Publication # EPA530-R-02-007
Waste Minimization Trends Report
(1991-1998)
September 17, 2002
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., 5302 W
Washington, DC 20460
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Table of Contents
Contents
Section Number
List of Figures v
List of Tables vi
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations vii
Executive Summary ix
1.0 Introduction 1-1
2.0 Waste Minimization and Other Factors Influencing Trends 2-1
2.1 Waste Minimization and Potential Cost Savings 2-1
2.1.1 What Is Waste Minimization? 2-1
2.1.2 Costs and Savings Incurred by Businesses 2-1
2.1.3 Management Costs and Savings 2-2
2.1.4 Transportation Costs and Savings 2-3
2.1.5 Disposal Costs and Savings 2-3
2.1.6 Savings from Reuse 2-3
2.1.7 Savings from Waste Exchanges 2-3
2.2 Examples of Cost Savings from Waste Minimization 2-4
2.2.1 Morton's Powder Company 2-4
2.2.2 Pulp and Paper Pollution Prevention Program (P5) 2-4
2.2.3 American Video Glass Company 2-5
2.3 Factors Influencing Trends 2-5
2.3.1 Waste Minimization 2-6
2.3.2 Changes Due to Economic Activity 2-7
2.3.3 Changes in Reporting Procedures 2-8
2.3.4 Process Changes 2-9
3.0 Toxics Release Inventory 3-1
3.1 Background 3-1
3.2 How TR1 Data Were Used in This Report 3-3
3.2.1 Identify Waste Minimization Priority Chemicals Reportable to TR1 3-3
3.2.2 Identify Relevant Facilities 3-3
3.2.3 Identify Relevant Waste Forms 3-4
3.2.4 Determining the Baseline 3-8
3.2.5 Measuring Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Trends 3-8
iii
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Table of Contents
3.2.6 Quantities by Industry Sector 3-9
3.3 Quality Assurance Protocols 3-10
Contents (continued)
Section Number
4.0 Results 4-1
4.1 National-Level Information 4-1
4.2 National-Level by Chemical Group 4-4
4.3 Industrial Sector Information 4-7
4.4 State Information 4-12
4.4.1 Waste Minimization Priority Chemicals by State and Chemical 4-42
4.4.2 Waste Minimization Priority Chemicals by State and Industry Sector .... 4-43
5.0 Conclusions 5-1
6.0 References 6-1
Appendixes
A Health Information on Waste Minimization Priority Chemicals A-1
B Additional Information about Waste Management Priority Chemicals B-1
C Regional Information for Waste Minimization Priority Chemicals C -1
D Information on 1995 Waste Minimization Priority Chemicals D-l
E Maps of Waste Minimization Priority Chemicals E-l
IV
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Table of Contents
Figures
Number Page
ES-1 Percent change in waste minimization priority chemical quantities (1991-1998) xii
2-1 Comparison of U.S. GDP and waste minimization priority chemical quantities 2-8
3-1 Three steps used to select waste minimization priority chemical quantities 3-3
3-2 Waste minimization priority chemicals reportable to TRI since 1991 3-4
3-3 TRI waste forms used to create waste minimization priority chemical quantities 3-7
4-1 Percent change in waste minimization priority chemical quantities (1991-1998) 4-1
4-2 Number of facilities by quantity range of waste minimization priority
chemicals (1998) 4-2
4-3 Waste minimization priority chemical quantities for priority chemical by facility
quantity range (1998) 4-3
4-4 Waste minimization priority chemical quantity by state (1998) 4-19
v
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Table of Contents
Tables
Number Page
1 -1 Waste Minimization Priority Chemicals Covered in This Report 1-2
2-1 Reduction Goals and Actual Reductions at Paper Mills 2-6
3-1 TR1 Waste Forms Considered for Inclusion in Waste Minimization Priority
Chemical Quantity 3-6
3-2 Changes in TR1 Data Reporting Requirements, 1991-2000 3-9
4-1 National Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities (1991-1998) 4-2
4-2 Waste Management for Waste Minimization Priority Chemicals (1991-1998) 4-4
4-3 National Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities for Individual Priority Chemicals by
Chemical Group (1991 and 1998) 4-5
4-4 National Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities for Priority Chemicals
by Industry Sector (1991-1998) 4-8
4-5 National Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities by Industrial
Sector (1998) 4-13
4-6 Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities by State (1991-1998) 4-20
4-7 State Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities for Each Chemical/Group (1991-19PSJ2
4-8 Industry Sectors by State for Waste Minimization Priority Chemical (1991-1998) 4-28
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Table of Contents
Acronyms and Abbreviations
BRS Biennial Reporting System
CAS Chemical Abstract Service
CESQG Conditionally exempt, small-quantity generator of hazardous
waste
C F R Code of Federal Regul ati on s
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EPA-1D An identification number assigned to specific facilities by the
EPA through the RCRA program, referred to as the EPA
identification (EPA ID) number when reported to the TR1.
EPCRA Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GPRA Government Performance and Results Act
LQGs Large-quantity generators of hazardous waste
MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet
NEC Not Elsewhere CIassified
OSW EPA's Office of Solid Waste
PAC Polycyclic aromatic compound
PCB Polychlorinated biphenyls
PAHs Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
PBT Persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic
POTWs Publicly Owned Treatment Works
QA Quality Assurance
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
SIC Code Standard Industrial Classification Code
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Table of Contents
Acronyms and Abbreviations (continued)
TAG
TRI
UIC
WMPC
1995 WMPC
WMPC quantity
WMPC measurement method
Technical Advisory Group
Toxics Release Inventory
Underground Injection Chamber
Waste minimization priority chemical: any of 17 chemicals
designated as such in this report
1995 Waste minimization priority chemical: any of 3 WMPC
chemicals first reported to TRI in 1995.
Quantities discussed in this report that are the sum of wastes
managed for land disposal, energy recovery, and treatment as
reported to the TRI by facilities
The method used by EPA to combine TRI data elements to
create the waste minimization priority chemical quantity
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Executive Summary
Executive Summary
Congress established the national policy for the United States that wherever feasible, the
generation of hazardous waste is to be reduced or eliminated as expeditiously as possible (RCRA
Section 1003(b)). The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 further stressed the importance of reducing
pollution at its source. In 1993, Congress passed the Government Performance and Results Act
(GPRA; U.S. Congress, 1993) requiring federal agencies to define their goals and objectives and to
track progress towards them. In order to comply with GPRA requirements, EPA identified a variety of
performance goals related to its major environmental programs. One of the goals EPA set for its
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) waste minimization program is to reduce, as a
nation, the presence of certain chemicals in hazardous wastes by 50 percent by the year 2005,
compared to amounts generated in 1991. In discussion with numerous stakeholders, EPA heard that
waste minimization progress may be encouraged by focusing on a priority list of chemicals, and
measuring results over time.
EPA has identified 30 chemicals that we suggest be used as indicators to help focus activities,
and measure our progress in reducing hazardous waste generation. These chemicals are toxic, and are
commonly found in hazardous waste. While we encourage all generators to reduce their hazardous
waste, EPA believes that these chemicals, which we refer to as waste minimization priority chemicals
(WMPC), should be the first priority.
EPA encourages industry to achieve WMPC reductions through pollution prevention (i.e.,
making changes in production processes that reduce or eliminate pollutant generation at the source),
before waste is recycled, treated or disposed of in the land. EPA also encourages environmentally
sound recycling of wastes that cannot be reduced at the source, and safe treatment and land disposal of
wastes that cannot be reduced at the source or recycled.
EPA also made a commitment to measure and report on national progress toward its RCRA
waste minimization goal in publicly available annual reports. EPA is fulfilling this commitment by
publishing this first annual Waste Minimization Trends Report. This report describes trends in the
generation and subsequent management of 17 WMPCs that were tracked in the EPA's Toxics
Release Inventory (TR1) between 1991 and 1998.
The TR1 is a publicly accepted and widely used source of data on toxic chemicals that are
being used, manufactured, treated, transported, or released into the environment by more than 20,000
manufacturing and other chemical users. In order to measure success in achieving its environmental
goal (50 percent reduction of WMPCs contained in hazardous waste by 2005), EPA uses TR1 data to
measure changes in the amount of WMPCs generated at the "point of generation"-i.e., before wastes
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Executive Summary
have been recycled, treated or disposed of in landfills—at all facilities that reported quantities of
WMPCs in their solid and hazardous wastes to the TRI. A large number of factors can influence
trends. This report focuses on evaluating a small number of specific increases and decreases. While
we do not include an extensive statistical analysis to analyze trends or the factors influencing trends, we
nonetheless have identified important observations concerning generation of these chemicals.
It is important to note that the 17 chemicals examined in today's report are part of a list of 30
WMPCs identified by EPA as part of the national environmental performance goals program identified
above. The remaining chemicals are either not tracked by the TRI, or were added to TRl's reporting
requirements after 1991. The 30 WMPCs covered by EPA's RCRA environmental performance
goals are listed in the following chart. The 17 chemicals covered in today's report are highlighted.
Table ES-1. Waste Minimization Priority Chemicals
CASRN
Chemical Name
TRI
Year
CASRN
Chemical Name
TRI
Year
120821
1,2,4-T richlorobenzene
1991
87683
Hcxachlorobutadicnc
1991
95943
1.2.4.5-Tctrachloro-bcnzcnc
58899
Hexachlorocyclohexane,
gam ma-
1991
95954
2,4,5-T richlorophenol
1991
67721
Hex ach loroeth an e
1991
101553
4-Bromophcnyl phenyl ether
7439921
Lead
1991
83329
Accnaphthcnc
7439976
Mercury
1991
208968
Accnaphthylcnc
72435
Methoxychlor
1991
120127
Anthracene
1991
91203
Naphthalene
1991
191242
Bcnzo(g.h.i)pcrylcnc
TRI PAC category
1995
7440439
Cadmium
1991
40487421
Pcndimcthalin
1995
132649
Dibenzofuran
1991
608935
Pcntachloro-bcnzcnc
Dioxins/Furans
82688
Pentachloronitobenzene
1991
33213659
959988
Endosulfan. beta-/
Endosulfan. alpha (3)
87865
Pcntachlorophcnol
1991
86737
Fluorcnc
85018
Phcnanthrcnc
1995
76448
1024573
Heptachlor
Hcptachlor epoxide
1991
129000
Pyrcnc
118741
H ex ach1orobenzen e
1991
1582098
Trifluralin
1991
CASRN: Chemical Abstract Serv ice Registry Number
x
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Executive Summary
It is also important to note that, between 1991 and 1999, the number and type of industrial
sectors and the chemicals they are required to report to the TRI changed. In 1991, only certain
facilities in Standard Industrial Codes (SICs) 20-39 were required to report releases of 361 toxic
chemicals covered by the TRI. In 1995, EPA added 282 new chemicals to the list of toxic chemicals
manufacturing facilities were required to report on. Of the 282 new chemicals added in 1995, three are
included on the list of 30 WMPCs subsequently identified by EPA. Since TRI data was not available
for these three chemicals prior to 1995, they are not included in today's 1991-1998 trends assessment.
Data on the these three chemicals is provided in Appendix D of today's report for the reader's
convenience.
In 1998, the list of SICs required to report to the TRI was expanded to include: certain mining
activities, coal and oil fired electric utilities, chemical distributors, waste solvent recovery services, and
hazardous waste treatment facilities. Based on preliminary analysis of 1998 TRI data, EPA is aware
that some facilities in these new sectors generate some of the WMPCs tracked by the TRI. However,
because data are not available prior to 1998 for these facilities, they are not included in today's report.
The report contains national-level information on the quantities of waste minimization priority
chemicals contained in RCRA wastes at the point of generation for individual industrial sectors for SICs
20 - 39 and for regional and state geographic areas. Data for individual facilities are not provided in
this report, however, publically available data for individual facilities that reported WMPCs in their solid
and hazardous wastes are contained in the TRI. Throughout the report, large increases and decreases
of waste minimization priority chemical quantities are discussed in detail. Decreases in the quantities of
WMPCs generated in industrial waste could result from outsourcing, plant closures, discontinuing or
reducing product line output, changes in TRI reporting methods, or from installing waste minimization
measures. Waste minimization measures include source reduction or recycling measures that reduce the
total amount of WMPCs generated by the facility. Source reduction measures are changes in
manufacturing processes that reduce the amount of WMPCs and other pollutants created by the
production process; and can include: installation of more efficient equipment; modifications to existing
equipment; changes in raw materials; and changes in maintenance or production operations that reduce
waste generation. Reusing, recovering, or recycling wastes that are not reduced at the source reduces
the need to purchase virgin raw material used in production processes, and ultimately reduce quantities
of WMPCs that are generated.
The report also demonstrates how facilities can save money by integrating waste minimization
activities in their production processes, and it provides information on the amount of waste minimization
priority chemicals that are recycled and managed in facilities. Reducing waste generation reduces
management, transportation, and disposal costs and, at the same time, creates opportunities to reuse the
wastes within the same industry sector or in other sectors as raw material.
EPA believes this report can be used as a tool for better understanding trends in hazardous
waste generation and management. The report can be used by states and industries to help identify
chemical reduction priorities. EPA is now considering forming voluntary partnerships with industry
groups, states, tribes, and communities to reduce waste generation containing waste minimization
priority chemicals. Subsequent reports may help measure the effectiveness of these partnerships.
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Executive Summary
Findings:
National waste minimization priority chemical quantities analyzed in this report declined by 44
percent between 1991 and 1998. A gradual decrease in quantities of waste minimization priority
chemicals was observed in each of the years sampled between 1991 and 1998, except for a slight
increase between 1991 and 1993 (see Figure ES-1). In 1991, more than 152 million pounds of waste
minimization priority chemical quantities were generated in industrial hazardous and solid wastes by
about 2,100 manufacturing facilities required to report to the TRI, but this value decreased to
approximately 84.6 million pounds by 1998 (see Figure ES-1).
As explained above, we cannot be certain of exactly what factors have caused shifts in trends in
waste minimization priority chemical quantities over time. Examples follow of some individual facilities
and industry sectors that have reduced waste minimization priority chemical quantities through waste
minimization. These examples indicate waste minimization has probably a key role in the reductions.
Examples of Successes:
Years
10%
0%
1991
1991 - 1995
1991 - 1997
1991 - 1998
-10% -
Dl
JS -20% "
o
WMPC Quantities
2005 Goals
£ -30% "
-40% -
-50% -
-60%
Note: l 998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in
1998.
Figure ES-1. Percent change in waste minimization priority chemical quantities
(1991-1998).
XII
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Executive Summary
A single facility in Ohio was responsible for a large reduction in waste minimization priority
chemical quantity for the Carbon Black sector. Between 1991 and 1998, this facility reduced its onsite
treatment quantities of naphthalene, anthracene, and dibenzofuran by approximately 27 million pounds,
by eliminating the use of creosote in the production process. The facility eliminated the use of creosote
because of environmental concerns, and as a result, its onsite treatment quantities of waste minimization
priority chemicals were reduced to zero. The facility contact indicated that the currently used feed
material does not contain these chemicals.
The overall industrial use of mercury in the United States fell 75 percent between 1988 and
1996 (EPA, 1997) as a result of a reduction of mercury content in products such as batteries and
fluorescent lamps and the elimination of mercury in products such as paints and pesticides. The Alkalies
and Chlorine sector (Standard Industrial Clarification (SIC) code 2812) reduced its use and emissions
of mercury by 88.6 percent between 1991 and 1998, by switching from older (mercury-cell)
technologies to newer (membrane-cell) technologies that are mercury free. Environmental
considerations related to mercury releases, and the energy efficiency of membrane-cell technology led
to the switch from mercury cells and to the subsequent reduction in their use (EPA, 1997). To put this
in perspective, 14 facilities (in SIC code 2812) in the United States used the mercury-cell process in
1996, whereas 25 facilities used the mercury-cell process in the early 1970s (EPA, 1997).
Chemicals Generated in Largest Amounts:
The top 5 individual waste minimization priority chemicals generated in 1998 were lead,
napthalene, hexachloroethane, hexachloro-l,3-butadiene, and cadmium, which together made up 95
percent of the waste minimization priority chemical quantity. Lead and naphthalene alone made up
nearly 80 percent of the total waste minimization priority chemical quantities in 1998.
Lead was the by far the largest contributor to national waste minimization priority chemical
quantities in 1991 and 1998. In 1991, nearly 80 million pounds of lead made up 52 percent of the total
quantities. In 1998, almost 52 million pounds of lead made up 61 percent of total quantities. While
lead quantities still made up a large percentage of the total waste minimization priority chemical
quantities in 1998, the amount generated decreased by almost 28 million pounds (35%) between 1991
and 1998.
The top 5 industry sectors in 1998 each generated more than 6.6 million pounds of waste
minimization priority chemicals. These sectors included
1 -1 Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metals, Except Copper and Aluminum
(SIC code 3339)
1 -2 Alkalies and Chlorine (SIC code 2812)
1 -3 Secondary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metals (SIC code 3341)
1 -4 Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills (SIC code 3312)
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Executive Summary
1 -5 Primary Smelting and Refining of Copper (SIC code 3331)
The top sector, Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metals, Except Copper and
Aluminum (SIC code 3339) generated more than 12.6 million pounds of waste minimization priority
chemicals in 1998. Together, the top 5 sectors in 1998 were responsible for more than 49 million
pounds of waste minimization priority chemicals, or nearly 60 percent of the total.
Industry sectors exhibiting the largest absolute decreases (more than 5,000,000 pounds) in
waste minimization priority chemical quantities between 1991 and 1998 included
1 -6 Carbon Black (SIC code 2895)
1-7 Industrial Inorganic Chemicals, NEC (SIC code 2819)
1 -8 Storage Batteries (SIC code 3691)
1 -9 Alkalies and Chlorine (SIC code 2812)
In 1998, the Carbon Black sector did not report to TR1. However, in 1991, the sector was the
largest contributor to 1991 totals, at 27.5 million pounds. The fact that the Carbon Black sector did
not report in 1998 has a profound impact on waste minimization priority chemical quantity trends. The
overall decline in waste minimization priority chemical quantities between 1991 and 1998 was
approximately 67.4 million pounds. While other industry sectors also reduced their waste minimization
priority chemical quantities between 1991 and 1998, the Carbon Black sector showed the most
dramatic reduction from 27.5 million pounds in 1991 to no quantities reported in 1998.
In summary, our analysis shows that between 1991 and 1998, the U.S. has achieved substantial
reductions in generation of waste minimization priority chemicals in RCRA wastes. There are
indications that waste minimization programs have played an important role in this decline. EPA is
currently considering a number of tools to support and encourage future progress.
xiv
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Section i.O
Introduction
1.0 Introduction
Congress established the national policy for the United States that wherever feasible, the
generation of hazardous waste is to be reduced or eliminated as expeditiously as possible (RCRA
Section 1003(b)). The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 further stressed the importance of
reducing pollution at its source. In 1993, Congress passed the Government Performance and
Results Act (GPRA; U.S. Congress, 1993) requiring federal agencies to define their goals and
objectives and to track progress towards them. In order to comply with GPRA requirements,
EPA identified a variety of performance goals related to its major environmental programs. One
of the goals EPA set for its Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) waste
minimization program is to reduce, as a nation, the presence of certain chemicals in hazardous
wastes by 50 percent by the year 2005, compared to amounts generated in 1991. In discussion
with numerous stakeholders, EPA heard that waste minimization progress may be encouraged by
focusing on a priority list of chemicals, and measuring results over time.
EPA has identified 30 chemicals that we suggest be used as indicators to help focus
activities, and measure our progress in reducing hazardous waste generation. These chemicals
are toxic, and are commonly found in hazardous waste. While we encourage all generators to
reduce their hazardous waste, EPA believes that these chemicals, which we refer to as waste
minimization priority chemicals (WMPC), should be the first priority.
This national goal to reduce waste minimization priority chemicals is to be achieved not
by simply moving or transferring the chemicals from the waste stream into other environmental
media (e.g., air or soil), but by reducing the use of these chemicals at the source whenever
possible. When reduction at the source is not possible, environmentally sound recycling
practices should be used to achieve the goal.
This report evaluates the progress made in achieving the national goal of a 50 percent
reduction in waste minimization priority chemicals since 1991 and will help EPA set priorities
for reduction of chemicals. Although EPA considers 30 chemicals as priorities for waste
minimization, only 17 of these have been tracked in EPA's TR1 since 1991, and thus only those
17 are included in this report. (Another 3 waste minimization priority chemicals are tracked in
TR1 since 1995 (phenanthrene, pendimethalin, and the TR1 PAC category), and they are
evaluated in Appendix D). The TR1 is a national database that identifies facilities, chemicals
manufactured and used at the identified facilities, and the annual amounts of these chemicals
released (in routine operations and in accidents and other one-time events) and otherwise
managed on- and offsite in waste (EPA, 2001a). The TR1 data are used in this report to identify
how much chemical quantities have increased or decreased over time, where the chemicals are
being generated, and what industry sectors are producing these chemicals. The waste
minimization priority chemicals selected for evaluation are listed in Table 1-1, organized by
1-1
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Section i.O
Introduction
Table 1-1. Waste Minimization Priority Chemicals Covered in This Report
Chemical Groups
Active pesticides
Chemicals
Heptachlor
Hexachlorocyclohexane, gamma-
Methoxychlor
Pentachloronitrobenzene
Pentachlorophenol
Trifluralin
Chlorinated aliphatics
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachloroethane
Chlorobenzenes
Hexachlorobenzene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Anthracene
Naphthalene
Individual chemicals
Cadmium
Dibenzofuran
Lead
Mercury
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
chemical groups based on their similar nature or similar production processes. Appendix A
contains fact sheets of health information for each of these waste minimization priority
chemicals.
Section 2 of this report discusses factors that may influence trends, including waste
minimization, changes in economic activity, changes in reporting methodologies, and process
changes. It also defines waste minimization, lists potential costs savings from waste
minimization, and provides examples. Section 3 describes the TRI in more detail, including
which chemicals and industry sectors are covered, and explains how TRI data are used in this
report. Section 4 examines waste minimization priority chemicals as a group and individually,
by industrial sectors and by states. This report provides both the current (as of 1998) release and
management status of the chemicals and the changes in release and management patterns of the
chemicals since 1991, the baseline year for waste minimization priority chemicals. Section 5
presents conclusions, and Appendixes A through E provide additional supporting information.
1-2
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Section 2.0
Waste Minimization and Other Factors Influencing Trends
2.0 Waste Minimization and Other Factors
Influencing Trends
2.1 Waste Minimization and Potential Cost Savings
2.1.1 What Is Waste Minimization?
Waste minimization is the practice of reducing or eliminating hazardous waste. Waste
minimization emphasizes source reduction, that is, reducing waste at the source, before it is even
generated. When source reduction is not an option or is not practical or feasible, then waste
minimization encourages environmentally sound recycling. All businesses that generate
hazardous waste can, and should, practice waste minimization. EPA's Office of Solid Waste
(OSW) is focusing its waste minimization efforts primarily on 30 key chemicals, identified in
Table ES-1.
Practicing waste minimization encourages businesses to examine their operating practices
to identify ways to reduce or eliminate the use of hazardous substances and the generation and
release of hazardous substances that enter the waste stream. For example, a business can
examine the types of chemicals that are being used in a specific process and use less toxic and
hazardous chemicals. This is called material substitution. A business can modify a process used
to make a specific product in order to decrease the amount and toxicity of a hazardous chemical
used. This is called process modification. A number of other techniques can be used as well.
Practicing waste minimization benefits the general public and the environment and also
makes good economic and business sense. Waste minimization can reduce the generation and
quantity of waste produced and can reduce the presence of hazardous and toxic chemicals in
waste. Reducing the quantity and toxicity of the waste can lower the health risk associated with
the public's exposure to these chemicals, the workplace exposure, and the risks to wildlife and
the environment. Waste minimization has the added benefit of creating cost savings for
businesses.
2.1.2 Costs and Savings Incurred by Businesses
The use of hazardous substances and the generation of waste comes at a high cost to
businesses. Businesses that generate hazardous waste are subject to and must comply with
federal and state laws that regulate the management of hazardous waste. EPA has written
regulations that specify monitoring, reporting, recordkeeping, and testing requirements for
businesses that meet certain requirements. Many businesses have discovered that practicing
waste minimization has a number of advantages, not only in terms of protecting human health
2-1
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Section 2.0
Waste Minimization and Other Factors Influencing Trends
and the environment, but also in terms of reducing the cost associated with managing waste. The
text that follows describes some of the costs associated with generating and managing hazardous
waste, as well as how these costs can be eliminated or reduced by practicing waste minimization.
2.1.3 Management Costs and Savings
2.1.3.1 Reporting and Monitoring Requirements. 40 Code of Federal Regulations
(CFR) Part 262.41 requires businesses that generate and release hazardous wastes above certain
levels to report the amount of waste generated or released to state and federal environmental
regulatory agencies using the Biennial Reporting System (BRS) (EPA, 2000d). Some businesses
may also be required to prepare a TR1 report. The preparation of these reports requires staff time
and incurs costs that must be factored into the cost of doing business. Businesses also may be
subject to hazardous waste monitoring requirements (EPA, 2000e).
Practicing waste minimization can reduce the volume of hazardous substances and
consequently reduce or eliminate reporting requirements. For example, some businesses that are
currently classified as large-quantity generators (LQGs) of hazardous waste can reduce or
eliminate the quantity of hazardous waste so significantly that they can be reclassified to another
hazardous waste generator status, such as a conditionally exempt, small-quantity generator
(CESQG). The CESQG is not required to file a BRS report. In this example, practicing waste
minimization can eliminate the costs associated with preparing BRS and TR1 reports. The
preparation of BRS and TR1 reports, the purchase of monitoring equipment, the collection of
samples, and the implementation of monitoring procedures require staff and resources.
Eliminating the use of a hazardous substance in the development of a product could eliminate the
need to comply with these reporting and monitoring requirements and could result in significant
cost savings.
2.1.3.2 Recordkeeping Requirements. Businesses that manage hazardous waste must
comply with certain recordkeeping requirements (EPA, 2000c). Managing hazardous waste
requires the use of a hazardous waste manifest (which is a form that tracks the shipment,
accumulation, and storage of waste from its generation to its ultimate disposal). These records
must be maintained for at least 3 years. In addition, any test results and waste analyses
performed on the waste must be maintained as well. Eliminating the generation of hazardous
waste will decrease the time needed to prepare and maintain these records.
Some businesses that use hazardous substances and generate or release hazardous wastes
are required to develop environmental management plans, chemical hygiene plans, or waste
minimization plans. Minimizing waste may also reduce recordkeeping requirements for some
businesses.
2.1.3.3 Health and Safety Requirements. The Office of Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA) has certain worker safety requirements in place for businesses
whose employees are exposed to hazardous substances and wastes. Some requirements include
hazardous waste training and OSHA training. Reducing or eliminating the amount of hazardous
pollutants entering a waste stream can reduce the need for this specialized OSHA training. In
addition, depending on the level of exposure and the type of hazardous chemicals used and waste
2-2
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Section 2.0
Waste Minimization and Other Factors Influencing Trends
generated, routine medical examinations may be required. Practicing waste minimization can
help eliminate the use of hazardous substances. Using less toxic substances or eliminating their
use altogether can reduce the costs associated with personal safety training and the purchase of
personal protective equipment.
2.1.4 Transportation Costs and Savings
The transport and shipment of hazardous waste off site is an additional cost that
businesses incur. Businesses that generate hazardous waste must contract with a licensed
hazardous waste transporter to pick up and transport their waste to a licensed facility that is
capable of treating and disposing of the waste according to regulatory requirements.
Transporting waste off site can be costly depending on the volume of waste and the liability
associated with any hazardous waste spills. Eliminating or reducing the generation of hazardous
waste will reduce the costs associated with its transport.
2.1.5 Disposal Costs and Savings
Generators of hazardous waste must comply with federal and state regulations and
requirements for disposing of hazardous waste. These include establishing collection points to
accumulate and store waste, purchasing the appropriate containers for storing the waste, ensuring
proper training for management of waste and proper labeling of waste. Costs are also incurred
for contracting with a licensed waste disposal company. Although some vary, most charges are
based on the volume of waste generated. Practicing waste minimization and reducing the volume
of waste can reduce these associated disposal costs for the removal of waste.
