
    0
    0
    1 ,381
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
               Production
              Normalizing
               Parameter
    Sinter plant
     production
                        Slag,  speiss,  or
                         matte  granulated
     0
    
     0.79   Lead  bullion  produced
    
     1.3    Lead  bullion  produced
    
     3.7    Lead  bullion  produced
                                  1783
    

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                PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    
    
                                TABLE X-3
    
        BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    (a)  Sinter Plant Materials Handling Wet Air Pollution
             Control BAT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
                Metric Units - mg/kkg of sinter production
           English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of sinter production
    
     Cadmium                                 72.000         28.800
    *Lead                                   100.800         46.800
    *Zinc                                   367.200        151.200
    (b)  Blast Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control  BAT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
       Metric Units - mg/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of blast furnace lead bullion
                                 produced
    
     Cadmium                                  0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    * Regulated Pollutant
                               1784
    

    -------
                PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    
    
                          TABLE X-3 (Continued)
    
        BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (c)  Blast Furnace Slag Granulation  BAT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
       Metric Units - mg/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of blast furnace lead bullion
                                 produced
    Cadmium
    *Lead
    *Zinc
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    (d)  Dross Reverberatory Furnace Slag Granulation   BAT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
        Metric Units - mg/kkg of slag,  matte, or speiss granulated
        English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of slag, matte, or speiss
                                granulated
    
     Cadmium                              1,151.000        460.600
    *Lead                                 1,612.000        748.400
    *Zinc                                 5,872.000      2,418.000
    * Regulated Pollutant
                               1785
    

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                PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    
    
                          TABLE X-3 (Continued)
    
        BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (e)  Dross Reverberatory Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
    
    
     Metric Units - mg/kkg of dross reverberatory furnace production
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of dross reverberatory furnace
                                production
    
     Cadmium                                  0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                  .   0.000          0.000
    (f)  Zinc Fuming Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control  BAT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
       Metric Units - mg/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of blast furnace lead bullion
                                 produced
    
     Cadmium                                  0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    * Regulated Pollutant
                               1786
    

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                PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    
    
                          TABLE X-3 (Continued)
    
        BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (g)  Hard Lead Refining Slag Granulation  BAT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
               Metric Units - mg/kkg of hard lead produced
          English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of hard lead produced
    Cadmium
    Lead
    Zinc
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    (h)  Hard Lead Refining Wet Air Pollution Control  BAT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
               Metric Units - mg/kkg of hard lead produced
          English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of hard lead produced
    
     Cadmium                                  0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    * Regulated Pollutant
                               1787
    

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                PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    
    
                          TABLE X-3 (Continued)
    
        BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (i)   Facility Washdown •BAT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
     Cadmium                                  0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    (j)   Employee Handwash  BAT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
     Cadmium                                  0.660          0.264
    *Lead                                     0.924          0.429
    *Zinc                                     3.366          1.386
    * Regulated Pollutant
                               1788
    

    -------
                PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    
    
                          TABLE X-3 (Continued)
    
        BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (k)  Respirator Wash  BAT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
     Cadmium                                  1.060          0.424
    *Lead                                     1.48.4          0.689
    *Zinc                                     5.406          2.226
    (1)  Laundering of Uniforms  BAT
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
     Cadmium                                  3.200          1.280
    *Lead                                     4.340          2.015
    *Zinc                                    15.810          6.510
                               1789
    

    -------
    --J
    VD
    O
                HjiiHt Furnace Sing Granulation Waatewater
                Druss Ke«erl.ct jlory Furnace Cranulatlon Uastewater
                7. lite Fuming  Furnace Scrubber Liquor
                DTOSS Reverberntory Furnace Scrubber Liquor
                Hard l.i;ad Kef Icilng Scruliber l.lquor
                Kmplo^ee llanilwash Waatewater
                Eiiijiloyee Reapl rator Wash Wastewater
    
    
                Laundering of UnlfDrniB Uaatewater
     F.irlllty Wastulown Wastewater
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                                                              Holding
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                                                                           Recycle
    
    
                                                                  Sludge Removal
                                                                                                                    Complete  Recycle of Facility
    ,h
    -------
    Dross Reverberatory Furnace Granulation Wastewatcr
    Employee llandwash Uaatewater
    Employee Respirator Uasli U.istewater
    Laundering of Uniforms Uastewater
    Facility Mashdown Uastewater
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    U.ncrpu.trnr Reryrl* - 	 	
    
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              Figure X-2
    
    BAT TREATMENT SCHEME OPTION  B
       PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    

    -------
                                           Backwaalt
    
    (•l>loyee llandwasti Uautewater
    
    
    
    Facility Uaali
    -------
                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI
    
    
    
                               SECTION XI
    
                    NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
    The  basis  for  new source performance  standards  (NSPS)  under
    Section  306  of  the  Act is  the  best  available  demonstrated
    technology.   New plants have the opportunity to design  and  use
    the  best  and  most efficient  nonferrous  metals  manufacturing
    processes  and wastewater treatment technologies, without  facing
    the  added costs and restrictions encountered in retrofitting  an
    existing plant. Therefore, Congress directed EPA to consider  the
    best demonstrated process changes, in-plant controls,  and end-of-
    pipe treatment technologies which reduce pollution to the maximum
    extent feasible.
    
    This  section describes the control technology for  treatment  of
    wastewater   from  new  sources,  and  presents  mass   discharge
    limitations of regulated pollutants for NSPS in the primary  lead
    subcategory, based on the described control technology.
    
    TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BDT
    
    All  of  the  treatment technology options applicable  to  a  new
    source  were  previously considered for the BAT  options.   For
    this reason, three options were considered for BDT, all identical
    to BAT Options A,  B,  and C,  which are discussed in Section  X.
    Briefly,  the treatment technologies used for the three options
    are as follows:
    
    OPTION A
    
         o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
         o  Partial recycle of treated effluent for facility washdown
    
    OPTION B
    
         o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
         o  Partial recycle of treated effluent for facility washdown
         o  In-process flow reduction
    
    OPTION C
    
         o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
         o  Partial recycle of treated effluent for facility washdown
         o  In-process flow reduction
         o  Sulfide precipitation and sedimentation
         o  Multimedia filtration
    
    BDT OPTION SELECTION
    
    The  proposed  best available demonstrated technology   eliminated
    the  discharge of all process wastewater pollutants from  primary
    
    
                               1793
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI
    
    
    lead production.  Zero discharge of process wastewater pollutants
    was  based on the complete recycle and reuse of slag  granulation
    wastewater or through slag dumping.
    
    EPA  is  promulgating  NSPS. that prohibit the  discharge  of  all
    process  wastewater from primary lead smelting except  for  those
    industrial  hygiene streams provided an allowance at BAT and  for
    which an allowance remains necessary.  The addition of hand wash,
    respirator  wash, and laundering of uniforms wastewater has  made
    this  change  from proposal necessary.   Sinter  plant  materials
    handling  wet  air  pollution control has not  been  provided  an
    allowance based on the use of dry scrubbers.  Conversations  with
    industry  representatives  indicate  that dry  systems,  such  as
    baghouses,  can  be used just as effectively  as  wet  scrubbers.
    However,  BAT  does  not require dry  scrubbing  because  of  the
    extensive  retrofits required to replace wet scrubbers  with  dry
    systems.   EPA believes NSPS do not present any barrier to  entry
    for  new plants, since no retrofit costs.are associated with  dry
    scrubbing.  Zero discharge from all other streams can be achieved
    by   the  demonstrated  complete  recycle  and  reuse   of   slag
    granulation  wastewater  or  through slag  dumping.   The  Agency
    believes  new plants can be designed to eliminate discharge  from
    the  dross reverberatory furnace slag granulation process  at  no
    significant  additional cost by 100 percent recycle and reuse  of
    this waste stream.  Only two of six primary lead plants currently
    operating   produce   dross   reverberatory.  slag    granulation
    wastewater.   One of these practices 100 percent reuse  in  other
    plant processes.
    
    Comments  were  received asking that NSPS for  the  primary  lead
    subcategory be held in reserve because new sources would be built
    using  hydrometallurgical processes instead of  the  conventional
    pyrometallurgical  processes.   The  Agency  believes  that   the
    effluent  reductions  achievable  by  pyrometallurgical   sources
    represent  Best Demonstrated Technology.  New  hydrometallurgical
    processes  should therefore have to meet  limitations  associated
    with   this   technology.   In  fact,  there  are   no   existing
    hydrometallurgical  plants  and it is not at all clear  if  there
    will  be  any  new  sources  using  this  process.   If  such   a
    (hypothetical)  facility  could  demonstrate that  it  could  not
    achieve   better  effluent  reductions   than   pyrometallurgical
    sources,  the  Agency will consider amending NSPS.   However,  no
    such demonstration has been made.
    
    REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
    
    The Agency has no reason to believe that the pollutants that will
    be  found  in  treatable concentrations in processes  within  new
    sources  will  be  any  different  than  with  existing  sources.
    Accordingly,  pollutants  and pollutant parameters  selected  for
    limitation in Section X are also selected for limitation in NSPS.
    
    NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE SJ_ANDARDS
    
    The  NSPS  discharge flows for hand wash,   respirator  wash,  and
                               1794
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    SECT - XI
    laundering  of uniforms are the same as the BAT  discharge  rates
    listed  in Section X.   The NSPS discharge flows are presented in
    Table  XI-1  (page 1796).  The mass of pollutant  allowed  to  be
    discharged  per mass of product is calculated by multiplying  the
    appropriate achievable treatment concentration by the  production
    normalized  wastewater  discharge flows (1/kkg).   The  treatment
    concentrations  are discussed in Section VII of this  supplement.
    The  results of these calculations are the  production-based  new
    source  performance  standards, and are presented in  Table  Xl-2
    (page 1797).
                               1795
    

    -------
                 PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
                    SECT - XI
                                 Table XI-1
    
                 NSPS WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE
                         PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
      Wastewater Stream
    
    Sinter Plant Materials
     Handling Wet Air
     Pollution Control
    
    Blast Furnace Wet Air
     Pollution Control
    
    Blast Furnace Slag
     Granulation
    
    Dross Reverberatory
     Slag Granulation
     Wastewater
    
    Dross Reverberatory
     Furnace Wet Air
     Pollution Control
    
    .line Fuming Wet Air
     Pollution Control
    
    Hard Lead Refining
     Slag Granulation
    
    Hard Lead Refining
     Wet Air Pollution
     Control
    
    Facility Washdown
    
    imployee Hand Wash
    
    Respirator Wash
    
    Laundering of
     Uniforms
    NSPS Normalized
     Discharge Rate
    1/kkg    gal/ton
    
         0        0
         0
    
    
         0
    
    
         0
    
    
    
         0
         0
    
         3.3
    
         5.3
    
        16
    0
    
    
    0
    
    
    0
    (5
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    
    0.79
    
    1.3
    
    3.7
              Production
             Normalizing
              Parameter
    Lead bullion produced
    
    Lead bullion produced
    
    Lead bullion produced
                                  1796
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI
    
    
                               TABLE XI-2
    
                  NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (a)  Sinter Plant Materials Handling Wet Air Pollution
             Control  NSPS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
                Metric Units - mg/kkg of sinter production
           English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of sinter production
    Cadmium
    *Lead
    *Zinc
    *TSS
    *pH
    (b) Blast Furnace Wet Air
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    Within the range of 7.0
    at all times
    Pollution Control NSPS
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    to 10.0
    
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
       Metric Units - mg/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced
             English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of blast furnace
                          lead bullion produced
    
     Cadmium                                  0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    *TSS                                      0.000          0.000
    *pH                             Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                               at all times
    * Regulated Pollutant
                               1797
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI
    
    
                         TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
    
                  NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (c)  Blast Furnace Slag Granulation  NSPS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
       Metric Units - mg/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced
             English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of blast furnace
                          lead bullion produced
    
     Cadmium                              .  .  0.000          0.000
    *Lead              "                     '  0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    *TSS                                      0.000          0.000
    *pH                           Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                          at all times
    (d)  Dross Reverberatory Slag Granulation   NSPS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
        Metric Units - mg/kkg of slag,  matte,  or speiss granulated
        English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of slag, matte, or speiss
                                granulated
    
     Cadmium                                  0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    *TSS                                      0.000          0.000
    *pH                            Within the  range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                             at all times
    * Regulated Pollutant
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI
    
    
                         TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
    
                  NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY     :
    
    (e)  Dross Reverberatory Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control  NSPS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
     Metric Units - mg/kkg of dross reverberatory furnace production
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of dross reverberatory furnace
                                production
    Cadmium
    *Lead
    *Zinc
    *TSS
    *pH
    
    0.000 0.000
    0.000 0.000
    0.000 0.000
    0.000 0.000
    Within the range of 7.0 to
    at all times
    10.0
    
    (f)   Zinc Fuming Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control  NSPS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
       Metric Units - mg/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of blast furnace lead bullion
                                 produced
    
     Cadmium                                  0.000          0.00.0
    *Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    *TSS                                      0.000          0.000
    *pH                              Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                               at all times
    * Regulated Pollutant
                               1799
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI
    
    
                         TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
    
                  NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (g)  Hard Lead Refining 'Slag Granulation  NSPS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
               Metric Units - mg/kkg of hard lead produced
          English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of hard lead produced
    
    
     Cadmium                                  0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    *TSS                                      0.000          0.000
    *pH                              Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                               at all times
    (h)  Hard Lead Refining Wet Air Pollution Control  NSPS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
               Metric Units - mg/kkg of hard lead produced
          English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of hard lead produced
    
     Cadmium                                  0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    *TSS                                      0.000          0.000
    *pH                             Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                               at all times
    * Regulated Pollutant
                               1800
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI
    
    
                         TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
    
                  NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
     (i)  Facility Washdown  NSPS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
     Cadmium                                  0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    *TSS                                      0.000          0.000
    *pH                             Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                               at all times
    (j)  Employee Handwash  NSPS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
    Cadmium                                  0.660          0.264
    Lead                                     0.924          0.429
    Zinc                                     3.366          1.386
    TSS                                     49.500         39.600
    pH                             Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                               at all times
    * Regulaced Pollutant
                               1801
    

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                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI
    
    
                         TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
    
                  NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (k)  Respirator Wash  NSPS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
     Cadmium                                  1.060          0.424
    *Lead                                .     1.484          0.689
    *Zinc             "                        5.406          2.226
    *TSS                                     79.500         63.600
    *pH                             Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                              at all times
    (1)  Laundering of Uniforms  NSPS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
     Cadmium                                  3.200          1.280
    *Lead                                     4.340          2.015
    *Zinc                                    15.810          6.510
    *TSS                                    232.500        186.000
    *pH                              Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                               at all times
    * Regulated Pollutant
                               1802
    

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                     PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII
    
    
    
                               SECTION XII
    
                         PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
    Section 307(b) of the Act requires EPA to promulgate pretreatment
    standards  for  existing sources (PSES)/  which must be  achieved
    within three years of promulgation.  PSES are designed to prevent
    the discharge of pollutants which pass through,  interfere  with,
    or  are  otherwise  incompatible with the operation  of  publicly
    owned  treatment  works  (POTW).   The Clean Water  Act  of  1977
    requires pretreatment for pollutants,  such as heavy metals, that
    limit POTW sludge management alternatives.  Section 307(c) of the
    Act  requires  EPA to promulgate pretreatment standards  for  new
    sources  (PSNS) at the same time that it promulgates  NSPS.   New
    indirect   discharge  facilities,  like  new   direct   discharge
    facilities,   have  the  opportunity  to  incorporate  the   best
    available  demonstrated technologies, including process  changes,
    in-plant controls, and end-of-pipe treatment technologies, and to
    use  plant  site selection to ensure  adequate  treatment  system
    installation.  Pretreatment standards are to be  technology-based
    and  analogous  to the best available technology for  removal  of
    toxic pollutants.
    
    TECHNICAL APPROACH TO PRETREATMENT
    
    Before  proposing  pretreatment standards,  the  Agency  examines
    whether the pollutants discharged by the subcategory pass through
    the  POTW  or  interfere with the POTW operation  or  its  chosen
    sludge  disposal  practices.   In determining whether  pollutants
    pass through a well-operated POTW achieving secondary  treatment,
    the Agency compares the percentage of a pollutant removed by POTW
    with  the  percentage removed by direct dischargers applying  the
    best available technology economically achievable.   A  pollutant
    is  deemed  to pass through the POTW when the average  percentage
    removed  nationwide  by  well-operated  POTW  meeting   secondary
    treatment  requirements,  is less than the percentage removed  by
    direct   dischargers  complying  with  BAT  effluent  limitations
    guidelines  for  that  pollutant.   (See  generally,  46  Federal
    Register at 9415-16 (January 28, 1981).)
    
    This   definition  of  pass  through  satisfies   two   competing
    objectives  set  by Congress:  (1)  that  standards  for  indirect
    dischargers  be equivalent to standards for  direct  dischargers,
    while  at  the  same  time,  (2)  the  treatment  capability  and
    performance  of the POTW be recognized and taken into account  in
    regulating the discharge of pollutants from indirect dischargers.
    The  Agency compares percentage removal rather than the  mass  or
    concentration  of pollutants discharged because the latter  would
    not  take into account the mass of  pollutants discharged  to  the
    POTW  from  non-industrial  sources  nor  the  dilution  of   the
    pollutants  in the POTW effluent to lower concentrations  due  to
    the addition of large amounts of non-industrial wastewater.
                               1803
    

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                     PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII
    
    
    PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR EXISTING AND NEW SOURCES
    
    Options  for pretreatment of wastewaters are based on  increasing
    the  effectiveness  of end-of-pipe treatment  technologies.   All
    in-plant  changes and applicable end-of-pipe treatment  processes
    have been discussed previously in Sections X and XI.  The options
    for  PSES  and PSNS, therefore, are the same as the  BAT  options
    discussed in Section X.
    
    While a more detailed discussion, including pollutants controlled
    by each treatment process and achievable treatment concentrations
    are presented in Section VII of Vol. I.
    
    The treatment technology options, presented more fully in Section
    X, for PSES and PSNS are:
    
    Option A
    
         o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
         c  Partial recycle of treated effluent for facility washdown
    
    Option B
    
         o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
         o  Partial recycle of treated effluent for facility washdown
         o  In-process flow reduction
    
    Option C
    
         o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
         o  Partial recycle of treated effluent for facility washdown
         o  In-process flow reduction
         o  Sulfide precipitation and sedimentation
         o  Multimedia filtration
    
    INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
    
    The   methodology  applied  in  calculating   pollutant   removal
    estimates  and plant compliance costs is discussed in Section  X.
    This methodology for calculating the pollutant removals has  been
    changed  slightly for primary lead indirect  dischargers.   Table
    XII-1 (page 1807) shows the estimated pollutant removal estimates
    for indirect dischargers.  The primary lead indirect  dischargers
    only   discharge   hand  wash,  respirator  wash,    and   laundry
    wastewater.  As explained in Section X, these wastewaters are not
    as  contaminated as the other primary lead wastewaters  and  acid
    plant  blowdown.  The  Agency believes it is  less  expensive  to
    segregate  this  wastewater and incorporate it into  the  plant's
    process   water  balance,  which  is  already   zero   discharge.
    Therefore,   in estimating pollutant removals, no process flow  is
    sent  through treatment since the wastewater is  not  discharged.
    Consequently,  the polluta it removal estimates show no  discharge
    of  pollutants  for indirect dischargers for all  three  options.
    Compliance  costs are presented in Table VIII-2 (page 1754).
                               1804
    

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                     PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII
    
    
    PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR EXISTING SOURCES
    
    EPA  did not propose pretreatment standards for existing  sources
    for  the  primary lead subcategory since there were  no  existing
    indirect  dischargers.   However,  the  addition  of  hand  wash,
    respirator  wash,  and laundering of uniforms  makes  two  plants
    previously considered zero dischargers indirect dischargers.  The
    technology  basis  for the promulgated PSES is identical  to  BAT
    (Option  C).  Although Option C includes  sulfide  precipitation,
    the  Agency  does not expect the indirect dischargers  will  need
    this  technology since they only discharge hand wash,  respirator
    wash,  and  laundry  wastewater.  As  explained  for  BAT,  these
    wastewaters are not as contaminated as other primary lead  waters
    and acid plant blowdown.  In fact, the Agency believes it is less
    expensive  for  these  plants to segregate  this  wastewater  and
    incorporate  it into the plant's process water balance, which  is
    already zero discharge.  These flows are a small percentage (less
    than  five percent) of the process waters, and  therefore,  their
    addition  will  have a negligible effect on  the  water  balance.
    Therefore,  compliance costs are based on segregation  and  reuse
    (or evaporation) rather than on treatment.  Wastewater  discharge
    allowances are shown in Table XII-2 (page 1808).
    
    Implementation of the promulgated PSES limitations will remove an
    estimated  117  kg/yr  of toxic  pollutants  over  estimated  raw
    discharge.   Capital  cost  for achieving PSES is $0.038  million
    (March,  1982 dollars) and annual cost is $0.007 million.   These
    costs represent the cost of segregating these waste streams.
    
    PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR NEW SOURCES
    
    As  with  NSPS,  EPA  is  promulgating  PSNS  that  prohibit  the
    discharge  of certain process wastewater pollutants from  primary
    lead production.  Discharge allowances are provided only for hand
    wash, respirator wash, and laundering of uniforms wastewater.    A
    zero  discharge  requirement of  granulating  process  wastewater
    pollutants  is achievable through complete recycle and  reuse  of
    slag  granulation  wastewater  or  through  slag  dumping.   Zero
    discharge  for  sinter  plant  materials  handing  air  pollution
    control   is based on dry scrubbing.  Thus PSNS prevent the  pass
    through  of  lead  and zinc, the toxic  pollutants  selected  for
    specific limitation under BAT effluent limitations.  New  sources
    are  not  allocated  catastrophic  rain  storm  allowances  since
    recycle  and  reuse  of process wastewater is  based  on  cooling
    towers  and  clarifiers (if needed),  not  cooling  impoundments.
    Wastewater  discharge allowances for PSNS are p'resented in  Table
    XII-3 (page 1809).
    
    REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
    
    Pollutants  selected  for  limitation,  in  accordance  with  the
    rationale  of Sections VI and X,  are identical to those selected
    for limitation for  BAT.   It is necessary to promulgate PSES  and
    PSNS to prevent the pass-through of lead and zinc,  which are the
    limited pollutants.
    
    
                               1805
    

    -------
                     PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII
    PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
    
    Pretreatment standards are based on the treatable  concentrations
    from  the  selected  treatment technology, (Option  C),  and  the
    discharge  rates  determined  in Section X for BAT.   A  mass  of
    pollutant  per mass of product (mg/kkg) allocation is  given  for
    each   subdivision  within  the  subcategory.    This   pollutant
    allocation is based on the product of the treatable concentration
    from the proposed treatment (mg/1) and the production  normalized
    wastewater  discharge  rate (1/kkg).   The  achievable  treatment
    concentrations for BAT are identical to those for PSES and  PSNS.
    These  concentrations  are  discussed  in  Section  VII  of  this
    supplement. PSES and PSNS are presented in Tables XII-4 and  XII-
    5, respectively (pages 1810 and 1816).
                               1806
    

    -------
                               Table XII-1
    
    
    
    
    POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES FOR PRIMARY LEAD INDIRECT DISCHARGERS
    POLLUTANT
    Arsenic
    Cadmium
    Lead
    Zinc
    TOTAL TOXIC MKTALS
    
    TSS
    TOTAL POLLUTANTS
    
    h-> KLOW (l/yr)
    00
    O
    
    ^ NOTK: TOTAL TOXIC
    TOTAL
    RAW WASTE
    (kg/yr)
    0.1
    0.0
    111 .0
    5.4
    116.4
    
    1.380.8
    t ,497.2
    
    
    
    
    
    OPTION A OPTION A
    DISCHARGED REMOVED
    (kg/yr) (kg/yr)
    0.0 0.1
    0.0 0.0
    0.0 111.0
    0.0 5.4
    0.0 116.5
    
    0.0 1.380.8
    0.0 1.497.3
    
    0
    
    
    
    OPTION B
    DISCHARGED
    (kg/yr)
    0.0
    0.0
    0.0
    0.0
    0.0
    
    0.0
    0.0
    
    0
    
    
    
    OPTION B OPTION C OPTION C
    REMOVED DISCHARGED REMOVED
    (kg/yr) (kg/yr) (kg/yr)
    0.1 0.0 0.1
    0.0 0.0 0.0
    111.0 0.0 111.0
    5.4 0.0 5.4
    116.5 0.0 116.5
    
    1.380.8 0.0 1.380.8
    1.497.3 0.0 1.49.7.3
    
    0
    
    
    
    METALS - Arsenic + Cadmium + Lead + Zinc
    TOTAL POLLUTANTS - Total Toxic Metals +• TSS
    OPTION A =
    OPTION B =
    OPTION C =
    
    
    
    
    Lime Preclpltat
    Option A, plus
    Opt Ion B, plus
    
    
    
    
    Ion and Sedimentation •
    In-process Flow Reduction
    Sulflde Precipitation and
    
    
    
    
    
    
    Sedimentation.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    and Multimedia Filtration
    
    
    
    
    
    H
    3
    >
    K
    IT"
    W
    O
    in
    c:
    w
    n
    jf
    hj
    W
    
    O
    KJ
    
    
    tn
    w
    n
    t-3
    

    -------
                PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
                   SECT - XII
                                 Table XII-2
    
                 PSES WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE
                         PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
      Wastewater Stream
    
    Sinter Plant Materials
     Handling Wet Air
     Pollution Control
    
    Blast Furnace Wet Air
     Pollution Control
    
    Blast Furnace Slag
     Granulation
    
    Dross Reverberatory
     Slag Granulation
     Wastewater
    
    Dross Reverberatory
     Furnace Wet Air
     Pollution Control
    
    Zinc Fuming Wet Air
     Pollution Control
    
    Hard Lead Refining
     Slag Granulation
    
    Hard Lead Refining
     Wet Air Pollution
     Control
    
    Facility Washdown
    
    Employee Hand Wash
    
    Respirator Wash
    
    Laundering of
     Uniforms
    PSES Normalized
     Discharge Rate
    1/kkg    gal/ton
       360
         0
         0
    
         3.3
    
         5.3
    
        16
    86
    
    
    5,
    0
    0
    757
    0
    0
    1,381
     0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
               Production
              Normalizing
               Parameter
    Sinter plant
     production
                        Slag,  speiss,  or
                         matte granulated
     0
    
     0.79  Lead bullion produced
    
     1.3    Lead bullion produced
    
     3.7    Lead bullion produced.
                                  1808
    

    -------
                 PRIMARY LEAD  SUBCATEGORY
                    SECT  - XII
                                 Table XII-3
    
                 PSNS WASTEWATER .DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE
                         PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
      Wastewater Stream
    
    Sinter Plant Materials
     Handling Wet Air
     Pollution Control
    
    Blast Furnace Wet Air
     Pollution Control
    
    Blast Furnace Slag
     Granulation
    
    Dross Reverberatory
     Slag Granulation
     Wastewater
    
    Dross Reverberatory
     Furnace Wet Air
     Pollution Control
    
    Zinc Fuming Wet Air
     Pollution Control
    
    Hard Lead Refining
     Slag Granulation
    
    Hard Lead Refining
     Wet Air Pollution
     Control
    
    Facility Washdown
    
    Employee Hand Wash
    
          -ator Wash
    PSNS Normalized
     Discharge Rate
    1/kkg    gal/ton
    
         0        0
              Production
             Normalizing
              Parameter
    Laundering of
     Uniforms
         0
    
    
         0
    
    
         0
    
    
    
         0
    
    
    
         0
    
    
         0
    
    
         0
    
    
         0
    
         3.3
    
         5.3
    
        16
    0
    
    
    0
    
    
    0
    
    
    
    0
    0
    0
    0
    
    0.79  Lead bullion produced
    
    1.3   Lead bullion produced
    
    3.7   Lead bullion produced
    

    -------
                     PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII
    
    
                               TABLE XII-4
    
                  PSES FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (a)  Sinter Plant Materials Handling Wet Air Pollution
             Control  PSES
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
                Metric Units - mg/kkg of sinter production
           English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of sinter production
    
     Cadmium            -                     .72.000         28.800
    *Lead                                   100.800         46.800
    *Zinc                                   367.200        151.200
    (b)  Blast Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control  PSES
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
       Metric Units - mg/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of blast furnace lead bullion
                                 produced
    
     Cadmium                                  0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    * Regulated Pollutant
    

    -------
                     PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII
    
    
                         TABLE XII-4 (Continued)
    
                  PSES FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (c)  Blast Furnace Slag Granulation  PSES
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
       Metric Units - mg/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of blast furnace lead bullion
                                 produced
    Cadmium
    *Lead
    *Zinc
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    (d)  Dross Reverberatory Slag Granulation   PSES
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
        Metric Units - mg/kkg of slag, matte, or speiss granulated
        English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of slag, matte, or speiss
                                granulated
    
     Cadmium                              1,515.000        460.600
    *Lead                                 1,612.000        748.400
    *Zinc                                 5,872.000      2,418.000
    * Regulated Pollutant
                               1811
    

    -------
                     PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII
    
    
                         TABLE XII-4 (Continued)
    
                  PSES FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (e)  Dross Reverberatory' Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control  PSES
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
     Metric Units - mg/kkg of dross reverberatory furnace production
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of dross reverberatory furnace
                                production
    
     Cadmium                                  0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    (f)   Zinc Fuming Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control  PSES
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
       Metric Units - mg/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of blast furnace lead bullion
                                 produced
    
     Cadmium                                  0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    * Regulated Pollutant
                               1812
    

    -------
                     PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII
    
    
                         TABLE XII-4 (Continued)
    
                  PSES FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (g)  Hard Lead Refining Slag Granulation  PSES
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
               Metric Units - mg/kkg of hard lead produced
          English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of hard lead produced
     Cadmium                                  0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    (h)  Hard Lead Refining Wet Air Pollution Control  PSES
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
               Metric Units - mg/kkg of hard lead produced
          English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of hard lead produced
    
    Cadmium                                  0.000          0.000
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    * Regulated Pollutant
                               1813
    

    -------
                     PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII
    
    
                         TABLE XII-4 (Continued)
    
                  PSES FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (i)  Facility Washdown  PSES
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
    
    
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
     Cadmium                                  0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    (j)  Employee Handwash  PSES
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
    Cadmium                                  0.660          0.264
    Lead                                     0.924          0.429
    Zinc                                     3.366          1.386
    * Regulated Pollutant
                               1814
    

    -------
                     PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII
    
    
                         TABLE XII-4 (Continued)
    
                  PSES FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (k)  Respirator Wash  PSES
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
    Cadmium                                  1.060          0.424
    Lead                                     1.484          0.689
    Zinc                                     5.406          2.226
    (1)  Laundering of Uniforms  PSES
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
     Cadmium                                  3.200          1.280
    *Lead                                     4.340          2.015
    *Zinc                                    15.810          6.510
    * Regulated Pollutant
                               1815
    

    -------
                     PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII
    
    
                               TABLE XI1-5
    
                  PSES FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (a)  Sinter Plant Materials .Handling Wet Air Pollution
             Control  PSNS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
                Metric Units - mg/kkg of sinter production
           English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of sinter production
    
     Cadmium                                  0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    (b)  Blast Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control  PSNS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
       Metric Units - mg/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of blast furnace lead bullion
                                 produced
    
     Cadmium                                  0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    * Regulated Pollutant
                               1816
    

    -------
                     PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII
    
    
                         TABLE XI1-5 (Continued)
    
                  PSES FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (c)  Blast Furnace Slag Granulation  PSNS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
       Metric Units - mg/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of blast furnace lead bullion
                                 produced
    Cadmium
    *Lead
    *Zinc
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    (d)  Dross Reverberatory Slag Granulation   PSNS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
        Metric Units - mg/kkg of slag, matte, or speiss granulated
        English Units ~ Ibs/billion Ibs of slag, matte, or speiss
                                granulated
    
     Cadmium                                  0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    * Regulated Pollutant
                               1817
    

    -------
                     PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII
    
    
                         TABLE XII-5 (Continued)
    
                  PSES FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (e)  Dross Reverberatory Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control  PSNS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
     Metric Units - mg/kkg of dross reverberatory furnace production
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of dross reverberatory furnace
                                production
    
     Cadmium          .                        0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    (f)  Zinc Fuming Furnace Wet Air Pollution Control  PSNS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
       Metric Units - mg/kkg of blast furnace lead bullion produced
      English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of blast furnace lead bullion
                                 produced
    
     Cadmium                                  0.000          0.00
    *Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    * Regulated Pollutant
                               1818
    

    -------
                     PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII
    
    
                         TABLE XII-5 (Continued)
    
                  PSES FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (g)  Hard Lead Refining Slag Granulation   PSNS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
               Metric Units - mg/kkg of hard lead produced
          English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of hard lead produced
    
     Cadmium                                  0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    (h)  Hard Lead Refining Wet Air Pollution Control  PSNS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
               Metric Units - mg/kkg of hard lead produced
          English Units  - Ibs/billion Ibs of hard lead produced
    
    Cadmium                                  0.000          0.000
    Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    * Regulated Pollutant
                               1319
    

    -------
                     PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII
    
    
                        . TABLE XII-5 (Continued)
    
                  PSES FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (i)   Facility Washdown 'PSNS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
    
    
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
     Cadmium                                  0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                     0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                     0.000          0.000
    ( j )   Emp_loy_ee Handwash  PSNS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
     Cadmium                                  0.660          0.264
    *T,ead                                     0.924          0.429
    *Zinc                                     3.366          1.386
    * Regulated Pollutant
                               1820
    

    -------
                     PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII
    
    
                         TABLE XII-5 (Continued)
    
                  PSES FOR THE PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (k)  Respirator Wash  PSNS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
              Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
     Cadmium                                  1.0.60          0.424
    *Lead                                     1.484          0.689
    *Zinc                                     5.406          2.226
    (1)   Laundering of Uniforms  PSNS
    Pollutant or                      Maximum for   Maximum for
    Pollutant Property                Any One Day   Monthly Average
       ,       Metric Units - mg/kkg of lead bullion produced
         English Units - Ibs/billion Ibs of lead bullion produced
    
     Cadmium                                  3.200          1.280
    *Lead                                     4.340          2.015
    *Zinc                                    15.810          6.510
    * Regulated Pollutant
                               1821
    

    -------
      PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII
    THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                1822
    

    -------
                   PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY        SECT - XIII
    
    
    
                              SECTION XIII
    
             BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
    
    
    EPA  is  not  promulgating best  conventional  pollutant  control
    technology (BCT) for the primary lead subcategory at this time.
                               .823
    

    -------
    PRIMARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY        SECT - XIII
    THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                1824
    

    -------
    NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY
    
    
               DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT SUPPLEMENT
    
    
                           for the
    
    
                 Secondary Lead Subcategory
                      William K.  Reilly
                        Administrator
                       Rebecca Hanmer
          Acting Assistant Administrator for Water
    
    
                  Martha Prothro,  Director
          Office of Water Regulations and Standards
                Thomas  P.  O'Farrell,  Director
               Industrial  Technology  Division
                 Ernst  P.  Hall,  P.E.,  Chief
                   Metals  Industry  Branch
                             and
                  Technical  Project Officer
                         May  1989
            U.S.  Environmental  Protection  Agency
                       Office of  Water
         Office  of Water  Regulations and  Standards
               Industrial  Technology Division
                 Washington, D.  C.  20460
                             1825
    

    -------
    Page Intentionally Blank
    

    -------
                       SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    
    
                            TABLE OF CONTENTS
    
    Section
    I         SUMMARY                                          1837
    
    II        CONCLUSIONS                                      1841
    
    III       SUBCATEGORY PROFILE     .                         1861
    
              Description of Secondary Lead Production         1861
              Raw Materials                                    1861
              Scrap Pretreatment                               1861
              Battery Breaking by Shear or Saw                 1861
              Hammer-Mill Battery-Breaking                     1862
              Battery Case Classifiers                         1862
              Low-Energy Shredders                             1862
              Whole Battery Charging                           1862
              Lead Paste Desulfurization                       1862
              Smelting Operations                              1863
              Refining and Casting                             1864
              Process Wastewater Sources                       1865
              Other Wastewater Sources                         1865
              Age, Production and Process Profile              1865
    
    IV        SUBCATEGORIZATION                                1873
    
              Factors Considered in Subdividing the Secondary  1873
                Lead Subcategory
              Other Factors                                    1873
              Production Normalizing Parameters                1874
    
    V         WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS         1875
    
              Wastewater Sources, Discharge Rates, and         1876
                Characteristics
              Battery Cracking                                 1879
              Blast, Reverberatory,  or Rotary Furnace Wet Air  .1879
                Pollution Control
              Kettle Wet Air Pollution Control                 1880
              Lead Paste Desulfurization                       1880
              Casting Contact Cooling Water                    1880
              Truck Wash                           .            1880
              Facility Washdown                                1881
              Battery Case Classification                      1881
              Employee Handwash                                1881
              Employee Respirator Wash                         1881
              Laundering of Uniforms                           1882
                                   1827
    

    -------
                       SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    
                      TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
    
    Section
    
    VI        SELECTION OF POLLUTANTS
    
              Conventional and Nonconventional Pollutant
                Parameters
              Conventional and Nonconventional Pollutant
                Parameters Selected
              Toxic Pollutants                                 1944
              Toxic Pollutants Never Detected                  1945
              Toxic Pollutants Never Found Above Their         1945
                Analytical Quantification Concentration
              Toxic Pollutants Present Below Concentrations    1945
                Achievable by Treatment
              Toxic Pollutants Detected in a Small Number      1945
                of Sources
              Toxic Pollutants Selected for Consideration in   1945
                Establishing Limitations
    
    VII       CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES               1967
    
              Current Control and Treatment Practices          1959
              Battery Cracking                                 1959
              Blast, Reverberatory, and Rotary Furnace Wet     1960
                Air Pollution Control
              Kettle Wet Air Pollution Control                 1960
              Lead Paste Desulfurization                       1960
              Casting Contact Cooling Water                    1960
              Truck Wash                                       1960
              Facility Washdown                                1960
              Battery Case Classification                      1962
              Wastewater from Industrial Hygiene Compliance    1962
              Control and Treatment Options                    1963
              Option A                                         1963
              Option B                        .                 1964
              Option C                                         1964
              Control and Treatment Options Rejected           1964
              Option D                                         1964
              Option F                                         1964
    
    VIII      COSTS, ENERGY, AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS      1967
    
              Treatment Options Costed for Existing Sources    1967
              Option A                                         1967
              Option B                                         1967
              Option C                                         1967
              Cost Methodology                                 1968
              Nonwater Quality Aspects                         1969
              Energy Requirements                              1970
              Solid Waste                                      1970
              Air Pollution                                    1971
                                   1828
    

    -------
    Section
                       SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    
                      TABLE OF CONTENTS  (Continued)
    IX        BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY    1975
              AVAILABLE
    
              Technical Approach to BPT                        1975
              Industry Cost and Pollutant Removal Estimates    1977
              BPT Options Selection                            1978
              Wastewater Discharge Rates                       1978
              Battery Cracking                                 1979
              Blast, Reverberatory, or Rotary Furnace Wet Air  1980
                Pollution Control
              Kettle Wet Air Pollution Control                 1981
              Lead Paste Desulfurization                       1981
              Casting Contact Cooling Water                    1982
              Truck Wash                                       1982
              Facility Washdown                                1982
              Battery Case Classification                      1983
              Employee Handwash                                1983
              Employee Respirator Wash                         1983
              Laundering of Uniforms                           1983
              Regulated Pollutant Parameters                   1983
              Effluent Limitations                             1984
    
    X         BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY           1993
              ACHIEVABLE
    
              Technical Approach to BAT                        1993
              Option A                                         1994
              Option B                                         1994
              Recycle of Casting Water Through Cooling Towers  1995
              Option C                                         1995
              Industry Cost and Pollutant Removal Estimates    1995
              Pollutant Removal Estimates                      1995
              Compliance Costs                                 1996
              BAT Option Selection  - Proposal                 1996
              BAT Option Selection - Promulgation              1997
              Wastewater Discharge Rates                       1998
              Casting Contact Cooling Water                    1998
              Regulated Pollutant Parameters                   1999
              Effluent Limitations                             2000
    
    XI        NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS                 2013
    
              Technical Approach to BDT                        2013
              BDT Option Selection                             2014
              Regulated Pollutant Parameters                   2014
              New Source Performance Standards                 2015
                                   1829
    

    -------
                       SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    
                      TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
    
    Section
    
    XII       PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
    
              Technical Approach to Pretreatment               2023
              Pretreatment Standards for Existing Sources      2024
                and New Sources
              Industry Cost and Pollutant Removal Estimates    2024
              PSES Option Selection                            2025
              PSNS Option Selection                            2025
              Regulated Pollutant Parameters                   2025
              Pretreatment Standards                           2026
    
    XIII      BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY   2043
                                   1830
    

    -------
                        SECONDARY  LEAD  SUBCATEGORY
    
    
                            LIST  OF TABLES
    
    Number                                                      Paqe
     III-l      INITIAL OPERATING YEAR  SUMMARY OF PLANTS  IN       1867
               THE SECONDARY LEAD  SUBCATEGORY BY DISCHARGE  TYPE
     III-2     PRODUCTION RANGES FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD          1868
              SUBCATEGORY
     III-3     SUMMARY OF SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY PROCESSES   1869
              AND ASSOCIATED WASTE STREAMS
    V-l       WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR BATTERY         1883
              CRACKING OPERATIONS
    V-2       SECONDARY LEAD SAMPLING DATA BATTERY CRACKING    1884
              RAW WASTEWATER
    V-3       WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR BLAST          1889
              REVERBERATORY FURNACE WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
    V-4       SECONDARY LEAD SAMPLING DATA BLAST AND           1890
              REVERBERATORY FURNACE SCRUBBER LIQUOR RAW
              WASTEWATER
    V-5       WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR KETTLE  WET    1894
              AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
    V-6       SECONDARY LEAD SAMPLING DATA KETTLE SCRUBBER     1895
              LIQUOR RAW WASTEWATER
    V-7       WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR CASTING        1896
              CONTACT COOLING
    V-8       WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR TRUCK WASH     1896
                                   1831
    

    -------
                        SECONDARY  LEAD  SUBCATEGORY
    
    
    
                        LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
    
    Number                                                      Paqe
    V-9       SECONDARY LEAD  SAMPLING  DATA  TRUCK  WASH RAW      1897
              WASTEWATER
    V-10      WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES  FOR  FACILITY        1900
              WASHDOWN
    V-ll      WATER USE AND  DISCHARGE RATES  FOR  BATTERY  CASE    1900
              CLASSIFICATION
    V-12      SECONDARY LEAD SAMPLING DATA HAND  WASH  RAW       1901
              WASTEWATER
    V-13      SECONDARY LEAD SAMPLING DATA RESPIRATOR  WASH      1904
              RAW WASTEWATER
    V-14      SECONDARY LEAD WASTEWATER  SAMPLING  DATA           1907
              LAUNDRY RAW WASTEWATER
    V-15      SECONDARY LEAD WASTEWATER SAMPLING  DATA           1910
              MISCELLANEOUS RAW WASTEWATER
    V-16      SECONDARY LEAD WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA           1913
              TREATMENT PLANT SAMPLES - PLANT A .
    V-17      SECONDARY LEAD WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA           1917
              TREATMENT PLANT SAMPLES - PLANT B
    V-18      SECONDARY LEAD WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA           1918
              TREATMENT PLANT SAMPLES - PLANT C
                                   1832
    

    -------
                        SECONDARY  LEAD  SUBCATEGORY
    
    
    
    
                        LIST OF  TABLES  (Continued)
    
    Number                                                      Page
    
    
    V-19      SECONDARY LEAD WASTEWATER  SAMPLING DATA          1920
              TREATMENT PLANT SAMPLES  -  PLANT  D
    V-20      SECONDARY LEAD WASTEWATER  SAMPLING  DATA           1922
              TREATMENT PLANT  SAMPLES  -  PLANT  E
    V-21      SECONDARY LEAD WASTEWATER  SAMPLING  DATA           1924
              TREATMENT PLANT SAMPLES  -  PLANT G
    V-22      SECONDARY LEAD WASTEWATER  SAMPLING  DATA           1932
              TREATMENT PLANT SAMPLES -  PLANT H
    VI-1      FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF TOXIC  POLLUTANTS       1951
              SECONDARY LEAD RAW WASTEWATER
    VI-2      TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED                   1955
    VI-3      TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER FOUND ABOVE THEIR          1957
              ANALYTICAL QUANTIFICATION CONCENTRATION
    VIII-1    COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD         1973
              SUBCATEGORY, DIRECT DISCHARGERS
    VII1-2    COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD         1973
              SUBCATEGORY, INDIRECT DISCHARGERS
    IX-1      BPT WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE            1985
              SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    IX-2      BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY        1986
              LEAD SUBCATEGORY
                                   1833
    

    -------
                       SECONDARY  LEAD  SUBCATEGORY
    
    
                        LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
    
    Number                                                      Paqe
    X-l       POLLUTANT REMOVAL  ESTIMATES  FOR SECONDARY LEAD   2001
              DIRECT DISCHARGERS
    X-2       BAT WASTEWATER DISCHARGE  RATES  FOR THE           2002
              SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    X-3       BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS  FOR  THE  SECONDARY LEAD  2003
              SUBCATEGORY
    XI-1      NSPS KAST^WATER DISCHARGE RATES  FOR  THE          2016
                  ;-:" ' RV-LEAD SUBCATEGORY   '•  .
    XI-2      n-'.PS FOR THE SECONDARY  LEAD  SUBCATEGORY           2017
    
    XII-1     POLLUTANT REMOVAL  ESTIMATES  FOR  SECONDARY LEAD   2027
              INDIRECT DISCHARGERS
    XII-2     PSES WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES  FOR  THE           2028
              SECONDARY LI..D SUBCATEGORY
    XII-3     PSNS WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES  FOR  THE           2029
              SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    XII-4     PSES FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY           2030
    
    
    XI1-5     PSNS FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY           2036
                                   1834
    

    -------
                       SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
                             LIST OF FIGURES
    Number
    III-l     SECONDARY LEAD SMELTING PROCESS
    II1-2     GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS OF SECONDARY LEAD
              SUBCATEGORY PLANTS
    V-l       SAMPLING SITES AT SECONDARY LEAD PLANT A
    V-2       SAMPLING SITES AT SECONDARY LEAD PLANT B
    V-3       SAMPLING SITES AT SECONDARY LEAD PLANT C
    V-4       SAMPLING SITES AT SECONDARY LEAD PLANT D
    V-5       SAMPLING SITES AT SECONDARY LEAD PLANT E
    V-6       SAMPLING SITES AT SECONDARY LEAD PLANT F
    V-7       SAMPLING SITES AT SECONDARY LEAD PLANT G
    V-8       SAMPLING SITES AT SECONDARY LEAD PLANT H
    IX-1      BPT TREATMENT SCHEME FOR THE SECONDARY
              LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    X-l       BAT TREATMENT SCHEME FOR OPTION A
    X-2       BAT TREATMENT SCHEME FOR OPTION B
    X-3       BAT TREATMENT SCHEME FOR OPTION C
    Paqe
    1870
    
    
    1871
    
    
    
    1935
    
    
    1936
    
    
    1937
    
    
    1938
    
    
    1939
    
    
    1940
    
    
    1941
    
    
    1942
    
    
    1992
    
    
    
    2009
    
    
    2010
    
    
    2011
                                   1835
    

    -------
    Page Intentionally Blank
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - I
    
    
    
                                SECTION I
    
                                 SUMMARY
    This  supplement  provides  a compilation  and  analysis  of  the
    background   material  used  to  develop  these  secondary   lead
    subcategory  effluent  limitations and standards.  The  secondary
    lead  subcategory is comprised of 49 plants.  Of the  49  plants,
    eight  discharge  directly  to  rivers,  lakes,  or  streams;  26
    discharge to publicly owned treatment works (POTW); and 15 do not
    discharge process wastewater.
    
    EPA  first  studied the secondary lead subcategory  to  determine
    whether   differences   in  . raw   materials,   final   products,
    manufacturing processes,  equipment,  age and size of plants, and
    water  usage,  required  the  development  of  separate  effluent
    limitations   and   standards  for  different  segments  of   the
    subcategory.   This  involved a detailed analysis  of  wastewater
    discharge and treated effluent characteristics, including (1) the
    processes used (2) the sources and volume of water used,  (3) the
    sources  of pollutants and wastewaters in the plant;  and (4) the
    constituents   (including   toxic  pollutants)  and   volume   of
    wastewaters.
    
    Several  distinct  control and treatment technologies  (both  in-
    plant   and   end-of-pipe)  applicable  to  the  secondary   lead
    subcategory were identified.  The Agency analyzed both historical
    and   newly  generated   data  on   the   performance  of   these
    technologies,  including  their  nonwater  quality  environmental
    impacts  and  air quality,  solid waste  generation,  and  energy
    requirements.  EPA also studied various flow reduction techniques
    reported  in  the  data collection  portfolios  (dcp)  and  plant
    visits.
    
