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A Ports Primer for Communities
An Overview of Ports Planning and Operations
to Support Community Participation
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
O
1.0 Introduction 3
2.0 The Role of Ports 4
3.0 How Ports Work
4.0 Port-Community Relations 11
"1 5.0 Land Use and Transportation 14
6.0 Local and Regional Economy 19
7.0 Environmental Impacts 24
8.0 Tools and Resources 31
9.0 Appendix 35
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Welcome! This Ports Primer for Communities has been developed by
the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Office of Transportation
and Air Quality (OTAQ) in cooperation with the Mobile Source Technical
Review Subcommittee (MSTRS) Ports Subgroup including community
stakeholders for near-port communities interested in becoming more
involved in port decisions that may impact local land use, the environment
and quality of life. This Primer is intended to help community members
participate effectively in the decision-making process by increasing local
understanding of:
• The role of ports,
• How ports can impact local land use, economic trends and the
environment, and
• Tools and resources that have been successful in other
communities.
This document provides a general overview that can be used as a
springboard for further exploration and learning. Links to additional
resources have been provided throughout the document for more
information. We also encourage you to reach out to us to explore further
opportunities for engagement with OTAQ and EPA Regional Offices.
Contact information is provided at the end of the Primer.
Sincerely,
Chris Grundler, Director
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
How to Use this Document
This document is designed to be an interactive experience
for the user. The navigation bar along the bottom of each
page allows users to:
jump to the home page.
jump to the previous page or the next page.
refresh the current page to minimize its interactive
features.
jump from section to section.
jump to the Appendix.
jump to the Glossary, which contains definitions for
words that are underlined throughout the document.
jump to the Endnotes.
Within each section, buttons in the lower left, or in some
cases icon buttons, reveal additional information and case
studies.
Web links throughout the document allow users to access
additional online resources.
Check the Community Action
Roadmap
The Community Action Roadmap is a companion document
that provides a step-by-step process to apply the information
in the Primer for building capacity and empowering
communities.
For more information: http://epa.aov/ports-initiative
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2.0 The Role of Ports
A o c
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The Role of Ports
2.1 The Role of Ports
Our nation's ports are an important part of our national economy
and intermodal transportation system. Over 95 percent of the
cargo entering the United States arrives by ship,1 and over 360
commercial ports nationwide help to transfer these goods to their
destinations in communities across the nation.2 Our ports also
serve as a significant resource for national defense and emergency
preparedness.3 Understanding the role of ports can help residents
more effectively engage with decisions that impact near-port
communities.
In addition, to their impact on the national economy, ports also have
an impact on local and regional economies. For more on these
economic impacts, see Section 6 (Local and Regional Economy)
The focus of the Ports Primer is on marine ports rather than inland
water or land ports. However, many considerations related to marine
ports may also apply at inland water or land ports.
f The National Economy
Port and Port-Related Employment
Major Shipping Commodities
Intermodal Transportation System
f National Defense and Emergency Preparedness
Homeland Security
The National Economy
American ports are gateways for domestic
and international trade. U.S. seaports handle
over 99 percent of the country's overseas
cargo by volume and 65 percent by value,
according to The American Association of Port
Authorities (AAPA).4 AAPA is a trade association
representing public port authorities in the
United States, Canada, the Caribbean and
Latin America. These figures are significant,
given that the value of all international trade
accounts for nearly 30 percent of the U.S. Gross
Domestic Product (GDP). To meet increasing
consumer demands, more ships are calling at
U.S. seaports than ever before and the ships are
getting bigger.5
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2.2 Current Port Industry Challenges
The port industry faces many challeges, many of which can also
involve and affect near-port communities. These include:
The Role of Ports
Post-Panamax
Shipping
v y
Container
Management
Climate
Adaptation/
Resilience
Congestion
Workforce
Development
Environmental
Sustainability
$
Economic
Trends
Post-Panamax Shipping
The expansion of the Panama Canal to
accommodate larger ocean-going vessels,
called Post-Panamax ships, was completed. To
receive these larger vessels, ports must invest
in infrastructure such as removing sediment
to deepen ship channels, channel deepening
and widening, and shore-side infrastructure to
support these larger vessels and shore-side
infrastructure (e.g. docks, cranes) to support
these larger vessels.1
Post-Panamax vessels will have the capacity
to bring larger quantities of cargo into port, per
visit. Increases in shipping of cargo to and from
ports are expected as a result.
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3.0 How Ports Work
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How Ports Work
3.1 Port Operations
Ports can serve a range of vessels including recreational watercraft,
barges, ferries, and ocean-going cargo and passenger ships.1 The
United States has over 150 deep-draft ports, which serve ocean-
going ships.2
The way ports operate and how they are governed varies and may
include state and local public entities, such as port authorities, port
navigation districts and municipal port departments. The structure of
a local port has implications for how near-port communities relate to
decision makers and participate in decision-making processes.
Port vs. Port Authority
The Port Authority's Role in Operations
Types of Cargo
Operational Ports vs. Landlord Ports
Port vs. Port Authority3
A port is a geo-economic entity. The term refers
to the collective port-related activities of a
particular place that may be operated by many
different entities including public, private or some
combination of the two.4
A port authority is a government entity. A port
authority may own facilities in one or more ports,
and a port authority's domain may include both
seaports and airports.
For example, port authorities do not control
private terminals, military operations or industrial
facilites located in or around port facilities.
However, some private tenants in ports
may be subject to controls written into lease
agreements.5
Opportunities are encouraged for port authorities
to take a leadership role in ensuring that the
entire port complex makes environmental
improvements and engages constructively with
local communities.
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How Ports Work
3.2 Port Governance
State and local governments are important players in port
governance and in oversight of transportation projects that may
affect ports. Private corporations may also play a role if they lease
or own a terminal at a port. Roles and potential entities involved in
decision-making may include:
• Regional, state or local port authority
• Divisions of state, county or municipal government
• Independent port or navigation district
• Private corporations (terminal lessees or owners)
Treaties between specific nations may stipulate additional
regulations for ports and port-going vessels.
Port Agency Types
Port Authority Jurisdiction
Governing Boards and Commissions
f Coordinating with Port Staff
Port Agency Types1
The agencies that govern ports may vary
considerably, so it is important to understand the
authority and responsibilities of the port agency
near you. Common examples include:
• Autonomous (independent) port authority:
a self-sustaining, self-governing public body
• Semi-autonomous (semi-independent) port
authority: a public body subject to certain
state controls
• Bi-state or regional port authorities: a public
body created by agreement between two or
more states
• Port authorities with limited agency or power:
a public body limited to certain actions such
as bonding
• Divisions of state, county or municipal
government: a government department
• Independent port or navigation districts:
entities that function as "special purpose"
political subdivisions of a state with defined
geographic boundaries over which they have
authority.
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How Ports Work
3.3 Federal and International Governance
The U.S. Constitution grants the federal government jurisdiction over
the navigable waters of the United States.
• Eighteen federal departments and agencies have a role in
governance.1
• The U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and the Army Corps of
Engineers (USAGE) have the primary delegated authority.2
• No lead agency exists; instead, agencies manage their
responsibilities separately.3
• The Committee on the Marine Transportation System (CMTS)
acts as a coordinating body among federal agencies.4
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), a special agency of
the United Nations, is responsible for additional oversight, including
safety, security and pollution concerns. Vessels are regulated by the
IMO and international treaties.
Current Federal Roles
Agencies with Current Oversight
f International Maritime Organization
Current Federal Roles5
According to the U.S. Maritime Administration,
theTranportation Research Board identifies
the roles relating to ports and governance over
navigable waters currently undertaken by the
federal government as:
• "Constructing, operating and maintaining the
navigable channels
• Managing the traffic on the waterways
• Providing mariners with aids to navigation,
charts and information on water and weather
conditions
• Regulating the safety and environmental
compatibility of vessels
• Responding to marine accidents that
threaten public safety and the environment
• Helping to finance the highways that connect
marine ports and terminals to the larger
transportation system
• Ensuring the security of the Marine
Transportation System and its many
components."
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4.0 Port-Community Relations
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Port-Community Relations
4.1 Port Impacts to Local Communities
Ports support and benefit local, regional and national economies
through their role in creating jobs and transporting goods. They
can also partner with communities to offer workforce development
programs, protect the environment and coordinate on land use
planning to incorporate community amenities.
However, ports can also create potential challenges for near-port
communities who are disproportionately impacted by port operations
and related transportation systems. In addition, while ports are major
economic engines for local, regional, and national economies, these
economic benefits may not be equitably distributed. The near-port
communities may not be receiving a fair share of the economic
benefits that are flowing to the region.
Additional detail examining potential impacts to near-port
communities related to these topics is provided in the Primer:
• Land Use and Transportation - Section 5.0
• Local and Regional Economy - Section 6.0
• Environmental Impacts - Section 7.0
Note that near-port communities can include Native American tribal
groups. Tribes are sovereign nations and may have associated
treaty rights that influence port-community relations.
f Addressing Environmental Justice
C
Executive Order 12898
Socioeconomic Mapping J f Map 1 jf Map2 Map 3 Map 4
Tools for Influencing Port Planning and Operations
AOC £•
Addressing Environmental Justice
While communities across the country benefit
from access to consumer goods, near-port
communities bear a disproportionate burden from
the environmental impacts of these activities.
Ports and related industry operations frequently
impact communities of color and low-income
communities, resulting in environmental justice
concerns.
