September 1999
EnvironmentalTechnology
Verification Quality
Assurance Project Plan
Emissions of VOCs and
Aldehydes from Commercial
Furniture
Prepared by
jm
Research Triangle Institute
Under a Cooperative Agreement with
oEPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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Notice
This document has been subjected to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's quality assurance
and administrative reviews and has been approved for publication.
The EPA, through its Office of Research and Development (ORD), partially funded and managed the
extramural research described here under Cooperative Agreement No. CR 822870.
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation
by EPA or RTI for use.
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Environmental Technology Verification
Quality Assurance Project Plan
Emissions of VOCs and Aldehydes
from Commercial Furniture
Prepared by
Research Triangle Institute
Research Triangle Park, NC
EPA Cooperative Agreement No. CR 822870-01
Project Officer: Leslie E. Sparks
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC
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A2: Table of Contents
Section A: Project Management
Al: Title and Approval Sheet i
A2: Table of Contents iii
A3: Distribution List v
List of Acronyms vi
List of References vi
A4: Project/Task Organization 1
A4.1 Management Responsibilities 1
A4.2 Quality Assurance Responsibilities 2
A5: Background Information 2
A6: Task Description 3
A7: Data Quality Objectives and Criteria for Measurement Data 3
A7.1 Temperature 4
A7.2 Relative Humidity 4
A7.3 Air Flow Rate 4
A7.4 Furniture Unit Quantity 4
A7.5 Chamber Air Concentrations 4
A7.6 Comparability 4
A7.7 Representativeness 5
A8: Special Training Requirements/Certification 5
A9: Documentation and Records 6
A9.1 Laboratory Documentation 6
A9.2 QA Reports 6
A9.3 Reporting 6
Section B: Sampling Process Design
Bl: Sampling Process Design 8
B2: Sampling Methods Requirements 8
B3: Sample Handling and Custody Requirements 8
B4: Analytical Methods Requirements 8
B5: Quality Control Requirements 8
B6: Instrument/Equipment Testing, Inspection, and Maintenance Requirements 9
B7: Instrument Calibration and Frequency 9
B8: Inspection/Acceptance Requirements for Supplies and Consumables 9
B9: Data Acquisition Requirements (Non-direct measurements) 9
BIO: Data Management 9
B10.1 Data Recording 9
B10.2 Data Quality Assurance Checks 10
B10.3 Data Analysis 10
B10.4 Data Storage and Retrieval 10
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Section C: Assessment and Oversight
Cl: Assessments and Response Actions 11
C2: Reports to Management 11
Section D: Data Validation and Usability
Dl: Data Review, Validation, and Verification Requirements 12
D2: Validation and Verification Methods 12
D3: Reconciliation with User Requirements 12
Figure 1 Organizational Chart 1
Table 1 Data Quality Indicator Goals 5
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A3: Distribution List
EPA
Dr. Les Sparks
Dr. Nancy Adams
Research Triangle Institute
Dr. David Ensor
Ms. Deborah Franke
Mr. Don Whitaker
Dr. C. E. Tatsch
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List of Acronyms/Abbreviations
ACR Air Change Rate
ANSI American National Standards Institute
DQO Data Quality Objective
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ETV Environmental Technology Verification
ISO International Standards Organization
QA Quality Assurance
QAO Quality Assurance Officer
QAPP Quality Assurance Project Plan
QC Quality Control
RTI Research Triangle Institute
SOP standard operating procedure
Protocol Large Chamber Test Protocol For Measuring Emissions of VOCs And Aldehydes
VOC Volatile Organic Compound
List of References
RTI, ETV Large Chamber Test Protocol for Measuring Emissions of VOCs and Aldehydes.,
Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, August 1999. Available at http://etv.rti.org.
RTI, Quality Manual, Version 1.0, Research Triangle Institute Environmental Sciences and
Engineering, October 1997.
U.S. EPA, Environmental Technology Verification Program Quality and Management Plan for
the Pilot Period (1995-2000), EPA Report No: EPA/600/R-98/064, National Risk Management
Research Laboratory National Exposure Research Laboratory Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, May 1998. Available at
http ://www. epa. gov/etv/.
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SECTION A: PROJECT MANAGEMENT
A4: Project/Task Organization
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has overall responsibility for the Environmental
Technology Verification (ETV) Program for Indoor Air Products. Under a cooperative agreement with
EPA, Research Triangle Institute (RTI) will perform the testing, evaluate the data, and prepare the
project deliverables, including the verification report and the verification statement. The various quality
assurance (QA) and management responsibilities are divided between EPA and RTI key project
personnel as defined below. The lines of authority between key personnel for this project are shown on
the project organization chart in Figure 1.