2.1.6 Savings from Reuse
The reuse of hazardous and nonhazardous materials is a waste minimization technique
that involves reusing a material more than once until it is no longer useful. The material can be
reused for the same purpose or process or for a different purpose or process. Reusing a material
can generate cost savings by extending the lifetime of the material, increasing the frequency of
use, and reducing the need to purchase a replacement material as quickly.
2.1.7 Savings from Waste Exchanges
In a number of cases, businesses can use the wastes from other industrial processes or
sectors as raw material within their manufacturing processes. These opportunities often can be
identified via the use of a waste exchange. A waste exchange is a program or service that is
provided to companies interested in exchanging waste that is no longer beneficial to the
generator of the waste but is beneficial to another party. A waste exchange can promote cost
savings by encouraging beneficial use of materials that would otherwise require disposal as
waste.
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Section 2.0
Waste Minimization and Other Factors Influencing Trends
2.2 Examples of Cost Savings from Waste Minimization
There are numerous examples of businesses that have successfully practiced waste
minimization, resulting in significant cost savings. Examples of companies practicing waste
minimization, which are also Pollution Prevention Cup Winners, are presented below. As you
read each example, keep in mind that they illustrate cost savings from implementing waste
minimization/pollution prevention for hazardous and nonhazardous waste. In the example
presented in Section 2.2.2 , the cost savings from implementing waste minimization were not
available. However, the example was included to demonstrate how collaborative efforts to
implement waste minimization and pollution prevention resulted in reductions in the use and
generation of hazardous materials.
2.2.1 Morton's Powder Company
Morton's Powder Company, located in Reading, Pennsylvania, makes plastic coating
powders. Morton's powder coating is applied to metals, wood products, and some high-
temperature-resistant plastics. One of the ingredients used to produce the desired pigment or
color for selected products is cadmium. Recently, Morton's made a management decision and
established a goal to eliminate the use of cadmium pigments from its coatings formulations.
Morton's accomplished this goal by identifying nonhazardous organic materials and cadmium-
free pigments. As a result of substituting a nonhazardous substance for cadmium, Morton's
successfully reduced the number of cadmium powder products from 340,000 pounds per year to
3,793 pounds per year. This product substitution resulted in the following benefits:
¦ Reclassified Morton's from an LQG to a CESQG requiring less stringent
recordkeeping and reporting requirements
¦ Reduced worker exposure to cadmium
¦ Eliminated costs associated with purchasing personal protective equipment (e.g.,
respirators, gloves, and protective sleeves)
¦ Reduced disposal costs from $8,429 per year to $0
¦ Reduced staff time required to manage hazardous waste
¦ Eliminated environmental liability by eliminating transportation of hazardous
waste off site
¦ Resulted in a total cost savings of $50,520 over a 7-year period.
2.2.2 Pulp and Paper Pollution Prevention Program (P5)
In 1996, the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), in partnership with
the Michigan Pulp & Paper Environmental Council (MPPEC), developed a voluntary pollution
prevention program for businesses in the pulp and paper industry. The purpose of the program is
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Section 2.0
Waste Minimization and Other Factors Influencing Trends
to allow participating mills to reduce the release and generation of targeted chemical substances.
To date, a total of 13 paper mills are participating. As part of the program, the participating mills
helped to identify 28 substances that could be used to replace 60 harmful chemicals. In addition
to identifying opportunities to reduce specific chemicals, such as nonylphenol ethoxylate,
mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and chlorine, the program addresses environmental
management systems, water usage, solid waste, hazardous waste generation, air emissions, and
energy usage. The results of this program are presented in Table 2-1.
2.2.3 American Video Glass Company
American Video Glass Company (AV) makes glass funnels and panels used for color TV
picture tubes. One of the ingredients used in making glass is lead. The lead is designed to
absorb X-rays generated from the operation of the TV so that the consumer will not be exposed
to these harmful rays. However, lead is a priority chemical for waste minimization. AV decided
to incorporate pollution prevention techniques in designing and building a new facility in Mt.
Pleasant, Pennsylvania. As part of this design, AV substituted zirconium for lead used in the
panel glass (the front of the television picture tube). AV estimated that using zirconium would
reduce the amount of lead waste released to the environment by 2,135 tons per year. The
material substitution reduced lead use by 1,800 tons per year. In addition, AV installed a
recycling system that allows the company to reuse about 210 tons of electrostatic precipitator
dust that is collected from the funnel tanks. This recycling system has lead to a net savings of
$246,000 per year in costs associated with the purchase of lead.
2.3 Factors Influencing Trends
A number of factors, including implementation of waste minimization, TRI reporting
changes, and changes in the number of facilities reporting waste minimization priority chemical
quantities, can affect whether waste minimization priority chemical quantities appear to increase
or decrease over time. This section discusses some of these factors in more detail.
In addition to changes in TRI reporting over time, several economic and institutional
factors can affect trends. Economic factors include industry consolidation, economic downturns,
major bankruptcies, dropping a product line, or closing a plant. In industrial operations, new
technologies can change chemical usage and generation. New chemical syntheses could fuel the
demand or by-product generation of waste minimization priority chemicals. EPA initiatives to
reduce certain chemicals could also affect the type and quantity of chemical releases.
Outsourcing, which involves selling part of a facility or locating operations overseas, could also
affect trends in waste minimization priority chemicals.
A study by Murray and Lindrooth (1996) quantified estimates of the annual change in
TRI quantities that could be attributed to specific technical, economic, and policy factors. The
study looked at how changes in TRI quantities from 1992 to 1993 could be explained. Murray
and Lindrooth evaluated three approaches—a case study, a survey, and a statistical analysis—and
used the statistical analysis to determine how changes in production or source reduction activity
as reported in TRI could affect changes in TRI quantities. They also explored whether a
chemical was listed as a 33/50 Program chemical, an ozone-depleting substance, or a carcinogen.
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Section 2.0
Waste Minimization and Other Factors Influencing Trends
Table 2-1. Reduction Goals and Actual Reductions at Paper Mills
Target Area
Reduction Goals
(tons/year)
Actual Reductions
(tons/year11)
Air Emissions
Methanol
Volatile organic compounds
Wastewater
Water use
Solids (Total Suspended Solids) loading
Hazardous Materials
Chlorine use
Zinc in sludge
PCB transformers
Solid waste landfilled
Sludge, beneficial use
Use/recycle mill refuse
13
12
105 million gal/yr
1075
6
0.5
3 units
8,500
1,000
43.5
155
160 million gal/yr
4469
-> -> c
J) J) . J
1
12 units
24,282
3,328
'' Except where noted otherwise.
The study report addressed industry structure, regulatory policy, and demographic data, and
findings revealed that change in production activity was the single largest factor explaining the
gross change in waste. Source reduction activities had a significant effect on waste generation.
This trends report briefly investigates a few factors that can affect TRI waste
minimization priority chemical quantities, including waste minimization, changes in economic
activity, changes in facility reporting procedures, and process issues at the facility.
2.3.1 Waste Minimization
Waste minimization is a possible cause of shifts in trends in waste minimization priority
chemical quantities over time. The following paragraphs describe how an individual facility and
an industry sector have reduced waste minimization priority chemical quantities through waste
minimization.
A single facility in Ohio was responsible for a large reduction in waste minimization
priority chemical quantity for the Carbon Black sector. Between 1991 and 1998, this facility
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Section 2.0
Waste Minimization and Other Factors Influencing Trends
reduced its onsite treatment quantities of naphthalene, anthracene, and dibenzofuran by
approximately 27 million pounds, by eliminating the use of creosote in the production process.
The facility eliminated the use of creosote because of environmental concerns, and as a result, its
onsite treatment quantities of waste minimization priority chemicals were reduced to zero. The
facility contact indicated that the currently used feed material does not contain these chemicals.
The overall industrial use of mercury in the United States fell 75 percent between 1988
and 1996 (EPA, 1997) as a result of a reduction of mercury content in products such as batteries
and fluorescent lamps and the elimination of mercury in products such as paints and pesticides.
The Alkalies and Chlorine sector (SIC Code 2812) reduced its use and emissions of mercury by
88.6 percent between 1991 and 1998, by switching from older (mercury-cell) technologies to
newer (membrane-cell) technologies that are mercury free. Environmental considerations related
to mercury releases, and the energy efficiency of membrane-cell technology led to the switch
from mercury cells and to the subsequent reduction in their use (EPA, 1997). To put this in
perspective, 14 facilities (in SIC Code 2812) in the United States used the mercury-cell process
in 1996, whereas 25 facilities used the mercury-cell process in the early 1970s (EPA, 1997).
2.3.2 Changes Due to Economic Activity
While changes in economic activity at individual facilities may affect waste minimization
priority chemical quantities, it is difficult to determine if economic activity at the industry level
influences the observed trends in waste minimization priority chemical quantities. It is even
more difficult to see a relationship between national waste minimization priority chemical
quantity totals and the performance of the national economy as measured by the U.S. gross
domestic product (GDP). First, industry-specific factors, such as chemical information, waste
management procedures, and reporting procedures, are not reflected in the aggregate waste
minimization priority chemical quantities. In addition, national GDP data are based on a broader
set of industrial sectors and facilities than those captured in calculations of waste minimization
priority chemical quantities. Furthermore, the national GDP data do not indicate the size of the
industry sectors and how they may contribute to economic trends.
Figure 2-1 illustrates GDP trends (reflected by the GDP) and waste minimization priority
chemical quantity trends from 1991 to 1998. While GDP shows an upward trend, waste
minimization priority chemical quantities show a downward trend. This seems to suggest that
the decline in waste minimization priority chemial quantities can probably not be attributed to a
decline in production brought about by a falling economy between 1991 and 1998.
While national trends in economic activity do not explain the 44 percent decrease in
waste minimization priority chemical quantities between 1991 and 1998, waste minimization
priority chemical quantities may increase or decrease at individual facilities because of changes
in the economy. For example, a steel facility in Arkansas that did not report naphthalene
quantities in 1996 reported approximately 126,000 pounds in 1997 and approximately 407,000
pounds in 1998. It was determined that this facility began producing a new product in 1997 that
required the use of naphthalene. Changes in economic activity at the facility, including the
change in the product mix and the initial startup required to produce the product, explains the
naphthalene increases in 1997 and 1998.
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Section 2.0
Waste Minimization and Other Factors Influencing t rends
9.000
8.500
8.000
7.500
o
o
o /.000
Q.
o
o
6.500
6.000
5.500
5.000
r 160
150
- 140
130 -q
¦¦ 120 =
110 •¦=
100
1991
1992
1993
1994 1995
Year
1996
1997
1998
Note: 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI
in 1998.
Figure 2-1. Comparison of U.S. GDP and waste minimizatin priority chemical quantities.
2.3.3 Changes in Reporting Procedures
Some apparent changes in waste minimization priority chemical quantities over time are
actually due to changes in reporting methods at specific facilities. For example, an aluminum
facility in Maryland reported zero quantities of the TRI PAC category in 1995 and 1996, 19,225
pounds in 1997, and 2,507,000 pounds in 1998. It was determined that the difference in TRI
PAC quantities was not due to a drastic increase of waste minimization priority chemical
quantities, but simply due to a change in facility ownership and a subsequent change in the way
the facility reported TRI PAC quantities. Manufacturers report in different ways and make
adjustments in the way they report from year to year.
Another reporting change that was shown to have an impact on trends is the ability for
facilities to change the SIC codes they report. A facility in Louisiana changed its SIC code from
28001 to 2869 (Industrial Organic Chemicals, Not Elsewhere Classified (NEC)) in 1993, but
continued to report the same chemicals (hexachloroethane, hexachloro-l,3-butadiene, and
1 Note the SIC code 2800 docs not exist, but chemical quantities were reported to it in TRI.
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Section 2.0
Waste Minimization and Other Factors Influencing Trends
hexachlorobenzene). This reporting change made it appear that SIC code 2800 had large
reductions when, in fact, the chemicals were simply being reported to another SIC code.
Facilities are responsible for properly assigning their own SIC code using the 1987 SIC
system. A facility that changes a SIC code from one that is not covered by TRI to one that is
covered must back-report for the years that waste was generated under the incorrect code (EPA,
1998). No federal guidance is available for a facility that changes from one covered SIC code to
another. In this scenario, the appropriate EPA Regional Office should be contacted for
compliance information.
2.3.4 Process Changes
While many waste minimization priority chemical quantity changes can be explained by
reporting issues, some are due to process issues at facilities. For example, two facilities in
Florida started using a new coating technology. Although this new technology resulted in an
increase of naphalene reported to TRI, both facilities chose the new coating material because they
felt that it was safer for their workers and the environment.
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Section 3.0
Toxics Release Inventory
3.0 Toxics Release Inventory
The TRI database, a publicly accepted and widely used source of data on toxic chemicals,
was selected as the source for data used in this report. The TRI is one of several primary sources
of data on toxic chemicals that EPA considered using to track progress toward their waste
reduction goal. Another primary source, the BRS, collects information on hazardous or RCRA
wastes, but does not contain specific information on the quantity of individual chemicals and,
thus, is less useful than the TRI in evaluating chemical-specific generation trends.1 After
reviewing the various national-level data sources available to EPA, TRI appeared to be the most
applicable data source given its chemical-specific focus.
This chapter describes the scope and coverage of TRI data and how these data were used
to determine quantities of waste minimization priority chemicals for use in this trends report.
3.1 Background
The TRI is a national database that identifies facilities, chemicals manufactured and used
at the identified facilities, and the annual amounts of these chemicals released (in routine
operations, accidents, and other one-time events) and otherwise managed on- and offsite in waste
(EPA, 2001a). The TRI was established in 1986 by Title 111 of the Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act (SARA), also referred to as Section 3 13 of the Emergency Planning and
Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA). In 1990, Congress passed the Pollution Prevention
Act, which expanded the TRI to include additional information on toxic chemicals in waste.
Beginning in 1991, covered facilities were required to report quantities of TRI chemicals
recycled, combusted for energy recovery, and treated on- and offsite. These waste management
data have strengthened the TRI as a tool for providing information on facilities' handling of TRI
chemicals and for analyzing progress in reducing releases (EPA, 2001a).
Facilities must report to the TRI under SARA if they meet the following three criteria:
¦ Have 10 or more full-time employees (20,000 hours equivalent)
1 In addition, studies conducted in the early 1990s to determine whether TRI quantities were representative
of RCRA waste (see Bhatnagarand Murray. 1997. for a review of these studies) concluded that the TRI covers a
large portion of the RCRA waste generated. For example, a study by INFORM (1995) found that more than 93
percent of RCRA wastes were generated at facilities also covered under TRI.
3-1
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Section 3.0
Toxics Release Inventory
¦ Either manufacture or process more than 25,000 pounds per year—or otherwise
use more than 10,000 pounds per year—of any listed chemical2 during the
calendar year (the reporting threshold)
¦ Fall within specific SIC codes.
EPA has added and removed chemicals from the TRI list since the inception of the
program. It began with more than 300 chemicals in 1987 and expanded to include more than 600
in 1995. In 1999, several more chemicals were added.
Until 1994, TRI reporting was limited to facilities in SIC codes 20 through 39. A further
expansion of the TRI reporting sectors occurred in 1998 when the following sectors were added:
¦ Metal mining (SIC code 10 [except 1011, 1081, and 1094])
¦ Coal mining (SIC code 12 [except 1241])
¦ Electric utilities (SIC codes 4911, 493 1, and 4939 [limited to facilities that
combust coal and/or oil for the purpose of generating electricity for distribution in
commerce])
¦ Chemical and allied products—wholesale (SIC code 5169)
¦ Petroleum bulk terminals and plants (also known as stations) (SIC code 5171)
¦ Commercial hazardous waste treatment (SIC code 4953 [limited to facilities
regulated under RCRA Subtitle C, 42 U.S.C. Section 6921 et seq.])
¦ Solvent recovery system (SIC code 7389 [limited to facilities primarily engaged in
solvents recovery services on a contract or fee basis]).
Facilities from these sectors are not included in this report but will likely be included in future
trends reports.
Reporting facilities submit a separate form (Form R)3 for each chemical used, processed,
or manufactured in excess of the reporting threshold. Each year, facilities report to the TRI the
amounts of listed chemicals released onsite to air, water, and land and injected underground
(Section 5 of TRI Reporting Form R) and the amounts of chemicals transferred off site for
2 EPA lowered thresholds for 13 chemicals under the October 29. 1999. PBT rule. In addition. EPA added
7 chemicals and 2 chemical compound categories to the list of toxic chemicals (EPA. 1999). On January 17. 2001.
EPA issued a final rule that lowered the EPCRA Section 313 reporting thresholds for lead and lead compounds to
100 pounds (EPA. 2001c).
3 Beginning in 1995. TRI respondents with less thin 500 pounds of reportable quantity and subject to other
threshold criteria, can file a Form A. certifying that a TRI chemical is generated at that facility, but they arc not
required to provide detailed data, such as the quantity of TRI chemicals generated in waste.
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Section 3.0
Toxics Release Inventory
recycling, energy recovery, treatment, and disposal (Section 6 of Form R). They also report
production-related waste management information on quantities recycled, combusted for energy
recovery, treated, or released (including disposed of), both on- and offsite, and catastrophic or
other one-time releases (Section 8 of Form R). To some extent, data in Sections 5, 6, and 7 of
Form R and those in Section 8 represent a different view of similar information (EPA, 2001a).
Data for each calendar year are published approximately 15 to 18 months following the
end of the reporting year. (For example, data for 1998 were published in April 2000.) TR1 data
are reported annually, and the data are reviewed and updated to reflect corrections to reported
data. This trends report uses the data from 1991, the baseline year from which the national goal
is measured, to 1998.
3.2 How TRI Data Were Used in This Report
TRl data used in this report were extracted on
April 16, 2000, and correspond to the data in the 1998
Public Data Release. Not all data in the TRl are
needed for this trends evaluation. The process to
identify and extract the necessary data followed a
methodology set up by EPA, in which EPA worked
with a Technical Advisory Group (TAG) to determine
how TRl data would be used to evaluate trends. This
section gives a brief description of the method. The
method involves three main steps, which are depicted
in Figure 3-1 and described in this section.
3.2.1 Identify Waste Minimization Priority
Chemicals Reportable to TRI
To identify which of the waste minimization
priority chemicals were reportable to TRl, the
Chemical Abstract System (CAS) numbers of waste
minimization priority chemicals were compared to the
list of TRl chemicals. Of the 30 waste minimization
priority chemicals, only 17 were reported to TRl since
1991. Figure 3-2 shows the chemicals evaluated in
this report. In addition, 3 other waste minimization
priority chemicals were reported to TRl since 1995
and are analyzed in Appendix D. Figure 3-1. Three steps used to select
waste minimization priority chemical
3.2.2 Identify Relevant Facilities quantities.
Since the GPRA goal applies to hazardous wastes, this trends report focuses on TRl data
related to hazardous wastes. Not all facilities that report to TRl are generators of hazardous
wastes. However, facilities that generate hazardous wastes must obtain a RCRA identification
All TRI data
Identify waste minimization
priority chemicals
Identify relevant facilities
Identify relevant waste forms
Waste minimization priority
chemical quantities
-------
Toxics Release Inventory
number, referred to as the EPA identification (EPA ID)
number when reported to the TRI. Therefore, the
assumption was made that facilities using an EPA ID
are likely to generate chemicals potentially associated
with RCRA hazardous wastes and, thus, the search
could be limited to those TRI records with an EPA ID
number. This assumption has limitations because not
all facilities that have an EPA ID report to TRI. In
addition, the possibility exists that some facilities may
continue to report their EPA ID number when they stop
generating RCRA wastes or when they drop below
RCRA thresholds. Because of this possibility, the
trends reported in this evaluation may overestimate
waste minimization chemical quantities found in
RCRA-relevant wastes in this analysis.
Another factor that may lead to an
overestimation of waste minimization priority chemical
quantities is that facilities reporting to TRI may report
their EPA ID number on Form Rs that are not related to
their RCRA hazardous waste streams. For instance,
suppose a facility has a RCRA permit and five different
streams of TRI-reportable chemicals, one of which is
subject to RCRA. The facility may show its EPA ID
number on the reporting form for each of these
different chemicals, not just on the form for the RCRA
waste stream. Each of these chemicals will then appear
in the analysis as quantities found in hazardous waste, which may lead to overestimating the
quantities of chemicals found in hazardous waste.
In addition, because TRI does not distinguish between chemical quantities coming from
hazardous and nonhazardous wastes, some portion of the waste minimization priority chemical
quantity may come from nonhazardous waste. Therefore, the quantities of chemicals found in
hazardous waste may be overestimated. However, whether the chemical quantities come from
nonhazardous or hazardous waste, it is still beneficial to analyze them, since they are waste
minimization priority chemicals.
3.2.3 Identify Relevant Waste Forms
TRI collects information on chemicals in wastes that are handled many different ways
(referred to as waste forms). Not all of these waste forms are hazardous waste (relevant to the
RCRA program); therefore, the third step in selecting data involved identifying those waste
forms considered potentially relevant to RCRA and potentially able to be reduced (i.e., through
source reduction and recycling) (Bhatnagar and Murray, 1997). Each TRI waste form was
analyzed in detail by the TAG, which included experts on TRI and RCRA information, to
determine whether to include the waste in the waste minimization priority chemical quantity. It
Section 3.0
Anthracene
Cadmium
Dibenzofuran
Heptachlor
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobutadiene
gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane
Hexachloroethane
Lead
Methoxychlor
Mercury
Naphthalene
Pentachloronitrobenzene
Pentachlorophenol
Trifluralin
1.2.4-Trichlorobenzene
2.4.5-Trichlorophenol
Figure 3-2. Waste minimization
priority chemicals reportable to TRI
since 1991.
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Section 3.0
Toxics Release Inventory
is important to note that data are reported on specific chemicals in the waste, not on the total
quantity of waste. Thus, when the word "waste" is used in the context of TR1 data, it actually
refers to chemicals in waste only.
Two criteria were used to determine whether to include a waste form in waste
minimization priority chemical quantities:
¦ Is the waste form relevant to the RCRA program? For example, waste forms
dealing with air and water releases are not considered relevant to the RCRA
program, while releases to land are considered relevant.
¦ Can the waste be minimized? Waste forms amenable to waste minimization
include those generated from routine production practices rather than those
generated as a result of a cleanup from past contamination. Waste forms
amenable to reduction also include wastes from spills since spill prevention is a
common and effective waste minimization practice. Waste forms not amenable to
reduction include those related to remedial actions, catastrophic events, or other
one-time events.
Table 3-1 lists the TR1 waste forms considered for inclusion in the waste minimization priority
chemical quantities and whether they were included in the waste minimization priority chemical
quantities.
EPA assumed that waste forms released to air and water are not RCRA-relevant.
However, within the excluded data elements (5.1, 5.2, and 5.3) are some emissions that may, in
fact, be regulated under RCRA. For example, some fugitive air emissions may be RCRA-
regulated if they occur during treatment of hazardous waste. Data elements 5.1 and 5.2 exclude
these RCRA-regulated releases and therefore may exclude relevant waste forms. However, the
RCRA-relevant quantities would be small and the data to determine them unavailable from the
TR1.
Excluding the data elements for water and air releases might not provide a complete
picture of the generation trend for certain chemicals. For example, there could be a chemical that
the RCRA program creates an incentive to reduce; however, that same chemical might not be
addressed by the other regulatory programs. In such a case, a facility could merely transfer the
chemical to another medium and achieve its RCRA reduction.
TR1 data elements 5.4.1 and 5.4.2 were not reported separately prior to 1997. Beginning
with analysis year 1997, facilities reported RCRA or hazardous quantities (5.4.1, Underground
Injection onsite to Class 1 wells) separately from non-RCRA or nonhazardous quantities (5.4.2,
Underground Injection to Class II-V wells). Prior to 1997, if the facility provided an
underground injection well code (U1C) in its identification section (TR1 data element 4.10), the
underground injection quantity reported in TR1 data element 5.4 was assumed to be RCRA-
relevant waste and was included in waste minimization priority chemical quantities. If no U1C
code was shown, then data from 5.4 were assumed not to be RCRA-relevant and were not
included in the analysis.
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Section 3.0
Toxics Release Inventory
Table 3-1. TRI Waste Forms Considered for Inclusion in
Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantity
Section from
TRI Form R
(1997)
Data Element Description
Included in Waste
Minimization Priority
Chemical Quantity11
5.1
Fugitive air
No
5.2
Point source air
No
5.3
Surface water discharge
No
5.4.1
Underground injection onsite to Class I wells
Yes
5.4.2
Underground injection onsite to Class II-V wells
No
5.5.1A
RCRA Subtitle C landfills
Yes
5.5. IB
Other landfills
No
5.5.2
Onsite land treatment
Yes
5.5.3
Onsite surface impoundment
Yes
5.5.4
Other onsite disposal
Yes
8.1
Total releases
Yes
8.2
Onsite energy recovery
Yes
8.3
Offsite energy recovery
Yes
8.4
Onsite recycle
No
8.5
Offsite recycle
No
8.6
Onsite treatment
Yes
8.7
Offsite treatment
Yes
8.8
Remedial actions, catastrophic events, or one-time events
No
¦' EPA determined whether to include or exclude each waste form based on input from the TAG.
Similarly, beginning with analysis year 1997, facilities reported RCRA or hazardous
quantities (5.5.1 A, RCRA Subtitle C landfills) separately from non-RCRA or nonhazardous
quantities (5.5.1B, Other landfills). Prior to 1997, landfill quantities were considered RCRA-
relevant if the facility had an EPA ID.
Onsite and offsite recycling quantities are not included in waste minimization priority
chemical quantities because OSW considers recycling a valid mechanism for minimizing waste.
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Section 3.0
Toxics Release Inventory
Onsite and offsite treatment quantities include releases to publicly owned treatment works
(POTWs). Although releases to POTWs would not be covered under the strict definition of
RCRA, they are included in waste minimization priority chemical quantities to promote waste
minimization for chemicals generated in the production process.
Figure 3-3 shows the TRI waste forms that were selected for inclusion in waste
minimization priority chemical quantities and how the waste forms are used to calculate the
waste minimization priority chemical quantities. Waste minimization priority chemical
quantities are the total of land disposal, energy recovery, and treatment quantities. In the waste
minimization priority chemical measurement methodology, fugitive air, point source air, surface
water discharge, underground injection onsite to Class II-V wells, and other landfill quantities are
subtracted from total releases to create land disposal quantities. Onsite and offsite energy
recovery are summed to create energy recovery quantities. Onsite and offsite treatment are
summed to create treatment quantities.
Selected TRI data elements
5 1 Fugitive air
5 2 Point source air
8 1 Total releases
8 2 Onsite energy recovery
8 6 Onsite treatment
5 3 Surface water discharge
5 4 2 Underground injection onsite to
Class ll-V wells
- 5 5 1B Other landfills
+
+
8 3 Offsite energy recovery
8 / Offsite treatment
Land disposal
quantities
+
Energy recovery
quantities
+
Treatment
quantities
CWaste minimization priority
chemical quantities J
Figure 3-3. TRI waste forms used to create waste minimization priority chemical
quantities.
3-7
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Section 3.0
Toxics Release Inventory
Note that specific TRI data elements from Section 5 are subtracted from the total releases
in Section 8.1. Section 8.1 does not distinguish between releases to air (5.1 and 5.2), water (5.3),
underground injection onsite to Class II-V wells (5.4.2), and non-RCRA landfills (5.5.1B), waste
forms which were determined by EPA to be irrelevant to the RCRA program or not amenable to
waste minimization. When the total air and water releases from Sections 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3 are
greater than Section 8.1, the waste minimization priority chemical quantity is set to zero rather
than showing a negative quantity. Negative quantities could result from reporting errors or
rounding.
3.2.4 Determining the Baseline
A baseline is a starting point from which to measure progress over time. Selecting an
appropriate baseline can be difficult because of changes in TRI reporting requirements over time.
For example, differences in TRI reporting requirements can affect year-to-year trends, making it
difficult to assess true changes in chemical generation over time. Table 3-2 illustrates many of
the TRI reporting changes that occurred between 1991 and 2000.