    Engineering  costs  were  prepared for each of  the  control  and
    treatment  options considered for the subcategory.   These  costs
    were   then  used  by  the  Agency  to  estimate  the  impact  of
    implemenlincj  the various options on the subcategory.   For  each
    control  anc  treatment option that the Agency found to  be*  most
    effective  and technically feasible in controlling the  discharge
    of  pollutants,   the  number of  potential  closures,  number  of
    employees  affected,  and impact on price were estimated.    These
    results  are  reported in a separate document  entitled  Economic
    Impact  Analysis  of Effluent Standards and Limitations  for  the
    Nonferrous Smelting and Refining Industry.
    
    Based  on  consideration of the  above  factors,  EPA  identified
    various control  and treatment technologies which formed the basis
    for  BPT and selected control and treatment appropriate for  each
    set  of  standards  and limitations.   The mass  limitations  and
    standards  as promulgated for BPT,   BAT,  NSPS, PSF'S, and PSNS are
    presented in Section II.
                                   1837
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - I
    
    
    After  examining the various treatment technologies,  the  Agency
    has  identified BPT to represent the average of the best existing
    technology.   Metals  removal  based on  lime  precipitation  and
    sedimentation  is the basis for the BPT limitations.   Wastewater
    discharge  rates  used  in developing  BPT  effluent  limitations
    represent the average of the subcategory discharge and usage  for
    process  wastewater.   To meet the BPT effluent limitations based
    on this technology,  the secondary lead subcategory is  estimated
    to  incur  a capital cost of $1.63 million (1982 dollars) and  an
    annual cost of $1.12 million (1982 dollars).
    
    For  BAT,  the  Agency  has  built upon the  BPT  basis  of  lime
    precipitation and sedimentation for metals removed by adding  in-
    process  control  technologies which include recycle  of  process
    water  from air pollution control and metal contact cooling waste
    streams.   Filtration  is added as an effluent polishing step  to
    the  end-of-pipe  treatment scheme.   To meet  the  BAT  effluent
    limitations,   the  secondary  lead  subcategory  will  incur  an
    estimated  capital  cost of $1.86 million (1982 dollars)  and  an
    annual cost of $1.24 million (1982 dollars).
    
    The  best demonstrated technology,  BDT,  which is the  technical
    basis  of  NSPS,  is  equivalent  to  BAT  with  additional  flow
    reduction based on dry air pollution control of kettle  refining,
    or alternately,  complete recycle of kettle scrubber liquor.   In
    selecting   BDT,   EPA  recognizes  that  new  plants  have   the
    opportunity   to   implement   the  best   and   most   efficient
    manufacturing processes and treatment technology.
    
    The Agency selected the same technology for PSES as for BAT.   To
    meet  the  pretreatment  standards  for  existing  sources,   the
    secondary  lead subcategory will incur an estimated capital  cost
    of  $4.26  million  (1982 dollars) and an annual  cost  of  $2.51
    million (1978 dollars).
    
    For  pretreatment  standards for new sources (PSNS),  the  Agency
    selected  end-of-pipe  treatment and  in-process  flow  reduction
    control  techniques  equivalent to BDT.   As such,  the PSNS  are
    identical to the NSPS for all waste streams.
                                   1838
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    
    
    
                               SECTION II
    
                               CONCLUSIONS
    EPA  has  divided  the secondary  lead  subcategory  into  eleven
    subdivisions  or  building  blocks for the  purpose  of  effluent
    limitations and standards.  These building blocks are:
    
    (a)  Battery cracking;
    (b)  Blast, reverberatory, or rotary furnace wet air
         pollution control;
    (c)  Kettle wet air pollution control;
    (d)  Lead paste desulfurization;
    (e)  Casting contact cooling;
    (f)  Truck wash;
    (g)  Facility washdown;
    (h)  Battery case classification;
    (i)  Employee hand wash;
    (j)  Employee respirator wash; and
    (k)  Laundering of uniforms.
    
    BPT  is  promulgated  based  on  the  performance  achievable  by
    the  application  of  chemical  precipitation  and  sedimentation
    (lime  and  settle)  technology.    The  following  BPT  effluent
    limitations are promulgated:
    (a)  Battery Cracking  BPT Effluent Limitations
    Pollutant or Pollutant Property
     Maximum for
     Any One Day
      Maximum for
    Monthly Average
               Metric Units - mg/kg of lead scrap produced
         English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead scrap produced
    Antimony
    Arsenic
    Lead
    Zinc
    Ammonia (as N)
    Total Suspended Solids
    PH
         1.932           0.862
         1.407           0.579
         0.283           0.135
         0.983           0.411
         0.000           0.000
        27.600          13.130
    Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
             at all times
                                   1839
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    (b)  Blast, Reverberatory, or Rotary Furnace Wet Air
         Pollution Control   BPT Effluent Limitations
    Pollutant or_ Pollutant Property
     Maximum for
     Any One Day
      Maximum for
    Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    Antimony
    Arsenic
    Lead
    Zinc
    Ammonia (as N)
    Total Suspended Solids
    pH
         7.491           3.341
         5.455           2.245
         1.096           0.522
         3.811           1.592
         0.000           0.000
       107.000          50.900
    Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
         •.   at all times
    ;c) Kettle v-?ct Air Pollution Control  BPT
    Pollutant or Pollutant P:opercy
     Maximum for
     Any One Day
      Maximum for
    Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from refining
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from refining
    Antimony
    Arsenic
    Lead
    Zinc
    Ammonia (as N)
    Total Suspended Solids
    pH
         0.129           0.058
         0.094           0.039
         0.019           0.009
         0.066           0.027
         0.000           0.000
         1.845           0.878
    Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
             at all times
                                   1840
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
     (d) Lead Paste Desulfurization  BPT
    Pollutant or Pollutant Property
     Maximum for
     Any One Day
      Maximum for
    Monthly Average
     Metric Units - mg/kg of lead processed through desulfurization
        English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead processed through
                             desulfurization
    Antimony
    Arsenic
    Lead
    Zinc
    Ammonia (as N)
    Total Suspended Solids
    pH
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
    Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
             at all times
    (e) Casting Contact Cooling  BPT
    Pollutant or Pollutant Property
     Maximum for
     Any One Day
      Maximum for
    Monthly Average
                    Metric Units - mg/kg of lead cast
              English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead cast
    Antimony
    Arsenic
    Lead
    Zinc
    Ammonia (as N)
    Total Suspended Solids
    pH
         0.634
         0.462
         0.093
         0.323
         0.000
         9.061
    Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
             at all times
         0.283
         0.190
         0.044
         0.135
         0.000
         4.310
                                   184:
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
           SECT - II
    (f) Truck Wash  BPT
    Pollutant or Pollutant Property
     Maximum for
     Any One Day
      Maximum for
    Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    Antimony
    Arsenic
    Lead
    Zinc
    Ammonia (as N)
    Total Suspended Solids
    pH
         0.060           0.027
         0.044           0.018
         0.009           0.004
         0.031           0.013
         0.000           0.000
         0.861           0.410
    Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
             at all times
    (g) Facility Washdown  BPT
    Pollutant or Pollutant Property
     Maximum for
     Any One Day
      Maximum for
    Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    Antimony
    Arsenic
    Lead
    Zinc
    Ammonia (as N)
    Total Suspended Solids
    pH
         0.000           0.000
         0.000           0.000
         0.000           0.000
         0.000           0.000
         0.000           0.000
         0.000           0.000
    Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
             at all times
                                   1842
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
     (h) Battery Case Classification  BPT
    Pollutant or Pollutant Property
     Maximum for
     Any One Day
      Maximum for
    Monthly Average
               Metric Units - mg/kg of lead scrap produced
         English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead scrap produced
    Antimony
    Arsenic
    Lead
    Zinc
    Ammonia (as N)
    Total Suspended Solids
    pH
         0.000           0.000
         0.000           0.000
         0.000           0.000
         0.000           0.000
         0.000           0.000
         0.000           0.000
    Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
             at all times
    (i) Employee Handwash  BPT
    Pollutant or Pollutant Property
     Maximum for
     Any One Day
      Maximum for
    Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    Antimony
    Arsenic
    Lead
    Zinc
    Ammonia (as N)
    Total Suspended Solids
    PH
         0.077
         0.056
         0.011
         0.039
         0.000
         1.107
         0.035
         0.023
         0.005
         0.016
         0.000
         0.527
    Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
             at all times
                                   1843
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    (j) Employee Respirator Wash  BPT
    Pollutant or Pollutant Property
                     Maximum for
                     Any One Day
      Maximum for
    Monthly Average
           Metric Cnits - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    Antimony
    Arsenic
    Lead
    Zinc
    Ammonia (as N)
    Total Suspended Solids
    pH
                         0.126            0.056
                         0.092            0.038
                         0.018            0.009
                         0.064            0.027
                         0.000            0.000
                         1.804            0.858
                    Within  the  range  of  7.0  to  10.0
                             at all times
    (k)
    Jrii forms   BPT
    Pollutant or Pollutant Property
                     Maximum for
                     Any  One Day
      Maximum for
    Monthly Average
           Metric Units - m^.-ro :•£ lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/n^i Ili::n Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    Antimony
    Arsenic
    Lead
    Zinc
    Ammonia (as N)
    Total Suspended Solids
    pH
                         0.367            0.164
                         0.268            0.110
                         0.054            0.026
                         0.187            0.078
                         0.000            0.000
                         5.248            2.496
                    Within  the  range  of  7.0  to  10.0
                             at all times
    BAT  is  promulgated  based  on  the  performance  achievable  by
    the   application  of  chemical   precipitation,   sedimentation,
    and   multimedia   filtration   (lime,    settle,   and   filter)
    technology   and  in-process  flow  reduction  control   methods.
    The  following  BAT  effluent  limitations  are  promulgated  for
    existing sources:
                                   1844
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD  SUBCATEGORY   SECT -  II
                                                                     \
    
     (a) Battery Cracking  BAT
    
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum  for
     Pollutant or Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
               Metric Units - mg/kg of lead scrap produced
         English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead scrap produced
    
     Antimony                               1.299            0.579
     Arsenic                                0.936            0.384
     Lead                                   0.189            0.087
     Zinc                                   0.687            0.283
     Ammonia (as N)                         0.000            0.000
     (b)  Blast, Reverberatory, or Rotary Furnace Wet Air
         Pollution Control  BAT
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant or Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    Antimony                               5.038           2.245
    Arsenic                                3.628           1.448
    Lead                                   0.731           0.339
    Zinc                                   2.662           1.096
    Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
    
    
    (c)  Kettle Wet Air Pollution Control  BAT
    
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant or_ Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from refining
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from refining
    
    Antimony                               0.087           0.039
    Arsenic                                0.063           0.026
    Lead                                   0.136           0.006
    Zinc                                   0.046           0.019
    Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
                                   1845
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    
    
    (d) Lead Paste Desulfurization  BAT
    
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant or_ Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
     Metric Units - mg/kg of lead processed through desulfurization
        English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead processed through
                             desulfurization
    
    Antimony                               0.000           0.000
    Arsenic                                0.000           0.000
    Lead                                   0.000           0.000
    Zinc                                   0.000           0.000
    Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
    
    
    (e) Casting Contact Cooling  BAT
    
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant p_r Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
                    Metric Units - mg/kg of lead cast
              English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead cast
    
    Antimony                               0.042           0.019
    Arsenic                                0.031           0.013
    Lead                                   0.006           0.003
    Zinc                                   0.022           0.009
    Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
    
    
    (f) Truck Wash  BAT
    
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant o_r Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    Antimony                               0.041           0.018
    Arsenic                                0.029           0.012
    Lead                                   0.006           0.003
    Zinc                                   0.021           0.009
    Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
                                   1846
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT -  II
    
    
     (g) Facility Washdown  BAT
    
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
     Pollutant or_ Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
     Antimony                               0.000           0.000
     Arsenic                                0.000           0.000
     Lead                                   0.000           0.000
     Zinc                                   0.000           0.000
     Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
    
    
     (h) Battery Case Classification  BAT
    
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
     Pollutant p_r_ Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
               Metric Units - mg/kg of lead scrap produced
         English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead scrap produced
    
     Antimony                               0.000           0.000
     Arsenic                                0.000           0.000
     Lead                                   0.000           0.000
     Zinc                                   0.000           0.000
     Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
    
    
     (i) Employee Handwash  BAT
    
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
     Pollutant or Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    Antimony                               0.052           0.023
    Arsenic                                0.038           0.015
     Lead                                   0.008           0.004
     Zinc                                   0.028   .        0.011
    Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
                                   1847
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    
    
    (j) Employee Respirator Wash  BAT
    
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant or Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    Antimony                               0.085           0.038
    Arsenic                                0.061           0.025
    Lead                                   0.012           0.006
    Zinc                                   0.045           0.018
    Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
    
    
    ( k ) Laundering c f r:,- -' forms  EAT
    
    
                                       Me> imum for      Maximum for
    Poliutar, I ,'j: Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    Antimony                               0.247           0.110
    Arsenic                                0.178     '      0.073
    Lead                                   0.036           0.017
    Zinc                                   0.131           0.054
    Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
    
    
    4.   NSPS  are promulgated based on the performance achievable by
         the  application of chemical  precipitation,  sedimentation,
         and  multimedia  filtration  (lime,   settle,   and  filter)
         technology,   in-process flow reduction control methods,  and
         the  elimination  of pollutant discharged  from  kettle  air
         pollution  control through the use of dry scrubbing methods.
         The  following  effluent standards are promulgated  for  new
         sources:
                                   1848
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
     (a) Battery Cracking   NSPS
    Pollutant o_r_ Pollutant Property
     Maximum for
     Any One Day
      Maximum for
    Monthly Average
               Metric Units - mg/kg of lead scrap produced
         English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead scrap produced
    Antimony
    Arsenic
    Lead
    Zinc
    Ammonia (as N)
    Total Suspended Solids
         1.299           0.579
         0.936           0.384
         0.189           0.087
         0.687           0.283
         0.000           0.000
        10.100           8.076
    Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
             at all times
    (b)  Blast, Reverberatory, or Rotary Furnace Wet Air
         Pollution Control  NSPS
    Pollutant o_r Pollutant Property
     Maximum for
     Any One Day
      Maximum for
    Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    Antimony
    Arsenic
    Lead
    Zinc
    Ammonia (as N)
    Total Suspended Solids
         5.038           2.245
         3.268           1.448
         0.731           0.339
         2.662           1.096
         0.000           0.000
        39.150          31.320
    Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
             at all times
    (c) Kettle Wet Ai_r Pollution Control NSPS
    Pollutant or Pollutant Property
     Maximum for
     Any One Day
      Maximum for
    Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from refining
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from refining
    Antimony
    Arsenic
    Lead
    Zinc
    Ammonia (as N)
    Total Suspended Solids
         0.000           0.000
         0.000           0.000
         0.000           0.000
         0.000           0.000
         0.000           0.000
         0.000           0.000
    Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
             at all times
                                   1849
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
           SECT - II
     (d) Lead Paste Desulfurization  NSPS
    Pollutant or_ Pollutant Property
     Maximum for
     Any One Day
      Maximum for
    Monthly Average
     Metric Units - mg/kg of lead processed through desulfurization
        English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead processed through
                             desulfurization
    Antimony
    Arsenic
    Lead
    Zinc
    Ammonia (as N)
    Total Suspended Solids
    pH
         0.000           0.000
         0.000           0.000
         0.000           0.000
         0.000           0.000
         0.000           0.000
         0.000           0.000
    Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
             at all times
     (e) Casting Contact Cooling  NSPS
    Pollutant or Pollutant Property
     Maximum for
     Any One Day
      Maximum for
    Monthly Average
                    Metric Units - mg/kg of lead cast
              English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead cast
    Antimony
    Arsenic
    Lead
    Zinc
    Ammonia (as N)
    Total Suspended Solids
    pH
         0.042
         0.031
         0.006
         0.022
         0.000
         0.330
    Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
             at all times
         0.019
         0.013
         0.003
         0.009
         0.000
         0.264
    (f) Truck Wash  NSPS
    Pollutant p_r Pollutant Property
     Maximum for
     Any One Day
      Maximum for
    Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    Antimony
    Arsenic
    Lead
    Zinc
    Ammonia (as N)
    Total Suspended Solids
    pH
         0.041           0.018
         0.029           0.012
         0.006           0.003
         0.021           0.009
         0.000           0.000
         0.315           0.252
    Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
             at all times
                                   1850
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
     (g) Facility Washdown  NSPS
    Pollutant or Pollutant Property
     Maximum for
     Any One Day
      Maximum for
    Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    Antimony
    Arsenic
    Lead
    Zinc
    Ammonia (as N)
    Total Suspended Solids
    pH
         0.000           0.000
         0.000           0.000
         0.000           0.000
         0.000           0.000
         0.000           0.000
         0.000           0.000
    Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
             at all times
     (h) Battery Case Classification  NSPS
    Pollutant o_£ "Pollutant Property
     Maximum for
     Any One Day
      Maximum for
    Monthly Average
               Metric Units - mg/kg of lead scrap produced
         English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead scrap produced
    Antimony
    Arsenic
    Lead
    Zinc
    Ammonia (as N)
    Total Suspended Solids
    pH
         0.000           0.000
         0.000           0.000
         0.000           0.000
         0.000           0.000
         0.000           0.000
         0.000           0.000
    Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
             at all times
    (i) Employee Handwash NSPS
    Pollutant or Pollutant Property
     Maximum for
     Any One Day
      Maximum for
    Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    Antimony
    Arsenic
    Lead
    Zinc
    Ammonia (as N) .
    Total Suspended Solids
    pH
         0.052           0.023
         0.038           0.015
         0.008           0.004
       .  0.028           0.011
         0.000           0.000
         0.405           0.324
    Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
             at all times
                                   1851
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    (j) Employee Respirator Wash  NSPS
    Pollutant or Pollutant Property
                        Maximum for
                        Any One Day
      Maximum for
    Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    Antimony
    Arsenic
    Lead
    Zinc
    Ammonia (as N)
    Total Suspended Solids
    pH
                            0.085           0.038
                            0.061           0.025
                            0.012           0.006
                            0.045           0.018
                            0.000           0.000
                            0.660           0.528
                       Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                at all times
    (10 !-••
    .;.;:" Uniforms NSPS
      ^ ] ur.ant or Pollutant Property
                        Maximum for
                        Any One Day
      Maximum for
    Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mq, <.g of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/mill1oa Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    Antimony
    Arsenic
    Lead
    Zinc
    Ammonia (as N)
    Total Suspended Solids
    pH
                            0.247           0.110
                            0.178           0.073
                            0.036           0.017
                            0.131           0.054
                            0.000           0.000
                            1.920           1.536
                       Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                                at all times
    PSES  is promulgated based on the performance achievable  by  the
    application   of  chemical  precipitation,   sedimentation,   and
    filtration  (lime, settle, and filter) technology and  in-process
    flow  reduction  control  methods.   The  following  pretreatment
    standards are promulgated.
                                   1852
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
     (a) Battery Cracking  PSES
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
     Pollutant or Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
               Metric Units - mg/kg of lead scrap produced
         English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead scrap produced
    
     Antimony                               1.299           0.579
     Arsenic                                0.936           0.384
     Lead                                   0.189           0.087
     Zinc                                   0.687           0.283
     Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
    
    
     (b)  Blast, Reverberatory, p_r Rotary Furnace Wet Air
         Pollution Control  PSES
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
     Pollutant o£ Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
     Antimony                               5.038           2.245
     Arsenic                                3.268           1.448
     Lead                                   0.731           0.339
     Zinc                                   2.662           1.096
     Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
    
    
     (c) Kettle Wet Air Pollution Control  PSES
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
     Pollutant or Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from refining
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from refining
                                                              •
    Antimony                               0.087           0.039
    Arsenic                                0.063           0.026
     Lead                                   0.013           0.006
     Zinc                                   0.046           0.019
    Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
                                   1853
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    (d) Lead Paste Desulfurization PSES
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant or_ Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
     Metric Units - mg/kg of lead processed through desulfurization
        English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead processed through
                             desulfurization
    
    Antimony                               0.000           0.000
    Arsenic                                0.000           0.000
    Lead                                   0.000           0.000
    Zinc                                   0.000           0.000
    Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
    
    
    (e) Casting Contact Cooling  PSES
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant or Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
                    Metric Units - mg/kg of lead cast
              English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead cast
    
    Antimony                               0.042           0.019
    Arsenic                                0.031           0.013
    Lead                                   0.006           0.003
    Zinc                                   0.022           0.009
    Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
    
    
    (f) Truck Wash  PSES
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
    F-SilH^JLnJL °JL Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    Antimony                               0.041           0.018
    Arsenic                                0.029           0.012
    Lead                                   0.006           0.003
    Zinc                                   0.021           0.009
    Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
                                   1854
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II
     (g) Facility Washdown  PSES
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
     Pollutant p_£ Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
     Antimony                               0.000           0.000
     Arsenic                                0.000           0.000
     Lead                                   0.000           0.000
     Zinc                                   0.000           0.000
     Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
    
    
     (h) Battery Case Classification  PSES
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
     Pollutant pjr Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
               Metric Units - mg/kg of lead scrap produced
         English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead scrap produced
    
     Antimony                               0.000           0.000
     Arsenic                                0.000           0.000
     Lead                                   0.000           0.000
     Zinc                                   0.000           0.000
     Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
    
    
     (i) Employee Handwash  PSES
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
     Pollutant or Pollutant Property^    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    Antimony                               0.052           0.023
    Arsenic                                0.038           0.015
     Lead                                   0.008           0.004
     Zinc                                   0.028           0.011
    Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    (j) Employee Respirator Wash PSES
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant or Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    Antimony                               0.085           0.038
    Arsenic                                0.061           0.025
    Lead                                   0.012           0.006
    Zinc                                   0.045           0.018
    Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
    
    
    (k) Laundering of Uniforms  PSES
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant or Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    Antimony                               0.247           0.110
    Arsenic                                0.178           0.073
    Lead                                   0.036           0.017
    Zinc                                   0.131           0.054
    Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
    
    
    PSNS  are promulgated based on the performance achievable by  the
    application   of  chemical  precipitation,   sedimentation,   and
    multimedia  filtration (lime, settle, and filter) technology  and
    in-process   flow  reduction  control  methods.   The   following
    pretreatment standards are promulgated:
    
    
    (a) Battery Cracking_  PSNS
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant or Pollutarvt Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
               Metric Units - mg/kg of lead scrap produced
         English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead scrap produced
    
    Antimony                               1.299           0.579
    Arsenic                                0.936           0.384
    Lead                                   0.189           0.087
    Zinc                                   0.687           0.283
    Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
                                   1856
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
     (b)  Blast, Reverberatory, or Rotary Furnace Wet Air
         Pollution Control  PSNS
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
     Pollutant or Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
     Antimony                               5.038           2.245
     Arsenic                                3.268           1.448
     Lead                                   0.731           0.339
     Zinc                                   2.662           1.096
     Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
    
    
     (c) Kettle Wet Air Pollution Control  PSNS
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
     Pollutant p_r Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from refining
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from refining
    
    Antimony                               0.000           0.000
    Arsenic                                0.000           0.000
    Lead                                   0.000           0.000
     Zinc                                   0.000           0.000
    Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
    
    
     (d)  Lead Paste Desulfurization  PSNS
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant or Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
     Metric Units - mg/kg of lead processed through desulfurization
        English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead processed through
                             desulfurization
    
    Antimony                               0.000           0.000
    Arsenic                                0.000           0.000
    Lead                                   0.000           0.000
    Zinc                                   0.000           0.000
    Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
                                   1857
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
     (e)  Casting Contact Cooling  PSNS
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
     Pollutant or Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
                    Metric Units - mg/kg of lead cast
              English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead cast
    
     Antimony                               0.042           0.019
     Arsenic                                0.031           0.013
     Lead                                   0.006           0.003
     Zinc                                   0.022           0.009
     Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
    
    
     (f)  Truck Wash  PSNS
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
     Pollutant or Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
     Antimony                               0.041           0.018
     Arsenic                                0.029           0.012
     Lead                                   0.006           0.003
     Zinc                                   0.021           0.009
     Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
    
    
     (g)  Facility Washdown  PSNS
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
     Pollutant o£ Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    Antimony                               0.000           0.000
    Arsenic                                0.000           0.000
    Lead                                   0.000           0.000
     Zinc                                   0.000           0.000
    Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
                                   1858
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
     (h)  Battery Case Classification PSNS
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
     Pollutant o_r Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
               Metric Units - mg/kg of lead scrap produced
         English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead scrap produced
    
     Antimony                               0.000           0.000
     Arsenic                                0.000           0.000
     Lead                                   0.000           0.000
     Zinc                                   0.000           0.000
     Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
    
    
     (i)  Employee Handwash  PSNS
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
     Pollutant o_r_ Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    Antimony                               0.052           0.023
    Arsenic                                0.038           0.015
    Lead                                   0.008           0.004
     Zinc                                   0.028           0.011
    Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
    
    
     (j)  Employee Respirator Wash  PSNS
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant 0£ Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    Antimony                               0.085           0.038
    Arsenic                                0.061           0.025
    Lead                                   0.012           0.006
    Zinc                                   0.045           0.018
    Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
                                   1859
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
    (k)  Laundering of Uniforms  PSNS
    
                                       Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant or_ Pollutant Property    Any One Day    Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    Antimony                               0.247           0.110
    Arsenic                                0.178           0.073
    Lead                                   0.036           0.017
    Zinc                                   0.131           0.054
    Ammonia (as N)                         0.000           0.000
                                   1860
    

    -------
               SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - III
    
    
    
    
                               SECTION III
    
                           SUBCATEGORY PROFILE
    This  section of the secondary lead supplement describes the  raw
    materials and processes used in converting lead-bearing scrap  to
    metallic lead and lead-based alloys and presents a profile of the
    secondary lead plants identified in this study.
    
    DESCRIPTION OF SECONDARY LEAD PRODUCTION
    
    There  are  three  major processes involved  in  secondary   lead
    production  scrap  pretreatment,   smelting,   and  refining  and
    casting.   Figure  III-l  (page 1870) is  a  block  flow  diagram
    depicting  the various process steps involved in  secondary  lead
    manufacture.    The  following  discussion  summarizes  the   raw
    materials and the processes used with emphasis on th§ steps where
    water may be used.  Not all secondary lead plants perform all  of
    the process steps described.
    
    RAW MATERIALS
    
    The  principal  raw  material for secondary  lead  production  is
    storage battery  plates and other scrap reclaimed from  discarded
    batteries.   Minor amounts of solder,  babbitt,  cable coverings,
    type metal,  soft lead,  and antimonial lead,  as well as drosses
    and  residues  generated  as a result of  operations  within  the
    secondary lead plant, are also utilized.
    
    SCRAP PRETREATMENT
    
    The  scrap  pretreatment process may involve crushing or  cutting
    discarded batteries,   crushing of drosses and oversize scrap, and
    sweating  of lead scrap containing other  metals.   The   general
    crushing operations reduce the pieces of scrap to a suitable size
    using machinery such as jaw crushers.  Sweating involves charging
    scrap to a furnace where the lead value is separated by selective
    melting. The molten lead is collected and cast and the residue is
    removed  from the furnace.   Reverberatory furnaces are used  for
    this  operation.    Particulate emissions can be controlled with a
    baghouse, a scrubber, or both.   Preparing discarded batteries for
    smelting  is called battery cracking or breaking and there are  a
    number  of different  approaches used in  battery  breaking.    The
    different methods are described below.
    
            Breaking  by Shear or Saw
    Many  smelters dismantle batteries in a hand operation  in  which
    employees (1) separate plastic and rubber batteries,   (2)  cut the
    top of the battery off, and (3) empty the contents of the  battery
    onto a pile.   Typically,  front-end loaders then move the  battery
    parts to storage and disposal.
                                   1861
    

    -------
               SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - III
    
    
    Hammer Mill Battery Breaking
    
    In order to speed up the process/  remove employees from exposure
    and utilize plastic battery cases for fuel or resale, some plants
    use  hammer  mills  to  break  batteries.    Unfortunately,  this
    approach  continues  to  require hand separation of  plastic  and
    rubber  cased  batteries  and manual  handling  of  rubber  cased
    batteries.
    
    Battery Case Classifiers
    
    A number of flotation type battery classifiers are currently used
    in today's smelters.  The technique uses a combination of shears,
    saws,  and  hammer mills to reduce battery scrap to small pieces.
    Battery  cases  and tops are conveyed directly from  the  battery
    breaker  to a hammer mill for crushing.   The crushed  cases  and
    tops are then separated through specific gravity differences in a
    counter  flow  flotation  system  using  water.   The  classifier
    produces output streams of hard lead (grids and posts), oxide and
    sulfate  sludge,  plastic,  and  rubber.  The advantages of  this
    system  are (1) positive control of furnace feed enables  use  of
    more  sophisticated  furnaces,  e.g.,  rotary,  and (2)  separate
    recycling  of  plastic case  material.   Wash  water,  water  for
    flotation,  and  a small quantity of battery electrolyte are  the
    sources of wastewater from the battery classifier.
    
    Low-Energy Shredders
    
    At least five secondary smelters have (or  have  had)  low energy
    shredders  installed for breaking batteries.   This system uses a
    low rpm,  low energy  shredding device to slowly shred  batteries
    into chargeable or separable pieces.
    
    Whole Battery Charging
    
    This  technique,  developed  at the Bergsoe smelter  in  Denmark,
    purposely  utilizes as little battery breaking as possible  (only
    about  20 percent of the battery mass needs to be  broken).   The
    acid is drained from the battery before charging.   The  unbroken
    batteries  are mixed with other charge materials on concrete beds
    using  a  rubber-tired front end loader.   After  the  charge  is
    prepared, it is loaded into the furnace with a front end loader.
    
    The  battery  cracking operation may be performed  either  on- or
    off-site.   Spent electrolyte, along with saw or shredder cooling
    water and wash water, constitutes a major source of wastewater at
    plants where battery cracking is performed.
    
    Lead Paste Desu_l_fur_i_z_at_i_p_n
    
    One  plant currently operates a patented process to convert  lead
    sulfate  to lead oxide.    Lead sulfate,   in the form of paste  or
    mud, is a product of battery breaking and classification. In this
    process, lead sulfate is leached with aqueous ammonium  carbonate
    to  produce  lead  carbonate and aqueous  ammonium  sulfate.  The
                                   1862
    

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                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - III
    
    
     insoluble   lead   carbonate  is  then  filtered  from  the   ammonium
     sulfate  solution  and-calcined to produce  lead oxide.   Lead  oxide
     is  refined  to   pure or  metallic lead  (see  discussion  below).
     Carbon   dioxide   evolved   during  calcination  is  recovered  and
     reacted  with aqueous ammonia  to   make  additional     ammonium
     carbonate  solution  for the leach step.  The filtrate,  an ammonium
     sulfate  solution,  is sent to a crystallizer or a  spray  drier   to
     recover  solid ammonium sulfate  which can  be sold as  a  by-product.
     Ammonia,   carbon  dioxide,  and water  are recovered  by  absorption
     and  used as makeup  for the ammonium  carbonate leach  solution.
    
     It  is   reported  that since the ammonia  and water  are   recycled
     within the process,   there is no wastewater discharged from  lead
     paste  desulfurization.    The principal advantage  of this process
     is  the  reduction of noxious sulfur  oxide (SOX)  emissions during
     smelting,   while  producing a useful  by-product,  ammonium sulfate.
     Removal  of sulfur from the lead thus eliminates the  need for flue
     gas  desulfurization  units  in the smelting process.
    
     SMELTING OPERATIONS
    
     The  smelting operation takes place in either a reverberatory or  a
     blast furnace.    In  the reverberatory furnace,   heat is   radiated
    .from the   burner flame and the furnace roof and walls  onto  the
     melt.    It  is  usually one of  the least   expensive  furnaces   to
     operate  because  the flame and hot  combustion products   come   in
     direct contact with  the melt.
    
     Reverberatory smelting partially purifies and compacts lead  scrap
     and  paste.    The charge  to the furnace  can be untreated  scrap
     (where   the  sweating and  smelting  operations  are  combined),
     treated  scrap,  or a mixture of both.  The  process steps for this
     operation   are:   (1)  charging  the scrap  to  the  furnace,   (2)
     melting  the scrap,   (3) allowing the slag to rise  to the  surface
     of the metal,  (4) tapping  the slag as  feed  for  the blast furnace,
     and  (5) tapping  the molten lead.    The product  lead can then   be
     sent  either   to  the refining and  casting  operation,  cast  into
     semisoft   or   hard   lead  (antimonial)  ingots,   or   converted   to
     various  forms  of   lead   oxide using   kettle   (Barton   pot)   or
     reverberatory oxidation methods.
    
     The  secondary  lead blast  furnace is  a   refractory-lined  steel
     cylinder   with air ports known  as  tuyeres located  at the  bottom,
     through  which air is supplied by a blower.    Coke,  used as  fuel,
     is  placed  in the shaft in alternating layers  along with scrap,
     slag,  and limestone (a flux).   One  of the  most  important control
     variables   is the addition rate of  combustion   air  through  the
     tuyeres.     Preheating   the  combustion  air  may  increase   the
     efficiency of  the furnace.
    
     The  product  of  the blast  furnace  is  semisoft   or  hard  lead
     produced from pretreated scrap,   reverberatory  slag, and recycled
     blast furnace slag (rerun  slag).   A typical  charge for  the  blast
     furnace  is  composed  of 4.5  percent rerun  slag,   4.5 percent  scrap
     cast iron,    3.0 percent limestone, 5.5 percent  coke, which serves
    
    
                                    1863
    

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               SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - III
    
    
    both  as  a fuel and as a reducing agent,  and 82.5 percent  lead
    oxides,  drosses,  scrap,  and reverberatory slags obtained  from
    other smelting and refining operations.
    
    Emissions  from  reverberatory  and  blast furnaces  are  usually
    controlled  with baghouses,  although wet scrubbers may be  used.
    Most  secondary  lead  plants which  practice  wet  scrubbing  of
    furnace emissions utilize some degree of recycle of the scrubbing
    liquor.
    
    REFINING AND CASTING
    
    Softening,  alloying, and refining processes take place in kettle
    furnaces which are larger versions of pot furnaces.   Kettles may
    be  cylindrical or rectangular in shape and are normally used  to
    melt  metals  with melting points below 760°C.   They are  usually
    poured  by tilting,  dipping,  or  pumping.   These large pot  or
    kettle  furnaces  may  have many small burners along  all  sides.
    They are usually natural gas or oil fired.
    
    The product of the kettle softening and refining process is soft,
    high  purity lead.   The process steps involved are (a)  charging
    the  preheated  kettle furnace with an intermediate  semisoft  or
    hard  lead obtained from the smelting operation,  (b) melting the
    charge, (c) fluxing and agitating the molten charge, (d) skimming
    the slag, and (e) pouring and casting the,soft lead into ingots.
    
    Fluxes  which  may  be  used  include  sodium  hydroxide,  sodium
    nitrate,  aluminum,  aluminum chloride, sawdust, sulfur, and air.
    Sodium hydroxide,  sodium nitrate,  or air may be used to  reduce
    the  antimony  content.   Aluminum  reacts   preferentially  with
    antimony, copper, and nickel to form drosses, as does sulfur with
    copper.   Adding  sawdust to the molten metal forms carbon  which
    produces  elemental lead by the reduction of  lead  oxide.   This
    process is known as dry dressing.
    
    The operating temperatures of refining kettles range between  371
    to  482°C.   Emissions are normally vented  through  a  baghouse,
    although   wet  scrubbing  also  may  be  used.    Solid   wastes,
    consisting of drosses and skimmings along with baghouse dust, are
    generally recycled to the blast furnace.
    
    The alloying and refining process utilizes the same type  furnace
    as  the  kettle  softening and refining  operation  and  involves
    treatment  and  adjustment  of  the composition of  the  lead  to
    produce the desired alloy.   Antimony,  arsenic,  copper, silver,
    and tin are commonly used for lead alloys.
    
    Cooling  of  lead  or lead alloy castings is  usually  done  with
    indirect (noncontact) cooling water in closed loop  recirculating
    systems.   Contact  cooling   may also  produce  a  small  volume
    discharge stream.
                                   1864
    

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                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT -  III
     PROCESS WASTEWATER SOURCES
    
     In  summary, the principal generators of wastewater  in  secondary
     lead production are:
    
         1.  Battery cracking,
         2.  Furnace wet air pollution control,
         3.  Kettle wet air pollution control,
         4.  Lead paste desulfurization,
         5.  Casting contact cooling water,
       .  6.  Truck wash,
         7.  Facility washdown,
         8.  Battery case classification,
         9.  Employee hand wash,
        10.  Employee respirator wash, and
        11.  Laundering of uniforms.
    
     OTHER WASTEWATER SOURCES
    
     There are other wastewater streams associated with the production
     of   secondary  lead  smelters  such  as  stormwater  runoff  and
     groundwater seepage.   These waste streams are not considered  as
     part  of  this  rulemaking.  EPA  believes  that  the  flows  and
     pollutant  loadings  associated with these wastewaters  are  best
     handled  by  the appropriate permit authority on  a  case-by-case
     basis  under  the authority.of Section 402(a) of the Clean  Water
     Act.
    
     AGE, PRODUCTION, AND PROCESS PROFILE
    
     After  the 1983 proposal,  EPA became aware of 12 secondary  lead
     plants which were previously not included in the subcategory data
     base.   Additionally,  16  plants closed or have ceased secondary
     lead production since the initial 1977 dcp survey was conducted.
    
     Figure  III-2 (page 1871) shows the location of the 49  secondary
     lead  plants  currently operating in the  United  States.    These
     plants  are predominantly located in or near major urban  centers
     where most of the raw materials are readily available.  Of the 49
     secondary  plants shown,  16 plants (33 percent) are located  west
     of the Mississippi River.  The remaining 33 plants are located in
     two bands east of the Mississippi, around the Great Lakes  and  in
     the South.
    
    An  additional 19 plants  remelt or alloy secondary  lead.    These
    plants  are  not  considered  as  part  of  the   secondary  lead
     subcategory.   All  19 of these plants achieve zero discharge  of
    waste water.
    
    As seen fron> Figure III-2 (page 1871), plants discharging  to POTW
     (indirect   dischargers)   and   zero   discharge   plants    (zero
    dischargers)  are  found  in all areas, while  plants  discharging
    directly to receiving waters are found in the East and South.
                                   186'
    

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               SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - III
    
    
    Table  III-l (page 1867) shows that the median age  of  secondary
    lead  plants  is within a span of 25 to 44  years.   Table  III-2
    (page  1868)  shows  that,  for  the  48  plants  providing  lead
    production  data,  only nine produce over 20,000  kkg  per  year.
    Most  secondary  lead  plants are  relatively  small  operations;
    roughly two-thirds produce under 15,000 kkg per year.
    
    Table  III-3  (page  1869) provides a summary of  the  number  of
    plants in the secondary lead industry which utilize  the  various
    process operations discussed previously, and the number of plants
    which  generate  wastewater associated with  each  process.   All
    plants practicing battery cracking generate wastewater.  For  the
    other  processes,  most  plants  avoid  producing  wastewater  by
    utilizing dry air  pollution  control  methods (e.g.,  baghouses)
    where an pollution controls are implemented.
                                   186G
    

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                                                  Table  III-1
    
    
    
                                INITIAL OPERATING YEAR  (RANGE) SUMMARY OF  PLANTS
    
                               IN THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY  BY  DISCHARGE  TYPE
    
    
    
    
    
                    	Plant Age Range  (Years)	
    
                    T983    T9T3  T968   T958   1948    1938    T928    T9T8
    
         Type  of      to      to     to      to     to     to     to    to     Before
    
           Plant     1974    1969  1959   1949   1939    1929    1919    1904     1904   Insuff.             g
    
         Discharge  0-10   10-15  15-25  25-35  35-45   45-55   55-65   65-80    80+    Data    Total     o
                                                                                                       o
    
                                                                                                       o
    
    
         Direct        031120010       0        8§
    
    
                                                                                                       f
    
    
         Ii Hrect      232212220      10       26       g
    
    (-»
    oo                                                                                                  to
    
    
    ^    Ze' •"»          122^1110       0_i       11       o
    
    
                                                                                                       w
    
            Total       38565533011       49       o
                                                                                                       w
                                                                                                       o
                                                                                                       1-3
    

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         SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - III
    
    
                         TABLE III-2
    
    PRODUCTION RANGES FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    
           Production Ranges
               (kkg/yr)            Number of_ Plants
    
                0 - 2500                   7
    
             2501 - 5000                   6
    
             5001 - 10000                  9
    
            10001 - 15000                 11
    
            15001 - 20000                  6
    
            20001 - 30000                  6
    
            30001 - +                      3
    
            Not Reported                   1
    
            Total Number Plants           49
                             1868
    

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               SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - III
                               TABLE III-3
    
             SUMMARY OF SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY PROCESSES
                      AND ASSOCIATED WASTE STREAMS
                             Number of Plants   Number of Plants
    Process                    With Process   Generating Wastewater*
    
    Battery Cracking              35                  35
    
     -Battery Case Classification  8                   8
    
     -Led Paste Desulfurization    1                   1
    
     -Lead Dross Preparation   .4                   0
    
    Smelting                      48
    
     -Air Pollution Control       48                   7
    
    Lead Oxide Production         11                   1
    
    Refining and Alloying         42
    
     -Air Pollution Control       28     .             10
    
    Casting                       26                   9
    
    
    * Through reuse or evaporation practices, a plant may generate  a
    wastewater from a process but not discharge it.
                                  • 1869
    

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                              SECONDARY  LEAD  SUBCATEGORY    SECT  - III
                               LEAD RESIDUES
    
                                     H,0
                                              WASTE BATTERIES
    -t- ELECTROLYTE
    TO TREATMENT
                                                       I	— ^ CASTINGS TO DISPOSAL
         H,0
    EMISSIONS
    
    
    BES
    
    
    
    
    RECYCLE
    r
    'ILT
    T.E
    r
    
    i
    SOFT LE
    BARTON
    OXIDATION
    1
    
                                              ANTTMONIAL.LEAD
                                                      ALLOYING AGENTS
                                                      (e.g., As, Cm)
           REFINED LEAD
                               LEAD OXIDE
                                              ANTIMOSIAL LEAD
                                                                       LEAD ALLOY
                                          Figure  III-1
    
                             SECONDARY LEAD SMELTING  PROCESS
                                               1870
    

    -------
                            D-Direct Process Wastewater Discharge Plants
    
                            I-Indirect  Wastewater Discharge Plants
    
                            Z-Zero Wastewater- Discharge Plants
                                                                                        w
                                                                                        o
                                                                                        o
                                                                                        25
    
    
                                                                                        I
                                                                                        f
                                                                                        w
                                                                                        ft)
                                                                                        o
                                                                                        M
                                                                                        o
                                                                                        8
                                                                                        M
                                                                                        o
                                                                                        1-3
                       Figure III-2
    
    
    
    GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS  OF SECONDARY LEAD  PLANTS
    

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    Page Intentionally Blank
    

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                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IV
    
    
    
    
                               SECTION IV
    
                            SUBCATEGORIZATION
    This  section  summarizes  the  factors  considered  during   the
    designation  of  the secondary lead subcategory and  its  related
    subdivisions.   EPA promulgated BPT and BAT effluent limitations,
    and  NSPS,  PSES,  and PSNS for the secondary lead subcategory in
    March 1984.
    
    FACTORS CONSIDERED IN SUBDIVIDING THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    The  factors  listed  for  general  subcategorization  were  each
    evaluated  when  considering subdivision of  the  secondary  lead
    subcategory.  In the discussion that follows, the factors will be
    described as they pertain to this particular subcategory.
    
    The  rationale for considering segmentation of the secondary lead
    subcategory  is based primarily on the production  process  used.
    Within  this - subcategory,  a number of different operations  are
    performed,  which   may   or   may   not  have  a  water  use  or
    discharge,  and  which may require the establishment of  separate
    effluent  limitations  and  standards.    While  secondary   lead
    production  is  still  considered a single  subcategory,  a  more
    thorough examination of the production processes,  water use  and
    discharge   practices,   and   pollutant  generation  rates   has
    illustrated  the  need for limitations and standards based  on  a
    specific set of waste streams.  Limitations and standards will be
    based  on  specific flow allowances for  the  following  building
    blocks:
    
         1.  Battery cracking,
         2.  Furnace wet air pollution control,
         3.  Kettle wet air pollution control,
         4.  Lead paste desulfurization,
         5.  Casting contact cooling water,
         6.  Truck wash,
         7.  Facility washdown,
         8.  Battery case classification,
         9.  Employee hand wash,
        10.  Employee respirator wash, and
        11.  Laundering of uniforms.
    
    OTHER FACTORS
    
    The other factors considered in this evaluation were shown to  be
    inappropriate  as  a   bases  for  further  segmentation  of  the
    secondary  lead  subcategory.    Air  pollution  control  methods,
    treatment costs,        nonwater quality aspects,  and total energy
    requirements  were  each  shown to be functions of  the  selected
    subcategorization  factors --  metal product, raw  materials,  and
    production  processes.    As  such, they  support   the  method  of
    subcategorization  which  has   been  applied.   As  discussed  in
    
    
                                   1873
    

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                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
          SECT - IV
    Section  IV  of Vol. I, such other factors as  plant  age,  plant
    size,  and  the  number  of employees  were  also  evaluated  and
    determined   to   be  inappropriate  for  use   as    bases   for
    subcategorization of nonferrous metal plants.
    
    PRODUCTION NORMALIZING PARAMETERS
    
    The effluent limitations and standards developed in this document
    establish mass limitations on the discharge of specific pollutant
    parameters.   To allow these regulations to be applied to  plants
    with  various  production  capacities,   the  mass  of  pollutant
    discharged must be related to a unit of production.   This factor
    is  known  as the production  normalizing  parameter  (PNP).   In
    general,   the   amount  of  lead  produced  by  the   respective
    manufacturing  process is used as the PNP.   This is based on the
    premise  that  the amount of water generated is  proportional  to
    the  amount  of  product made.   Variations  in  the  association
    between  the amount of water generated and the amount of  product
    made  are  not  felt  to be significant  enough  to  prevent  the
    establishment of effluent limitations and standards.   The  PNP's
    for the secondary lead building blocks are as follows:
            Building Block
    
     1.  Battery cracking
    
     2.  Furnace wet air pollution
          control
    
     3.  Kettle wet air pollution
          control
    
     4.  Lead paste desulfurization
                 PNP
    
    kkg of lead scrap produced
    
    kkg of lead produced from
     smelting
    
    kkg of lead produced from
     refining
    
    kkg of lead processed through
     desulfurization
     5.  Casting contact cooling water  kkg of lead cast
     6.  Truck wash
    
    
     7.  Facility washdown
    
    
     8.  Battery case classification
    
     9.  Employee hand wash
    
    
    10.  Employee respirator wash
    
    
    11.  Laundering of uniforms
    kkg of lead produced from
     smelting
    
    kkg of lead produced from
     smelting
    
    kkg of lead scrap produced
    
    kkg of lead produced from
     smelting
    
    kkg of lead produced from
     smelting
    
    kkg of lead produced from
     smelting
                                   1874
    

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                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
    
    
    
                                SECTION V
    
                 WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS
    
    
    This   section  describes  the  characteristics  of    wastewater
    associated  with  the secondary lead subcategory.   Data used  to
    quantify  wastewater  flow  and  pollutant   concentrations   are
    presented,   summarized,  and  discussed.   The  contribution  of
    specific production processes to the overall wastewater discharge
    from secondary lead plants is identified whenever possible.
    
    Two principal data sources were used:  data collection portfolios
    (dcp)  and  field sampling results.   Data collection  portfolios
    contain  information  regarding wastewater flows  and  production
    levels.
    
    In order to quantify the pollutant discharge from secondary  lead
    plants,  a field sampling program was conducted.  A complete list
    of the pollutants considered and a summary of the techniques used
    in  sampling and laboratory analyses are included in Section V of
    Vol.  I.  Wastewater   samples  were  collected  in  two  phases:
    screening  and verification.  The first phase,  screen  sampling,
    was  to  identify  which toxic pollutants  were  present  in  the
    wastewaters  from  production.of the various  metals.   Screening
    samples  were  analyzed for 125 of the 126 toxic  pollutants  and
    other  pollutants  deemed appropriate.   Because  the  analytical
    standard  for  TCDD  was judged to be too hazardous  to  be  made
    generally  available,  samples  were  never  analyzed  for   this
    pollutant.   There  is no reason to expect that  TCDD   would  be
    present in nonferrous metals manufacturing wastewater.   A  total
    of 10 plants were selected for screen sampling in the  nonferrous
    metals manufacturing category,  one of them being a secondary lead
    facility.  Verification sampling was conducted at seven secondary
    lead  plants.   In general, the samples were analyzed  for  three
    classes   of pollutants:  toxic organic pollutants,   toxic  metal
    pollutants,   and  criteria  pollutants  (which   includes   both
    conventional and nonconventional pollutants).
                                                                •
    Two  additional  verification  sampling  efforts  were  conducted
    between   the   February  1983  proposal  and  the   March   1984
    promulgation.   Both  plants are integrated battery manufacturing
    and   secondary  lead   smelting   facilities.    EPA    believed
    additional  process and wastewater data were needed to completely
    characterize the secondary lead subcategory.
    