According to EPA's Office of Environmental
Justice, "environmental justice [...] will be
achieved when everyone enjoys the same
degree of protection from environmental and
health hazards and equal access to the decision-
making process to have a healthy environment in
which to live, learn, and work."1
Executive Order 12898 requires that federal
agencies shall, to the greatest extent practicable,
identify and address disproportionately high and
adverse human health or environmental impacts
from their programs, policies, and activities. This
obligation extends beyond NEPA reviews to
activities such as permitting and rulemaking.
For more information: Environmental Justice
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Port-Community Relations
4.2 Case Studies: Port-Community Relations
The relationship between ports and near-port communities can be
complex, ranging from adversarial to collaborative. The case studies
presented here illustrate this range, including:
• Instances where near-port communities fought legal battles to
hold ports accountable for community impacts.
• Instances where community-based organizations and local
government work to limit the impact of port activity through
policies protecting sensitive populations.
• Instances where ports and communities work collaboratively to
create positive community change.
Additional case studies are provided in Sections 5, 6 and 7.
( Los Angeles and Long Beach Ports: Clean Trucks Program
Camden Waterfront South: Education and Retrofit Grant
f Ditching Dirty Diesel Collaborative: Diesel Pollution Reduction Strategies
Los Angeles and Long Beach Ports: Air Quality Settlement Funding
Baltimore Port Alliance: Proactive Community Engagement
Reminder: Check the Community Action Roadmap for a step-
by-step process to apply the information in the Primer for building
capacity and empowering communities.
CASE STUDY | Los Angeles and Long
Beach Ports: Clean Trucks Program
The Trade, Health, Environment (THE) Impact
Project is a regional community-based
participatory research partnership to address air
pollution and health impacts related to activities
at the Los Angeles and Long Beach Ports. One
of the results of THE Impact Project was the
development of the Clean Air Action Plan
(CAAP) and an increase in accountability to
local communities for health and environmental
impacts. One strategy of the CAAP is the Clean
Trucks Program (CTP), which phases out older,
more polluting diesel trucks and replaces them
with 16,000 port-serving cleaner fuel trucks. Two
crucial objectives of the CTP include advancing
the improvement of air quality at the Port and
reducing the negative impacts of goods
movement on the local community. During
CTP's first year, there was a 70 percent
reduction in the rate of port truck emissions. In
2012, the fully implemented program reduced
port truck emissions by more than 80 percent.
For more information:
Progress at the Ports of Los Angeles and Long
Beach
The Port of Los Angeles Clean Truck Program
AOC £•
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5.0 Land Use and Transportation
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Land Use and Transportation
5.1 Goods Movement and Transportation
Planning
Goods movement is an integral aspect of port operations and
planning. The transportation system helps move freight from its
source of production to points of consumption.
Communities and businesses around the world gain economic
benefits from the ability to buy and sell their goods in distant
markets. The movement of goods through ports often directly
impacts communities next to these facilities. Near-port communities
can be disproportionately impacted by goods movement because of
the cumulative impact of the many types of freight facilities that may
converge at ports.
Freight facilities may include:1
• Seaports, airports and border crossings
• Railyards and rail lines
• Marine highways
• Highways and high truck traffic roads
• Warehouse and distribution facilities
f Transportation Planning and Coordination
f Goods Movement and Supply Chains
Local Transportation Regulations
Example Truck Route Scenario: Challenges
Example Truck Route Scenario: Solutions
f The Role of Metropolitan Planning Organizations
Transportation Planning and Coordination
Transportation planning is critical for effective
operations at ports. If goods cannot get into or out
of a port facility efficiently, this bottleneck can slow
port operations. Therefore, agencies involved in
planning of different modes of transportation must
coordinate to improve the flow of goods to and from
ports while also achieving transportation goals of
the local community.5
Government entities involved in transportation
planning can include:
• Local transportation planning departments
• Metropolitan planning organizations
• State and federal departments of
transportation
• Port authorities
• State and local environmental agencies
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Land Use and Transportation
5.2 Land Use
Land use at ports can have a direct impact on neighboring
residential communities. Impacts can include:
• Competition between port land uses and community land uses
as ports expand.
• Loss of residential and commercial property through the
exercise of eminent domain.
• Potential for decreased property values for residents of
near-port communities.
• Air and noise pollution from machines, trucks and ships as
well as channel maintenance and expansion.
• Light pollution from both constant and flashing lights.
Ports are also often co-located with other heavy industries.
The combined effect of port operations along with operations at
neighboring facilities may create a disproportionate burden for
communities located near ports.
Land Use Regulations
Port Expansion Alternatives
f Strategies for Alleviating Other Port-Related Impacts
Potential Health Impacts
Reminder: Check the Community Action Roadmap for a
step-by-step process to apply the information in the Primer for
building capacity and empowering communities.
Land Use Regulations
Land use is typically regulated at the local level
by city and county governments.
In some instances, the port authority itself
may be set up as a political subdivision of the
state called an independent port or navigation
district. In these instances, the port district
may have regulatory control of land use within
their jurisdiction.
Federal agencies, including EPA, do not have
direct authority over zoning and other land
use decisions made at the local level. Land
use decisions at the state or local level may
be subject to NEPA requirements if federal
funding is involved. Also, some states have state
requirements that may affect land use decisions.
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Land Use and Transportation
5.3. Potential Community Interests
Community interests in transportation planning and land use
may include:
• Air quality: The concentrated use of diesel engines in and
around ports, as well as co-located stationary sources such as
industrial sites, can contribute to decrease air quality.
• Public safety: Intensive goods movement via heavy trucks and
rail can create public safety concerns around truck routes and
rail crossings.
• Competing land uses: Port expansion needs may cause ports
to compete with communities for developable land and may
limit the available land for community-oriented amenities and
services.
• Impacts from nuisances: Light and noise pollution from port
operations can result in lower quality of life and health impacts
for community residents.
• Environmental justice: Near-port communities often experience
higher concentrations of environmental impacts than other
residential communities; these cumulative impacts may result in
environmental justice concerns.
• Resilient adaptation: Climate change and extreme weather
events can impact both ports and near-port communities, who
have a shared interest in the protection of critical infrastructure.
M-ight
and Noise Nuisances
Potential Health Impacts from Air Emissions
c
Environmental Justice and Air Emissions
Light and Noise Nuisances
In land use regulation, a "nuisance" is
considered an activity that disrupts an individual
or community's "right to quiet enjoyment" of
their space or property. Light and noise pollution
created by port operations are examples of
nuisances that can affect daily quality of life of
near-port communities.
Light and noise pollution have also been linked
to health impacts such as hearing impairment,
high blood pressure and sleep deprivation.1
In addition, light and noise pollution may impact
wildlife. Noise from ship engines can disrupt
important habitats, leading to impacts on bird
feeding and nesting sites as well as marine
mammal hearing and behavior patterns.2 Light
pollution can also disrupt biological rhythms,
leading to high mortality in bird populations.3
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Land Use and Transportation
5.4. Case Studies: Land Use and
Transportation
Strategies to reducing the impact of goods movement and land use
on near-port communities are often interrelated. Examples include:
• Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission -An MPO uses
federal transportation funding to conduct diesel retrofit projects.
• Air Pollution and Public Health in Galena Park, Texas -A
regional non-profit partners with a near-port community to
quantify public health impacts from air pollution and identify
strategies for reducing air pollution.
• Advocating for Healthy Land Use Siting Practices in the San
Francisco Bay Area - A local collaborative advocates for land
siting practices that protect sensitive populations from air
pollution impacts.
• Land Use Planning at Helsinki's Vuosaari Harbor - A port in
Finland has a unique opportunity as it relocates to incorporate
cutting-edge land use planning strategies to reduce impacts on
wildlife and near-port communities.
Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission: Diesel Retrofit Projects
Galena Park: Air Pollution and Public Health Study
San Francisco Bay Area: Advocating for Healthy Land Use Siting Practices
Vuosaari Harbor: Land Use Planning
CASE STUDY | Delaware Valley Regional
Planning Commission: Diesel Retrofit
Projects
The Delaware Valley Regional Planning
Commission (the Commission) serves nine
counties in the Greater Philadelphia area and is
responsible, among other things, for regional
transportation planning and administration of
federal transportation funds from the Congestion
Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement (CMAQ)
program. In 2012, the Commission sponsored a
competitive process to award $10.7 million in
CMAQ funds to local transportation-related
projects. This led to the selection of 18 projects,
including three diesel retrofit projects that
received a total of $2.9 million. These projects
included:
• A diesel locomotive repower initiative by the
Southeastern Pennsylvania Transit Authority
• A diesel locomotive retrofit for a CSX
switcher locomotive
• Construction equipment retrofits in the south
Jersey area
Together, these three projects are estimated to
reduce diesel emissions by 258 kilograms/day.
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6.0 Local and Regional Economy
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Local and Regional Economy
6.1. Local Economy and Jobs
The port sector contributes significantly to the local economy in
communities where ports are located. Contributions include:
• Employment opportunities at the port
• Employment opportunities in port-related sectors (e.g. the rail
and trucking industries)
• Increased tax base for the local and state government
At some ports, workers are members of labor unions that advocate
on their behalf and may establish terms related to hiring, wages and
advancement.
Cargo Handling Employment Opportunities
Additional Port-Related Employment Opportunities
f Worker Classifications
f Labor Unions, Workers and Ports
f The Impact of Port Labor Disputes on Port-Related Jobs
Cargo Handling Employment
Opportunities
Cargo-handling jobs are often the first thing that
comes to mind when thinking of employment
opportunities at ports. A few of the jobs related
to cargo-handling are listed below:1
• Clerks check the actual count of the goods
versus the amount listed on the ship's
manifest when cargo is unloaded from a
ship. The clerk will note shortages, overages
or damage.