EPA Project Manager
Dr. L. Sparks
RTI Project Director
Dr. D. S. Ensor
RTI Deputy Director
and Task Leader
Ms. D. L. Franke
EPAQA Manager
Dr. N. Adams
RTI QA Officer
Dr. C. E. Tatsch
(dashed lines indicate
organizational independence)
Figure 1 Organizational Chart
A4.1 Management Responsibilities
Project management responsibilities are divided among the EPA personnel and RTI personnel as listed
below.
A4.1.1 EP A Proj ect Manager
The EPA Project Manager, Dr. Les Sparks, has overall responsibility for the program. He is
responsible for granting final approval of project plans and reports and seeing that plans are
implemented according to schedule, and he has the authority to commit the resources necessary to meet
project objectives and requirements.
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A4.1.2 RTI Project Director
The RTI Project Director, Dr. David Ensor, and RTI Deputy Director, Ms. Deborah Franke, are
responsible for task implementation and technical quality control. The RTI Program Director is also
responsible for the following tasks:
• Define objectives
• Develop a detailed work plan schedule,
• Review work progress to ensure that budgets and schedules are met,
• Prepare quarterly progress reports,
• Update and distribute revisions of the Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) as necessary, and
• Oversee preparation of verification reports and verification statements.
Ms. Franke will also serve as Task Leader for this program and will be responsible for coordinating
with the participating laboratories.
A4.2 Quality Assurance Responsibilities
QA responsibilities are divided among the EPA personnel and RTI personnel as listed below.
A4.2.1 EPA Quality Assurance Manager
The EPA QA Manager, Dr. Nancy Adams, will conduct audits of RTFs QA System and of specific
technical activities on the project. She will be available to resolve any QA issues relating to
performance to EPA's QA requirements. Specific functions and duties of the EPA QA Officer include
approving the contents of this QAPP and subsequent revisions and reviewing QA reports prepared by
RTI, including QA evaluations and audits.
A4.2.2 RTI Quality Assurance Officer
The RTI Quality Assurance Officer (QAO), Dr. C. E. Tatsch, is responsible for ensuring that QA/QC
procedures described in this QAPP are followed. In addition, the RTI QAO will:
• Maintain regular communication with the EPA QAO regarding QA issues,
• Report on the adequacy, status, and effectiveness of the QA program on a regular basis to the Task
Manager,
• Conduct audits of lab activities as necessary and prepare audit reports and
• Ensure that corrective action, if necessary, is properly implemented and documented.
A5: Background Information
The testing is for measurement of emissions of aldehydes and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from
office furniture under conditions designed to approximately simulate product use in the commercial
office environment. Formaldehyde and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) can be measured in
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addition to a range of other aldehydes and individual VOCs. Emissions levels are determined by placing
the furniture into a large environmental test chamber under specified test conditions then measuring
chamber air concentrations of aldehydes and VOCs at selected time intervals. Product-specific
emission factors are calculated from the chamber air measurements. The method provides a standard
test to reproducibly and accurately measure emissions from office furniture under controlled laboratory
conditions.
The method uses a large environmental test chamber (20-3 5m3) to evaluate VOC and aldehyde
emissions from office furniture over a specified time period. Considerations within the method and the
accompanying appendices include: product acquisition and packaging to preserve the integrity of the
product with respect to organic emissions; product preparation for the emissions test that mimics
operations in the office environment; construction and performance characteristics of the environmental
test chamber; air flow through and air circulation within the test chamber; and implementation of the
analytical methodology. For additional details, refer to the Protocol.
A6: Task Description
The task consists of three steps. The first step is to identify and acquire furniture qualified for
verification under the test protocol. The next step is to actually perform the testing. The final step is to
complete the verification report and verification statement and submit them to the Environmental
Protection Agency.
For a list of critical and non-critical measurements, refer to Table 1, which corresponds to Table C-l of
the Protocol. A successful test shall be one that meets these objectives.
Various logging requirements shall be implemented for all test parameters including chamber and
analytical performance. Many of these are identified in ASTM D5116-90. Additionally, personnel
conducting each procedure should be so noted. Records of the devices used, date and time of tests,
and the test results should be part of the QA/QC recording process. The completeness of records
indicates the care and attention given the quality control process.