For the purposes of this report, 1991 was selected as the baseline year. As a result, only
the 17 waste minimization priority chemicals that were reported to TRI in 1991 are presented in
Section 4. The 1991 baseline year was selected because it corresponds to the baseline year for
OSW's waste minimization GPRA goals and therefore can easily be used to track progress
toward achieving that goal. There are 3 waste minimization priority chemicals that were reported
to TRI since 1995, which are analyzed in Appendix D of this report.
3.2.5 Measuring Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Trends
Waste minimization priority chemical quantities are used to evaluate progress made
toward the 50 percent reduction goal. While there are many different ways to calculate
percentage changes between two years, this report uses an absolute quantity change approach.
The absolute quantity change approach is simple to understand and use, and quantities are
directly connected to potential environmental effects. In addition, it is applicable at the national
level, as well as the industry sector, regional, and state levels.
The absolute quantity change approach evaluates the difference in reported quantities
between two time periods. For example, this report uses the following formula to calculate a
percentage change between two years:
M = (W, - Wb)/Wb x 100
where
W, = amount of reported waste generation in year /,
Wb = reported waste generation in the baseline year.
3-8
-------
Section 3.0
Toxics Release Inventory
Table 3-2. Changes in TRI Data Reporting Requirements, 1991-2000
Reporting
Year
1991
1994
1995
1996
1998
Type of
Change
Chemical
Reporting of Waste
Management Data
Chemical
Other
Chemical
Threshold
Other
Industry Sector
2000 Chemical
Threshold
Changes
New chemicals added (EPA. 2000a).
Covered facilities required to report quantities of TRI chemicals
recycled, combusted for energy recovery, and treated on and
offsite (EPA. 2000b).
New chemicals added; certain hydrochlorofluorocarbons added;
nonaerosol forms of sulfuric acid removed (EPA. 2000a).
Executive Order issued requiring federal facilities to report to TRI
(EPA. 2001b).
286 new chemicals and chemical categories added, nearly
doubling the TRI list; nonaerosol forms of hydrochloric acid
removed (EPA. 2000a).
Facilities with total annual reportable amount less than 500
pounds no longer required to report amounts of releases or w aste
management data (EPA. 2000a).
TRI began collecting data separately for types of underground
injection and foronsite land releases to RCRA Subtitle C landfills
(EPA. 2000a).
Seven new industry sectors added: metal mining, coal mining,
electric utilities that combust coal or oil. hazardous waste
treatment and disposal facilities, chemical wholesale distributors,
petroleum bulk stations and terminals, and solvent recovery
services (EPA. 2000b).
New PBT chemicals added (EPA. 2000b).
Reporting thresholds for facilities manufacturing, processing, or
using PBTs were lowered (EPA. 2000b).
For 1998 data for waste minimization priority chemicals with a 1991 baseline, the measure is
calculated as follows:
M=(WIWS -WIWI yWjyy, X 100
3.2.6 Quantities by Industry Sector
Reporting waste minimization priority chemical quantities by industry sector shows
which industries contribute to chemical generation. Types of industry sector analysis include the
3-9
-------
Section 3.0
Toxics Release Inventory
top industry sectors nationwide, the top sectors for each EPA Region, and the top industry sectors
by state.
A single facility may report up to six 4-digit SIC codes on the TRI Form R (Section 4.5(a)
to Section 4.5(f)). If the report covers more than one establishment, the primary 4-digit SIC code
for the entire facility is recorded first, and then the SIC code of each establishment is recorded.
The waste minimization priority chemical measurement method allocates all waste minimization
priority chemical quantities to the facility's primary SIC code only.
Unless a facility only reported its primary SIC code, the method allows for an
overestimation of waste minimization priority chemical quantities to the primary SIC code and
effectively assigns a zero quantity to all other SIC codes. The trends in chemical quantities
between years will not be affected by the use of the primary SIC code only, unless a facility
changed the SIC code it reported as the primary SIC code. There are cases when facilities change
their primary SIC code.
3.3 Quality Assurance Protocols
One question that arises when looking at trends is whether there are errors in the TRI
data. Errors in TRI data could lead to incorrect interpretation of trends; therefore, it is important
to ensure that the data are accurate. This section discusses the quality assurance (QA) efforts
made by the EPA branch that collects TRI data, as well as QA efforts completed by the authors
of this trends analysis.
Although TRI data are subject to QA checks and a small number of individual reports are
examined for potential errors, undetected reporting errors do occur. These errors may not be
noticeable in national-level analyses, but they can have a major effect when looking at state
levels or at chemical quantities with small numbers of TRI reporters.
The TRI Program takes several steps to ensure high-quality data.
¦ EPA provides extensive compliance assistance, including industry training
workshops, to both the manufacturing industry and the new industry sectors.
¦ EPA assesses the quality of the data through technical surveys and uses the results
to work with industry to improve the quality of the reported data.
¦ EPA's data entry process is virtually (99.9%) error free. A key component of this
process is double-key entry.
¦ EPA further double checks key data elements, such as facility identification, to
make sure they are entered properly.
¦ EPA automatically checks for 60 data errors that may be in the information sent in
by the facility.
3-10
-------
Section 3.0
Toxics Release Inventory
¦ After the data are entered, EPA sends each facility a Facility Data Profile that
provides a copy of the data for each chemical submitted by the facility. The
facility is requested to review this information for accuracy and contact EPA with
any changes/revisions.
¦ EPA sends each state a list of all facilities and all chemical forms submitted to
EPA. EPA follows up by phoning each state to ensure this information has been
received and reviewed. In addition, EPA provides each state a list of the top 100
facilities with the largest releases in the state. EPA requests each state to ensure
that the facilities and forms accurately reflect TRI reports submitted to the state.
¦ Prior to releasing the data, EPA generates tables of the largest quantities of
releases/production-related waste, and the largest increasers/decreasers in
releases/production-related waste to identify possible data quality errors. EPA
reviews individual sectors and calls facilities on these lists to ensure data quality
(approximately 500 facility calls annually). In addition, EPA regions review these
lists to identify any data quality issues at the regional level.
As part of trends analysis, additional QA protocols could be used to enhance protocols
followed by the TRI Program. Primary errors fall into three categories: reporting, consistency,
and trends. Reporting errors generally appear in quantities of chemicals reported by facilities in
certain sections of the TRI Form R or in certain management codes (e.g., metals reporting to
energy recovery). These types of issues may arise because the reporter misunderstood the
reporting instructions. Consistency errors generally involve inconsistencies in the data reported
in different sections of the Form R for a given chemical by a facility in a particular year (e.g.,
offsite treatment quantities reported in Section 8 that are not reflected in Section 6).
Trends errors deal with significant changes in the quantities reported within a given data
element across two reporting years (e.g., due to changes in quantity estimation methods, changes
in reporting personnel, or simple entry errors). Occasionally, reporting forms for the same
facility and chemical in consecutive years can show a sudden and dramatic change in reported
quantities in one or more TRI data elements. While these types of anomalies can be due to
legitimate and accurate reporting (e.g., the startup of a new process line), they can also indicate a
reporting error in one of the years. This could occur because the facility changes its approach to
reporting certain types of quantities or the facility employs a new interpretation regarding how it
should report its chemical management (e.g., changing treatment to recycled or deciding that a
chemical reported in one year as a recycled chemical might be classified instead as a product and,
therefore, not reported at all).
QA for this report focused on trends issues. The authors followed the following protocol:
Step 1. Conduct analysis of TRI data for trends report.
Step 2. Note trends with an increase or decrease of 1,000 percent or more or 1 million
pounds or more, and prioritize them for investigation.
3-11
-------
Section 3.0
Toxics Release Inventory
Step 3. Investigate priority increases and decreases by reviewing information about
industry sectors, waste minimization activities in the state, and other relevant
factors. In some cases, state government offices or individual facilities may
be contacted.
Step 4. If the investigation confirms the data reported, retain the data and document
the explanation for the increase or decrease in the trends report.
Step 5. If the investigation does not confirm or reject the data reported, retain the data
but discuss the potential influence of the questionable data in the trends report
presentation.
Step 6. If either the facility or the TRI branch identifies corrections to the data, make
the changes to the TRI data used for the trends analysis and document the
changes in the data set. Rerun the appropriate trends analysis using the
modified data, and make notations in the report to indicate the data changes.
For the documentation of QA findings, ask the facility to (1) confirm any data
problems or changes in writing, (2) submit changes to the TRI branch, (3) and
notify the EPA TRI branch of the data correction.
For this trends analysis report, those trends with an increase or decrease of 1,000 percent
or more or 1 million pounds or more were noted for waste minimization priority chemicals
reported since 1991. Trends that met both the percentage and quantity criteria were investigated,
as were a few additional trends with large percentage changes or large quantity changes. Large
increases and decreases for lead and cadmium were not investigated thoroughly for this report,
but may be included in future reports.
In the trends analysis for this report, about 10 increases and decreases between 1991 and
1998 were investigated. The majority of these increases and decreases did not result from
reporting errors, but from other changes, including (1) waste minimization; (2) facility process
issues, such as periodic maintenance or raw material substitutions; and (3) changes in facility
reporting methodologies (see Section 4 for more details).
3-12
-------
Section 4.0
Results
4.0 Results
4.1 National-Level Information
National waste minimization priority chemical quantities analyzed in this report declined by 44
percent between 1991 and 1998. A gradual decrease in quantities of waste minimization priority
chemicals was also observed in each of the years sampled between 1991 and 1998, except for a slight
increase between 1991 and 1993. Although little change occurred between 1991 and 1993, quantities
decreased by 28 percent between 1991 and 1995 and by 36 percent between 1991 and 1997. The
percent change in national waste minimization priority chemical quantities from 1991 to 1998 can be
used to measure progress toward EPA's GPRA goal of a 50 percent reduction by 2005. These trends
are illustrated in Figure 4-1. It is important to note that the 1998 waste minimization priority chemical
quantities in this document do not include quantities from industry sectors reporting to TRI for the first
time in 1998.
10% -
0% -
-10% -
a)
U)
n -20% -
£
o
c
0)
u
-40% -
-50% "
-60% -
Note: 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in
1998.
Figure 4-1. Percent change in waste minimization priority chemical quantities (1991-1998).
Years
1991 - 1
1991 - 1995
1991 - 1997
1991 - 1998
-WMPC Quantities
-2005 Goals
4-1
-------
Section 4.0
Results
Table 4-1 shows the quantities of waste minimization priority chemicals in 1991 and 1998. In
1991, more than 152 million pounds of waste minimization priority chemical quantities were generated,
but this value decreased to approximately 84.6 million pounds by 1998. (See Appendix B-l for the
quantities reported in additional years between 1991 and 1998).
Table 4-1. National Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities (1991-1998)
1991 WMPC Quantity
1998 WMPC Quantity'
(lb)
(lb)
% Change (1991-1998)
National
152.004.325
84.598.448
-44
¦' 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in 1 998.
Figure 4-2 shows the number of facilities generating certain quantities of waste minimization
priority chemicals. For instance, in 1998, more than half of the facilities that produced waste
minimization priority chemicals (1,330 of 2,101, or 63 percent) each generated 1,000 pounds or less of
these chemicals. In contrast, only 15 facilities produced more than 1 million pounds of waste
minimization priority chemicals in 1998. In other words, most facilities reporting waste minimization
priority chemicals do not report large quantities.
4-2
-------
Section 4.0
Results
Figure 4-3 shows the total waste minimization priority chemical quantities generated for each
facility quantity range. Facilities each producing 1,000 pounds or less were together responsible for less
than 0.2 percent (134,618 pounds of the nearly 84.6 million pounds) of waste minimization priority
chemicals generated. On the other hand, facilities generating 1 million to 10 million pounds accounted
for more than 50 percent of the total (43 million pounds). It is interesting to compare information from
Figures 4-2 and 4-3 to note the number of facilities and the total waste minimization priority chemical
quantities for specific quantity ranges.
1.500
1.200
= 900
600
300
1.330
0 to 1.000
1.000 to 10.000
10.000 to 100.000 100.000 to 1.000.000 1.000.000 to 10.000.000
Facility WMPC Quantity Range (Pounds in 1998)
Note: 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in
1998.
Figure 4-2. Number of facilities by quantity range of waste minimization priority chemicals
(1998).
4-3
-------
Section 4.0
Results
There are three types of "waste forms" or management methods that make up the quantities of
waste minimization priority chemicals being reported: energy recovery, treatment, and land disposal. In
effect, when a chemical is sent to one of these management methods, we consider the chemical
"generated" or produced. Our 50 percent reduction goal is aimed at reducing these generated amounts
by source reduction or recycling. As Table 4-2 shows, the trends on these three methods vary.
50.000.000
40.000.000
¦o
c
3
0
— 30 000 000
O)
01
c
«5
tr
o
£
£ 20.000.000
CO
3
O
to
o
»-
10.000.000
0
Facility WMPC Quantity Range (Pounds in 1998)
Note: 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in
1998.
Figure 4-3. Waste minimization priority chemical quantities for priority chemical by facility
quantity range (1998).
The energy recovery portion of waste minimization priority chemical quantities appear to have
remained fairly constant at around 11 million pounds (see Table 4-2). While 1991 and 1998 energy
recovery quantities are nearly the same (11.7 million pounds and 11.3 million pounds), energy recovery
made up almost 8 percent of waste minimization priority chemical quantities in 1991 and more than 13
percent in 1998.
While treatment quantities declined dramatically and energy recovery quantities remained fairly
constant, land disposal quantities actually increased between 1991 and 1998 (see
Table 4-2). In 1991, land disposal quantities, at more than 38 million pounds, made up 25 percent of
waste minimization priority chemical quantities. In 1998, land disposal quantities, at approximately 50.6
million pounds, made up about 60 percent of the total. While there appears to have been a gradual
43.006.186
0 to 1.000 1.000to10.000 10.000 to 100.000 100.000to1.000.000 1.000.000 to 10.000.000
4-4
-------
Section 4.0
Results
increase in disposal quantities between 1991 and 1998, 1995 shows the smallest amount of disposal
quantities at nearly 32 million pounds.
Table 4-2. Waste Management for Waste Minimization Priority Chemicals (1991-1998)
1991 Quantity
(lb)
1993 Quantity
(lb)
1995 Quantity
(lb)
1997
Quantity
(lb)
1998
Quantity
(lb)
Treatment
101.723.662
101.640.383
68.052.594
41.678.770
22.626.040
Energy
Recovery
11.686.232
9.710.881
9.282.232
1 1.694.596
11.336.384
Land Disposal
38.594.431
41.927.744
31.868.608
43.569.610
50.636.024
Treatment quantities decreased from over 100 million pounds in 1991 to less than 23 million
pounds in 1998. As noted above, a large portion of this decrease, 27 million pounds, is accounted for
by the Carbon Black sector ending the use of creosote in its process.
4.2 National-Level by Chemical Group
Table 4-3 breaks down the national waste minimization priority quantities by chemical group, as
well as by individual chemical. Five chemicals are analyzed individually—cadmium, dibenzofuran, lead,
mercury, and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol—while the others are grouped. Even though metals are referred to
as cadmium, lead, or mercury, the quantities are actually made up of the elemental metals and metal
compounds. For instance, cadmium quantities are made up of cadmium and cadmium compound
quantities.
Table 4-3 shows that the top 5 individual chemicals in 1998 were lead, napthalene,
hexachloroethane, hexachloro-l,3-butadiene, and cadmium, which together made up 95 percent of the
waste minimization priority chemical quantity. Lead and naphthalene alone made up nearly 80 percent
of the total waste minimization priority chemical quantities in 1998.
As reflected in Table 4-3, lead was the by far the largest contributor to national waste
minimization priority chemical quantities in 1991 and 1998. In 1991, nearly 80 million pounds of lead
made up 52 percent of the total quantities. In 1998, almost 52 million pounds of lead made up 61
percent of total quantities. While lead quantities decreased by almost 28 million pounds (35 percent)
between 1991 and 1998, they continued to make up a large percentage of the total waste minimization
priority chemical quantities in 1998 because of the large decreases of the other chemicals. (Subtracting
lead totals, all other chemicals in total decreased about 55 percent from 1991-1998).
4-5
-------
Table 4-3. National Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities for Individual Priority
Chemicals by Chemical Group (1991 and 1998)
Chemical
Group
CAS
Number
Chemical
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998
WMPC
Quantity"
(lb) '
% Change
(1991-1998
)
Cumulative
% of Group
(1998)
Lead
7439-92-1
and N420
Lead and lead compounds
79.409.404
51.665.692
-35
100
PAHs
91-20-3
Naphthalene
28.449.107
15.459.570
-46
96
120-12-7
Anthracene
10.822.069
669.116
-94
100
('h/orinaled A Uphatics
67-72-1
Hcxachlorocthanc
5.274.360
5.160.237
-2
54
87-68-3
Hcxachloro-1.3-butadicnc
11.490.810
4.467.024
-61
100
('admium
7440.43.9
and N078
Cadmium and cadmium
compounds
2.580.163
3.505.061
36
100
('hiorobenzenes
118-74-1
Hcxachlorobcn/cnc
5.196.864
1.726.410
-67
67
120-82-1
1.2.4-T richlorobcnzcnc
3.203.217
843.905
-74
100
(continued)
-------
Table 4-3. (continued)
Chemical
Group
CAS
Number
Chemical
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998
WMPC
Quantity'
(lb) '
% Change
(1991-1998
)
Cumulative
% of Group
(1998)
Active Pesticides
82-68-8
Pcntachloro nit ro benzene
(Quintozcnc)
62.715
390.036
522
59
87-86-5
Pcntachlorophenol
111.508
160.408
44
83
1582-09-8
Trifluralin
82.759
103.970
26
99
58-89-9
Hcxachlorocyclohcxane. gamma
(Lindane)
1.862
8.272
344
100
76-44-8
Hcptachlor
4
0
-100
100
72-43-5
Methoxy chlor
161
0
-100
100
Dibenzofuran
132-64-9
Dibenzofuran
5.104.604
382.622
-93
100
Mercury
7439.97.6
and N458
Mercury and mercury compounds
186.718
32.899
-82
100
2.4.5-1 'richlorophenol
95-95-4
2.4.5-T richlorophenol
28.000
23.226
-17
100
¦' 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in 1 998.
-------
Section 4.0
Results
The second largest group contributing to waste minimization priority chemicals is the PAHs,
which as a group accounted for more than 25 percent of 1991 totals and almost 20 percent of 1998
totals (See Table 4-3). Of the PAHs, naphthalene contributed the most to group totals. Naphthalene
was also the second largest contributor to national waste minimization priority chemical quantities in
1998, accounting for nearly 15.5 million pounds of the nearly 85 million pounds generated.
In 1998, hexachloroethane was the largest contributor to the chlorinated aliphatic group at
more than 5 million pounds. Although hexachloroethane quantities decreased only slightly between
1991 and 1998, hexachloro-l,3-butadiene quantities decreased by 61 percent from a 1991 quantity of
nearly 11.5 million pounds to a 1998 quantity of less than 4.5 million pounds.
Cadmium quantities showed the largest quantity increase of any waste minimization priority
chemical. Cadmium increased by almost 1 million pounds, from nearly 2.6 million pounds in 1991 to
3.5 million in 1998. Mercury quantities decreased from 186,000 pounds to less than 33,000 pounds.
Hexachlorobenzene was the largest contributor to the chlorobenzene group at more than 1.7
million pounds in 1998. Both hexachlorobenzene and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene exhibited significant
quantity decreases between 1991 and 1998 (-67 percent and -74 percent, respectively).
Of the active pesticides, pentachloronitrobenzene (quintozene) and gamma-
hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane) demonstrated the greatest percent increases in quantities between
1991 and 1998 (522 percent and 344 percent, respectively). Pentachloronitrobenzene was also the
largest contributor to the active pesticide group in 1998, accounting for 390,036 pounds, or 59
percent, of the group total.
Dibenzofuran showed significant decreases in quantity between 1991 and 1998, from more
than 5 million pounds in 1991 to 382,622 pounds in 1998 (see Table 4-3). Mercury quantities
decreased by 82 percent between 1991 and 1998. In 1998, the 2,4,5-trichlorophenol quantity made
up less than 1 percent of the national total and exhibited a 17 percent decrease between 1991 and
1998. Appendix Table B-l shows waste minimization priority chemical quantities for individual
chemicals for additional years between 1991 and 1998.
4.3 Industrial Sector Information
Table 4-4 shows the industry sectors that produced the majority of the waste minimization
priority chemical quantities in 1998. Only those industry sectors that together contributed up to 96
percent of the total waste minimization priority chemical quantities in 1998 were included in the table.
Because of the 96 percent cutoff in Table 4-4, a small number of important sectors were not listed in
the table, namely sectors with large quantities in 1991 and low or unreported values for 1998. These
sectors are discussed below and can also be viewed in Appendix Table B-2, which shows the list of all
industry sectors that reported quantities in 1991 and 1998.
4-8
-------
Section 4.0
Results
Table 4-4. National Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities for Priority
Chemicals by Industry Sector (1991-1998)
SIC
Code
SIC Code Description
1991
WMPC
Quantity
(lb)
1998
WMPC
Quantity11
(lb)
% Change
(1991-1998
)
Cumulative
% of
National
T otal
(1998)
3339
Primary Smelting and Refining of
Nonferrous Metals. Except Copper
and Aluminum
7.976.610
12.618.918
58.2
14.9
2812
Alkalies and Chlorine
16.654.109
10.886.154
-34.6
27.8
3341
Secondary Smelting and Refining of
Nonferrous Metals
5.879.357
9.715.551
65.2
39.3
3312
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
5.442.394
9.563.568
75.7
50.6
3331
Primary Smelting and Refining of
Copper
6.281.179
6.648.342
5.8
58.4
3241
Cement. Hydraulic
4.304.790
5.171.773
20.1
64.5
3399
Primary Metal Products. NEC
1.449.979
3.273.515
125.8
68.4
2865
Cyclic Organic Caidcs and
Intermediates, and Organic Dyes
and Pigments
3.973.633
3.202.400
-19.4
72.2
2869
Industrial Organic Chemicals. NEC
2.680.324
2.604.152
-2.8
75.3
2819
Industrial Inorganic Chemicals. NEC
22.362.129
2.505.263
-88.8
78.2
3229
Pressed and Blown Glass and
Glassware. NEC
1.570.314
2.416.432
53.9
81.1
2911
Petroleum Refining
4.080.581
1.734.969
-57.5
83.1
2821
Plastics Materials. Synthetic and
Resins, and Nonvulcanizablc
Elastomers
1.911.800
1.324.545
-30.7
84.7
3691
Storage Batteries
12.926.379
1.254.995
-90.3
86.2
3479
Coating. Engraving, and Allied
Sen ices. NEC
216.900
1.173.492
441.0
87.6
3714
Motor Vehicle Parts and
Accessories
252.244
1.068.430
323.6
88.8
(continued)
4-9
-------
Section 4.0
Results
Table 4-4. (continued)
SIC
Code
SIC Code Description
1991
WMPC
Quantity
(lb)
1998
WMPC
Quantity11
(lb)
% Change
(1991-1998
)
Cumulative
% of
National
T otal
(1998)
3315
Steel Wiredraw ing and Steel Nails
and Spikes
478.055
1.007.930
1 10.8
90.0
3357
Draw ing and Insulating of
Nonferrous Wire
425.997
778.575
82.8
91.0
2879
Pesticides and Agricultural
Chemicals. NEC
1.411.780
696.951
-50.6
91.8
3321
Gray and Ductile Iron Foundries
1.100.341
610.378
-44.5
92.5
49251'
Mixed. Manufactured, or Liquefied
Petroleum Gas Production and/or
Distribution
10.827
533.895
4.83 1.1
93.1
2816
Inorganic Pigments
5.248.232
491.913
-90.6
93.7
3316
Cold-Rolled Steel Sheet. Strip and
Bars
52.345
440.737
742.0
94.2
3641
Electric Lamp Bulbs and Tubes
485.662
383.612
-21.0
94.7
2899
Chemical Preparations. NEC
242.287
356.771
47.3
95.1
3671
Electron Tubes
2.309.036
330.541
-85.7
95.5
3366
Copper Foundries
58.841
248.143
321.7
95.8
2851
Paints. Varnishes. Lacquers.
Enamels and Allied Products
258.580
209.724
-18.9
96.0
•' 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in 1 998.
'' Facilities were not required to report SIC code 4925 until 1994. 1 low ever, a single facility reported quantities to it
in 1991 and 1992.
The top 5 sectors in 1998 each generated more than 6.6 million pounds of waste minimization
priority chemicals. The top five sectors in 1998 were
# Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metals, Except Copper and Aluminum
(SIC code 3339)
# Alkalies and Chlorine (SIC code 2812)
4-10
-------
Section 4.0
Results
# Secondary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metals (SIC code 3341)
# Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills (SIC code 3312)
# Primary Smelting and Refining of Copper (SIC code 3331).
The top sector, Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metals, Except Copper and
Aluminum (SIC code 3339), produced more than 12.6 million pounds. Together, the top 5 sectors in
1998 were responsible for almost 50 million pounds of waste minimization priority chemicals, or 58.4
percent of the 1998 total.
Only one of the top 5 sectors, Alkalies and Chlorine (SIC 2812), showed a decline in waste
minimization priority chemical quantities between 1991 and 1998. The other top sectors each had
increases of about 4 or 5 million pounds, except for Primary Smelting and Refining of Copper (SIC
3331), which only had an increase of 367,163 pounds.
The top 5 sectors in 1991 were
# Carbon Black (SIC code 2895)
# Industrial Inorganic Chemicals, NEC (SIC code 2819)
# Alkalies and Chlorine (SIC code 2812)
# Storage Batteries (SIC code 3691)
# Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metals, Except Copper and Aluminum
(SIC 3339).
Each of these top sectors in 1991 showed dramatic decreases in waste minimization priority chemicals
between 1991 and 1998, except for the fifth sector, which in 1998 became the top generating sector.
Industrial Inorganic Chemicals, NEC decreased its waste minimization priority chemical quantities by
nearly 20 million pounds, Alkalies and Chlorine by almost 6 million pounds, and Storage Batteries by
nearly 12 million pounds. Carbon Black showed the largest change between 1991 and 1998, reducing
its quantities from 27.5 million pounds in 1991 to none reported in 1998 (see Appendix Table B-2).
Industry sectors exhibiting the largest absolute decreases (more than 5,000,000 pounds) in
waste minimization priority chemical quantities between 1991 and 1998 included
# Carbon Black (SIC code 2895) (See Appendix B-2)
# Industrial Inorganic Chemicals, NEC (SIC code 2819)
# Storage Batteries (SIC code 3691)
# Alkalies and Chlorine (SIC code 2812)
4-11
-------
Section 4.0
Results
# SIC code 28001 (see Appendix B-2)
The fact that the Carbon Black sector did not report any quantities in 1998 has a profound
impact on waste minimization priority chemical quantity trends. As noted earlier, the overall decline in
waste priority chemical quantities between 1991 and 1998 was approximately 67 million pounds, 27.5
million pounds of which were reported by the Carbon Black sector.
One facility in Ohio was partially responsible for the significant reduction in waste minimization
priority chemical quantity for the Carbon Black sector. Between 1991 and 1998, this facility reported
a reduction in its onsite treatment quantities of naphthalene, anthracene, and dibenzofuran of
approximately 27 million pounds. The decline appears to be linked to the use of creosote in the
production process. Prior to 1994, the facility used about 13 to 15 million gallons per year of creosote
combined with petroleum bottoms as feed material for production. According to the facility contact,
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) state that the creosote used at this facility contained between 3
and 5 percent dibenzofuran, 3 and 6 percent anthracene, and 6 and 10 percent naphthalene. The
facility eliminated the use of creosote in 1994 because of environmental concerns, and as a result, its
onsite treatment quantities of naphthalene, anthracene, and dibenzofuran were reduced to zero. The
facility contact indicated that the currently used feed material does not contain these chemicals.
Between 1991 and 1998, waste minimization priority chemical quantities for SIC code 2800
dropped by more than 5.6 million pounds. Two facilities, one in Michigan and the other in Louisiana,
reported waste minimization priority chemical quantities for this sector in 1991. The Michigan facility's
waste minimization priority chemical quantities dropped from 290,000 pounds to approximately 20,000
pounds between 1991 and 1998. During this same period, quantities reported by the Louisiana facility
fell from 5.3 million pounds to 0 pounds. Upon further investigation, it was determined that the
Louisiana facility changed its SIC code designation from 2800 to 2869 (Industrial Organic Chemicals,
NEC) in 1993, but continued to report the same chemicals (hexachloroethane, hexachloro-1,3-
butadiene, and hexachlorobenzene). This change accounted for the majority of the drop for the sector
between 1991 and 1998.