• Longshoremen (also called stevedores) load
and unload ships or perform administrative
tasks associated with the loading or
unloading of cargo. Longshore "gangs" are
hired by stevedoring firms and may or may
not be labor union members.
• Hostlers (or hustlers) drive tractors for
moving cargo within a container yard.
• Consolidators combine cargo from a number
of shippers into a container that will deliver
the goods to several buyers.
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Local and Regional Economy
6.2. Port Factors Impacting the
Regional Economy
Ports support regional economies as well as local economies.
Shifting trends in regional and international trade can have a
significant impact on goods distribution patterns and therefore
on regional economies. When port activity rises or falls, related
business sectors, especially those in the goods movement sector,
can experience a ripple effect.
f Suez Canal Expansion
flop 25 U.S. Container Ports
Regional Shifts Related to International Trade Patterns
Economic Impacts on Port-Related Industries
Panama Canal Expansion
Which Ports will be Post-Panamax Ready?
Suez Canal Expansion
In 2015, Egypt completed an expansion of the
Suez Canal, which connects the Mediterranean
Sea to the Red Sea providing the shortest sea
link between Asia and Europe. The expansion will
allow for two-way traffic along part of the route
and reduces transit time from 18 hours to 11
hours. More ship traffic through the Suez Canal
is anticipated and could increase port activities at
U.S. ports.1
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6.3. Potential Community Interests
Community interests in the impact of ports on the local and regional
economy may include:
Local and Regional Economy
Post-Panamax
Shipping
ft
*J>
Labor and
Working
Conditions
Jobs and Job
Training Programs
Impacts on
Goods Movement
Post-Panamax Shipping
Many ports are facing pressure to expand their
capacity to accommodate post-Panamax ships.
This can impact near-port communities in a
variety of ways including:
• New jobs created by port expansion and
upgrades.
• Competing land use needs as ports seek
room to expand.
• Environmental impacts related to
construction and dredging.
• Increased shipping activity at the port.
• Loading and unloading larger vessels will
require more trucks and rail usage, which
could affect air emissions positively or
negatively depending the technology used
and related factors.
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Local and Regional Economy
6.4. Case Studies: Job and Benefits
Ports can implement a number of programs and policies that spur
investment in local entrepreneurs and the local workforce. These
programs can be tailored to emphasize investments in near-port
communities and/or communities experiencing high rates of poverty,
unemployment and underemployment. Two successful examples of
ports with these policies include the Port of Oakland and the Port of
Los Angeles.
Port of Oakland: Social Responsibility Division
Port of Los Angeles: Project Labor Agreement
CASE STUDY | Port of Oakland: Social
Responsibility Division1'2
The Social Responsibility Division (3RD) at the
Port of Oakland oversees port efforts to invest in
near-port communities. Programs and policies
include a commitment to invest in local
businesses and the local workforce.
Some of these include: a small local business
utilization policy, a disadvantaged business
enterprise program, a Maritime and Aviation
Project Labor Agreement (which includes a
commitment to local hiring and local workforce
development), and a living wage policy.
For more information: Port of Oakland
Today, there are high expectations for
business and government to collaborate and
invest in society. Looking at one's business
through the community lens and investing
time, money and energy in projects that
benefit one's neighbors help build trust
and allies. A port's active investment in the
community results in long-term community
support and goodwill that makes it possible
for the port to succeed in business. *
- Port Spokeswoman Marilyn Sandifur
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7.0 Environmental Impacts
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Environmental Impacts
7.1. Environmental Impacts
Port operations can lead to environmental impacts on air, water
and land. Many communities with environmental justice concerns
also experience disparities in health outcomes that they attribute to
exposure to emissions from port operations. Ports are required to
mitigate port projects and operations.
The Environmental Protection Agency has authority to address some
but not all causes of these impacts. For example, EPA has regulated
manufacturers to build cleaner engines, but EPA can't mandate use
of clean equipment or control hours of operation of port equipment.
EPA also has no authority to regulate land use. EPA can assess
the environmental impacts of siting a new highway but has limited
authority to prevent that highway from being built.
Climate Adaptation
Water
Risks and Health Impacts
Reminder: Check the Community Action Roadmap for a step-
by-step process to apply the information in the Primer for building
capacity and empowering communities.
Climate Adaptation
Ports rely on a wide range of vehicles with diesel
engines, which are a source of greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions and affect climate change.
This is discussed further on the following page.
In addition, due to their coastal locations,
seaports are increasingly devoting substantial
resources to address risks associated with
extreme weather events. Flooding associated
with extreme weather events stands out as
one of the most significant risks to ports.
Flooding has the potential to damage electrical
substations, as well as electrical motors on
wharf cranes and ground level electric pumps.
It can also destroy cargo. Ports are developing
plans to mitigate the effects of climate change-
related extreme weather events.
For more information, see:
Ports Planning for Climate Change Impacts
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Environmental Impacts
7.2. Air Emissions
Near-port communities are often disproportionately impacted by air
emissions due to port operations, goods movement operations and
other industries that may be co-located with ports. Air emissions at
ports also impact regional air quality.
EPA sets national air quality standards that are implemented by
states and tribal agencies. There is also growing momentum within
the port sector to reduce emissions and improve air quality.
f Pollutants from Diesel Engines
Emission Reduction Approaches
Clean Air Programs at Ports
Metropolitan Planning Organizations and Regional Air Quality
EPASmartWay Program
c
North American Emission Control Area
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Environmental Impacts
7.3. Federal Environmental Regulations,
Initiatives and Standards
The mission of EPA is to protect human health and the environment.
EPA is responsible for establishing regulations and standards for key
environmental statutes affecting ports. While there is a broad range
of environmental regulations that applies to ports depending on the
circumstance, regulations and initiatives with particular relevance to
near-port communities include:
• Clean Air Act (CAA)
• Clean Water Act (CWA) and the proposed Waters of the
United States rule
• National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
• Ports Initiative
(clean Air Act (CAA) and the Clean Power Plan
f Clean Water Act (CWA) and the Waters of the United States
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
c
EPA Ports Initiative
Cleaner Fuel and Cleaner Equipment Available
Additional Information
Clean Air Act (CAA) and the Clean
Power Plan
The CAA is designed to protect public health from
different types of air pollution. It establishes air
quality standards and requires states to develop
enforceable plans to achieve those standards.
For the port industry, significant aspects of the
CAA include regulations on diesel engines,
marine vessel loading operations, paint coatings,
and emissions from vehicles and many types of
port equipment.
Many of the vehicles and equipment involved in
port activities remain in operation for a long time.
Often referred to as the legacy fleet, existing
diesel vehicles and equipment are not governed
by the CAA. Unlike EPA, states are able to
regulate the use of the legacy fleet.
On August 2, 2015 the President unveiled The
Clean Power Plan that establishes guidelines for
states to follow in developing and implementing
plans to reduce Greenhouse Gases that
contribute to climate change. Included are
requirements that vulnerable communities have a
seat at the table with other stakeholders. EPA is
proposing a model rule states can adopt, as well
as a federal plan that the EPA will put in place if a
state fails to submit an adequate plan.
For more information: Clean Air Act.
Clean Power Plan. Fact Sheet
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Environmental Impacts
7.4. Agency Responsibilities
In addition to EPA, many federal, state and local agencies have
responsibilities related to ports and port-related issues. A chart in
Section 3 outlines federal regulation of port operations in more
detail. This section describes:
• State and local agencies with environmental oversight
• Federal agencies with environmental oversight
State and Local Agencies
Federal Agencies
State and Local Agencies
State and local agencies with responsibilities
related to human health and the environment will
vary. Generally speaking, the following agencies
may have oversight, planning or service
responsibilities:
Environment
Transportation
and Goods
Movement
Health
Development
and Land Use
Planning
Key Areas of
Authority
JjH
State and local departments
of the environment
Local health departments
(occasionally)
State and local
transportation departments
Metropolitan Planning
Organizations
State and local health
departments
State and local planning
departments
Local planning commission
Security and screening
of cargo
For resources to help locate state level
regulators: Port Compliance: State Regulations
-------
7.5 Potential Community Interests
Community interests in environmental impacts may include:
Environmental Impacts
N X
411
Environmental
Justice
Public Health
Outcomes
Climate
Adaptation/
Resilience
nfln
Air
Quality
\ /•
Nuisance
Impacts
\ /
\ /
Ecological
Impacts
Access to
Natural Areas &
Open Space
Environmental Justice
Near-port communities often experience higher
concentrations of environmental impacts than
other residential communities; these cumulative
impacts, in addition to direct and indirect
impacts, may result in environmental justice
concerns.
Some near-port communities include tribal
groups and may need to address tribal-specific
environmental justice concerns. For example,
water quality problems can lead to impacts on
aquatic life. In addition, water traffic congestion
could be an issue if there is recreational boat
use in the area. Although these issues could
arise for any near-port community, they may
raise specific cultural concerns for near-port
communities that include tribal groups.
-------
Environmental Impacts
7.6. Case Studies: Environment
Near-port communities and ports have successfully partnered on
projects to reduce environmental impacts. Through the Swan Island
Air Quality Project, the Port of Portland, Oregon, partnered with
neighborhood association leaders and other port stakeholders to
address air quality and health impacts on the local community. The
Port of Bellingham and the Washington Department of Ecology
engaged community residents, business owners and other port
stakeholders to develop a plan for aligning environmental cleanups
and waterfront revitalization at Bellingham Bay.