A7: Data Quality Objectives and Criteria for Measurement Data
Data Quality Objectives (DQOs) are qualitative and quantitative statements designed to ensure that the
type, quality, and quantity of data used are appropriate for the intended application. The DQOs for this
project are listed and described in Table 1. These parameters are: temperature, relative humidity, air
flow rate, furniture unit quantity, and chamber air concentrations.
The overall ETV project goals are to
• To verify the environmental performance characteristics of commercial-ready technology through
the evaluation of objective and quality assured data.
To provide potential purchasers and permitters with an independent and credible assessment of
what they are buying and permitting.
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A successful test will be defined as a test where the measured parameters fall within the quality control
limits summarized in Table 1 of this document.
A7.1 Temperature
Temperature in the chamber must be monitored continuously. A measurement device that can meet the
specifications given in Table 1 must be used.
A7.2 Relative Humidity
Relative humidity in the chamber must be monitored continuously. A measurement device that can meet
the specifications given in Table 1 must be used.
A7.3 Air Flow Rate
Air flow rate must, at a minimum, be monitored immediately before the product is placed in the
chamber (at the same time background contamination checks are made) and each time chamber air
samples are collected. The air exchange, ACH (h"1), is calculated from the air flow rate as air flow
(m3/h) divided by chamber volume (m3). The accuracy of this air exchange rate must be confirmed
(within 5% accuracy) using procedures similar to that presented in ASTM Method E741 for tracer gas
application. Alternatively, ASTM Method E741 may be used as the primary method for determining
air exchange rate. A measurement device that can meet the specifications given in Table 1 must be
used.
A7.4 Furniture Unit Quantity
Furniture Unit Quantity to be tested must be determined for each test. This is done simply by having
the operator count the number of units. In addition, the total surface area of the furniture, as provided
by the manufacturer, should be noted when available.
A7.5 Chamber Air Concentrations
Concentration of aldehydes and VOCs in the chamber must be monitored according to the protocol.
Measurement devices and analytical equipment that meet the requirements in the protocol and the
specifications given in Table 1 must be used.
A7.6 Comparability
All tests will be performed following the same test data collection techniques, measurement procedures,
and methods. Therefore, all the results will be comparable.
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Table 1 Data Quality Indicator Goals
Parameter
Temperature
Relative Humidity
Air Flow Rate
Precision
±2.0°C
±5.0% RH
±10.0%
Accuracy
±0.5°CC
±5.0% RHC
±10.0%b
Completeness3
>90%
>90%
>90%
Chamber Air Concentration
-Aldehydes ±40% RSDd ±30%e >90%
-VOCs ±40%RSDd ±30%e >90%
a Completeness characterizes the percentage of the planned measurements that are actually conducted.
b Accuracy certifications should be supplied by the manufacturers of the sensors who calibrate them
against NIST-traceable primary sources. Precision measurements are obtained within the laboratory by
continuous recording of the parameters. Non-compliance requires immediate correction and/or
replacement of sensors. Calibrated replacements shall be kept in the laboratory. Experience indicates
that routine calibration and tracking of precision prevents non-compliance.
0 Emission factors will be determined by unit (using object quantity) and by surface area. The surface
areas will be provided by the manufacturers.
d RSD = Relative standard deviation for replicate chamber air samples
e Based on recovery from laboratory controls
A7.7 Representativeness
As described in the Protocol, Appendix A, Product Handling, the furniture will be ordered through a
local distributor, using the normal procedures. The furniture will be taken directly from the production
line and should be representative of the furniture being produced.
A8: Special Training Requirements/Certification
The ETV program is open to multiple test lab participation. All participating labs must verify that their
environmental test chamber perform according to the requirements of the program and accept on-site
audits by EPA and/or RTI personnel.
Test lab qualifications include:
• Possess the equipment and facilities required to perform emissions tests per the " protocol." This
will require the use of sophisticated analytical instrumentation and equipment. Proper use of the
method requires experience in environmental chamber operation, sorbent system use, and GC/MS
analysis for identification and quantitation (or semi-quantitation) of organic species. Details for
chamber requirements are found in Appendix B of the Protocol.
• Be an independent organization (e.g., not be a manufacturer's in-house lab).
• Be registered as ISO 9000 (or ISO 25) compliant or meet ANSI E4 specification and guidelines
for Quality Systems for Environmental Data collection and Environmental Technology Programs.
• Allow on-site audit by EPA and/or their representatives.
• Prepare a Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP).
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The protocol chosen for analysis of furniture emissions in the laboratory is restricted to use by, or under
the supervision of, personnel experienced in the use of GC and other analytical equipment and skilled in
the interpretation of raw data. Each person must demonstrate his or her ability to generate acceptable
results with this method.