    As described in Section IV of this supplement, the secondary lead
    subcategory  has been further segmented into 11 building  blocks,
    so  that  the regulation contains mass discharge limitations  and
    standards  for  11  process waste  waters.    Differences  in  the
    wastewater characteristics associated with these building  blocks
    are  to  be  expected.     For  this  reason,  wastewater  streams
    corresponding  to  each segment are addressed separately  in  the
    discussions that follow.
                                   1875
    

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                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
    WASTEWATER SOURCES, DISCHARGE RATES, AND CHARACTERISTICS
    
    The  wastewater data presented in this section were evaluated  in
    light  of  production  process information compiled  during  this
    analysis.  From this information, it was possible to identify the
    principal  wastewater sources in the secondary lead  subcategory.
    These wastewater sources include:
    
         1.  Battery cracking,
         2.  Furnace wet air pollution control,
         3.  Kettle wet air pollution control,
         4.  Lead paste desulfurization,
         5.  Casting contact cooling water,
         6.  Truck wash,
         7.  Facility washdown,
         8.  Battery case classification,
         9.  Employee hand wash,
        10.  Employee respirator wash, and
        11.  Laundering of uniforms.
    
    Waste  streams  number  4 and 6 through 11 were added  after  the
    February  1983  proposal  as a result of comments  and  new  data
    received by the Agency.  Through specific data requests, new dcp,
    and telephone contacts, the Agency determined that these building
    blocks  should be included within the secondary lead subcategory.
    Wastewater  from two secondary lead facilities was sampled  after
    proposal   to  verify  that  these  streams   were   sufficiently
    contaminated  to warrant treatment.   All of this new information
    was available for public comment in the Notice of Availability of
    Information published on November 4, 1983 (49 FR 50906).
    
    Data  supplied  by dcp responses were evaluated and two  flow-to-
    production  ratios were calculated for each  stream.   These  two
    ratios,  normalized water use and normalized wastewater discharge
    flow  rate,  differ  by  the  water flow  rates  used  in   their
    calculation.   Water  use  is defined as the volume of  water  or
    other fluid (e.g., battery electrolyte) required for or generated
    in  a given process per mass of lead produced by the process  and
    is  therefore  based on the sum of recycle and makeup flows to  a
    given process.  The production normalized discharge flow rate  is
    defined  as  the volume of wastewater actually discharged from  a
    given process for further treatment,  disposal, or discharge  per
    mass  of lead produced.   Differences between the water  use  and
    discharge  flows  associated with a given stream may result  from
    combinations  of  recycle,  evaporation,   and carryover  on   the
    product.   The production values used in calculating these ratios
    correspond to the production normalizing parameter (PNP) assigned
    to  each stream,  as discussed in Section IV of this  supplement.
    The production normalized flows were compiled by stream type.  An
    attempt  was  made  to identify factors that  could  account  for
    variations  in  the  water  use  from  plant  to   plant.    This
    information  is summarized in this section.    A similar  analysis
    of   factors  affecting the  normalized wastewater flow rates  is
    presented in Sections IX,  X,   XI,  and XII where  representative
    
    
                                   1876
    

    -------
                    SECONDARY LEAD  SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
    
    
    BPT,  BAT, BDT, and pretreatment discharge flows are selected for
    use  in calculating effluent  limitations.
    
    After  proposal,  EPA  became  aware of 12 secondary  lead  plants
    which   were  previously   not   included   in  the  subcategory.
    Wastewater  flew  rates and  production data were  solicited  from
    these  plants   through  dcp,   special  requests,  and  telephone
    contacts.   Additionally,  16  plants  either  closed  or  ceased
    production of secondary lead.   Some data from plants already  in
    the  Agency's   data  base  were updated  or  revised  because  of
    comments  received concerning  the proposed regulations.   The new
    data were used  to revise and evaluate production normalized  flow
    rates  where appropriate (see  Section IX).   Data from the closed
    plants are included in this  section and throughout the  remainder
    of this document.   The Agency believes that flow and  production
    data   from   these  plants  provide  useful  measures   of   the
    relationship between production and discharge.   In light of this
    conclusion  (and indications that some of the plant closures  may
    not  be  permanent),  the  Agency  is using  these  data  in  its
    consideration of BPT and BAT performance.
    
    In order to quantify the concentrations of pollutants present  in
    wastewaters  from secondary  lead plants,  wastewater samples were
    collected at seven plants before proposal.   Data from one of the
    seven plants (Plant G) were  not used in determining the  proposed
    regulation  but are included for promulgation.   After  proposal,
    two   additional   integrated   secondary   lead   and    battery
    manufacturing   facilities   were   sampled.    Analytical   data
    pertaining   to  battery manufacturing is not presented  in  this
    document;   it   can  be  found  in  the  Battery   Manufacturing
    Development Document.  Block diagrams indicating the locations of
    sampling points and the production processes involved for each of
    these  nine  plants are given  in Figures V-l through  V-9  (pages
    1934 - 1941).
    
    Raw wastewater  sampling data for the secondary lead industry  are
    presented  in Tables V-2 (page 1884), V-4 (page 1890), V-6  (page
    1895), V-9 (page 1897), V-12 (page 1901), V-13 (page 1904),  V-14
    (page  1907), and V-15 (page 1910). Treated  wastewater  sampling
    data  are shown in Tables V-16 through V-22 (pages 1913 -  1932).
    The stream codes displayed in the tables may be used to  identify
    the location of each of the  samples on the process flow  diagrams
    in  Figures V-l through V-9  (pages 1934 - 1941).   Where  no  data
    are listed for a specific day of sampling, the wastewater samples
    for  the  stream  were not collected.  If the  analysis  did  not
    detect  a pollutant in a waste stream, the pollutant was  omitted
    from the table.
    
    The  data tables include some samples measured at  concentrations
    considered not quantifiable.   The base neutral extractables,  acid
    extractables,    and   volatile   organics  are   considered   not
    quantifiable  at concentrations equal to or less  than 0.010 mg/1.
    Below  this  concentration,  organic analytical results  are  not
    quantitatively  accurate;   however,  the analyses are  useful  to
    indicate  tte presence of a particular pollutant.    The pesticide
    
    
                                   1877
    

    -------
                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
    
    
    fraction  is not considered quantifiable below concentrations  of
    0.005 mg/1.  Nonquantifiable results are designated in the tables
    with an asterisk (double asterisk for pesticides).
    
    These detection limits shown, on the data tables are not the  same
    in  all  cases  as  the published detection   limits  for   these
    pollutants by the same analytical methods.   The detection limits
    used  were reported with the analytical  data and  hence are  the
    appropriate  limits  to  apply  to  the  data.   Detection  limit
    variation  can  occur  as a result of  a  number  of  laboratory-
    specific,   equipment-specific,   and   daily   operator-specific
    factors.   These  factors can include day-to-day  differences  in
    machine calibration,  variation in stock solutions, and variation
    in operators.
    
    The  statistical analysis of data includes some samples  measured
    at concentrations considered not quantifiable.   Data reported as
    an  asterisk  are considered as detected but  below  quantifiable
    concentrations, and'a value of zero is used for averaging.  Toxic
    organic,  nonconventional,  and conventional data reported with a
    "less  c.ha;-;'•'  sign are considered as detected,  but  not  further
    quantifiable.   A value of zero is also used for averaging.  If a
    pollutant  is  reported   as  not detected,  it  is  excluded  in
    calculating the average.  Finally, toxic metal values reported as
    less than a certain value were considered as not detected, and  a
    value  of zero was used in the calculation of the  average.   For
    example, three samples reported as ND, *, and 0.021 mg/1 have  an
    average  value  of  0.010  mg/1.   In  selecting  pollutants  and
    pollutant parameters for specific regulation, individual  samples
    were used rather than average values.
    
    The  method by which each sample was collected and composited  is
    indicated on the data tables by a code number, as follows:
    
         1     one-time grab
         2     24-hour manual composite
         3     24-hour automatic composite
         4     48-hour manual composite
         5     48-hour automatic composite
         6     72-hour manual composite
         7     72-hour automatic composite
         8     8-hour manual composite
    
    In  the  data collection portfolios,  the secondary  lead  plants
    which discharge were asked to specify the presence or absence  of
    the toxic pollutants in their effluent.  Of the 49 secondary lead
    smelters, 23 responded to this portion of the questionnaire.  All
    plants  responding to the organic compounds portion reported that
    all toxic organic pollutants were known to be absent or  believed
    to be absent from their wastewater.
                                   1878
    

    -------
                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
    The responses for the toxic metals are summarized below.
    
                       Known      Believed     Believed     Known
        Pollutant     Present     Present       Absent      Absent
    
        Antimony        13           6             4
        Arsenic          97             7          -
        Cadmium          77             63
        Chromium         3           5            11          4
        Copper          12           2             8          1
        Lead            18           4             -
        Mercury          24            13          4
        Nickel           64            11          2
        Silver           23            18          -
        Thallium         16            17          3
        Zinc            10           7             6          -
    
    BATTERY CRACKING
    
    Plants  utilizing lead-acid batteries as a source of process  raw
    materials produce a wastewater stream associated with the battery
    cracking  operation.   Battery cracking involves the breaking  of
    battery  cases by any of a number of methods described in Section
    III.   Wastewater  may  be generated in the form  of  electrolyte
    drained  from  the battery cases,  by the use of saw  or  breaker
    cooling water,  and by area wash water.   All 35 plants currently
    having battery cracking operations generate wastewater.  Table V-
    1 (page 1883) summarizes the normalized discharge flows for these
    plants  in terms of liters per metric ton of lead scrap  produced
    (recovered)  from battery cracking operations.  The Agency  knows
    of no reason to differentiate discharge flows based on the method
    used  to  break  batteries.   The  discharge  flows  include  the
    operations  that  generate  the most  wastewater,  i.e.,  battery
    electrolyte, saw or breaker contact cooling water, and area  wash
    water.  Table V-2 (page 1884) summarizes the field sampling  data
    for  the  toxic,  conventional,  and  nonconventional  pollutants
    detected.  This waste stream contains quantifiable concentrations
    of toxic organics. The metals antimony, arsenic,  cadmium, copper,
    and  zinc  are generally present  in   concentrations    fcom   1
    to  47 mg/1.  Lead  concentrations range from approximately 5  to
    1,300 mg/1.  Treatable concentrations of total suspended  solids,
    and  oil and grease, and low pH (less than 2)   also  characterize
    the raw wastewater from this building block.
    
    BLAST, REVERBERATORY,  OR ROTARY FURNACE WET AIR' POLLUTION CONTROL
    
    Blast,  rotary,   and  reverberatory furnaces used in the smelting
    operation in secondary lead plants generally require some type of
    air   pollution  control  to  limit  emissions,    especially   of
    particulates and sulfur oxide compounds.   Out  of  48 plants having
    smelting  operations,  seven use lime or sodium wet air  pollution
    control  devices;  41  use dry air pollution control.   Table  V-3
    (page  1889)  summarizes the water use and  discharge  rates  for
    these  plants. Sampling and analytical data obtained  on  furnace
    
    
                                  ' 1879
    

    -------
                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
    
    
    scrubbing  liquor are shown in Table V-4 (page  1890).  Treatable
    concentrations  of  toxic  metals, oil  and  grease,  and   total
    suspended solids characterize this wastewater stream.
    
    KETTLE WET AIR POLLUTION' CONTROL
    
    Kettles  used  in refining and alloying operations  in  secondary
    lead   plants  may  also  produce   air  pollutants,   especially
    particulate  matter,  which may require control.   Ten of the  42
    plants   reporting the use of refining and alloying  kettles  use
    wet air pollution control.  Table V-5 (1894) shows the production
    normalized water use and discharge rates for these plants.   Data
    obtained  on  the kettle scrubber liquor at one of  these  plants
    (presented   in  Table  V-6  page  1895)   contained   measurable
    concentrations  of ammonia and treatable concentrations of  total
    suspended  solids,  arsenic,  and  lead (50  to  380  mg/1)  with
    measurable concentrations of other metals.
    
    LEAD PASTE DESULFURIZATION
    
    One  plant operates a process to convert lead sulfate paste  into
    lead  oxide using ammonium carbonate.   All "wastewater"  streams
    generated  in the process are recycled.   Ammonium sulfate solids
    are sold as by-products.   The plant with this operation does not
    discharge wastewater from the process.  No sampling of this water
    was  conducted  but it is  expected  to contain  lead  and  total
    suspended solids.
    
    CASTING CONTACT COOLING WATER
    
    Contact cooling water may be used in the casting operation.   The
    cooling  water  is  frequently  recycled  and   may   be  totally
    evaporated,  but  a small stream may be blown down to  limit  the
    buildup   of   dissolved   solids,   which  may   cause   surface
    imperfections on the cast metal.  Nine plants of the 46 reporting
    the use of a casting operation use direct contact  cooling.   The
    normalized  water  use  and discharge data .for these  plants  are
    summarized  in Table V-7 (page 1896). The Agency used  wastewater
    sampling  data  for  casting contact cooling  from  a  nonferrous
    metals  forming lead ingot casting operation to evaluate if  this
    contains  treatable  concentrations of  pollutants.   The  Agency
    believes  that  lead  ingot casting contact  cooling  water  from
    nonferrous  forming  is  similar  in  characteristic  to  casting
    contact  cooling water from secondary lead smelters  because   of
    the  similarity of the operations.  The casting  contact  cooling
    water  from nonferrous forming contains treatable  concentrations
    of  lead  and total suspended solids.  This stream has  a  pH  of
    approximately 7.8.
    
    
    TRUCK WASH
    
    Some  plants wash trucks and pallets that are used to haul  scrap
    batteries.   Wastewater  use and discharge rates for  this  waste
    stream  are  presented  in Table  V-8  (page  1896).   Wastewater
    
    
                                   1880
    

    -------
                    SECONDARY  LEAD  SUBCATEGORY     SECT - V
                                                                    V
    
     sampling   data  for  truck  wash  were collected  after proposal  from
     two   secondary   lea'd   facilities   (see  Table ,V-9  1897).   This
     wastewater contains treatable  concentrations  of arsenic, cadmium,
     chromium,  lead,  nickel, zinc,  oil and grease,  and total suspended
     solids.  The wastewater 'is also acidic  (pH of 3).
    
     FACILITY WASHDOWN
    
     Nine  plants report  using  water to wash  floors and equipment as  a
     control  of fugitive  lead emissions.  Table V-10 (1900)  presents
     the   water use  and  discharge rates practiced  at the nine  plants.
     Wastewater samples  from secondary lead  plants were not taken  but
     analogous  wastewater  from a battery manufacturing plant  contains
     treatable   concentrations of  toxic metals  and  total  suspended
     solids.    The   battery  manufacturing data are  included  in  the
     administrative  record  supporting this regulation.
    
     BATTERY CASE CLASSIFICATION
    
     Eight plants operate battery case classification processes.  Lead
     and   battery  cases  are  separated using  water  as  a  flotation
     medium.    All   eight plants generate wastewater.  Water  use  and
     wastewater  discharge  rates are presented in  Table  V-ll  (1900).
     Waste  water samples for  this waste stream were not collected  by
     the Agency.  However, data for five parameters were submitted  by
     a  secondary  lead  plant operating this  process.   These  data,
     included    in    the  administrative   record,   show    treatable
     concentrations   of  arsenic,  antimony,  lead,  and  zinc.   This
     wastewater  is   also very  acidic  (pH  of    approximately  2.9).
     Although   not analyzed, total suspended solids are also  expected
     to be present at a treatable concentration.
    
     EMPLOYEE HAND WASH
    
     Secondary  lead  plant  employees must wash   their  hands  before
     breaks  and  end-of-shift to reduce occupational lead  exposures.
     The  Agency obtained water use and sampling data for  this  waste
     stream  to  discern whether a flow allowance  was  needed.   Very
     little flow data were available for this stream.   The method for
     determining the  regulatory flow allowance is presented in Section
     IX  - Wastewater Discharge Rates.    Flow and  sampling  data  were
     collected  by the Agency at two integrated secondary lead  smelter
     and battery manufacturing plants.   The Agency has determined that
     each  employee   uses approximately 4.53 liters (1.2  gallons)   of
    wash  water  per  day.  Wastewater  samples   indicate  that  this
    wastewater   is  basic  (pH  of  8.0)   and   contains   treatable
     concentrations of copper,  lead, zinc,  total suspended solids,  and
    oil and grease.  Wastewater sampling data are presented in  Table
    V-12  (page 1901) .
    
    EMPLOYEE RESPIRATOR WASH
    
    Respirators   worn   at   secondary  lead  smelters   to   reduce
    occupational  lead exposures must  be cleaned daily.    The  Agency
    collected w, ter use and wastewater sampling data for this  stream
                                   1881
    

    -------
                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
    
    
    at  two  integrated secondary lead battery manufacturing  plants.
    The  Agency has determined that approximately 7.34  liters  (1.94
    gallons)  of  wash water are used per employee per day  to  clean
    respirators.   This flow includes germicide used to disinfect the
    respirators.   Calculation of the production normalized discharge
    allowance  for  this  waste stream is discussed  in  Section  IX.
    Wastewater  sampling  data,  shown in  Table  V-13  (page  1904),
    indicate the presence of copper, lead, zinc, and total  suspended
    solids in this water.  The pH is neutral (7.0).
    
    LAUNDERING OF UNIFORMS
    
    Employee  uniforms  must be laundered daily  to  meet  industrial
    hygiene requirements.  The Agency measured flows and sampled this
    wastewater  since  industry data were not available.   Data  were
    collected at two secondary lead-battery manufacturing facilities.
    The  Agency  has determined that approximately 21.6  liters  (5.7
    gallons) of water par employee per day are used for laundering of
    uniforms.   T;.-;  regulatory  flow allowance for  this  stream  is
    discussed in Section IX. Wastewater sampling data for this  waste
    stream  an presented in Table V-14 (page 1907). These data  show
    treataj±e  concentrations  of  lead, zinc,  and  total  suspended
    solica.  The pH is slightly acidic (6.0).
                                   1882
    

    -------
                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
                             SECT - V
                                TABLE V-l
    
      WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR BATTERY CRACKING OPERATIONS
                     (1/kkg of lead scrap produced)
              Plant  Percent
              Code   Recycle
              222
              223
              224
              225
              227
              234
              236
              239
              244
              246*
              248
              249
              250
              254
              263
              264
              265
              266
              271
              272
              273
              391
              392
              428
              652
              655
             4210*
             4211
             6601
             6602
             6603
             6604
             6605
             6606
             6611
             9001
             9002*
            26001
            26003*
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
       Production Normalized
    Water Use and Discharge Rate
    
              139
              775
              834
              763
              384
              437
              142
              154
              306
              315
             1618
              442
             1984
              796
             1046
             1647
             1084
             4669
               81
             5086
              286
              922
              369
              244
              429
              905
              671
              377
              467
              484
              617
               NR
              292
              671
               NR
             1063
              638
              705
              600
    NOTE: Water use and discharge rate are the same for all plants in
    data base.
    *  - Plant closed.
    NR - Data not reported in dcp
                                   1883
    

    -------
                                                              Table V-2
    
                                                  SECONDARY LEAD SAMPLING DATA
                                                          BATTERY  CRACKING
                                                           RAW WASTEWATER
    CO
    oo
                     Po] 'j_
    
               Ly 1 |JLJL^ii lutanta
    
                23.   chloroform
    
    
    
                'i7.   biomoform
                66.   bis(2-ethylhexyl)
                     phthalate
                68.   dl-n-butyl phthalate
                69.   dl-n-octyl phthalate
                71.   dimethyl phthalate
                76.   chrysene
                77.   acenaphthylene
                                                                                 ConcentratIons
                                                                             (iBR/1, Except  as Noted)
    CoJe
    
    
    
    
    73
    106
    208
    73
    106
    208
    73
    106
    152
    208
    
    73
    106
    152
    208
    73
    106
    208 .
    
    73
    106
    208
    73
    106
    208
    73
    106
    208
    Typet Source
    
    
    
    
    2
    2
    1
    2 ND
    2
    1
    7 0.575
    7
    3
    2
    
    7 *
    7
    3
    2
    7 *
    7
    2
    
    7 ND
    7
    2
    7 ND
    7
    2
    7 *
    7
    2
    Day 1 Day 2
    
    
    
    
    ND 0.014
    * *
    ND
    ND ND
    ND ND
    ND
    0.575
    0.585
    * 0.2
    ND
    
    *
    0.028
    ND *
    ND
    *
    0.026
    ND
    
    ND
    0.013
    ND
    ND
    0.545
    ND
    ND
    0.035
    ND
    Day 3 Average
    
    
    
    
    0.026 0.02
    ND *
    
    
    0.049 0.049
    
    0.575
    0.585
    * 0.067
    
    
    *
    0.028
    ND *
    
    *
    0.026
    
    
    
    0.013
    
    
    0.545
    
    
    0.035
    
    M
    W
    O
    O
    2;
    D
    >
    ^
    1^
    W
    D
    M
    C,
    W
    0
    &
    H3
    W
    O
    O
    »
    **
    
    
    M
    0
    H)
    I
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    -------
                                                  Table V-2  (Continued)
    
    
                                               SECONDARY LEAD SAMPLING DATA
                                                      BATTERY CRACKING
                                                       RAW  WASTEWATER
                                                                           ConcentratIons
    00
    00
    Ln
                    Ho l_hi ^an t s__ ( a )
    
                    pyrene
               114.   antimony
               115.   arsenic
               117.   hery I I I vim
               118.
               119.  ohromi um
    Stream
    Code
    
    73
    106
    208
    73
    106
    152
    208
    412
    73
    106
    152
    412
    73
    106
    152
    412
    73
    106
    152
    208
    412
    73
    106
    152
    208
    412
    Sample
    Typet
    
    7
    7
    2
    7
    7
    3
    2
    8
    7
    7
    3
    8
    7
    7
    3
    8
    7
    7
    3
    2
    8
    7
    7
    3
    2
    8
    
    Source
    
    *
    
    
    <0.1
    
    
    
    <0.01
    <0.01
    
    
    <0.01
    <0.001
    
    
    <0.005
    0.03
    
    
    
    <0.02
    <0.005
    
    
    
    <0.02
    (•PR/ 1
    Day 1
    
    NO
    0.013
    ND
    95
    77
    16
    18.41
    24
    8.5
    9.1
    1.2
    0.43
    0.002
    0.003
    0.006
    <0.05
    1
    3
    2.1
    3
    5.2
    0.4
    1
    0.15
    0.43
    0.4
    , Except as Noted)
    Dajr 2
    
    
    
    
    
    
    12
    
    12
    
    
    3
    0.78
    
    
    0.007
    <0.05
    
    
    2.2
    
    1.8
    
    
    0.23
    
    0.2
    Day 3
    
    
    
    
    
    
    49
    
    47
    
    
    8
    1.8
    0.03
    
    0.002
    <0.05
    0.09
    
    4.8
    
    15.4
    0.06
    
    0.27
    
    1
    Average
    
    
    0.013
    1
    95
    77
    26
    18.41
    27
    8.5
    9.1
    4. 1
    1.0
    0.016
    0.003
    0.005
    <0.05
    0.545
    3
    3
    3
    7.4
    0.23
    |
    0.22
    0.43
    0.5
    CO
    W
    O
    §
    0
    3
    KI
    IT"
    W
    O
    co
    ffl
    O
    
    w
    O
    !*j
    Kj
    
    
    CO
    w
    O
    (-3
    1
    <
    
    
    
    

    -------
                                                   Table  V-2  (Continued)
    
    
                                               SECONDARY LEAD  SAMPLING  DATA
                                                      BATTERY CRACKING
    
                                                        KAW \JASTKWATKR
                                                                                     Ions
    oo
    oo
    en
                   I'ol Lnl.il>! •! fa)
    
    
                   copper
              L I .  cyanide
             122.   lead
             I 2').  mercury
             12/4.  nickel
              126.   silver
             127.   thallium
              128.   zinc
    Stream
    Code
    
    73
    106
    152
    208
    412
    
    
    73
    106
    208
    73
    106
    152
    208
    412
    73
    106
    152
    208
    73
    106
    152
    208
    412
    73
    106
    152
    73
    106
    152
    73
    106
    152
    208
    412
    Sample
    Typet
    
    7
    7
    3
    2
    8
    
    
    3
    7
    2
    7
    7
    3
    2
    8
    7
    7
    3
    2
    7
    7
    3
    2
    8
    7
    7
    3
    7
    7
    3
    7
    7
    3
    2
    8
    ("'£/ '
    Source Day ?
    
    0.01 4
    6
    3.5
    1.8
    0.15 24
    
    
    0.004
    :i o
    <«.01
    0.05 SO
    40
    11
    92.2
    <0.05 605
    0.0001 0.0014
    0.0101
    0.0004
    <0.62
    <0.005 1
    2
    0.65
    0.94
    <0.05 2
    <0.02 0.32
    0.16
    0. 34
    <0.l 0.8
    1
    
    -------
                                            Table V-2 (Continued)
    
                                         SECONDARY LEAD SAMPLING DATA
                                               BATTERY CRACKING
                                                RAW WASTEWATER
    00
    
    
    Pollutants (a)
    
    
    Noncon vent I ona I
    
    n linni ruim
    
    ammo n la
    
    bar 1 urn
    
    boron
    ca Ic luin
    
    chemical oxygen demand
    (COD)
    coba 1 t
    I ron
    m.ignes lum
    
    manganese
    mo lybdnnum
    phenols (total; by 4-AAP
    method)
    
    sod lum
    t i n
    
    t I Ian i urn
    
    Stream
    Code
    
    
    
    
    412
    
    152
    412
    412
    
    412
    412
    
    73
    106
    412
    412
    412
    
    412
    412
    73
    106
    208
    412
    412
    *
    412
    
    Sample
    Typet
    
    
    
    8
    
    2
    8
    8
    
    8
    8
    
    7
    7
    8
    8
    8
    
    8
    8
    2
    2
    2
    8
    8
    
    8
    
    
    Source
    
    
    
    
    <0. 1
    
    
    
    0.05
    
    <0. 1
    51.5
    
    
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    22.3
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    
    
    7.1
    <0.05
    
    <0.05
    
    
    
    (n.R/1
    Day 1
    
    
    
    20
    
    0.
    
    <0.
    
    6
    93
    
    384
    174
    <0.
    Ill
    29
    
    0.
    <0.
    0.
    0.
    <0.
    142
    <0.
    
    1.
    
    <
    
    
    
    02
    
    5
    
    
    
    
    
    
    5
    
    
    
    5
    5
    001
    022
    004
    
    5
    
    5
    l.oncentrat ion
    8
    
    
    , Except as Noted)
    Day 2
    
    
    
    9
    
    7.9
    15
    <0.5
    
    2
    39
    
    
    
    <0.5
    58
    15
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    0.003
    0.016
    
    58
    <0.05
    
    <0.05
    Pay 3
    
    
    
    38
    
    7.5
    <0.02
    <0.5
    
    9
    166
    
    
    
    <0.5
    173
    60
    
    11
    <0.5
    0.017
    0.009
    
    375
    <0.5
    
    <0.5
    A
    
    
    
    22
    
    5.
    7.
    <0.
    
    6
    99
    
    384
    174
    <0.
    114
    34
    
    4
    <0.
    0.
    0.
    <0.
    190
    <0.
    
    0.
    verage
    
    
    
    
    
    1
    5
    5
    
    
    
    
    
    
    5
    
    
    
    
    35
    007
    01567
    004
    
    35
    
    5
    W
    0
    §
    o
    
    fd
    K
    tT«
    W
    o
    M
    c
    Cd
    n
    H3
    M
    8
    fd
    
    
    W
    n
    H3
    i
    <
    
    
    
    
    1
    
    
    

    -------
                                                        Table  V-2  (Continued)
    
                                                    SECONDARY LEAD  SAMPLING DATA
                                                            BATTERY CRACKING
                                                             RAW WASTEWATER
    oo
    oo
    oo
    Concentrations
    Stream
    Code
    
    
    73
    106
    
    412
    
    412
    
    
    
    73
    106
    412
    
    73
    106
    152
    208
    412
    
    73
    106
    152
    208
    412
    Sample
    Typet
    
    
    7
    7
    
    8
    
    8
    
    
    
    |
    I
    1
    
    7
    7
    3
    5
    8
    
    1
    1
    1
    1
    8
    
    Source Da)
    
    
    330
    69
    
    <0.05 <0.5
    
    <0.05 <0.5
    
    
    
    65
    8
    5.4 2.2
    
    10.050
    1.447
    270
    0.2
    <1 2.000
    
    2
    
    1.9
    0.6
    7.0 3
    (niR/1. Except as
    r 1 Day 2
    
    
    
    
    
    <0.05
    
    <0.05
    
    
    
    56
    7
    > 50. 000
    
    
    
    300
    
    75
    
    2
    1.1
    1.7
    
    1
    Noted^
    Day 3
    
    
    
    
    
    <0.5
    
    <0.5
    
    
    
    56
    6
    6,100
    
    
    
    400
    
    20.200
    
    2
    0.6
    1.0
    
    1
    
    Average
    
    
    330
    69
    
    0.35
    
    0.35
    
    
    
    59.0
    7.0
    19.000
    
    10,050
    1.447
    323
    0.2
    7.400
    
    
    
    
    
    
    W
    W
    O
    o
    §
    O
    3
    
    tr1
    W
    
    
    G
    W
    n
    !>
    M
    
    o
    V
    KJ
    
    
    to
    W
    o
    1-3
    I
    
    <
    Nonconventlonals  (Continued)
    
    total  organic  carbon
      (TOO
    
    vanadium
    
    y 11 rIum
    
    Con ventlonals
    
    oil and  grease
                 total  suspended solids
                   (TSS)
                 pll (standard units)
                 (a)   No  samples were analyzed for  the  acid extractpbles of toxic  organic pollutants.  Six samples
                      pesticide fraction; no pesticide  was reported present above  Its  analytical quantification  lln
                      fractions were analyzed for stream 412.
    
                 fS.=im[)U'  type:  Note:  These numbers  also apply to subsequent  sampling data tables In this section.
                                                                                                   were  analyzed
                                                                                                   lit.   No  toxic
    for the
    organic
                      1       One-time grab
                      2       24-hour manual composite
                      3       24-hour automatic composite
                      'i       48-hour manual composite
    
                  * - Less.than or equal to 0.01  mg/l.
    
                 ** - Less  than or equal to 0.005 mg/l.
                                                              5       48-hour automatic composite
                                                              6       72-hour manual composite
                                                              7       72-hour automatic composite
                                                              8       8-hour manual composite
    

    -------
                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
                                TABLE V-3
                                             *
    
                  WATER  USE  AND  DISCHARGE RATES FOR
                    FURNACE WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
                  (1/kkg of lead produced from smelting)
    
              Plant  Percent         Production Normalized
              Code   Recycle      Water Use and Discharge Rate
    266
    26001
    272
    265
    265
    234
    222
    6602
    6611
    (a) 0
    100
    83.7
    (b) 83.3
    93.3
    100
    97.8
    95
    99.8
    3252
    151050
    40411
    11433
    26521
    942
    NR
    154752
    NR
    3252
    0
    6587
    1909
    1776
    0
    NR
    7831
    NR
    (a) Since the 1977 dcp survey, this scrubber has been shut down.
    
    (b)  Plant  265  controls  air emissions  on  two  furnaces  with
    separate scrubbers
    
    NR - Not reported in dcp.
                                   1889
    

    -------
                Table V-4
    
       SECONDARY LEAD SAMPLING DATA
    FURNACE WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
              RAW WASTEWATEk
    
    Pol Ini ant s(,i)
    
    Tox 1 c Pol lutants
    4. hi'nz ene
    II. 1,1,1 -I rlchloroethane
    
    2 1 . 2 , 4 , 6- l r Ich lor ophenol
    23. chloroform
    l_i 31. 2 ,4 -dlchlorophenol
    00
    ^° )9. Fluorant hene
    O
    44. methyl ene chloride
    
    ' / . .'-nil rophenol
    h ') . phenol
    M>. l>l.s(2-ethylhexyl)
    phthalat e
    f>/. hntyl benzyl phthalate
    68. dl -n -butyl ph'tlialate
    72. l>enzo(a)anthracene
    /6. chrysene
    78. anthracene (a)
    Hit. Flnoi eno
    Ml. phonant hrene (a)
    84. pyrt'iie
    S t ream
    Code
    
    
    401
    401
    
    401
    401
    401
    
    401
    
    401
    
    401
    401
    401
    
    401
    401
    401
    401
    401
    ..() 1
    401
    401
    Sample
    Type
    
    
    1
    1
    
    3
    1
    3
    
    3
    
    1
    
    3
    3
    3
    
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    
    Source
    
    
    *
    *
    
    ND
    *
    ND
    
    *
    
    *
    
    ND
    *
    0.009
    
    ND
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    •IJ * • I 1 ' ^ t_ 1 1 L L d L. I.UI|t)
    ("ip/>, , Except as Noted)
    Day_ 1 Day 2 Day 3 Average
    
    
    * * * *
    * ND ND *
    
    * * * *
    * * * *
    * * * *
    
    ND * ND *
    
    * * * *
    
    * ND ND *
    0.003 0.006 0.004 0.004
    0.006 0.002 * 0.002
    
    ND * * *
    * * * *
    ND * * *
    * * * *
    * * NO *
    * * * *
    * * ND *
    ND * ND *
    CO
    w
    o
    o
    2!
    O
    i
    tr1
    M
    O
    CO
    W
    O
    
    ^
    M
    O
    O
    50
    K
    
    CO
    M
    0
    ,
    <
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    -------
    CO
                                             Table V-4  (Continued)
    
                                          SECONDARY LEAD  SAMPLING DATA
                                       FURNACE WET AIR  POLLUTION  CONTROL
                                                 RAW WASTEWATER
                                                                    Concent rat Ions
    Toxic
    86.
    89.
    96.
    97.
    102.
    105.
    114.
    115.
    11 7.
    118.
    119.
    120.
    121.
    122.
    123.
    124.
    125.
    1 26..
    127.
    128.
    Pollutants(a)
    Pollutants (Continued)
    toluene
    aldrln
    beta-endosiilfan
    endosulfan sulfate
    alpha-BIIC
    delta-BHC
    ant Imony
    arsenic
    bery 1 1 lum
    cadmium
    chromium (total)
    copper
    cyanide (total)
    lead
    mercury
    nickel
    selenium
    s 1 1 ver
    thai I I urn
    zinc
    Stream
    Code
    401
    401
    401
    401
    401
    401
    401
    401
    401
    401
    401
    401
    401
    401
    176
    401
    401
    401
    401
    401
    401
    Sample
    Type
    1
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    1
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    
    Source
    *
    ND
    ND
    **
    ND
    ND
    5.700
    0.067
    <0.001
    0.003
    0.005
    0.05
    0.0074
    0.008
    <0.0002
    <0.001
    8.8
    0.02
    <0.001
    0.04
    <•*/!
    Day 1
    ND
    **
    0.003
    ND
    **
    ND
    0.560
    1.400
    0.004
    0.35
    0.28
    0.40
    <0.001
    1.7
    23
    <0.0002
    4.9
    10
    0.38
    2.6
    0.32
    , Except as Noted)
    Day 2
    *
    ND
    ND
    **
    ND
    ND
    0.390
    7.3
    <0.001
    0.02
    0.010
    0.05
    0.003
    0.006
    0.097
    0.45
    7.9
    <0.001
    0.037
    0.03
    Day 3
    *
    ND
    ND
    **
    ND
    **
    14.000
    4.900
    0.012
    0.36
    0.25
    0.26
    0.0015
    1.4
    0.096
    4.6
    15
    0.30
    3.2
    0.32
    Average
    *
    **
    0.003
    **
    **
    **
    4.98
    4.5
    0.005
    0.24
    0.18
    0.23
    0.0015
    1 .0
    23
    0.064
    3.3
    10
    0.22
    1.9
    0.22
    SECONDS
    *
    tr1
    M
    O
    to
    W
    O
    W
    8
    ^
    
    to
    M
    O
    i-i
    1
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    -------
          Table V-4  (Continued)
    
       SECONDARY LEAD  SAMPLING DATA
    FURNACE WET AIR  POLLUTION CONTROL
              RAW WASTEWATER
                                 Concentrations
    I'ol Ititant s(a)
    
    Nonconvent 1 ona 1 Pollutants
    
    Alkalinity
    A 1 inn! mini
    Aniinon i a
    Rnr ium
    I-*
    °£ Boron
    NJ
    C^a lei urn
    Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
    
    Chloride
    Cobalt.
    Kl-.orMe
    
    I run
    Mamies ium
    Han)' 
    M
    0
    O
    50
    
    
    CO
    M
    n
    i
    <
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    -------
    oo
                                                     Table V-4  (Continued)
    
                                                 SECONDARY  LEAD  SAMPLING  DATA
                                              FURNACE WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
                                                          RAW WASTEWATER
                    Pollytan i.a(a)
    
              Convent ional Pollutants
    
              r 1 and Grease
    Stream   Sample
     Code     Type
     401
              Total Suspended Solids  (TSS)  401
                                          176
               pll (standard units)
     401
                                                            Source
                       ConcentratIons
                   (mfe/1.  Except as Noted)
                Day I        Day ~2         Day 3
    1
    3
    1
    7.3
    22
    
    12
    650
    28,000
    6.9
                                                                        7.3
                          12
    
                         940
    7.4
                             AvcraRe
                45
    
             1 .000
               23
    
              860
           28,000
    6.8
                               W
                               M
                               O
                               o
                               23
                               O
    M
    >
    a
    tn
    c
    w
    o
                                                                                                                            M
                                                                                                                            Q
                                                                                                                            O
               (a)  Stream  176 was analyzed only  for lead and TSS.
    
                * - Less than or equal  to 0.01  mg/l
    
               ** - Less than or equal  to 0.005 rag/I
    
               NA - not analyzed
                                                                                        en
                                                                                        M
                                                                                        n
                                                                                        I
                                                                                        <
    

    -------
                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
    
    
                                TABLE V-5
    
                  WATER  USE  AND  DISCHARGE RATES FOR
                    KETTLE WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
              (1/kkg of lead produced from kettle furnaces)
    
              Plant  Percent         Production Normalized
              Code   Recycle      Water Use       Discharge Rate
    
                                                           0 (a)
    
                                                           0 (a)
    
                                                           0 (a)
    
                                                        1818
    
                                                          74
    
                                                           0 (b)
    
                                                           0 (a)
    
                                                          45 (c)
    
                                                           0 (a)
    
                                                          NR
    
    
    (a) - Infrequent batch discharge; frequency and flow not reported
    
    (b)  -  100  percent of the wastewater is  recycled  to  decasing
    washing
    
    (c) - Based on batch discharge once per week
    
    (d) - Use same scrubber system on smelting furnace
    
    NR  - Not reported in dcp
    26001
    655
    391
    273
    264
    250
    ,>25
    224
    223
    6611 (d)
    100
    100
    100
    91.7
    96
    -
    100
    100
    100
    99,8
    151050
    3071
    361
    21900
    1845
    1718
    11373
    5724
    7089
    NR
                                   1894
    

    -------
                                                    Table V-6
    
                                         SECONDARY LEAD SAMPLING DATA
                                            KETTLE SCRUBBER LIQUOR
                                                 RAW WASTEWATER
                                                                     Concentrations
    
    
    
    Toxic
    
    115.
    
    117.
    118.
    
    119.
    M 120.
    00
    ^0 | 'i 2 .
    01
    123.
    124.
    126.
    128.
    
    
    Pollutants (a)
    
    Pol lutants
    
    arsenic
    
    beryl 1 I urn
    cadmium
    
    chromium
    copper
    
    lead
    
    mercury
    nickel
    s 1 Iver
    zinc
    
    Stream
    Code
    
    
    
    151
    
    151
    151
    
    151
    151
    
    151
    
    151
    151
    151
    151
    
    Sample
    Type
    
    
    
    3
    
    3
    3
    
    3
    3
    
    3
    
    3
    3
    3
    3
    
    
    Source
    
    
    
    40
    
    0
    1
    
    0
    0
    
    75
    
    0
    0
    0
    0
    
    (mg/l.
    Day 1
    
    
    
    
    
    .001
    .2
    
    .003
    .59
    
    
    
    .0003
    .37
    .003
    .17
    
    Except as
    Day 2
    
    
    
    60
    
    0.008
    0.43
    
    0.002
    1.1
    
    95
    
    0.0025
    0.32
    0.002
    0.17
    
    Noted)
    
    
    
    
    50
    
    0
    0
    
    0
    0
    
    29
    
    0
    0
    0
    0
    
    
    Day 3
    
    
    
    
    
    .001
    .41
    
    .001
    .73
    
    
    
    .0027
    .54
    .002
    .15
    
    
    
    
    
    
    50
    
    0
    0
    
    0
    0
    
    66
    
    0
    0
    0
    0
    
    
    Average
    
    
    
    
    
    .003
    .68
    
    .002
    .807
    
    .3
    
    .0018
    .41
    .0023
    .16
    
    N on con vent Ion a I
    ammonia
    151
    1
    22
    
    25
    29
    
    25
    .33
    W
    M
    O
    23
    O
    la
    K;
    
    M
    o
    to
    §
    o
    H
    M
    8
    2S
    
    w
    w
    n
    ?
    Conventional "^
    total
    suspended solids
    151
    3
    240
    
    550
    340
    
    376
    .7
    
    (TSS)
    pll (standard units)
    151
    1
    8
    .1
    8.0
    7
    .8
    
    
    
    (a)  No samples were analyzed for either the acid extractable or volatile fractions of the  toxic organic  pollutants.
        Three samples were  analyzed for the pesticide fraction; none was detected above Its  analytical quanti-
        fication  limit.
    

    -------
                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
                             SECT - V
                                TABLE V-7
    
                  WATER  USE  AND  DISCHARGE RATES FOR
                         CASTING CONTACT COOLING
                          (1/kkg of lead cast)
              Plant  Percent
              Code   Recycle
    4211
    26001
    427
    422
    248
    244
    234
    224
    247
    252
    100 (a)
    100
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0 (a)
    0
    NR
    NR
    171
    504
    120
    963
    5
    184
    22
    33
    (b)
    (b)
                 Production Normalized
              Water Use        Discharge Rate
                                                           0
                                                           0
                                                         120
                                                         963
                                                           5
                                                         184
                                                          22
                                                          33
                                                         (b)
                                                         (b)
    (a) 100 percent recycle or evaporation
    
    (b) Reported in dcp as "insignificant"
    
    (c) Plant closed
    
    NR  Not reported in dcp
                                TABLE V-8
    
                  WATER  USE  AND  DISCHARGE RATES FOR
                               TRUCK WASH
                 (1/kkg of lead produced from smelting)
              Plant  Percent
              Code   Recycle
              227
    
              234
    0
    
    0
                 Production Normalized
              Water Use        Discharge Rate
    12.6
    
    29.7
    12.6
    
    29.7
                                   1896
    

    -------
                                              Table V-9  (Continued)
    
                                           SECONDARY LEAD  SAMPLING DATA
                                                    TRUCK  WASH
                                                  RAW WASTEWATER
                                                                      Concentrations
    ~J
    Pol lutants(a)
    NonconVent lonal Pollutants
    Hoi on
    
    Ca 1 cinm
    Cobalt
    I ron
    Mapnes him
    Manganese
    Mo lybdemim
    Sodi urn
    
    T I n
    
    T i t .aninm
    
    Vanadium
    
    Yl.tr lum
    
    Stream Sample
    Code Type
    (Continued)
    417 1
    455 1
    417 1
    455 1
    417 1
    455 1
    417 1
    455 1
    417 1
    455 1
    41? 1
    455 1
    417 1
    455 1
    417 1
    455 1
    417 1
    455 1
    417 1
    455 1
    417 1
    455 1
    417 1
    455 1
    (mg/L, Except as Noted)
    Source Day 1
    
    <0.1
    51.5
    93.2
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    22.3
    27.2
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    7.1
    14.9
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    Day 2 Day 3
    0.1
    0.8
    104
    1 ,200
    <0.05
    0.05
    53.8
    1 .050
    34.4
    42.6
    1.15
    7.2
    <0.05
    <0.05
    37.6
    107
    <0.05
    <0.5
    0.1
    0.05
    <0.05
    0.1
    <0.05
    <0.05
    Average
    0.1
    0.8
    1 ,200.
    <0.05
    0.05
    53.8
    1 ,050
    34.4
    42.6
    1.15
    7.2
    <0.05
    <0.05
    37.6
    107
    <0.05
    <0.5
    0.1
    0.05
    <0.05
    0.1
    <0.05
    <0.05
    SECONDAR
    K
    W
    0
    to
    c!
    W
    O
    •bi
    kTEGORY
    
    W
    O
    H3
    1
    <
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    -------
                                                        Table  V-9
    
                                              SECONDARY LEAD  SAMPLING  DATA
                                                        TRUCK  WASH
                                                      RAW WASTEWATER
                                        Stream  Sample
    Concent rat Ions
      Except  as Noted)
    oo
    VO
    00
    Pol lutants (..i)
    Toxic Pollutants
    
    114. ant linony
    
    115. arson 1 c
    
    
    117. hery 1 1 lum
    
    
    I 1 8 . cadmium
    
    119. chromium (total)
    
    
    1 20. copper
    
    122. lead
    
    
    124. nickel
    
    
    128. zinc
    
    Nonconvent lona I Pollutants
    A lumt niun
    
    Ammonia
    
    Ha r i urn
    
    Code Type Source Day I
    
    
    4 1 7
    455
    417
    455
    
    417
    455
    
    417
    455
    417
    455
    
    417
    455
    417
    455
    
    417
    455
    
    417
    455
    <0.01
    <0.01
    <0.01
    <0.01
    
    <0.005
    <0.005
    
    <0.02
    <0.02
    <0.02
    <0.02
    
    0.15
    0.15
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    <0.02
    <0.02
    
    417 1 <0.1
    455 1 0.1
    417 1 NA
    455 1 NA
    417 1 0.05
    455 1 <0.05
    Day 2 Day 3
    
    
    0.810
    0.31
    0.060
    0.05
    
    <0.005
    <0.005
    
    0.24
    0.04
    0.14
    0.18
    
    0.8
    1.2
    63.4
    20.9
    
    0.15
    0.25
    
    6.12
    1.58
    
    160
    37.8
    NA
    NA
    0.35
    0.05
    Average
    
    
    0.810
    0.31
    0.060
    0.05
    
    <0.005
    <0.005
    
    0.24
    0.04
    0.14
    0.18
    
    0.8
    1.2
    63.4
    20.9
    
    0.15
    0.25
    
    6.12
    1.58
    
    160
    37.8
    
    
    0.35
    0.05
    Cfi
    M
    O
    O
    z
    O
    ja
    K
    f
    M
    B
    
    en
    c!
    IS
    O
    M
    
    O
    3
    
    
    cn
    M
    0
    1-3
    i
    
    <
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    -------
    00
                                                   Table V-9 (Continued)
    
    
                                               SECONDARY  LEAD SAMPLING DATA
    
                                                         TRUCK WASH
    
                                                       RAW WASTEWATER
    
    Pollutants(a)
    
    Conventional Pollutants
    Oil and Grease
    
    
    Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
    
    pll (standard units)
    
    
    Stream Sample
    Code Type
    
    
    417 1
    455 1
    
    4)7 1
    455 1
    41 7 1
    455 1
    
    Concent rat Ions
    (rag/ I, Except as Noted)
    Source Day 1
    
    
    5.4
    <'
    
    <1
    9.0
    7.0
    7.0
    
    Day 2 Day 3 Average
    
    
    26 26
    7 7
    
    1 ,080 1 .080
    2.500 2.500
    3.0
    3.0
    
    to
    w
    o
    o
    55
    O
    J<
    tr<
    W
    
    O
    to
    W
    O
                                                                                                                  w
                                                                                                                  w
                                                                                                                  o
                                                                                                                  t-3
    
                                                                                                                  I
    
                                                                                                                  <
                  (a)  The toxic organic fractions  were not analyzed for these streams.
    