In other instances, legal challenges have resulted in improvements
to environmental conditions. At the Port of Los Angeles, a legal
settlement between the Port and the City of Los Angeles and the
claimants resulted in the introduction of shoreside power technology
at the China Shipping terminal.
Port of Los Angeles: Shoreside Power
Port of Bellingham: Bellingham Bay Demonstration Project
f Port of Portland: Swan Island Air Quality Project
CASE STUDY | Port of Los Angeles:
Shoreside Power1
The Port of Los Angeles has made a significant
investment in extending electric power
infrastructure to container ship terminals. This
allows ships to plug into external power sources
instead of continuously idling while at the
terminal. The power facility is a direct outcome of
a legal settlement from the Port and the City of
Los Angeles who were sued by the Natural
Resource Defense Council, Coalition for Clean
Air, and two San Pedro Homeowner groups.
The port has the capability to plug in two
container ships at a time. The port estimates that
this alternate mode of powering docked ships
results in the elimination of at least one ton of
nitrous oxides and particulate matter each day for
every ship that plugs in.
For more information:
Port of Los Angeles Alternative Maritime Power
-------
8.0 Tools and Resources
-------
Tools and Resources
8.1. Using Scientific Data and Research
Communities can demonstrate environmental concerns by providing
scientific evidence of environmental impact. In some cases,
communities may be able to access existing local data and conduct
their own analyses by partnering with a local agency, organization or
academic institution that collects raw data. Studies using local data
are not common because of the high level of resources typically
needed to collect the data. Additionally, technical support may be
needed to conduct the data analysis desired by the community.
However, when these resources are available, local data can be an
extremely powerful tool. One example from the San Francisco Bay
Area is provided below.
When local data are not available, communities may turn to
existing studies to demonstrate the known and potential impacts of
environmental conditions on human health and the environment.
This approach can also be an effective tool for communicating the
urgency to address the community's environmental concerns.
f Bay Area Air Quality Management District: Local Data Analysis
Mapping and Data Tools Available to the Public
c
EJSCREEN
C-FERST
Reminder: Check the Community Action Roadmap for a step-
by-step process to apply the information in the Primer for building
capacity and empowering communities.
Bay Area Air Quality Management District:
Local Data Analysis
The Bay Area Air Quality Management District
has done air quality analyses for regional land
use and transportation planning as well as
local air quality analyses for West Oakland,
California. These analyses were conducted in
the context of development of two Environmental
Impact Reviews (EIRs) triggered by California
Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) requirements.
(CEQA is the state version of the National
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and triggers
development of EIRs, which are similar to the
Environmental Impact Statements triggered by
NEPA.)
These air quality analyses are available in the
form of individual chapters of the respective
EIRs. The methodologies might be adapted by
other agencies or technical service providers
partnering with local communities. To access the
analyses, follow the links provided below:
• West Oakland Specific Plan - Draft EIR. Section 4.2
• Plan Bay Area 2040, Public Review Draft
Environmental Impact Report, Section 2.2
-------
lools and Resources
8.2. Citizen Science Projects
Citizen science is a tool that can empower communities to better
understand the environmental conditions impacting them, provide
a vehicle for analyzing and sharing that data, and advocate for
positive environmental and community change. Citizen science
projects recognize the value of engaging the public in scientific
investigations. Citizens can participate in or lead research efforts
both by analyzing existing data and gathering new data for analysis.
Members of the public have contributed to scientific research
for a very long time, but recently new technology has spurred
the emerging field of citizen science. Community residents bring
valuable local knowledge to scientific research. For example,
community residents may be able to identify and prioritize locations
of concern for the placement of air quality monitors.
Community-Based Participatory Research
Citizen Science and Air Quality Monitoring
C
EPA's Air Sensor Toolbox for Citizen Scientists
Community-Based Participatory Research
Citizen science is a form of community-based
participatory research (CBPR). As defined by
the W.K. Kellogg Foundation Community Health
Scholars Program, CPBR is a "collaborative
approach to research that equitably involves all
partners in the research process and recognizes
the unique strengths that each brings. CBPR
begins with a research topic of importance to the
community, has the aim of combining knowledge
with action and achieving social change to
improve health outcomes and eliminate health
disparities."1
-------
lools and Resources
8.3. Citizen Science Case Studies
The following case studies exemplify the use of citizen science tools:
• Village Green Project - air monitoring bench provides air
quality data to community
• Ironbound Community-based Environmental Monitoring
Study- Citizens from Newark, NJ collect air quality data while
piloting air quality monitor.
Village Green Project
f Ironbound Community-based Environmental Monitoring Study
CASE STUDY | Air Monitoring Benches
Installed for Public Use
Through the Village Green Project, EPA has
developed an air monitoring bench that operates
on solar and wind power and provides minute-to-
minute data on two common air pollutants -
ozone and particulate pollution - and weather
conditions. The real-time data is publically
available and can better help citizens
understand air quality.
EPA is collaborating with state and local partners
to further test the air monitoring system, and
provide educational outreach on air quality.
For more information: Village Green Project
-------
9.0 Appendix
-------
APPENDIX TABLE OF CONTENTS
A1. Federal Role in the Marine Transportation System 37
A2. Citizen Mapping, Data Tools and Resources 38
A3. Glossary 44
A4. Endnotes and Image Sources 49
A5. Acknowledgements and Contacts 57
0
-------
Appendix
A1. Federal Role in the Marine Transportation
System
The Committee on the Marine Transportation System (MTS) has
developed a compendium addressing federal programs in the MTS
and an accompanying set of online resources. According to the
Committee, the compendium represents "the first-ever categorical
matrix of programs and functions for the 35 Federal Departments,
agencies, and bureaus engaged with the MTS." The following
resources are available online:
• A Compendium of Federal Programs in the MTS - A resource
guide to the roles, responsibilities and interests of the 11 federal
agencies involved in the MTS.
• Accompanying Matrices - A set of matrices with varying degrees
of detail that outline the interests and responsibilities of the 11
federal agencies involved in the MTS. For an example, click
the button below to view the simplest matrix. For more detailed
matrices, follow the link and explore online.
• Federal Funding Handbook for Marine Transportation
Infrastructure - A resource of federal funding sources for marine
transportation.
For more information:
Compendium of Federal Programs in the MTS
Compendium Website
Federal Funding Handbook for Marine Transportation Infrastructure
Educational Matrix
CMTS
A Compendium of
Federal Programs in the
MTS
-------
Appendix
A2. Citizen Mapping, Data Tools and Resources
The tools listed here are in various stages of development and from various sources. The potential value for using tools will
vary on a case-by-case basis depending on the purpose and level of a capacity of users. Although, the information included
in this table is intended to make the Ports Primer more useful, the presence of a resource on this list does not constitute EPA
endorsement.
The following symbols provide more information about the availability of each data source:
•S = resource available in relevant format
D = data which are available for download
O = data which are available online
MP = accessible via mobile phone
MP/I = accessible via mobile phone or internet
C/l = requires users to have a working knowledge of computers and the internet
CIS = some uses may require users to have access to and working knowledge of Geographic Information Systems (CIS)
software
Resource
Air Data (EPA)
AIRNow (EPA)
Air Sensor Toolbox for
Citizen Scientists (EPA)
Type
Mobile Apps
^
^
Data Collection
Tool
^
3
Q
D
Data Analysis
^
as
+j
0!
Q
Is
4-1
as
a.
W
O
Mapping Tool
^
Networking
Description
Provides reports, data visualization tools, data download and
online mapping tools for air quality.
Provides real-time, location-specific air quality information and
forecasts.
Provides "information and guidance on new low-cost compact
technologies for measuring air quality."
Cost
Free
Free
Free
Access
C/l
MP
C/l
Adapted from: U.S. EPA. Mapping Tools for Communities to Identify Assets and Hazards in Local Areas. Retrieved from: https://www.
sustainablecommunities.aov/sites/sustainablecommunities.aov/files/docs/federal-mappina-resources-05-08-201 3.pdf.
-------
Appendix
A2. Citizen Mapping, Data Tools and Resources
Resource
Alternative Fuelina
Station Locator (U.S.
Dept. of Energy)
Area Health Resource
Files (U.S. Dept. of
Health and Human
Services)
Census (U.S. Census
Bureau)
Cleanups in Mv
Community (EPA)
Common Sense
Communitv (Common
Sense)
Type
Mobile Apps
^
^
Data Collection
Tool
^
3
Q
D
D
Data Analysis
^
as
+j
as
a
15
is
a.
w
D
D
0
Mapping Tool
^
^
^
^
Networking
Description
Provides the locations of alternative fueling stations, including
places to buy fuels such as electricity, natural gas, biodiesel, E85,
propane or hydrogen.
Provides access to county-level health data, an online mapping
tool and health resources comparison tools. Some data may
require special software to access.
Provides access to census and American Community Survey data
in a variety of formats, including topical and location-based fact
sheets, mobile applications, interactive maps, and geographic
data and demographic datasets that can be downloaded for
further analysis.
A mapping tool that displays locations where pollution is being
or has been cleaned up. Clicking on a site reveals additional
information about its environmental status.