In 1995, the Louisiana facility reported approximately 1.9 million pounds of hexachloroethane,
hexachloro-l,3-butadiene, and hexachlorobenzene as part of SIC code 2869 (its new industry sector
classification). This quantity represents a drop of more than 3.4 million pounds from the 1991 quantities
reported under SIC code 2800. In 1998, the Louisiana facility reported less than 290,778 pounds of
hexachloro-l,3-butadiene to SIC code 2869. Values for hexachloroethane and hexachlorobenzene
were not reported by the facility in 1998 because the TRI short form (Form A) was used. The use of
Form A by the Louisiana facility indicates that the quantities of hexachloroethane and
hexachlorobenzene generated by the facility in 1998 were each less than 500 pounds. Therefore, in
addition to the trend caused by the facility's changing its SIC code, a real decrease in waste
minimization priority chemical quantities was also observed.
1 SIC code 2800 docs not exist, but chemical quantities were reported to it in TRI.
4-12
-------
Section 4.0
Results
Four industry sectors had increases of more than 1,000,000 pounds of waste minimization
priority chemicals between 1991 and 1998:
# Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metals, Except Copper and Aluminum
(SIC code 3339)
# Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills (SIC Code 3312)
# Secondary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metals (SIC code 3341)
# Primary Metal Products, NEC (SIC code 3399).
In Table 4-5, waste minimization priority chemical quantities are listed for each priority
chemical/group by industry sector for the 1998 reporting year. Primary Smelting and Refining of
Nonferrous Metals, Except Copper and Aluminum (SIC code 3339), the largest generating sector in
1998, primarily generates lead, mercury, and cadmium quantities. The Alkalies and Chlorine sector
(SIC code 2812) was a top contributor to 4 of the 9 priority chemicals/groups. This sector also
generated more mercury, chlorinated aliphatics, and chlorobenzenes than any other single industry
sector in 1998. The Industrial Organic Chemicals, NEC sector (SIC code 2869) was a contributor to
4 of the 9 priority chemicals/groups in 1998. This sector was the sole contributor of 2,4,5-
trichlorophenol quantities. The Cyclic Organic Crudes and Intermediates, and Organic Dyes and
Pigments sector (SIC code 2865) was a contributor to 4 of the 9 priority chemicals/groups. In
addition, this sector was the primary generator of dibenzofurans.
4.4 State Information
In Figure 4-4 and Table 4-6, waste minimization priority chemical quantities are presented for
all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands (a total of 52 reporting entities). The priority
chemicals and chemical groups that contributed up to 80 percent of each entity's total quantities are
shown in Table 4-7. There is wide variation among states as to which waste minimization priority
chemicals are the most prevalent and whether these chemicals declined or increased between 1991 and
1998. The industry sectors responsible for 80 percent of the waste minimization priority chemical
quantities in each state are presented in Table 4-8.
As illustrated in Figure 4-4 and shown in Table 4-6, 5 of the 52 reporting entities had waste
minimization priority chemical quantities of more than 5 million pounds in 1998. At nearly 10.7 million
pounds, Texas generated the largest quantity of waste minimization priority chemicals in 1998, despite
the fact that total quantities in the state decreased by 18 percent between 1991 and 1998. Texas was
followed by Louisiana (9.6 million pounds), Pennsylvania (8.2 million pounds), Montana (7.5 million
pounds), and Missouri (5.1 million pounds). The top 5 states made up almost 49 percent of the
national total. With 198 facilities, Ohio reported the most facilities generating waste minimization priority
chemicals in 1998.
4-13
-------
Section 4.0
Results
Of the 52 reporting entities, 24 exhibited increases in waste minimization priority chemical
quantities between 1991 and 1998. With an increase of almost 4.4 million pounds, Montana had the
largest gain during this period. Montana was followed by Pennsylvania, Indiana, California, and
Arkansas, with each state experiencing increases in waste minimization priority chemical quantities of
more than 1 million pounds. New Jersey, Utah, and West Virginia also showed increases between
1991 and 1998.
4-14
-------
Table 4-5. National Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities by Industry Sector (1991-1998)
Chemical
Group1'
SIC
Code
SIC Code Description
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity1' (lb)
% Change
(1991- 1998)
Cumulative
% of Group
T otal
Lead
3339
Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonfcrrous
Metals. Except Copper and Aluminum
7.828.312
10.657.633
36.1
20.6
3341
Secondary Smelting and Refining of Nonfcrrous
Metals
5.873.884
9.458.237
61.0
38.9
3312
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
4.218.020
9.228.840
1 18.8
56.8
3331
Primary Smelting and Refining of Copper
6.1 12.716
6.485.337
6.1
69.3
3399
Primary Metal Products. NEC
1.406.972
3.143.548
123.4
75.4
3229
Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware. NEC
1.549.997
2.369.762
52.9
80.0
2819
Industrial Inorganic Chemicals. NEC
21.646.350
1.771.243
-91.8
83.4
3691
Storage Batteries
12.875.721
1.179.371
-90.8
85.7
3714
Motor Vehicle Parts and Accessories
252.241
1.068.203
323.5
87.8
3315
Steel Wiredraw ing and Steel Nails and Spikes
478.007
1.007.930
1 10.9
89.8
3357
Draw ing and Insulating of Nonfcrrous Wire
379.272
737.085
94.3
91.2
3321
Gray and Ductile Iron Foundries
1.092.876
536.920
-50.9
92.2
3641
Electric Lamp Bulbs and Tubes
482.912
383.612
-20.6
93.0
3241
Cement. Hydraulic
663.239
352.449
-46.9
93.6
3671
Electron Tubes
2.309.036
330.541
-85.7
94.3
2816
Inorganic Pigments
4.803.454
283.440
-94.1
94.8
(continued)
Table 4-5. (continued)
-------
Chemical
Group"
SIC
Code
SIC Code Description
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity1' (lb)
% Change
(1991- 1998)
Cumulative
% of Group
T otal
3366
Copper Foundries
58.841
248.143
321.7
95.3
2851
Paints. Varnishes. Lacquers. Enamels and Allied
Products
150.636
139.600
-7.3
95.6
3672
Printed Circuit Boards
112.196
112.997
0.7
95.8
3317
Steel Pipe and Tubes
146.209
108.503
-25.8
96.0
PAHs
3241
Cement. Hydraulic
1.561.405
4.774.682
205.8
29.6
2865
Cyclic Organic Crudes and Intermediates, and
Organic Dyes and Pigments
3.421.165
2.378.261
-30.5
44.3
2869
Industrial Organic Chemicals. NEC
937.848
1.836.278
95.8
55.7
2911
Petroleum Refining
3.715.738
1.632.853
-56.1
65.9
2821
Plastics Materials. Synthetic and Resins, and
Nonvulcanizablc Elastomers
1.835.789
1.236.979
-32.6
73.5
3479
Coating. Engraving, and Allied Sen ices. NEC
203.800
1.168.317
473.3
80.8
4925c
Mixed. Manufactured, or Liquefied Petroleum
Gas Production and/or Distribution
10.827
532.488
4.818.1
84.1
3316
Cold-Rolled Steel Sheet. Strip and Bars
-
435.270
-
86.8
2899
Chemical Preparations. NEC
111.321
276.806
148.7
88.5
3312
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
1.144.109
243.308
-78.7
90.0
2819
Industrial Inorganic Chemicals. NEC
390.432
205.685
-47.3
91.3
(continued)
Table 4-5. (continued)
-------
Chemical
Group"
SIC
Code
SIC Code Description
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity1' (lb)
% Change
(1991- 1998)
Cumulative
% of Group
T otal
2812
Alkalies and Chlorine
2.352.445
192.060
-91.8
92.5
2262
Finishers of Broadwoven Fabrics of Manmadc
Fiber and Silk
-
110.200
-
93.1
2879
Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals. NEC
56.102
107.069
90.8
93.8
3321
Gray and Ductile Iron Foundries
4.757
73.458
1.444.2
94.3
2591
Drapery Hardware and Window Blinds and
Shades
75.718
72.222
-4.6
94.7
2851
Paints. Varnishes. Lacquers. Enamels and Allied
Products
100.144
70.124
-30.0
95.1
3353
Aluminum Sheet. Plate, and Foil
50.380
69.608
38.2
95.6
3471
Electroplating. Plating. Polishing. Anodizing, and
Coloring
-
60.493
-
96.0
('hlorinated A liphalics
2812
Alkalies and Chlorine
10.313.363
8.792.264
-14.7
91.3
2869
Industrial Organic Chemicals. NEC
1.555.669
400.596
-74.2
95.5
2865
Cyclic Organic Crudes and Intermediates, and
Organic Dyes and Pigments
200.066
349.000
74.4
99.1
('admium
3339
Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonfcrrous
Metals. Except Copper and Aluminum
148.298
1.948.455
1.213.9
55.6
(continued)
Table 4-5. (continued)
-------
Chemical
Group"
SIC
Code
SIC Code Description
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity1' (lb)
% Change
(1991- 1998)
Cumulative
% of Group
T otal
2819
Industrial Inorganic Chemicals. NEC
319.922
466.887
45.9
68.9
2816
Inorganic Pigments
444.778
208.473
-53.1
74.9
3341
Secondary Smelting and Refining of Nonfcrrous
Metals
5.473
203.527
3.618.7
80.7
3331
Primary Smelting and Refining of Copper
168.463
161.970
-3.9
85.3
3399
Primary Metal Products. NEC
43.007
129.967
202.2
89.0
3471
Electroplating. Plating. Polishing. Anodizing, and
Coloring
549.553
88.070
-84.0
91.5
3691
Storage Batteries
50.658
75.624
49.3
93.7
3312
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
51.609
63.716
23.5
95.5
2824
Manmadc Organic Fibers. Except Ccllulosic
17.852
50.860
184.9
96.9
('hlorobenzenes
2812
Alkalies and Chlorine
3.851.216
1.886.223
-51.0
73.4
2869
Industrial Organic Chemicals. NEC
273
239.642
87.681.0
82.7
2865
Cyclic Organic Crudes and Intermediates, and
Organic Dy es and Pigments
167.438
120.515
-28.0
87.4
2879
Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals. NEC
1.211.926
77.398
-93.6
90.4
2493
Reconstituted Wood Products
-
75.114
-
93.3
2819
Industrial Inorganic Chemicals. NEC
-
61.260
-
95.7
(continued)
-------
Table 4-5. (continued)
Chemical
Group1'
SIC
Code
SIC Code Description
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity1' (lb)
% Change
(1991- 1998)
Cumulative
% of Group
T otal
2231
Broadwovcn Fabric Mills. Wool
7.376
53.200
621.3
97.8
Active Pesticides
2879
Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals. NEC
100.732
496.364
392.8
74.9
2491
Wood Preserving
110.578
160.408
45.1
99.1
Dibenzofitran
2865
Cyclic Organic Crudes and Intermediates, and
Organic Dyes and Pigments
75.900
354.624
367.2
92.7
3312
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
28.656
26.591
-7.2
99.6
Mercury
2812
Alkalies and Chlorine
137.085
15.607
-88.6
47.4
3339
Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonfcrrous
Metals. Except Copper and Aluminum
-
12.830
-
86.4
2611
Pulp Mills
13.500
1.317
-90.2
90.4
3312
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
-
1.113
-
93.8
3331
Primary Smelting and Refining of Copper
-
1.035
-
97.0
(continued)
-------
Table 4-5. (continued)
Chemical
Group1'
SIC
Code
SIC Code Description
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity1' (lb)
% Change
(1991- 1998)
Cumulative
% of Group
T otal
2.4.5-1 'rivhhrophenol
2869
Industrial Organic Chemicals. NEC
-
23.226
-
100.0
¦' Sec Table 4-3 to determine which individual chemicals are contained in each chemical group.
'' 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in 1998.
c Facilities were not required to report SIC code 4925 until 1994. 1 lowever. a single facility reported quantities to it in 1991 and 1 992.
- = Nothing was reported to TRI for that entry
0 = Zero was reported to TRI for that entry.
-------
Pounds Generated r\ Ififift
~ 5,000,000 to > 10,000,000 (5 states)
~ 1,000,000 to 5,000,000 (12 stales)
~ 500,000 to 1,000.000 (12 states)
n 100,000 to 500,000 (8 states)
~ Dto 100,000 (15 states)
Note: 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in
1998.
Figure 4-4. Waste minimization priority chemical quantity by state (1998).
K)
-------
Section 4.0
Results
Table 4-6. Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities by State (1991-1998)
State
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity11 (lb)
% Change
(1991-1998
)
Number of
Facilities
(1998)
% of National
Total (1998)
National
152.004.325
84.598.448
-44
2.101
100
AK
0
-
-
-
-
AL
1.883.736
2.691.993
43
71
3.18
AR
408.544
2.063.038
405
37
2.44
AZ
5.439.601
2.670.788
-51
19
3.16
CA
2.236.382
3.968.658
77
119
4.69
CO
153.287
77.280
-50
11
0.09
CT
441.679
100.012
-77
30
0.12
DE
49.217
39.199
-20
7
0.05
FL
784.218
563.675
-28
23
0.67
GA
12.528.660
1.578.931
-87
56
1.87
HI
33.418
2.718
-92
2
0.00
IA
337.307
713.154
111
34
0.84
ID
329.208
562.458
71
10
0.66
IL
2.996.431
2.401.673
-20
131
2.84
IN
2.189.050
4.306.493
97
111
5.09
KS
1.977.774
370.558
-81
26
0.44
KY
5.637.454
491.056
-91
53
0.58
LA
16.038.714
9.643.149
-40
51
1 1.40
MA
157.864
210.605
33
39
0.25
MD
55.558
72.752
31
10
0.09
ME
12.338
6.771
-45
2
0.01
MI
2.243.538
1.488.841
-34
79
1.76
MN
466.184
474.965
2
26
0.56
MO
7.982.914
5.052.257
-37
55
5.97
MS
506.309
557.261
10
40
0.66
MT
3.118.237
7.512.914
141
5
8.88
NC
299.774
141.780
-53
49
0.17
4-22
-------
Section 4.0
Results
ND
4.636
5.431
17
3
0.01
Table 4-6. (continued)
(conlinuecf)
State
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity11 (lb)
% Change
(1991-1998
)
Number of
Facilities
(1998)
% of National
Total (1998)
NE
403.859
703.325
74
16
0.83
NH
44.916
45.534
1
13
0.05
NJ
724.940
2.135.362
195
62
2.52
NM
615.167
573.937
-7
6
0.68
NV
22.820
1.300
-94
4
0.00
NY
1.682.573
796.725
-53
58
0.94
OH
33.721.711
4.103.672
-88
198
4.85
OK
1.484.090
605.055
-59
25
0.72
OR
435.818
857.328
97
15
1.01
PA
4.635.669
8.212.156
77
133
9.71
PR
67.219
5.006
-93
8
0.01
RI
102.813
40.852
-60
16
0.05
SC
640.108
903.231
41
38
1.07
SD
8
0
-100
2
0.00
TN
568.387
782.555
38
64
0.93
TX
13.048.691
10.650.842
-18
179
12.59
UT
2.603.838
3.990.023
53
19
4.72
VA
227.821
618.660
172
33
0.73
VI
7.190
260
-96
1
0.00
VT
11.616
18.633
60
4
0.02
WA
21.416.308
337.058
-98
33
0.40
WI
1.089.216
306.695
-72
44
0.36
WV
135.274
1.086.979
704
24
1.28
WY
2.241
54.850
2.348
7
0.06
¦' 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in 1998.
- = Nothing was reported to TRI for that entry.
4-23
-------
Section 4.0
Results
0 = Zero was reported to TRI tor that entry.
Table 4-7. State Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities for Each Chemical/ Group
(1991-1998)
State and Chemical/
Chemical Group11
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity1' (lb)
% Change
(1991-1998)
Number of
Facilities
(1998)
Cumulative
% of State
Total (1998)
A I.
Lead
1.601.199
1.699.784
6
42
63.1
PAHs
202.695
894.173
341
18
96.4
Total for A I.
1.883.736
2.691.993
85
AR
Lead
393.721
1.304.572
231
30
63.2
PAHs
0
722.793
-
6
98.3
Total for AR
408.544
2.063.038
43
AZ
Lead
5.329.1 11
2.622.632
-51
17
98.2
Total for AZ
5.439.601
2.670.788
22
(A
Lead
1.805.844
3.354.290
86
81
84.5
Total for CA
2.236.382
3.968.658
129
CO
Lead
135.042
74.262
-45
8
96.1
Total for ('()
153.287
77.280
12
CT
Lead
425.623
77.844
-82
25
77.8
Cadmium
7.131
18.591
161
4
96.4
Total for CT
441.679
100.012
32
i)i-:
Chlorobcnzcncs
34.850
23.455
-33
1
59.8
PAHs
0
13.394
-
2
94.0
Total for l)T.
49.217
39.199
7
II.
Lead
743.286
449.304
-40
16
79.7
4-24
-------
Section 4.0
Results
Cadmium
40.932
69.294
69
2
92
Total for II.
784.218
563.675
24
OA
Lead
12.388.088
1.474.241
-88
37
93.4
Total for OA
12.528.660
1.578.931
61
Table 4-7. (continued)
(continued)
State and Chemical/
Chemical Group1'
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity1' (lb)
% Change
(1991-1998)
Number of
Facilities
(1998)
Cumulative
% of State
Total (1998)
HI
PAHs
1.593
2.718
71
2
100.0
Total for HI
33.418
2.718
2
IA
Lead
121.713
546.707
349
19
76.7
PAHs
194.347
114.842
-41
11
92.8
Total for I A
337.307
713.154
38
II)
Cadmium
316.766
466.662
47
2
83.0
Total for ID
329.208
562.458
11
II.
Lead
1.828.875
1.838.407
1
94
76.5
PAHs
1.018.299
290.852
-71
33
88.7
Total for II.
2.996.431
2.401.673
144
IN
Lead
2.025.764
2.993.562
48
86
69.5
PAHs
147.896
1.277.485
764
24
99.2
Total for IN
2.189.050
4.306.493
125
KS
Lead
268.416
251.761
-6
23
67.9
PAHs
7.236
99.516
1.275
5
94.8
Total for KS
1.977.774
370.558
31
KY
Lead
4.883.364
245.619
-95
38
50.0
PAHs
124.761
213.767
71
13
93.6
Total for KY
5.637.454
491.056
64
4-25
-------
Section 4.0
Results
LA
Chlorinated
Aliphatics
12.006.870
7.977.523
-34
4
82.7
Total for LA
16.038.714
9.643.149
62
MA
Lead
136.869
172.574
26
36
81.9
Total for MA
157.864
210.605
41
Table 4-7. (continued)
(continued)
State and Chemical/
Chemical Group11
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity1' (lb)
% Change
(1991-1998)
Number of
Facilities
(1998)
Cumulative
% of State
Total (1998)
Ml)
Cadmium
222
53.578
24.034
1
73.6
Lead
46.953
12.174
-74
8
90.4
I'otal for MD
55.558
72.752
10
ml:
Mercury
5.106
6.766
33
1
99.9
Total for ML'.
12.338
6.771
2
Ml
Lead
1.081.951
1.315.044
22
61
88.3
Total for Ml
2.243.538
1.488.841
89
MN
Lead
460.852
460.296
0
20
96.9
Total for MN
466184
474.965
27
MO
Lead
4991501
4.877.402
-2
45
96.5
I'otal for MO
7982914
5.052.257
63
MS
Lead
221.361
191.048
-14
30
34.3
Cadmium
8.537
130.148
1.425
2
57.6
PAHs
259.762
118.662
-54
7
78.9
Active Pesticides
16.649
117.403
605
5
100.0
Total for MS
506.309
557.261
44
ML
4-26
-------
Section 4.0
Results
Lead
3.000.530
6.150.690
105
3
81.9
Total for Ml'
3.118.237
7.512.914
8
NC
Lead
128.225
124.348
-3
34
87.7
Total for NC'
299.774
141.780
52
Nl)
Lead
4.010
5.431
35
1
100.0
Total for Nl)
4.636
5.431
3
(continued)
4-27
-------
Section 4.0
Results
Table 4-7. (continued)
State and Chemical/
Chemical Group11
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity1' (lb)
% Change
(1991-1998)
Number of
Facilities
(1998)
Cumulative
% of State
Total (1998)
A7-:
Lead
366.409
676.235
85
12
96.1
Total for N!;.
403.859
703.325
20
NH
Lead
44.916
45.534
1
13
100.0
Total for NH
44.916
45.534
13
NJ
Lead
598.030
1.856.104
210
43
86.9
Total for NJ
724.940
2.135.362
69
NM
Lead
566.976
501.478
-12
2
87.4
Total for NM
615.167
573.937
7
NV
Active Pesticides
500
1.300
160
1
100.0
Total for NV
22.820
1.300
4
NY
Lead
1.593.070
739.692
-54
49
92.8
Total for NY
1.682.573
796.725
62
OH
Lead
3.383.856
2.938.018
-13
154
71.6
PAHs
25.153.101
950.302
-96
39
94.8
Total for OH
33.721.711
4.103.672
214
OK
Lead
1.088.301
223.152
-79
18
36.9
PAHs
36.358
204.505
462
9
70.7
Cadmium
348.431
177.398
-49
4
100.0
Total for OK
1.484.090
605.055
32
OR
Lead
430.531
856.728
99
10
99.9
Total for OR
435.818
857.328
16
(continued)
4-28
-------
Section 4.0
Results
Table 4-7. (continued)
Number of
Cumulative
State and Chemical/
1991 WMPC
1998 WMPC
% Change
Facilities
% of State
Chemical Group11
Quantity (lb)
Quantity1' (lb)
(1991-1998)
(1998)
Total (1998)
PA
Lead
3.045.133
6.272.605
106
102
76.4
PAHs
1.505.455
1.371.21 1
-9
30
93.1
Total for PA
4.635.669
8.212.156
149
Territory of PR
Lead
66.219
5.006
-92
3
100.0
Total for PR
67.219
5.006
8
RI
Lead
102.498
40.851
-60
14
100.0
Total for RI
102.813
40.852
16
SC
Lead
496.306
757.148
53
30
83.8
Total for S('
640.108
903.231
41
IN
Lead
288.727
406.468
41
54
5 1.9
PAHs
239.891
205.314
-14
7
78.2
Chlorobcnzcncs
36.640
168.005
359
2
99.6
Total for TN
568.387
782.555
71
TX
PAHs
6.558.787
6.902.534
5
79
64.8
Chlorinated
3.514.947
1.541.056
-56
3
79.3
Aliphatics
Chlorobcnzcncs
2.008.366
1.380.803
-31
7
92.2
Total for TX
13.048.691
10.650.842
196
I IT
Lead
1.959.344
3.941.324
101
14
98.8
Total for UT
2.603.838
3.990.023
24
VA
Lead
173.000
557.753
222
30
90.2
Total for VA
227.821
618.660
37
Territory of VI
PAHs
6.066
260
-96
1
100.0
Total for VI
7.190
260
1
4-29
-------
Section 4.0
Results
(continued)
Table 4-7. (continued)
State and Chemical/
Chemical Group11
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity1' (lb)
% Change
(1991-1998)
Number of
Facilities
(1998)
Cumulative
% of State
Total (1998)
VT
Lead
11.605
18.633
61
4
100.0
Total for VT
11.616
18.633
4
WA
Lead
21.344.447
294.179
-99
14
87.3
Total for WA
21.416.308
337.058
34
WI
Lead
670.963
272.118
-59
37
88.7
Total for WI
1.089.216
306.695
47
WV
PAHs
59.618
781.549
1.211
11
71.9
Dibcnzofuran
0
230.059
-
1
93.1
Total for WV
135.274
1.086.979
27
WY
PAHs
2.241
54.786
2.345
6
99.9
Total for WY
2.241
54.850
8
Note: Suites not included in this table did not report to TRI.
•' See Table 4-3 to determine which individual chemicals are contained in each chemical group.
'' 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in 1 998.
- = Nothing was reported to TRI tor that entry.
0 = Zero was reported to TRI tor that entry.
4-30
-------
Table 4-8. Industry Sectors by State for Waste Minimization Priority Chemical (1991-1998)
State and
SIC Code
SIC Code Description
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity1' (lb)
% Change
(1991-1998
)
Number of
Facilities
(1998)
Cumulativ
e % of
State Total
(1998)
Al.
3341
Secondary Smelting and Refining of
Nonferrous Metals
895.789
1.476.522
65
6
54.8
2865
Cyclic Organic Crudes and Intermediates, and
Organic Dy es and Pigments
203.020
607.276
199
2
77.4
3312
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
27.618
198.578
619
9
84.8
Total for AL
1.883.736
2.691.993
71
All
3312
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
16
994.489
6.215.456
4
48.2
3316
Cold-Rolled Steel Sheet. Strip and Bars
-
407.918
-
1
68.0
3241
Cement. Hydraulic
187.300
207.600
11
1
78.0
3315
Steel Wiredraw ing and Steel Nails and Spikes
111.443
193.856
74
1
87.4
Total for AR
408.544
2.063.038
37
AZ
3331
Primary Smelting and Refining of Copper
4.952.409
2.616.061
-47
2
98.0
Total for AZ
5.439.601
2.670.788
19
(continued)
-------
Table 4-8. (continued)
State and
SIC Code
SIC Code Description
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity" (lb)
% Change
(1991-1998
)
Number of
Facilities
(1998)
Cumulativ
e % of
State Total
(1998)
CA
3341
Secondary Smelting and Refining of
Nonferrous Metals
730.609
3.095.1 17
324
4
78.0
2879
Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals. NEC
157.112
385.377
145
2
87.7
Total for CA
2.236.382
3.968.658
119
CO
3312
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
14.551
58.940
305
1
76.3
2819
Industrial Inorganic Chemicals. NEC
-
14.073
-
1
94.5
Total for CO
153.287
77.280
11
CT
3641
Electric Lamp Bulbs and Tubes
26.200
26.190
0
1
26.2
3357
Draw ing and Insulating of Nonferrous Wire
1 7.533
23.147
32
6
49.3
3351
Rolling. Drawing, and Extruding of Copper
968
15.680
1.520
3
65.0
2869
Industrial Organic Chemicals. NEC
76.944
10.549
-86
2
75.6
3471
Electroplating. Plating. Polishing. Anodizing, and
Coloring
2.598
8.624
232
2
84.2
Total for CT
441.679
100.012
30
(continued)
-------
Table 4-8. (continued)
State and
SIC Code
SIC Code Description
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity" (lb)
% Change
(1991-1998
)
Number of
Facilities
(1998)
Cumulativ
e % of
State Total
(1998)
DK
2865
Cyclic Organic Crudes and Intermediates, and
Organic Dyes and Pigments
34.850
23.455
-33
1
59.8
2911
Petroleum Refining
()
12.393
-
1
91.5
Total for DE
49.217
39.199
7
II.
3341
Secondary Smelting and Refining of
Nonfcrrous Metals
358.269
318.506
-11
1
56.5
3672
Printed Circuit Boards
-
95.974
-
1
73.5
3691
Storage Batteries
383.121
68.685
-82
2
85.7
Total for FL
784.218
563.675
23
C,A
3691
Storage Batteries
12.072.136
883.666
-93
6
56.0
3357
Draw ing and Insulating of Nonfcrrous Wire
32.188
246.259
665
4
71.6
3312
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
0
242.097
-
1
86.9
Total for GA
12.528.660
1.578.931
56
HI
2911
Petroleum Refining
1.593
2.718
71
2
100.0
Total for HI
33.418
2.718
2
(continued)
Table 4-8. (continued)
-------
State and
SIC Code
SIC Code Description
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity" (lb)
% Change
(1991-1998
)
Number of
Facilities
(1998)
Cumulativ
e % of
State Total
(1998)
IA
3312
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
31.612
483.656
1.430
3
67.8
2879
Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals. NEC
24.96(1
119.252
378
5
84.5
Total for IA
337.307
713.154
34
II)
2819
Industrial Inorganic Chemicals. NEC
316.766
528.437
67
2
94.0
Total for ID
329.208
562.458
10
II.