    
                 NA - Not analyzed
    

    -------
         SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
                                                 SECT - V
                      TABLE V-10
    
        WATER  USE  AND  DISCHARGE RATES FOR
                  FACILITY WASHDOWN
       (1/kkg of lead produced from smelting)
    Plant Percent Production Normalized
    Code Recycle Water Use Discharge Rate
    224
    239
    249
    271
    655
    6603
    6604
    6605
    6608
    * - Practices
    NR - Data not
    0
    NR*
    0
    NR*
    86*
    0
    0
    0
    NR
    recycle
    reported
    550
    817
    1535
    2540
    646
    237
    NR
    876
    NR
    and reuse after treatment
    in dcp
    550
    817
    1535
    2540
    646
    237
    NR
    876
    NR
    
    
                      TABLE V-ll
    
        WATER  USE  AND  DISCHARGE RATES FOR
             BATTERY CASE CLASSIFICATION
           (1/kkg of lead scrap produced)
    Plant  Percent
    Code   Recycle
                                     Production Normalized
                                  Water Use       Discharge Rate (a)
    
                                                        1268
                                                         796
                                                        5546
    
                                                         409
                                                       15400
                                                        2624
    
                                                        1314
                                                        2915
    
    (a) Includes some batch discharge normalized to continuous basis
    
    * - Practices recycle and reuse after treatment
    
    NR  Data not reported in dcp
    223
    224
    227
    239
    271
    6601
    6603
    6605
    NR *
    0
    0
    NR
    NR *
    88.2*
    0
    0
    1268
    796
    5546
    409
    15400
    2624
    1314
    2915
                         1900
    

    -------
                    Table V-12
           SECONDARY  LEAD SAMPLING DATA
                    HAND WASH
                  RAW WASTEWATER
    Stream  Sample
        Concent rat Ions
    (mg/1.  Except as Noted)
    Pollutants (a)
    
    Toxic Pollutants
    114. ant Imony
    
    115. arsenic
    
    
    117. beryllium
    118. cadmium
    
    
    119. chromium (total)
    
    
    1 20. copper
    
    122. lead
    
    124. nickel
    
    128. zinc
    
    Nonconvent ional Pollutants
    A 1 uml num
    
    Ammon la
    
    Rd r 1 urn
    
    Code Ti
    
    
    416
    451
    416
    451
    
    416
    451
    416
    451
    
    416
    451
    
    416
    451
    416
    451
    416
    451
    416
    451
    
    416
    451
    416
    451
    416
    451
    fpe Source Day 1
    
    '
    
    M
    O
    O
    ^
    
    
    to
    M
    n
    i
    <
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    -------
              Table V-12 (Continued)
    
           SECONDARY  LEAD SAMPLING DATA
                    HAND WASH
                  RAW WASTEWATER
    St ream  Sample
        Concentrations
    (niR/1, Except aa Noted)
    i'o I . utcinls (a)
    
    Nonconvent iona I Pollutants
    
    Ho ron
    
    Cal r him
    
    
    Cobalt
    
    
    1 ron
    
    Mapnes lum
    
    Manganese
    
    Mo 1 yhdennm
    
    
    Sodi um
    
    Tin
    
    T 1 tanl um
    
    Vanadium
    
    Y t I rium
    
    Code
    
    (Continued)
    
    416
    451
    416
    451
    
    416
    451
    
    416
    451
    416
    451
    416
    451
    416
    451
    
    416
    451
    416
    451
    416
    451
    416
    451
    416
    451
    Type
    
    
    
    1
    1
    1
    1
    
    1
    |
    
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    - Source Day 1
    
    
    
    <0 . 1
    <0.l
    51.5
    93.2
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    22.3
    27.2
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    7.1
    14.9
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    Day 2 Day 3
    
    
    
    29.9
    12.5
    27.2
    104
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    0.65
    1 .45
    11.2
    29.2
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    123
    293
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    Average
    
    
    
    29.9
    12.5
    27.2
    104
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    0.65
    1 .45
    11 .2
    29.2
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    123
    293
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    M
    O
    §
    O
    U5*
    K!
    IT*
    M
    0
    
    [/)
    c
    w
    O
    
    M
    Q
    O
    K
    
    
    W
    M
    O
    
    1
    <;
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    -------
                                          Table V-12  (Continued)
    
    
                                       SECONDARY  LEAD  SAMPLING  DATA
                                                 HAND WASH
                                               RAN VJASTKUATEK
                                                                     Concent rat Ions
    Convent tonal Pol lutants,
    
    
    1)1 1  and (Jrease
    Total  Suspended Solids (TSS)  416
    pll (standard units)
    Code
    
    
    
    
    416
    451
    416
    451
    416
    451
    
    
    
    
    Type
    
    
    
    
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    
    
    
    
    Source Day 1
    
    
    
    
    5.4
    <'
    <,
    9.0
    7.0
    7.0
    
    
    
    
    Day 2 Day 3 Average
    
    
    
    
    330 330
    
    -------
                                               Table  V-13
    
                                     SECONDARY  LEAD  SAMPLING DATA
                                            RESPIRATOR WASH
                                             RAW WASTEWATER
                                                                   Concent rat ions
         I'oilutantsOO
    
    Toxtc Pollutants
    
    I I4.  nnt imony
    
    
    
    H5.  ;' r s e n I c
    
    
    
    117.  beryllium
    
    
    
    118.   • a din I urn
    
    
    
    1.19.  chromium (total)
    
    
    
    120. . copper
    
    
    
    122.  lead
    
    
    
    124.  nickel
    Stream Sa
    Code T
    nple (mg/1. Except as Noted) m
    ftte Source Day 1
    
    
    
    
    415
    453
    454
    
    415
    453
    454
    415
    453
    454
    415
    453
    454
    415
    453
    454
    415
    453
    454
    415
    453
    454
    415
    453
    454
    415
    453
    454
    <0.01
    <0.01
    <0.01
    
    <0.01
    <0.01
    <0.01
    <0.005
    <0.005
    <0.005
    <0.02
    <0.02
    <0.02
    <0.02
    <0.02
    <0.02
    0.15
    0.15
    0.15
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.02
    <0.02
    <().() 2
    Day 2
    
    
    
    
    
    <0.01
    0.06
    
    
    <0.01
    0.03
    
    <0.005
    <0.005
    
    <0.02
    0.04
    
    <0.02
    <0.02
    
    0.3
    0.4
    
    0.3
    5.15
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    0.3
    1.04
    Day 3 Average
    • -
    
    
    
    <0.01 
    -------
                                        Table  V-13  (Continued)
    
                                    SECONDARY LEAD SAMPLING  DATA
                                            RESPIRATOR  WASH
                                             RAW WASTEWATER
    NoncgnventlonaI Pollutant^
    
    A1 tun 1 nu in
    
    
    
    
    Ammonia
    
    
    
    
    Bar I vim
    
    
    
    
    Boron
    
    
    
    Oa 1 c him
    
    
    
    
    Cobalt
    
    
    
    
    I ron
    
    
    
    
    Map,nes lum
                               Sr. ream
                                Code
    415
    453
    454
    
    415
    453
    454
    
    415
    453
    454
    
    415
    453
    454
    
    415
    453
    454
    
    415
    453
    454
    
    415
    453
    454
    
    415
    453
    454
    
    415
    453
    454
                                                   Source
     0.1
     0.1
    
     NA
     NA
     NA
    
     0.05
    <0.5
    <0.5
    51.5
    93.2
    93.2
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
                                           Concentrations
                                       (niR/l. Except as Noted)	
                                    Day. 1        Day 2Day 3
                                                                                                      Average
    22
    27
                                                   27.2
    
                                                   <0.05
                                                   <0.05
                                                   <0.05
                            <0.05
                            <0.05
    85.5
    91 .3
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
     0.35
    25.3
    25.3
                           <0.05
                           <0.05
                                          NA
                                          NA
                                          NA
    
                                         <0.05
                  39.5
                  <0.05
                  0.35
                                                                                        15.2
                                         <0.05
                              <0.05
                              <0.05
                              <0.05
    39.5
    85.5
    91 .3
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
     0.35
    <0.05
     0.35
    15
    25.
    25,
                                                                     W
                                                                     O
    
                                                                     §
                                                                     O
                                                                     K
    
                                                                     W
                    en
                    c:
                    w
                    o
                                                                     W
                                                                     0
                                             cn
                                             w
                                             o
                                              I
    
                                             <
                              <0.05
                              <0.05
                              <0.05
    

    -------
                                                 Table V-13  (Continued)
    
                                              SECONDARY LEAD  SAMPLING DATA
                                                    RESPIRATOR WASH
                                                      RAW WASTEWATER
                                                                          Concentrations
    O
    
    Pollutants (_a_)
    
    Nonconvont lonal Pol
    
    Mo lybdenum
    
    
    
    Sod 1 urn
    
    
    
    Tin
    
    
    
    Tl tan! urn
    
    
    Vanadl urn
    
    
    
    Yttrium
    
    
    Stream Sample
    Code Type Source
    
    lutants (Continued)
    
    415
    453
    454
    
    415
    453
    454
    
    415
    453
    454
    
    415
    453
    454
    415
    453
    454
    
    415
    453
    454
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    7.1
    14.9
    14.9
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    <0.05
    
    
    <0.05
    
    
    
    <0.05
    
    
    (mg/l, Except as Noted)
    Day 1 Day 2
    
    
    
    
    <0'.05
    <0.05
    
    
    25.6
    18.3
    
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    Day 3 Average
    
    
    
    <0.05 <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    40.9 40.9
    25.6
    18.3
    
    <0.05 <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    <0.05 <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05 <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    <0.05 <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    to
    
    0
    55
    O
    S
    KJ
    
    W
    >
    0
    t/i
    c
    w
    n
    H3
    w
    O
    O
    K
    
    
    to
    M
    n
    l-q
    ' J
    1
    Conventional Pollutants
    Oil and (Jrease
    
    
    Total Suspended Sol
    
    
    pll (standard unl t s)
    
    
    415 5.4
    453 <1
    454 <1
    Ids (TSS) 415 <1
    453 9.0
    454 9.0
    415 7.0
    453 7.0
    454 7.0
    
    6.2
    NA
    
    7.0
    21
    
    7.0
    7.0
    5 5
    6.2
    
    14 14
    7.0
    21
    7.0
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
              (a)  The roxic orjvmUr fractions were not analyzed for these streams
    
              NA - not  analyzed
    

    -------
                       Table V-14
    
      SECONDARY LEAD WASTEWATER SAMPLING  DATA
                        LAUNDRY
                     RAW WASTEWATER
    Scream  Sample
        Concentrations
    (mg/I.  Except as Noted)
    Pol lot anus (a)
    
    Toxic Pollutants
    
    1 1 't . ant Imony
    
    II. arsenl c
    
    
    117. bery 1 1 lum
    
    
    118. cadmium
    VD
    o
    --J 119. chromium (total)
    
    1 20 . copper
    
    122. lead
    
    
    124. n 1 eke 1
    
    128. zinc
    
    Nonconvent lonal Pollutants
    A luml nnm
    
    Aimn'on 1 a
    
    Code JTj
    
    
    
    414
    452
    414
    452
    
    414
    452
    
    4)4
    452
    
    414
    452
    414
    452
    414
    452
    
    414
    452
    414
    452
    
    414
    452
    414*
    452
    rpe Source Day 1
    
    
    
    <0.01
    <0.01
    <0.01
    <0.01
    
    <0.005
    <0.005
    
    <0.02
    <0.02
    
    <0.02
    <0.02
    0.15
    0.15
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.02
    <0.02
    
    1 <0.1
    1 0.1
    1 NA
    1 NA
    Day 2 Day 3
    
    
    
    0.06
    0.15
    <0.01
    0.02
    
    <0.005
    <0.005
    
    <0.02
    <0.02
    
    <0.02
    <0.02
    0.25
    0.2
    11.5
    14.9
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    0.1
    1 .06
    
    0.2
    0.3
    / NA
    NA
    Average
    
    
    
    0.06
    0.15
    <0.01
    0.02
    
    <0.005
    <0.005
    
    <0.02
    <0.02
    
    <0.02
    <0.02
    0.25
    0.2
    1 1 .5
    14.9
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    0.1
    1 .00
    
    0.2
    0.3
    
    
    to
    M
    0
    n
    2
    0
    w
    K
    IT1
    M
    B
    
    to
    C
    O
    *%1
    
    8
    
    
    
    to
    M
    O
    1-3
    1
    <
    
    
    •
    
    
    

    -------
             Table V-14  (^ontinueu;
    
    SECONDARY LEAD WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                    LAUNDRY
                 RAW WASTEWATER
                                    Concent rat Ions
    Stream
    PollutantsOO Code
    
    Nonconvent lonal Pollutants (Continued)
    
    Barium 414
    452
    Boron 414
    452
    
    (,'alclum 414
    452
    h-> Cobalt 414
    & 452
    o
    oo
    I ron 414
    452
    
    M. >>nes lum 4 1 4
    452
    Manganese 414
    452
    
    Molybdenum 414
    452
    Sodi urn 4 1 4
    452
    Tin 414
    452
    Titanium 414
    452
    Vanadium 414
    452
    Yll r him 414
    452
    Sample
    Type
    
    
    
    1
    1
    1
    1
    
    1
    1
    1
    1
    
    
    1
    1
    
    1
    1
    1
    1
    
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    
    Source
    
    
    
    0.05
    <0.05
    <0.1
    <0 . 1
    
    51.5
    93.2
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    22.3
    27.2
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    7.1
    14.9
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <().() 5
    (mg/l, Except as Noted)
    Day 1 Day 2 Day 3
    
    
    
    0.05
    0.1
    0.2
    
    
    37.8
    94.1
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    
    0.55
    1.35
    
    14.8
    25.5
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    78.9
    26.9
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    Average
    
    
    
    0.05
    0.1
    0.2
    
    
    37.8
    94.1
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    
    0.55
    1.35
    
    14.8
    25.5
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    78.9
    26.9
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    W
    W
    0
    O
    §
    O
    jti
    Kj
    tr1
    W
    O
    
    S
    O
    •^
    l_q
    M
    a
    o
    3
    
    
    W
    W
    O
    1-3
    1
    <
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    -------
                                            Table V-14  (Continued)
    
                                 SECONDARY LEAD WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                                                    LAUNDRY
                                                 RAW  WASTEWATER
          PoUutant3(a)
    
    Convent tona1 Foilutants
    
    Oil  anil (>'rease
    Stream   Sample
     Code     Type
    414
    452
    Total  SuK|>em1<>d Solids (TSS)   414
                                452
    pll (standard units)
    414
    452
                      Source
                                                   5.4
    9.0
    
    7.0
    7.0
                                                                      Concentrations
                                                                  (oiR/1. Except as Noted)
                                                               Day  I
                            Day 2
    Day 3
                                                                        Average
                                                                                      90
    
                                                                                     160
                                                                                     110
                                                            6.0
                                                            6.0
                                                                        8.4
                                                                       90
    
                                                                       160
                                                                       110
                                                                                           M
                                                                                           O
                                                                                           O
                                                                                           55
                                                                                          tr1
                                                                                          M
                                                                                                                     §
                                                                                                                     o
                                                                                                                     M
                                                                                                                     Q
                                                                                                                     O
                                                                                                                     M
                                                                                                                     O
                                                                                                                     I
    
                                                                                                                     <
    (a)  The  toxic organic fractions were not analyzed for these streams
    
    NA - not  analyzed
    

    -------
                   Table V-15
    
    SECONDARY LEAD WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                 MISCELLANEOUS
                 RAW  WASTEWATER
                                    ConcentraLIons
    
    I'ol lutants(a)
    
    Toxir Pollutants
    
    23. chloroform
    
    jy . 1 luuranthene
    
    44. methylene chloride
    56. nitrobenzene
    
    l — *
    [5 66. bls(2-ethylhexyl)
    o phthalate
    
    
    67. butyl benzyl phthalate
    68. (li-n-butyl phthalate
    
    69. itl-n-octyl phthalate
    76. chrysenp (b)
    
    
    /•!. anthracene (c)
    81. phenantttrene (c)
    84 pyrene
    87. | r Ichloroethy 1 ene
    1 1 'i . iinl 1 inony
    
    
    
    
    
    
    Stream
    Code
    
    
    
    20
    75
    75
    
    20
    20
    108
    
    20
    75
    108
    
    75
    20
    108
    75
    20
    75
    108
    20
    108
    75
    20
    20
    75
    76
    77
    108
    411
    413
    Sample
    Type
    
    
    
    1
    2
    6
    
    1
    7
    2
    
    7
    6
    2
    
    6
    7
    2
    6
    7
    6
    2
    7
    2
    6
    1
    7
    6
    1
    1
    2
    8
    8
    (rng/1, Except as Noted)
    Source Day 1 Day 2 Da^ 3
    
    
    
    0.024 0.012 0.018
    0.049 0.018 0.079
    * 0.027
    
    0.06 ND ND
    ND
    0.016
    
    0.027
    0.575 0.865
    0'.031
    
    * 0.089
    0.031
    0.014
    * 0.019
    <0.04
    ND 0.139
    ND
    <0.04
    *
    * 0.038
    ND * <0.27
    16
    <0.1 45
    <0.1 0.6
    <0.1 11
    83
    <0.01 21 13 12
    <0.01 45 120 110
    
    Average
    
    
    
    0.018
    0.047
    0.027
    
    0.06
    
    0.016
    
    0.027
    0.865
    0.031
    
    0.089
    0.031
    0.014
    0.019
    <0.04
    0.139
    
    <0.04
    *
    0.038
    *
    16
    45
    0.6
    It
    83
    15
    91
    
    M
    M
    n
    
    o
    
    K;
    f
    w
    o
    en
    c!
    w
    o
    
    1-3
    W
    §
    K;
    
    w
    w
    n
    H3
    i
    <
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    -•
    
    

    -------
                                       Table V-15  (Continued)
                             SECONDARY  LEAD WASTEWATER SAMPLING  DATA
                                            MISCELLANEOUS
                                            RAW WASTEWATER
    
                                                                  ConcentratIons
         Pollutant3(a)
    
    Toxic t'ol lutants (Continued)
    
    115.  nrsen 1 c
    117.  beryI 1 lum
    118.
    r;n.
    cadmium
    1 19.  chromium (total)
         copper
    I L \ .  cyanide
    12?.   lead
      1.  . inercury
    Stream
    Code
    
    
    
    20
    75
    76
    n
    108
    611
    613
    
    41 1
    613
    611
    613
    
    611
    613
    20
    75
    108
    611
    '.13
    
    20
    73
    108
    20
    73
    108
    175
    411
    613
    20
    73
    108
    Sample
    Type
    
    
    
    7
    6
    1
    1
    2
    8
    8
    
    8
    8
    8
    8
    
    8
    8
    7
    6
    2
    8
    8
    
    7
    6
    2
    7
    6
    2
    1
    8
    8
    7
    6
    2
    (rog/1, Except as NotedJ
    Source
    
    
    
    
    <0.01
    <0.01
    <0.01
    
    <0.01
    <0.01
    
    <0.005
    <0.005
    <0.02
    <0.02
    
    <0.02
    <0.02
    
    0.01
    
    0.15
    0.15
    
    
    
    
    
    0.05
    
    
    <0.03
    <0.05
    
    0.0001
    
    Day 1
    
    
    
    3
    6.4
    0.01
    1 .2
    16
    4.9
    14
    
    <0.05
    <0.005
    21.6
    38.1
    
    0.2
    0.66
    3
    3
    10
    6.5
    41 .6
    
    <0.001
    0.007
    0.006
    7
    80
    7
    9.9
    15.5
    13.9
    0.006
    0.0007
    0.0126
    Day _2
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    2.8
    36
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    6
    103
    
    <0.2
    1.6
    
    
    
    3.5
    36.5
    
    <0.001
    0.006
    
    
    
    
    
    16.0
    14.5
    
    
    
    Day 3
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    1 .7
    14
    
    <0.05
    <0.005
    2.6
    33.8
    
    <0.2
    0.96
    
    <0.006
    
    1.5
    23.9
    
    0.004
    0.013
    
    
    <0 .02
    
    
    21.0
    10.6
    
    <0.0001
    
    Average
    
    
    
    3
    6.6
    0.01
    1 .2
    16
    3.1
    20
    
    <0.05
    <0.02
    10
    58.3
    
    0.06
    1.07
    3
    3
    10
    3.8
    36
    
    0.002
    0.0087
    0.006
    7
    60
    7
    9
    16.8
    13.0
    0.006
    0.0004
    0.0126
    
    cn
    n
    O
    53
    O
    2
    K
    
    f
    M
    
    O
    Tf\
    \J 1
    0
    H
    M
    0
    g
    "*
    
    
    cn
    M
    n
    i
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    -------
             Table V-15  (Continued)
    
    SECONDARY LEAD WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                 MISCELLANEOUS
                 RAW WASTEWATER
                                  Concentrat iona
    
    Pol lulants(a)
    
    
    Toxic Pollutants (Continued)
    
    1 :"i. nickel
    
    
    
    
    
    1 2 f> . s 1 1 ve r
    
    
    
    
    
    \21. thai Hum
    
    
    
    
    128. zinc
    
    
    
    
    Nonconvent Iona I Pol lutants
    a 1 umi nuin
    
    amtnonl a
    
    hat i inn
    
    boron
    
    c.ilcium
    
    St ream
    Code
    
    
    
    
    20
    75
    108
    411
    413
    
    20
    75
    76
    77
    108
    
    20
    75
    76
    77
    108
    20
    75
    108
    41 1
    413
    
    41 1
    413
    20
    413
    411
    413
    411
    411
    411
    413
    Sample
    Type
    
    
    
    
    7
    6
    2
    8
    8
    
    7
    6
    1
    1
    2
    
    7
    6
    1
    1
    2
    7
    6
    • 2
    8
    8
    
    8
    8
    1
    8
    8
    8
    8
    8
    8
    8
    
    Source
    
    
    
    
    
    <0.005
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    
    <0.02
    <0.02
    <0.02
    
    
    
    <0.1
    <0.1
    <0. 1
    
    
    0.1
    
    <0.02
    <0.02
    
    <0.1
    <0.1
    
    NA
    0.05
    0.05
    <0.1
    <0.1
    51 .5
    51 .5
    (n>g;
    Day 1
    
    
    
    
    1
    <0.9
    2
    5
    17.3
    
    <0.25
    0.04
    <0.02
    <0.02
    0.07
    
    <0.05
    0.3
    <0.1
    <0 . 1
    0.'5
    3
    4
    20
    38.4
    97.9
    
    24
    52.3
    4.86
    NA
    <0.5
    <0.5
    2
    5.7
    754
    52.8
    '1, Except as
    Day 2
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    2.5
    48
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    14.6
    120
    
    17
    94
    25.08
    7
    <0.5
    <0.5
    2
    12
    471
    437
    Noted)
    Day 3
    
    
    
    
    
    <0.0()5
    
    1 .5
    24.6
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    0.6
    
    5.8
    67.2
    
    15
    66.4
    6.42
    <0.02
    <0.5
    <0.5
    <1
    9.5
    639
    635
    
    Average
    
    
    
    
    1
    <0.45
    2
    3
    29.9
    
    <0.25
    0.04
    <0.02
    <0.02
    0.07
    
    <0.05
    0.3
    <0. 1
    <0 . 1
    0.*5
    3
    2.3
    20
    19.6
    95.0
    
    18
    70.9
    12.12
    3.5
    <0.5
    <0.5
    1.3
    9.0
    621
    374
    to
    W
    
    o
    g
    O
    w
    K
    
    f
    w
    o
    
    to
    cj
    W
    O
    H
    W
    O
    O
    s
    *s
    
    to
    w
    o
    "~3
    1
    <
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    -------
             TableV-15  (Continued)
    
    SECONDARY LEAD WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                 MISCELLANEOUS
                 RAW WASTEWATER
                                      Concentrations
    Stream Sample
    Pollutants(a)
    
    Nonconvent lonal Pollutants
    chemical oxygen demand
    (COD)
    
    cohal t
    
    
    I ron
    M
    I—1 magnesium
    OJ
    
    manganese
    
    mol y bdenum
    
    phenols (total; by A-AAP
    method)
    
    sodium
    
    tin
    
    1 1 1 a n I urn
    
    ti>i.,-il organic carbon
    (TOG)
    
    Code
    
    (Cont Inued)
    20
    75
    108
    All
    4 1 3
    
    All
    413
    AM
    A13
    
    All
    A13
    
    AM
    A13
    20
    75
    108
    AH
    A13
    All
    413
    AH
    413
    20
    75
    108
    Type
    
    
    7
    2
    2
    8
    8
    
    8
    8
    8
    8
    
    8
    8
    
    8
    8
    1
    2
    2
    8
    8
    8
    8
    8
    8
    7
    2
    2
    Source
    
    
    
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    22.3
    22.3
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    
    7.1
    7.1
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    
    
    (mg/1. Except as
    Day 1
    
    
    65
    152
    IAA
    <0.5
    O.A
    
    173
    75A
    A. 390
    258
    
    2.5
    1.35
    
    <0.5
    <0.05
    0.007
    0.006
    0.01
    661
    1 ,170
    <5
    <0.5
    2.5
    5.7
    A
    AA
    70
    Day 2
    
    
    
    
    <0.5
    1
    
    129
    1 ,170
    7.0AO
    233
    
    2
    2
    
    <0.5
    <0.5
    0.012
    0.018
    
    559
    1 ,A20
    <5
    <5
    2
    3.5
    ,
    
    
    Noted)
    Day 3
    
    
    
    
    <0.5
    0.6
    
    67.5
    982
    7,390
    23A
    
    2
    1.A5
    
    <0.5
    <0.05
    0.006
    0.01
    
    538
    823
    <5
    <0.5
    0.5
    5.25
    
    
    
    
    Average
    
    
    65
    152
    IAA
    <0.5
    0.6
    
    123
    968
    6,270
    2A1
    
    2.1
    1.6
    
    <0.5
    <0.2
    0.0083
    0.011
    0.01
    586
    1,1 AO
    <5
    <2
    1.6
    A. 8
    A
    A A
    70
    
    Cfl
    n
    o
    1
    K
    f1
    M
    
    O
    W
    §
    n
    (_3
    w
    g
    K
    
    
    W
    W
    Q
    
    1
    <
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    -------
                                           Table  V-15  (Continued)
    
                                SECONDARY LEAD  WASTEWATER  SAMPLING DATA
                                                MISCELLANEOUS
                                                RAW WASTEWATER
    Stream   Sample
                                                                        Concent rat ions
                                                                   (roR/1.  Except as Noted)
    I'ol lulant s (a)
    Nunconvent tonal I'ol lutants
    	 ~ 	 ""
    v aii.-id t urn
    
    y ( 1 i I inn
    
    
    Convent 1 on a 1 Pol 1 ntants
    
    o 1 1 and j> rease
    
    
    
    
    lot nl suspended solids
    ( TSS)
    
    
    
    
    j>ll (s 1 iindard unl t s)
    
    
    
    
    Code
    (Cont Inued)
    
    41 1
    413
    41 1
    41 3
    
    
    
    20
    7 5
    108
    
    413
    20
    75
    108
    175
    41 1
    413
    20
    75
    108
    411
    413
    Type
    
    
    8
    8
    8
    8
    
    
    
    1
    2
    1
    1
    1
    7
    2
    2
    1
    8
    8
    1
    1
    1
    8
    8
    Source
    
    
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    <0.05
    
    
    
    
    
    
    5.4
    5.4
    
    
    
    
    <1
    <1
    
    
    
    7.0
    7.0
    Day 1
    
    
    <0.5
    0.1
    <0.5
    <0.05
    
    
    
    76
    23
    7
    14
    3.3
    428
    1 .122
    836
    
    -------
                    Table V-16
    
    SECONDARY LEAD WASTEWATER  SAMPLING DATA
       TREATMENT PLANT  SAMPLES  -  PLANT A
    Stream  Sample
        Concentrations
    (niR/1. Except as Noted)
    
    Toxic
    
    23.
    66.
    
    
    67.
    64.
    
    1 14.
    in.
    117.
    
    1 IH.
    
    II').
    120.
    121 .
    122.
    12 •' .
    124.
    26.
    127.
    12B.
    Pol lutants
    Pol lutants
    
    chl orof orm
    bls(2-ethylhexyl)
    ph thai ate
    
    butyl benzyl phthalate
    dl-n-octyl phthalate
    
    ant Imony
    arsenl c
    beryl 1 Inm
    
    cadinl um
    
    chromium
    copper
    cyanide
    lead
    mercury
    nickel
    si 1 ver
    thai 1 I urn
    zinc-
    Code
    
    
    74
    74
    
    
    74
    74
    
    74
    74
    74
    
    74
    
    74
    74
    74
    74
    74
    74
    74
    74
    74
    Type
    
    
    2
    6
    
    
    6
    6
    
    6
    6
    6
    
    6
    
    6
    6
    6
    6
    6
    6
    6
    6
    6
    Source
    
    
    
    0.575
    
    
    *
    *
    
    <0.1
    <0.01
    <0.001
    
    0.03
    
    <0.005
    0.01
    
    0.05
    0.0001
    <0.005
    <0.02
    <0.1
    0.1
    Day 1
    
    
    0.017
    0.021
    
    
    ND
    Nl)
    
    20
    2.9
    <0.01
    
    0.4
    
    0.2
    1
    <0.001
    6
    0.0004
    0.6
    <0.02
    0.2
    3
    Day 2 Day 3
    
    
    0.015 0.037
    
    
    
    ND
    ND
    
    
    
    
    -------
                                                     Table  V-16  (Continued)
    
                                           SECONDARY  LEAD  WASTEWATER SAMPLING  DATA
                                              TREATMENT PLANT SAMPLES -  PLANT  A
                              Stream   Sample
                               C
                                                                                Concent rat Ions
                                                                            (me/I, Except  as Noted)
    VD
    h-1
    CT\
    chemical oxygen demand
      (COD)
    
    chl or Ide
    
    phenols (tor a 1 ; by
      AAAP method)
    
    total organic  carbon
      (IOC)
    
    Conventlona1
    
    o t 1  anil Rrease
    
    I oral suspended solids
      (TSS)
    
    pll  (standard units)
    lode Type Source Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Average
    
    
    7/4 2
    74 2
    7A 2
    
    7/4 2
    
    
    
    74 2
    74 2
    74 1
    
    
    
    
    
    W
    O
    O
    32 32 g
    309 309 K;
    0.008 0.01 0.007 0.008 ^
    O
    19 19 M
    C
    W
    O
    3 NO 28 15.5 W
    0
    351 351 §
    234
    W
    O
    (-3
    I
    <
    

    -------
                   Table  V-17
    
    SECONDARY LEAD WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
       TREATMENT PLANT  SAMPLES - PLANT B
                                     Concentrations
    Pollutants
    
    Toxic Pollutants
    114. antimony
    
    118. cadmium
    
    
    119. chromium
    
    
    120. copper
    
    122. lead
    
    
    123. mercury
    
    124. nickel
    
    
    12H. zinc
    
    Nonconvent lonal
    phenols (total: hy
    4-AAP method)
    Conventional
    total suspended solids
    (TSS)
    pll (standard units)
    
    Stream
    Code
    
    
    206
    207
    206
    207
    
    206
    207
    
    206
    207
    206
    207
    
    206
    207
    206
    207
    
    206
    207
    
    206
    207
    
    206
    207
    206
    207
    Sample
    Type Source
    
    
    2
    2
    2
    2
    
    2
    2
    
    2
    2
    2
    2
    
    2
    2
    2
    2
    
    2
    2
    
    5
    5
    
    5
    5
    5
    5
    (ng/1. Except as Noted)
    Day 1 Day 2 Day 3
    
    
    1.22
    1.13
    0.03
    0.11
    
    0.09
    0.09
    
    0.04
    0.16
    0.27
    11.7
    
    <0.0002
    0.00066
    0.15
    O.U
    
    0.06
    0.58
    
    <0.004
    <0.004
    
    0.01
    0.05
    8.3
    1.4
    
    Average
    
    
    1.22
    1.13
    0.03
    0.11
    
    0.09
    0.09
    
    0.04
    0.16
    0.27
    11.7
    
    <0.0002
    0.00066
    0.15
    0.14
    
    0.06
    0.58
    
    <0.004
    <0.004
    
    0.01
    0.05
    
    
    C/J
    M
    0
    o
    
    la
    K;
    IT"
    M
    §
    
    C/J
    w
    o
    M
    Q
    O
    »
    
    
    C/J
    M
    0
    ••3
    I
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    -------
                                                              Table V-18
    
                                           SECONDARY LEAD  WASTEWATER  SAMPLING DATA
                                              TREATMENT PLANT  SAMPLES -  PLANT C
    00
                      Pol jut ants
    
                Toxtc Pollutants
    
                 21.   clilorof orra
    
                 Ml.   1 ,2-trans-dlchloro-
                      ethylene
    
                 66.   bls(2-ethylhexyl)
                      phtlialat e
    
                 8/.   tr Ichloroethy1ene
    
                I I 4.   ant Imony
                118.   cadmium
    
                119.   chromium
    
                120.   copper
    
                121.   cyan I He
    
                \'n.   lead
    
                12').   mercury
    
                124.   nickel
    
                127.   thallium
    
                128.   zinc
    
                Nonconvent tona I
    
                chemical  oxygen
                  (U'lii.md  (U(li))
    
                total  organic carbon
                  (TOO
    
                phenol s  (r.ot.a I ; by
                  4-AAP me I hod)
                                           Stream   Sample
        ConcentratIons
    (rag/1. Except as Noted)
    Code
    
    
    
    
    107
    107
    
    107
    
    107
    
    
    107
    109
    
    107
    
    107
    107
    107
    
    
    107
    
    107
    107
    107
    107
    107
    107
    107
    Type Source
    
    
    
    
    2
    2
    
    2
    
    2
    
    
    2
    1
    
    2
    
    2
    2
    2
    
    
    2
    
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    Day 1
    
    
    
    
    0.028
    0.026
    
    0.0199
    
    <0. 02800
    
    
    <0.1000
    0.7
    
    0.02
    
    0.07
    0.02
    0.001
    
    
    0.2
    
    <0.1
    0.02
    <0.1
    0.1
    55
    21
    0.006
    Day 2
    
    
    
    
    0.03
    ' 0.013
    
    0.022
    
    *
    
    
    1.1
    
    
    <0.002
    
    0.04
    0.03
    <0.001
    
    
    0.2
    
    <0.l
    <0.005
    0.1
    0.1
    63
    48
    0.004
    Day 3 Average
    
    
    
    
    0.03
    0.0195
    
    0.0.205
    
    *
    
    
    0.5
    0.7
    
    0.02
    
    0.055
    0.025
    0.001
    
    
    0.2
    
    <0.l
    0.0 1
    0.1
    0.1
    59
    34.5
    0.005
    CO
    M
    O
    O
    2;
    O
    §
    IT1
    M
    >
    O
    CO
    CJ
    to
    o
    ft
    1-3
    M
    O
    O
    *)
    
    
    CO
    M
    O
    i-3
    I
    <
    
    
    
    
    
    

    -------
                                         Table V-18  (Continued)
    
    
                               SECONDARY  LEAD WASTEWATER  SAMPLING DATA
    
                                  TREATMENT PLANT SAMPLES  - PLANT C
         Pollutants
    Conventional
    
    
    <> i I  and grease
    
    
    l.utal suspended solids
    
      (TSS)
    
    
    pi  (standard units)
    Stream   Sample
    
     Code     Type
     107
    
    
     107
    
    
    
    
     107
                                                                   ConcentratIons
                                                               (mR/1. Except as Noted)
    Source
    Day  I
    Day 2
    Day 3
                                                    Average
                4
    
    
               51
    
    
    
    
                8.8
               5
    
    
              84
                           4.5
    
    
                          67.5
    
    
    
    
                           8.8
    t/1
    M
    O
    
    §
    O
    
    
    §
    
    f
    M
    
    g
    
    cn
                                                                                                               o
                                                                                                               w
                                                                                                               o
                                                                                                               i
    
                                                                                                               <
    

    -------
    Page Intentionally Blank
    

    -------
               Table V-19  (Continued)
    
    
    
    SECONDARY LEAD VMSTEVJATER SAMPLING  DATA
    
        TRKATMKNT  PLANT SAMPLES  -  PLANT  D
          I'll I I in ant H
    
    
    
    
    Convent I on,i I
    
    
    
    
    o i I  anil f',1 case
    
    
    
    
    total  suspended sol l
    -------
                                                              Table V-20
    
    
    
                                            SECONDARY LEAD WASTEWATER SAMPLING  DATA
    
                                               TREATMENT  PLANT  SAMPLES  - PLANT  E
    to
                   i'ol lutants
    
    
    
                T»xlc I'ol lutarits
    
    
    
                66.  l>is(2-erhylhexyl)
    
                    phi lial ate
                68.  ili-n-buiyl
    
                    pht halate
     /6.   ohrysene
    
    
    
    
     /H.   anthracene    (a)
    
    
    
     81.   plu'nanthrene   (a)
    
    
    
    114.   a lit I ninny
    
    
    
    
    
    
    M 5.   arsen I c
    
    
    
    
    
    
     17.   h e r y11i urn
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    118.   cadmium
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    1 1 '(.   oh roinl inn
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    I 20.   copper
                              Stream   Sample
    
                              .-CoiifL-    Type
                                                                                 Concent rat Ions
    
                                                                            OR/1.  Except as Noted)
    
                                                                                         ~
    153
    1 54
    155
    156
    153
    154
    155
    156
    155
    156
    155
    156
    153
    154
    156
    153
    155
    156
    153
    154
    155
    156
    153
    154
    155
    156
    153
    154
    155
    156
    153
    154
    155
    2
    1
    1
    2
    2
    1
    1
    2
    1
    2
    1
    2
    2
    1
    2
    2
    1
    2
    2
    1
    1
    2
    1
    1
    1
    2
    2
    1
    1
    2
    2
    1
    1
                                          1 Sf>
    Source Day 1
    
    *
    0.02
    ND
    ND
    ND
    *
    ND
    *
    ND
    0.2
    0.3
    9
    0.03
    200
    18
    0.03
    0.001
    <0.001
    0.002
    0.048
    0.04
    0.29
    1.8
    0.02
    0.003
    0.002
    0.2
    0.07
    0.07
    0.2
    4.5
    Day 2
    *
    0.02
    *
    ND
    ND
    ND
    ND
    ND
    ND
    *
    ND
    0.3
    1.3
    1..5
    0.16
    160
    18
    <0.001
    0.004
    <0.001
    0.002
    0.046
    0.08
    0.039
    2.4
    0.035
    0.006
    0.001
    0.19
    0.08
    0.17
    0.07
    Day 3
    
    *
    0.1
    ND
    ND
    ND
    ND
    *
    ND
    1.4
    0.5
    88
    4
    0.001
    0.001
    0.001
    0.12
    0.028
    '•7
    0.006
    0.001
    0.21
    0.25
    0.06
    3.6
    Average
    *
    0.0067
    0.067
    0.033
    *
    ND
    *
    *
    
    0.25
    1
    3.7
    0.095
    149.3
    1 3.3
    <0.03
    0.002
    0.0003
    0.017
    0.047
    0.08
    0.119
    2.0
    0.28
    0.005
    0.001 3
    0.2
    0.075
    0.163
    0.11
    4.3
                                                                                                                    M
                                                                                                                    O
    
    
                                                                                                                    §
                                                                                                                    d
                                                                                                                    *
    
    
                                                                                                                    M
                                                                                                                               cn
                                                                                                                               c;
                                                                                                                               w
                                                                                                                               o
                                                                                                                               M
                                                                                                                               O
                                                                                                                               cn
                                                                                                                               M
                                                                                                                               n
    

    -------
    UD
    NJ
    CO
         Pol lutants
    
     122.   lead
    
    
    
    
     12).   mercury
    
    
    
    
     124.   nickel
    
    
    
    
     126.   silver
    
    
    
    
     127.   thallium
    
    
     128.   zinc
    
    
    
    
    Nonconvent tonal  .
    
    ammonia
    
    
    
    
    Conventlonal
    
    total suspended  solids
      (TSS)
    
    
    
    pll (standard units)
                                                     Table V-20  (Continued)
    
                                          SECONDARY LEAD WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                                              TREATMENT  PLANT SAMPLES -  PLANT E
                                                                                 Concent rat Ions
                                          Stream   Sample      	(roR/l, Except  as Noted)
                                           Code     Type       ~            ~            ~    ~"
    153
    154
    155
    156
    
    153
    154
    155
    156
    
    153
    154
    155
    156
    
    153
    154
    155
    156
    
    155
    156
    
    153
    154
    155
    156
                                           153
                                           154
                                           155
                                           156
                                           153
                                           154
                                           155
                                           156
    
                                           153
                                           154
                                           155
                                           156
    3
    1
    I
    2
    
    2
    1
    1
    2
    
    2
    I
    I
    2
    
    2
    I
    I
    2
    
    I
    2
    
    2
    I
    I
    2
    Source Day 1
    1 .7
    0.19
    40
    II
    0.0003
    0.0004
    0.0014
    0.0009
    0.16
    0.13
    0.11
    0.92
    0.001
    0.008
    0.002
    0.004
    
    -------
                                                             Table V-21
    
                                           SECONDARY  LEAD WASTEWATER  SAMPLING  DATA
                                             TREATED  WASTEWATER SAMPLES -  PLANT G
                                                                                 Concent rat 1ons
                     f "1 lut ants (a)
    K)
    .to.
                4.  benzene
                    carbon  t et rach 1 or l
    -------
                                             Table V-21  (Continued)
    
                                   SECONDARY LEAD WASTEWATER SAMPLING  DATA
                                     TREATED WASTEWATER SAMPLES - PLANT  G
                                                                      ConcentratIons
    VD
    Stream Sample (mg/1, Except as Noted)
    
    Pollutants(a)
    Code Tj
    me Source Day 1
    Day 2
    Day 3
    Average
    Toxic Pollutants (Continued)
    39.
    
    44.
    
    
    
    47.
    
    
    
    
    48.
    
    49.
    
    
    
    
    •)•>.
    
    57.
    
    
    65.
    
    
    
    f lucranthene
    
    methylene chloride
    
    
    
    bromof orm
    (t r Ibromomethane)
    
    
    
    dlchlorobromomethane
    
    trtchlorof luoromethane
    
    
    
    
    naphthalene
    
    2-nl trophenol
    
    
    phenol
    
    
    
    402 3 * *
    403 3 * •
    404 3 *
    405 3 ND
    402
    403
    404
    405
    402
    403
    404
    405
    
    402
    404
    402
    403
    404
    405
    * *
    *
    *
    *
    ND ND
    ND
    ND
    ND
    
    ND ND
    ND
    ND ND
    *
    ND
    *
    
    402 3 ND ND
    404 3 ND
    402 3 ND *
    404 3 *
    405 3 ND *
    402 3 * *
    403 3 *
    404 3 *
    405 3 *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    
    ND
    ND
    ND
    ND
    *
    NU
    
    NA
    *
    ND
    ND
    NU
    NA
    *
    *
    *
    *
    ND
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    ND
    
    *
    ND
    NU
    ND
    NU
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    * ,
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    
    
    
    
    
    
    *
    *
    *
    *
    
    W
    |
    ^
    f
    
    O
    
    C
    Cfl
    0
    tf
    w
    Q
    2
    »
    
    
    to
    w
    0
    1-3
    I
    <
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    -------
                                              Table V-21  (Continued)
    
                                     SECONDARY LEAD WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                                       TREATED WASTEWATER  SAMPLES - PLANT G
                                                                      Concentrations
    VD
    ro
    CTv
    
    
    Toxic
    
    66.
    
    
    
    
    67.
    
    
    
    
    68.
    
    
    
    
    69.
    
    
    70.
    
    72.
    
    
    
    
    76.
    
    
    
    78.
    
    
    
    
    Pollntant3(a)
    Pollutants (Continued)
    
    bls(2-ethylhexy 1)
    phthal ate
    
    
    
    butyl benzyl plithalate
    
    
    
    
    dl-n-butyl plithalate
    
    
    
    
    dl-n-octyl phthalate
    
    
    dlethyl phthelate
    
    benzo(a)anthracene
    
    
    
    
    chrysene
    
    
    
    anthracene (b)
    
    
    
    Stream
    Code
    
    
    402
    403
    404
    405
    
    402
    403
    404
    405
    
    402
    403
    404
    405
    
    402
    404
    
    402
    404
    402
    403
    404
    405
    
    402
    403
    404
    405
    402
    403
    404
    405
    Sample
    Type
    
    
    3
    3
    3
    3
    
    3
    3
    3
    3
    
    3
    3
    3
    3
    
    3
    3
    
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    («R/l
    Source Day 1
    
    
    0.009 0.160
    *
    *
    *
    
    ND *
    *
    *
    *
    
    * *
    *
    *
    *
    
    ND 0.010
    ND
    
    ND ND
    ND
    * ND
    *
    *
    *
    
    * *
    
    
    
    *
    
    *
    *
    , Except as Noted)
    Day 2
    
    
    0.160
    *
    *
    *
    
    0.010
    *
    *
    *
    
    *
    *
    NA
    *
    
    0.010
    *
    
    *
    *'
    '*
    ND
    *
    *
    
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    Day 3
    
    
    0.099
    *
    *
    *
    
    *
    *
    *
    *
    
    *
    *
    *
    *
    
    *
    *
    
    *
    ND
    *
    *
    *
    *
    
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    Average
    
    
    0.140
    *
    *
    *
    
    *
    *
    *
    *
    
    
    *
    *
    *
    
    *
    *
    
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    *
    *
    
    cn
    M
    O
    
    M
    >
    s
    *
    (_,
    M
    
    O
    cn
    C
    Cd
    o
    ^
    M
    O
    o
    8
    K
    
    
    W
    M
    
    
    1
    <
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    -------
             Table V-21  (Continued)
    
    SECONDARY LEAD WASTEWATER  SAMPLING DATA
      TREATED WASTEWATER  SAMPLES  -  PLANT G
                                    ConcentratIons
    Stream
    Pollutants(a)
    
    Toxic Pollutants (Continued)
    
    80. Clunrene
    
    
    
    8). plienantlirene (b)
    
    
    
    
    84. pyrene
    i — *
    VD
    M
    -J
    85. tetrachloroethy lene
    
    8f>. toluene
    
    
    
    87. tr ichloroethy lene
    
    
    89. al.lrln
    
    91. 4. 4' -DDK
    9">. a Ipha-endosn If an
    97. cnclosu If an snlface
    
    
    %
    Code
    
    
    
    402
    403
    404
    405
    402
    403
    404
    405
    
    402
    403
    404
    
    403
    404
    402
    403
    404
    405
    402
    403
    404
    403
    404
    403
    402
    402
    403
    404
    405
    Sample
    Type Source-
    
    
    
    3 *
    3
    3
    3
    3 *
    3
    3
    3
    
    3 *
    3
    3
    
    *
    
    *
    
    
    
    *
    
    
    3
    3
    3
    3 ND
    3 **
    3
    3
    3
    (niR/l
    Day 1
    
    
    
    *
    *
    NA
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    
    *
    *
    *
    
    ND
    NU
    *
    *
    *
    *
    ND
    ND
    *
    NU
    *
    ND
    ND
    ND
    ND
    **
    **
    , Except as Noted)
    Day 2
    
    
    
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    it
    *
    *
    
    *
    *
    *
    
    ND
    ND
    *
    *
    *
    *
    NU
    ND
    *
    *
    ND
    **
    **
    **
    ** /
    **
    **
    Day 3
    
    
    
    it
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    
    *
    ND
    *
    
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    ND
    ND
    ND
    NU
    ND
    **
    **
    **
    Average
    
    
    
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    
    *
    *
    *
    
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    *
    **
    **
    **
    **
    **
    **
    
    tn
    w
    o
    o
    Q
    !>
    K
    tr1
    W
    0
    \*s
    U)
    
    o
    
    i~3
    w
    o
    
    K
    
    
    tn
    W
    o
    h3
    1
    <
    
    
    
    
    
    '
    
    

    -------
                                                         Table V-21   (Continued)
    
                                              SECONDARY  LEAD WASTEWATER SAMPLING  DATA
                                                TREATED  WASTEWATER  SAMPLES  - PLANT  G
    VD
    NJ
    00
          Pollutants(a)
    
    Toxic Pollutants (Continued)
    
    103.   beta-BIIC
    
    
    
    
    104.   p,;imma-BHC
    
    
    105.   delta-NIC
    
    114.   ant imony
    
    
    
    
    
    115.   arsenlc
    
    
    
    
    
    117.   beryllium
    
    
    
    
    
    118.   cadmium
    
    
    
    
    
    119.   chromium (total)
    
    
    
    
    
    I ?.(}.   copper
                                           Stream
                                            Code
    402
    403
    405
    
    403
    405
    
    402
    
    402
    403
    404
    405
    
    402
    403
    404
    405
    
    402
    403
    404
    405
    
    402
    403
    404
    405
    
    402
    403
    404
    405
    
    402
    403
    404
    405
                                                                        Concentrations
                                                                   (iBR/1. Except  as Noted)
    3
    3
    3
    3
    
    3
    3
    3
    3
    
    3
    3
    3
    3
    
    3
    3
    3
    3
    
    3
    3
    3
    3
    
    3
    3
    3
    3
                       Source
                                                                ND
                                                                                                                  Average
     ND
    
     5.700
    
    
    
    
     0.067
    
    
    
    
    <0.001
    
    
    
    
     0.003
    
    
    
    
     0.005
    
    
    
    
     0.05
                          ND
                          **
                          **
    
                          ND
                          **
    
                          ND
                             **
                             ND
                             ND
    
                             **
                             **
    <0.001
    5.300
    0.990
    9.800b
    6.000
    2.000
    0.650b
    0.022
    0.002
    <0.001
    <0.001
    <0.001b
    8.1
    4.5
    2.9
    2.4b
    0.96
    0.060
    0.082
    0.006b
    3.2
    2.4
    1.8
    1.5
    9.400
    7.200
    6.700
    2.900
    <0.005C
    <0.005C
    0.47
    1 .400
    <0.001
    <0.001
    <0.001
    <0.001
    3.2
    2.4
    2.8
    2.4
    0.70
    0.009
    0.039
    0.012
    3.0
    1.6
    1.7
    1.4
     ND
     ND
     ND
    
     ND
     ND
    
     ND
    
     7.400
     9.8d
     7.100
     4.1
    
     1.000
     3.7
     0.860
     1.4
    
    <0.001
    <0.001
    <0.001
    <0.001
    
     3.4.
     2.7b
     2.2
     2.2
    
     0.57
     0.004b
     0.017
     0.012
                                                                                                      -
                                                                                                     2.0b
                                                                                                     2.0b
                                                                                                     1.6
     **
     **
     **
    
     **
     **
     5.6
     7.4
     4.9
     5.6
    
     2.333
     1.9
     0.66
     0.940
    
     0.001
    <0.001
    <0.001
    <0.001
    
     4.9
     3.2
     2.6
     2.3
    
     0.74
     0.024
     0.046
     0.01
    
     2.8
     2.0
     1.8
     1.5
    to
    M
    O
    i
    M
    §
    en
    c
    td
    O
                                                                                                                                 M
                                                                                                                                 Q
                                                                                                                                to
                                                                                                                                M
                                                                                                                                O
                                                                                                                                 I
                                                                                                                                <
    

    -------
                                             Table V-21  (Continued)
    
                                  SECONDARY LEAD WASTEWATER SAMPLING  DATA
                                    TREATED WASTEWATER SAMPLES -  PLANT G
          Poilutants(a)
    
    Toxic Pollutants (Continued)
    
    121 .   cyanide (total)
    
    
    
    
    
    122.   lead
    
    
    
    
    123.   mercury
    
    
    
    
    
    124.   nickel
    
    
    
    
    
    125.   selenium
    
    
    
    
    
    126.   si Iver
    
    
    
    
    
    127.   thallium
    Stream
     Code
     402
     403
     404
     405
    
     402
     403
     404
     405
    
     402
     403
     404
     405
    
     402
     403
     404
     405
    
     402
     403
     404
     405
    
     402
     403
     404
     405
    
     402
     403
     404
     405
    Source
     0.0074
     0.008
    <0.0002
    <0.001
     8.8
     0.02
                                                   <0.001
                                                    3
           Concentrations
       (mR/I. Except as Noted)	
    Day 1Day 2Day 3
    0.0094
    0.0074
    0.0035
    0.0045b
    11
    16
    12
    0.83
    0.0014
    0.027
    0.030
    <0.0002
    4.2
    3.1
    '•7w
    1.7b
    9.5
    11
    12
    lib
    0.02
    0.02
    0.02
    <0.001b
    0.38
    0.23
    0.051
    0.22
    0.023
    <0.001b
    <0.001
    0.0015
    92
    8.4
    5.9
    0.40
    0.0016
    0.017
    0.015b
    0.0037
    2.5
    1.6
    1.9
    1.8
    9.7
    11
    12
    9.9
    0.02
    <0.001
    <0.001
    <0.001
    0.35
    0.22
    0.20
    0.20
                             0.011
                             0.0035
                             0.0015
                            <0.001
    
                            52  K
                             5.1b
                            13
                             0.55
    
                             0.0017
                             0.0047
                             0.015b
                             0.0069
    
                             1.8
                             2.1b
                             1.5
                             1.6
                              K
                            14b
                            13
                            12
    
                             0.03
                             0.02b
                            <0.001
                            <0.001
    
                             0.40
                             0.38
                             0.25
                             0.25
                                                                          Average
     0.014
     0.0036
     0.0016
     0.002
    
    51
     9.8
    43
     0.59
    
     0.0015
     0.016
     0.020
     0.004
    
     2.8
     2.2
     1.7
     1.7
    
    10
    12
    12
    10
    
     0.02
     0.01
     0.006
    <0.001
    
     0.37
     0.27
     0.16
     0.22
                                                                                            W
                                                                                            O
                                                                                            O
    W
    
    6
    c
    w
    O
                                                                        w
                                                                        Q
    w
    O
    1-3
    I
    
    <
    

    -------
                                                        Table V-21  (Continued)
    
                                             SECONDARY LEAD WASTEWATER  SAMPLING DATA
                                               TREATED WASTEWATER SAMPLES  -  PLANT  G
                    Pollutants (a)
    
               Toxic Pollutants  (Continued)
    
               1>8 .  z 1 nc
    Stream
     Code
     402
     403
                                           405
             Source
              0.04
                                                                                   ConcentratIons
                                                                                     Except as Noted)
                 2.0
                 0.80
                 0.81
                 0.38
                     1.5
                     0.68
                     0.74
                     0.42
                                                    •  K
                                                   0.92b
                                                   0.73
                                                   0.60
                                                                 Average
                                  1.6
                                  0.8
                                  0.76
                                  0.46
                                                                                          to
                                                                                          W
                                                                                          O
               Nonconvent tonal Pollutants
    
               Alkal Inlty
    CO
    O
               Ammonia
               Calcium
               Chemical Oxygen Demand  (COD)
              Magnes lum
               Phenol 1
     402
     403
     404
     405
    
     402
     403
     404
     405
    
     402
     403
     404
     405
    
     402
     403
     404
     405
    
     402
     403
     404
     405
    
     402
     403
     404
     405
    3
    3
    3
    3
    
    3
    3
    3
    3
    
    3
    3
    3
    3
    
    3
    3
    3
    3
    
    3
    3
    3
    3
    
    1
    1
    1
    1
    160
      2.1
     23
     <1
     11
     <0.001
        0
       180
       260
       50Qb
    
    11.000
     7.200b
     7,200
     7.200
    
        6.1
        27
        3V
        36b
    
       440
       400b
       320
     .  130
    
        42
        19
        21K
        22b
    
        <0.001
        <0.001
        <0.001
        <0.001
        80b
       280
       240
    
    15.000
     6,800
     5.700
     6,500
        63
        32
         3.9
         7.2
    
       300
       120
       160
       130
    
        37
        22
        25
        20
    
         0.170
        
    -------
    OJ
                                                   Table V-21  (Continued)
    
                                         SECONDARY  LEAD WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                                           TREATED  WASTEWATER SAMPLES  - PLANT G
                                                                              Concent rat Iona
    
    Pol lutants(a)
    
    Nonconvent lonal Pol
    Sul f al e
    
    
    
    Stream
    Code
    
    lutants (Continued)
    402
    403
    404
    405
    Conventional Pollutants
    
    O 1 1 and (.'rease
    
    
    
    
    Total Suspended Sol
    
    
    
    pll
    
    
    
    
    
    
    402
    403
    404
    405
    
    ids (TSS) 402
    403
    404
    405
    402
    403
    404
    405
    
    
    Sample
    Type Source
    
    
    3 55
    3
    3
    3
    
    1 7.3
    1
    1
    1
    
    3 22
    3
    3
    3
    1 6.9
    1
    1
    1
    
    
    (n.g/1.
    Day 1
    
    
    860
    780
    800
    870
    
    53
    7.3
    5.4
    7.6
    
    1 .400
    250
    340
    110
    7.1
    7.3
    7.7
    7.7
    
    
    Except as Noted)
    Day 2
    
    
    940
    780
    810
    860
    
    54
    17
    21
    13
    
    830
    150
    170
    140
    6.7
    6.3
    7.6
    7.7
    
    
    Day 3
    
    
    670
    720
    810
    840
    
    63
    20
    20
    6
    
    800
    240
    240
    280
    7.0
    6.4
    7.2
    7.5
    
    
    Average
    
    
    820
    760
    810
    860
    
    56
    14
    15
    8.8
    
    1,010
    210
    250
    180
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    Cfl
    M
    n
    §
    o
    j>
    K
    f
    M
    §
    
    Cfl
    tfl
    n
    i T
    H
    M
    O
    O
    K
    
    
    w
    M
    n
               (a)  Three samples for each stream were analyzed for all toxic organic pollutants.
    