Common Sense develops mobile sensing technologies (hardware
and software) that collect environmental data. The project is still in
the pilot phase and aims to help communities "gather and analyze
environmental data[, ...] learn more about their environment,
and influence environmental regulations and policy. Ultimately,
the project seeks to empower citizens and novice users with
opportunities to pursue the kinds of data collection and analysis
that were once handled almost exclusively by professional
scientists and analysts."
Cost
Free
Free
Free
Free
Tools and
software
were used
in a pilot
study and
are not yet
available for
purchase.
Access
MP/I
C/l, CIS
C/l
Adapted from: U.S. EPA. Mapping Tools for Communities to Identify Assets and Hazards in Local Areas. Retrieved from: https://www.
sustainablecommunities.aov/sites/sustainablecommunities.aov/files/docs/federal-mappina-resources-05-08-201 3.pdf.
-------
Appendix
A2. Citizen Mapping, Data Tools and Resources
Resource
Community Commons
(Community
Commons and IPS)
Communitv Plannina
and Development
Maps (U.S. Dept. of
Housing and Urban
Development)
Data.aovCU.S. General
Services Administration)
Diaital Coast Tools
(National Oceanic
and Atmospheric
Administration)
EJScreen (EPA)
Type
Mobile Apps
^
Data Collection
Tool
03
+j
03
Q
D
O
O
Data Analysis
^
03
•s
Q
15
is
a.
tn
0
0
D
O
O
O
Mapping Tool
^
^
^
^
^
Networking
^
Description
Community Commons provides educational resources, an
interactive mapping tool and networking opportunities for
sustainable communities. It includes over 7, 000 CIS data layers
and an online mapping tool that allows users to create and share
maps of their own communities. Sources for data are provided,
but data cannot be directly downloaded. It also includes profiles of
many place-based community initiatives and peer learning forums.
An interactive online mapping service for mapping current
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
grant activities, local housing market and economic data, and
census data.
Avast collection of data, tools and resources based on federal
datasets and data contributed by non-federal participants.
Organized by topic and searchable by location and keyword.
Digital Coast Tools provides data sets that range from economic
data to satellite imagery. The site contains visualization tools,
predictive tools, and tools that make data easier to find and use
An online environmental justice (EJ) mapping tool that "provides
EPA with a nationally consistent dataset and methodology for
calculating "EJ indexes," which can be used for highlighting places
that may be candidates for further review, analysis, or outreach as
the agency develops programs, policies and other activities. The
tool provides both summary and detailed information at the Census
block group level or a user-defined area for both demographic and
environmental indicators."
Cost
Free
Free
Free
Free
Free
Access
C/l
C/l
C/l
C/l
C/l
Adapted from: U.S. EPA. Mapping Tools for Communities to Identify Assets and Hazards in Local Areas. Retrieved from: https://www.
sustainablecommunities.aov/sites/sustainablecommunities.aov/files/docs/federal-maDDina-resources-05-08-2013.Ddf.
-------
Appendix
A2. Citizen Mapping, Data Tools and Resources
Resource
Enforcement and
Compliance History
Online (ECHO) (EPA)
EnviroAtlas CEPA1
Envirofacts and
EnviromaoDer (EPA)
Environmental Public
Health Trackina Network
(U.S. Centers for
Disease Control and
Prevention)
Mv Environment (EPA)
The National Mao (U.S.
Geological Survey)
Type
Mobile Apps
Data Collection
Tool
3
Q
O
o
D
O
D
Data Analysis
^
^
03
+j
03
Q
15
is
Q.
W
O
D
D
0
D
Mapping Tool
^
^
^
^
^
Networking
Description
Allows users to assess facilities' compliance with environmental
regulations. Provides information on permit data, inspection
dates and findings, violations, enforcement actions and penalties
assessed
Provides interactive tools and resources on ecosystem services
(the many benefits people receive from nature). Key tools include
an interactive mapping service and an Eco-Health Relationship
browser which explores the relationship between ecosystems and
human health.
An online search tool for accessing environmental data from EPA.
Includes access to an interactive mapping tool. Provides a broad
array of data including information on Superfund sites, drinking
water, toxic and air releases, hazardous waste, water discharge
permits, and grants.
Provides maps, tables and charts on "health, exposure, and hazard
information and data from a variety of national, state, and city
sources." Data can be accessed by topic or location.
Provides a cross-section of environmental information based on
the user's location.
Provides access to free spatial data, including orthoimagery
(aerial photographs), elevation, geographic names, hydrography,
boundaries, transportation, structures and land cover. Also
provides online mapping tools for some data types.
Cost
Free
Free
Free
Free
Free
Free
Access
C/l
C/l, GIS
C/l
C/l
C/l
C/l, GIS
Adapted from: U.S. EPA. Mapping Tools for Communities to Identify Assets and Hazards in Local Areas. Retrieved from: https://www.
sustainablecommunities.aov/sites/sustainablecommunities.aov/files/docs/federal-mappina-resources-05-08-201 3.pdf.
-------
Appendix
A2. Citizen Mapping, Data Tools and Resources
Resource
National-Scale Air Toxics
Assessment (NATA)
Data (EPA)
NEPAssist
nowCOAST
(National Oceanic
and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA)
Smart Location
Database (EPA)
Sustainable
Communities HOT
Report (EPA-HUD-DOT
Partnership for Sus-
tainable Communities)
Type
Mobile Apps
Data Collection
Tool
03
+j
03
Q
D
D
Data Analysis
^
^
03
•S
Q
15
is
a.
tn
0
o
D
Mapping Tool
^
^
^
Networking
Description
Data from EPA's ongoing assessment of air toxics. The website
includes a summary report with maps of cancer and
non-cancer effects. For the expert user, data is available in MS
Excel format from 1996, 1999, 2002 and 2005.
NEPAssist is a tool that facilitates the environmental review
process and project planning in relations to environmental
considerations. The web-based application draws environmental
data dynamically from EPA's Geographic Information System
databases and web services and provides immediate screening of
environmental indicators for a user-defined area of interest.
A mapping tool that "provides real time coastal observations and
NOAA forecasts." Tool allows users to visually explore current
snapshots of the weather and other environmental conditions in
coastal communities.
A "nationwide geographic data resource for measuring loca-
tion efficiency. It includes more than 90 attributes summarizing
characteristics such as housing density, diversity of land use,
neighborhood design, destination accessibility, transit service,
employment, and demographics. Most attributes are available
for every census block group in the United States." The tool may be
useful for mapping equity-related information.
An online tool that produces community sustainability comparison
reports at the county level. Factors analyzed by the tool include
transportation, housing, economic development, income and
equity.
Cost
Free
Free
Free
Free
Free
Access
C/l
C/l
C/l
C/l
Adapted from: U.S. EPA. Mapping Tools for Communities to Identify Assets and Hazards in Local Areas. Retrieved from: https://www.
sustainablecommunities.aov/sites/sustainablecommunities.aov/files/docs/federal-mappina-resources-05-08-201 3.pdf.
-------
Appendix
A2. Citizen Mapping, Data Tools and Resources
Resource
Transportation
Infrastructure Fundina
Map (Committee on
the Marine Trans-
portation System)
ToxTown (National
Institue of Health)
Web-based Injury
Statistics Querv and
Reporting System
(WISQARS) (U.S.
Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention)
Type
Mobile Apps
Data Collection
Tool
03
+j
03
Q
D
O
Data Analysis
s
03
•S
Q
15
is
a.
tn
0
o
Mapping Tool
s
S
Networking
Description
An interactive tool that maps five years of Federal infrastructure
investment in the marine transportation system (MTS).The tool
allows users to visually explore 15 datasets related to the MTS and
is intended to inform future infrastructure investment decisions.
Provides an introduction to toxic chemicals and environmental
health risks that citizens may encounter in everyday life.
A database that provides data on fatal and nonfatal injury,
violent death, and cost of injury. The website includes a
mapping tool that allows users to explore injury data at the
state and county levels.
Cost
Free
Free
Free
Access
C/l
C/l
C/l
Adapted from: U.S. EPA. Mapping Tools for Communities to Identify Assets and Hazards in Local Areas. Retrieved from: https://www.
sustainablecommunities.aov/sites/sustainablecommunities.aov/files/docs/federal-mappina-resources-05-08-201 3.pdf.
-------
Appendix
A3. Glossary
Glossary courtesy of the American Association of Port Authorities, National Cooperative Freight Research Program, Starcrest
Consulting Group and the U.S. Department of Transportation.
Ballast water: Fresh or salt water, sometimes containing sediments, held in tanks and cargo holds of ships to increase
stability and maneuverability during transit.
Breakbulk: General cargo that is not in containers but rather is stored in boxes, bales, pallets or other units to be loaded onto
or discharged from ships or other forms of transportation. Examples include iron, steel, machinery, linerboard and wood pulp.
Bulk: Loose cargo (dry or liquid) that is loaded (shoveled, scooped, forked, mechanically conveyed or pumped) in volume
directly into a ship's hold. Examples include grain, coal and oil.
Capacity: The available space for, or ability to handle, freight.
Cargo: The freight (goods, products) carried by a ship, barge, train, truck or plane.
Class I freight railroad: Defined by the American Association of Railroads each year based on annual operating revenue.
A railroad is dropped from the Class I list if it fails to meet the annual revenue threshold for three consecutive years.
Clerks: When cargo is unloaded from a ship, a clerk checks the actual count of the goods versus the amount listed on the
ship's manifest. The clerk will note shortages, overages or damage. This is used to make claims if needed.
Consolidator: The person or firm that consolidates (combines) cargo from a number of shippers into a container that will
deliver the goods to several buyers.