A9: Documentation and Records
This section identifies the documents and reports to be generated as part of the verification program
and the information to be included in the verification reports and verification statements. A description
of the data management system established for this task is presented in Section BIO.
A9.1 Laboratory Documentation
Test data and notes are recorded in laboratory notebooks. Test personnel shall record:
• Testing date and location
• Manufacturer and model number
• Physical description of furniture
• Number of units of furniture
• QC checks
• Other site specific data that is not otherwise recorded.
A9.2 QA Reports
As described in Section Cl, EPA personnel or designated representatives may audit the test laboratory
at the discretion of EPA. The auditors will prepare an audit report summarizing the observations and
findings of those audits. As needed, the audit reports will be supplemented by a Corrective Action
Request to document changes required to meet established quality objectives.
A9.3 Reporting
The report will consist of calculated and reported data. Raw data should be included as an appendix.
The contents of the test reports are described in detail in Section 11 (Table 4) of the Protocol. At a
minimum each report will include:
• Executive Summary
• Testing Laboratory Identification.
• Test Objectives
• Facilities and Equipment
• Experimental Design
• Sample Description
• Experimental Procedures
• Data Analysis
• Results
• Discussion and Conclusion
• Quality Assurance/Quality Control.
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SECTION B: SAMPLING PROCESS DESIGN
Bl: Sampling Process Design
Aldehydes in chamber air samples are collected on silica gel cartridges coated with 2,4-
dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). The DNPH-aldehyde derivatives on the cartridges are eluted with
acetonitrile, then analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV)
detection. General procedures are outlined in EPA Method TO-11 and EPA Method IP-6A. While
the test protocol specifies aldehydes, the buyer, seller and laboratory may agree to only provide
formaldehyde information.
VOCs in chamber air samples are collected on sorbent cartridges (tubes). VOCs trapped on the
cartridges are thermally desorbed then analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).
Results of these analyses are used to estimate both individual and total volatile organic compound
(TVOC) concentrations in chamber air samples. While the test protocol specifies speciated VOCs, the
buyer, seller and laboratory may agree to only provide TVOC information. General procedures for the
use of sorbent cartridges are outlined in EPA Methods TO-1 and TO-17.
B2: Sampling Methods Requirements
Sampling method requirements are specified in Section 8 of the Protocol. Requirements are detailed
for the following:
• Aldehyde Sampling
VOC Sampling
Test Chamber Design and Conditions
Critical specifications of the test chamber are found in Appendix B of the Protocol.
B3: Sample Handling and Custody Requirements
The furniture acquisition, packaging and shipping will be performed in accordance with Appendix A of
the Protocol.
B4: Analytical Methods Requirements
The analytical methods required are described in Section 8 of the Protocol.
B5: Quality Control Requirements
The quality control requirements are detailed in the Protocol. Section 2.0 of Appendix C addresses
Quality Assurance and Quality Control. Acceptance criteria are listed in Table C-2.
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B6: Instrument/Equipment Testing, Inspection, and Maintenance Requirements
Qualification tests will be conducted as part of each test run, as required for the specific
instrumentation, or after a change that may alter performance as described in the Protocol.
B7: Instrument Calibration and Frequency
All major components of the test shall be audited at least once, by the QA Officer. These may include
but not be limited to the preparation of samples, laboratory systems, analytical measurement systems,
data entry, and processing. Calibration will be performed in accordance with manufacturer's
recommendations; at the least, calibrations will be performed annually.
B8: Inspection/Acceptance Requirements for Supplies and Consumables
Inspection and acceptance requirements for suppliers and consumables will follow standard RTI
practices, as defined by
B9: Data Acquisition Requirements (Non-direct measurements)
No types of data are needed for project implementation or decision making that would be obtained
from non-measurement sources such as computer databases, programs, literature files, or historical
databases.
BIO: Data Management
Data management may vary between labs. However, procedures for labeling and tracking product
samples, as well as chamber air samples shall be described in the individual QAPP and must identify the
activities and processes planned for documenting the traceability of the conclusions and information in
the verification report. Chain of custody documents shall be used to document all product and sample
transfers and operations. A sample custodian shall be designated.
B10.1 Data Recording
Various logging requirements shall be implemented for all test parameters including chamber and
analytical performance. Many of these are identified in ASTM D5116-90. Additionally, personnel
conducting each procedure should be so noted. Records of the devices used, date and time of tests,
and the test results should be part of the QA/QC recording process.