               (h)  Average of duplicate analysis
    
               (c)  Chemical matrix Interference
    
               NA - not analyzed
    

    -------
                                                                 Table  V-22
    
                                             SECONDARY LEAD  WASTEWATER SAMPLING  DATA
                                                TREATED WASTEWATER  SAMPLES  -  PLANT  H
                       l'ollutants(a)
    
                       Pollutants
                 I I lt.   ant l-nnny
                                Stream   Sample
                                 Code     Type
                                              420
                                                                 Source
                                                    <0.01
                                                    <0.01
                                                    <0.01
                                                                                      ConcentratIons
                                                                                  (mg/I, Except as Noted)
                                    2.1
                                    1.3
                                    1.4
                             3.6
                             1.6
                             1.5
                               7
                               1.7
                               2.4
                                                                            Average
                               4.2
                               I .5
                               1.7
                                 t/l
                                 M
                                 O
    
                                 §
                                 O
    U)
    M
                 II").   ars enl c
                 117.   beryllium
    I 18 .   cadmium
                  19.   chromium (total)
    418
    419
    420
    
    418
    419
    420
    
    418
    419
    4 '20
    
    418
    419
    420
    <0.01
    <0.01
    <0.01
    
    <0.005
    <0.005
    <0.005
    
    <0.02
    <0.02
    <0.02
    
    <0.02
    <0.02
    <0.02
     0.42
    
     (-3
     M
     O
     O
                 I 20.   copper
                 122.   lead
                                 418
                                 419
                                 420
    
                                 418
                                 419
                                 420
                        0.15
                        0.15
                        0.15
    
                       <0.05
                       <0.05
                       <0.05
                 0.5
                 0.05
                 0.05
    
                25
                 0.1
                 0.1
                  1
                 <0.5
                 <0.5
                 21.0
                 0.07
                 0.260
     2.5
    <0.5
    <0.5
    
    41.0
     0.19
     0.15
                                1.3
                               0.02
                               0.02
    
                              29
                               0.12
                               0.17
                                                                                                                                   M
                                                                                                                                   O
                                                                                                                                   1-3
                       nickel
                                              418
                                              419
                                              420
                                                    <0.05
                                                    <0.05
                                                    <0.05
                                    0.5
                                   <0.05
                                   <0.05
                             0
                            <0
                            <0
                              <0
                               0.8
                              <0.4
                              <0.4
                       zinc
                                 418
                                 419
                                 420
                       <0.02
                       <0.02
                       <0.02
                 3.2
                <0.02
                <0.02
                  2.6
                 <0.2
                 <0.2
                  10.8
                  <0.2
                  <0.2
                                                                                                                     5.5
                                                                                                                    <0.14
                                                                                                                    <0.14
    

    -------
                                              Table V-22 (Continued)
    
    
    
                                    SECONDARY LEAD WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
    
                                      TREATED WASTEWATER SAMPLES - PLANT H
                                                                      ConccntratIons
               I'ol
    VD
    
    U)
          A Inml innn
          H,i i i 1 1 HI
          Moron
          C ;> ! r I um
          Cobalt
          1 ron
           aKiies i urn
          MaitKanese
          Mo I ylxlenum
    Stream
    Code
    lutants
    j!»
    420
    418
    419
    420
    418
    419
    420
    418
    41 9
    420
    418
    419
    420
    418
    419
    420
    418
    419
    420
    418
    419
    420
    418
    419
    420
    Sample
    Type
    
    2
    3
    3
    2
    3
    3
    2
    3
    3
    2
    3
    3
    2
    3
    3
    2
    3
    3
    2
    3
    3
    2
    3
    3
    2
    3
    3
    (niR/1, Except as Noted)
    Source
    
    <0
    <0
    0
    0
    0
    <0
    <0
    <0
    51
    51
    51
    <0
    <0
    <0
    <0
    <0
    <0
    22
    22
    22
    <0
    <0
    <0
    
    ;J
    •'
    .05
    .05
    .05
    j
    . 1
    •'
    .5
    .5
    .5
    .05
    .05
    .05
    .05
    .05
    .05
    .3
    .3
    .3
    .05
    .05
    .05
    <0.05
    <0
    <0
    .05
    .05
    
    4
    0
    <0
    <0
    0
    0
    <,
    0
    0
    256
    644
    725
    <0
    <0
    <0
    21
    0
    0
    1 ,290
    849
    867
    1
    0
    0
    <0
    <0
    <0
    Day 1
    
    .2
    •'
    .5
    .05
    .05
    
    .1
    .1
    
    
    
    .5
    .05
    .05
    
    .1
    .1
    
    
    
    
    .150
    .15
    .5
    .05
    .05
    
    
    4
    <'
    <0
    <0
    <0
    <,
    
    -------
                                             Table  V-22  (Continued)
    
                                  SECONDARY  LEAD  WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                                     TREATED  WASTEWATER' SAMPLES  - PLANT H
    
                                                                     Concentrations
          ''"LlllLa"ts (a)
    N °J1<: 9 "_¥ t!' Li "_" al  Polhit ajnt js  (Continued)
    
    Sodl urn
    
    
    
    Tin
    
    
    
    Ti ! anlum
    
    
    
    Vanad him
    
    
    
    Yttrium
    
    
    
    Conventional Pollutants
    
    () i 1 and Crease
    
    
    
    Tolal Suspended  Solids (TSS)  418
    
    
    
    pll (standard units)
    Stream
    Code
    ont Inued)
    
    418
    419
    420
    
    418
    419
    420
    418
    419
    420
    
    418
    419
    420
    
    418
    419
    420
    
    418
    419
    420
    
    418
    419
    420
    418
    419
    420
    S a mp 1 e
    Type
    
    
    2
    3
    3
    
    2
    3
    3
    2
    3
    3
    
    2
    3
    3
    
    2
    3
    3
    
    1
    1
    1
    
    2
    3
    3
    2
    3
    3
    
    
    
    Source
    
    
    7
    7
    7
    
    <0
    <0
    <0
    <0
    <0
    <0
    
    <0
    <0
    <0
    
    <0
    <0
    <0
    
    5
    5
    5
    
    <1
    <|
    <1
    7
    7
    7
    
    
    .1
    .1
    .1
    
    .05
    .05
    .05
    .05
    .05
    .05
    
    .05
    .05
    .05
    
    .05
    .05
    .05
    
    .4
    .4
    .4
    
    
    
    
    .0
    .0
    .0
    
    
    192
    142
    140
    
    <0
    <0
    <0
    <0
    <0
    <0
    
    <0
    <0
    <0
    
    <0
    <0
    <0
    
    2
    9
    <)
    
    22
    140
    37
    3
    9
    9
    (n.R/1,
    Day 1
    
    
    
    
    
    
    .5
    .5
    .05
    .5
    .05
    .05
    
    .5
    .05
    .05
    
    .5
    .05
    .05
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    .4
    .0
    .5
    Except
    Day
    
    
    124
    132
    123
    
    <0.5.
    <0.5
    <0.5
    <0. 5
    <0.5
    <0.5
    
    <0.5
    <0.5
    <0.5
    
    <0.5
    <0.5
    <0.5
    
    9.4
    <|
    <)
    
    95
    46
    56
    1
    9.0
    9.5
    as Noted)
    
    2^ Day 3
    
    
    171
    150
    150
    
    <0
    <0
    <0
    <0
    <0
    
    -------
                  SECONDARY  LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
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             SAMPLING  SITES AT  SECONDARY  LEAD PLANT  A
                              1935
    

    -------
        SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    SECT - V
     WASHDCKK
    
    
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    SAMPLING SITES  AT  SECONDARY  LEAD . 'LANT  D
                       1936
    

    -------
                                         SLUDGE TO I.ANDFILL
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                      SAMPLING  SITES AT SECONDARY LEAD  PLANT E
    

    -------
         SECONDARY  LEAD SUBCATEGORY
                           SECT  - V
             176
       FURNACE
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    SAMPLING SITES AT SECONDARY LEAD PLANT  F
                          1938
    

    -------
        SECONDARY  LEAD  SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
                                              Discharee
                    Figure V-7
    
    
    
    SAMPLING SITES  AT  SECONDARY LEAD  PLANT  G
                      1939
    

    -------
      SOURCE
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                  	©	^	»
                                                            SECT  -  V
                                410
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                                                                   0.314 MGD
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                                    Figure  V-8
    
               SAMPLING  SITES  AT SECONDARY LEAD PLANT  H
                                        1940
    

    -------
         SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
    450
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    AT SECONDARY  LEAD PLANT  I
                        1941
    

    -------
    Page Intentionally Blank
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI
    
    
    
    
                               SECTION VI
    
                         SELECTION OF POLLUTANTS
    This section examines chemical analysis data presented in Section
    V  from  secondary lead plants,  and discusses the  selection  or
    exclusion of pollutants for potential limitation.  Each pollutant
    selected  for  potential limitation is discussed in  of  Vol.  I.
    That  discussion provides information about where  the  pollutant
    originates (i.e.,  whether it is a naturally occurring substance,
    process  metal,  or  a manufactured compound);  general  physical
    properties  and the form of the pollutant;  toxic effects of  the
    pollutant  in  humans  and other animals;  and  behavior  of  the
    pollutant  in POTW at the concentrations expected  in  industrial
    discharges.
    
    The  discussion  that  follows describes the  analysis  that  was
    performed   to   select   or  exclude  pollutants   for   further
    consideration  for  limitations and  standards.   Pollutants  are
    further  considered  for  limitation  if  they  are  present   in
    concentrations  treatable by the technologies considered in  this
    analysis.   The concentrations used for the toxic metals were the
    long-term  performance  values achievable by lime  precipitation,
    sedimentation,  and filtration.  The concentrations used for  the
    toxic  organics were the long-term performance values  achievable
    by carbon adsorption.
    
    As  discussed in Section V,  EPA collected additional  wastewater
    sampling  data after the February 1983 proposal in an attempt  to
    further   characterize   wastewater   in   the   secondary   lead
    subcategory.   As a result of the new data, the Agency revised its
    pollutant frequency of occurrence analysis was revised.
    
    After proposal, the Agency re-evaluated the treatment performance
    of   activated  carbon  adsorption  to  control   toxic   organic
    pollutants.  The treatment performance for the acid  extractable,
    base-neutral  extractable,  and volatile organic  pollutants  has
    been  set equal to the analytical quantification limit  of  0.010
    mg/1.   The  analytical quantification limit for  pesticides  and
    total phenols (by 4-AAP method) is 0.005 mg/1, which is below the
    0.010 mg/1 accepted for the other toxic organics.  However,  to be
    consistent,  the treatment performance of 0.010 mg/1 is used  for
    pesticides  and total phenols.  The 0.010 mg/1  concentration  is
    achievable,  assuming enough carbon is used in 'the column  and  a
    suitable  contact time is allowed.  The frequency  of  occurrence
    for 36 of the toxic pollutants has been redetermined based on the
    revised  treatment performance value.   However, no toxic  organic
    pollutants  have  been  selected for  further  consideration  for
    limitation in this subcategory.
                               1943
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI
    
    
    CONVENTIONAL AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS
    
    This  study examined samples from the secondary lead  subcategory
    for  three  conventional pollutant parameters  (oil  and  grease,
    total   suspended  solids,   and  pH)  and  four  nonconventional
    pollutant  parameters (ammonia,  chemical  oxygen  demand,  total
    organic carbon, and total phenols).
    
    CONVENTIONAL AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT PARAMETERS SELECTED
    
    The   following   conventional  and   nonconventional   pollutant
    parameters were selected for limitation in this subcategory:
    
         ammonia
         total suspended solids (TSS)
         pH
    
    Ammonia  was detected in all 11 samples  analyzed.   Quantifiable
    concentrations  ranged  from 0.2 to 29 ing/1.   Although  none  of
    these  concentrations are above the 32 mg/1 considered achievable
    with ammonia steam stripping, ammonia is selected for limitation.
    Only one kettle scrubber waste stream was sampled, and ammonia is
    known to be present in this stream with concentrations of 22, 25,
    and 29 mg/1.  Ammonia is used in many wastewater treatment plants
    in  the subcategory as a neutralizing agent.   EPA believes  that
    use of ammonia for wastewater treatment causes ammonia carried in
    recycled sludges to volatilize in the kettle.   For this  reason,
    ammonia is selected for limitation.
    
    Total  suspended   solids  ranged  from 7 to 28,000  mg/1  in  36
    samples.   All but three of the observed concentrations are above
    that  considered achievable by treatment.   Further,  most of the
    methods  used  to remove toxic metals do so by  converting  these
    metals to precipitates.   Meeting a limitation on total suspended
    solids also helps ensure that removal of these precipitated toxic
    metals has been effective.   For these reasons,  total  suspended
    solids is considered for limitation in this subcategory.
    
    The  pH  of  a  wastewater  measures  its  relative  acidity   or
    alkalinity.   In this study, the pH values observed  ranged  from
    0.6  to  8.1.  Many harmful effects may be caused by  extreme  pH
    values  or by rapid changes in pH.  Therefore, pH  is  considered
    for limitation in this subcategory.
    
    TOXIC POLLUTANTS
    
    The  frequency of occurrence of the toxic pollutants in the waste
    water  samples  taken  is presented in Table  VI-1  (page  1951).
    These   data provide the basis for the selection or exclusion  of
    specific pollutants, as discussed below.  Table VI-1 is based  on
    the raw wastewater data from streams 73, 75, 208, 106, 108,  151,
    152, 176, 401, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 451, 452,  453,
    454, and 455 (see Section V).  Treatment plant sampling data were
    not used in the frequency count.
                               1944
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI
    TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
    
    The  toxic pollutants listed in Table VI-2 (page 1955)  were  not
    detected  in any wastewater samples from this subcategory.   They
    are not selected for consideration in establishing limitations.
    
    TOXIC  POLLUTANTS NEVER FOUND ABOVE THEIR ANALYTICAL
    QUANTIFICATION LIMIT
    
    Toxic   pollutants   which  are  not  detectable  include   those
    pollutants   whose  concentrations  fall  below   EPA's   nominal
    detection  limit.   The  toxic pollutants  listed in  Table  VI-3
    (page   1957)   were   never   found   above   their   analytical
    quantification concentration in any wastewater samples from  this
    subcategory;  therefore, they are not selected for  consideration
    in establishing limitations.
    
    TOXIC  POLLUTANTS  PRESENT  BELOW  CONCENTRATIONS  ACHIEVABLE  BY
    TREATMENT
    
    The pollutants listed below are not selected for consideration in
    establishing  limitations  because  they were not  found  in  any
    wastewater  samples from this  subcategory  above  concentrations
    considered   achievable  by  existing  or  identified   treatment
    technologies.    These   pollutants  are  discussed  individually
    following the list.
    
          47.  bromoform
          65.  phenol
         117.  beryllium
    
    Bromoform  was detected in only one of 13 samples,  and that  one
    was  below  the concentration to which identified  treatment  can
    reduce  its concentration (0.010 mg/1).    Bromoform is  thus  not
    selected for consideration for limitation.
    
    Phenol  was  found above its analytical  quantification  limit  in
    three  of  four samples analyzed,  but the highest  concentration
    reported was 0.006 mg/1,  and identified treatment can reduce its
    concentration  only to 0.010 mg/1.    Phenol is thus not  selected
    for further consideration in establishing limitations.
    
    Beryllium  exceeded its analytical  quantification limit  in  only
    two  of 34 samples,  with concentrations of 0.03 and 0.012  mg/1.
    These  are  below the concentration to which available  treatment
    can reduce beryllium concentrations (0.20 mg/1),  so beryllium is
    not selected for consideration for  limitation.
    
    TOXIC POLLUTANTS DETECTED IN A SMALL NUMBER OF SOURCES
    
    Toxic  pollutants  detectable in the effluent from only  a  small
    number  of sources within the subcategory and uniquely related to
    only  those  sources  are not appropriate  for  limitation  in  a
                               1945
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI
    
    
    national regulation.   The following pollutants were not selected
    for limitation on this basis.
    
          23.  chloroform
          39.  fluoranthene
          56.  nitrobenzene
          66.  bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
          67.  butyl benzyl phthalate
          68.  di-n-butyl phthalate
          69.  di-n-octyl phthalate
          71.  dimethyl phthalate
          76.  chrysene
          77.  acenaphthylene
          84.  pyrene
         121.  cyanide
         123.  mercury
         125.  selenium
    
    Although these pollutants were not selected for consideration  in
    establishing nationwide limitations/  it may be appropriate/ on a
    case-by-case  basis,  for  the  local permit  writer  to  specify
    effluent limitations.
    
    Chloroform, a common laboratory solvent, was detected in 10 of 13
    samples,  ranging from below the analytical quantification  limit
    to  0.079  mg/1.   Five   of   the 10  sample  concentrations  of
    chloroform detected were above the treatable concentration (0.010
    mg/1).   All  five  treatable samples were taken  from  the  same
    plant.  The  presence  of this pollutant is not  attributable  to
    materials   or  processes  associated  with  the  secondary  lead
    subcategory.   EPA suspects sample contamination as the source of
    this pollutant.  In the dcp, all responding plants indicated that
    this  pollutant was known to be absent or believed to be  absent.
    For these reasons,  chloroform is not selected for  consideration
    for limitation.
    
    Fluoranthene  was detected above its treatable  concentration  in
    one  of 11 samples analyzed,  with a concentration of 0.027 mg/1.
    The  concentration to which treatment is effective is 0.01  mg/1.
    Since fluoranthene was found in only one waste stream,  and since
    all  responding plants indicated in their dcp that this pollutant
    was  known  to  be .absent or believed to be  absent,  it  is  not
    selected for  further consideration for limitation.
    
    Nitrobenzene  occurred  above its treatable concentration  (0.010
    mg/1)  in  only one of the 11 samples,  where i't  measured  0.016
    mg/1.   Two  other samples of this waste stream at two  different
    plants were reported as not detected.   This site-specific result
    is  not  sufficient  to  characterize   the   whole  subcategory,
    therefore, nitrobenzene is not selected for further consideration
    for limitation.
    
    Bis(2-ethylhexyl)  phthalate was found above both its  analytical
    quantification  limit and its treatable concentration (0.01 mg/1)
    in  five  of 11 samples,  with a maximum concentration  of  0.585
    
    
                               1946
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI
    
    
    mg/1.   The  presence  of this pollutant is not  attributable  to
    materials  or  processes associated with   the   secondary   lead
    subcategory.   It is commonly used as a plasticizer in laboratory
    and field sampling equipment.   EPA suspects sample contamination
    as the source of this pollutant.  Also, in the dcp all responding
    plants  indicated  that this pollutant was known to be absent  or
    believed to be absent.  Therefore, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate is
    not selected for further consideration for limitation.
    
    One  of 11 samples analyzed for butyl benzyl phthalate was  found
    to  contain  a concentration above its analytical  quantification
    limit.   This  value  was  above  the  0.010  mg/1  concentration
    considered  achievable  with treatment.   The  presence  of  this
    pollutant   is   not  attributable  to  materials  or   processes
    associated with the secondary lead subcategory.   It is  commonly
    used as a plasticizer in laboratory and field sampling equipment.
    EPA   suspects  sample  contamination  as  the  source  of   this
    pollutant.  Also, in the dcp all responding plants indicated that
    this  pollutant was known to be absent or believed to be  absent.
    It is thus not selected for further consideration for limitation.
    
    Two of 11 samples analyzed for di-n-butyl phthalate were found to
    contain concentrations above its analytical quantification limit,
    one  of  these  above  the 0.010  mg/1  concentration  considered
    achievable with treatment.  The presence of this pollutant is not
    attributable  to  materials  or  processes  associated  with  the
    secondary  lead   subcategory.   It   is   commonly   used  as  a
    plasticizer  in  laboratory and field  sampling  equipment.   EPA
    suspects  sample  contamination as the source of this  pollutant.
    Also,  in  the  dcp  all responding plants  indicated  that  this
    pollutant was known to be absent or believed to be absent.  It is
    thus not selected for further consideration for limitation.
    
    Di-n-octyl   phthalate   was    found    above   its   analytical
    quantification  limit  (0.01 mg/1) in two  of  11  samples.   The
    presence  of  this pollutant is not attributable to materials  or
    processes associated with the secondary lead subcategory.   It is
    commonly  used as a plasticizer in laboratory and field  sampling
    equipment.  EPA  suspects sample contamination as the  source  of
    this  pollutant.      Also,  in  the  dcp  all  responding  plants
    indicated  that this pollutant was known to be absent or believed
    to be absent. Therefore, di-n-octyl phthalate is not selected for
    further consideration for limitation.
    
    Dimethyl phthalate was found in only one of 11 samples  analyzed.
    The concentration detected was above the concentration considered
    achievable  with  treatment (0.010 mg/1).    The presence of  this
    pollutant   is  not  attributable  to  materials   or   processes
    associated  with the secondary lead subcategory.    It is commonly
    used as a plasticizer in laboratory and field sampling equipment.
    EPA   suspects  sample  contamination  as   the  source  of   this
    pollutant.  Also, in the dcp all responding plants indicated that
    this  pollutant was known to be absent or  believed to be  absent.
    For these reasons,  dimethyl phthalate is not selected for further
    consideration for limitation.
                               1947
    

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                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI
    Chrysene was reported present above its analytical quantification
    limit in two of 11 samples.   The two reported concentrations  of
    chrysene  were  0.139 and 0.545 mg/1,  which are above the  0.010
    mg/1  concentration considered attainable  with  treatment.   The
    process  waste  stream that produced the 0.545 mg/1  value,  also
    produced  five  not  detected values  at  two  other  facilities.
    Chrysene  is  not  considered characteristic of  the  subcategory
    because  it  was  found in only two samples  from  two  different
    process waste streams.   Therefore,  chrysene is not selected for
    further consideration for limitation.
    
    Acenaphthylene occurred above its treatable concentration  (0.010
    mg/1)  in only one of 11 samples,  where it measured 0.035  mg/1.
    Two  other  samples of this waste stream at two different  plants
    were reported as not detected.   This site-specific result is not
    sufficient   to   characterize   the   whole   subcategory,    so
    acenaphthylene  is  not selected for  further  consideration  for
    limitation.          '                     •
    
    Pyrene  exceeded its analytical quantification limit (0.010 mg/1)
    in  only two of 11 samples.   The two reported concentrations  of
    pyrene were 0.013 mg/1 and 0.038 mg/1.  These two values are from
    two different process waste streams.   This site-specific  result
    is  not sufficient to characterize the whole subcategory.   Also,
    in  the dcp all responding plants indicated that  this  pollutant
    was  known  to be absent or believed to  be  absent.   Therefore,
    pyrene is not selected for further consideration for limitation.
    
    Cyanide  was  found at a treatable concentration in three  of  14
    samples,  all at the same plant.   All three concentrations (3.0,
    4.0,  and  6.0  mg/1) that were  reported  above the  0.047  mg/1
    concentration  considered  attainable  are from the  same  plant.
    Because  of  the site-specificity of  this  result,  cyanide  not
    selected for consideration for limitation.
    
    Mercury  was  found  at  treatable concentrations in  two  of  16
    samples.   Both treatable samples,  with concentrations of  0.097
    and  0.096 mg/1,  were taken at the same plant.   Because of  the
    site-specificity  of  this result,  mercury is not  selected  for
    further consideration for limitation.
    
    Selenium  was  detected  in three  of  14  samples,  with   three
    detections  occurring  at  the same  plant.   All  three  samples
    exceeded    the   0.2   mg/1   treatable   concentration,    with
    concentrations of 7.9,  10,  and 15 mg/1.   Because of the  site-
    specificity of this result,  selenium is not selected for further
    consideration for limitation.
                               1948
    

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                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI
    TOXIC   POLLUTANTS   SELECTED  FOR  FURTHER   CONSIDERATION   FOR
    LIMITATIONS
    
    The  toxic pollutants listed below were selected for establishing
    limitations  and  standards  for  this  subcategory.   The  toxic
    pollutants selected are each discussed following the list.
    
         114.  antimony
         115.  arsenic
         118.  cadmium
         119.  chromium
         120.  copper
         122.  lead
         124.  nickel
         126.  silver
         127.  thallium
         128.  zinc
    
    Twenty   of   34   samples  analyzed   for   antimony   exhibited
    concentrations  over  the  treatable concentration  (0.47  mg/1).
    Most  of these were above 10 mg/1,  with a maximum of  120  mg/1.
    Antimony   is   thus  selected  for  further  consideration   for
    limitation.
    
    Arsenic  was found above its treatable concentration (0.34  mg/1)
    in  22 of 33 samples analyzed.   Treatable concentrations  ranged
    from  0.43  to  34 mg/1.   Arsenic is thus selected  for  further
    consideration for limitation.
    
    Twenty-four of 36 samples analyzed for cadmium were found to have
    concentrations  in excess of the treatable  concentration  (0.049
    mg/1).   Treatable  concentrations ranged from 0.24 to 103  mg/1.
    Therefore,  cadmium  is  selected for further  consideration  for
    limitation.
    
    Chromium  was  found to exceed its treatable concentration  (0.07
    mg/1)  in  21  of 36 samples,  with  a   maximum   of  1.6  mg/1.
    Therefore,  chromium  is  selected for further consideration  for
    limitation.
    
    Copper was found above its treatable concentration (0.39 mg/1) in
    29  of  36  samples  analyzed,  with  a  maximum  of  41.6  mg/1.
    Therefore,  copper  is  selected  for further  consideration  for
    limitation.
    
    Lead  was detected above its treatable concentration (0.08  mg/1)
    in  34 of 37 samples analyzed.   Treatable concentrations  ranged
    from 0.3 to 1,300 mg/1,  with the majority above 10 mg/1.  Lead is
    thus selected for further consideration for limitation.
    
    Twenty-two   of   37  samples  analyzed  for   nickel   exh bited
    concentrations exceeding its treatable concentration (0.22 ig/1).
    Treatable concentrations ranged from 0.25 to 48 mg/1.   Therefore,
    nickel is selected for further consideration for limitation.
                               1949
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI
    
    
    Silver was found above its treatable concentration (0.07 mg/1) in
    five  of  14 samples,  ranging  from  0.16  to  0.34  mg/1.   The
    treatable  concentrations  were  found in  four  different  waste
    streams.
    
    Therefore,  silver  is  selected  for further  consideration  for
    limitation.
    
    Thallium  was  detected above its treatable  concentration  (0.34
    mg/1) in five of 14 samples,  ranging from 0.5 to 3.2 mg/1.   The
    treatable  concentrations  were  found in  four  different  waste
    streams.    Therefore,   thallium   is   selected   for   further
    consideration for limitation.
    
    Zinc  was found above its treatable concentration (0.23 mg/1)   in
    30  of 36 samples analyzed.   Most of these were above 1.0  mg/1,
    with  a  high  of 48 mg/1.   Zinc is thus  selected  for  further
    consideration for limitation.
                               1950
    

    -------
                                                                          Table  VI-1
    
                                              FREQUENCY  OF  OCCURRENCE  OF  TOXIC  POLLUTANTS
                                                                       SECONDARY  LEAD
                                                                       RAW  WASTEWATER
    VD
    U1
              Pollutant
    
     I   acenaphthene
     2.  acroleln
     3.  ucrylonltrile
     4.  benzene
     5.  benzidlne
     6.  carbon tetrachlorlde
     7.  chlorobenzeiie
     8.  1,2,4-trlchlorobenzene
     9.  hexachlorobenzene
    10.  1,2-dichloroelhane
    II.  1,1,1-irlchloroethajie
    12.  hexachloroethane
    13.  1.1-dtchloroethane
    14.  I.1,2-trichlorouthane
    13.  1,1,2.2-tetrachloroelhane
    16.  chloroethane
    17.  bls(chloroineLhyl) ether
    18.  bls(2-chloroethyl) ether
    19.  2-chloroethyl v/inyl ether
    20.  2-chloronaphthalcne
    21.  2.4,6-trtchlorophfnol
    22.  parachlorumeta cresol
    23.  chloroform
    24.  2-chlorophenol
    25.  I,2-dtchlorobenzene
    26.  I,3-dtchlorobenzene
    27.  1,4-illclilorobenzeite
    28.  3.3'-dichlorobenzidine
    29.  l.l-ilichloroethylene
    30.  I,2-trans-dtchloroethylene
    31.  2.4-rllchlorophenol
    32.  I,2-dlchloropropane
    i'J.  1,3-dlchloropropylene
    34.  2.4-diroethylphenol
    35.  2,4-dinltrotoluene
    36.  2,6-dlnltroioluene
    37.  1,2-cilphenylhydrazine
    Analytical
    (>iantiflcatlon
    Concentration
    (n«/l) (a)
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    
    Treatable
    Concentration
    (HK/D (b)
    0.010
    0.0 10
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    o.oio
    0.010
    o.oio
    0.010
    O.OIO
    0.010
    O.OIO
    0.010
    O.OIO
    O.OIO
    O.OIO
    O.OIO
    O.OIO
    
    Nuifcer of
    Stream
    Analyzed
    7
    5
    5
    5
    7
    5
    5
    7
    7
    5
    5
    7
    5
    5
    5
    5
    5
    7
    5
    7
    2
    2
    5
    2
    7
    7
    7
    7
    5
    5
    2
    5
    i
    2
    7
    7
    7
    
    Number of
    Sables
    Analyzed
    II
    0
    O
    13
    II
    13
    13
    II
    It
    13
    13
    II
    13
    13
    13
    13
    13
    II
    13
    11
    A
    A
    13
    A
    II
    II
    II
    II
    O
    O
    4
    O
    13
    4
    II
    II
    11
    
    Detected Bo low
    Quantification
    NO Concentration
    II
    13
    13
    10 3
    II
    13
    13
    II
    II
    13
    12 1
    II
    13
    13
    1)
    13
    13
    II
    13
    II
    1 3
    A
    3 5
    A
    II
    II
    II
    II
    13
    13
    1 3
    13
    13
    4
    II
    II
    II
    Detected Detected
    Below Treat- Above Treat-
    able Conceit-. able Concen-
    tration t rat Ion
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    5
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
                                                                                                                                                                       cn
                                                                                                                                                                       M
                                                                                                                                                                       O
                                                                                                                                                                       §
    
                                                                                                                                                                       I
                                                                                                                                                                       f
                                                                                                                                                                       M
    t/J
    c!
    W
    O
                                                                                                                                                                       M
                                                                                                                                                                       n
                                                                                                                                                                       I
                                                                                                                                                                       M
                                                                                                                                                                       O
    

    -------
                                                               Table  VI-1   (Continued)
    
                                             FREQUENCY  OF  OCCURRENCE  OF  TOXIC  POLLUTANTS
                                                                     SECONDARY  LEAD
                                                                     RAW  WASTEWATER
    10
    Ln
    NJ
              Pollutant
    
    38. ethylbenzene
    39. fluoranthene
    40. 4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
    41. 4-bromophenyl pnenyl ether
    42. bl8(2-chlorol80propyl) ether
    43. bla(2-chloroethoxy) methane
    44. methylene chloride
    45. methyl chloride
    46. methyl bromide
    47. bromoform
    48. dlchlorobromomethane
     i9. trlchlorofluoromethane
    30. dlchlorodlfluoromethane
    'I. chlorodlbromomethane
    '/'. hexachlorobutadlene
    5  . hexachlorocyclopentadlene
    5'. Isophorone
    5'. naphthalene
    56  nitrobenzene
    57. 2-nltrophenol
    58. 4-nltrophenol
    59. 2.4-dlnltrophenol
    60. 4.6-dlnltro-o-cresol
    61. N-nltrosodlmethylaralne
    62. N-riltrosodlphenylamlne
    63. N-nltrosodl-n-propylamlne
    64. pentachlorophenol
    65. phenol
    66. bls(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
    67. butyl benzyl phthalate
    68. dl-n-butyl phthalate
    69. dl-n-oclyl phthalate
    70. dlethyl phthalate
    71. dimethyl phthalate
    72. benzo(a)anthracene
    73. benzo(a)pyrene
    74. 3,4-benzofluoranthene
    75. benzo(k)fUioranthene
    7f>. chrysene
    Analytical
    Quantification
    Concentration
    (i*/ 1) (a)
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    o.oto
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    o.oto
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    
    Treatable
    Concentration
    (•K/D (b)
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    o.oto
    0.010
    0.010
    o.oto
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    o.oto
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    o.oto
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    o.oto
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    
    Number of
    Streams
    Analyzed
    5
    7
    7
    7
    7
    5
    5
    5
    5
    5
    5
    5
    5
    5
    7
    7
    7
    7
    7
    2
    2
    2
    2
    7
    7
    7
    2
    2
    7
    7
    7
    7
    7
    7
    7
    7
    7
    7
    7
    
    Number of
    Samples
    Analyzed
    13
    II
    II
    II
    II
    13
    13
    13
    13
    13
    13
    13
    13
    13
    II
    II
    II
    II
    11
    4
    4
    4
    4
    II
    II
    II
    4
    4
    II
    II
    11
    II
    II
    II
    II
    II
    II
    II
    II
    
    
    
    NO
    13
    9
    10
    II
    II
    13
    10
    13
    13
    12
    13
    13
    13
    13
    II
    II
    II
    II
    10
    3
    4
    4
    4
    II
    II
    II
    4
    1
    1
    8
    4
    8
    It
    10
    9
    II
    II
    II
    6
    Delected
    Detected Below Below Treat-
    Quantification able Concen-
    Coocentrat Ion trallon
    
    1
    1
    
    
    
    3
    
    
    1
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    1
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    3
    5
    2
    S 1
    1
    
    
    2
    
    
    
    J
    Detected
    Above Treat-
    able Concen-
    tration
    
    1
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    1
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    5
    1
    I
    2
    
    1
    
    
    
    
    2
                                                                                                                                                                   w
                                                                                                                                                                   o
                                                                                                                                                                   o
    w
    §
    1
    o
    w
                                                                                                                                                                   w
                                                                                                                                                                   o
    

    -------
                                                               Table VI-1   (Continued)
    
                                             FREQUENCY OF  OCCURRENCE  OF TOXIC  POLLUTANTS
                                                                     SECONDARY  LEAD
                                                                     RAW  WASTEWATER
    <£>
     77.
     78.
     79.
     HI).
     81.
     82.
     81.
     8'..
     85.
     86.
     87.
     88.
     89.
     90.
     91.
     92.
     93.
     94.
     95.
     96.
     97.
     98.
     99.
    100.
    101.
    102.
    101.
    104.
    105.
    106.
    107.
    108.
    109.
    110.
    111.
    112.
    111.
    114.
    115.
          Pollutant
    
    acLiiaphthylene
    anthracene        (c)
    benzoC^h Operylene
    fluorene
    phenanthrene       (c)
    il i benzo(a. h)anthracene
    lmlmo( 1.2, l-cd)pyrene
    py rene
    letrachloroethylene
    toluene
    trlchloroethylene
    vinyl chloride
    aldrln
    dlehlrln
    chlordaue
    4.4'-DDT
    4,4'-OIJE
    4.4'-DI)0
    alplia-erxlosulfan
    beta-emlosulfan
    eivlosulfan 3111 tale
    eiidrin
    endrln aldehyde
    heptuchlor
    heptachlor epoxlde
    alpha-BHC
    beta-BIIC
    Kainna-BIIC
    delta-BIIC
    PCB-1242   (d)
    PCB-1254
    PCB-I22I
    PCB-1212
    PCB-1248
    PCB-1260
                        HCB-1016
                        toxajihene
                        antImony
                        arsenic
    (d)
    (d)
    (e)
    (e)
    (e)
    (e)
    Analytical
    Quantification
    Concentration
    (TO/I) (a)
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.005
    0.100
    , 0.10
    Treatable
    Concentration
    0*/l) (b)
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.001
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.010
    0.470
    0.340
    Number of
    Streams
    Analyzed
    7
    7
    /
    /
    /
    7
    7
    7
    5
    5
    5
    5
    6
    6
    6
    6
    6
    6
    6
    6 .
    6
    6
    6
    6
    6
    6
    6
    6
    6
    6
    6
    6
    6
    6
    6
    6
    6
    20
    19
    Number of
    Samples
    Analyzed
    11
    11
    II
    II
    11
    II
    II
    II
    11
    11
    13
    11
    II
    II
    II
    II
    II
    II
    II
    II
    II
    II
    II
    II
    II
    II
    II
    II
    II
    II
    II
    II
    II
    II
    II
    II
    II
    Vt
    33
    Detected Below
    Quantification
    NO Concentration
    10
    8
    II
    8
    8
    II
    II
    8
    11
    II
    11
    13
    10
    9
    8
    9
    9
    10
    II
    9
    9
    10
    10
    8
    9
    9
    a
    8
    II
    8
    8
    8
    a
    8
    8
    8
    II
    6
    4
    
    1
    
    1
    1
    
    
    1
    
    2
    
    
    1
    2
    3
    2
    2
    1
    
    2
    2
    1
    1
    1
    2
    2
    1
    1
    
    3
    1
    3
    1
    1
    1
    3
    
    3
    
    Detected Detected
    Below Treat- Above Treat-
    able Concen- able Concen-
    tration trait on
    1
    
    
    
    
    
    
    2
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    5 20
    7 22
                                                                                                                                                                M
                                                                                                                                                                n
                                                                                                                                                                o
    
                                                                                                                                                                Ir1
                                                                                                                                                                w
                                                                                                                                                                n
                                                                                                                                                                M
                                                                                                                                                                Q
                                                                                                                                                                O
                                                                                                                                                                M
                                                                                                                                                                O
                                                                                                                                                                 I
    
                                                                                                                                                                <
    

    -------
                                              Table  VI-1   (Continued)
    
                             FREQUENCY  OF  OCCURRENCE OF  TOXIC  POLLUTANTS
                                                    SECONDARY  LEAD
                                                    RAW  WASTEWATER
              Ho U main
    1 16. asbestos
    117. beryl linn
    118. cailmlum
    119. chroinlun
    120. copper
    121 . cyanide
    122. lead
    123. mercury
    124. nickel
    125. selenlin
    126. silver
    127. lhalllun
    128. zinc
    
    
    
    
    
    (f)
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    129. 2,3.7,8-lelrachlorodlbenzo-
    p-dloxln
    (TCDD)
    Analytical
    (jnanllf Icallon Treatable
    Concenlral lun
    ("K/D (a)
    10 MKL
    0.010
    0.002
    0.005
    0.009
    .02
    0.020
    0.0001
    O.OOi
    0.01
    0.02
    0.100
    0.050
    Not
    Concentration
    (BK/1) (b)
    10 MFt
    0.200
    0.049
    0.070
    0.390
    0.047
    0.080
    0.036
    0.220
    0.200
    0.070
    0.340
    0.230
    Analyzed
    Nmtmr of
    Streams
    Analyzed
    2
    20
    20
    20
    20
    6
    21
    8
    20
    8
    8
    8
    20
    
    Number of
    Samples
    Analyzed
    3
    34
    36
    36
    36
    14
    37
    16
    36
    14
    14
    14
    36
    
    
    
    ND
    3
    20
    8
    8
    1
    1
    2
    2
    11
    11
    1
    1
    1
    
    Detected Below
    Quant Ideal lun
    Concentration
    
    12
    
    3
    
    7
    1
    1
    
    
    4
    1
    1
    
    Delected
    Below Treat-
    able Concen-
    tration
    
    2
    4
    4
    6
    3
    
    11
    3
    
    4
    1
    4
    
    Uulecled
    Alxve Treai-
    able Concen-
    tration
    
    
    24
    21
    29
    3
    34 '
    2
    22
    3
    5
    5
    30
    
    CO
    M
    O
    O
    2
    D
                                                                                                                                           f
                                                                                                                                           W
                                                                                                                                           CO
                                                                                                                                           c;
                                                                                                                                           w
                                                                                                                                           o
    (a)  Analyllcal quanl Ideal [on concentration was reported with the data (see Section V).
    
    t >)  Treatable concent rat Ions are based on performance of line precipitation, sedimentation, and filtration for toxic metal pollutants and activated
        carbon adsorption for toxic organic pollutants.
    
    (<). (d), (e)  Reported together.
    
    (t!  Analytical quantification concentration for HA Method 335.2  Total Cyanide Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, IPA-6UO/4-79-020,
        March 1979.
                                                                                                                                           CO
                                                                                                                                           W
                                                                                                                                           O
                                                                                                                                           1-3
    

    -------
           SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI
    
    
                          TABLE VI-2
    
                TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
    
     1.  acenaphthene
     2.  acrolein
     3.  acrylonitrile
     5.  benzidene
     6.  carbon tetrachloride (tetrachloromethane)
     7.  chlorobenzene
     8.  1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
     9.  hexachlorobenzene
    10.  1,2-dichloroethane
    12.  hexachlorethane
    13.  1,1-dichloroethane
    14.  1,1,2-trichloroethane
    15.  1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
    16.  chloroethane
    17.  DELETED
    18.  bis(2-chloroethyl)ether
    19.  2-chloroethyl vinyl ether (mixed)
    20.  2-chloronaphthalene
    22.  parachlorometa cresol
    24.  2-chlorophenol
    25.  1,2-dichlorobenzene
    26.  1,3-dichlorobenzene
    27.  1,4-dichlorobenzene
    28.  3,3'-dichlorobenzidine
    29.  1,1-dichloroethylene
    30.  1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
    32.  1,2-dichloropropane
    33.  1,2-dichloropropylene (1,3-dichloropropene)
    34.  2,4-dimethylphenol
    35.  2,4-dinitrotoluene
    36.  2,6-dinitrotoluene
    37.  If2-diphenylhydrazine
    38.  ethylbenzene
    41.  4-bromophenyl phenyl ether
    42.  bis(2-chloroisopropyl)ether
    43.  bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane
    45.  methyl chloride (chloromethane)
    46.  methyl bromide (bromomethane)
    48.  dichlorobromomethane
    49.  DELETED
    50.  DELETED
    51.  chlorodibromomethane
    52.  hexachlorobutadiene
    53.  hexachlorocyclopentadiene
    54.  isophorone
    55.  naphthalene
                          1955
    

    -------
            SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI
    
    
                     TABLE VI-2 (Continued)
    
                 TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
     58.   4-nitrophenol
     59.   2,4-dinitrophenol
     60.   4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
     61.   N-nitrosodimethylamine
     62.   N-nitrosodiphenylamine
     63.   N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
     64.   pentachlorophenol
     70.   diethyl phthalate
     73.   benzo(a)pyrene
     74.   3,4-benzofluoranthene
     75.   benzo(k)fluoranthene
     79.   benzo(ghi)perylene
     82.   dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
     83.   indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
     85.   tetrachloroethylene
     87.   trichloroethylene
     88.   vinyl chloride
     95.   alpha-endosulfan
    105.   delta-BHC
    113.   toxaphene
    116.   asbestos
    129.   2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
                           1956
    

    -------
           SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI
                          TABLE VI-3
    
     TOXIC  POLLUTANTS NEVER FOUND ABOVE THEIR ANALYTICAL
                     QUANTIFICATION LIMIT
      4.  benzene
     11.  1,1,1-trichloroethane
     21.  2,4,6-trichlorophenol
     31.  2,4-dichlorophenol
     40.  4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
     44.  methylene chloride
     57.  2-nitrophenol
     72.  benzo(a)anthracene (1,2-benzanthracene)
     78.  anthracene     (a)
     80.  fluorene
     81.  phenanthrene   (a)
     86.  toluene
     89.  aldrin
     90.  dieldrin
     91.  chlordane
     92.  4,4'-DDT
     93.  4,4'-DDE
     94.  4,4'-ODD
     96.  beta-endosulfan
     97.  endosulfan sulfate
     98.  endrin
     99.  endrin aldehyde
    100.  heptachlor
    101.  heptachlor epoxide
    102.  a-BHC-Alpha
    103.  b-BHC-Beta
    104.  r-BHC (lindane)-Gamma
    106.  PCB-1242 (Arochlor 1242)  (b)
    107.  PCB-1254 (Arochlor 1254)  (b)
    108.  PCB-1221 (Arochlor 1221)  (b)
    109.  PCB-1232 (Arochlor 1232)  (c)
    110.  PCB-1248 (Arochlor 1248)  (c)
    111.  PCB-1260 (Arochlor 1260)  (c)
    112.  PCB-1016 (Arochlor 1016)  (c)
    
    (a), (b), (c) Reported together,  as a combined value
                          1957 '
    

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                  SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VII
    
    
    
                               SECTION VII
    
                    CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
    
    
    The  preceding  sections  of   this   supplement   discussed  the
    wastewater sources, flows, and characteristics of the wastewaters
    from   secondary  lead  plants.   This  section  summarizes   the
    description  of  these  wastewaters and indicates  the  level  of
    treatment  which  is currently practiced by  the  secondary  lead
    subcategory for each waste stream.
    