Container: A box made of aluminum, steel or fiberglass used to transport cargo by ship, rail, truck or barge. Common
dimensions are 20' x 8' x 8' (called a TEU or twenty-foot equivalent unit) or 40' x 8' x 8' (called an FEU or forty-foot
equivalent unit).
Convention: An international agreement.
Diesel: A type of fuel typically used in a compression-ignition engine. In common maritime use, diesel can refer to several
varieties of fuels including Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) and Marine Gas Oil (MGO). Diesel may also be labeled by its sulfur
content, such as the case of LSD (low sulfur diesel with less than 500 parts per million (ppm) sulfur) or ULSD (ultra-low
sulfur diesel with less than 15 ppm sulfur).
-------
Appendix
A3. Glossary
Glossary courtesy of the American Association of Port Authorities, National Cooperative Freight Research Program, Starcrest
Consulting Group and the U.S. Department of Transportation.
Draft: The depth of a loaded vessel in the water taken from the level of the waterline to the lowest point of the hull of the
vessel; depth of water, or distance between the bottom of the ship and waterline.
Drayage: The transport of goods over a short distance
Drayage Terminal: A terminal with the capacity to handle truck pickup and dropoff.
Dredge: The process of removing sediment from harbor or river bottoms for safety purposes and to allow for deeper vessels.
Eminent Domain The right of a government or its agent to expropriate private property for public use, with payment of
compensation.
Exports: Merchandise transported out of the United States to foreign countries.
Freight: Merchandise hauled by transportation lines.
Goods movement: The distribution of freight (including raw materials, parts and finished consumer products) by all modes
of transportation including marine, air, rail and truck.
Gross domestic product (GDP): The total value of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the
United States. As long as the labor and property are located in the United States, the supplier (workers, owners) may be
either U.S. residents or residents of foreign countries.
Hostler (or hustler): An employee who drives a tractor for the purpose of moving cargo within a container yard.
Imports: Commodities of foreign origin entering the United States, as well as goods of domestic origin returned to the
United States with no change in condition or after having been processed and/or assembled in other countries.
Intermodal: Used to indicate movements of cargo containers interchangeably between transport modes - i.e. motor,
water and air carriers - and where the equipment is compatible within multiple systems. For example, boxes of hot sauce
from Louisiana are stuffed into metal boxes called containers at the factory. That container is put onto a truck chassis (or a
railroad flat car) and moved to a port. There the container is lifted off the vehicle and lifted onto a ship. At the receiving port,
the process is reversed. Intermodal transportation uses few laborers and speeds up the delivery time.
-------
Appendix
A3. Glossary
Glossary courtesy of the American Association of Port Authorities, National Cooperative Freight Research Program, Starcrest
Consulting Group and the U.S. Department of Transportation.
Labor union: An organization of workers formed to serve members' collective interests with regard to wages and working
conditions.
Landlord port: At a landlord port, the port authority owns the wharves, which it then rents or leases to a terminal operator
(usually a stevedoring company). The operator invests in cargo-handling equipment (forklifts, cranes, etc.), hires longshore
laborers to operate such lift machinery and negotiates contracts with ocean carriers (steamship services) to handle the
unloading and loading of ship cargoes.
Longshoremen: Dock workers who load and unload ships or perform administrative tasks associated with the loading or
unloading of cargo. They may or may not be members of labor unions. Longshore "gangs" are hired by stevedoring firms to
work the ships. Longshoremen are also called stevedores.
Marine Terminal: Port facilities for docking, cargo-handling and storage.
Marine Transportation System (MTS): Consists of all the intermodal components that are part of the maritime domain,
including ships, ports, inland waterways, intermodal rail and trucks, and other users of the maritime system.
Maritime: Located on or near the sea. Commerce or navigation by sea. The maritime industry includes people working
for transportation (ship, rail, truck and towboat/barge) companies, freight forwarders and customs brokers; stevedoring
companies; labor unions; chandlers; warehouses; ship building and repair firms; importers/exporters; pilot associations, etc.
Neo-bulk: Uniformly packaged goods, such as wood pulp bales, which stow as solidly as bulk, but are handled as
general cargos.
On-dock Railyard: A railyard connected directly to a dock.
Operating port: A port where the port authority builds the wharves, owns the cranes and cargo-handling equipment, and
hires the labor to move cargo in the sheds and yards. A stevedore hires longshore laborers to lift cargo between the ship
and the dock, where the port's laborers pick it up and bring it to the storage site. (See landlord port.)
-------
Appendix
A3. Glossary
Glossary courtesy of the American Association of Port Authorities, National Cooperative Freight Research Program, Starcrest
Consulting Group and the U.S. Department of Transportation.
Particulate matter (PM): Refers to small particles in the air that can be measured to determine air quality and potential
health impacts. Airborne PM can result from direct emissions of particles (primary PM) or from the condensation of certain
gases that have themselves been directly emitted or chemically transformed in the atmosphere (secondary PM). PM is
often classified by size:
• PM2.5- Also known as "fine" particulate matter, PM2.5 refers to the fraction of PM in a sample that is 2.5 microns in
diameter or less. This size of PM is commonly associated with combustion and secondary PM.
- Also known as "coarse" particulate matter, PM^o refers to the fraction of PM in a sample that is 10 microns in
diameter or less.
Port: The harbor area where ships are docked.
Port Agency or Port Authority: A government entity. A port authority may own facilities in one or more ports, and a port
authority's domain may include both seaports and airports. It may be difficult to tell visually where the control of a port
authority ends. For example, port authorities do not control private terminals (except in as much as landlord ports can
impose lease-based controls on private terminal tenants), military operations and industrial facilities located in or around
port facilities.
• Autonomous (independent) port authority: a self-sustaining, self-governing public body
• Semi-autonomous (semi-independent) port authority: a public body subject to certain state controls
• Bi-state or regional port authorities: a public body created by agreement between two or more states
• Port authorities with limited agency or power: a public body limited to certain actions such as bonding
• Divisions of state, county or municipal government: a government department
• Independent port or navigation districts: entities that function as "special purpose" political subdivisions of a state with
defined geographic boundaries over which they have authority
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Appendix
A3. Glossary
Glossary courtesy of the American Association of Port Authorities, National Cooperative Freight Research Program, Starcrest
Consulting Group and the U.S. Department of Transportation.
Roll-on/Roll-off (ro/ro): Cargo that can be driven directly into the belly of the ship via ramps that are lowered to the dock,
rather than being lifted aboard. Examples include cars, buses, trucks or other vehicles.
Stevedores: Labor management companies that provide equipment and hire workers to transfer cargo between ships and
docks. Stevedore companies may also serve as terminal operators. The laborers hired by the stevedoring firms are called
stevedores or longshoremen.
Supply Chain: A network that supplies goods or services from the source of production through the point of consumption.
A supply chain is considered to include people, organizations, transportation infrastructure, information technology and
physical locations such as manufacturing plants, distribution centers, and retail outlets.
Terminal: A designated area of a port used for the transmission, care and convenience of cargo and/or passengers in the
interchange of them between land and water carriers or between two water carriers. It includes wharves, warehouses,
covered and/or open storage spaces, cold storage plants, grain elevators and/or bulk cargo loading and/or unloading
structures, landings, and receiving stations.
Trucks: Heavy automotive vehicles used to transport cargo. In the maritime industry, cargo is often carried by tractor-
trailers. The tractor is the front part of the vehicle, also called a cab. The trailer is the detachable wheeled chassis behind
the tractor, on which containers or other cargoes are placed.
Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit (TEU): A unit of measurement equal to the space occupied by a standard twenty-foot
container. Used in stating the capacity of container vessel or storage area. One 40-foot container is equal to two TEUs.
Vessel: A ship or large boat.
Volatile organic compound (VOC): A very broad term used to describe the entire set of vapor-phase atmospheric organic
chemicals.
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Appendix
A4. Endnotes and Image Sources
2.1 The Role of Ports
Endnotes
1. U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America's Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, p. 8. Retrieved from: http://www.glmri.org/down-
loads/Ports&l ntermodalTransport. pdf .
2. American Association of Port Authorities. 2013. U.S. Public Port Facts. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/lndustrv/content.cfm7ltemNum-
ber=1032.
3. U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America's Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, pp. 43-44. Retrieved from: http://www.glmri.org/
downloads/Ports&l ntermodalTransport. pdf.
4. American Association of Port Authorities. 2013. U.S. Port Industry. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/lndustrv/content.cfm7ltemNum-
ber=1022&navltemNumber=901 .
5. American Association of Port Authorities. 2013. U.S. Port Industry. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/lndustrv/content.cfm7ltemNum-
ber=1022&navltemNumber=901 .
6. American Association of Port Authorities. 2014. National Economic Impact of the U.S. Coastal Port System: Executive Summary. Retrieved from:
http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/Martin%20studv%20executive%20summarv%20final.pdf
7. American Association of Port Authorities. 2013. U.S. Public Port Facts. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/lndustrv/content.cfm7ltemNum-
ber=1032.
8. U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America's Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, pp. 43-45. Retrieved from: http://www.glmri.org/
downloads/Ports&l ntermodalTransport. pdf.
9. Adapted from: U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America's Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, p. 44-45. Retrieved from: http://www.
glmri.org/downloads/Ports&l ntermodalTransport. pdf.