Data for this task will be collected by computer and by handwritten entries. Observations and records
such as sample description and collection information will be recorded manually in lab notebooks kept
exclusively for this task. Output data generated by some instruments will be fed directly into a
computer file and stored as a spreadsheet; printed output will be taped into the lab notebook. Output
from other instrumentation shall be recorded as appropriate to the situation.
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10.2 Data Quality Assurance Checks
Quality control charts will allow visual analysis of system performance and observation of anomalistic or
unacceptable deviations. This may be done by use of the Shewart Chart (reference: Shewart, W.A.,
1931, Economic Control of Quality of Manufactured Products, Bell Telephone Laboratories). (Cf
"Manual on Presentation of Data and Control Chart Analysis," 6th ed., prepared by Committee E-ll
on Quality and Statistics, ASTM, 1991.)
The need for corrective action may be identified through reviews, internal QC checks, audits or
observations made during routine sampling and analysis activities by project staff. All corrective actions
will be documented. No further work may be performed until the problem has been satisfactorily
resolved, and the QA Officer has acknowledged approval.
QA checks of data as early as possible are essential to provide early warning of potential problems.
Several levels of QA checks are specified in the Protocol.
B10.3 Data Analysis
Data analysis will be performed as appropriate to the individual lab, but shall include those calculation
required in the Protocol. The emissions factor calculations are described in Section 9 of the Protocol.
B10.4 Data Storage and Retrieval
Laboratory notebooks containing manually recorded information and data output generated from
instrumentation will be stored in the custody of the Task Leader for the duration of the project.
Spreadsheet files including raw and calculated data will be stored on computers. The files will be
downloaded to a network server backed up nightly on magnetic tape.
Following policy at RTI, project files will be archived offsite at a secure facility for a minimum of five
years following delivery of the verification report. The records will not be destroyed without written
approval from EPA.
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SECTION C: ASSESSMENT/OVERSIGHT
Cl: Assessments and Response Actions
Technical personnel working on each task will have the direct responsibility for ensuring that the QA
plan is implemented, that the operating parameters are within acceptable limits, and that corrective
actions are taken when appropriate. Corrective action will be taken whenever measurement accuracy
or bias is outside the limits of objectives for the critical measurements.
Corrective actions include:
• Problem identification;
• Attempting to find the cause;
Attempting immediate repairs (if possible);
Reporting or documenting the problem;
• Planning for corrective action (if major repairs are needed);
• Checking that problem was corrected;
Documenting the corrective actions taken; and
Recommending changes to instruments, Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), etc. to avoid
similar future occurrences.
The QAO and the Task Leader will be jointly responsible for proper documentation of Corrective
Actions. Minor corrective actions are to be recorded in the laboratory notebooks. Major problems
will be addressed as outlined above. All corrective actions will be noted in the test report. Depending
on the time and expense involved with necessary corrective actions, it will be necessary to consult the
Program Manager or the sponsor before implementing any changes in the planned activities.
The RTIESE Quality Manual and the EPA ETV Program Quality and Management Plan provide
information on the types and frequencies of internal audits that are required.
C2: Reports to Management
Audit reports will be sent to all those on the distribution list for the QAPP. Audit reports will be
included as appendices to the verification report. Project leaders shall be responsible for generating all
status reports. Distribution shall include those listed in Section A3.
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SECTION D: DATA VALIDATION AND USABILITY
Dl: Data Review, Validation, and Verification Requirements
The major calculations required to determine emission rates are presented in the Protocol. Additional
calculations may be required depending on the analytical equipment. These will be specified by the
manufacturers and individual tests labs as appropriate in the individual QAPPS.
An acceptable test will be considered one that meets the DQOs per Table 1 and the QC acceptance
requirements of Table C-2 of the Protocol.
D2: Validation and Verification Methods
Each verification report will be reviewed by the RTIQAO for compliance with the applicable method
and for the quality of the data reported. Data will be reviewed by the RTI Project Leader, after
approval by the QAO.
The RTI QAO or other quality assurance person will check for the following:
• Data completeness
• Blanks
Initial and continuing calibrations
QC reference and internal standards.
Because the number of samples is extremely small, all calculations will be checked.
D3: Reconciliation with User Requirements
Each ETV verification statement will summarize testing conditions and will state test results. Each ETV
test report will present all critical measurements.
The data quality objectives are specified in Table 1. If the DQOs are not met, then the test results will
not be considered valid and tests will be repeated after appropriate corrective actions are taken. Data
not meeting the specified criteria will not be used in emissions evaluation.
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