    CURRENT CONTROL AND TREATMENT PRACTICES
    
    This  section  presents  a summary of the control  and  treatment
    technologies  that are currently applied to each of  the  sources
    generating  wastewater  in  this subcategory.   As  discussed  in
    Section  V,   wastewater  associated   with  the  secondary  lead
    subcategory  is characterized by the presence of the toxic  metal
    pollutants and suspended solids.   This analysis is supported  by
    the  raw  (untreated)  wastewater  data  presented  for  specific
    sources  as  well  as  combined  waste   streams  in  Section  V.
    Generally,  these  pollutants  are present in each of  the  waste
    streams  at  concentrations above treatability,  so  these  waste
    streams  are  commonly  combined  for  treatment  to  reduce  the
    concentrations   of  these  pollutants.    Construction  of   one
    wastewater  treatment system for combined treatment allows plants
    to take advantage of economies of scale and,  in some  instances,
    to  combine  streams of differing alkalinity to reduce  treatment
    chemical  requirements.  Twenty-four plants in this   subcategory
    currently  have lime precipitation and sedimentation or   caustic
    precipitation and sedimentation treatment,  and seven  have  lime
    precipitation,  sedimentation  and filtration.   As  such,  three
    options  have been selected for consideration for BPT,  BAT, BDT,
    and pretreatment in this subcategory, based on combined treatment
    of these compatible waste streams.
    
    BATTERY CRACKING
    
    Wastewater  from the battery cracking operation may  result  from
    the following sources:
    
         1.  Waste battery electrolyte,
         2.  Saw or breaker cooling water, and
         3.  Area washdown.
    The   combined   wastewater   from   these    sources   has   the
    characteristics   of   the   battery    electrolyte;     pollutant
    concentrations  are  strongly dependent on the amount of dilution
    from  the other water sources.   In general,   this  wastewater  is
    characterized   by  treatable  concentrations  of  suspended  and
    dissolved solids,   toxic metals,   and arsenic.   Of the 35 plants
    with  battery cracking surveyed,   four do not currently have  any
    
    
                               1959
    

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                  SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VII
    
    
    control  on this wastewater stream;  they either discharge it  or
    use  contract disposal.   The majority neutralize the spent  acid
    using various neutralizing agents.   Ammonia,  lime,  and caustic
    are  the most common chemicals used to raise the  wastewater  pH.
    Thirty-one   plants   provide  for  settling  of   solids   after
    neutralization with  sedimentation  equipment (e.g., clarifiers).
    Seven  plants  filter  the treated wastewater;  in two  of  these
    plants the filtration step occurs after sedimentation, and in the
    others  filtration  is  used alone to  remove  suspended  solids.
    Several  plants  add  polymer to enhance  the  settling  of  this
    wastewater.   One plant combines battery cracking wastewater with
    stormwater  runoff,  noncontact  cooling  water,  water  softener
    backflush   and  sanitary  wastes  after  preliminary  treatment,
    consisting  of  neutralization with  ammonia  and  sedimentation.
    Approximately 20 percent of the combined wastewater is evaporated
    in  a cooling tower and recycled to the plant  process.   Cooling
    tower  blowdown  is treated by ion exchange and then  discharged.
    This  allows  the plant to effectively recycle  or  evaporate  90
    percent of its wastewater.   Treated water is recycled in four of
    the  plants;  others  send it to ponds,  or discharge  it  either
    directly or to a POTW.
    
    BLAST,  REVERBERATORY,  AND  ROTARY  FURNACE  WET  AIR  POLLUTION
    CONTROL
    
    Air emissions from the blast,  rotary, and reverberatory furnaces
    contain  particulate matter and sulfur oxides (SOX) which must be
    removed  to  meet air emissions standards.   Either  dry  or  wet
    methods  may  be used for particulate control;  of the 48  plants
    surveyed which have blast,  rotary, or reverberatory furnaces, 41
    utilize baghouses or dry scrubbers,  while seven plants have  wet
    lime or sodium scrubbers to control sulfur oxide emissions.   One
    of  the  seven  plants operates two scrubbers  on  two  different
    smelting furnaces.  Furnace scrubbing solution contains treatable
    concentrations  of suspended solids and lead.   All of the  seven
    plants  with  wet  scrubbers recycle a portion  of  the  scrubber
    water;  the  average  recycle ratio is 94  percent.   Two  plants
    indicate  they  recycle 100 percent of the scrubber  water.   All
    seven  plants use an alkaline  scrubbing solution  to  neutralize
    the  sulfur oxide fumes.   The neutralizing agents used are  lime
    (two  plants),  ammonia  (one plant),  and soda ash (one  plant).
    Three  plants  also settle or filter the scrubber  liquor  before
    recycle. Treated wastewater is discharged to a POTW in the plants
    not practicing total recycle.
    
    KETTLE WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
    
    Kettles used in the refining and alloying operation may produce a
    gaseous  stream which may require control,  primarily  to  reduce
    particulate emissions.  Of the plants surveyed, 14 do not control
    kettle  emissions,  18  use  dry controls  (baghouses),  and  the
    remaining   10   use  wet scrubbers.   Kettle  scrubber  effluent
    contains  lead,  arsenic,  other alloying metals,  and  suspended
    solids at treatable concentrations.   Nine of the 10 plants  with
    wet  scrubbers  recycle the scrubber water;  the average  recycle
    
    
                               1960
    

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                  SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VII
    
    
    ratio is over 98 percent, with six  plants  reporting 100 percent
    recycle.     However, . in  conversations with the Secondary  Lead
    Smelters Association,  the Agency has learned that these six  100
    percent  recycling  plants discharge their scrubber liquor  on  a
    batch  basis.   Although these discharges were not quantified  at
    five  of the six plants,  some are as infrequent as one time  per
    month.  These  plants did not report the treatment practiced  (if
    any)  on the batch discharge.   The remaining plant utilizes  the
    scrubber  wastewater in the battery cracking operation.   Of  the
    two plants not using 100 percent recycle, one treats the blowdown
    using sodium carbonate,  sedimentation and filtration,  while the
    other  does  not treat the blowdown.   Both plants discharge  the
    blowdown to a POTW.
    
    LEAD PASTE DESULFURIZATION
    
    As   discussed  in Section V,  one plant  operates a  process  to
    convert  lead  sulfate  paste  into  lead  oxide  using  ammonium
    carbonate.  This  process  is  designed  for  zero  discharge  of
    wastewater,  with all product streams being recycled or recovered
    for sale.  No wastewater treatment is needed.
    
    CASTING CONTACT"COOLING WATER
    
    Water  may  be used in the casting operation  to  accelerate  the
    cooling of the cast metal.  Of the plants surveyed, only nine use
    direct  contact  cooling.   One plant uses total recycle  of  the
    cooling  water,  two  rely  on total or  partial  evaporation  to
    eliminate  the  wastewater,  and  one  of  these  also  practices
    recycle.  The  remaining  plants  discharge  wastewater  with  no
    treatment.
    
    TRUCK WASH
    
    Most  of the 35 plants which crack batteries wash the trucks used
    to haul the raw material.   Only four plants report treating  the
    waste   wash   water.    One  plant  evaporates  the   wastewater
    completely.   Another plant treats the wastewater in its  central
    treatment  system   consisting of  lime,  polymer  addition,  and
    sedimentation.   A  third plant neutralizes the  wastewater  with
    soda  ash  and  settles in a concrete pit;   the pit  effluent  is
    reused  for truck washing.   Solids are recycled to the  smelting
    furnace.   The  fourth  plant  neutralizes   the  wastewater  with
    caustic and settles in a clarifier.
    
    FACILITY WASHDOWN
    
    Of  the nine plants reporting the use of water for equipment  and
    floor  wash to control fugitive lead emissions,   eight treat  the
    water before reuse or discharge.   The following treatment schemes
    are currently practiced:
    
         1.   Neutralization with ammonia,  polyelectrolyte addition,
             sedimentation and reuse;
                               1961
    

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                  SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VII
    
    
         2.   Wash water is mixed with treated sanitary waste and
             discharged to a septic lagoon;
    
         3.   Neutralization with soda ash, sedimentation, and reuse;
    
         4.   Neutralization with caustic, sedimentation with a
             clarifier and reuse;
    
         5.   Neutralization with caustic, sedimentation, followed by
             lime and settle treatment;
    
         6.   Sedimentation, pH adjustment (chemical not specified),
             sedimentation, filtration, and discharge to a
             percolation pond;
    
         7.   Cooling tower followed by ion-exchange before discharge;
             and
    
         8.   Sedimentation, pH adjustment (chemical not specified),
             and final sedimentation followed by reuse.
    
    BATTERY  CASE CLASSIFICATION
    
    Eight   plants   use  water  for  a   flotation   medium   during
    classification  of  scrap battery materials.   All  eight  plants
    treat this wastewater before recycle or discharge.  The following
    treatment schemes are currently in place:
    
         1.   Neutralization with ammonia and sedimentation - one
             plant,
    
         2.   Lime neutralization and sedimentation - two plants,
    
         3.   Neutralization with soda ash and sedimentation followed
             by reuse - one plant,
    
         4.   Neutralization with caustic and sedimentation - one
             plant,
    
         5.   Sedimentation, pH adjustment (chemical unspecified), and
             final sedimentation followed by reuse - one plant;
    
         6.   Sedimentation, pH adjustment (chemical unspecified),
             sedimentation, filtration and discharge to a percolation
             pond.  Reuse of water  from pond - one plant; and
    
         7.   Neutralization with ammonia, polyelectrolyte addition,
             and clarification followed by reuse.
    
    WASTEWATER FROM INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE COMPLIANCE
    
    Most  secondary lead smelters are required to  reduce occupational
    lead exposures by laundering employee uniforms,  washing employee
    respirators and ensuring that employees use hand wash facilities.
    Through   wastewater sampling efforts after proposal,  the  Agency
    
    
                               1962
    

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                  SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VII
    
    
    determined  that these wastewaters are contaminated  and  warrant
    treatment.   All  plants did not report these wastewater  streams
    present.   The  Agency assumed that all plants operating smelting
    furnaces  would be required to comply with applicable  industrial
    hygiene  regulations.   Most  plants reporting  these  wastewater
    streams do not treat the discharge, but segregate this wastewater
    from  other  process wastewater and discharge it  to  POTW.   One
    plant reports settling laundry water before discharge to a  POTW.
    Another plant neutralizes laundry water with ammonia,  along with
    other    process   water.     Neutralization   is   followed   by
    sedimentation.
    
    CONTROL AND TREATMENT OPTIONS CONSIDERED
    
    As  the sampling and analytical data in Section V  indicate,  the
    wastewaters  from the secondary lead subcategory contain  various
    types  of contaminants.   The primary constituents of concern are
    dissolved  metals,  suspended solids,  dissolved solids,  and  pH
    extremes or fluctuations.   The Agency examined three control and
    treatment  technology options since proposal that are  applicable
    to the wastewaters from the secondary lead subcategory.
    
    OPTION A
    
    Option  A for the secondary lead subcategory  requires  treatment
    technologies  to reduce pollutant mass.   The Option A  treatment
    scheme   consists   of  lime  and  settle   treatment   (chemical
    precipitation and sedimentation) applied to the  combined streams
    of battery cracking wastewater, furnace air  pollution  scrubbing
    wastewater,  casting contact cooling water,  kettle air pollution
    scrubbing wastewater, truck wash, facility washdown, battery case
    classification  wastewater,  and industrial  hygiene  wastewater.
    Treatment  is  followed  by  the  complete  recycle  of  facility
    washdown and battery case classification wastewater.  Preliminary
    treatment  with  oil skimming is also required for waste  streams
    containing treatable concentrations of oil and grease.   Chemical
    precipitation  is used to remove metals by the addition of  lime,
    followed  by  gravity sedimentation.   Suspended solids  is  also
    removed in the process.   At proposal,  this option also required
    dry control methods to control air emissions from kettle refining
    or  alternately,  100 percent recycle of kettle scrubber  liqilor.
    However, data gathered through Section 308 requests indicate that
    a periodic blowdown is needed,  and so a discharge allowance  now
    is provided.  Although a specific mass limitation is not provided
    for oil and grease,  oil skimming is needed for battery cracking,
    furnace wet air pollution control, truck wash, laundry, handwash,
    and  respirator wash wastewater to ensure proper metals  removal.
    Oil  and grease interferes with the chemical addition and  mixing
    required for chemical precipitation treatment.
                               1963
    

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                  SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VII
    OPTION B
    Option  B for the secondary lead subcategory requires control and
    treatment  to  reduce  the discharge  of  wastewater  volume  and
    pollutant mass.  Option B includes preliminary treatment with oil
    skimming    (where   required)/    chemical   precipitation   and
    sedimentation,  total  recycle  of treated facility washdown  and
    battery  case  classification wastewater,  plus  wastewater  flow
    reduction to reduce the volume of wastewater  discharged.   Water
    recycle  and reuse are the principal control mechanisms for  flow
    reduction.
    
    OPTION C
    
    Option C for the secondary lead subcategory consists of Option B,
    (in-process flow reduction,  oil skimming (where required),  lime
    precipitation,   sedimentation,  and  total  recycle  of  treated
    facility  washdown  and battery case  classification  wastewater)
    with the addition of multimedia filtration at the  end  of Option
    B  treatment.  Multimedia filtration is used to remove  suspended
    solids,  including  precipitated metals,  below the concentration
    attainable by gravity sedimentation.   The filter suggested is of
    the gravity,  mixed-media type,  although other forms of  filters
    such  as  rapid  sand filters or pressure filters  would  perform
    satisfactorily.   The  addition  of  filters  also  provides  for
    consistent removal during periods when there are rapid  increases
    in flows or loadings of pollutants to the treatment system.
    
    CONTROL AND TREATMENT OPTIONS REJECTED
    
    Two  additional treatment technologies were considered  prior  to
    proposing  effluent limitations for this subcategory as discussed
    below.   Activated  alumina  and reverse  osmosis  were  rejected
    because  they  were  not demonstrated in  the  nonferrous  metals
    manufacturing  category  nor were they readily transferable  from
    other categories.
    
    None  of the toxic organic pollutants were selected  for  further
    consideration in establishing limitations for the secondary  lead
    subcategory.   Therefore,  Option  E,  which  includes  activated
    carbon adsorption for organic removal, was not applicable to this
    subcategory.
    
    OPTION D
    
    Option D for the secondary lead subcategory consists of Option C,
    (in-process  flow reduction,  lime precipitation,  sedimentation,
    multimedia  filtration)  with the addition of  activated  alumina
    technology  at  the end of Option  C  treatment.   The  activated
    alumina process is used to remove dissolved arsenic which remains
    after lime precipitation.
                               1964
    

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                  SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VII
    OPTION F
    Option F for the secondary lead subcategory consists of Option C,
    (in-process  flow reduction,  lime precipitation,  sedimentation,
    multimedia  filtration) with the addition of reverse osmosis  and
    multiple-effect  evaporation  technology at the end of  Option  C
    treatment.   Option F is used for complete recycle of the treated
    water  by  controlling  the concentration  of  dissolved  solids.
    Multiple-effect  evaporation is used to dewater  brines  rejected
    from reverse osmosis.
                               1965
    

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                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY     SECT - VIII
    
    
    
                               SECTION VIII
    
               COSTS, ENERGY, AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS
    
    
    This  section  describes  the method used to  develop  the  costs
    associated  with the control and treatment technologies discussed
    in Section VII for wastewaters from secondary lead  plants.   The
    energy  requirements  of the considered options as well as  solid
    waste  and  air pollution  aspects  are also  discussed  in  this
    section.
    
    TREATMENT OPTIONS COSTED FOR EXISTING SOURCES
    
    As discussed in Section VII,  three control and treatment options
    are  considered for treating wastewater from the  secondary  lead
    subcategory.   Cost  estimates  have been developed for  each  of
    these  control and treatment options.   The control and treatment
    options  are  presented schematically in Figures X-l through  X-3
    (pages 2009 - 2011), and summarized below.
    
    OPTION A
    
    Option   A  for  the  secondary  lead  subcategory  consists   of
    preliminary  treatment with oil skimming (where  required),  lime
    precipitation  and sedimentation end-of-pipe  technology.   Total
    recycle  of  facility washdown and  battery  case  classification
    wastewater is also required for Option A.
    
    OPTION B
    
    Option B for the secondary lead subcategory requires control  and
    treatment  technologies  to  reduce the discharge  of  wastewater
    volume  and  pollutant  mass.  The  recycle  of  casting  contact
    cooling  water through cooling towers and the recycle of wet  air
    pollution  control  water through holding tanks are  the  control
    mechanisms   for  flow  reduction.   The  Option  B   end-of-pipe
    treatment technology consists of preliminary treatment with   oil
    skimming   (where   required),  plus   lime   precipitation   and
    sedimentation with total recycle of facility washdown and battery
    case classification wastewater.
    
    OPTION C
    
    Option  C for the secondary lead subcategory consists of all  the
    control  and treatment technologies of Option B (in-process  flow
    reduction   through  cooling  towers  and  holding  tanks;    lime
    precipitation  and  sedimentation and total recycle  of  facility
    washdown,  and  battery  case classification  wastewater  end-of-
    pipe  treatment,  and  preliminary treatment  with  oil  skimming
    (where  required)) with the addition of multimedia filtration  to
    the end-of-pipe treatment scheme.
                               1967
    

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                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY     SECT - VIII
    
    
    COST METHODOLOGY
    
    A  detailed  discussion  of the methodology used to  develop  the
    compliance  costs  is presented in Section VIII  of  the  General
    Development Document.   Plant-by-plant compliance costs have been
    estimated  for  the nonferrous metals manufacturing category  and
    are  presented  in  the  administrative  record  supporting  this
    regulation.   A comparison of the proposal and the revised  costs
    for the final regulation are presented in Tables VIII-1 and VIII-
    2   (page!973)   for  the  direct   and   indirect   dischargers,
    respectively.
    
    Each  of  the major assumptions used to develop compliance  costs
    are  presented  in Section VIII  of  Vol.  1.   Each  subcategory
    contains   a  unique  set  of  waste  streams  requiring  certain
    subcategory-specific  assumptions  to develop  compliance  costs.
    Seven major assumptions are discussed briefly below.
    
         (1)  For  plants having existing treatment  of  insufficient
              capacity,  the   required  capital costs are  based  on
              providing  the incremental capacity needed  and  annual
              costs  are based on operation of a single system at the
              expanded capacity.
    
         (2)  Information  available  to the Agency is  not  detailed
              enough  to  determine if all industrial  hygiene  waste
              streams,  truck  wash,  and floor wash,  are present at
              each plant.   Therefore,  where EPA had no  information
              on these wastewater sources,  the Agency assumed all of
              these   are  present  at  the  regulatory  flow   rate.
              Although  a  discharge allowance for floor wash is  not
              necessary,  EPA  included extra treatment  capacity  to
              accommodate this need.  Acceptable floor wash water may
              be    obtained  from  recycling   treated   wastewater.
              Therefore,  costs are included for a holding tank after
              chemical  precipitation  and settling to recycle  water
              for floor wash use under all options.
    
         (3)  Lime  addition  is used in most  cases  throughout  the
              secondary  lead  subcategory  in estimating  costs  for
              chemical precipitation.    However, if a plant currently
              uses  ammonia,  soda ash,  or caustic as  the  chemical
              precipitant,  the costs are based on caustic addition.
    
         (4)  Annual costs  for contract hauling are not included when
              sludge from existing treatment is recycled either to  a
              smelter or back to a process.   If a plant has a lagoon
              for  sedimentation and sludge storage,  the  investment
              costs  for sedimentation and vacuum filtration are  not
              included since these technologies would probably not be
              installed  to  comply  with the  effluent  limitations.
              However,  operation  and  maintenance costs  for  these
              technologies  (and contract hauling) were included as an
              estimate of the cost likely to be incurred by the plant
              to  ultimately  dispose   of  the  sludge.   All  sludges
    
    
                               1968
    

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                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY     SECT - VIII
    
    
              produced through wastewater treatment are considered to
              be    nonhazardous in estimating costs.   However,  the
              EPA  cost   for solid waste disposal is  equivalent  to
              hazardous  waste disposal.   In  addition,  the  Agency
              performed   a  sensitivity  analysis  in  which  sludge
              disposal  costs   were doubled without an  increase  in
              plant closures.
    
        (5)   Compliance  costs for three plants that are  integrated
              with  battery  manufacturing operations  are  estimated
              only  for multimedia filtration of the amount of  waste
              water associated with secondary lead operations.  Costs
              were  developed for a treatment configuration  assuming
              filtration  of  an  amount of wastewater equal  to  the
              secondary lead subcategory  flow, following centralized
              lime  and  settle treatment of combined flows.   At two
              plants  the    secondary  lead flow  consists  only  of
              wastewater  from  industrial  hygiene  practices.   The
              third   plant   produces  battery   cracking,   furnace
              scrubber,  and kettle scrubber          wastewater  but
              at    rates    lower    than   the    BPT    regulatory
              discharge flows (see Section IX).   The Agency  adopted
              this  method of costing because the plants are  battery
              manufacturing  plants,  and  the  wastewater  from  the
              manufacturing operations is very large in comparison to
              the  secondary lead wastewater  flow.   Therefore,  all
              other    compliance costs are attributed to the battery
              manufacturing regulation.
    
         (6)  The  costs  of  holding  tanks to  achieve  recycle  of
              furnace scrubber liquor and kettle scrubber liquor were
              not  included  in compliance costs  since  the  holding
              tanks are an integral part of the air pollution control
              system  and are not the basis of wastewater  treatment.
              All  17  plants operating furnace or  kettle  scrubbers
              practice recycle exceeding 83 percent.
    
         (7)  Recycle  of casting contact cooling water is  based  on
              recycle through cooling towers. Annual  costs associated
              with  maintenance and chemicals to  prevent  biological
              growth,  corrosion,  and  scale formation are  included
              in   the   estimated  compliance  costs.    If  a  plant
              currently   recycles  casting  contact   cooling  water,
              capital costs of the recycled equipment (piping, pumps,
              and    cooling  towers)   were  not  included   in   the
              compliance costs.
    
    NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS
    
    Nonwater   quality   impacts  specific  to  the  secondary   lead
    subcategory  including energy requirements,  solid  waste and  air
    pollution are discussed below.
                               1969
    

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                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY     SECT - VIII
    
    
    ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
    
    The methodology used for determining the energy requirements  for
    the  various  options  is discussed in Section VIII  of  Vol.  1.
    Energy   requirements  for  the  three  options  considered   are
    estimated at 5.17 MW-hr/yr,  5.23 MW-hr/yr, and 5.42 MW-hr/yr for
    Options A,  B,  and C respectively.   Option C represents roughly
    two  percent  of  a typical  plant's  electrical  usage.   It  is
    therefore concluded that the energy requirements of the treatment
    options considered will have no significant impact on total plant
    energy   consumption.    Option   C  would  increase       energy
    requirements over Option A by approximately 4.8 percent.
    
    SOLID WASTE
    
    Sludges  associated  with  the secondary  lead  subcategory  will
    necessarily contain additional quantities (and concentrations) of
    toxic metal pollutants.
    
    Wastes  generated by secondary metal industries can be  regulated
    as hazardous.  However, the Agency examined the solid wastes that
    would  be  generated  at secondary lead plants by  the  suggested
    treatment technologies and believes they are not hazardous wastes
    under  the Agency's regulations implementing Section 3001 of  the
    Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.  None of these wastes are
    listed specifically as hazardous,  nor are they likely to exhibit
    a characteristic of hazardous waste.  This judgment is made based
    on   the   recommended  technology    of    lime   precipitation,
    sedimentation and filtration.  By the addition of excess lime (5-
    10 percent) during treatment, similar sludges, specifically toxic
    metal bearing sludges,  generated by other industries such as the
    iron  and  steel  industry passed the Extraction  Procedure  (EP)
    toxicity test.   See 40 CFR 261.24.  The Agency believes that the
    wastewater  sludges  will  similarly  not  be  EP  toxic  if  the
    recommended technology is applied.
    
    The  Agency  received  several comments from the  secondary  lead
    subcategory claiming sludges generated through the use of lime as
    a wastewater treatment chemical were hazardous due to  lead.   To
    properly  evaluate these comments,  the Agency requested specific
    data  and  information from the commenters.   From  the  material
    received,  it  appears  lime sludges at two  secondary  lead  and
    battery  manufacturing  plants sometimes exhibit toxicity due  to
    lead  (six  of the 19 samples exhibited EP toxicity in  the  data
    submitted).   The  Agency contends these sludges would  not  have
    been  classified as hazardous under RCRA if a small amount  (5-10
    percent)   of  excess  lime  had  been  used  during   wastewater
    treatment.   (The  Agency's  trip  reports for  these  facilities
    indicate  that  the facilities do not use excess  lime  to  treat
    wastewater).    A  third  plant  (operated  by  one  of  the  two
    companies),  which  tests  its lime sludges on  a  batch-by-batch
    basis,  indicated  that  it disposed of its wastewater  treatment
    sludges as a hazardous material less than two percent of the time
    (over  a  two  year period),  indicating that  operation  of  the
    treatment system affects sludge quality.
    
    
                               1970
    

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                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY     SECT - VIII
    It is also the Agency's understanding,  based on  comments,  that
    one  of  the facilities disposing of lime sludges as a  hazardous
    waste  has  entered into an agreement with a  local  landfill  at
    preferential  rates.  The Agency contends that if this plant  did
    not  have a local disposal site to dispose of its lime sludge  as
    hazardous,  it  could operate its treatment system  using  excess
    lime, which would make the sludges nonhazardous.
    
    The  Agency  has  recalculated  the  compliance  costs  for   the
    secondary  lead subcategory on a plant-by-plant  basis.   In  the
    cost   model,   a  contract  hauling  fee  of  $90  per  ton  (as
    nonhazardous  waste) was used in estimating  annual  costs.   The
    Agency  solicited data on sludge disposal costs and only received
    information  from  one  corporation.    Data  submitted  by   the
    commenter  show  the  contract  hauling costs  when  sludges  are
    disposed of as hazardous wastes ranging from $90 to $110 per ton.
    This  would indicate that the Agency's sludge disposal costs  are
    conservative  when lime sludges are disposed of  as  nonhazardous
    wastes.   In  addition,  the Agency doubled the contract  hauling
    costs  for secondary lead sludge from $90 per ton to $180 per ton
    and found no economic impacts for this subcategory.
    
    The  Agency also received comments stating it had  not  accounted
    for additional costs of sludge disposal in states where hazardous
    waste  disposal is more stringent than the federal  requirements.
    The  Agency is not aware of any state regulations more  stringent
    than  the  federal EP toxicity test,  except  for  the  state  of
    California.    However,   California   only  requires  additional
    paperwork  for  wastes  that fail their procedure  but  pass  the
    federal EP toxicity test, and does not impose additional disposal
    costs or requirements.
    
    Although it is the Agency's view that solid wastes generated as a
    result  of  these guidelines are not expected  to  be  hazardous,
    generators  of  these wastes must test the waste to determine  if
    the  wastes  meet any of the characteristics of  hazardous  waste
    (see 40 CFR 262.11).
    
    If these wastes should be identified or are listed as  hazardous,
    they  will  come  within the scope of RCRA's  "cradle  to  grave"
    hazardous waste management program,  requiring regulation from the
    point  of  generation  to  point  of  final  disposition.   EPA's
    generator   standards  would  require  generators  of   hazardous
    nonferrous  metals manufacturing wastes to meet containerization,
    labeling,  recordkeeping,  and reporting requirements;   if plants
    dispose of hazardous wastes off-site,  they would have to prepare
    a manifest which would track the movement of the wastes from  the
    generator's premises to a permitted off-site treatment,  storage,
    or  disposal  facility.   See 40 CFR 262.20 45 FR 33142 (May  19,
    1980),  as  amended  at 45 FR 86973   (December  31,  1980).    The
    transporter    regulations  require   transporters  of   hazardous
    wastes  to  comply  with the manifest system to assure  that  the
    wastes are delivered to a permitted  facility.    See 40  CFR 263.20
    45 FR 33151 (May 19,  1980),  as amended at 45 FR 86973 (December
                               1971
    

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                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY     SECT - VIII
    
    
    31,  1980).   Finally,  RCRA Regulations establish standards  for
    hazardous  waste  treatment,  storage,  and  disposal  facilities
    allowed  to receive such wastes.  See 40 CFR Part 464 46 FR  2802
    (January 12, 1981), 47 FR 32274 (July 26, 1982).
    
    Even if these wastes are not identified as hazardous,  they still
    must  be  disposed  of in compliance with the   Subtitle  D  open
    dumping  standards,  implementing 4004 of RCRA.   See 44 FR 53438
    (September 13,  1979).   The Agency has calculated as part of the
    costs for wastewater treatment the cost of hauling and  disposing
    of  these  wastes.   EPA estimates that implementation  of  lime,
    settle,  and  filter technology will produce approximately  5,100
    tons  of  sludge  per  year at  20  percent  solids.   Multimedia
    filtration  technology will not result in any significant  amount
    of sludge over that generated by lime precipitation.
    
    AIR POLLUTION
    
    There is no reason to believe that any substantial air  pollution
    problems   will   result   from   implementation   of    chemical
    precipitation,  sedimentation,  and multimedia filtration.  These
    technologies  transfer  pollutants  to  solid waste  and  do  not
    involve  air  stripping or any other physical process  likely  to
    transfer  pollutants  to  air.    Water  vapor  containing   some
    particulate  matter will be released in the drift  from   cooling
    tower systems;  however, the Agency does not consider this impact
    to be significant.
                               1972
    

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             SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
          SECT - VIII
                        TABLE VIII-1
    
    COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
                     DIRECT DISCHARGERS
                    (March, 1982 Dollars)
           Proposal Costs
    Promulgation Costs
    Option
    A
    B
    C
    Capital
    639000
    639000
    2880000
    Annual
    310000
    310000
    1850000
    Capital
    1630000
    1630000
    1860000
    Annual
    1120000
    1120000
    1240000
                        TABLE VII1-2
    
    COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
                    INDIRECT DISCHARGERS
                    (March, 1982 Dollars)
           Proposal Costs
    Promulgation Costs
    Option
    A
    B
    C
    Capital
    1660000
    2020000
    4130000
    Annual
    758000
    760000
    2640000
    Capital
    3690000
    3720000
    4260000
    Annual
    2240000
    2240000
    2510000
                         1973
    

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                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
                                SECTION IX
    
                    BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
                            CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
    This  section  defines  the effluent  characteristics  attainable
    through  the application of best practicable  control  technology
    currently  available (BPT),  Section 301(b)(a)(A).   BPT reflects
    the existing performance by plants of various  sizes,  ages,  and
    manufacturing processes within the secondary lead subcategory, as
    well  as  the  established  performance of  the  recommended  BPT
    systems.   Particular  consideration  is given to  the  treatment
    already in place at plants within the data base.
    
    The factors considered in identifying BPT include the total  cost
    of  applying the technology in relation to the effluent reduction
    benefits  from  such  application,   the  age  of  equipment  and
    facilities involved,  the manufacturing processes used,  nonwater
    quality  environmental impacts (including  energy  requirements),
    and  other factors the Administrator considers  appropriate.   In
    general,  the  BPT  level represents the average of the  existing
    performances  of plants of various  ages,  sizes,  processes,  or
    other  common  characteristics.   Where existing  performance  is
    uniformly  inadequate,  BPT may be transferred from  a  different
    subcategory  or  category.   Limitations  based  on  transfer  of
    technology  are  supported  by a rationale  concluding  that  the
    technology is, indeed, transfer able, and a reasonable prediction
    that  it  will  be capable of achieving the  prescribed  effluent
    limits (see Tanner's Council of America v.  Train,  540 F.2d 1188
    (4th Cir. 1176). BPT focuses on end-of-pipe treatment rather than
    process changes or internal controls, except where such practices
    are common subcategory practice.
    
    TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BPT
    
    The  Agency studied the nonferrous metals manufacturing  category
    to  identify the processes used,   the wastewaters generated,  and
    the  treatment processes installed.   Information  was  collected
    from  industry  using data collection  portfolios,  and  specific
    plants  were  sampled and the wastewaters  analyzed.    Additional
    data used in the final rule were obtained through  comments,  new
    dcp,  and specific data requests.  Some of the factors which must
    be  considered in establishing effluent limitations based on  BPT
    have   already  been  discussed.     The  age  of  equipment   and
    facilities,  processes  used,  and raw materials were taken  into
    account  in subcategorization and subdivision and  are  discussed
    fully  in  Section  IV.   Nonwater  quality  impacts   and  energy
    requirements are considered in Section VIII.
    
    As  explained in Section IV,  the secondary lead subcategory  has
    been  segmented  into  11  building blocks each  of  which  is  a
    potential  wastewater sources.   Since the water  use,  discharge
    rates, and pollutant characteristics of each of these wastewaters
    
    
                               1975
    

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                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
    
    
    is potentially unique, effluent limitations will be developed for
    each of the 11 building blocks.
    
    For  each of the segments,  a specific approach was followed  for
    the  development  of  BPT  mass  limitations.    To  account  for
    production  and flow variability from plant to plant,  a unit  of
    production   or   production  normalizing  parameter  (PNP)   was
    determined  for each waste stream which could then be related  to
    the  flow from the process to determine a  production  normalized
    flow.  Selection of the PNP for each process element is discussed
    in  Section  IV.   Each process within the subcategory  was  then
    analyzed  to  determine  (1) whether or not  operations  included
    generated wastewater,  (2) specific flow rates generated, and (3)
    the specific production normalized flows for each process.   This
    analysis  is  discussed  in detail  in   Section  V.   Nonprocess
    wastewater  such as rainfall runoff and noncontact cooling  water
    is not considered in the analysis.
    
    Normalized flows were analyzed to determine which flow was to  be
    used as part of the basis for BPT mass limitations.  The selected
    flow  (sometimes  referred  to as a BPT regulatory  flow  or  BPT
    discharge  rate) reflects the water use controls which are common
    practices  within the subcategory.   The BPT normalized  flow  is
    based  on  the  average  of all  applicable  data.   Plants  with
    normalized  flows  above the average may have to  implement  some
    method of flow reduction to achieve the BPT limitations.  In most
    cases,  this  will  involve  improving  housekeeping   practices,
    better  maintenance to limit water leakage,  or  reducing  excess
    flow by turning down a flow valve.  It is not believed that these
    modifications would incur any costs for the plants.
    
    For  the  development of effluent limitations,  mass  limitations
    were calculated for each wastewater source or subdivision.   This
    calculation  was  made on  a  stream-by-stream  basis,  primarily
    because  plants  in this category may perform one or more of  the
    operations   in  various  combinations.    The  mass  limitations
    (milligrams  of  pollutant  per kilogram of  production  unit
    mg/kg)  were  calculated by multiplying the BPT  normalized  flow
    (1/kkg)  by the concentration achievable using the BPT  treatment
    system  (mg/1) for each pollutant parameter to be  limited  under
    BPT.
    
    The  mass limitations which are allowed under BPT for each  plant
    will  be the sum of the individual mass loadings for the  various
    wastewater   sources  which  are  found  at  particular   plants.
    Accordingly,  all the wastewater generated within a plant may  be
    combined  for treatment in a single or common  treatment  system,
    but  the effluent limitations for these combined wastewaters  are
    based on the various wastewater sources which actually contribute
    to  the combined flow.   This method accounts for the variety  of
    combinations of wastewater sources and production processes which
    may be found at secondary lead plants.
    
    The Agency usually establishes wastewater limitations in terms of
    mass  rather than concentration.   This approach prevents the use
    
    
                               1976
    

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                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
    
    
    of  dilution as a treatment method (except for  controlling  pH).
    The  production  normalized  wastewater flow (1/kkg)  is  a  link
    between  the production operations and the effluent  limitations.
    The  pollutant  discharge attributable to each operation  can  be
    calculated  from  the normalized flow and effluent  concentration
    achievable  by the treatment technology and summed to  derive  an
    appropriate limitation for each subcategory.
    
    BPT  effluent  limitations  are  based  on  the  average  of  the
    wastewater discharge flows for each building block combined  with
    the commonly used treatment methods in the subcategory.   Section
    VII  discusses  the  various  treatment  technologies  which  are
    currently in place for each wastewater source. In most cases, the
    current  treatment  levels consist of chemical precipitation  and
    sedimentation  (lime and settle technology) and a combination  of
    reuse and recycle to reduce flow.
    
    The  overall  effectiveness  of  end-of-pipe  treatment  for  the
    removal  of wastewater pollutants is improved by the  application
    of water flow controls within the process to limit the volume  of
    wastewater  requiring  treatment.   The  controls  or  in-process
    technologies  recommended  under BPT include only those  measures
    which  are  commonly practiced within the subcategory  and  which
    reduce  flows  to meet the production normalized  flow  for  each
    operation.
    
    In making technical assessments of data,   reviewing manufacturing
    processes, and assessing wastewater treatment technology options,
    both  indirect and direct dischargers have been considered  as  a
    single  group.   An  examination of plants and processes did  not
    indicate any process differences based on the type of  discharge,
    whether it be direct or indirect.
    
    INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
    
    In  balancing  costs in relation to pollutant removal  estimates,
    EPA considers the volume and nature of existing  discharges,  the
    volume  and  nature of discharges expected after  application  of
    BPT, the general  environmental effects of the pollutants,  and the
    cost  and  economic  impacts of the  required  pollution  control
    level.  The Act does not require or permit consideration of water
    quality  problems  attributable  to particular  point  sources  or
    industries,  or  water quality improvements in  particular  water
    quality bodies.   Accordingly,   water quality considerations were
    not  the  basis for selecting BPT.    See  Weyerhaeuser Company  v.
    Costle, 590 F.2d  1011 (D.C.  Cir.  1978).
    
    The  methodology  for calculating pollutant removal estimates  and
    plant  compliance  costs is  discussed in.Section  X.    Table  X-2
    (page  2002)   shows  the estimated pollutant   removals  for  each
    treatment  option for direct dischargers.  Compliance  costs  for
    direct dischargers are presented in Table VIII-1 (page 1973).
                               1977
    

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                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
    
    
    BPT OPTION SELECTION
    
    The  BPT  treatment scheme (Figure IX-1 page  1992)  consists  of
    complete   recycle   of  facility  washdown  and   battery   case
    classification  wastewater following chemical  precipitation  and
    sedimentation (lime and settle) end-of-pipe technology.  Although
    a  specific mass limitation is not provided for oil  and  grease,
    oil  skimming  is  included in EPA  cost  estimates  for  battery
    cracking, furnace wet air pollution control, truck wash, laundry,
    hand wash, and respirator wash wastewater to ensure proper metals
    removal.   Oil and grease interferes with the  chemical  addition
    and  mixing required for chemical precipitation  treatment.   The
    BPT treatment is equivalent to Option A described in Section VII.
    The   promulgated  technology  is  equivalent  to  the   proposed
    technology with the addition of oil skimming and the omission  of
    complete recycle of kettle scrubbing wastewater.  The promulgated
    BPT  will result in the removal of approximately 25,354 kg/yr  of
    toxic  metal  pollutants  and  2,852,000  kg/yr  of  conventional
    pollutants  from  the  estimated raw  discharge.   The  estimated
    capital  cost of BPT is $1,630,000 (March, 1982 dollars) and  the
    estimated annual cost is $1,120,000 (March, 1982 dollars).
    
    In  the  proposed  limitations,  ammonia was  given  a  discharge
    allowance  of  zero to prevent the discharge of  kettle  scrubber
    liquor.  Data  gathered through special requests have shown those
    plants previously thought to be recycling kettle scrubber  liquor
    100  percent  do  actually have a  periodic  discharge.   EPA  is
    promulgating  a  discharge  allowance  of zero  for  ammonia  for
    secondary lead plants.   Ammonia in secondary lead wastewaters is
    the  result  of  its  use as  a  wastewater  treatment  chemical.
    Effluent  data  from a secondary lead plant were  found  to  have
    ammonia  in  its treated effluent at an average concentration  of
    6,500  mg/1.   It is the Agency's understanding that  ammonia  is
    used  because  it  reduces  the amount of  sludge  generated  and
    produces a sludge more amenable for reuse as a raw material  than
    lime  sludges.   However,  the  use  of caustic as  a  wastewater
    treatment  chemical is also widely demonstrated in the  secondary
    lead  subcategory.   Caustic  is  as applicable  as  ammonia  for
    reducing  sludge  generation and producing sludges  that  can  be
    recycled.    In  developing  plant-by-plant  costs,   the  Agency
    provided  costs for substituting neutralization with caustic  for
    neutralization  with  lime or ammonia.  This will  eliminate  the
    discharge  of  ammonia and still produce a sludge acceptable  for
    recycling.  However, if a plant chooses to continue using ammonia
    as a treatment chemical,  it will have to maintain zero discharge
    of ammonia.
    
    WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES
    
    A  BPT discharge rate is calculated for each subdivision based on
    the  average of the flows of the existing plants,  as  determined
    from  analysis of the dcp.   The discharge rate is used with  the
    achievable  treatment  concentrations to determine  BPT  effluent
    limitations.   Since the discharge rate may be different for each
    wastewater source, separate production normalized discharge rates
    
    
                               1978
    

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                    SECONDARY  LEAD  SUBCATEGORY    SECT -  IX
    
    
     for   each   of  the  11 wastewater  sources are discussed  below  and
     summarized   in Table   IX-1  (page   1985).   The  discharge  rates
     generally   are normalized on a production basis by   relating  the
     amount   of  wastewater generated  to  the mass of  the  intermediate
     product  which is produced by the  process  associated  with  the
     waste   stream  in  question.   These   production   normalizing
     parameters,  or PNP's, are also listed in Table IX-1.
    
     In   light   of   the comments  received  on   the  flow  allowances
     used  in  the  1983 proposal, the Agency reviewed existing flow  and
     production   information   from  data  collection  portfolios   and
     solicited additional information through specific data  requests.
     The   Agency  also  performed   engineering  site  visits  at   two
     integrated   secondary   lead  and  battery  manufacturing  plants.
     These additional  data have been used by the Agency  to  develop
     flow  allowances   for   five  waste  streams  not  considered   at
     proposal.    Three  of   these wastewater  streams  —  hand  wash,
     respirator   wash,  and  laundries   —  result  from  occupational
     hygiene  needs.  Flow allowances have also been    developed  for
     truck washing.   The Agency also considered whether  to  provide
     allowances  for  three other streams, facility washdown, lead paste
     desulfurization, and battery case classification, but  determined
     that  no allowance required because treated effluent can be  used
     as  makeup   water  or  because  complete  recycle  and  reuse  is
     practiced.   Flow allowances for each of the 11 wastewater streams
     identified  in  the secondary lead subcategory are discussed below.
    
     BATTERY CRACKING
    
     The   BPT wastewater discharge  rate used at proposal  for  battery
     cracking was 940 1/kkg  (225 gal/ton) of lead produced.  All 32 of
     the plants with this process discharged this wastewater at  rates
     ranging  from  80.5 to 5,086 1/kkg (19.3 to 1,220 gal/ton).   None
     of the plants  practiced recycle of this wastewater, therefore the
     BPT rate was the average  discharge rate of 32 plants.
    
     The   BPT  wastewater discharge rate for battery cracking  is  673
     1/kkg  (161  gal/ton) of lead scrap produced.  This rate is  based
     on  the average of the discharge flows from 30 plants  with  this
     process.  Water use and discharge rates are presented in Table V-
     1.  The promulgated BPT allowance is different from the  proposed
     BPT   allowance because two plants included in the calculation  of
     the   allowance  at  proposal were deleted  from  the  average  at
     promulgation.  Plants 266 and  272 were excluded from the  average
     because  of  excessive water use compared to the other 30  plants.
     The Agency believes there is no technical justification for  such
     high  water usage.   Data from five plants which submitted new dcps
     subsequent   to  proposal  further  support  the  promulgated  BPT
     allowance.   Inclusion of the new data in the calculation of  the
     regulatory flow allowance could have resulted in a difference  of
     less  than   four  percent from  the  promulgated  allowance  (673
     1/kkg).      The   Agency   received   no   comments    requesting
    differentiation  in  flow allowances based  on  battery  breaking
    methods.
                                   1979
    

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                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
    Since  the new data support the promulgated flow  allowance,  the
    new  data  were not included in the regulatory flow  calculation.
    Twenty of the 35 plants with this wastewater stream meet the  BPT
    discharge rate.
    
    BLAST, REVERBERATORY, OR ROTARY FURNACE WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
    
    The  BPT  regulatory wastewater discharge  rate   for  blast  and
    reverberatory  furnace wet air pollution control was 3,380  1/kkg
    (811 gal/ton) of lead produced.  This rate was allocated only for
    those  plants  having  wet air  pollution  control  for  smelting
    operations.   Of the 47 plants with this process, seven used  wet
    air  scrubbing devices.  One of the seven plants did  not  report
    sufficient  production  data to calculate a  discharge  rate  but
    reported  a recycle rate of 97.8 percent.  One  plant  discharged
    with  no recycle.  Two plants practiced partial recycle,  ranging
    from  83.3  to 93.3 percent.  (One plant  operates  two  separate
    scrubbers  on  different smelting furnaces.)  Two  of  the  seven
    plants achieved zero discharge by 100 percent recycle.  Extensive
    recycling  is  possible for this wastewater stream,  but  a  zero
    discharge  may  not  be technically feasible  unless   a  recycle
    system  controls  dissolved solids build-up,  the  wastewater  is
    evaporated,  or there is a production operation that  can  accept
    the quality of treated wastewater.  Some of these zero  discharge
    possibilities   are   site-specific  and,  therefore,   are   not
    applicable  to  the secondary lead subcategory as a  whole.   The
    discharge  rates from the four discharging scrubbers ranged  from
    1,776  to  6,587 1/kkg (426 to 1,580 gal/ton).   The  average  of
    these four discharges was the basis for the BPT rate.  Wastewater
    rates  for  blast and   reverberatory furnace wet  air  pollution
    control are presented in Table V-3 of the proposed secondary lead
    supplemental development document.
    
    The BPT regulatory wastewater discharge rate for furnace wet air
    pollution  control is 2,610 1/kkg (626 gal/ton) of lead  produced
    from smelting.   This rate is based on 90 percent recycle of  the
    average  water  use  for three scrubbers at Plants 265  and  272.
    (One plant operates separate scrubbers on two smelting furnaces).
    The  actual recycle rates of the three scrubbers range from  83.3
    to  93.3 percent.   Recycle exceeding 83 percent is  demonstrated
    for  all  eight  furnace  scrubbers  currently  operated  in  the
    subcategory.   Water  use  and discharge rates are  presented  in
    Table  V-3  (page  1889).  The  final  BPT  regulatory  discharge
    allowance differs from the proposed BPT discharge allowance.   As
    discussed above, the proposed allowance was based on the  average
    wastewater discharge from four scrubbers at three plants.  One of
    these plants did not practice recycle and has since shut down its
    scrubber.  This plant (#266) was not included in the  calculation
    of  the  promulgated discharge allowance because no  recycle  was
    practiced  at  this plant and the allowance is  based  on  widely
    demonstrated recycle.  Data from new dcps received subsequent  to
    proposal  were  also excluded from calculation of  the  discharge
    allowance.   One  plant  reports recycling 99.8  percent  of  its
    scrubber  water  but does not provide sufficient  information  to
    
    
                                   1980
    

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                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
     calculate  production  normalized  water  use.  A  second   plant
     (#6602),  which practices 95 percent recycle, was  excluded  from
     the  calculation of the discharge allowance because of  excessive
     water use.  The water use at this plant is almost four times that
     of  the  highest  water user included in  the  calculation.   The
     Agency believes there is no technical justification for such high
     water  use.   All seven plants operating  furnace  scrubbers  use
     alkaline scrubber solutions to neutralize the sulfur oxides (SOX)
     removed from the furnace off-gases.  Neutralizing agents used are
     lime,  caustic,  soda ash, and ammonia.  The Agency  received  no
     comments  requesting differentiation in flow allowances based  on
     type  of scrubber solution.  Three of the five  plants  reporting
     sufficient  information  to calculate discharge  rates  meet  the
     promulgated BPT discharge rate.
    