Image Sources
U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America's Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, pp. 45. Retrieved from: http://www.glmri.org/
downloads/Ports&l ntermodalTransport. pdf
©iStock.com/michaeljung - Not For Reuse
©iStock.com/TERADAT SANTIVIVUT - Not For Reuse
©iStock.com/kozmoat98 - Not For Reuse
2.2 Current Port Industry Challenges
Endnotes
1. U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America's Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, p. 8. Retrieved from: http://www.glmri.org/
downloads/Ports&l ntermodalTransport. pdf.
2. U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America's Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, p. 11. Retrieved from: http://www.glmri.org/
downloads/Ports&l ntermodalTransport. pdf.
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Appendix
A4. Endnotes and Image Sources
3. U.S. Department of Transportation. 2009. America's Container Ports, p. 11. Retrieved from: http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/
publications/americas container ports/2009/pdf/entire.pdf.
3.1 Port Operations
Endnotes
1. Adapted from: American Association of Port Authorities. 2013. U.S. Public Port Facts. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/lndustrv/content.
cfm?ltemNumber=1032.
2. American Association of Port Authorities. 2013. U.S. Public Port Facts. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/lndustrv/content.
cfm?ltemNumber=1032.
3. Definitions adapted from: American Association of Port Authorities. 2013. Glossary of Maritime Terms. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/
lndustrv/content.cfm?ltemNumber=1077.
4. Adapted from: Sherman, Rexford B. Seaport Governance in the United States and Canada. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/files/
PDFs/governance uscan.pdf.
5. Adapted from: Sherman, Rexford B. Seaport Governance in the United States and Canada. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/files/
PDFs/governance uscan.pdf.
6. Definitions adapted from: American Association of Port Authorities. 2013. Glossary of Maritime Terms. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/
lndustrv/content.cfm?ltemNumber=1077.
7. Adapted from: Sherman, Rexford B. Seaport Governance in the United States and Canada. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/files/
PDFs/governance uscan.pdf.
Image Sources
©iStock.com/bugphai - Not For Reuse
3.2 Port Governance
Endnotes
1. Adapted from: Sherman, Rexford B. Seaport Governance in the United States and Canada. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/files/
PDFs/governance uscan.pdf.
2. Adapted from: Sherman, Rexford B. Seaport Governance in the United States and Canada. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/files/
PDFs/governance uscan.pdf.
3. Adapted from: Sherman, Rexford B. Seaport Governance in the United States and Canada. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/files/
PDFs/governance uscan.pdf.
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Appendix
A4. Endnotes and Image Sources
3.3 Federal and International Governance
Endnotes
1. Adapted from: Sherman, Rexford B. Seaport Governance in the United States and Canada. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/files/
PDFs/governance uscan.pdf.
2. U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America's Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, p. 35. Retrieved from: http://www.gImri.org/
downloads/Ports&l ntermodalTransport.pdf.
3. Sherman, Rexford B. Seaport Governance in the United States and Canada. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/files/PDFs/governance
uscan.pdf.
4. U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America's Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, p. 35. Retrieved from: http: //www. g I m ri. o rg/
downloads/Ports&l ntermodalTransport.pdf
5. U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America's Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, p. 36. Retrieved from: http: //www. g I m ri. o rg/
downloads/Ports&l ntermodalTransport.pdf.
6. Quoted from: U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America's Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, p. 35. Retrieved from: http://www.glmri.
org/downloads/Ports&l ntermodalTransport.pdf.
4.1 Port Impacts to Local Communities
Endnotes
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2014. Environmental Justice. Retrieved from: http://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/.
4.2 Case Studies: Port-Community Relations
Endnotes
1. Baltimore Port Alliance. 2013. About the Baltimore Port Alliance. Retrieved from: http://www.baltimoreportalliance.org/.
2. EcoLogix Group. 2014. Baltimore Port Alliance Environmental Committee. Retrieved from: http://www.ecologixgroup.com/baltimore-port-alliance-
environmental-committee.html.
3. Baltimore Port Alliance. 2013. Education and Outreach - Serving Communities, Serving Ports. Retrieved from: http://www.baltimoreportalliance.
org/outreach.php.
5.1 Goods Movement and Transportation Planning
Endnotes
1. National Environmental Justice Advisory Council. 2009. Reducing Air Emissions Associated With Goods Movement: Working Towards
Environmental Justice. Retrieved from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-02/documents/2009-goods-movement.pdf.
2. National Environmental Justice Advisory Council. 2009. Reducing Air Emissions Associated With Goods Movement: Working Towards
Environmental Justice. Retrieved from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-02/documents/2009-goods-movement.pdf.
3. National Cooperative Freight Research Program. 2012. Guidebook for Understanding Urban Goods Movement, p. 1. Retrieved from: http://
onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/ncfrp/ncfrp rpt 014.pdf.
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Appendix
A4. Endnotes and Image Sources
4. U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America's Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, p. 22. Retrieved from: http://www.gImri.org/
downloads/Ports&l ntermodalTransport.pdf.
5. Adapted from and images from: Rhodes, Suzann. 2011. Talking Freight. [Presentation prepared for the Transportation Research Board].
Retrieved from: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/freight planning/talking freight/talkingfreightOS 17 11sr.pdf.
6. Adapted from and images from: Rhodes, Suzann. 2011. Talking Freight. [Presentation prepared for the Transportation Research Board].
Retrieved from: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/freight planning/talking freight/talkingfreightOS 17 11sr.pdf.
7. Adapted from: U.S. DOT. The Transportation Planning Process Key Issues: A Briefing Book for Transportation Decisionmakers, Officials and
Staff. Retrieved from: http://www.planning.dot.gov/documents/briefingbook/bbook.htmtf1BB.
Image Sources
U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America's Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, p. 22. Retrieved from: http://www.glmri.org/downloads/
Ports&l ntermodalTransport.pdf
Rhodes, Suzann. 2011. Talking Freight. [Presentation prepared for the Transportation Research Board].Retrieved from: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/
planning/freight planning/talking freight/talkingfreightOS 17 11sr.pdf
©iStock.com/bugphai - Not For Reuse
©iStock.com/StanRohrer- Not For Reuse
©iStock.com/monkeybusinessimages - Not For Reuse
5.2 Land Use
Endnotes
1. Natural Resources Defense Council. 2004. Harboring Pollution: Strategies to Clean Up U.S. Ports, pp. 14-15. Retrieved from: http://www.nrdc.
org/air/pollution/ports/contents.asp.
2. Natural Resources Defense Council. 2004. Harboring Pollution: Strategies to Clean Up U.S. Ports, pp. 63-64. Retrieved from: http://www.nrdc.
org/air/pollution/ports/contents.asp.
Image Sources
Natural Resources Defense Council. 2004. Harboring Pollution: Strategies to Clean Up U.S. Ports, p. 15. Retrieved from: http://www.nrdc.org/air/
pollution/ports/contents.asp
©iStock.com/KSuhorukov - Not For Reuse
©iStock.com/Michal Krakowiak - Not For Reuse
©iStock.com/Leslie Achtymichuk - Not For Reuse
5.3 Potential Community Interests
Endnotes
1. Natural Resources Defense Council. 2004. Harboring Pollution: Strategies to Clean Up U.S. Ports, p. 15. Retrieved from: http://www.nrdc.org/air/
pollution/ports/contents.asp.
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Appendix
A4. Endnotes and Image Sources
2. Natural Resources Defense Council. 2004. Harboring Pollution: Strategies to Clean Up U.S. Ports, p. 15. Retrieved from: http://www.nrdc.org/air/
pollution/ports/contents.asp.
3. Natural Resources Defense Council. 2004. Harboring Pollution: Strategies to Clean Up U.S. Ports, p. 16. Retrieved from: http://www.nrdc.org/air/
pollution/ports/contents.asp.
4. Adapted from Natural Resources Defense Council. Clean Cargo: A Guide to Reducing Diesel Air Pollution from the Freight Industry in Your
Community, p. 3-5. Retrieved from: http://www.nrdc.org/air/diesel-exhaust/files/clean-cargo-toolkit.pdf.
5. National Environmental Justice Advisory Council. 2009. Reducing Air Emissions Associated With Goods Movement: Working Towards
Environmental Justice. Retrieved from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-02/documents/2009-goods-movement.pdf.
6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2010. EPA's Response to the National Environmental Justice Advisory Council Report: Reducing Air
Emissions Associated with Goods Movement: Working Toward Environmental Justice. Retrieved from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/
files/2015-02/documents/epa-resp-nejac-goods-movement-2009.pdf.
Image Sources
Natural Resources Defense Council. Clean Cargo: A Guide to Reducing Diesel Air Pollution from the Freight Industry in Your Community, p. 5.
Retrieved from: http://www.nrdc.org/air/diesel-exhaust/files/clean-cargo-toolkit.pdf.
©iStock.com/AnthonyRosenberg - Not For Reuse
5.4 Case Studies: Land Use and Transportation
Endnotes
1. Adapted from: Air Alliance Houston and Global Community Monitor. 2014. Air Pollution and Public Health in Galena, Texas. Retrieved from: http://
airalliancehouston.org//wp-content/uploads/Galena-Park-Monitoring-Report-FINAL.pdf.
2. Adapted from: Switzer Network News. 2013. Ditching Dirty Diesel with Switzer Fellow Catalina Garzon. Retrieved from: http://ditchingdirtvdiesel.
org/about/meet-the-collaborative.
3. Adapted from: Natural Resources Defense Council. 2004. Harboring Pollution: Strategies to Clean Up U.S. Ports, p. 63. Retrieved from: http://
www.nrdc.org/air/pollution/ports/contents.asp.