3312
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
1.237.985
1.462.623
18
12
60.9
2865
Cyclic Organic Crudes and Intermediates, and
Organic Dyes and Pigments
530.422
219.210
-59
2
70.0
3366
Copper Foundries
381
174.710
45.756
2
77.3
3339
Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonfcrrous
Metals. Except Copper and Aluminum
-
172.554
-
1
84.5
Total for IL
2.996.431
2.401.673
131
IN
3341
Secondary Smelting and Refining of
Nonfcrrous Metals
849.944
1.736.593
104
3
40.3
3312
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
343.726
880.639
156
6
60.8
(continued)
Table 4-8. (continued)
-------
State and
SIC Code
SIC Code Description
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity" (lb)
% Change
(1991-1998
)
Number of
Facilities
(1998)
Cumulativ
e % of
State Total
(1998)
3241
Cement. Hydraulic
-
553.928
-
2
73.6
49251'
Mixed. Manufactured, or Liquefied Petroleum
Gas Production and/or Distribution
10.827
533.895
4.831
1
86.0
Total for IN
2.189.050
4.306.493
111
KS
3241
Cement. Hydraulic
197.500
246.088
25
3
66.4
3357
Draw ing and Insulating of Nonfcrrous Wire
6.369
65.811
933
3
84.2
Total for KS
1.977.774
370.558
26
KY
3317
Steel Pipe and Tubes
0
91.370
-
2
18.6
3315
Steel Wiredraw ing and Steel Nails and Spikes
570
60.521
10.518
1
30.9
3471
Electroplating. Plating. Polishing. Anodizing, and
Coloring
-
60.493
-
1
43.3
2869
Industrial Organic Chemicals. NEC
36.023
55.316
54
4
54.5
3341
Secondary Smelting and Refining of
Nonfcrrous Metals
-
53.787
-
1
65.5
2816
Inorganic Pigments
4.841.902
38.500
-99
1
73.3
3229
Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware. NEC
13.230
35.948
172
2
80.6
Total for KY
5.637.454
491.056
53
(continued)
Table 4-8. (continued)
State and SIC Code Description
-------
SIC Code
Quantity (lb)
Quantity" (lb)
(1991-1998
)
Facilities
(1998)
e % of
State Total
(1998)
l.A
2812
Alkalies and Chlorine
9.847.571
8.440.555
-14
5
87.5
Total for LA
16.038.714
9.643.149
51
MA
3357
Draw ing and Insulating of Nonfcrrous Wire
41.143
157.787
284
9
74.9
3291
Abrasive Products
-
24.663
-
1
86.6
Total for MA
157.864
210.605
39
Ml)
2816
Inorganic Pigments
224
53.783
23.910
2
73.9
2851
Paints. Varnishes. Lacquers. Enamels and
Allied Products
12.833
11.645
-9
1
89.9
Total for MD
55.558
72.752
10
ME
2812
Alkalies and Chlorine
5.106
6.766
33
1
99.9
Total for ME
12.338
6.771
2
Ml
3714
Motor Vehicle Parts and Accessories
63.185
923.685
1.362
12
62.0
3312
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
434.236
284.072
-35
5
81.1
Total for MI
2.243.538
1.488.841
79
(conlinuecf)
Table 4-8. (continued)
State and
SIC Code Description
1991 WMPC
1998 WMPC
% Change
Number of
Cumulativ
-------
SIC Code
Quantity (lb)
Quantity" (lb)
(1991-1998
)
Facilities
(1998)
e % of
State Total
(1998)
MN
3341
Secondary Smelting and Refining of
Nonferrous Metals
169.280
277.900
64
1
58.5
3312
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
194.820
105.113
-46
2
80.6
Total for MN
466.184
474.965
26
MO
3339
Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous
Metals. Except Copper and Aluminum
4.650.384
4.131.814
-11
2
81.8
Total for MO
7.982.914
5.052.257
55
MS
2816
Inorganic Pigments
-
280.000
-
1
50.2
2491
Wood Preserving
16.638
103.579
523
4
68.8
2591
Drapery Hardware and Window Blinds and
Shades
28.526
72.222
153
1
81.8
Total for MS
506.309
557.261
40
MT
3339
Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous
Metals. Except Copper and Aluminum
3.107.700
7.502.909
141
1
99.9
Total for MT
3.118.237
7.512.914
5
(conlinuecf)
Table 4-8. (continued)
State and
SIC Code
SIC Code Description
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity" (lb)
% Change
(1991-1998
Number of
Facilities
Cumulativ
e % of
-------
)
(1998)
State Total
(1998)
NC
3312
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
()
82.654
-
1
58.3
3262
Vitreous China Table and Kitchen Articles
42.801
23.600
-45
1
74.9
2231
Broadwoven Fabric Mills. Wool
6.889
11.610
69
1
83.1
Total for NC
299.774
141.780
49
Nl)
2911
Petroleum Refining
4.620
5.431
18
1
100.0
Total for ND
4.636
5.431
3
NE
3312
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
0
691.723
-
1
98.4
Total for NE
403.859
703.325
16
NH
3641
Electric Lamp Bulbs and Tubes
19.913
24.378
22
1
53.5
3679
Electronic Components. NEC
-
8.100
-
1
71.3
3366
Copper Foundries
13.773
7.684
-44
2
88.2
Total for NH
44.916
45.534
13
(continued)
-------
Table 4-8. (continued)
State and
SIC Code
SIC Code Description
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity" (lb)
% Change
(1991-1998
)
Number of
Facilities
(1998)
Cumulativ
e % of
State Total
(1998)
NJ
2819
Industrial Inorganic Chemicals. NEC
2.934
1.658.255
56.419
3
77.7
3479
Coating. Engrav ing, and Allied Sen ices. NEC
34.650
128.605
271
3
83.7
Total for NJ
724.94(1
2.135.362
62
NM
3331
Primary Smelting and Refining of Copper
-
555.692
-
1
96.8
Total for NM
615.167
573.937
6
NV
2491
Wood Preserving
-
1.300
-
1
100.0
Total for NV
22.820
1.300
4
NY
3229
Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware. NEC
433.582
369.283
-15
2
46.4
3312
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
477
99.070
20.669
4
58.8
3231
Glass Products Made of Purchased Glass
59.500
85.411
44
1
69.5
3269
Potten Products. NEC
4.900
50.303
927
1
75.8
3341
Secondary Smelting and Refining of
Nonfcrrous Metals
189.091
45.250
-76
3
81.5
Total for NY
1.682.573
796.725
58
(continued)
Table 4-8. (continued)
-------
State and
SIC Code
SIC Code Description
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity" (lb)
% Change
(1991-1998
)
Number of
Facilities
(1998)
Cumulativ
e % of
State Total
(1998)
OH
3229
Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware. NEC
701.096
1.395.281
99
7
34.0
3312
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
814.401
738.241
-9
18
52.0
2865
Cyclic Organic Crudes and Intermediates, and
Organic Dyes and Pigments
111.538
585.798
425
4
66.3
3315
Steel Wiredraw ing and Steel Nails and Spikes
167.145
312.124
87
4
73.9
3479
Coating. Engrav ing, and Allied Sen ices. NEC
15.889
291.972
1.738
4
81.0
Total for OH
33.721.711
4.103.672
198
OK
3341
Secondary Smelting and Refining of
Nonfcrrous Metals
-
273.576
-
2
45.2
2899
Chemical Preparations. NEC
-
181.938
-
1
75.3
3315
Steel Wiredraw ing and Steel Nails and Spikes
43.156
120.459
179
1
95.2
Total for OK
1.484.090
605.055
25
OR
3312
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
430.000
814.795
89
2
95.0
Total for OR
435.818
857.328
15
(continued)
-------
Table 4-8. (continued)
State and
SIC Code
SIC Code Description
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity1' (lb)
% Change
(1991-1998
)
Number of
Facilities
(1998)
Cumulativ
e % of
State Total
(1998)
PA
3399
Primary Metal Products. NEC
1.469
3.1 19.942
212.285
2
38.0
3341
Secondary Smelting and Refining of
Nonfcrrous Metals
999.678
1.129.750
13
5
51.7
2821
Plastics Materials. Synthetic and Resins, and
Nonvulcanizable Elastomers
426.803
842.486
97
4
62.0
3339
Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonfcrrous
Metals. Except Copper and Aluminum
()
811.641
-
1
71.9
3229
Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware. NEC
347.704
575.890
66
5
78.9
3312
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
1.032.057
486.254
-53
14
84.8
Total for PA
4.635.669
8.212.156
133
Territory of PR
3399
Primary Metal Products. NEC
9.700
4.993
-49
1
99.7
Total for PR
67.219
5.006
8
RI
3357
Draw ing and Insulating of Nonfcrrous Wire
34.812
22.750
-35
4
55.7
3229
Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware. NEC
63.995
16.015
-75
1
94.9
Total for RI
102.813
40.852
16
(continued)
-------
Table 4-8. (continued)
State and
SIC Code
SIC Code Description
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity" (lb)
% Change
(1991-1998
)
Number of
Facilities
(1998)
Cumulativ
e % of
State Total
(1998)
SC
3312
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
344
380.791
110.595
4
42.2
2262
Finishers of Broadwoven Fabrics of Manmade
Fiber and Silk
()
110.200
-
1
54.4
3241
Cement. Hydraulic
-
99.225
-
2
65.3
3691
Storage Batteries
7.589
76.236
905
1
73.8
3315
Steel Wiredraw ing and Steel Nails and Spikes
37.164
68.650
85
1
81.4
Total for SC
640.108
903.231
38
TN
2869
Industrial Organic Chemicals. NEC
19.500
370.805
1.802
3
47.4
3312
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
0
177.270
-
3
70.0
3341
Secondary Smelting and Refining of
Nonfcrrous Metals
89.982
81.397
-10
4
80.4
Total for TN
568.387
782.555
64
TX
3241
Cement. Hydraulic
511.227
3.651.122
614
2
34.3
2812
Alkalies and Chlorine
4.958.608
2.407.982
-51
2
56.9
(continued)
-------
Table 4-8. (continued)
State and
SIC Code
SIC Code Description
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity" (lb)
% Change
(1991-1998
)
Number of
Facilities
(1998)
Cumulativ
e % of
State Total
(1998)
2869
Industrial Organic Chemicals. NEC
2.235.383
1.824.714
-18
32
74.0
2911
Petroleum Refining
990.665
1.023.744
3
26
83.6
Total for TX
13.048.691
10.650.842
181
(IT
3331
Primary Smelting and Refining of Copper
1.322.400
3.457.930
161
1
86.7
Total for UT
2.603.838
3.990.023
19
VA
3312
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
0
341.515
-
1
55.2
3321
Gray and Ductile Iron Foundries
35
93.902
268.191
2
70.4
3641
Electric Lamp Bulbs and Tubes
88.209
75.500
-14
1
82.6
Total for VA
227.821
618.660
33
Territory of VI
2911
Petroleum Refining
7.190
260
-96
1
100.0
Total for VI
7.190
260
1
VI'
3674
Semiconductors and Related Devices
-
17.980
-
1
96.5
Total for VT
1 1.616
18.633
4
(continued)
-------
Table 4-8. (continued)
State and
SIC Code
SIC Code Description
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity" (lb)
% Change
(1991-1998
)
Number of
Facilities
(1998)
Cumulativ
e % of
State Total
(1998)
WA
3312
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
-
235.197
-
1
69.8
3316
Cold-Rolled Steel Sheet. Strip and Bars
-
27.352
-
1
77.9
9711
National Security
-
23.959
-
1
85.0
Total for WA
21.416.308
337.058
33
WI
3321
Gray and Ductile Iron Foundries
143.514
241.198
68
5
78.6
3312
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
-
25.600
-
1
87.0
Total for WI
1.089.216
306.695
44
WV
2865
Cyclic Organic Crudes and Intermediates, and
Organic Dy es and Pigments
1.341
886.268
65.990
1
81.5
Total for WV
135.274
1.086.979
24
WY
2999
Products of Petroleum and Coal. NEC
-
52.680
-
1
96.0
Total for WY
2.241
54.850
7
Note: Suites not included in this table did not report to TRI.
'' 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in 1998.
'' Facilities were not required to report SIC code 4925 until 1 994. 1 lowever. a single facility reported quantities to it in 1991 and 1992.
- = Nothing was reported to TRI for that entry.
0 = Zero was reported to TRI for that entry.
-------
Section 4.0
Results
West Virginia exhibited waste minimization quantity increases of nearly 1 million pounds
between 1991 and 1998, as reflected in Table 4-6. A single plant was responsible for West Virginia's
increase in chemical quantities between 1991 and 1998. After further investigation, it was determined
that the increase occurred between 1996 and 1997. The facility (which reports to SIC code
2865-Cyclic Organic Crudes and Intermediates, and Organic Dyes and Pigments) only reported 200
pounds of naphthalene in 1996. The facility then reported 247,218 pounds of dibenzofuran, 299,000
pounds of anthracene, and 215,000 pounds of naphthalene in 1997. Quantities of these three
chemicals also remained high in 1998. Increases in dibenzofuran and anthracene were due to a change
in the facility's reporting methodology. (However, the facility has now determined that these quantities
were erroneously reported as wastes but were in effect saleable product. The facility plans to submit a
revision to their TRI reports in the future.) Increases in naphthalene, however, were due to a
naphthalene tank clean-out in response to new toxic air pollutant regulations in the state.
With a decrease of more than 29.6 million pounds, Ohio exhibited the largest decline in overall
quantities of waste minimization priority chemicals between 1991 and 1998 (see
Table 4-6). Ohio was followed by Washington, Georgia, and Louisiana, and Kentucky, with each
state experiencing a decline in waste minimization priority chemical quantities of more than 5 million
pounds. As discussed in Section 4.3, most of the decrease in Ohio (27 million pounds) was primarily
due to a change in raw material usage at one facility in the Carbon Black sector. Despite significant
quantity reductions in Ohio between 1991 and 1998, the state was the seventh largest producer of
waste minimization priority chemicals in 1998.
The large decline observed in Georgia of 10.9 million pounds between 1991 and 1998 is mainly
due to one facility that reported 12 million pounds of lead compounds treated onsite in 1991 and zero
pounds in 1998. In working with EPA Region 4, the State Department of Natural Resources, and the
facility, it was determined that this trend was simply due to a change in TRI reporting methodology.
The facility representative confirmed that there were no process or production volume changes that
could explain the large reduction in lead compounds being reported. Manufacturers report in different
ways and make adjustments in the way they report from year to year.
In 1998, 5 of the 52 states and territories reported overall RCRA quantities of less than 5,000
pounds. Two states—Alaska and South Dakota—reported 0 or no quantities in 1998. Appendix
Table B-4 provides additional years of data for waste minimization priority chemical quantities by state.
4.4.1 Waste Minimization Priority Chemicals by State and Chemical
Table 4-7 shows waste minimization priority chemical quantities for individual chemicals or
groups by state for 1991 and 1998. In 25 of the 52 reporting entities, lead is the only chemical listed,
meaning that lead makes up 80 percent or more of the waste minimization priority chemical in the state.
Lead makes up 90 percent or more in 15 states. There are only 10 states where lead is not the
chemical with the largest quantities in the state.
Waste minimization priority chemical quantities of PAHs in Arkansas increased from zero to
722,793 pounds between 1991 and 1998. Naphthalene accounted for the majority of this increase
4-45
-------
Section 4.0
Results
(and anthracene accounted for the rest). Two facilities contributed almost 573,000 pounds of the total.
One facility had no reported naphthalene quantities in 1996, approximately 126,000 pounds in 1997,
and approximately 407,000 pounds in 1998. It was determined that this facility began producing a new
product in 1997 that required the use of naphthalene. The change in the product mix at the facility and
the initial start-up to produce the product explains the 1997 and 1998 increases of naphthalene.
One facility drives Montana's increase in waste minimization priority chemical quantities of lead,
displayed in Table 4-7. This facility reported over 6.15 million pounds of lead compounds in 1998. In
working with EPA Region 8 and the Montana Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), it was
determined that one of the sources to this total came from the disposal of recycled flue dust. The
facility typically recycles flue dust from its air pollution control baghouse system by placing the dust
back into the smelting process. The dust contains lead, cadmium, and copper, as well as the valuable
metals gold and silver that make the recycling economically feasible. As the dust is recycled, the metals
become concentrated. As the quantity of cadmium in the flue dust builds up over time and reaches 12
percent to 14 percent, the dust can spontaneously combust, making it a safety hazard. Therefore, the
facility must periodically dispose of the flue dust. The dust was transferred ofTsite for disposal in a
landfill in 1998.
This facility also undertook several major construction projects associated with State
Implementation Plan (SIP) projects requiring excavation and removal of contaminated soils and
shipment ofTsite for treatment or disposal. The EPA and the Montana DEQ had also become more
active in oversight of the facility and its waste management activities. Both the excavation projects and
the disposal of the baghouse dust at an offsite landfill were responsible for the increase in the reported
ofTsite treatment and disposal values in 1998.
The increase in waste minimization priority chemical quantities of lead in Utah between 1991
and 1998 can also be explained by examining the activities of one facility. As part of a site clean-up
project under the Utah Department of Environmental Quality's (DEQ) oversight, soils and sludges
contaminated with metals were placed in a triple-lined repository with a leak detection and collection
system in 1998. According to the Utah DEQ, the facility also increased its production from the
previous year, subsequently resulting in more waste production.
4.4.2 Waste Minimization Priority Chemicals by State and Industry Sector
The industry sectors responsible for waste minimization priority chemical quantities differ greatly
from state to state. Table 4-8 shows the industry sectors in each state that together generated at least
80 percent of the total waste priority chemical quantities in 1998. Tables 4-7 and 4-8 can be
compared to get a sense of which industry sectors are located in each state and what chemicals are
being generated in the state. States had between one and seven industry sectors that were responsible
for 80 percent of the total quantities. Eighteen states listed only one sector.
For example, Louisiana, Montana, and Utah listed only one sector, which was responsible for
approximately 4 million pounds or more of waste minimization priority chemical quantities. In Louisiana,
the Alkalies and Chlorine sector made up 87.5 percent of the waste minimization priority chemical
4-46
-------
Section 4.0
Results
quantities. Comparing that with the chemical information in Table 4-7, it can be inferred that part of the
8.4 million pounds of chemical quantities from that sector is made up of chlorinated aliphatics. The
Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metals, Except Copper and Aluminum generated more
than 4 million pounds of waste minimization priority chemical quantities in Montana, making up nearly
82 percent of the total quantities in the state. Referencing Table 4-7, where lead is the dominant
chemical, it is likely that the top industry sector in Montana is generating large quantities of lead. Lead is
also the dominant chemical in Utah, where the Primary Smelting and Refining of Copper sector
produced 3.4 million pounds of waste minimization priority chemical quantities.
4-47
-------
-------
Section 5.0
('onchisions
5.0 Conclusions
The purpose of this trends report is to track progress towards EPA's GPRA goal to reduce
waste minimization priority chemicals by 50 percent by the year 2005. Between 1991, the
beginning of GPRA measurement and 1998, progress was made toward the goal. National waste
minimization priority chemical quantities analyzed in this report declined by 44 percent during
that period, from more than 152 million pounds in 1991 to approximately 84.6 million pounds in
1998. A gradual decrease in quantities of waste minimization priority chemicals was observed in
each of the years sampled between 1991 and 1998, except for a slight increase between 1991 and
1993.
This report can also be used as a tool to understand trends in waste minimization priority
chemical generation, including how individual chemicals contribute to the trends, and which
industry sectors and states produce these chemicals. EPA regions, states, as well as industry
groups and individual facilities can use this information to target chemicals, industry sectors, and
geographic areas for waste minimization support or recognition.
Many of the trends in this report were driven by changes in the quantities of lead
generated by various states and industries. Lead was the largest individual chemical contributor
to national waste minimization priority chemical quantities in 1991 and 1998. In 1991, it made
up about half (52 percent) of national waste minimization priority chemical quantities. Similarly,
in 1998, it made up 61 percent of national quantities. Industry sectors generating lead are the
largest generating industry sectors at the national level. In addition, in most states, lead is the top
waste minimization priority chemical generated.
Other individual chemicals are also important to note. After lead, naphthalene,
hexachloroethane, hexachloro-l,3-butadiene, and cadmium, are the top waste minimization
priority chemicals at the national level. Together the top 5 chemicals make up 95 percent of the
waste minimization priority chemical quantity. Lead and naphthalene alone made up nearly 80
percent of the total waste minimization priority chemical quantities in 1998. Future waste
minimization efforts could focus on those chemicals.
Investigating industry sector trends can reveal which industries have reduced or increased
the generation of waste minimization priority chemicals over time. This report highlights sectors
or facilities with dramatic reductions due to waste minimization, such as the facility in Ohio that
decreased its use of waste minimization priority chemicals by 27.5 million pounds between 1991
and 1998. Another sector showing reductions is the Alkalies and Chlorine sector (SIC code
2812), which decreased mercury generation.
5-1
-------
Section 5.0
('onchisions
Other sectors showed large increases between 1991 and 1998, such as Primary Smelting
and Refining of Nonferrous Metals, Except Copper and Aluminum (SIC code 3339), Blast
Furnaces and Steel Mills (SIC code 3312), Secondary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous
Metals (SIC code 3341), and Primary Metal Products, NEC (SIC code 3399). With further
investigation, these sectors could be analyzed for waste minimization opportunities.
This report can also help determine which states need support in waste minimization
efforts. Almost half of states showed increases in waste minimization priority chemicals between
1991 and 1998. Quantities in Montana increased by 4.4 million pounds. Pennsylvania, Indiana,
California, and Arkansas showed increases of over 1.5 million pounds. These trends could be
analyzed in more detail to determine if certain facilities and sectors could be targeted for waste
minimization.
OSW's goal is to utilize information in this report to form partnerships with EPA regions,
states, and industries to promote waste minimization in industrial processes. Partnerships could
help continue progress towards achieving the GPRA goal of a 50 percent reduction in waste
minimization priority chemical quantities by 2005. Further investigation based on trends in this
report can help OSW support and recognize companies that voluntarily reduce quantities of
waste minimization priority chemicals. OSW plans to offer awards to companies that set and
achieve goals in a timely manner to minimize waste minimization priority chemical quantities.
In addition, technical support and information exchange would be offered to help companies
achieve their goals. Companies that participate would receive positive public recognition
through the awards and through visibility on Web sites and in newsletters.
5-2
-------
Section 6.0
References
6.0 References
Bhatnagar, S., and B.C. Murray. 1997. Efforts to Link the Biennial Reporting System (BRS) and
the Toxics Release Inventory (TR1). Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Solid Waste.
INFORM, Inc. 1995. Toxics Watch 1995. New York.
Murray, Brian C., and Richard C. Lindrooth. 1996. Explaining Toxic Waste Generation: An
Empirical Analysis of Toxics Release Inventory Data. Research Triangle Park, NC:
Research Triangle Institute.
U.S. Congress. 1993. Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) of 1993. Available
online at http://www.epa.gov/reg5oopa/rcraca/gpra.htm.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1996. Emergency Planning and Community
Right-To-Know, Section 313, List of Toxic Chemicals (EPA745-B-96-002). Updated
03-03-98. Washington, DC: Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics.
http://www.epa.gov/tri/chemls2.pdf Accessed 04/17/01.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1997. Mercury Report to Congress. Volume 11:
An Inventory of Anthropogenic Mercury Emissions in the United States. Washington,
DC: EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1998. EPC11A Section 13 Questions and Answers,
Revised 1998 Version {EPA 745-B-98-004). Washington, DC: Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1999. Persistent Bioaccumulative Toxic (PBT)
Chemicals; Final Rule. Federal Register 64(209): 58,666-58,753. October 29.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2000a. 1997 Toxics Release Inventory Public
Data Release Report. Available online at
http://www.epa.gov/triinter/tri97/pdr/pdr97.htm.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2000b. 1998 Toxics Release Inventory, Public
Data Release. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/triinter/tri98/pdr/index.htm.
6-1
-------
Section 6.0
References
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2000c. Title 40 -Protection of Environment;
Chapter 1 - Environmental Protection Agency; Part 262 - Standards Applicable to
Generators of Hazardous Waste. Section 262.40, Recordkeeping. Code qfl-'ederal
Regulations, 40 CFR 262.40.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2000d. Title 40 -Protection of Environment;
Chapter 1 - Environmental Protection Agency; Part 262 - Standards Applicable to
Generators of Hazardous Waste. Section 262.41, Biennial Report. Code qfl-'ederal
Regulations, 40 CFR 262.41.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2000e. Title 40 -Protection of Environment;
Chapter 1 - Environmental Protection Agency; Part 270 - EPA-Administered Permit
Programs: The Hazardous Waste Permit Program-Table of Contents Subpart C-Permit
Conditions. Section 270.3 1, Requirements for Recording and Reporting of Monitoring
Results. Code of Federal Regulations, 40 CFR 270.3 1.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2001a. 1999 Toxics Release Inventory, Public
Data Release. Office of Environmental Information (EPA 260-R-01-001). Available
online at http://www.epa.gov/tri/tri99/pdr/index.htm.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2001b. "Are Year-to-Year Changes Comparable?"
TRI Explorer. Available online at http: //www, epa. gov/tri ex pi orer/vearsum. htm.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2001c. Lead and Lead Compounds; Lowering of
Reporting Thresholds; Community Right-to-Know Toxic Chemical Release Reporting;
Final Rule. Federal Register 66(11): 4,499-4,547.
6-2
-------
Appendix A
Health Information on Waste Minimization
Priority Chemicals
-------
Appendix A
1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
CAS Number: 95-94-3
What is 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene?
l.2.4.5-Tetrachlorobenzene is an odorless man-
made substance that can range in appearance from
a colorless crystal to a white flaky or chunky solid.
What is 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene used
for?
l.2.4.5-Tetrachlorobenzene is used as an
intermediate or building block to make herbicides,
insecticides and defoliants. It is also used to make
other chemicals like 2.4.5-trichlorophenol and
2.4.5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid.
How can 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene enter
and leave your body?
l.2.4.5-Tetrachlorobenzene can enter your lungs if
you breathe contaminated air. It can enter your
body if you eat contaminated food or be absorbed
through your skin if you come into contact with the
substance.
How can you be exposed to 1,2,4,5-
tetrachlorobenzene?
If you work in a factory that makes or uses l.2.4.5-
tetrachlorobenzene. you can be exposed by
breathing contaminated air. You could also be
exposed if you eat contaminated food like fish or if
\ our skin comes into contact with the substance.
What are the health effects of exposure to
1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene?
Exposure to 1.2.4.5-tetrachlorobenzene can irritate
or bother your eyes and skin and can affect your
ability to breathe. It can also affect the mucous
membranes. In addition, laboratory animals
exposed to 1.2.4.5-tetrachlorobenzene experienced
lesions, or changes to the liver and kidney.
What levels of exposure have resulted in
harmful health effects?
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
established an oral reference dose (RfD) of 0.34
milligrams per kilogram per day for oral exposure
to 1.2.4.5-tetrachlorobenzene. The RfD is an
estimate of the highest daily oral exposure humans
can be exposed to without resulting in harmful
effects.
Where can you get more information?
Contact your state health or environmental
department, or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road. N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
References
1. International Labor Organization. International
Occupational Safety and Health Information
Centre (CIS). 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorohenzene ICS(
1994.
2. National Toxicity Program (NTP). XTP
Chemical Repository 1,2,4,5-
Tetrachlorohenzene (Radian Corporation.
August 29. 199( 1)
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) on
1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorohenzene. Environmental
Criteria and Assessment Office. Office of
Health and Environmental Assessment.
Cincinnati. OH.
4. U.S. Department of Health and Human
Sen ices. Hazardous Substances Data Bank
-------
Appendix A
(HSDB. online database). National Library of
Medicine Bcthcsda. MD. 2001.
4
-------
Appendix A
1,2,4-T richlorobenzene
CAS Number: 120-82-1
What is 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene?
1.2.4 -Trichlorobenzene is a man-made chemical
that looks like a colorless liquid.
What is 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene used for?
l.2.4-Trichlorobenzene has several uses. It is used
as an intermediate or building block to make
herbicides, substances that destroy or prevent the
growth of weeds. It is also used as a solvent and
dielectric fluid (a liquid that conducts little or no
electricity), a degreaser (a substance that removes
grease), and as a lubricant.