     KETTLE WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
    
     No BPT regulatory wastewater discharge allowance was provided for
     kettle  scrubbing  wastewater at proposal.   Twenty-eight  plants
     reported  controlling   kettle   air  emissions;  19   used   dry
     controls  (baghouses),  and  nine  used  scrubbers.   Six  plants
     reported  practicing complete recycle of the scrubber liquor  and
     one  plant used the liquor in the battery cracking  and  decasing
     operation.   The remaining two plants practiced recycle  of  91.7
     and  96  percent.  Since  complete  recycle  of  kettle  scrubber
     wastewater  was so widely demonstrated in this  subcategory,  the
     Agency believed that zero discharge of wastewater pollutants  was
     feasible for all secondary lead kettle wet air pollution control.
    
     The BPT regulatory wastewater discharge allowance is 45 1/kkg (11
     gal/ton)  of lead produced from refining.   Data gathered  through
     specific  data  requests after proposal have shown  those  plants
     previously  thought  to practice 100 percent  recycle  of  kettle
     scrubber liquor actually have a periodic discharge.  As shown  in
     Table  V-5  (page 1894), only three  plants  reported  sufficient
     information  to calculate production normalized discharge  rates.
     The BPT regulatory discharge rate is based on the discharge  from
     Plant  224,  which practices 99.2 percent recycle if the  periodic
     discharge  is normalized on a continuous basis.  Plants  264  and
     273  were  excluded because of excessively high  discharge  rates
     compared to Plant 224.  The discharge rate for Plants 264 and 273
     are  approximately two times and 40 times   higher,   respectively,
     than  the discharge rate for Plant 224.   The Agency can  find  no
     technical  reason  for such variation in discharge   practices  at
     these plants.
    
     LEAD PASTE DESULFURIZATION
    
    No  BPT wastewater discharge allowance is  provided  for  lead paste
    desulfurization.    Only one plant currently operates this process
    and no wastewater is discharged.
                                   1981
    

    -------
                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
    
    
    CASTING CONTACT COOLING WATER
    
    The  BPT wastewater discharge rate used at proposal  for  casting
    contact cooling water was 221 1/kkg (53.1 gal/ton) of lead  cast.
    At  proposal,  11 of the 66 secondary lead  plants  with  casting
    operations, generated wastewater from the process.  Three  plants
    practiced  total  recycle  and two  plants  reported  discharging
    "insignificant"  amounts  of wastewater.  Six plants  were  once-
    through dischargers, with flow rates ranging from 5 to 963  1/kkg
    (1 to 231 gal/ton). Wastewater rates for casting contact  cooling
    are presented in Table V-7 (page 1896).   The BPT discharge  rate
    was based on the average of the six discharging plants.
    
    The  BPT  regulatory  discharge  allowance  for  casting  contact
    cooling  is  221  1/kkg (53.1 gal/ton) of  lead  cast.   This  is
    equivalent  to the proposed flow allowance.  The Agency  received
    no  new  flow data for casting contact cooling and thus  sees  no
    reason to change the proposed allowance.
    
    TRUCK WASH
    
    The BPT regulatory wastewater discharge rate for truck wash is 21
    1/kkg (5 gal/ton) of lead produced from smelting.  This allowance
    includes wastewater discharge from washing pallets on which scrap
    batteries  are  transported.   Although many plants  which  crack
    batteries generate wastewater from truck and pallet washing,  the
    Agency measured flow data from only two plants.   However,  there
    is  no  reason  to think that truck  and  pallet  washing  varies
    appreciably   from  plant  to  plant.     Truck  wash  flows  were
    calculated  by measuring the water flow rate from hoses used  for
    washing  and  the  time required to wash  a  truck.   The  pallet
    washing flow was calculated by multiplying the average number  of
    pallets per truck by the average flow rate from the hoses used to
    wash  the  trucks and an assumed time needed to wash one  pallet.
    The  number of pallets contained in a truck was  calculated  from
    average  truck  dimensions  and was determined  to  be  20.   The
    washing of one pallet was assumed to take 10 seconds.  The pallet
    flow was calculated as 125 liters (33 gallons) per truck.   Truck
    wash  at  two facilities was measured at 151 liters (40  gallons)
    and 125 liters (33 gallons) per truck.  The production normalized
    flow  rates for combined truck and pallet wash are  presented  in
    Table  V-8  (page  1896).  The BPT regulatory flow  rate  is  the
    average  production normalized discharge at the two  plants  with
    the addition of pallet washing.
    
    FACILITY WASHDOWN
    
    No  BPT  wastewater discharge allowance is provided for  facility
    washdown.  The Agency believes this wastewater can be treated and
    reused as wash water.   Recycle or reuse of this wastewater after
    treatment  is currently demonstrated in four of the  nine  plants
    reporting  this wastewater.   Compliance costs include the larger
    size  treatment equipment needed to accommodate  this  wastewater
    stream.
                               1982
    

    -------
                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
    BATTERY CASE CLASSIFICATION
    
    No  BPT  wastewater discharge allowance is provided  for  battery
    case  classification  wastewater.    The  Agency   believes  this
    wastewater  can  be treated and reused in this process  based  on
    demonstrated  practices.   Four  of  the eight plants  with  this
    wastewater  stream  currently reuse battery  case  classification
    wastewater after treatment.   Compliance costs include the larger
    size treatment equipment needed to accommodate this waste stream.
    
    EMPLOYEE HAND WASH
    
    The  BPT regulatory wastewater discharge allowance  for  employee
    hand  wash  is  27 1/kkg (6.5 gal/ton)  of  lead   produced  from
    smelting.  This allowance is needed for plants to meet industrial
    hygiene requirements.  Since flow data were not available for all
    but  two plants in the subcategory, the discharge  allowance  was
    determined  in the following manner.  Available  production  data
    and  number of employees at each plant (taken from the dcp)  were
    used  to calculate a factor of 0.0217 employees per year per  ton
    of smelting production.  From sampling efforts at two  integrated
    secondary  lead battery manufacturing plants, it  was  determined
    that  the average employee uses 1,132.5 liters (300 gallons)  per
    year  of water for hand wash (based on three washes per day,  250
    days  per year).  This results in the production normalized  flow
    of 27 1/kkg (6.5 gal/ton).
    
    EMPLOYEE RESPIRATOR WASH
    
    The  BPT wastewater discharge allowance for  employee  respirator
    wash  is 44 1/kkg (10.5 gal/ton) of lead produced from  smelting.
    This  allowance  is needed for plants to meet industrial  hygiene
    requirements.   This allowance was determined with the same method
    used  for employee hand wash.   The production factor  of  0.0217
    employees  per  year per ton of production was multiplied by  the
    average water  use per employee at two plants (1,836 liters or 485
    gallons per year).
    
    LAUNDERING OF  UNIFORMS
                                                             •
    The BPT regulatory wastewater discharge allowance for  laundering
    of  uniforms  is 128 1/kkg (30.7 gal/ton)  of lead  produced  from
    smelting.  This allowance is needed for plants to meet industrial
    hygiene  requirements.   The methodology used to  determine  this
    rate is the same as employee handwash.  From the sampling effort,
    it  was  found that the average water use  per employee  is  5,356
    liters (1,415  gallon) per year.  The production factor is  0.0217
    employees  per year per ton of production.   This results  in  the
    allowance  of  129 1/kkg (30.7 gal/ton).  This allowance  is  only
    intended for those plants that launder uniforms on-site.
    
    REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
    
    The raw wastewater concentrations from individual operations  and
    the  subcategory  as  a  whole were examined  to  select  certain
    
    
                               1983
    

    -------
                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
    
    
    pollutants   and  pollutant  parameters  for  consideration   for
    limitation.  This  examination  and evaluation was  presented  in
    Section VI.   A total of seven pollutants or pollutant parameters
    are selected for limitation under BPT and are listed below:
    
         114.  antimony
         115.  arsenic
         122.  lead
         128.  zinc
               ammonia
               total suspended solids (TSS)
               pH
    
    EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
    
    The  treatable  concentrations  achievable by  the  proposed  BPT
    treatment  scheme  are explained in Section VII  of  Vol.  1  and
    summarized  there  in  Table VII-21 (page  248).   The  treatable
    concentrations (both one day maximum and monthly average  values)
    are  multiplied by the BPT normalized discharge flows  summarized
    in  Table IX-1 to calculate the mass of pollutants allowed to  be
    discharged   per   mass  of  product.   The  results   of   these
    calculations  in milligrams of pollutant per kilogram of  product
    represent the BPT effluent limitations and are presented in Table
    IX-2 (page 1986) for each individual waste stream.
                               1984
    

    -------
                                                  Table IX-T
    
                        BPT  WASTEWATER  DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    00
    Ln
             Wastewater  Stream
             Battery  Cracking
    
             Furnace  Wet  Air  Pollution
              Control
    
             Kettle Wet Air
              Pollution Control
             Lead Paste
              Desulfur iza t ion
    
             Cast ing.Contact
              Cooling Water
    
             Truck Wash
    
             Facility Washdown
    
             Battery Case
              Classificat ion
    
             Employee Hand Wash
    
             Employee Respirator Wash
    
             Laundering of Uniforms
    BPT Normalized
    Discharge Rate
    
    1/kkg  gal/ton
    
      673      161
    2,610
    
    
       45
    
    
    
        0
    626
    
    
     11
    
    
    
      0
    221
    21
    0
    0
    27
    44
    128
    53
    5
    0
    0
    6.
    10.
    30.
    
    
    
    
    5
    5
    7
                 Production Normalizing Parameter
                 kkg of lead scrap produced
    kkg of lead produced from smelting
    kkg of lead produced from kettle
     furnaces
    
    kkg of lead processed through
     desulfurizat ion
                            kkg of  lead cast
    
                            kkg of  lead produced from smelting
    
                            kkg of  lead produced from smelting
    
    
                            kkg of  lead scrap produced
    
                            kkg of  lead produced from smelting
    
                            kkg of  lead produced from smelting
    
                            kkg of  lead produced from smelting
                                                                                                     M
                                                                                                     O
                                                                                                     O
                                         M
    c;
    CO
    O
    M
                                                     M
                                                     O
    

    -------
                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
    
    
                               TABLE IX-2
    
       BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (a)  Battery Cracking  BPT
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
         Metric Units - mg/kg of lead scrap produced"
        English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead scrap produced
    
    *Antimony                            1.932          0.861
    *Arsenic                             1.407          0.579
     Cadmium                             0.229          0.101
     Chromium                            0.296          0.121
     Copper                              1.279          0.673
    *Lead                                0.283          0.135
     Nickel            -                  1.292          0.855
     Silver                              0.276          0.114
     Thallium                            1.380          0.612
    *Zinc                                0.983          0.411
    *Ammonia (as N)                      0.000          0.000
    *TSS                                27.590         13.120
    *pH                         Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
                                       at all times
    (b)   Blast, Reverberatory, or Rotary Furnace Wet Air
         Pollution Control  BPT
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
         Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
      English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    *Antimony                            7.491          3.341
    *Arsenic                             5.455          2.245
     Cadmium                             0.887          0.392
     Chromium                            1.148          0.470
     Copper                              4.959          2.610
    *Lead                                1.096          0.522
     Nickel                              5.011          3.315
     Silver                              1.070          0.444
     Thallium                            5.351          2.375
    *Zinc                                3.811          1.592
    *Ammonia (as N)                      0.000          0.000
    *TSS                               107.000         50.900
    *pH                         Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
                                       at all times
    *Regulated Pollutant
                               1986
    

    -------
                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
    
    
                         TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
    
       BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (c) Kettle Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
         Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from refining
      English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from refining
    
    *Antimony                            0.129          0.058
    *Arsenic                             0.094          0.039
     Cadmium                             0.015          0.007
     Chromium                            0.020          0.008
     Copper                              0.086          0.045
    *Lead                                0.016          0.009
     Nickel                              0.086          0.057
     Silver                              0.018          0.008
     Thallium                            0.092          0.041
    *Zinc                                0.066          0.027
    *Ammonia (as N)                      0.000          0.000
    *TSS                                 1.845          0.878
    *pH                         Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
                                       at all times
    
    
    (d) Lead Paste Desulfurization BPT
    
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
      Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced through desulfurization
        English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced through
                        desulfurization
    
    *Antimony                            0.000          0.000
    *Arsenic                             0.000          0.000
     Cadmium                             0.000          0.000
     Chromium                            0.000          0.000
     Copper                              0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                0.000          0.000
     Nickel                              0.000          0.000
     Silver                              0.000          0.000
     Thallium                            0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                0.000          0.000
    *Ammonia (as N)                      0.000          0.000
    *TSS                                 0.000          0.000
    *pH                         Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
                                       at all times
    ^Regulated Pollutant
                               1987
    

    -------
                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
                     SECT - IX
                         TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
    
       BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (e) Casting Contact Cooling.  BPT
    Pollutant or
    Pollutant  Property
         Maximum for
         Any One Day
    Maximum for
    Monthly Average
    Metric Units -
    English Units -
    *Antimony
    *Arsenic
    Cadmium
    Chromium
    Coppe r
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    Thallium
    *Zinc
    *Ammonia (as N)
    *TSS
    *pH
    (f) Truck Wash BPT
    
    mg/kg of lead cast
    Ibs/million Ibs of lead cast
    0.634
    0.462
    0.075
    0.097
    0.420
    0.093
    0.424
    0.091
    0.453
    0.323
    0.000
    9.061
    Within the range of 7.5
    at all times
    
    
    0.283
    0.190
    0.033
    0.040
    0.221
    0.044
    0.281
    0.038
    0.201
    0.135
    0.000
    4.310
    to 10.0
    
    Pollutant or
    Pollutant  Property
         Maximum for
         Any One Day
    Maximum for
    Monthly Average
         Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    *Antimony
    *Arsenic
     Cadmium
     Chromium
     Copper
    *Lead
     Nickel
     Silver
     Thallium
    *Zinc
    *Ammonia (as N)
    *TSS
    *pH
             0.060          0.027
             0.044          0.018
             0.007          0.003
             0.009          0.004
             0.040          0.021
             0.009          0.004
             0.040          0.027
             0.009          0.004
             0.043          0.019
             0.031          0.013
             0.000          0.000
             0.861          0.410
    Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
           at all times
    *Regulated Pollutant
                               1988
    

    -------
                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
    
    
                         TABLE IX-2  (Continued)
    
       BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (g) Facility Washdown  BPT
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
         Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    *Antimony                            0.000          0.000
    *Arsenic                             0.000          0.000
     Cadmium                             0.000          0.000
     Chromium                            0.000          0.000
     Copper                              0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                0.000          0.000
     Nickel                              0.000          0.000
     Silver                              0.000          0.000
     Thallium                            0.000          0.000
    *Zinc       -                         0.000          0.000
    *Ammonia (as N)                      0.000          0.000
    *TSS                                 0.000          0.000
    *pH                         Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
                                       at all times
    
    
    (h) Battery Case Classification  BPT
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
         Metric Units - mg/kg of lead scrap produced
        English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead scrap produced
    
    *Antimony                            0.000          0.000
    *Arsenic                             0.000          0.000
     Cadmium                             0.000          0.000
     Chromium                            0.000          0.000
     Copper                              0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                0.000          0.000
     Nickel                              0.000          0.000
     Silver                              0.000          0.000
     Thallium                            0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                0.000          0.000
    *Ammonia (as N)                      0.000          0.000
    *TSS                                 0.000          0.000
    *pH                         Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
                                       at all times
    
    *Regulated Pollutant
                               1989
    

    -------
                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
    
    
                         TABLE IX-2  (Continued)
    
       BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (i) Employee Handwash  BPT
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
         Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     Englisn Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    *Antimony                            0.077          0.035
    *Arsenic                             0.056          0.023
     Cadmium                             0.009          0.004
     Chromium                            0.012          0.005
     Copper                              0.051          0.027
    *Lead                                0.011          0.005
     Nickel           -                   0.052          0.034
     Silver                              0.011          0.005
     Thallium                            0.055          0.025
    *Zinc                                0.039          0.016
    *Ammonia (as N)                      0.000          0.000
    *TSS                                 1.107          0.527
    *pH                         Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
                                       at all times
    (i)  Employee Respirator Wash BPT
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
         Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    *Antimony                            0.126          0.056
    *Arsenic                             0.092          0.038
     Cadmium                             0.015          0.007
     Chromium                            0.019          0.008
     Copper                              0.084          0.044
    *Lead                                0.018          0.009
     Nickel                              0.084          0.056
     Silver                              0.018          0.007
     Thallium                            0.090          0.040
    *Zinc                                0.064          0.027
    *Ammonia (as N)                      0.000          O.OOC
    *TSS                                 1.804          0.858
    *pH                         Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
                                       at all times
    *Regulated Pollutant
                               1990
    

    -------
                   SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
    
    
                         TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
    
       BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (j)  Laundering Uniforms BPT
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
         Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    *Antimony
    *Arsenic
    Cadmium
    Chromium
    Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    Thallium
    *Zinc
    *Ammonia (as N)
    *TSS
    *pH
    0.367
    0.268
    0.044
    0.056
    0.243
    0.054
    0.246
    0.052
    0.262
    0.187
    0.000
    5.248
    Within the range of
    at all times
    0.164
    0.110
    0.019
    0.023
    0.128
    0.026
    0.163
    0.022
    0.116
    0.078
    0.000
    2.496
    7.5 to 10.0
    *Regulated Pollutant
                               1991
    

    -------
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                                                                                                                                                                 I
    
                                                                                                                                                                M
    •Fin Illty Wnili.lnun Wn-tpuntpr  Is rciinpd as Battory Case Cl UBS I f Irntlon makeup water.  Any exceas Facility Unnhdnun Wasteuater  la sent to trpatmpnt.
                                                                   Figure  IX-1
    
    
                                                            BPT  TREATMENT  SCHEME
    

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                  SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    
    
    
                                SECTION X
    
            BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY ACHIEVABLE
    
    
    These  effluent  limitations  are based on the best  control  and
    treatment  technology used by a specific point source within  the
    industrial category or subcategory,  or by another category where
    it  is transferable.  Emphasis is placed on additional  treatment
    techniques applied at the end of the treatment systems  currently
    used,  as  well  as  reduction of the amount of  water  used  and
    discharged,    process   control,    and   treatment   technology
    optimization.
    
    The  factors  considered in assessing best  available  technology
    economically  achievable (BAT) include the age of  equipment  and
    facilities involved,  the process used, process changes, nonwater
    quality  environmental  impacts (including energy  requirements),
    and  the costs of application of such technology (Section  304(b)
    (2)(B)  of  the  Clean  Water  Act).   BAT  represents  the  best
    available technology economically achievable at plants of various
    ages,  sizes,  processes,  or  other characteristics.   Where the
    Agency  has  found  the  existing  performance  to  be  uniformly
    inadequate,  BAT may be transferred from a different  subcategory
    or  category.   BAT  may  include  process  changes  or  internal
    controls, even when not in common subcategory practice.
    
    The  statutory assessment of BAT considers costs,  but  does  not
    require  a balancing of costs against effluent reduction benefits
    (see Weyerhaeuser v.  Costle,  590 F.2d 1011 (D.C.  Cir.  1978))-
    However,  in  assessing  BAT,  the Agency has  given  substantial
    weight to the economic achievability of the technology.
    
    TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BAT
    
    The  Agency  reviewed and evaluated  a wide range  of  technology
    options   to  ensure  that  the  most  effective  and  beneficial
    technologies were used as the basis of BAT.   The Agency examined
    three technology options which could be applied to the  secondary
    lead  subcategory  as alternatives for the basis of BAT  effluent
    limitations.
    
    In  summary,  the  treatment technologies considered for BAT  are
    presented below:
    
    Option A is based on:
    
         o  Preliminary treatment with oil skimming (where required),
         o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation, and
         o  Complete recycle of facility washdown and battery case
            classification wastewater after treatment.
                               1993
    

    -------
                  SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    
    
    Option B is based on:
    
         o  In-process flow reduction of casting contact cooling
            water,
         o  Preliminary treatment with oil skimming (where required),
         o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation, and
         o  Complete recycle of facility washdown and battery
            classification wastewater after treatment.
    
    Option C is based on:
    
         o  In-process flow reduction of casting contact cooling
            water,
         o  Preliminary treatment with oil skimming (where required),
         o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation,
         o  Complete recycle of facility washdown and battery case
            classification wastewater after treatment, and
         o  Multimedia filtration.
    
    The  three  options  examined for BAT are  discussed  in  greater
    detail below.  The first option considered (Option A) is the same
    as  the  BPT  treatment  technology which was  presented  in  the
    previous section.
    
    OPTION A
    
    Option  A for the secondary lead subcategory is equivalent to the
    control and treatment technologies which were analyzed for BPT in
    Section  IX.   The BPT end-of-pipe treatment scheme  consists  of
    preliminary   treatment  with  oil  skimming  (where   required),
    chemical precipitation,  and sedimentation (lime and settle) end-
    of-pipe  technology  (see  Figure X-l  page  2009).   Although  a
    specific  mass limitation is not provided for oil and  grease  at
    BAT, oil skimming is needed to remove oil and grease from battery
    cracking, furnace wet air pollution control, truck wash, laundry,
    hand wash, and respirator wash wastewater to ensure proper metals
    removal.   Oil and grease interferes with chemical  addition  and
    mixing  required  for  chemical  precipitation  treatment.    The
    discharge  rates  for Option A are equal to the  discharge  rates
    allocated to each stream as a BPT discharge flow.
    
    OPTION B
    
    Option  B  for  the secondary  lead  subcategory  achieves  lower
    pollutant  discharge  by building upon the Option  A  end-of-pipe
    treatment  technology.   In-process  flow reduction measures  are
    added  to  the  Option A treatment consisting  of  oil  skimming,
    chemical  precipitation  and sedimentation (see Figure  X-2  page
    2010).  These flow reduction measures result in concentration  of
    pollutants   in  other  effluents.   As   previously   explained,
    treatment of a more concentrated effluent allows achievement of a
    greater  net pollutant removal and introduces  possible  economic
    benefits associated with treating a lower volume of wastewater.
                               1994
    

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                  SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    
    
    The following method is used in Option B to reduce process  waste
    water generation and discharge rates:
    
    Recycle of_ Casting Contact Cooling Water Through Cooling Towers
    
    The  function  of  casting contact cooling water  is  to  quickly
    remove  heat from the newly formed lead ingots.   Therefore,  the
    principal  requirements of the water are that it be cool and  not
    contain  dissolved  solids at a concentration  that  would  cause
    water marks or other surface imperfections.   There is sufficient
    experience  within the category with the cooling and recycling of
    casting contact cooling wastewater to assure the success of  this
    technology  using cooling towers or heat exchangers.   Recycle is
    currently  practiced at two of the eight plants in the  secondary
    lead subcategory reporting data for casting contact  cooling.   A
    blowdown or periodic cleaning is likely to be needed to prevent a
    build-up  of dissolved and suspended solids.   EPA has determined
    that  a blowdown of 10 percent of the water applied in a  process
    is adequate.
    
    OPTION C
    
    Option  C  for  the secondary lead subcategory  consists  of  the
    Option B treatment in-process flow reduction, oil skimming (where
    required),  chemical precipitation,  sedimentation,  and complete
    recycle   of   treated  facility  washdown   and   battery   case
    classification  wastewater plus multimedia filtration  technology
    added  at  the  end of Option B treatment (see  Figure  X-3  page
    2011).  Multimedia filtration is used to remove suspended solids,
    including precipitates of toxic metals, beyond the  concentration
    attainable by gravity sedimentation.  The filter suggested is  of
    the  gravity, mixed media type, although other filters,   such  as
    rapid   sand   filters  or  pressure   filters,   would   perform
    satisfactorily.
    
    INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
    
    As  a means of evaluating each technology option,  EPA  developed
    estimates  of the pollutant removal estimates and the  compliance
    costs  associated  with  each  option.     The  methodologies  are
    described below.
    
    POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
    
    A  complete description of the methodology used to calculate  the
    estimated  pollutant removal achieved by the application  of  the
    various  treatment options is presented in Section X of   Vol.  I.
    The  pollutant removal estimates have been revised from  proposal
    based  on  comments and new data.  However,   the  methodology  for
    calculating  pollutant removals was not changed.   The  data  used
    for  estimating  pollutant removals are  the same as those used  to
    revise the compliance costs.
    
    Sampling  data  collected during the field sampling program  were
    used to characterize the major wastewater streams considered  for
    
    
                               1995
    

    -------
                  SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    
    
    regulation.   At  each sampled facility,  the sampling data  were
    production  normalized  for each building block  (i.e.,  mass  of
    pollutant  generated  per mass of  product  manufactured).   This
    valuef  referred  to as the raw waste-,  was used to estimate   the
    mass  of  toxic  pollutants generated within the  secondary  lead
    subcategory.  By multiplying the total subcategory production  for
    a unit operation by the corre-.o^nding raw waste value,   the  mass
    of pollutant generated for that unit operation was estimated.
    
    The volume of wastewater discharged after the application of each
    treatment  option was estimated for each operation at each  plant
    by  comparing the actual discharge to the regulatory  flow.    The
    smaller  of the two values was selected and summed with  the other
    plant flows.  The mass of pollutant discharged was then  estimated
    by multiplying the achievable r^nrentration values attainable  by
    the  option (rac.O/ ';.:y tit  fKrin.ated volume of process  wastewater
    discharged by tr;;   ."i-'.f^rrv    The mass of pollutant removed is
    simply  the  r i ?: •<-,   ,ce becwe~r_ Lr.e estimated mass  of   pollutant
    generator1  i-;*:  i  the  subcategorv  and the  mass  of   pollutant
    discharge a i t - r application of the i 'eatment option.
    
    The  \ •' '...-,_":   removal e?'.:iirates for direct  discharges in   the
    secondary  lead  subcategory  are presented in  Table  X-l  (page
    2001).
    
    COMPLIANCE COSTS
    
    Compliance  certs        eo at propers! were estimated using cost
    curves,   which   related   the  total  costs   associated   with
    installation  and operation of wastewater treatment  technologies
    to plant process wastewater discharge.   EPA applied these curves
    on  a  per  plant basis, a plant's costs  --  both  capital,   and
    operating  ana maintenance -- being determined by what   treatment
    it  has  in  place  and  by  its  individual  process  wastewater
    discharge (from dcp). The final step was to annualize the capital
    costs, and to sum the annua]i7ed capital costs, and the  operating
    and  maintenance  costs,  yielding  the  total  annual   cost   of
    compliance for the subcategory.
    
    Since proposal,   the cosu esti.^cion methodology has been changed
    as discussed in Section VIII of this supplement.  A design  model
    and  plant  specif 1: 1 nl, , 3: iC-r, were used to size  a  wastewater
    treatment system for each discharging facility.  After completion
    of  the design,   capital and annual costs were estimated for each
    unit of the wastewater treatment system.   Capital costs rely  on
    vendor  quotes,   while  annual  costs  were  developed   from   the
    literature.  The  revised compliance costs for direct dischargers
    are presented in Tabl^ T7!VT-1 (page 1973).
    
    BAT OPTION SELECT 1C N) - PROPOSAL
    
    At proposal, EPA selected both Option B and Option C as  the basis
    for  alternative BAT effluent limitations for the secondary  lead
    subcategory  due  to current adverse structural economic changes
    that were not reflected in the Agency's economic analysis.  These
    
    
                               1996
    

    -------
                  SECONDARY LEAD  SUBCATEGORY     SECT - X
    
    
    alternative   limitations  were  based  on   lime   precipitation,
    sedimentation,  and in-process control technologies to reduce the
    volume  of  process wastewater discharged for Option  B  and  the
    addition of multimedia filtration for Option C.
    
    Activated  alumina  (Option   D)  was  considered;  however,  this
    technology  was rejected because it was not demonstrated in  this
    subcategory   nor  was  it  clearly  transferable  to  nonferrous
    wastewater.   Reverse  osmosis (Option F) was considered for  the
    purpose  of  achieving  zero  discharge  of  process  wastewater;
    however,  the Agency ultimately rejected this technology  because
    it  was determined that its performance for this specific purpose
    was  not adequately demonstrated in this subcategory nor  was  it
    clearly transferable from another subcategory or category.
    
    BAT OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION
    
    After proposal the Agency obtained data through special requests,
    dcp  submittals,   and  telephone  contacts.   Additionally,  two
    secondary  lead  facilities were sampled to further  characterize
    wastewater.   The  new data were used to  recalculate  compliance
    costs  and  pollutant removal estimates and  evaluate  regulatory
    flow allowance's where appropriate.
    
    EPA  is promulgating BAT effluent mass limitations based  on  the
    promulgated  BPT treatment with additional reduction in pollutant
    discharge  achieved  through  in-process flow reduction  over  BPT
    levels  and  the  use  of multimedia filtration  as  an  effluent
    polishing  step.   The  BAT   treatment  consists  of  preliminary
    treatment  with oil skimming  (where  required),  in-process  flow
    reduction,  lime  precipitation,   sedimentation,  and  multimedia
    filtration.   Wastewater  flow reduction over BPT levels is based
    on  recycle  of  casting contact cooling  water  through  cooling
    towers.  The promulgated BAT  flow allowances are identical to the
    promulgated  BPT  flow  allowances  except  for  casting  contact
    cooling.  The  end-of-pipe  treatment technology  basis  for  BAT
    limitations  being  promulgated  is  the same  as  that  for  the
    proposed  Alternative B limitations.   The Agency has revised the
    compliance costs and economic analysis.   Results of this analysis
    indicate   filtration  as  an  end-of-pipe  polishing   step   is
    economically achievable.
    
    Implementation  of the promulgated BAT would remove 25,700 kg  of
    toxic  metals  annually.     The  promulgated  BAT  effluent  mass
    limitations  will  result  in the removal of 350 kg/yr  of  toxic
    pollutants  above  the estimated  BPT  discharge.    The  selected
    option  is  economically achievable.   The Agency  believes  this
    incremental  removal justifies selection of filtration as part of
    BAT model technology.   In addition,  filtration is demonstrated at
    seven  secondary.lead plants.    The estimated capital  investment
    cost  of  BAT  is $1.86 million (March,   1982  dollars)   and  the
    estimated annual cost  is  $1.24 million (March,  1982 dollars).
    
    As  discussed in the BPT  Option Selection,   EPA  is  promulgating
    zero discharge of ammonia for  secondary  lead plants.    Ammonia in
    
    
                               1997
    

    -------
                  SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    
    
    secondary   lead   wastewaters  is the result of  its  use  as  a
    wastewater treatment chemical.
    
    It is the Agency's understanding that ammonia is used because  it
    reduces the amount of sludge generated and produces a sludge more
    amenable for reuse as a raw material than lime sludges.  However,
    the  use  of caustic as a wastewater treatment chemical  is  also
    widely  demonstrated in the secondary lead subcategory.   Caustic
    is  as applicable as ammonia for reducing sludge  generation  and
    producing sludges that can be recycled.   In developing plant-by-
    plant   costs,   the  Agency  evaluated  costs  for  substituting
    neutralization  with  caustic  for neutralization  with  lime  or
    ammonia.  This will eliminate the discharge of ammonia and  still
    produce a sludge acceptable for recycling.   However,  if a plant
    chooses  to  continue using ammonia as a treatment  chemical,  it
    will have to maintain zero discharge of ammonia.
    
    WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES
    
    A  BAT discharge rate was calculated for each  subdivision  based
    upon  the  flows  of  the existing  plants,  as  determined  from
    analysis of the data collection portfolios.   The discharge  rate
    is  used with the achievable treatment concentration to determine
    BAT  effluent  limitations.   Since  the discharge  rate  may  be
    different  for  each  wastewater  source,   separate   production
    normalized  discharge rates for each of the 11 wastewater sources
    were determined and are summarized in Table X-2 (page 2002).  The
    discharge rates are normalized on a production basis by  relating
    the   amount  of  wastewater  generated  to  the  mass   of   the
    intermediate product which is produced by the process  associated
    with the waste stream in question.  These production  normalizing
    parameters (PNP) are also listed in Table X-2.
    
    The  BAT  wastewater  discharge rate equals  the  BPT  wastewater
    discharge  rate  for  all waste streams  except  casting  contact
    cooling water.  This stream is discussed below.
    
    The Agency proposed zero discharge of wastewater pollutants  from
    kettle  scrubbers and flow reduction over BPT levels for  furnace
    scrubbers.   As  discussed in Section IX,  data gathered  through
    specific  data  requests  have  shown  those  plants  thought  to
    practice  100 percent recycle of kettle scrubber liquor  actually
    have  a periodic discharge.   A wastewater discharge allowance is
    provided for kettle scrubbers at BPT.     However,  the  proposed
    BPT  discharge allowance has been changed for promulgation and is
    now  based on 90 percent recycle.  Further flow reduction is  not
    demonstrated  in the subcategory.   The allowance is based on  90
    percent  recycle  of  scrubber liquor and is  equal  to  the  BPT
    discharge allowance.
    
    CASTING CONTACT COOLING WATER
    
    The  BAT  wastewater regulatory discharge allowance is  22  1/kkg
    (.5.3  gal/ton), based on 90 percent recycle of the BPT  discharge
    allowance.   Ten  of the 46 plants  currently  reporting  casting
    
    
                               1998
    

    -------
                  SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    
    
    operations  use contact cooling water.  Two plants  achieve  zero
    discharge through 100 percent recycle or evaporation.  Six plants
    are  once-through dischargers with flow rates ranging from  5  to
    963 1/kkg (1 to 231 gal/ton).  Four of the eight plants reporting
    flow data meet the BAT discharge allowance.
    
    REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
    
    In  implementing  the terms of the Consent Agreement in  NRDC  v.
    Train,  Op.  Cit.,  and 33 U.S.C. 1314(b)(2)(A and B) (1976), the
    Agency placed particular emphasis on the toxic  pollutants.   The
    raw  wastewater concentrations from individual operations and the
    subcategory as a whole were examined to select certain pollutants
    and pollutant parameters for consideration for limitation.   This
    examination and evaluation,  presented in Section  VI,  concluded
    that  13  pollutants  or  pollutant  parameters  are  present  in
    secondary   lead  wastewaters  at  concentrations  that  can   be
    effectively reduced by identified treatment technologies.
    
    The high cost associated with analysis for toxic metal pollutants
    has  prompted EPA to develop an alternative method for regulating
    and  monitoring  toxic pollutant discharges from  the  nonferrous
    metals manufacturing category.   Rather than developing  specific
    effluent  mass  limitations and standards for each of  the  toxic
    metals  found  in treatable concentrations in the raw  wastewater
    from  a given subcategory,  the Agency is  promulgating  effluent
    mass  limitations  only  for those pollutants  generated  in  the
    greatest  quantities as shown by the pollutant removal  analysis.
    The pollutants selected for specific limitation are listed below:
    
         114.  antimony
         115.  arsenic
         122.  lead
         128.  zinc
               ammonia (as N)
    
    By establishing limitations and standards for certain toxic metal
    pollutants,  dischargers  will attain the same degree of  control
    over  toxic metal pollutants as they would have been required  to
    achieve had all the toxic  metal pollutants been directly limited.
                                                               »
    This  approach  is  justified  technically  since  the  treatment
    effectiveness  concentrations  used for  lime  precipitation  and
    sedimentation  technology   are based on optimized  treatment  for
    concomitant  multiple metals removal.   Thus,  even  though  metals
    have  somewhat different theoretical solubilities,  they  will  be
    removed at very nearly the same rate in a lime precipitation  and
    sedimentation  treatment  system  operated  for  multiple  metals
    removal.  Filtration as part of the technology basis is  likewise
    justified   because   this   technology   removes   metals   non-
    preferential ly.
    
    The  toxic  metal pollutants selected for specific  limitation  in
    the secondary lead subcategory to control the discharges of toxic
    metal pollutants are antimony,   arsenic,   lead,   and  zinc.   The
    
    
                               1999
    

    -------
                  SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    SECT - X
    following  toxic  pollutants are excluded from limitation on  the
    basis  that  they are effectively controlled by  the  limitations
    developed for the selected toxic metals:
    
         118.  cadmium
         119.  chromium (Total)
         120.  copper
         124.  nickel
         126.  silver
         127.  thallium
    
    Effluent  mass  limitations  are  promulgated  to  eliminate  the
    discharge  of  ammonia.   Ammonia is used by some plants  in  the
    secondary  lead subcategory as a wastewater  treatment  chemical.
    Monitoring  and analysis for ammonia is not necessary if  ammonia
    is  not used.   Plants must demonstrate to the permit and control
    authority  that ammonia is not used in the plant as a process  or
    wastewater treatment chemical.
    
    EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
    
    The  concentrations,   achievable  by  application  of  the   BAT
    technology  (Option  C)  are  summarized in  Table  VII-21  (page
    248)  of  Vol. 1. These  treatment  effectiveness  concentrations
    (both one day maximum and monthly average) are multiplied by  the
    BAT  normalized  discharge  flows  summarized  in  Table  X-2  to
    calculate  the  mass of pollutants allowed to be  discharged  per
    mass of product.  The results of these calculations in milligrams
    of  pollutant per kilogram of product represent the BAT  effluent
    limitations for the secondary lead subcategory.  The BAT effluent
    limitations are presented in Table X-3 (page 2003) for each waste
    stream.
                               2000
    

    -------
                                                 Table  X-1
    
    
    
                   POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES FOR SECONDARY LEAD  DIRECT  DISCHARGERS
    
    
    POLLUTANT
    Arseni c
    An t Imony
    C;idn) i um
    Chromium
    Lead
    Nickel
    Si Iver
    Thallium
    Copper
    7. 1 nc
    TOTAL TOXIC METALS
    Q A lumlnnm
    O Ammonia
    M Iron
    
    TOTAL NONCONVENTIONALS
    TSS 2
    Oil Si Grease
    TOTAL CONVENT IONAI.S 2
    
    TOTAL POLLUTANTS 2
    FLOW r'/yr) 235
    TOTAL
    RAW UASTE
    (kR/yr)
    1 .784.5
    3.572.7
    169.9
    333.8
    18.693.5
    578.1
    40.2
    262.0
    330.5
    468.4
    26,233.6
    8.753.7
    494.9
    9,759.5
    
    19.008.2
    .853.536.0
    4,082.0
    ,857,618.0
    
    ,902,859.8
    ,080,000
    OPTION A
    DISCHARGED
    (kR/yr)
    119.9
    164.6
    18.6
    19.7
    28.2
    174.0
    23.5
    117.5
    136.3
    77.6
    879.9
    526.6
    0.0
    96.4
    
    623.0
    2.821.0
    2.350.8
    5.171.8
    
    6.674.6
    
    OPTION A
    REMOVED
    (kR/yr)
    1 .664.6
    3.408.1
    151.3
    314.0
    18.665.3
    404.1
    16.7
    144.5
    194.2
    390.8
    25.353.7
    8.227.2
    494.9
    9,663.2
    
    18,385.2
    2.850.715.1
    1.731.2
    2.852.446.3
    
    2.896.185.2
    235.080,000
    OPTION B
    DISCHARGED
    (kR/yr)
    119.9
    , 164.6
    18.6
    19.7
    28.2
    174.0
    23.5
    117.5
    136.3
    77.6
    879.9
    526.6
    0.0
    96.4
    
    623.0
    2,821.0 2
    2.350.8
    5.171.8 2
    
    6.674.6 2
    235
    OPTION B
    REMOVED
    (kR/yr)
    1 .664.6
    3.408.1
    151 .3
    314.0
    18.665.3
    404.1
    16.7
    144.5
    194.2
    390.8
    25.353.7
    8.227.2
    494.9
    9.663.2
    
    18.385.2
    .850,715.1
    1 .731.2
    .852,446.3
    
    .896.185.2
    .080.000
    OPTION C
    DISCHARGED
    (kR/yr)
    79.9
    110.5
    11.5
    16.5
    18.8
    51.7
    16.5
    79.9
    91.7
    54.1
    531 .0
    350.3
    0.0
    65.8
    
    416.1
    611.2
    2.350.8
    2,962.0
    
    3,909.1
    
    OPTION C
    REMOVED
    (kR/yr)
    1 ,704.6
    3,462.2
    158.4
    317.3
    18,674.7
    526.3
    ,23.7
    182.1
    238.9
    414.3
    25.702.6
    8.403.5
    494.9
    9.693.7
    
    18.592.1
    2,852,924.8
    1.731 .2
    2,854,656.0
    
    2,898,950.7
    
    
    
    
    W
    M
    O
    
    O
    M
    K
    
    tr1
    M
    B
    w
    c:
    0
    (-3
    W
    O
    O
    »
    
    W
    M
    0
    1-3
    *
    NOT'   TOTAL TOXIC  METALS = Arsenic 4 Antimony + Cadmium + Chromium + Lead 4-  Nickel + Sliver + Thallium  + Copper 4- Zinc
    
    
    
    TOTAL NONCONVENTIONALS = Aluminum 4 Ammonia 4 Iron
    
    
    
    Ol'TlOH A = Lime Precipitation,  Sedimentation, and Oil  SklmmlnR
    
    
    
    0 IT ION H = Option A, plus In-process Flow Reduction
    
    
    
    OPTION C « Option B, plus Multimedia Filtration
    

    -------
                                                   Table X-2
    
                         BAT WASTEWATER  DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    O
    O
              Wastewater Stream
              Battery Cracking
    
              Furnace Wet  Air Pollution
               Control
    
              Kettle Wet Air
               Pollution Control
              Lead Paste
               Desulfurlzation
    
              Casting Contact
               Cooling Water
    
              Truck Wash
    
              Facility Washdown
    
              Battery Case
               Class ification
    
              Employee Hand Wash
    
              Employee Respirator Wash
    
              Laundering of Uniforms
    BAT Normalized
    Discharge Rate
    
    1/kkg  gal/ton
    
      673      161
    2,610
        0
    626
                11
      0
    22
    21
    0
    0
    27
    44
    128
    5.
    5
    0
    0
    6.
    10.
    30.
    3
    
    
    
    5
    5
    7
                 Production Normalizing Parameter
                 kkg of lead scrap produced
                                       to
                                       w
                                       O
                                       §
                                       a
    kkg of lead produced from smelting F
                                       w
    kkg of lead produced from kettle
     furnaces
    
    kkg of lead processed through
     desulfurization
                            kkg of lead  cast
                                                               W
                                                               w
                                                               o
    W
    O
    8
                            kkg of lead produced  from smelting  pj
                                                               o
                            kkg of lead produced  from smelting
                            kkg of lead scrap  produced
    
                            kkg of lead produced  from smelting
    
                            kkg of lead produced  from smelting
    
                            kkg of lead produced  from smelting
    

    -------
                  SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    
    
                                TABLE X-3
    
       BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    
    (a)  Battery Cracking  BAT
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
               Metric Units - mg/kg of lead scrap produced
         English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead scrap produced
    * Antimony
    *Arsenic
    Cadmium
    Chromium
    Coppe r
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    Thallium
    *Zinc
    *Ammonia (as N)
    1.299
    0.935
    0.135
    0.249
    0.861
    0.188
    1.370
    0.195
    0.942
    0.686
    0.000
    0.579
    0.384
    0.054
    0.101
    0.411
    0.087
    0.249
    0.081
    0.411
    0.283
    0.000
    (b)   Blast,  Reverberatory, or Rotary. Furnace Wet Air
         Pollution Control  BAT
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
         Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    *Antimony
    *Arsenic
     Cadmium
     Chromium
     Coppe r
    *Lead
     Nickel
     Silver
     Thallium
    *Zinc
    *Ammonia (as N)
    *Regulated Pollutant
    5.037
    3.628
    0.522
    0.966
    3.341
    0.731
    1.436
    0.757
    3.654
    2.662
    0.000
    2.245
    1.488
    0.209 '
    0.392
    1.592
    0.339
    0.966
    0.313
    1.592
    1.096
    0.000
                               200'3
    

    -------
                  SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
               SECT - X
                         TABLE X-3 (Continued)
    
       BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    (c) Kettle Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
    Pollutant or
    Pollutant  Property
    Maximum for
    Any One Day
    Maximum for
    Monthly Average
         Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from refining
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from refining
    
    * Antimony
    *Arsenic
     Cadmium
     Chromium
     Copper
    *Lead
     Nickel
     Thali : ?~
    *Zinc
    * Ammonia
    0.087
    0.063
    0.009
    0.017
    0.058
    0.013
    J.025
    J.013
    0.063
    0.046
    0.000
    0.039
    0.026
    0.004
    0.007
    0.027
    0.006
    0.017
    0.005
    0.027
    0.019
    0.000
    (d) Lead Paste Desuli:urization BAT
    Pollutant or
    Pollutant  Property
    Maximum for
    Any One Day
    Maximum for
    Monthly Average
      Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced through desulfurization
        English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced through
                        desulfurization
    
    *Antimony
    *Arsenic
     Cadmium
     Chromium
     Copper
    *Lead
     Nickel
     Silver
     Thallium
    *Zinc
    *Ammonia (as N)
    *Regulated Pollutant
    0.000 •
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
                               2004
    

    -------
                  SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
                            SECT - X
                         TABLE X-3 (Continued)
    
       BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    
    (e) Casting Contact Cooling  BAT
    Pollutant or
    Pollutant  Property
                 Maximum for
                 Any One Day
    Maximum for
    Monthly Average
         Metric Units
        English Units
    mg/kg of lead cast
    Ibs/million Ibs of lead cast
    *Antimony
    *Arsenic
    Cadmium
    Chromium
    Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    Thallium
    *Zinc
    *Ammonia (as N)
    0.042
    0.031
    0.004
    0.008
    0.028
    0.006
    0.012
    0.006
    0.031
    0.022
    0.000
    0.019
    0.013
    0.002
    0.003
    0.013
    0.003
    0.008
    0.003
    0.013
    0.009
    0.000
    (f)  Truck Wash  BAT
    Pollutant or
    Pollutant  Property
                 Maximum for
                 Any One Day
    Maximum for
    Monthly Average
         Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
        English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from
                                  smelting
    
    *Antimony
    *Arsenic
     Cadmium
     Chromium
     Copper
    *Lead
     Nickel
     Silver
     Thallium
    *Zinc
    *Ammonia (as N)
    *Regulated Pollutant
    0.041
    0.029
    0.004
    0.008
    0.027
    0.006
    0.012
    0.006
    0.029
    0.021
    0.000
    0.018
    0.012
    0.002
    0.003
    0.013
    0.003
    0.008
    0.003
    0.013
    0.009
    0.000
                               2005
    

    -------
                  SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    
    
                         TABLE X-3 (Continued)
    
       BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    
    (g) Facility Washdown  BAT
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
         Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    *Antimony
    *Arsenic
    Cadmium
    Chromium
    Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    Thallium
    *Zinc
    *Ammonia (as N)
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    (h) Battery Case Classification  BAT
    Pollutant or        .             Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
         Metric Units - mg/kg of lead scrap produced
        English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead scrap produced
    
    *Antimony
    *Arsenic
     Cadmium
     Chromium
     Copper
    *Lead
     Nickel
     Silver
     Thallium
    *Zinc
    *Ammonia (as N)
    *Regulated Pollutant
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
                               2006
    

    -------
                  SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    
    
                         TABLE X-3 (Continued)
    
       BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    
    (i)  Employee Handwash  BAT
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
         Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    *Antimony                            0.052          0.023
    *Arsenic                             0.038          0.015
     Cadmium                             0.005          0.002
     Chromium                            0.010          0.004
     Copper                              0.035          0.016
    *Lead                                0.008          0.004
     Nickel                              0.015          0.010
     Silver                              0.008          0.003
     Thallium                            0.038          0.016
    *Zinc                                0.028          0.011
    *Ammonia (as N)                      0.000          0.000
    
    *Regulated Pollutant
                               2007
    

    -------
                  SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    
    
                         TABLE X-3 (Continued)
    
       BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    
    (i)  Employee Respirator Wash BAT
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
         Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    *Antimony                            0.085          0.038
    *Arsenic                             0.061          0.025
     Cadmium                             0.009          0.004
     Chromium                            0.016          0.007
     Copper                              0.056          0.027
    *Lead                                0.012          0.006
     Nickel                              0.024          0.016
     Silver                              0.013          0.005
     Thallium                            0.062          0.027
    *Zinc                                0.045          0.018
    *Ammonia (as N)                      0.000          0.000
    (j)  Laundering Uniforms BAT
    
    Pollutant orMaximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
         Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    *Antimony
    *Arsenic
    Cadmium
    Chromium
    Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    Thallium
    *Zinc
    * Ammonia (as N)
    0.247
    0.178'
    0.026
    0.047
    0.164
    0.036
    0.070
    0.037
    0.179
    0.131
    0.000
    0.110
    0.073
    0.010
    0.019
    0.078
    0.017
    0.047
    0.015
    0.078
    0.054
    0.000
    *Regulated Pollutant
                               2008
    

    -------
    NJ
    O
    O
    VD
                  H.i'li'iy Cl.liVln(! Uilslruillcr
    
    
                  Km|t|oyrp    .(wash W.-iBt pwnt er
    Kmploycf Rrnplrhtnr W.isli
    
    t.mtntlnrlnR of Uniforms  W/
    
    
    Tru< k  U;IR|I Wnstpwntcr
                     n.-u-f Scrnhtipr Liquor
                   C.i-il liir Cmil.-irl  (-iiiiHiii! Wiitrr
                          (!ase Classification Wnstewater
                  KeJ^t le Scruhher l.lqnor
                                       Reuse*
                  Km ''Ity  Washdown Wastewater
                                                                    Oil
                                                                  Skinning
                                                                Removal of
                                                                  Oil anil
                                                                  Crease
                                              Molding
                                               Tank
                                                                                         Chemical Addition
    Complete Recycle of Facility Washdovn
    and lattery  Case Classification Water
                                                                                           Equali-
                                                                                           zation
                                                                                                 Chealcal
                                                                                               PrectpltatIon
    V
    Sed.tvtntAt Ion
    
    
    w
    Holding
    Tank
    niaclia
    
                                                                                                   SludKe  Recycle
                                                                                                                                         Sludge
                                                                                                                 Vacuuni Filtrate
                                                                                                                                       Sludge Deuaterlng
    W
    O
    i
    O
                                                                                                                                                                               tr1
                                                                                                                                                                               w
                                                                                                                                                                               >
                                                                                                                                                                               O
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                                                   o
                                                                                                                                                                 w
                                                                                                                                                                 o
                                                                                                                                                                 o
                                                   w
                                                   o
                                                   (-3
                  •Facility  Wnsli.lown UantewatPr  Is  reuspd as Battery Case Classl f Icat Ion makeup water.   Any exceaa Facility  Unslidoun Wastewater Is sent  to  treatment.
                                                                                   Figure  X-1
    
                                                                BAT TREATMENT  SCHEME  FOR OPTION  A
                                                                      SECONDARY  LEAD  SUBCATEGORY
    

    -------
    M
    
    O
    H • ! n y Ciark* - W.i.-il i-w.U *•!
    Hit|t liiyrt? ll.tmlw.ibli WiiHl ew*il or
    * y _/-^'.v;
    t-jupliiyee Heap 1 ml or Wash W.iatewdler ^ . A,A^>^
    	 , Oil 	 ^
    l.tiindt;! INK of Uniforms Wasteualer ^ • Sk InuiihiK
    frin k u.i ill Wasli-ualer ... . 	
    Kninacu Struhher l.li|uor ^ J
    Removal of
    Oil and
    f.reaae
    
    -.'Iriltery Case Claaal f leal Ion Waateuater
    Kettle Scrubber l.luuor
    keuse*
    ^
    r.iclllly llaalidoun llaateuater Holding — 	 — - k>
    Tank
    
    \ Tiiwer j
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    Conplete Recycle ol Facility Waalidnwn
    and Battery Case Clauulf Icat lun Water
    Che* lea I Addition
    9, IP,
    t/-.'«fc ^ = '•'"i 	
    Equall- Chemical llol.lliiR
    zatlon Precipitation Sedimentation Tan)-
    Tank /
    
    Sludge
    Sludge Recycle
    f ^ r^(
    \\ rr^ «'t»poa»i
    Vacuum Filtrate \ \ 1 // 1
    ^^/ *
    SludKe Deuaterlnn
    L^sd'isi'iijsi-iili'.
    