Image Source
MattiPavola. Retrieved from: http://commons.wikimedia.Org/wiki/File:Vuosaari harbour sunset Julv09 2.JPG
6.1 Local Economy and Jobs
Endnotes
1. Definitions quoted and adapted from: American Association of Port Authorities. 2013. Glossary of Maritime Terms. Retrieved from: http://www.
aapa-ports.org/lndustrv/content.cfm?ltemNumber=1077.
2. Smith, Rebecca, Paul Alexander Marvy, and Jon Zerolnick. 2014. The Big Rig Overhaul: Restoring Middle-Class Jobs at America's Ports through
Labor Law Enforcement. Retrieved from: http://www.nelp.org/page/-/Justice/2014/Big-Rig-Overhaul-Misclassification-Port-Truck-Drivers-Labor-Law-
Enforcement. pdf?nocdn=1.
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Appendix
A4. Endnotes and Image Sources
3. Colliers International. 2012. North American Port Analysis, p. 9. Retrieved from: http://www.colliers.eom/-/media/Files/MarketResearch/
UnitedStates/2012-NA-Hiahliahts-Reports/2012%20Q2/Colliers PortReport 2012a2 final?campaian=Colliers Port Analysis NA Aua-2012.
Image Sources
Panama Canal Authority. Retrieved from: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Panama Canal#/media/File:Acpfigure1.jpg
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2009. America's Container Ports, p. 12. Retrieved from: http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/
publications/americas container ports/2009/index. html
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2009. America's Container Ports, p. 15. Retrieved from: http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/
publications/americas container ports/2009/index. html
NASA. Retrieved from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SuezCanal-EO.JPG
Colliers International. 2012. North American Port Analysis, p. 2. Retrieved from: http://www.colliers.eom/-/media/Files/MarketResearch/
UnitedStates/2012-NA-Highlights-Reports/2012%20Q2/Colliers PortReport 2012g2 final?campaign=Colliers Port Analysis NA Aug-2012
©iStock.com/mstahlphoto - Not For Reuse
©iStock.com/Susan Chiang - Not For Reuse
6.2 Port Factors Impacting the Regional Economy
Endnotes
1. BBC News. August 6, 2015. "Egypt Launches Suez Canal Expansion." BBC News. Retrieved from: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-
east-33800076
2. U.S. Department of Transportation. 2009. America's Container Ports, p. 12. Retrieved from: http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/
publications/americas container ports/2009/index. html.
3. U.S. Department of Transportation. 2009. America's Container Ports, pp. 15-16. Retrieved from: http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/
files/publications/americas container ports/2009/index. html.
4. U.S. Department of Transportation. 2009. America's Container Ports, pp. 15-16. Retrieved from: http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/
files/publications/americas container ports/2009/index. html.
5. U.S. Department of Transportation. 2009. America's Container Ports, pp. 15. Retrieved from: http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/
publications/americas container ports/2009/index. html.
6. U.S. Department of Transportation. 2009. America's Container Ports, p. 1. Retrieved from: http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/
publications/americas container ports/2009/index. html.
7. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 2012. U.S. Port and Inland Waterways Modernization: Preparing for Post-Panamax Vessels, p. XIII. Retrieved
from: http://www.iwr.usace.armv.mil/Portals/70/docs/portswaterwavs/rpt/June 20 U.S. Port and Inland Waterways Preparing for Post
Panamax Vessels.pdf.
8. U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America's Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, p. 8. Retrieved from: http://www.glmri.org/
downloads/Ports&l ntermodalTransport.pdf.
9. Colliers International. 2012. North American Port Analysis. Retrieved from: http://www.colliers.eom/-/media/Files/MarketResearch/
UnitedStates/2012-NA-Highlights-ReDorts/2012%20Q2/Colliers PortReport 2012g2 final?camDaign=Colliers Port Analysis NA Aug-2012.
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Appendix
A4. Endnotes and Image Sources
10. Colliers International. 2012. North American Port Analysis, p. 3. Retrieved from: http://www.colliers.eom/-/media/Files/MarketResearch/
UnitedStates/2012-NA-Hiahliahts-Reports/2012%20Q2/Colliers PortReport 2012a2 final?campaian=Colliers Port Analysis NA Aua-2012.
11. Colliers International. 2012. North American Port Analysis, p. 2. Retrieved from: http://www.colliers.eom/-/media/Files/MarketResearch/
UnitedStates/2012-NA-Hiahliahts-Reports/2012%20Q2/Colliers PortReport 2012a2 final?campaian=Colliers Port Analysis NA Aua-2012.
6.4 Case Studies: Jobs and Benefits
Endnotes
1. Adapted from: Port of Oakland. 2015. The Social Responsibility Division (SRD). Retrieved from: http://www.portofoakland.com/responsibilitv/.
2. Quote comes from: Sandifur, Marilyn. 2011. Community Investments Stimulate Cycle of Benefits. Retrieved from: http://www.aapa-ports.org/
Publications/SeaportsDetail.cfm?itemnumber=18177#seaportsarticle16.
3. Adapted from: Port of Los Angeles. 2015. Port of Los Angeles Project Labor Agreement. Retrieved from: http://www.portoflosangeles.org/
business/pla.asp.
Image Source
©iStock.com/Jason Doiy - Not For Reuse
7.1 Environmental Impacts
Endnotes
1. Natural Resources Defense Council. 2004. Harboring Pollution: Strategies to Clean Up U.S. Ports, pp. 1-10. Retrieved from: http://www.nrdc.org/
air/pollution/ports/contents.asp.
2. Second paragraph adapted from: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2014. Risk Assessment. Retrieved from: http://www.epa.gov/
sustainabilitv/analvtics/risk.htm.
Image Sources
©iStock.com/Prasit Rodphan- Not For Reuse
©iStock.com/princessdlaf- Not For Reuse
7.2 Air Emissions
Endnotes
1. Adapted from: Starcrest Consulting Group. 2012. Developing Port Clean Air Programs, pp. 3-4. Retrieved from: http://www.theicct.org/sites/
default/files/ICCT SCG Developing-Clean-Air-Programs June2012.pdf
2. Starcrest Consulting Group. 2012. Developing Port Clean Air Programs, p. 4. Retrieved from: http://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/ICCT
SCG Developing-Clean-Air-Programs June2012.pdf
3. Summarized from: Starcrest Consulting Group. 2012. Developing Port Clean Air Programs, pp. 7-13. Retrieved from: http://www.theicct.org/sites/
default/files/ICCT SCG Developing-Clean-Air-Programs June2012.pdf
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Appendix
A4. Endnotes and Image Sources
4. Starcrest Consulting Group. 2012. Developing Port Clean Air Programs, pp. 39-55. Retrieved from: http://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/ICCT
SCG Developing-Clean-Air-Programs June2012.pdf
5. Starcrest Consulting Group. 2012. Developing Port Clean Air Programs, p. 2. Retrieved from: http://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/ICCT
SCG Developing-Clean-Air-Programs June2012.pdf
6. Adapted/quoted from: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2014. About SmartWay. Retrieved from: http://www.epa.gov/smartwav/about/index.
htm
7. Adapted from: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2010. Designation of North American Emission Control Area to Reduce Emissions from
Ships. Retrieved from: http://www3.epa.gov/otaq/regs/nonroad/marine/ci/420f10015.pdf
Image Sources
©iStock.com/ PhillipMinnis - Not For Reuse
©iStock.com/ yenwen - Not For Reuse
7.3 Federal Environmental Regulations, Initiatives and Standards
Endnotes
1. List quoted from: Natural Resources Defense Council. Defend Your Air: Guide for Reducing Freight Transportation Air Pollution Under the
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). pp. 8-9. Retrieved from: http://www.nrdc.org/air/diesel-exhaust/files/nepa-toolkit.pdf.
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2014. Ports Initiative. Retrieved from: http://www2.epa.gov/ports-initiative.
3. Portcompliance.org. Environmental Compliance for Port Tenants and Authorities: About. Retrieved from: http://www.portcompliance.org/about.
cfm.
7.6 Case Studies: Environment
Endnotes
1. Adapted from: Natural Resources Defense Council. 2004. Harboring Pollution: Strategies to Clean Up U.S. Ports, p. 25. Retrieved from: http://
www.nrdc.org/air/pollution/ports/contents.asp.
8.2 Citizen Science Projects
Endnotes
1. Community-Campus Partnerships for Health. 2013. Community-Based Participatory Research. Retrieved from: http://depts.washington.edu/
ccph/commbas.html.
2. Adapted and quoted from: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2015. U.S. EPA's Air Sensor Toolbox for Citizen Scientists, http : //www. epa.gov/
heasd/airsensortoolbox/.
Image Source
©iStock.com/wdstock - Not For Reuse
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Appendix
A5. Acknowledgements and Contacts
This document was developed under U.S. EPA's Technical Assistance
Services for Communities (TASC) Program with funding from U.S.
EPA's Office of Transportation and Air Quality, in partnership with EPA's
Office of Environmental Justice and EPA's Regional Offices. For more
information, please contact any of the following team members:
• Sabrina Johnson, Project Lead:
johnson.sabrina@epa.gov
202-564-1173
TASC is a national EPA program that
provides technical assistance services to
communities. The program's goal is to help
people understand complex environmental
issues and ensure meaningful community
involvement in environmental decision-
making. For more information on TASC,
click here.
• Reema Loutan:
loutan.reema@epa.gov
212-637-3760
• Gloria Vaughn:
vaughn.gloria@epa.gov
214-665-7535
Also acknowledging Jayme Ballard Brown and Connie Ruth, formerly of EPA
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