How can 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene enter and
leave your body?
l.2.4-Trichlorobenzene can enter your body when
\ ou breathe contaminated air or eat contaminated
food. It can also be absorbed through your skin if
you touch it.
exposed to the substance by injection experienced
an enlargement of the adrenal glands located near
the kidney. Rats that breathed the substance
experienced irritation of the lungs and dyspnea,
w hich is shortness of breath or difficulty
breathing.
Rats exposed to 1.2.4-trichlorobenzene for a long
period of time experienced a number of
symptoms, including changes in the enzymes of
the liver. Oral exposure resulted in an increase in
the adrenal (glands near the kidney) weights.
No information is available to determine if 1.2.4-
trichlorobenzene can cause cancer in humans.
However, animal studies show that mice exposed
to the substance through their skin developed
tumors. The U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) has categorized 1.2.4-
trichlorobenzene as "not classifiable" with respect
to its likelihood to cause cancer.
What levels of exposure have resulted in
harmful health effects?
How can you be exposed to 1,2,4-
trichlorobenzene?
You can be exposed to 1.2.4-trichlorobenzene if
\ ou breathe contaminated air. eat contaminated
food (especially fish), or if your skin comes into
contact with the substance. If you w ork in an
industry that makes or uses 1.2.4-trichlorobenzene.
> ou can be exposed by breathing it while it is being
made or used.
What are the health effects of exposure to
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene?
No information is available on the short- or long-
term health effects of 1.2.4-trichlorobenzene in
humans. However, animal studies show that rats
The U.S. EPA established a reference dose (RfD)
of 0.01 milligrams per kilograms a day of 1.2.4-
trichlorobenzene. The RfD is an estimate of the
highest daily oral exposure humans can be
exposed to without resulting in harmful effects.
Where can you get more information?
Contact your state health or environmental
department, or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road. N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
5
-------
Appendix A
References
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health
I'Jfects Xotekook for Ilazardous Air Pollutants,
1,2,4-Trichlorohenzene, Office of Air Planning
& Standards. 1994.
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. OI'I'T
Chemical had Sheet, 1,2,4-Trichlorohenzene
(T(Tl) had Sheet: Support Document.
Washington. D.C.: Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics. 1994.
3. U.S. Department of Health and Human
Sen ices. Hazardous Substances Data Bank
(HSDB. online database). National Library of
Medicine Bcthcsda. MD. 2001.
6
-------
Appendix A
2,4,5-T richlorophenol
CAS Number: 95-95-4
What is 2,4,5-trichlorophenol?
Grey in color and flaky in appearance; 2.4.5-
trichlorophenol also looks like small needles. It
has a really strong odor that smells like phenol (a
poisonous crystal-looking compound). This man-
made substance is not found naturally in the
environment.
What are the health effects of exposure to
2,4,5-trichlorophenol?
If your skin comes into contact with
2.4.5-trichlorophenol. it may bum. It can also
irritate your eyes. nose, pharynx and your lungs if
vou breathe it.
What is 2,4,5-trichlorophenol used for?
2.4.5- Trichlorophenol has several uses. The paper
and pulp mills use 2.4.5- trichlorophenol as a
fungicide to destroy or prevent fungi from
growing. It is also used as a herbicide and to make
other pesticides.
How can 2,4,5-trichlorophenol enter and
leave your body?
2.4.5-Trichlorophenol can get into your body w hen
\ ou breathe contaminated air or it can be absorbed
(pass through) by your skin if you touch it.
How can you be exposed to 2,4,5-
trichlorophenol?
2.4.5-Trichlorophenol can be released into the air
while it is being produced. It can also be released
if it is burned. You can be exposed if you breathe
contaminated air or touch 2.4.5-trichlorophenol.
The most common source of exposure is for
individuals who work in an industry that makes
2.4.5-trichlorophenol or for individuals responsible
for applying pesticides. Low levels of 2.4.5-
trichlorophenol can be found in air. food and in
drinking water.
What levels of exposure have resulted in
harmful health effects?
There is no information on the effects of long-
term exposure to 2.4.5-trichlorophenol on
humans. However, animal studies show that long-
term exposure in rats through diet caused some
slight decline in the liver and kidneys. No
information is available on w hether 2.4.5-
trichlorophenol can cause cancer in humans. The
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has
determined that 2.4.5-trichlorophenol is not
classifiable regarding the likelihood of it causing
cancer.
Where can you get more information?
Contact your state health or environmental
department, or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road. N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
References
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health
I'.Jfecls Xotebook, for Ilozordous. I ir
Pollutants, 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol.
Washington. D.C.: Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards. 1994.
7
-------
Appendix A
2. U.S. Department of Health and Human
Sen ices. Hazardous Substances Data Bank
(HSDB. online database). National Library of
Medicine Bcthcsda. MD. 2001.
8
-------
Appendix A
4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether
CAS Number: 101-55-3
What is 4-bromophenyl phenyl ether?
4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether is found in liquid
form. No other information about its appearance is
available.
What is 4-bromophenyl phenyl ether used
for?
4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether is primarily used for
research purposes. In the past it was used as a
flame retardant.
How can 4-bromophenyl phenyl ether enter
and leave your body?
4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether can enter your body if
\ ou breathe contaminated air or drink
contaminated water. It can also be absorbed
through your skin.
How can you be exposed to 4-bromophenyl
phenyl ether?
The primary source of exposure to 4-bromophenyl
phenyl ether is from the work place. If you w ork in
an industry that makes or uses 4-bromophenyl
phenyl ether, you are at greater risk of exposure
through inhalation and dermal contact. In addition,
the general population is most likely to be exposed
to 4-bromophenyl phenyl ether by drinking
contaminated w ater or by touching products that
contain the substance.
indicated that 4-bromophenyl phenyl ether cannot
be classified as a cancer-causing substance
because inadequate information exists.
What levels of exposure have resulted in
harmful health effects?
No information available.
Where can you get more information?
Contact your state health or environmental
department or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road. N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
References
1. U.S. Department of Health and Human
Sen ices. Hazardous Substances Data Bank
(HSDB. online database). National Library of
Medicine Bcthcsda. MD. 2001
What are the health effects of exposure to
4-bromophenyl phenyl ether?
Information on the clinical effects of 4-
bromophenyl phenyl ether is not available. The
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has
9
-------
Appendix A
Acenaphthene
CAS Number: 83-32-9
What is acenaphthene?
Acenaphthene is one of a group of chemicals called
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. PAHs for short.
PAHs are often found together in groups of two or
more. They can exist in over 100 different
combinations but the most common are treated as a
group of 15. PAHs are found naturally in the
environment but they can also be man-made.
Acenaphthene looks like a white crystal-like solid.
PAHs are created when products like coal. oil. gas.
and garbage are burned but the burning process is
not complete.
Very little information is available on the
individual chemicals within the PAH group. Most
of the information available is for the PAH group
as a whole. Information specific to acenaphthene
is included in this fact sheet when available.
What is acenaphthene used for?
Most of the PAHs are used to conduct research.
Like most PAHs. acenaphthene is used to make
dyes, plastics and pesticides. Acenaphthene has
been found in cigarette smoke, in the exhaust from
automobiles and in wood preservatives.
How can acenaphthene enter and leave
your body?
One of the most common w ays acenaphthene can
enter your body is through breathing contaminated
air. It can get into your lungs when you breathe it.
If you live near or work in a hazardous waste site
where PAHs are disposed, you are likely to breathe
acenaphthene and other PAHs. If you eat or drink
food and w ater that are contaminated with PAHs.
you could be exposed.
Exposure can also occur if your skin comes into
contact with contaminated soil or products like
heavy oils, coal tar. roofing tar or creosote where
PAHs have been found. Creosote is an oily liquid
found in coal tar and is used to preserve w ood.
Once in your body, the PAHs can spread and target
fat tissues. Target organs include kidneys, liver
and fat. However, in just a matter of days, the
PAHs w ill leave your body through urine and
feces.
How can you be exposed to acenaphthene?
You can be exposed to most PAHs in the
environment, in your home and in the workplace.
Because PAHs exist naturally in the environment,
and they are man-made, you can be exposed in a
number of w ays. Acenaphthene has been detected
in fumes from vehicle exhaust, coal, coal tar. and at
hazardous w aste sites. These are all sources of
exposure.
Since acenaphthene has been found in cigarettes.
\ ou can be exposed by breathing cigarette and
tobacco smoke. Exposure to other PAHs can occur
by eating foods grow n in contaminated soil or by
eating meat or other food that you grilled. Grilling
and charring food actually increases the amount of
PAHs in the food.
If \ ou work in a plant that makes coal-tar or that
uses petroleum or coal, or makes or uses w ood
preservatives, you could be exposed to
acenaphthene and other PAHs.
What are the health effects of exposure to
acenaphthene?
A number of PAHs have caused tumors in
laboratory animals that were exposed to PAHs
through their food, from breathing contaminated air
10
-------
Appendix A
and w hen it was applied to their skin. When
pregnant mice ate high doses of a PAH
(benzo(a)pyrene) they experienced reproductive
problems. In addition, the offspring of the
pregnant mice showed birth defects and a decrease
in their body weight. Other effects include damage
to skin, body fluids and the immune system which
helps the body fight disease. However, these
effects have not been seen in humans.
GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human
Sen ices. 1990.
2. Faust. Rosmaric A.. Oak Ridge National
Laboratory. Chemical Hazard Evaluation
Group. Toxicity Summary for. Icenophthene.
Oak Ridge. TN: 1994.
3. U.S. Department of Health and Human
Sen ices. Hazardous Substances Data Bank
(HSDB. online database). National Library of
Medicine Bcthcsda. MD. 2001.
What levels of exposure have resulted in
harmful health effects?
Acenaphthene can bother your skin and mucous
membranes. Animal studies showed that rats fed
2 grams of acenaphthene for 32 days (long-term)
had changes in their blood and some damage to the
liver, kidney and lungs.
There is no information available from studies on
humans to tell what effects can result from being
exposed to individual PAHs at certain levels.
However, breathing PAHs and skin contact seem to
be associated with cancer in humans. Animal
studies showed that mice exposed to 308 parts per
million (ppm) of PAHs (specifically
benzo(a)pyrene) in food for 10 days (short-term
exposure) had offspring with birth defects. Mice
exposed to 923 ppm of bcnzo(a)pyrene in food for
a period of months developed problems in the liver
and blood.
Where can you get more information?
Contact your state health or environmental
department, or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road. N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
References
1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). Public Health Statement.
Polycyclic:. Iromatic: Ilyclrocarbons. Atlanta.
1 1
-------
Appendix A
Acenaphthylene
CAS Number: 208-96-8
What is acenaphthylene?
Acenaphthylene is one of a group of chemicals
called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. PAHs for
short. PAHs are often found together in groups of
two or more. They can exist in over 100 different
combinations but the most common are treated as a
group of 15. PAHs are found naturally in the
environment but they can also be man-made.
PAHs are solid and range in appearance from
colorless to white or pale yellow-green. PAHs are
created when products like coal. oil. gas. and
garbage are burned but the burning process is not
complete.
Very little information is available on the
individual chemicals within the PAH group. Most
of the information available is for the PAH group
as a whole. Information specific to acenaphthylene
is included in this fact sheet when available.
What is acenaphthylene used for?
Most of the PAHs are used to conduct research.
Like most PAHs. acenaphthylene is used to make
dyes, plastics and pesticides.
How can acenaphthylene enter and leave
your body?
One of the most common ways acenaphthylene can
enter your body is through breathing contaminated
air. It can get into your lungs when you breathe it.
If you w ork in a hazardous w aste site w here PAHs
are disposed, you are likely to breathe
acenaphthylene and other PAHs. If you eat or
drink food and w ater that are contaminated w ith
PAHs. you could be exposed.
Exposure can also occur if your skin comes into
contact with contaminated soil or products like
heavy oils, coal tar. roofing tar or creosote where
PAHs have been found. Creosote is an oily liquid
found in coal tar and is used to preserve w ood.
Once in your body, the PAHs can spread and target
fat tissues. Target organs include kidneys, liver and
fat. However, in just a matter of days, the PAHs
will leave your body through urine and feces.
How can you be exposed to
acenaphthylene?
You can be exposed to PAHs in the environment,
in your home and in the w ork place. Because
PAHs exist naturally in the environment, and they
are man-made, you can be exposed in a number of
ways. Fumes from vehicle exhaust, coal, coal tar.
asphalt, wildfires, agricultural burning and
hazardous waste sites are all sources of exposure.
You could be exposed to PAHs by breathing
cigarette and tobacco smoke, eating foods grown in
contaminated soil or by eating meat or other food
that you grilled. Grilling and charring food
actually increases the amount of PAHs in the food.
If you w ork in a plant that makes coal tar. asphalt
and aluminum, or that burns trash, you can be
exposed to PAHs. You can also be exposed if you
work in a facility that uses petroleum or coal or
w here wood, com and oil are burned.
What are the health effects of exposure to
acenaphthylene?
A number of PAHs have caused tumors in
laboratory animals that were exposed to PAHs
through their food, from breathing contaminated air
and w hen it was applied to their skin. When
pregnant mice ate high doses of a PAH
(benzo(a)pyrene). they experienced reproductive
problems. In addition, the offspring of the
pregnant mice showed birth defects and a decrease
in their body weight. Other effects include damage
12
-------
Appendix A
to skin, body fluids and the immune system which
helps the body fight disease. However, these
effects have not been seen in humans.
What levels of exposure have resulted in
harmful health effects?
There is no information available from studies on
humans to tell what effects can result from being
exposed to individual PAHs at certain levels.
However, breathing PAHs and skin contact seem to
be associated with cancer in humans. Animal
studies showed that mice exposed to 308 parts per
million (ppm) of PAHs (specifically
benzo(a)pyrene) in food for 10 days (short term
exposure) had offspring with birth defects. Mice
exposed to 923 ppm of benzo(a)p\ rene in food for
several months caused problems in the liver and
blood.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has
indicated that not enough information exists to
classify, acenaphthylene as a cancer causing
substance.
Where can you get more information?
Contact your state health or environmental
department, or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road. N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
References
1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). Public Health Statement.
Polycyclic. Iromatic Hydrocarbons. Atlanta.
GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human
Sen ices. 1990.
2. U.S. Department of Health and Human
Sen ices. Hazardous Substances Data Bank
(HSDB. online database). National Library of
Medicine Bcthcsda. MD. 2001.
13
-------
Appendix A
Anthracene
CAS Number: 120-12-7
What is anthracene?
Anthracene is one of a group of chemicals called
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. PAHs for short.
PAHs are often found together in groups of two or
more. They can exist in over 100 different
combinations but the most common are treated as a
group of 15. PAHs are found naturally in the
environment but they can also be man-made.
Anthracene can vary in appearance from a
colorless to pale yellow crystal-like solid. PAHs
are created w hen products like coal. oil. gas. and
garbage are burned but the burning process is not
complete.
Very little information is available on the
individual chemicals within the PAH group. Most
of the information available is for the PAH group
as a whole. Information specific to anthracene is
included in this fact sheet when available.
What is anthracene used for?
Most of the PAHs are used to conduct research.
Like most PAHs. anthracene is used to make dyes,
plastics and pesticides. It has been used to make
smoke screens and scintillation counter crystals. A
scintillation counter is used to detect or count the
number of sparks or flashes that occur over a
period of time.
How can anthracene enter and leave your
body?
One of the most common ways anthracene can
enter your body is through breathing contaminated
air. It can get into your lungs when you breathe it.
If you w ork in a hazardous w aste site w here PAHs
are disposed, you are likely to breathe anthracene
and other PAHs. If vou eat or drink food and water
that are contaminated with PAHs. you could be
exposed.
Exposure can also occur if your skin comes into
contact with contaminated soil or products like
heavy oils, coal tar. roofing tar or creosote where
PAHs have been found. Creosote is an oily liquid
found in coal tar and is used to preserve w ood.
Once in your body, the PAHs can spread and
target fat tissues. Target organs include the
kidneys, the liver and fat. However, in just a
matter of days, the PAHs w ill leave your body
through urine and feces.
How can you be exposed to anthracene?
You can be exposed to most PAHs in the
environment, in your home and in the workplace.
Because PAHs exist naturally in the environment,
and they are man-made, you can be exposed in a
number of ways. Anthracene has been detected in
fumes from vehicle exhaust, coal, coal tar. and at
hazardous w aste sites. These are all sources of
exposure. Since anthracene has been found in
cigarettes, you can be exposed by breathing
cigarette and tobacco smoke. Exposure to other
PAHs can occur by eating foods grown in
contaminated soil or by eating meat or other food
that you grilled. Grilling and charring food
actually increases the amount of PAHs in the
food. If you work in a plant that makes coal-tar or
that uses petroleum or coal or makes or uses wood
preservatives, you could be exposed to anthracene
and other PAHs.
What are the health effects of exposure to
anthracene?
Once inside your body, anthracene appears to
target the skin, blood, stomach and intestines and
the lymph system. Exposure to high doses of
14
-------
Appendix A
anthracene for a short time can cause damage to the
skin. It can cause burning, itching and edema, a
build up of fluid in tissues. Humans exposed to
anthracene experienced headaches, nausea, loss of
appetite, inflammation or swelling of the stomach
and intestines. In addition, their reaction time
slowed and they felt weak.
A number of PAHs have caused tumors in
laboratory animals that were exposed to PAHs
through their food, from breathing contaminated air
and w hen it was applied to their skin. When
pregnant mice ate high doses of a PAH
(benzo(a)pyrene) they experienced reproductive
problems. In addition, the offspring of the
pregnant mice showed birth defects and a decrease
in their body weight. Other effects include damage
to skin, body fluids and the immune system, which
helps the body fight disease. However, these
effects have not been seen in humans.
References
1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). I'uhlic Health Statement.
Polycyclic. Iromatic: Hydrocarbons. Atlanta.
GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human
Sen ices. 1990.
2. Faust. Rosmaric A.. Oak Ridge National
Laboratory. Chemical Hazard Evaluation
Group. Toxicity Summary for. Inthracene. Oak
Ridge. TN:1991.
What levels of exposure have resulted in
harmful health effects?
There is no information available from studies on
humans to tell what effects can result from being
exposed to individual PAHs at certain levels.
However, breathing PAHs and skin contact seem to
be associated with cancer in humans. Animal
studies showed that mice exposed to 308 parts per
million (ppm) of PAHs (specifically benzo (a)
pyrene) in food for 10 days (short term exposure)
had offspring with birth defects. Mice exposed to
923 ppm of benzo (a) pyrene in food for months
developed problems in the liver and blood.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has
indicated that not enough information exists to
classify anthracene as a cancer causing substance.
Where can you get more information?
Contact y our state health or environmental
department, or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road. N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
15
-------
Appendix A
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
CAS Number: 191-24-2
What is benzo(g,h,i)perylene?
Benzo(g.h.i)perylene is one of a group of
chemicals called polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons. PAHs for short. PAHs are often
found together in groups of tw o or more. They can
exist in over 100 different combinations but the
most common are treated as a group of 15. PAHs
are found naturally in the environment but they can
also be man-made. Benzo(g.h.i)perylene is a
colorless crystal-like solid. PAHs are created when
products like coal. oil. gas. and garbage are burned
but the burning process is not complete.
Very little information is available on the
individual chemicals within the PAH group. Most
of the information available is for the PAH group
as a whole. Information specific to
benzo(g.h.i)perylene is included in this fact sheet
when available.
What is benzo(g,h,i)perylene used for?
Most of the PAHs are used to conduct research.
Like most PAHs. benzo(g.h.i)perylene is used to
make dyes, plastics, pesticides, explosives and
drugs. It has also been used to make bile acids,
cholesterol and steroids.
How can benzo(g,h,i)perylene enter and
leave your body?
One of the most common ways
benzo(g.h.i)perylene can enter your body is
through breathing contaminated air. It can get into
your lungs when you breathe it. If you w ork in a
hazardous w aste site where PAHs are disposed,
y ou are likely to breathe benzo(g.h.i)pery lene and
other PAHs. If you eat or drink food and water that
is contaminated with PAHs. you could be exposed.
Exposure can also occur if your skin comes into
contact with contaminated soil or products like
heavy oils, coal tar. roofing tar or creosote where
PAHs have been found. Creosote is an oily liquid
found in coal tar and is used to preserve w ood.
Once in y our body. the PAHs can spread and target
fat tissues. Target organs include kidney s, liver
and fat. However, in just a matter of day s, the
PAHs w ill leave y our body through urine and
feces.
How can you be exposed to
benzo(g,h,i)perylene?
You can be exposed to PAHs in the environment,
in your home and in the w ork place. Because
PAHs exist naturally in the environment, and they
are man-made, y ou can be exposed in a number of
ways. Fumes from vehicle exhaust, coal, coal tar.
asphalt, wildfires, agricultural burning and
hazardous waste sites are all sources of exposure.
You could be exposed to PAHs by breathing
cigarette and tobacco smoke, eating foods grown in
contaminated soil or by eating meat or other food
that you grilled. Grilling and charring food
actually increases the amount of PAHs in the food.
If y ou w ork in a plant that makes coal tar. asphalt
and aluminum, or that burns trash, you can be
exposed to PAHs. You can also be exposed if you
work in a facility that uses petroleum or coal or
w here wood, com and oil are burned.
What are the health effects of exposure to
benzo(g,h,i)perylene?
A number of PAHs have caused tumors in
laboratory animals that were exposed to PAHs
through their food, from breathing contaminated air
and w hen it was applied to their skin. When
pregnant mice ate high doses of a PAH (benzo (a)
pyrene) they experienced reproductive problems.
In addition, the offspring of the pregnant mice
16
-------
Appendix A
showed birth defects and a decrease in their body (HSDB. online database). National Library
weight. Other effects include damage to skin, body Medicine Bcthcsda. MD. 2001.
fluids and the immune system which helps the
body fight disease. However, these effects have
not been seen in humans.
What levels of exposure have resulted in
harmful health effects?
There is no information available from studies on
humans to tell what effects can result from being
exposed to individual PAHs at certain levels.
However, breathing PAHs and skin contact seem to
be associated with cancer in humans. Animal
studies showed that mice exposed to 308 parts per
million (ppm) of PAHs (specifically benzo (a)
pyrene) in food for 10 days (short-term exposure)
had offspring with birth defects. Mice exposed to
923 ppm of benzo(a)pyrene in food for months
developed problems in the liver and blood.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has
indicated that not enough information exists to
classify benzo(g.h.i)perylene as a cancer causing
substance.
Where can you get more information?
Contact your state health or environmental
department, or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
References
1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). I'uhlic Health Statement.
Polycyclic. Iromatic: Hydrocarbons. Atlanta.
GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human
Sen ices. 1990.
2. Faust. Rosmaric A.. Oak Ridge National
Laboratory. Chemical Hazard Evaluation
Group. Toxicity Summary for Benzofg.h.ij
perylene. Oak Ridge. TN:1994.
3. U.S. Department of Health and Human
Sen ices. Hazardous Substances Data Bank
-------
Appendix A
Cadmium
CAS Number: 7440-43-9
What is cadmium?
Cadmium, in its purest form, is a soft silver-white
metal that is found naturally in the earth's caist.
However, the most common forms of cadmium
found in the environment exist in combinations
with other elements. For example, cadmium oxide
(a mixture of cadmium and oxygen), cadmium
chloride (a combination of cadmium and chlorine),
and cadmium sulfide (a mixture of cadmium and
sulfur) are commonly found in the environment.
Cadmium doesn't have a distinct taste or smell.
What is cadmium used for?
Most cadmium used in this country is obtained as a
by-product (formed while making something else)
from smelting (melting) zinc. lead, or copper ores.
The cadmium by-product is mostly used in metal
plating and to make pigments, batteries, and
plastics.
How can cadmium enter and leave your
body?
Cadmium can get into your blood stream by eating
and drinking cadmium-contaminated food or water
and by breathing cadmium-contaminated air.
How can you be exposed to cadmium?
You can be exposed to cadmium in the work place
by breathing cadmium-contaminated air. If you
work for a battery manufacturer or work in metal
soldering or w elding, then w orkplace exposure to
cadmium may be greater.
Exposure can also occur by eating foods containing
low levels of cadmium. For most of us. the most
common source of exposure to cadmium is mainly
through eating food, especially shellfish, liver, and
kidney meats. Plants absorb or "take up" cadmium
from soil, and the fish we eat "take up" cadmium
from the water they live in. However, this type of
exposure is not of greatest concern.
Cigarette smoke is another source of exposure.
Traces of cadmium can be found in tobacco
plants. Most people who smoke have about twice
as much cadmium in their bodies as nonsmokers.
Breathing cadmium-contaminated air from
industry sectors that burn fossil fuels like coal or
oil. or that burn municipal wastes is another
source of exposure and is the largest source of
cadmium releases. Cadmium may also be
released to the air from zinc, lead or copper
smelters. If you work in or near these major
sources of cadmium releases, then your exposure
to cadmium may be higher than the average
person.
What are the health effects of exposure to
cadmium?
Exposure to cadmium can cause a number of
harmful health effects. Eating food or drinking
water with high levels of cadmium can severely
irritate or bother your stomach and cause vomiting
and diarrhea. Breathing high doses of cadmium
can irritate and damage the lungs and can cause
death.
However, the greatest concern is from exposure to
low er doses of cadmium over a long period of
time. The low er and long-term exposure to
cadmium through air or through diet can cause
kidney damage. Although the damage is not life-
threatening. it can lead to the formation of kidney
stones and affect the skeleton, which can be
painful and debilitating. Lung damage has also
been observed.
The results of some animal studies show that
animals given cadmium-contaminated food and
18
-------
Appendix A
w ater show high blood pressure, iron-poor blood,
liver disease, nerve damage or brain damage.
These effects have not been observed in humans.
The U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services determined that cadmium and certain
cadmium compounds are probable or suspected
carcinogens (substances that cause cancer).
What levels of exposure have resulted in
harmful health effects?
In general, the amount of cadmium that w ill cause
health problems w ill vary depending on: (1) the
type of exposure (eating or breathing). (2) the
duration of the exposure (short- or long-term), and
(3) the form of cadmium (pure cadmium or some
combination).
Studies show that humans can experience lung
irritation after breathing as little as 1.0 milligrams
per cubic meter of air (mg/m') of cadmium-
contaminated air for a short period of time (less
than or equal to 14 days).
Breathing 0.01 mg/m''of cadmium-contaminated
air over the long-term (greater than 14 days) has
resulted in chronic lung disease and kidney disease
in humans.
Humans that eat or drink cadmium-contaminated
food and w ater for a short period of time (less than
14 days) in amounts of 0.05 milligrams per
kilogram of body w eight per day (mg/kg/day) can
experience stomach irritation. Long-term exposure
(greater than 14 days) in amounts of 0.005
mg/kg/day cause relatively little risk of injury to
the kidney or other tissues.
Exposure to cadmium through food is typical for
most people but is not a major health concern. This
is because the cadmium present in the body from
our diet is about 0.0004 mg/kg/day. This figure is
about ten times lower than the level of cadmium
that causes kidney damage from eating
contaminated food.
Where can you get more information?
Contact your state health or environmental
department, or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
References
1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). I'uhlic Health Statement
/<>r Cadmium. Atlanta. GA: U.S. Department
of Health and Human Sen ices. 1989.
2. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological ProfileJbr
Cadmium. Atlanta. GA: U.S. Department of
Health and Human Sen ices. 1993.
3. Rcigart. Routt J. and Roberts. James R.
Medical University of South Carolina.
Recognition and .1 lanagement of Pesticide
Poisonings. Fifth cd. Washington. D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of
Pesticide Programs. 1999.
19
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Appendix A
Dibenzofuran
CAS Number: 132-64-9
What is dibenzofuran?
Dibenzofuran is a white crystal-like solid that is
created from the production of coal tar.
What is dibenzofuran used for?
Dibenzofuran is used as an insecticide and to make
other chemicals. It is made from coal tar and has
been found in coke dust, grate ash. fly ash. and
flame soot.
How can it enter and leave your body?
Dibenzofuran can enter your body w hen you
breathe contaminated air. It can also be absorbed
into your body w hen it comes into contact with
\ our skin.