                                                                                                                                                      p
                                                                                                                                                      w
    w
    
    
    n
                                                                                                                                                      tfl
                                                                                                                                                      n
               'facility Waslidnun Uauteuater la reused a« Battery Case Cluuaslfteat Ion makeup water. Any excess Facility Wushdoun Wasteuater Is sent to treatment.
                                                                      Figure  K-2
    
    
    
                                                      BAT  TREATMENT SCHEME FOR  OPTION  B
    
                                                           SECONDARY LEAD  SUBCATEGORY
    

    -------
    U.-inti'w.-tt t*r
    
    X/— * — 'iv
    Employer Rosplratiir Wnsh Uastewnter //>. ^T.A. 3C ,•? A
    * Oil
    
    Truck Wash Waslewater
    1
    Knrua. .' Srrulihor l.lquin A
    Kemoval of
    Oil and
    Create
    •^Rnltery Cane Classification Uastewater
    
    *
    ro
    0
    I-1 Reuse-1
    
    ~~
    Fnclllty Un^lidown Wastewater Holding ~ *
    Tank
    
    
    *\ Cool Ing / *
    \ Tower J
    Recycle ^
    Backwash
    Conplete Recycle of Facility
    Uaslidown and Battery Case
    Classification Water
    Chen lea I Addition
    0 Jo ,-J
    /"^ T7 * /^ T7
    -*• / = -n» ' = » = » ^ » ""'"'
    SECONDARY
    f
    n-dln OlB.li.-irw M
    F.<<(,all- Che«lc.l FIHr;iil..n " j>
    '"J0" Prerloltatlon SedliMntat Ion Holding O
    
    Sludge
    Sludge Recycle
    /"" "V _f ^ Sludge :..
    L. I /-p L,O 1 Ol8po8al
    Vacuum Filtrate \^ 1 / / I
    ^ I1
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    Blltli!tyL')(l'>ir"
    
    BCATEGORY SECT - X
    C
    01
    e
    3
    Jt
    U
    a
    n
    
                                     Figure  X-3
    
                         BAT TREATMENT SCHEME FOR OPTION C
                             SECONDARY LEAD  SUBCATEGORY
    

    -------
    Page Intentionally Blank
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI
    
    
    
                                SECTION XI
    
                     NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
    The  basis  for  new source performance  standards  (NSPS)  under
    Section  306  of  the  Act is  the  best  available  demonstrated
    technology (BDT).   New plants have the opportunity to design the
    best  and  most  efficient production  processes  and  wastewater
    treatment  technologies,  without  facing  the  added  costs  and
    restrictions  encountered  in  retrofitting  an  existing  plant.
    Therefore,   Congress   directed   EPA  to  consider   the   best
    demonstrated process changes,  in-plant controls, and end-of-pipe
    treatment  technologies  which  reduce pollution to  the  maximum
    extent feasible.
    
    This  section describes the control technology for  treatment  of
    wastewater   from  new  sources  and  presents   mass   discharge
    limitations  of  regulatory pollutants for NSPS in the  secondary
    lead subcategory, based on the described control technology.
    
    TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BDT
    
    All  of  the  treatment technology options applicable  to  a  new
    source were previously considered for the BAT options.   For this
    reason,  three  options were considered for BDT,  which  are  all
    identical,  with  one exception,   to the BAT options discussed in
    Section  X.   The  kettle  wet air  pollution  control  discharge
    allowance  is  eliminated  under   BDT  through  use  of  dry  air
    pollution  control.    Dry  scrubbing is widely  demonstrated  for
    controlling  emissions from kettle refining.    Of the  28  plants
    with  kettle air pollution control,  19 use dry  scrubbing.   The
    Agency  also  considered proposing dry scrubbing for  controlling
    emissions from blast and reverberatory furnaces,  but the  nature
    of  these emissions  precludes the use of dry scrubbing.   Exhaust
    gases  from  blast  and  reverberatory  furnaces  contain  sulfur
    dioxide fumes, which require wet  air pollution scrubbing.
    
    The treatment technologies used for the three BDT options are:
    
    OPTION A
    
         o  Preliminary  treatment with oil skimming (where required),
         o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation,
         o  Dry air pollution control of kettle refining,  or alter-
            nately, complete recycle  of kettle scrubber liquor, and
         o  Complete recycle of facility washdown and battery case
            classification wastewater after treatment.
    
    OPTION B
    
         o  In-process flow reduction of casting contact cooling
            water,
         o  Preliminary  treatment with oil skimming (where required),
    
    
                               2013
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI
    
    
         o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation,
         o  Dry air pollution control of kettle refining, or alter-
            nately, complete recycle of kettle scrubber liquor, and
         o  Complete recycle of facility washdown and battery
            classification wastewater after treatment.
    
    OPTION C
    
         o  In-process flow reduction of casting contact cooling
            water,
         o  Preliminary treatment with oil skimming (where required),
         o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation,
         o  Dry air pollution control of kettle refining, or alter-
            nately, complete recycle of kettle scrubber liquor,
         o  Complete recycle of facility washdown and battery case
            classification wastewater after treatment, and
         o  Multimedia filtration.
    
    Partial  or  complete  reuse  and recycle  of  wastewater  is  an
    essential part of each option.   Reuse and recycle can precede or
    follow  end-of-pipe  treatment.   A more detailed  discussion  of
    these treatment options is presented in Section X.
    
    BDT OPTION SELECTION
    
    EPA is promulgating NSPS for the secondary lead subcategory equal
    to  the technology basis of BAT and is requiring additional  flow
    reduction  over  BPT  levels by using dry  scrubbing  to  control
    emissions from kettle refining.   Existing wet scrubbers are used
    to  control  emissions  and  prevent  baghouse  fires  caused  by
    sparking  when sawdust and phosphorus are applied to the  surface
    of the metal while in the kettle.   Dry scrubbers can be used for
    this  purpose  if  spark  arresters  and  settling  chambers  are
    installed  to  trap  sparks.   According to  the  Secondary  Lead
    Smelters   Association,   this  is  a  demonstrated  and   viable
    technology option.   Dry scrubbing is not required at BAT because
    of  the  extensive retrofit costs of switching from  wet  to  dry
    scrubbing.
    
    The  Agency  recognizes that new sources have the opportunity  to
    implement more advanced levels of treatment without incurring the
    costs  of retrofit equipment,  the costs of partial  or  complete
    shutdown necessary for installation of the new equipment, and the
    costs  of startup and stabilization of the treatment system  that
    existing  plants  would have.   Specifically,  the design of  new
    plants can be based on recycle of contact cooling waters, recycle
    of  air  pollution control scrubber liquor,  and use of  dry  air
    pollution equipment.
    
    REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
    
    The Agency has no reason to believe that the pollutants that will
    be  found  in treatable concentrations in  processes  within  new
    sources  will  be  any  different  than  with  existing  sources.
    Accordingly,  pollutants  and  pollutant parameters selected  for
    
    
                               2014
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI
    limitation  under  NSPS,  in  accordance with  the  rationale  of
    Sections VI and X,  are identical to those selected for BAT.  The
    conventional pollutant parameters TSS   and pH are also  selected
    for limitation.
    
    NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
    
    The  NSPS discharge flows for each wastewater source are the same
    as  the  discharge  rates  for BAT  except  for  kettle  wet  air
    pollution  control and are presented in Table XI-1  (page  2016).
    The  mass  of  pollutant allowed to be  discharged  per  mass  of
    product  is calculated by multiplying the  appropriate  treatment
    effectiveness   concentration   by  the   production   normalized
    wastewater  discharge  flows (1/kkg).  These  concentrations  are
    listed  in  Table  VII-21  (page  248)  of  Vol.   I.  New  source
    performance standards are presented in Table Xl-2 (page 2017).
                               2015
    

    -------
                                                  Table  XI-1
    
                      NSPS WASTEWATER DISCHARGE  RATES  FOR  THE  SECONDARY  LEAD  SUBCATEGORY
    ISJ
    O
    CTi
            Wastewater Stream
    Battery Cracking
    
    Furnace Wet Air Pollution
     Control
    
    Kettle Wet Air
     Pollution Control
            Lead Paste
             Desulfurizat ion
    
            Casting Contact
             Cooling Water
    
            Truck Wash
    
            Facility Washdown
    
            Battery Case
             Classification
    
            Employee Hand Wash
    
            Employee Respirator Wash
    
            Laundering of Uniforms
    NSPS Normalized
     Discharge Rate
    
     1/kkg  gal/ton
    
       673      161
     2,610
    
    
         0
    
    
    
         0
    626
    
    
      0
    
    
    
      0
    22
    21
    0
    0
    27
    44
    128
    5.
    5
    0
    0
    6.
    10.
    30.
    3
    
    
    
    5
    5
    7
                                                        Production  Normalizing Parameter
                                                                kkg  of  lead  scrap  produced
                                                    en
                                                    M
                                                    n
                                                    §
    
                                                    I
                                                    K;
                                                                kkg  of  lead  produced  from smelting ^
                                                                                                  en
    kkg of lead produced from kettle   d
     furnaces                          £d
    
    kkg of lead processed through      M
     desulfurization                   §
                                                                                           en
                             kkg of lead cast
    
                             kkg of lead produced from smelting w
                                                                K"
                             kkg of lead produced from smelting t
                                                                ><
                                                                h-
                             kkg of lead scrap produced
    
                             kkg of lead produced from smelting
    
                             kkg of lead produced from smelting
    
                             kkg of lead produced from smelting
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI
    
    
                               TABLE XI-2
    
                 NSPS FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (a)  Battery Cracking  NSPS .
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
               Metric Units - mg/kg of lead scrap produced
         English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead scrap produced
    * Antimony
    *Arsenic
    Cadmium
    Chromium
    Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    Thallium
    *Zinc
    *Ammonia (as N)
    *TSS
    *pH
    1.299
    0.935
    0.135
    0.249
    0.861
    0.188
    1.370
    0.195
    0.942
    0.686
    0.000
    10.100
    Within the range 7.5 to
    at all times
    0.579
    0.384
    0.054
    0.101 .
    0.411
    0.087
    0.249
    0.081
    0.411
    0.283
    0.000
    8.076
    10.0
    (b)  Blast,  Reverberatory,  or Rotary Furnace Wet Air
         Pollution Control  NSPS
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
         Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    *Antimony                            5.037          2.245
    *Arsenic                             3.628          1.488
     Cadmium                             0.522          0.209
     Chromium                            0.966          0.392
     Copper                              3.341          1.592  '
    *Lead                                0.731          0.339
     Nickel                              1.436          0.966
     Silver                              0.757          0.313
     Thallium                            3.654          1.592
    *Zinc                                2.662          1.096
    *Ammonia (as N)                      0.000          0.000
    *TSS                                39.150         31.320
    *pH                    Within the range 7.5 to 10.0
                                    at all times
    *Regulated Pollutant
                               2017
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI
    
    
                         TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
    
                 NSPS FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (c) Kettle Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from refining
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from refining
    
    *Antimony                            0.000          0.000
    *Arsenic                             0.000          0.000
     Cadmium                             0.000          0.000
     Chromium                            0.000          0.000
     Copper                              0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                0.000          0.000
     Nickel                              0.000          0.000
     Silver                              0.000          0.000
     Thallium                            0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                0.000          0.000
    *Ammonia (as N)                      0.000          0.000
    *TSS                                 0.000          0.000
    *pH                    Within the range 7.5 to 10.0
                                    at all times
    
    
    (d) Lead Paste Desulfurization NSPS
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
      Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced through desulfurization
        English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced through
                        desulfurization
    
    *Antimony                            0.000          0.000
    *Arsenic                             0.000          0.000
     Cadmium                             0.000          0.000
     Chromium                            0.000          0.000
     Copper                              0.000 '         0.000
    *Lead                                0.000          0.000
     Nickel                              0.000          0.000
     Silver                              0.000          0.000
     Thallium                            0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                0.000          0.000
    *Ammonia (as N)                      0.000          0.000
    *TSS                                 0.000          0.000
    *pH                    Within the range 7.5 to 10.0
                                    at all times
    *Requlated Pollutant
                               2018
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI
    
    
                         TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
    
                 NSPS FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (e) Casting Contact Cooling  NSPS
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
         Metric Units - mg/kg of lead cast
        English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead cast
    
    *Antimony                            0.042          0.019
    *Arsenic                             0.031          0.013
     Cadmium                             0.004          0.002
     Chromium                            0.008          0.003
     Copper                              0.028          0.013
    *Lead                                0.006          0.003
     Nickel                              0.012          0.008
     Silver                              0.006          0.003
     Thallium                            0.031          0.013
    *Zinc                                0.022          0.009
    *Ammonia (as.N)                      0.000          0.000
    *TSS                                 0.330          0.264
    *pH                    Within the range 7.5 to 10.0
                                    at all times
    (f) Truck Wash  NSPS
    
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    *Antimony                            0.041          0.018
    *Arsenic                             0.029          0.012
     Cadmium                             0.004          0.002
     Chromium                            0.008          0.003
     Copper                              0.027          0.013
    *Lead                                0.006          0.003
     Nickel                              0.012          0.008
     Silver                              0.006          0.003
     Thallium                            0.029          0.013
    *Zinc                                0.021          0.009
    *Ammonia (as N)                      0.000          0.000
    *TSS                                 0.315          0.252
    *pH                    Within the range 7.5 to 10.0
                                    at all times
    *Reqjlated Pollutant
                                1019
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI
    
    
                         TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
    
                 NSPS FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (g) Facility Washdown  NSPS
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    *Antimony                            0.000          0.000
    *Arsenic                             0.000          0.000
     Cadmium                             0.000          0.000
     Chromium                            0.000          0.000
     Copper                              0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                0.000          0.000
     Nickel           '                   0.000          0.000
     Silver                              0.000          0.000
     Thallium                            0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                0.000          0.000
    *Ammonia (as N)                      0.000          0.000
    *TSS                                 0.000          0.000
    *pH                    Within the range 7.5 to 10.0
                                    at all times
    (h) Battery Case Classification  NSPS
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
         Metric Units - mg/kg of lead scrap produced
        English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead scrap produced
    
    *Antimony                            0.000          0.000
    *Arsenic                             0.000          0.000
     Cadmium                             0.000          0.000
     Chromium                            0.000          0.000
     Copper                              0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                0.000          0.000
     Nickel                              0.000          0.000
     Silver                              0.000          0.000
     Thallium                            0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                0.000          0.000
    *Ammonia (as N)                      0.000          0.000
    *TSS                                 0.000          0.000
    *pH                    Within the range 7.5 to 10.0
                                    at all times
    
    *Regulated Pollutant~
                               2020
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SCJBCATEGORY    SECT - XI
    
    
                         TABLE XI-2  (Continued)
    
                 NSPS FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (i) Employee Handwash  NSPS
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    *Antimony                            0.052          0.023
    *Arsenic                             0.038          0.015
     Cadmium                             0.005          0.002
     Chromium                            0.010          0.004
     Copper                              0.035          0.016
    *Lead                                0.008          0.004
     Nickel                              0.015          0.010
     Silver                              0.008          0.003
     Thallium                            0.038          0.016
    *Zinc                                0.028          0.011
    *Ammonia (as N)                      0.000          0.000
    *TSS                                 0.405          0.324
    *pH                    Within the range 7.5 to 10.0
                                    at all times
    (i) Employee Respirator Wash NSPS
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    *Antimony                            0.085          0.038
    *Arsenic                             0.061          0.025
     Cadmium                             0.009          0.004
     Chromium                            0.016          0.007
     Copper                              0.056          0.027'
    *Lead                                0.012          0.006
     Nickel                              0.024          0.016
     Silver                              0.013          0.005
     Thallium                            0.062          0.027
    *Zinc                                0.045          0.018
    *Ammonia (as N)                      0.000          0.000
    *TSS                                 0.660          0.528
    *pH                    Within the range 7.5 to 10.0
                                    at all times
    ^Regulated Pollutant
                               2021
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI
    
    
                         TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
    
                 NSPS FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (j) Laundering Uniforms NSPS
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    "Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    *Antimony                            0.247          0.110
    *Arsenic                             0.178          0.073
     Cadmium                             0.026          0.010
     Chromium                            0.047          0.019
     Copper                              0.164          0.078
    *Lead                                0.036          0.017
     Nickel                              0.070          0.047
     Silver                              0.037          0.015
     Thallium                            0.179          0.078
    *Zinc                                0.131          0.054
    *Ammonia (as N)                      0.000          0.000
    *TSS                                 1.920          1.536
    *pH                    Within the range 7.5 to 10.0
                                    at all times
    
    *  Regulated Pollutant
                               2022
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD  SUBCATEGORY     SECT - XII
    
    
    
    
                                SECTION XII
    
                          PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
    PSES  are designed  to prevent the discharge of  pollutants  which
    pass  through,  interfere with, or are otherwise incompatible  with
    the   operation  of  publicly owned treatment  works   (POTW).   The
    Clean Water  Act of 1977 requires pretreatment  for  pollutants,
    such   as   toxic  metals,  that  limit  POTW  sludge   management
    alternatives.   Section  307(c)  of  the  Act  requires  EPA   to
    promulgate  pretreatment standards for new sources  (PSNS) at  the
    same  time  that  it promulgates NSPS.   New  indirect  discharge
    facilities,  like   new  direct  discharge  facilities,  have  the
    opportunity  to  incorporate  the  best  available   demonstrated
    technologies,  including process changes, in-plant  controls,  and
    end-of-pipe  treatment  technologies,  and  to  use  plant   site
    selection   to  ensure  adequate  treatment  system   installation.
    Pretreatment  standards are to be technology based,  analogous  to
    the best available  technology for removal of toxic pollutants.
    
    This  section" describes the control and treatment technologies for
    pretreatment of process wastewaters from existing sources and new
    sources   in  the   secondary  lead   subcategory.    Pretreatment
    standards   for  regulated pollutants are presented based  on  the
    selected control and treatment technologies.
    
    TECHNICAL APPROACH  TO PRETREATMENT
    
    Before  promulgating pretreatment standards,  the Agency examines
    whether  the pollutants discharged by the industry  pass  through
    the   POTW  or  interfere with the POTW operation  or  its  chosen
    sludge  disposal  practices.   In determining whether  pollutants
    pass  through a well-operated POTW achieving secondary  treatment,
    the Agency compares the percentage of a pollutant removed by POTW
    with  the  percentage removed by direct dischargers applying  the
    best  available technology economically achievable.    A  pollutant
    is  deemed  to pass through the POTW when the average  percentage
    removed  nationwide  by  well-operated  POTW  meeting   secondary
    treatment  requirements,  is less than the percentage removed  by
    direct   dischargers  complying  with  BAT  effluent  limitations
    for that pollutant.
    
    This   definition   of  pass  through  satisfies   two   competing
    objectives  set  by Congress:    (1)  that standards   for  indirect
    dischargers  be  equivalent to standards for direct  dischargers,
    while  at the same  time,  (2)  that the treatment  capability  and
    performance  of the POTW be recognized and taken into account  in
    regulating the discharge of pollutants from indirect dischargers.
    The  Agency  compares percentage removal rather than the mass  or
    concentration  of pollutants discharged because the latter  would
    not   take into account the mass of pollutants discharged  to  the
    POTW   from  non-industrial  sources  nor  the  dilution  of  the
    pollutants  in the POTW effluent to lower concentrations  due  to
    
    
                                   2023
    

    -------
               SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
    
    
    the addition of large amounts of non-industrial wastewater.
    
    PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR EXISTING AND NEW SOURCES
    
    The  treatment technology options for PSES and PSNS are the  same
    as the BAT Options discussed in Section X.  For promulgation PSNS
    requires  that  the kettle furnace air scrubbing waste stream  be
    eliminated through the use of dry air pollution control.  A  more
    detailed  discussion,  including  pollutants controlled  by  each
    treatment process and achievable treatment concentration for each
    option,  is  presented in Section VII of Vol. 1.
    
    Treatment technologies considered for PSES:
    
    OPTION A
    
         o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation,
         o  Complete recycle of facility -washdown and battery case
            classification wastewater after treatment.
    
    OPTION B
    
         o  In-process flow reduction of casting contact cooling
            water,
         o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation,
         o  Complete recycle of facility washdown and battery case
            classification wastewater after treatment.
    
    OPTION C
    
         o  In-process flow reduction of casting contact cooling
            water,
         o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation,
         o  Complete recycle of facility washdown and battery case
            classification wastewater after treatment, and
         o  Multimedia filtration.
    COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
    
    The  cost  and  pollutant removal estimates   of  each  treatment
    option  were used to determine the most cost-effective    option.
    The   methodology  applied  in  calculating   pollutant   removal
    estimates  and plant compliance costs is discussed in Section  X.
    Table  XII-1 (page 2027) shows the estimated  pollutant  removals
    for  indirect  dischargers.   Compliance costs  are  presented  in
    Table VIII-2 (page 1973).
                                   2024
    

    -------
                SECONDARY LEAD  SUBCATEGORY     SECT - XII
    PSES OPTION  SELECTION
    
    EPA has  selected Option C as  the basis for PSES for the secondary
    lead   subcategory.    This   technology   is  equivalent  to   the
    promulgated  BAT. The Option  C treatment  consists  of  in-process
    flow   reduction,  chemical   precipitation,  sedimentation,   and
    multimedia filtration.  This  selection follows the rationale used
    in  the  selection of BAT.  This option prevents pass-through  and
    equals promulgated BAT.
    
    Implementation  of the promulgated PSES limitations would  remove
    annually  an  estimated  15,531  kg  of   toxic  pollutants   over
    estimated  current  discharge.   Removals based on estimated  raw
    discharge are approximately 46,500 kg of  toxic  pollutants.   The
    final  PSES  effluent mass limitations will remove 620  kg/yr  of
    toxic metals over the intermediate PSES option considered,  which
    lacks filtration.  Both options are economically achievable.  The
    Agency    believes the incremental removal justifies selection of
    filtration  as  part  of PSES model  technology.   Filtration  is
    currently  demonstrated  by five indirect  discharging  secondary
    lead plants. The estimated capital cost for achieving promulgated
    PSES is  $4.26 million (March,  1982 dollars),  and the  estimated
    annual cost is $2.51 million.
    
    PSNS OPTION SELECTION
    
    The  technology basis for promulgated PSNS is identical to  NSPS.
    The   PSNS  treatment  consists  of  in-process  flow  reduction,
    chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and multimedia filtration.
    The  Agency recognizes that new sources have the  opportunity  to
    implement more advanced levels of treatment without incurring the
    costs  of  retrofitting  and  the costs of  partial  or  complete
    shutdown  necessary  for installation of  the new  equipment  that
    existing plants should have.
    
    Promulgated  PSNS  prevents pass through and  equals  promulgated
    NSPS.    The  PSNS  flow allowances are based on  minimization  of
    process  wastewater  wherever  possible through  use  of  cooling
    towers  to  recycling casting contact  cooling  water.   Complete
    recycle   of   treated  facility  washdown   and   battery   case
    classification  wastewater  is also included.   Dry scrubbing  is
    required  for  kettle  air  pollution  control  for  the  reasons
    provided in NSPS.
    
    BJ?Gl!LAT_ED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
    
    Pollutants  and  pollutant parameters selected for limitation  in
    accordance with the rationale of Sections VI and X, are identical
    to  those selected for limitation for BAT.   EPA is  promulgating
    PSES and PSNS for ammonia,   antimony,  arsenic,  lead,  and zinc to
    prevent  pass-through.    The  conventional  pollutants  are  not
    limited  under  PSES  and  PSNS  because  they  are   effectively
    controlled by POTW.
                                   2025
    

    -------
               SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
    
    
    PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
    
    The  PSES  and  PSNS discharge flows are  identical  to  the  BAT
    discharge  flows  for  all processes except PSNS for  kettle  air
    pollution  control.  These discharge flows are listed  in  Tables
    XII-2  and  XII-3 (pages 2027 and 2028).  The mass  of  pollutant
    allowed  to  be discharged per mass of product is  calculated  by
    multiplying the achievable treatment concentration (mg/1) by  the
    normalized  wastewater  discharge flow (1/kkg).   The  achievable
    treatment concentrations are presented in Table VII-21 of Vol.  I
    (page 248). Pretreatment standards for existing and new  sources,
    as determined from the above procedure, are shown in Tables XII-4
    and XII-5 (pages 2030 and 2036) for each waste stream.
                                   2026
    

    -------
                                                  Table XII-1
    
    
    
    
                 POLLUTANT  REMOVAL ESTIMATES FOR  SECONDARY  LEAD INDIRECT DISCHARGERS
    
    
    POLLUTANT
    Arsenl c
    Ant Imony
    Cadml urn
    Chromium
    Lead
    Nickel
    SI Iver
    Tha I 1 lum
    Copper
    7, Inc.
    TOTAL TOXIC MKTALS
    KJ
    O A luml ntim
    ^J Ammonia
    1 roil
    
    TOTAL NONCONVKNTIONALS
    TSS
    Oil & Grease
    TOTAL CONVENT 1ONALS
    
    TOTAL POLLUTANTS
    KLOW (l/yr)
    
    
    NOTK • TOTAL TOXIC MKTAI
    TOTAL
    RAW WASTE
    (kg/yr)
    3.867.6
    6.907.1
    338.4
    537.9
    33.495.4
    523.7
    44.0
    190.2
    666.0
    916.8
    47.487.0
    19,652.6
    1 ,527.2
    21,902.6
    
    43,082.4
    1 ,278,058.9
    3,693.4
    1 .281 .752.2
    
    1 .372.321.7
    441 ,600,000
    
    
    I.S " Arspnir +• AnM
    OPTION A
    DISCHARGED
    (kg/yr)
    225.2
    309 . 1
    34.9
    37.1
    53.0
    326.8
    44.0
    190.2
    256.1
    145.7
    1 .622.1
    989.2
    0.0
    181.1
    
    1.170.2
    5.299.2 1
    3,693.4
    8.992.6 1
    
    11,784.9 1
    36
    
    
    Imrtnv 4- Carlmi 11
    OPTION A
    REMOVED
    (kg/yr)
    3.642.4
    6.598.0
    303.5
    500.8
    33,442.4
    196.9
    0.0
    0.0
    409.8
    771.1
    45,864.9
    18,663.4
    1 .527.2
    21 .721.5
    
    41 .912.2
    .272.759.7
    0.0
    ,272.759.7
    
    ,360,536.8
    ,900.000
    
    
    m -1- Chromium
    OPTION B
    DISCHARGED
    (kg/yr)
    222.8
    305.8
    34.5
    36.7
    52.4
    323.3
    43.7
    190.2
    253.4
    144.2
    1,607.0
    978.7
    0.0
    179.1
    
    1.157.8
    5,242.8 1
    3,693.4
    8,936.2 1
    
    11 ,701.0 1
    36
    
    
    + Lead + Mirk
    OPTION B
    REMOVED
    (kg/yr)
    3.644.8
    6,601 .3
    303.9
    501.2
    33,442.9
    200.4
    0.3
    0.0
    412.6
    772.6
    45.880.0
    18,674.0
    1 .527.2
    21,723.4
    
    41,924.6
    ,272.816.1
    0.0
    ,272,816.1
    
    ,360,620.7
    ,900.000
    
    
    pi + SI 1 ver +
    OPTION C
    DISCHARGED
    (kg/yr)
    148.5
    205.3
    21,4
    30.6
    35.0
    96.1
    30.6
    148.5
    170.4
    100.5
    987.0
    651.0
    0.0
    122.3
    
    773.3
    1,135.9
    3.693.4
    4,829.3
    
    6.589.6
    
    
    
    Thall turn -1- f
    OPTION C
    REMOVED
    (kg/yr)
    3,719.1
    6.701.8
    317.0
    507.3
    33.460.4
    427.6
    13.4
    41.6
    495.6
    816.3
    46.500.1
    19.001 .6
    1 .527.2
    21 ,780.2
    
    42.309.1
    1,276.922.9
    0.0
    1 .276,922.9
    
    1 ,365,732.1
    
    
    
    ^onnpr 4- 71nr
    
    
    
    to
    M
    O
    O
    
    
    jjj
    K
    !_,
    M
    §
    to
    G
    Cfl
    O
    i-3
    M
    Q
    O
    K
    
    
    to
    M
    0
    
    1
    X
    H
    H
    TOTAL NONCONVKNTIONALS = Aluminum + Ammonia +  Iron
    
    
    
    TOTAL CONVENTIONALS = TSS +  Oil & Grease
    
    
    
    OPTION A  - Lime Precipitation and Sedimentation
    
    
    
    OPTION R  = Option A, plus In-process Flow Reduction
    
    
    
    OPTION C  = Option B, plus Multimedia Filtration
    

    -------
    o
    tvj
    00
                                                    Table XII-2
    
                        PSES WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
              Wd:i t. t.wii L . uf Stream
                      Cracking
    ]r,,rn ,,- o i,jpf-
     Control
                              Pollution
              Kettle Wet Air
               !.'o 1  .   n Control
              Lead Paste
               Oesulfurizat ion
    
              Casting Contact
               Cooling Water
    
              Truck Wash
    
              Ficility Washdown
    
              Battery Case
               Classification
    
              Kmployee Hand Wash
    
              Employee Respirator Wash
    
              Laundering of Uniforms
    PSES Normalized
     Discharge Rate
    
     I/kkg  gal/ton
    
       673      161
    
    
     2,610      626
    
    
        45       11
                                    0
    0
    22
    21
    0
    0
    27
    44
    128
    5.3
    5
    0
    0
    6.5
    10.5
    30.7
                                                        Production Normalizing Parameter
                                                        kkg of lead scrap produced
                                                                  kkg of lead produced from smelting
    kkg of lead produced from kettle
     furnaces
    
    kkg of lead processed through
     desulfurization
                                                        kkg of lead cast
    
                                                        kkg of lead produced from smelting
    
                                                        kkg of lead produced from smelting
    
    
                                                        kkg of lead scrap produced
    
                                                        kkg of lead produced from smelting
    
                                                        kkg of lead produced from smelting
    
                                                        kkg of lead produced from smelting
                                                  w
                                                  o
                                                  §
                                                  I
                                                                                                      IT"
                                                                                                      W
                                                                                            §
                                                                                            o
                                                                w
                                                                CD
                                                                O
                                                  w
                                                  o
    

    -------
                                                   Table XII-3
    
                        PSNS  WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    NJ
    O
    K)
    VD
              Wastewater  Stream
              Battery Cracking
    
              Furnace Wet Air Pollution
               Control
    
              Kettle Wet  Air
               Pollution  Control
              Lead Paste
               Oesulfurization
    
              Casting Contact
               Cooling Water
    
              Truck Wash
    
              Facility Washdown
    
              Battery Case
               Classification
    
              Employee Hand Wash
    
              Employee Respirator Wash
    
              Laundering of Uniforms
    PSNS Normalized
     Discharge Rate
    
     I/kkg  gal/ton
    
       673      161
     2,610
    
    
         0
    
    
    
         0
    626
    
    
      0
    
    
    
      0
    22
    21
    0
    0
    27
    44
    128
    5.3
    5
    0
    0
    6.5
    10.5
    30.7
                 Production Normalizing Parameter
                 kkg of lead scrap produced
    kkg of lead produced from smelting
    kkg of lead produced from kettle
     furnaces
    
    kkg of lead processed through
     desulfurlzatlon
                             kkg of lead cast
    
                             kkg of lead produced from smelting
    
                             kkg of lead produced from smelting
    
    
                             kkg of lead scrap produced
    
                             kkg of lead produced from smelting
    
                             kkg of lead produced from smelting
    
                             kkg of lead produced from smelting
                                                                                                     en
                                                                                                     M
                                                                                                     o
                                                                                                     §
    M
    6
    cn
    W
    o
    w
    Cl
    8
    K
                                                    cn
                                                    W
                                                    o
    

    -------
               SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
    
    
                                TABLE XII-4
    
                 PSES FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (a)  Battery Cracking  P'SES.
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
               Metric Units - mg/kg of lead scrap produced
         English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead scrap produced
    *Antimony
    *Arsenic
    Cadmium
    Chromium
    Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    Thallium
    *Zinc
    *Ammonia (as N)
    1.299
    0.935
    0.135
    0.249
    0.861
    0.188
    1.370
    0.195
    0.942
    0.686
    0.000
    0.579
    0.384
    0.054
    0.101
    0.411
    0.087
    0.249
    0.081
    0.411
    0.283
    0.000
    [b)   Blast, Reverberatory, or Rotary Furnace Wet Air
         Pollution Control  PSES
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    *Antimony                            5.037.          2.245
    ^Arsenic                             3.628          1.488
     Cadmium                             0.522          0.209
     Chromium                            0.966          0.392
     Copper                              3.341          1.592
    *Lead                                0.731          0.339
     Nickel                              1.436          0.966
     Silver                              0.757          0.313
     Thallium                            3.654          1.592
    *Zinc                                2.662          1.096
    *AmmQnia (as N)                      0.000          0.000
    *Regulated Pollutant
                                   2030
    

    -------
               SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
    
    
                         TABLE XII-4  (Continued)
    
                 PSES FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
     (c) Kettle Wet Air Pollution Control PSES
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from refining
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from refining
    *Antimony
    *Arsenic
    Cadmium
    Chromium
    Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    Thallium
    *Zinc
    * Ammonia (as- N)
    0.087
    0.063
    0.009
    0.017
    0.058
    0.013
    0.025
    0.013
    0.063
    0.046
    0.000
    0.039
    0.026
    0.004
    0.007
    0.027
    0.006
    0.017
    0.005
    0.027
    0.019
    0.000
    (d) Lead Paste Desulfurization PSES
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
      Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced through desulfurization
        English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced through
                        desulfurization
    
    *Antimony                            0.000          0.000
    *Arsenic                             0.000          0.000
     Cadmium                             0.000          0.000
     Chromium                            0.000          0.000
     Copper                              0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                0.000          0.000
     Nickel                              0.000          0.000
     Silver                              0.000          0.000
     Thallium                            0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                0.000          0.000
    *Ammonia (as N)                       0.000          0.000
    *Reg uTa t ecT'Po 1 '
                                   2031
    

    -------
               SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
    
    
                         TABLE XII-4 (Continued)
    
                 PSES FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (e) Casting Contact Cooling  PSES
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    ~"Metric Units - mg/kg of lead cast
              English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead cast
    * Antimony
    *Arsenic
    Cadmium
    Chromium
    Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    Thallium
    *Zinc
    * Ammonia (as N)
    0.042
    0.031
    0.004
    0.008
    0.028
    0.006
    0.012
    0.006
    0.031
    0.022
    0.000
    0.019
    0.013
    0.002
    0.003
    0.013
    0.003
    0.008
    0.003
    0.013
    0.009
    0.000
    (f) Truck Wash  PSES
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    *Anlimony                            0.041          0.018
    *Arsenic                             0.029          0.012
     Cadmium                             0.004          0.002
     Chromium                            0.008          0.003
     Copper                              0.027          0.013
    *Lead                                0.006          0.003
     Nickel                              0.012       .   0.008
     Silver                              0.006          0.003
     Thallium                            0.029          0.013
    *Zinc                                0.021          0.009
    *Ammonia (as N)                       0.000          0.000
    *Requlated Pollutant
                                   2032
    

    -------
               SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
    
    
                         TABLE XII-4  (Continued)
    
                 PSES FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY  -
    
     (g) Facility Washdown  PSES
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    *Antimony                            0.000          0.000
    *Arsenic                             0.000          0.000
     Cadmium                             0.000          0.000
     Chromium                            0.000          0.000
     Copper                              0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                0.000          0.000
     Nickel                              0.000          0.000
     Silver          '                    0.000          0.000
     Thallium                            0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                0.000          0.000
    *Ammonia (as N)                      0.000          0.000
    (h) Battery Case Classification  PSES
    
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
               Metric Units - mg/kg of lead scrap produced
         English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead scrap produced
    
    *Antimony                            0.000          0.000
    *Arsenic                             0.000          0.000
     Cadmium                             0.000          0.000
     Chromium                            0.000          0.000
     Copper                              0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                0.000          0.000
     Nickel                              0.000          0.000
     Silver                              0.000          0.000
     Thallium                            0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                0.000          0.000
    *Airunonia (as N)                       0.000          0.000
    *Regulated Pollutant
                                   2033
    

    -------
               SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
    
    
                       .  TABLE XI1-4 (Continued)
    
                 PSES FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (i) Employee Handwash  PSES
    
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    *Antimony
    *Arsenic
    Cadmium
    Chromium
    Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    Thallium
    *Zinc
    *Ammonia (as N)
    0.052
    0.038
    0.005
    0.010
    0.035
    0.008
    0.015
    0.008
    0.038
    0.028
    0.000
    0.023
    0.015
    0.002
    0.004
    0.016
    0.004
    0.010
    0.003
    0.016
    0.011
    0.000
    (i) Employee Respirator Wash PSES
    
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    *Antimony
    *Arsenic
    Cadmium
    Chromium
    Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    Thallium
    *Zinc
    *Ammonia (as N)
    0.085
    0.061
    0.009
    0.016
    0.056
    0.012
    0.024
    0.013
    0.062
    0.045
    0.000
    0.038
    0.025
    0.004
    0.007
    0.027
    0.006
    0.016
    0.005
    0.027
    0.018
    0.000
    *Regulated Pollutant
                                   2034
    

    -------
               SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
    
    
                         TABLE XII-4 (Continued)
    
                 PSES FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (j) Laundering Uniforms PSES
    
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
           Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    *Antimony                            0.247          0.110
    *Arsenic                             0.178          0.073
     Cadmium                             0.026          0.010
     Chromium                            0.047          0.019
     Copper                              0.164          0.078
    *Lead                                0.036          0.017
     Nickel                              0.070          0.047
     Silver                              0.037          0.015
     Thallium                            0.179          0.078
    *Zinc                                0.131          0.054
    *Ammonia (as-N)                       0.000          0.000
    
    * Regulated Pollutant
                                   2035
    

    -------
               SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
    
    
                               TABLE XII-5
    
                 PSNS FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    (a)  Battery Cracking  PSNS
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
         Metric Units - mg/kg of lead scrap produced
        English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead scrap produced
    *Antimony
    *Arsenic
    Cadmium
    Chromium
    Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    Thallium
    *Zj.nc
    *Ammonia (as N)
    1.299
    0.935
    0.135
    0.249
    0.861
    0 . 188
    1.370
    0.195
    0.942
    0.686
    0.000
    0.579
    0.384
    0.054
    0.101
    0.411
    0.087
    0.249
    0.081
    0.411
    0.283
    0.000
    (b)  Blast,  Reverberatory,  or Rotary Furnace Wet Air
         Pollution Control  PSNS
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
         Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
        English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    *Antimony
    *Arsenic
    Cadmium
    Chromium
    Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    Thallium
    *Zinc
    *Ammonia (as N)
    5.037
    3.628
    0.522
    0.966
    3.341
    0.731
    1.436
    0.757
    3.654
    2.662
    0.000
    2.245
    1.488
    0.209
    0.392
    1.592
    0.339
    0.966
    0.313
    1.592
    1.096
    0.000
    *Regulated Pollutant
                                   2036
    

    -------
                SECONDARY  LEAD  SUBCATEGORY     SECT  -  XII
    
    
                          TABLE XII-5  (Continued)
    
                 PSNS  FOR THE  SECONDARY LEAD  SUBCATEGORY
    
     (c)  Kettle  Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
    
    
     Pollutant orMaximum  forMaximum  for
     Pollutant   Property              Any One  Day      Monthly  Average
    
    
         Metric Units  - mg/kg  of lead produced from  refining
         English Units  - Ibs/million Ibs of  lead produced from  refining
    *Antimony
    *Arsenic
    Cadmium
    Chromium
    Coppe r
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    Thallium
    *Zinc
    *Ammonia (as N)
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    0.000
    (d) Lead Paste Desulfurization PSNS
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
         Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced through
                             desulfurization
        English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced through
                             desulfurization
    
    *Antimony                            0.000          0.000
    *Arsenic                             0.000          0.000 *
     Cadmium                             0.000          0.000
     Chromium                            0.000          0.000
     Copper                              0.000     .     0.000
    *Lead                                0.000          0.000
     Nickel                              0.000          0.000
     Silver                              0.000          0.000
     Thallium                            0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                0.000          0.000
    *Ammonia (as N)                      0.000          0.000
    *Regulated Pollutant
                                   2037
    

    -------
               SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
    
    
                         TABLE XII-5 (Continued)
    
                 PSNS FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (e) Casting Contact Cooling.  PSNS
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
         Metric Units - mg/kg of lead cast
        English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead cast
    *Antimony
    *Arsenic
    Cadmium
    Chromium
    Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    Thallium
    *Zinc
    *Ammonia (as N)
    0.042
    0.031
    0.004
    0.008
    0.028
    0.006
    0.012
    0.006
    0.031
    0.022
    0.000
    0.019
    0.013
    0.002
    0.003
    0.013
    0.003
    0.008
    0.003
    0.013
    0.009
    0.000
                         TABLE XII-5 (Continued)
    
       PSNS EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (f)  Truck Wash  PSNS
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
         Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    *Antimony                            0.041          0.018
    *Arsenic                             0.029          0.012
     Cadmium                             0.004          0.002
     Chromium                            0.008          0.003
     Copper                              0.027          0.013
    *Lead                                0.006          0.003
     Nickel                              0.012          0.008
     Silver                              0.006          0.003
     Thallium                            0.029          0.013
    *Zinc                                0.021          0.009
    *Ammonia (as N)                      0.000          0.000
    *Regulated Pollutant
                                   2038
    

    -------
               SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
    
    
                         TABLE XII-5 (Continued)
    
                 PSNS FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
     (g) Facility Washdown  PSNS
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average -
    
    
         Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
        English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    *Antimony                            0.000          0.000
    *Arsenic                             0.000          0.000
     Cadmium                             0.000          0.000
     Chromium                            0.000          0.000
     Copper                              0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                0.000          0.000
     Nickel                              0.000          0.000
     Silver                              0.000          0.000
     Thallium                            0.000          0.000
    *Zinc       -                         0.000          0.000
    *Ammonia (as N)                      0.000          0.000
    (h) Battery Case Classification  PSNS
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
         Metric Units - mg/kg of lead scrap produced
        English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead scrap produced
    
    *Antimony                            0.000          0.000
    *Arsenic                             0.000          0.000
     Cadmium                             0.000          0.000
     Chromium                            0.000          0.000
     Copper                              0.000          0.000
    *Lead                                0.000          0.000
     Nickel                              0.000          0.000
     Silver                              0.000          0.000
     Thallium                            0.000          0.000
    *Zinc                                0.000          0.000
    *Ammonia (as N)                       0.000          0.000
    *Regulated Pollutant
                                   2039
    

    -------
               SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
    
    
                         TABLE XII-5 (Continued)
    
                 PSNS FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (i)  Employee Handwash  PSNS.
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
         Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
        English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    * Antimony
    *Arsenic
    Cadmium
    Chromium
    Copper
    *Lead
    Nickel
    Silver
    Thallium
    *Zinc
    *Ammonia (as N)
    0.052
    0.038
    0.005
    0.010
    0.035
    0.008
    0.015
    0.008
    0.038
    0.028
    0.000
    0.023
    0.015
    0.002
    0.004
    0.016
    0.004
    0.010
    0.003
    0.016
    0.011
    0.000
    (i)  Employee Respirator Wash PSNS
    Pollutant or                     Maximum for      Maximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
         Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
        English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from
                                 smelting
    
    *Antimony                            0.085          0.038
    *Arsenic                             0.061          0.025
     Cadmium                             0.009          0.004
     Chromium                            0.016          0.007
     Copper                              0.056          0.027
    *Lead                                0.012          0.006
     Nickel                              0.024          0.016
     Silver                              0.-013          0.005
     Thallium                            0.062          0.027
    *Zinc                                0.045          0.018
    *Ammonia (as N)                       0.000          0.000
    *Regulated Pollutant
                                   2040
    

    -------
               SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
    
    
                         TABLE XII-5 (Continued)
    
                 PSNS FOR THE SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY
    
    (j) Laundering Uniforms PSNS
    
    Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
    Pollutant  Property              Any One Day      Monthly Average
    
    
         Metric Units - mg/kg of lead produced from smelting
        English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of lead produced from smelting
    
    *Antimony                            0.247          0.110
    *Arsenic                             0.178          0.073
     Cadmium                             0.026          0.010
     Chromium                            0.047          0.019
     Copper                              0.164          0.078
    *Lead                                0.036          0.017
     Nickel                              0.070          0.047
     Silver                              0.037          0.015
     Thallium                            0.179          0.078
    *Zinc                                0.131          .0.054
    *Ammonia (as N)                      0.000          0.000
    
    
    *Regulated Pollutant
                                   2041
    

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                SECONDARY LEAD SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XIII
    
    
    
    
                              SECTION XIII
    
             BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
    EPA  is  not  promulgating best  conventional  pollutant  control
    technology (BCT) for the secondary lead subcategory at this time.
                                   2043
    

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    NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY
    
    
               DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT SUPPLEMENT
    
    
                           for the
    
    
                Primary Antimony Subcategory
                      William K.  Reilly
                        Administrator
                       Rebecca Hanmer
          Acting Assistant Administrator  for Water
                  Martha Prothro,  Director
          Office of  Water Regulations  and Standards
                Thomas  P.  O'Farrell,  Director
               Industrial  Technology  Division
                 Ernst  P.  Hall,  P.E.,  Chief
                  Metals  Industry  Branch
                             and
                 Technical  Project Officer
                         Mav  1989
           U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency
                      Office, of Water
         Office  of Water Regulations and Standards
               Industrial Technology Division
                 Washington, D. C.  20460
                            2045
    

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                     PRIMARY ANTIMONY  SUBCATEGORY
    
    
                            TABLE OF CONTENTS
    
     Section             "                                      Page
    
     I         SUMMARY                                          2053
    
     II        CONCLUSIONS                                      2055
    
     III       SUBCATEGORY PROFILE                              2061
    
              Description of Primary Antimony Production       2061
              Raw Materials                                    2062
              Pyrometallurgical Processes                      2062
              Leaching                                         2062
              Aut