How can you be exposed to dibenzofuran?
You can be exposed to dibenzofuran by breathing
contaminated air or by eating or drinking
contaminated food or w ater. Since it has been
found in tobacco smoke, you can be exposed if you
smoke cigarettes or breathe cigarette smoke.
In addition, you can be exposed to dibenzofuran if
\ ou w ork in an industry that makes or uses coal tar.
What are the health effects of exposure to
dibenzofuran?
Little to no information is available on the effects
of dibenzofuran exposure to your health. However,
the information that does exist shows that short-
term exposure to dibenzofuran can cause skin. eye.
nose, and throat irritation.
What levels of exposure can result in
harmful health effects?
Very little information is available on the levels of
exposure that w ill cause harmful effects. In
addition to the skin. eye. nose and throat irritation
caused by short-term exposure; long-term exposure
can cause rashes and growths to appear on your
skin. Your skin max also change color.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has
determined that there is not enough information
available to classify dibenzofuran as a cancer
causing substance.
Where can you get more information?
If you have more questions or concerns, you can
contact your state health or environmental
department or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Di vision of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road. N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
References
1. New Jersey Department of Health and Senior
Services. Hazardous Substance I-'act Sheet:
Dibenzofuran. Trenton. NJ: 1998.
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health
I'fjects Xotebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants,
Dibenzofuran, Office of Air Planning &
Standards. 1994.
20
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Appendix A
Dioxins and Furans
What are dioxins and furans?
Dioxins and furans is the abbreviated or short name
for a family of toxic substances that all share a
similar chemical structure. Dioxins. in their purest
form, look like crystals or a colorless solid. Most
dioxins and furans are not man-made or produced
intentionally, but are created w hen other chemicals
or products are made. Of all of the dioxins and
furans. one. 2.3.7.8-tetrachloro-p-dibenzo-dioxin
(2.3.7.8 TCDD) is considered the most toxic.
What are dioxins and furans used for?
Dioxins and furans are not made for any specific
purpose; however, they are created when products
like herbicides are made. They are also created in
the pulp and paper industry, from a process that
bleaches the wood pulp. In addition, they can be
produced when products are burned.
How can dioxins and furans enter and
leave your body?
Dioxins and furans can enter your body through
breathing contaminated air. drinking contaminated
water or eating contaminated food. About 90% of
exposure to dioxins and furans is from eating
contaminated food. Dioxins and furans can build
up in the fatty tissues of animals.
How can you be exposed to dioxins and
furans?
You can be exposed to dioxins and furans by eating
contaminated food. Dioxins and furans typically
stay and build up in the fatty tissues of animals.
This means that eating beef. pork, poultry, fish as
well as dairy products can be a source of exposure.
There are several sources of exposure to dioxins
and furans. If you w ork in or near a municipal
solid w aste incinerator, copper smelter, cement kiln
or coal fired pow er plant you can be exposed to
dioxins and furans. Individuals who bum their
household w aste or bum w ood can be exposed as
well. Even forest fires can contribute to the
creation of small amounts of dioxins and furans.
Dioxins and furans have been found in the air. soil,
and food. Dioxins and furans are mainly
distributed through the air. However, only a small
percentage of exposure is from air. Eating
contaminated food is the primary source of
exposure.
What are the health effects of exposure to
dioxins and furans?
Dioxins and furans can cause a number of health
effects. The most well known member of the
dioxins/furans family is 2.3.7.8 TCDD. The U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has said
that it is likely to be a cancer causing substance to
humans. In addition, people exposed to dioxins
and furans have experienced changes in hormone
levels. High doses of dioxin have caused a skin
diseased called chloracne. Animal studies show
that animals exposed to dioxins and furans
experienced changes in their hormone systems,
changes in the development of the fetus, decreased
ability to reproduce and suppressed immune
system.
What levels of exposure have resulted in
harmful health effects?
The U.S. EPA has set a limit of 0.00003
micrograms of 2.3.7.8-TCDD per liter of drinking
w ater (ug/L). The Food and Drug Administration
recommends not eating fish and shell fish with
21
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Appendix A
more than 50 parts per trillion (50 ppt) of 2.3.7.8-
TCDD.
Where can you get more information?
Contact your state health or environmental
department, or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road. N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
References
1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological Profile.
('hlorinatecl Dibenzo-p-Dioxins ((
Atlanta. GA: U.S. Public Health Service. U.S.
Department of Health and Human Sen ices.
1999.
2. Chiefs of Ontario. Effects on Aboriginals from
the Great Lakes Environment Project (EAGLE).
I'net Sheet 11: Dioxins and h'urans
http://\v\v\v.chicfs-of-
ontario.om/caalc/factshcct 1 l.htm
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Priority
PBTs : Dioxins and h'urans Pact Sheet.
Washington. D.C.: Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics.
4. U.S. Department of Health and Human
Sen ices. Hazardous Substances Data Bank
(HSDB. online database). National Library of
Medicine Bcthcsda. MD. 2001.
22
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Appendix A
Endosulfan, alpha
CAS Number: 95-99-98
What is endosulfan, alpha?
Endosulfan. alpha is one form of another
substance called endosulfan. It looks like a
brow n-colored crystal and has an odor like
turpentine. Since endosulfan. alpha has the same
chemical structure as endosulfan. much of the
information included in this fact sheet is based on
the information available for endosulfan.
What is endosulfan, alpha used for?
Endosulfan. alpha is used as an insecticide on
crops. Teas, grains, cotton, fruit. vegetables and
tobacco are examples of crops that are treated
with endosulfan. alpha. It has also been used
specifically in the United States as a wood
preservative to protect wood from decay and
insect attack. Endosulfan has not been produced
in the United States since 1982. but it has been
used to make other chemicals.
How can endosulfan, alpha enter and
leave your body?
Endosulfan. alpha can enter your body w hen you
breathe contaminated air. It can be absorbed into
your body w hen it comes in contact with your
skin. Endosulfan can leave your body through
urine just a few days after exposure.
How can you be exposed to endosulfan,
alpha?
You can be exposed to endosulfan by breathing
contaminated air or by eating or drinking
contaminated food or w ater. Tobacco plants/crops
that have been sprayed with endosulfan can be
another source of exposure. It is possible that you
can be exposed if you smoke cigarettes or breathe
cigarette smoke. You can also be exposed to
endosulfan. alpha if you w ork in an industry that
makes or uses it.
What are the health effects of exposure to
endosulfan, alpha?
The central nervous system is the primary target
affected by exposure to endosulfan. Breathing,
eating or drinking high doses of endosulfan can
cause convulsions (shaking violently) and death.
You could also experience tremors, become
hyperactive or see a decrease in breathing and your
ability to produce saliva.
The affects of being exposed to low doses of
endosulfan. alpha over a long period of time are
not know n. However, animals exposed to low
doses of endosulfan experienced a number of
effects including reduced ability of the immune
system to fight infection, problems with the liver
and kidneys, problems with the testes in males, and
the developing fetus in females. The U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the
Department of Health and Human Sen ices and the
International Agency for Research on Cancer have
not classified endosulfan as a cancer-causing
substance.
What levels of exposure can result in
harmful health effects?
The EPA prohibits no more than 0.1 to 2.0 parts
per million (ppm) of endosulfan to be present in
food. The Food and Drug Administration
recommends that no more that 24 ppm be found in
dry tea. The Occupational Safety and Health
Administration has set a workplace exposure limit
so that a w orker w ill not be exposed to more than
0.1 milligrams of endosulfan per cubic meter for an
8 hour work dav. and a 40 hour work week.
23
-------
Appendix A
Where can you get more information?
Contact your state health or environmental
department, or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road. N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
References
1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological Profile Jar
P.mlosulfan. Atlanta. GA: U.S. Public Health
Service. U.S. Department of Health and Human
Sen ices. 1995.
2. Rcigart. Routt J. and Roberts. James R.
Medical University of South Carolina.
Recognition and .1 lanagement of Pesticide
Poisonings. Fifth cd. Washington. D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of
Pesticide Programs. 1999.
24
-------
Appendix A
Endosulfan, beta
CAS Number: 33213-65-9
What is endosulfan, beta?
Endosulfan. beta is one form of another substance
called endosulfan. It looks like a brown-colored
crystal and has an odor like turpentine. Since
endosulfan. beta has the same chemical structure
as endosulfan. much of the information included
in this fact sheet is based on the information
available for endosulfan.
What is endosulfan, beta used for?
Endosulfan. beta is used as an insecticide on
crops. Teas, grains, cotton, fruit. vegetables and
tobacco are examples of crops that are treated
with endosulfan. beta. It has also been used
specifically in the United States as a wood
preservative to protect wood from decay and
insect attack. Endosulfan has not been produced
in the United States since 1982. but is has been
used to make other chemicals.
How can endosulfan, beta enter and leave
your body?
Endosulfan. beta can enter your body w hen you
breathe contaminated air. It can be absorbed into
your body w hen it comes into contact with your
skin. Endosulfan can leave your body through
urine just a few days after exposure.
How can you be exposed to endosulfan,
beta?
You can be exposed to endosulfan by breathing
contaminated air or by eating or drinking
contaminated food or w ater. Tobacco plants/crops
that have been sprayed with endosulfan could also
be a source of exposure. It is possible that you
can be exposed if you smoke cigarettes or breathe
cigarette smoke. You can also be exposed to
endosulfan. beta if you w ork in an industry that
makes or uses it.
What are the health effects of exposure to
endosulfan, beta?
The central nervous system is the primary target
affected by exposure to endosulfan. Breathing,
eating or drinking high doses of endosulfan can
cause convulsions (shaking violently) and death.
You could also experience tremors, become
hyperactive or see a decrease in breathing and your
ability to produce saliva.
The affects of being exposed to low doses of
endosulfan. beta over a long period of time are not
know n. However, animals exposed to low doses of
endosulfan experienced a number of effects
including reduced ability of the immune system to
fight infection, problems w ith the liver and
kidneys, problems with the testes in males, and the
developing fetus in females.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),
the Department of Health and Human Serv ices and
the International Agency for Research on Cancer
have not classified endosulfan as a cancer-causing
substance.
What levels of exposure can result in
harmful health effects?
The EPA prohibits no more than 0.1 to 2.0 parts
per million (ppm) of endosulfan to be present in
food. The Food and Drug Administration
recommend that no more that 24 ppm to be found
in dry tea. The Occupational Safety and Health
Administration has set a workplace exposure limit
so that a w orker w ill not be exposed to more than
0.1 milligrams of endosulfan per cubic meter for an
8 hour work dav. and for a 40 hour work week.
25
-------
Appendix A
Where can you get more information?
Contact your state health or environmental
department, or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road. N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
References
1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological Profile Jar
P.mlosulfan. Atlanta. GA: U.S. Public Health
Service. U.S. Department of Health and Human
Sen ices. 1995.
2. Rcigart. Routt J. and Roberts. James R.
Medical University of South Carolina.
Recognition and lanagement of Pesticide
Poisonings. Fifth cd. Washington. D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of
Pesticide Programs. 1999.
26
-------
Appendix A
Fluorene
CAS Number: 86-73-7
What is fluorene?
Fluorene is one of a group of chemicals called
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. PAHs for short.
PAHs are often found together in groups of two or
more. They can exist in over 100 different
combinations but the most common are treated as a
group of 15. PAHs are found naturally in the
environment but they can also be man-made.
PAHs are solid and range in appearance from
colorless to white or pale yellow-green. PAHs are
created when products like coal. oil. gas. and
garbage are burned but the burning process is not
complete.
Very little information is available on the
individual chemicals within the PAH group. Most
of the information available is for the PAH group
as a whole. Information specific to fluorene is
included in this fact sheet when available.
What is fluorene used for?
Most of the PAHs are used to conduct research.
Like most PAHs. fluorene is used to make dyes,
plastics and pesticides.
How can fluorene enter and leave your
body?
One of the most common ways fluorene can enter
your body is through breathing contaminated air. It
can get into your lungs w hen you breathe it. If you
work in a hazardous waste site where PAHs are
disposed, you are likely to breathe fluorene and
other PAHs. If you eat or drink food and w ater that
are contaminated with PAHs. you could be
exposed.
Exposure can also occur if your skin comes into
contact with contaminated soil or products like
heavy oils, coal tar. roofing tar or creosote where
PAHs have been found. Creosote is an oily liquid
found in coal tar and is used to preserve w ood.
Once in your body, the PAHs can spread and target
fat tissues. Target organs include kidneys, liver and
fat. However, in just a matter of days, the PAHs
will leave your body through urine and feces.
How can you be exposed to fluorene?
You can be exposed to PAHs in the environment,
in your home and in the w ork place. Because
PAHs exist naturally in the environment, and they
are man-made, you can be exposed in a number of
ways. Fumes from vehicle exhaust, coal, coal tar.
asphalt, wildfires, agricultural burning and
hazardous waste sites are all sources of exposure.
You could be exposed to PAHs by breathing
cigarette and tobacco smoke, eating foods grown in
contaminated soil or by eating meat or other food
that you grilled. Grilling and charring food
actually increases the amount of PAHs in the food.
If you w ork in a plant that makes coal tar. asphalt
and aluminum, or that burns trash, you can be
exposed to PAHs. You can also be exposed if you
work in a facility that uses petroleum or coal or
w here wood, com and oil are burned.
What are the health affects of exposure to
fluorene?
A number of PAHs have caused tumors in
laboratory animals that were exposed to PAHs
through their food, from breathing contaminated air
and w hen it was applied to their skin. When
pregnant mice ate high doses of a PAH
(benzo(a)pyrene) they experienced reproductive
problems. In addition, the offspring of the
pregnant mice showed birth defects and a decrease
27
-------
Appendix A
in their body weight. Other effects include damage
to skin, body fluids and the immune system which
helps the body fight disease. However, these
effects have not been seen in humans.
What levels of exposure have resulted in
harmful health effects?
There is no information available from studies on
humans to tell what effects can result from being
exposed to individual PAHs at certain levels.
However, breathing PAHs and skin contact seem to
be associated with cancer in humans. Animal
studies showed that mice exposed to 308 parts per
million (ppm) of PAHs (specifically benzo (a)
pyrene) in food for 10 days (short term exposure)
had offspring with birth defects. Mice exposed to
923 ppm of benzo(a)p\ rene in food for months
developed problems in the liver and blood.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
has indicated that not enough information exists to
classify, fluorene as a cancer-causing substance.
Where can you get more information?
Contact your state health or environmental
department, or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road. N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
References
1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). I'uhlic Health Statement.
Polycyclic. Iromatic Hydrocarbons. Atlanta.
GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human
Sen ices. 1990.
28
-------
Appendix A
Hexachlorobenzene
CAS Number: 118-74-1
What is hexachlorobenzene?
Hexachlorobenzene. also known as HCB. is a white
crystal-looking solid. It is not found naturally in
the environment but is developed as a by-product, a
result of making other chemicals.
What is HCB used for?
What are the health effects of exposure to
HCB?
Not much is know n about the health effects
caused from breathing HCB or from skin contact.
However, some cases of a skin disorder called
porphyria were reported after people in Turkey ate
bread that was made using HCB contaminated-
grain.
Until 1965. HCB was mostly used as a pesticide to
protect against fungus. It was also used to make
fireworks, ammunition, and synthetic rubber.
However, using and intentionally making HCB is
no longer allowed in the United States.
How can HCB enter and leave your body?
HCB can enter your body after you eat HCB-
contaminated food, breathe HCB-contaminated air.
or it can be absorbed through the skin. Within just
a few hours of entering your body. HCB can spread
to other tissues in the body. HCB w ill stay in the
body for years, especially in fat tissues. When it
does leave the body, it has been found in feces and
in urine.
How can you be exposed to HCB?
You can be exposed to HCB if you breathe small
HCB particles in the air or dust, if you w ork in an
industry that makes HCB as a by-product or an
industry w here HCB is used or a w aste dump
w here it is disposed.
You can be exposed to HCB if you eat or drink
HCB-contaminated food (fish. meat, poultry) or
liquids (milk). You can also be exposed if your
skin comes in contact with HCB. Babies that are
nursing can be exposed to HCB through their
mother's breast milk.
Evidence exists that HCB is toxic to young
children. In fact, animal studies and experiments
have confirmed the danger and have shown that
HCB can decrease the survival rates for young
children.
Other animal studies show that eating HCB-
contaminated food over a long period of time can
harm the liver, immune system, kidneys, and
blood. It can cause the skin to erupt (break) and
change in coloring. Some studies show that eating
enough HCB over a long period of time can cause
liver or thyroid cancer.
The U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services determined that HCB is a probable or
suspected carcinogen (substance that causes
cancer).
What levels of exposure have resulted in
harmful health effects?
The level of exposure resulting in harmful health
effects is unknown.
However, animal studies suggest that humans who
eat food containing 0.17 parts per million (ppm)
of HCB for over 15 w eeks or 0.029 ppm for 130
w eeks may experience health effects. No
information is available on short-term exposure.
29
-------
Appendix A
When exposed to 769 ppm of HCB-contaminated
food over 10 days (short-term exposure), the off-
spring of mice developed abnormally.
The long-term exposure of different animals (rats
and monkeys) to different amounts of HCB-
contaminated food ranging from 4 ppm to 1.600
ppm affected the immune system and liver in rats,
decreased the survival in new bom rats and caused
lethargy, ataxia in monkeys. Ataxia is the loss of
muscular coordination and control.
Where can you get more information?
Contact your state health or environmental
department, or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road. N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
References
1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). I'uhlic Health Statement for
llexachlorohenzene. Atlanta. GA: U.S.
Department of Health and Human Sen ices.
1990.
2. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological ProfileJbr
llexachlorohenzene. Atlanta. GA: U.S.
Department of Health and Human Sen ices.
1997.
3. Rcigart. Routt J. and Roberts. James R.
Medical University of South Carolina.
Recognition and .1 lanagement of Pesticide
Poisonings. Fifth cd. Washington. D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of
Pesticide Programs. 1999.
30
-------
Appendix A
Heptachlor
CAS Number: 76-44-8
What is heptachlor?
How can you be exposed to heptachlor?
Heptachlor is not found naturally in the earth. It is
a man-made compound that looks like a white
powder and smells like mothballs. Pure forms of
heptachlor are w hite but less pure forms of this
substance appear tan.
Heptachlor tends to stay in soil for long periods of
time. One study found heptachlor epoxide in crops
that were grow n in heptachlor-treated soil 15 years
earlier. You can be exposed to heptachlor by
eating these crops.
What is heptachlor used for?
Betw een the 1960s and 1970s heptachlor w as used
to kill termites found in the home, and fanners
used it to kill insects found on farm crops,
especially corn crops. In the late 1970s, the use of
heptachlor was phased out. By 1988. the
commercial sale of heptachlor w as banned in the
United States. The use of heptachlor is restricted
to controlling fire ants in power transformers.
Because heptachlor is not widely available and its
use is restricted, the greatest exposure is through
the workplace. You can be exposed to heptachlor
if \ ou w ork in a job w here it is made or at a
hazardous w aste site or landfill where it is
disposed.
You can be exposed if heptachlor w as used in your
home to control termites. It is possible that traces
of heptachlor could linger if applied to soil
underground.
How can heptachlor enter and leave your
body?
Heptachlor can get into your body by breathing
contaminated air over a long period of time. It can
also enter the body if you eat and drink food, w ater,
or even milk that is contaminated with heptachlor.
Once in your body, heptachlor changes to
heptachlor epoxide (a form of heptachlor that
mixes with oxygen).
Nursing mothers who are exposed to heptachlor
max pass the substance on to their babies while
breast feeding.
Heptachlor can enter the body through skin contact.
Because heptachlor is no longer commercially
available, exposure through skin contact is very
limited.
What are the health effects of exposure to
heptachlor?
The health effects from exposure to heptachlor w ill
vary depending on how much you are exposed to
and the length of time.
There is very little information available about the
short-term exposure to high doses of heptachlor to
humans. But animal studies show that heptachlor
is very toxic to humans and animals. Animals that
were fed high levels of heptachlor during a short
period of time experienced tremors and
convulsions.
Not much information is available about the health
effects on humans from long-term exposure to
heptachlor. But animal studies suggest that long-
term exposure can affect the liver. The animals
studied have shown enlarged livers, damage to
liver and kidnev tissue, and increased red blood
31
-------
Appendix A
cells. Animals also experienced tremors and
convulsions. Animals that were fed heptachlor
developed liver cancer.
Studies show that female rats exposed to
heptachlor were less likely to become pregnant.
Those that did become pregnant had smaller litters
or the offspring show ed developmental problems.
When baby rats were fed heptachlor. they
developed cataracts just after their eyes opened.
Other studies show that heptachlor fed to animals
caused cancer. The U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency believes heptachlor is a probable cancer
causing agent because of the results of a number of
studies. However, another agency, the
International Agency for Research on Cancer, does
not classify heptachlor as cancer causing to humans
because there is not enough data.
GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human
Sen ices. 1989.
3. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). 'I'oxicological Profile for
Heptachlor and Heptachlor Epoxide. Atlanta.
GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human
Sen ices. 1993.
4. Mississippi State University Extension Sen ice.
Farm Chemical Safety Series. Recognizing
Pesticide Poisoning.
http://msiicarcs.coni/pubs/publ933.htm
5. Rcigart. Routt J. and Roberts. James R.
Medical University of South Carolina.
Recognition and .1 lanagement of Pesticide
Poisonings. Fifth cd. Washington. D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of
Pesticide Programs. 1999.
What levels of exposure can result in
harmful health effects?
No data was found that could connect the level of
exposure to heptachlor to a specific exposure route
that caused harmful effects. There was no data
available on the harmful effects from breathing
heptachlor-contaminated air. The only information
that was found was related to the health effects
related to skin contact. Rats exposed to 195 to
250 milligrams per kilogram of body w eight
(mg/kg) of heptachlor died.
Where can you get more information?
Contact your state health or environmental
department, or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road. N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
References:
1.
2. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). Public Health Statement for
Heptachlor and Heptachlor Epoxide. Atlanta.
32
-------
Appendix A
Heptachlor Epoxide
CAS Number: 1024-57-3
What is heptachlor epoxide?
Heptachlor epoxide is a man-made compound that
looks like a white powder. Heptachlor epoxide is
created when a substance called heptachlor is
released to the environment and mixes with
oxygen.
How can you be exposed to heptachlor
epoxide?
Heptachlor tends to stay in soil for long periods of
time. One study found heptachlor epoxide in crops
that were grow n in heptachlor-treated soil 15 years
earlier. You can be exposed to heptachlor epoxide
by eating these crops.
What is heptachlor epoxide used for?
Betw een the 1960s and 1970s heptachlor w as used
to kill termites found in the home and farmers used
it to kill insects found on farm crops, especially
com crops. In the late 1970s, the use of heptachlor
w as phased out. By 1988. the commercial sale of
heptachlor was banned in the United States. The
use of heptachlor is restricted to controlling fire
ants in pow er transformers.
How can heptachlor epoxide enter and
leave your body?
Heptachlor can get into your body by breathing
contaminated air over a long period of time. It can
also enter the body if you eat and drink food, w ater,
or even milk that is contaminated with heptachlor.
Once in your body, heptachlor changes to
heptachlor epoxide (a form of heptachlor that
mixes with oxygen).
Nursing mothers who are exposed to heptachlor
epoxide may pass the substance on to their babies
w hile breast feeding.
Heptachlor epoxide can enter the body through
skin contact. Because heptachlor is no longer
commercially available, exposure through skin
contact is very limited.
Because heptachlor is not widely available and its
use is restricted, the greatest exposure is through
the workplace. You can be exposed to heptachlor
epoxide if you w ork in a job w here heptachlor is
made or at a hazardous w aste site or landfill w here
it is disposed.
You can be exposed to heptachlor epoxide if
heptachlor w as used in your home to control
termites. It is possible that traces of heptachlor
could linger if applied to soil underneath your
home.
What are the health affects of exposure to
heptachlor epoxide affect your health?
The health effects from exposure to heptachlor
epoxide will vary depending on how much you are
exposed to and the length of time.
There is very little information available about the
short-term exposure to high doses of heptachlor
epoxide to humans. But animal studies show that
heptachlor epoxide is very toxic to humans and
animals. Animals that were fed high levels of
heptachlor during a short period of time
experienced tremors and convulsions.
Not much information is available about the health
effects on humans from long-term exposure to
heptachlor epoxide. But animal studies suggest
that long-term exposure can affect the liver. The
-------
Appendix A
References
1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). I'uhlic Health Statement for
Heptachlor and Ileptachlor Epoxide. Atlanta.
GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human
Sen ices. 1989.
2. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological ProfileJbr
I leptachlor and I leptachlor Epoxide. Atlanta.
GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human
Sen ices. 1993.
3. Mississippi State University Extension Service.
Farm Chemical Safety Series. Recognizing
Pesticide Poisoning.
http://msucarcs.com/pubs/pub 1933.htm
4. Rcigart. Routt J. and Roberts. James R.
Medical University of South Carolina.
Recognition and lanagement of Pesticide
Poisonings. Fifth cd. Washington. D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of
Pesticide Programs. 1999.
What levels of exposure can result in
harmful health effects?
No data was found that could connect the level of
exposure to heptachlor epoxide to a specific
exposure route that caused harmful effects. There
w as no data available on the harmful effects from
breathing heptachlor-contaminated air. The only
information that was found was related to the
health effects related to skin contact. Rats exposed
to 195 to 250 milligrams per kilogram of body
weight (mg/kg) of heptachlor died.
Where can you get more information?
Contact your state health or environmental
department or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road. N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
animals studied have shown enlarged livers,
damage to liver and kidney tissue, and increased
red blood cells. Animals also experienced tremors
and convulsions. Animals that were fed heptachlor
developed liver cancer.
Studies show that female rats exposed to
heptachlor were less likely to become pregnant.
Those that did become pregnant had smaller litters
or the offspring show ed developmental problems.
When baby rats were fed heptachlor. they
developed cataracts just after their eyes opened.
Other studies show that heptachlor fed to animals
caused cancer. The Environmental Protection
Agency believes heptachlor is a probable cancer
causing agent because of the results of a number of
studies. However, another agency, the
International Agency for Research on Cancer does
not classify heptachlor as cancer causing to humans
because there is not enough data.
34
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Appendix A
Hexachloroethane
CAS Number: 67-72-1
What is hexachloroethane?
Colorless and solid in appearance,
hexachloroethane slowly turns into a vapor w hen it
is exposed to the air and smells like mothballs.
Hexachloroethane is not found naturally in the
environment, but it can be formed when making
other chemicals. This is called a by-product.
What is hexachloroethane used for?
Hexachloroethane is mostly used by the military to
make weapons that produce smoke, like smoke
pots and grenades used during training. It is also
present as an ingredient in fungicides, insecticides,
lubricants and plastics. Although
hexachloroethane is no longer made in the United
States, it can be created while producing some
other chemicals. Hexachloroethane can be formed
if products that contain chlorinated hydrocarbons
are burned.
How can it enter and leave your body?
Hexachloroethane can enter your body through the
lungs when you breathe contaminated air. It can
also be absorbed through your skin if you come
into contact with the substance. Hexachloroethane
can also enter your body if you drink contaminated
water.
How can you be exposed to
hexachloroethane?
You can be exposed to hexachloroethane if you
w ork at military bases that use smoke pots or
grenades during training. If you w ork near a
hazardous waste site where hexachloroethane is
disposed, you could breathe contaminated air. You
could also be exposed by drinking contaminated
w ater or touching contaminated soil. But you are
less likely to be exposed to hexachloroethane by
eating food. When it is released to soils, it will
evaporate (turn into a vapor) into the air. This is
also tme w hen it is released in lakes or streams.
You could be exposed if your workplace makes or
uses hexachloroethane.
What are the health effects of exposure to
hexachloroethane?
People who worked at a munitions factory that
w ere exposed to low levels of hexachloroethane
experienced mild skin irritation. Other than this
example, very little information is available about
health effects on humans. But animal studies
show that exposure to hexachloroethane can
irritate or bother your nose and lungs and cause
mucus to build up in your nose similar to allergy
symptoms.
Breathing high doses of hexachloroethane vapor
can cause your face muscles to twitch and make it
difficult to move. The animals in the study were
exposed to greater levels of hexachloroethane than
levels found near a hazardous waste site.
Although hexachloroethane is not very toxic, your
liver could be affected if you are exposed to it for
a long period of time. There is also a slim chance
that exposure could cause some damage to the
kidneys. The animal studies don't indicate that
exposure to hexachloroethane could cause birth
defects or affect your ability to have offspring.
Mice and male rats that were fed
hexachloroethane during their lifetime developed
liver tumors. The tumors found in the mice and
male rats are not found in humans so it is not
likely that hexachloroethane could cause you to
develop cancer of the kidney. However, the
Department of Health and Human Serv ices
35
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Appendix A
believes hexachloroethane may be a cancer causing
substance.
What levels of exposure can result in
harmful health effects?
The Occupational Safety and Health
Administration has established a limit to ensure
that workers are exposed to no more than 1 part per
million (ppm) of hexachloroethane during an 8-
hour w ork day for a 40-hour work week. In
addition, the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency suggests that no more than 1 part per
billion (ppb) of hexachloroethane be consumed
over \ our lifetime.
Where can you get more information?
Contact your state health or environmental
department, or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road. N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
References
1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological Profile for
Hexachloroethane. Atlanta. GA: U.S.
Department of Health and Human Sen ices.
1995.
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health
I'.ffects Xotehook for Hazardous A ir Pollutants,
Hexachloroethane. Office of Air Planning &
Standards. 1994.
36
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Appendix A
Hexachlorobutadiene
CAS Number: 87-68-3
What is hexachlorobutadiene?
Hexachlorobutadiene is a colorless liquid that
smells like turpentine. It is formed when making
other chemicals. This is called a by-product.
What is hexachlorobutadiene used for?
Most of the hexachlorobutadiene in the United
States is imported from Germany. It has a number
of uses. It is used to make aibber. it is used as a
solvent and to make lubricants, in gyroscopes, as a
heat transfer liquid, and as a hydraulic fluid.
studies show that mice that breathed large doses
of hexachlorobutadiene for a short period of time
experienced nose irritation.
None of the studies looked at the effects of
breathing low doses of hexachlorobutadiene over
a long period of time.
Rats and mice that drank low doses of
hexachlorobutadiene over the short- and long-
term showed kidney damage and liver damage.
Other studies show that rabbits exposed to
hexachlorobutadiene through the skin for a short
period of time showed kidney and liver damage.
How can hexachlorobutadiene enter and
leave your body?
Hexachlorobutadiene can enter your body through
breathing contaminated air. eating contaminated
food, or drinking contaminated w ater. It can leave
the body through urine.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
believes hexachlorobutadiene can possibly cause
cancer. One animal study showed that rats
exposed to low doses of hexachlorobutadiene
developed kidney tumors. However, it is not
known if this exposure w ill cause cancer in
humans.
How can you be exposed to
hexachlorobutadiene?
You can be exposed to hexachlorobutadiene if you
work in an industry that makes or uses
hexachlorobutadiene. For example, a rubber
manufacturer may use this chemical. If you work
at a hazardous waste site where the chemical is
disposed, you can breathe contaminated air. You
can also be exposed to hexachlorobutadiene by
eating contaminated food like fish or by drinking
contaminated water.
What are the health effects of exposure to
hexachlorobutadiene?
No studies have looked at the health effects of
hexachlorobutadiene in humans. But animal
What levels of exposure can result in
harmful health effects?
No information available.
Where can you get more information?
Contact your state health or environmental
department, or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road. N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
37
-------
Appendix A
References
1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). 'I'oxicological Profile for
Ilexachlorohutacliene. Atlanta. GA: U.S.
Department of Health and Human Sen ices.
1995.
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health
I'.ffects Xotehook for Hazardous Air Pollutants,
I lexachlorohutacliene. Office of Air Planning &
Standards. 1994.
38
-------
Appendix A
Hexachlorocyclohexane, gamma
CAS Number: 58-89-9
What is hexachlorocyclohexane?
Hexachlorocyclohexane. gamma-, also know n as
HCH gamma- or lindane, is a white solid that
turns into a vapor w hen released into the air.
Once released, it looks colorless but has a musty
odor. HCH gamma- is a man-made chemical and
it exists in eight different forms.
What is hexachlorocyclohexane used for?
HCH gamma- was mostly used on fruit and
vegetable crops to kill insects. Today it is used as
an ingredient in ointments that help cure head lice,
body lice, and scabies. HCH gamma- hasn't been
made in the United States since 1977 but it is still
brought into the country (imported) and
formulated. The U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) has placed limits on what it can be
used for in the United States. Only individuals
who are certified can use it.
In your house, it is found in products like house
sprays, shelf paper, and dog dips.
How can it enter and leave your body?
HCH gamma- can get into your body w hen you
eat foods that contain the substance. When you
breathe contaminated air. HCH gamma- can get
into your lungs. When you use HCH gamma-
containing products to remove lice and scabies,
the substance can enter your body through your
skin. Once in your body, the HCH gamma is
stored for a short time in body fat. HCH gamma
tends to leave the body very quickly through
urine. Small amounts leave the body in feces and
w hen you exhale (breathe out).
How can you be exposed to
hexachlorocyclohexane?
There are several ways that you can be exposed to
HCH gamma-. You can be exposed by eating HCH
gamma- contaminated food like plants, meat or
dairy products (milk). You could breathe
contaminated air if your w orkplace makes or uses
HCH gamma-. It is possible to be exposed by
drinking HCH contaminated water or by breathing
HCH released from waste sites or landfills. You
could be exposed through skin contact if you use
soaps, lotions or shampoo containing HCH
gamma- that help treat and control head and body
lice and scabies. Nursing mothers that have been
exposed to HCH gamma- can pass it onto their
babies in breast milk.
HCH gamma- has been found in soil and surface
w ater at hazardous w aste sites.
What are the health effects of exposure to
hexachlorocyclohexane?
Workers exposed to HCH gamma- while making
pesticides show ed signs of lung irritation, heart
disorders, blood disorders, headache, convulsions,
and changes in sex hormones. Humans and
animals exposed to large amounts of HCH gamma-
died.
Reports show that some people w ho swallowed
high doses of HCH gamma- had seizures and some
died. Others exposed to very large doses
developed blood disorders and had seizures.
People who breathed HCH gamma- in the
workplace developed blood disorders, experienced
dizziness, headaches, and showed changes in the
levels of sex hormones.
39
-------
Appendix A
When animals were fed high doses of HCH
gamma-, they had convulsions and went into a
coma. Animals exposed to moderate or average
doses showed kidney and liver problems (effects)
and were also less able to fight off infections.
The Department of Health and Human Sen ices has
determined that HCH gamma- may very well be a
carcinogen (cancer causing substance). Rats
exposed to HCH gamma- showed evidence of liver
cancer.
What levels of exposure can result in
harmful health effects?
The harmful effects on humans and animals of
breathing HCH gamma- over a short period of time
(14 days or less) and over a long period of time
(more than 14 days) aren't know n.
Studies show that food containing the smallest
doses of 0.3 parts per million (ppm) of HCH
gamma- eaten over a short-term could be harmful
to people. Food containing 0.02 ppm of HCH
gamma- eaten over 2-32 weeks also posed risk.
The effects of short- and long-term exposure from
drinking w ater are not know n.
Animal studies show that rats exposed to doses
betw een 300 and 1.200 ppm of HCH gamma for
1 - 6 days showed learning problems and
experienced seizures.
Rats exposed to 10 - 800 ppm of HCH gamma for
4-39 weeks showed increased ovary weight,
learning problems, increased kidney weight, kidney
damage, decreased red blood cells, coma, and
injury to ovaries. Rabbits show ed problems with
the immune systems ability to fight off infections.
No information on the short- and long-term effects
of drinking HCH gamma- are know n.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Di vision of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road. N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
References
1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). Public Health Statement for
llexachhrocyclohexane. Atlanta. GA: U.S.
Department of Health and Human Sen ices.
1989.
2. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological Profile for
Ilexachlorocyclohexane. Atlanta. GA: U.S.
Department of Health and Human Sen ices.
1995.
3. Rcigart. Routt J. and Roberts. James R.
Medical University of South Carolina.
Recognition and .1 lanagement of Pesticide
Poisonings. Fifth cd. Washington. D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of
Pesticide Programs. 1999.
Where can you get more information?
Contact y our state health or environmental
department, or:
40
-------
Appendix A
Lead
CAS Number: 7439-92-1
What is lead?
Lead is a metal that looks bluish gray in color. It
is found in the earth's crust in small amounts. It
doesn't really have an odor or a taste. Most of the
lead that we see today comes from human
activities.
What is lead used for?
children can be exposed if they eat paint chips
containing lead or if the toys and other objects they
put in their mouth have been exposed to lead dust
or dirt.
Exposure to lead through skin contact does not
happen very often. The most common exposure is
from breathing lead. Because lead was used in
gasoline at one time, traces of lead could be in the
air from automobile fumes.
Lead is mostly used to make batteries. It is also
used to make ammunition (bullets) and pipes, and
roofing materials. It was used in the past to make
paint and gasoline.
How can lead enter and leave your body?
Lead can get into your body w hen you breathe
lead contaminated air. Once in your lungs, the
lead gets into your blood and travels to other parts
of your body and is stored up in your bones.
When children swallow lead contaminated soil or
paint chips, a lot more of the lead spreads into
other body parts. Lead is less likely to enter your
body through the skin. If you are exposed to lead
for a long period of time, the older you get. the
higher the levels of lead w ill be in your bones and
teeth. The lead that is not stored in your bones
w ill leave your body through urine and feces.
How can you be exposed to lead?
You can be exposed to lead by breathing
contaminated air. eating contaminated food or soil
and drinking water. Dust particles that have lead
attached to them can be in the air. You can also
breathe lead dust.
You can be exposed if you w ork at a hazardous
w aste site where lead is disposed. Some small
What are the health effects of exposure to
lead?
Unborn children are at greatest risk from exposure
to lead because their bodies are still being formed.
Young children are also at risk. Young children
exposed to lead can experience a number of
problems including a decrease in intelligence,
slowed grow th and hearing problems.
Pregnant w omen, who are exposed to lead, can
expose their unborn child to lead. The lead
exposure can reduce the baby's birth weight, cause
premature or early birth, and can even cause the
child to be aborted.
Adults and children exposed to large amounts of
lead can experience brain and kidney damage.
Middle-aged men have experienced an increase in
blood pressure. It can damage male sperm and
other reproductive systems.
It really is not know n if lead can cause cancer in
humans but rats and mice given large doses of lead
developed tumors.
41
-------
Appendix A
The United States Department of Health and
Human Services has determined that certain forms
of lead, like lead acetate and lead phosphate are
anticipated carcinogens (cancer-causing
substances).
Providers. January 2001.
Http://\v\v\v.hcalth.statc.nv.us/nvsdoli/lcad/hlthc
arc.htm
What levels of exposure can result in
harmful health effects?
The levels of lead in your blood are measured in
micrograms per deciliter (ug/dL). Exposure to 100
- 150 ug/dL of lead for less than 14 days caused
death in children and brain and kidney damage in
adults. Pregnant women exposed to lead levels of
10 - 15 ug/dL can reduce the birth weight of infants
and decrease their mental ability .
Exposure to 10 - 15 ug/dL of lead for more than 14
day s reduced the birth w eight of infants and
decreased their mental ability. Exposure to 15 - 20
ug/dL decreased grow th in y oung children.
Exposure to 15 - 30 ug/dL increased blood pressure
in middle-aged men. and exposure to 100 - 150
ug/dL of lead for less than 14 day s caused death in
children, and brain and kidney damage in adults.
Where can you get more information?
Contact y our state health or environmental
department, or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road. N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
References
1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). I'uhlic Health Statement for
Lead. Atlanta. GA: U.S. Department of Health
and Human Sen ices. 1990.
2. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological Profile for
Lead. Atlanta. GA: U.S. Department of Health
and Human Sen ices. 1993.
3. New York State Department of Health. Lead
Exposure in Adults - A Guide for Health Care
42
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Appendix A
Mercury
CAS Number: 7439-97-6
What is mercury?
Mercury is a metal that is found naturally in the
environment. It can exist in several forms, as
elemental mercury, and organic and inorganic
mercury. Metallic mercury looks silver-white in
color and is an odorless liquid. When it is heated,
it becomes a colorless and odorless gas. Mercury
can combine with other chemicals, for example,
chlorine, carbon or oxygen, to form mercury
compounds. The inorganic mercury compounds
look like white powders or crystals. Mercuric
chloride is an example of an inorganic mercury
compound. Methylmercury is an example of an
organic mercury compound.
Methylmercury is one of the most common forms
of mercury that is known for its ability to build up
in fish. As a result, very low levels of mercury can
contaminate fish in oceans and lakes.
What is mercury used for?
Mercury is found in a number of commonly used
commercial and household products like
thermometers, thermostats, barometers, batteries,
flourescent lights and lamps. Small traces of
mercury are also used in dental amalgams used for
teeth fillings. Mercury is also used as a power
source for the generation of electricity.
In the past, methylmercury was used as a fungicide
to destroy and prevent the growth of fungus on
grains and animal feed. However, mercury-
containing fungicides have since been banned from
use in the United States.
How can mercury enter and leave your
body?
As a vapor, mercury can enter your body if you
breathe it. Organic and inorganic forms of
mercury can get into your body if you eat
contaminated food like fish or drink contaminated
w ater. All forms of mercury can be absorbed
directly through the skin. Once inside your body,
it could be several months before all of the
mercury leaves. Mercury leaves the body through
the urine and feces.
How can you be exposed to mercury?
You can be exposed to mercury by eating
contaminated fish or shellfish. Methylmercury is
likely to build up in the tissues of certain fish. If
you eat large amounts of fish, especially tuna and
sw ordfish. then you may be at greater risk of
exposure.
It is possible to breathe contaminated air if your
work place handles mercury. You can be exposed
to mercury if you w ork in the medical, dental, and
other health sen ices, and in chemical, metal
processing, electrical equipment, automotive,
building, and other industries.
Mercury exposure can also occur from National
Priority List (NPL) sites, also know n as Superfund
sites. You can be exposed to mercury in the
environment resulting from water and air near
spills and toxic w aste sites contaminated with
mercury. Mercury is found at higher-than-nonnal
background levels at 175 of 1.177 NPL sites.
You can be exposed to mercury that exists in
background levels naturally. Air contains 2.4
parts of mercury per trillion parts of air (ppt).
However, in areas where industries like mercury
mines and mercury refineries are located, mercury
levels can be close to 1.800 ppt.
43
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Appendix A
What are the health effects of exposure to
mercury?
The health effects of mercury depend largely on
the type or form of mercury you are exposed to and
the exposure route. Some forms of mercury, for
example, mercury salts found in food or w ater, are
more harmful to the kidneys.
Exposure to all forms of mercury can affect the
central nervous system. Methylmercury and metal
vapors are more dangerous because they can reach
the brain. If you experience memory problems,
become irritable or shy. experience tremors or
changes in vision or hearing, it may be a symptom
of mercury exposure.
Long-term exposure to organic or inorganic
mercury can cause permanent brain and kidney
damage. It can also damage the fetus as it
develops.
Short-term exposure to high levels of organic and
inorganic mercury will have similar health effects
as long-term exposure. However, you are more
likely to have a full recovery after short-term
exposure. Once you have been exposed to
mercury, you can experience hallucinations and
become delirious. Exposure to mercury by
inhalation can cause chest pains, dyspnea
(difficulty breathing), and coughing. If you have
been exposed to mercury, by inhalation (breathing)
or ingestion, you will have a metallic taste in your
mouth. You will also experience nausea, vomiting
and severe stomach pain.
Pregnant women exposed to high levels of
methylmercury from eating contaminated fish can
expose their developing fetuses to mercury. The
fetus is particularly vulnerable to developmental
problems from exposure to mercury. Blindness,
mental retardation, deafness, ataxia (loss of
muscular control and coordination) and cerebral
palsy has been seen in infants born to women who
consumed high levels of methylmercury.
Mercury has not been shown to cause cancer in
humans. Human studies have not linked exposure
to elemental mercury to cancer. In addition, no
studies exist on the ability of methylmercury to
cause cancer.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
believes methylmercury is a possible cancer-
causing agent but elemental mercury is not
classifiable as a cancer-causing substance.
What levels of exposure have resulted in
harmful health effects?
Human studies show that individuals exposed to
0.13 parts per million (ppm) of metallic mercury
in the air for three hours experienced shortness of
breath, chest pains, coughing and became irritable.
Long-term exposure to 0.0032 ppm of metallic
mercury for 15 years caused shakiness in humans.
The human health effects from breathing organic
mercury are not know n.
The short- and long-term human health effects of
eating and drinking inorganic mercury are not
known. However, animal studies have been used
as the basis for developing a minimal risk level
(MRL) of 0.814 ppm for short-term (less than 14
days) exposure from water, and an MRL of 0.063
ppm for long-term (greater than 14 days) from
food.
The human health effects of eating and drinking
organic mercury in the short- and long-term are
not known. However, an MRL of 0.00027 ppm for
short-term exposure in water w as developed based
on animal studies.
Where can you get more information?
Contact your state health or environmental
department or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road. N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
References
1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). Public Health Statement
44
-------
Appendix A
for Mercury. Atlanta. GA: U.S. Department of
Health and Human Sen ices. 1990.
2. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological Profile for
Mercury. Atlanta. GA: U.S. Department of
Health and Human Sen ices. 1999.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health
I'.jfects Xotehook for Hazardous Air Pollutants,
Mercury and ('impounds. Office of Air
Planning & Standards. 1994.
4. Rcigart. Routt J. and Roberts. James R.
Medical University of South Carolina.
Recognition anil lanagement of Pesticide
Poisonings. Fifth cd. Washington. D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of
Pesticide Programs. 1999.
45
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Appendix A
Methoxychlor
CAS Number: 72-43-5
What is methoxychlor?
Methoxychlor is a man-made chemical that looks
like a pale-yellow powder and has a fruity or
musty odor.
What is methoxychlor used for?
Methoxychlor is used to kill insects such as flies,
mosquitoes, cockroaches, chiggers and others. It
is also used on food crops, as an insecticide on
farm animals (livestock), animal feed, grain, home
gardens and pets.
How can methoxychlor enter and leave
your body?
Methoxychlor can enter your body w hen you
breathe contaminated air or if you eat
contaminated food. It can leave the body very
quickly. You can also get it on your skin if you
touch it. Once in your body, methoxychlor can
change into other chemicals and be released from
the body.
How can you be exposed to
methoxychlor?
Sometimes low doses of methoxychlor are found
in food from when it was applied to farm crops. If
\ ou work in a factory that makes methoxychlor
\ ou are more likely to breathe it in the air or get it
on your skin. You could also be exposed by way
of air. soil or w ater if you w ork on a farm that
uses methoxychlor on farm crops or farm animals.
If > ou use gardening products or pet sprays that
contain methoxychlor you could be exposed to
above average levels.
Methoxychlor may be present in higher levels in
air. water and soil near hazardous waste sites that
dispose of the substance. If you work in or near
these sites, your exposure could be greater.
What are the health effects of exposure to
methoxychlor?
There isn't a lot of information on how
methoxychlor can affect your health. Studies show
that animals exposed to high doses of
methoxychlor experienced tremors, convulsions
and seizures. Really high doses of methoxychlor
could cause some damage to your body's nervous
system. Unless you are exposed to high doses,
methoxychlor w ill leave the body so quickly that
this type of damage is not likely to happen.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer
has determined that there is not enough information
or evidence to show that methoxychlor causes
cancer.
What levels of exposure have resulted in
harmful health effects?
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
has set a reference dose (RfD) for methoxychlor at
0.005 milligrams per day. The RfD is an estimate
of the highest daily oral exposure humans can be
exposed to without resulting in harmful effects.
EPA believes that consuming this amount or less
over a lifetime w ill not cause chronic or noncancer
effects. EPA has also set a limit of 0.04 parts per
million (ppm) of methoxychlor in w ater. Children
should not drink w ater containing more than 0.05
ppm for more than one day. In addition, adults
should not drink w ater containing more than 0.2
ppm for up to seven years. The Occupational
Safety and Health Administration has established a
work place exposure limit for methoxychlor at 15
46
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Appendix A
milligrams per cubic meter (nig/nr') for an 8-hour
work dav and 40-hour work week.
Where can you get more information?
Contact your state health or environmental
department, or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
References
1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological Profile for
Methoxychlor. Atlanta. GA: U.S. Department
of Health and Human Sen ices. 1995.
2. Rcigart. Routt J. and Roberts. James R.
Medical University of South Carolina.
Recognition and lanagement of Pesticide
Poisonings. Fifth cd. Washington. D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of
Pesticide Programs. 1999.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Health I'.ffects Xotehook for Hazardous Air
Pollutants, Methoxychlor. Office of Air
Planning & Standards. 1994.
47
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Appendix A
Naphthalene
CAS Number: 91-20-3
What is naphthalene?
Found naturally in fossil fuels like coal and oil.
naphthalene looks like a white solid. It is
produced when these fuels are burned and when
tobacco or w ood is burned. It has a strong odor
that smells like tar or mothballs.
What is naphthalene used for?
Naphthalene is used to make products like moth
balls that repel and keep moths away. It is also
used to make dyes, leather goods, and insecticide.
How can naphthalene enter and leave your
body?
Naphthalene can enter your body when you
breathe contaminated air or eat and drink
contaminated food and w ater. Once inside your
body, it can damage the body's red blood cells. It
also changes into other chemicals and leaves your
body through urine in just a matter of days.
How can you be exposed to naphthalene?
You can be exposed to naphthalene from breathing
contaminated air if you work in an industry that
produces naphthalene. Examples of these
industries include coal tar production, w ood
preserving, tanning, ink and dye production or an
industry that bums wood, coal or oil. You can also
be exposed to naphthalene from cigarette smoke in
your home or business. If you w ork in a business
that uses moth repellants. you could also be
exposed.
Although you can be exposed to naphthalene from
eating or drinking contaminated food and water,
these are not common sources of exposure. In
fact, the amount of naphthalene found in food is
not know n. You can also be exposed if you touch
clothes or blankets that have come into contact
with naphthalene.
What are the health effects of exposure to
naphthalene?
If you are exposed to large doses of naphthalene,
your red blood cells could be damaged or
destroyed. This condition is called hemolytic
anemia. Children who eat mothballs made with
naphthalene can damage their red blood cells. If
you or a child show signs of being tired, decrease
in or no appetite, and pale or yellow skin, these
symptoms may indicate your exposure to
naphthalene. Other symptoms of exposure include
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and blood in your urine.
Eating or breathing naphthalene caused cataracts
in some animals but it is not clear if it w ill have
the same effect on humans. Cataracts can cloud
your vision making it difficult to see.
The noses and lungs of mice exposed to
naphthalene vapors for tw o years w ere inflamed
and irritated.
Naphthalene is not considered a cancer-causing
substance. While there aren't any studies on the
effects of naphthalene on humans, naphthalene
caused cancer in female mice but not the male
mice. It did not cause cancer in male or female
rats.
What levels of exposure can result in
harmful health effects?
Animal studies showed that giving animals 2.300
parts per million (ppm) to 20.400 ppm of
naphthalene in their food from l to 10 days (short-
term) reduced the litters of pregnant female mice.
48
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Appendix A
caused death in mice, increased the liver weight in
rats and caused cataracts in rabbits.
Rats exposed to 9.000 ppm of naphthalene for 9
weeks (long-term) had a change in their liver
enzyme activity.
Where can you get more information?
Contact your state health or environmental
department, or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road. N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
References
1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). I'uhlic Health Statement
for Xaphthalene. Atlanta. GA: U.S.
Department of Health and Human Sen ices.
1990.
2. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological ProfileJbr
Xaphthalene. Atlanta. GA: U.S. Department of
Health and Human Sen ices. 1996.
3. New Jersey Department of Health and Senior
Sen ices. Hazardous Substance had Sheet:
Xaphthalene. Trenton. NJ. Right To Know
Program. 1998.
4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health
I'.ffects Xotebook for Hazardous A ir Pollutants,
Xaphthalene, Office of Air Planning &
Standards. 1994.
49
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Appendix A
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
(PAHs)
What are PAHs?
Short for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. PAHs
describe chemicals that are often found together in
groups of tw o or more. PAHs are found naturally in
the environment but they can also be man-made. In
their purest form. PAHs are solid and range in
appearance from colorless to white or pale yellow-
green. PAHs are created w hen products like coal,
oil. gas. and garbage is burned but the burning
process is not complete. Although PAHs can exist in
over 100 different combinations, the most common
are treated as a group of 15. They are:
1. acenaphthene
2. acenaphtylene
3. anthracene
4. benz(a)anthracene
5. benzo(a)p\ rene
6. benzo(b)fluoranthene
7. benzo(ghi)perylene
8. benzo(k)fluoranthene
9. chrysene
10. dibenz(a.h)anthracene
1 1. fluoranthene
12. fluorene
13. indeno( 1.2.3-cd)pyrene
14. phenanthrene
15. pyrene
found in coal tar and is used to preserve w ood.
Once in your body, the PAHs can spread and target
fat tissues. Target organs include kidneys, liver and
fat. However, in just a matter of days, the PAHs
w ill leave your body through urine and feces.
How can you be exposed to PAHs?
You can be exposed to PAHs in the environment,
in your home and in the workplace. Because PAHs
exist naturally in the environment, and they are
man-made, you can be exposed in a number of
ways. Fumes from vehicle exhaust, coal, coal tar.
asphalt, w ildfires. agricultural burning and
hazardous w aste sites are all sources of exposure.
You could be exposed to PAHs by breathing
cigarette and tobacco smoke, eating foods grown in
contaminated soil, or by eating meat or other food
that you grilled. Grilling and charring food
actuallv increases the amount of PAHs in the food.
What are PAHs used for?
Most of the PAHs are used to conduct research.
However, some of the PAHs are used to make dyes,
plastics and pesticides. Some are even used in
medicines.
How can PAHs enter and leave your body?
One of the most common ways PAHs can enter the
body is through breathing contaminated air. The
PAHs get into your lungs when you breathe them. If
you eat or drink food and w ater that are contaminated
with PAHs. you could be exposed. Exposure to
PAHs can also occur if your skin touches PAH
contaminated soil or products like heavy oils, coal
tar. roofing tar or creosote. Creosote is an oily liquid
If you w ork in a plant that makes coal tar. asphalt
and aluminum, or that bums trash, you can be
exposed to PAHs. You can also be exposed if you
work in a facility that uses petroleum or coal, or
where wood, corn and oil are burned.
What are the health effects of exposure to
PAHs?
A number of PAHs have caused tumors in
laboratory animals that were exposed to PAHs
through their food, from breathing contaminated
air. and w hen it was applied to their skin. When
pregnant mice ate high doses of a PAH
(benzo(a)pyrene) they experienced reproductive
problems. In addition, the offspring of the
pregnant mice showed birth defects and a decrease
in their body weight. Other effects include damage
50
-------
Appendix A
to skin, body fluids and the immune system which
help the body fight disease. However, these effects
have not been seen in humans.
What levels of exposure have resulted in
harmful health effects?
There is no information available from studies on
humans to tell what effects can result from being
exposed to individual PAHs at certain levels.
However, breathing PAHs and skin contact seem to
be associated with cancer in humans. Animal studies
showed that exposing mice to 308 parts per million
(ppm) of PAHs (specifically benzo(a)pyrene) in food
for 10 days (short-term exposure) caused birth
defects. Mice exposed to 923 ppm of benzo (a)
pyrene in food for months developed problems in the
liver and blood.
Where can I get more information?
Contact your state health or environmental
department, or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road. N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
References
1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). Public Health Statement.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Atlanta. GA:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Sen ices.
1990.
51
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Appendix A
Pendimethalin
CAS Number: 40487-42-1
use pendimethalin for law n care may also be at
risk.
What is pendimethalin?
Pendimethalin is a crystal-like solid that appears
orange yellowish in color and has a fruity odor. It
is a man-made chemical that is used primarily as a
herbicide.
What is pendimethalin used for?
Pendimethalin is used primarily as a herbicide to
destroy or prevent the grow th of certain plants like
weeds. It is also used on crops and residential
lawns and ornamentals (plants that are grown for
their beauty). It is used and applied in various
forms including a liquid, solid, granular etc.
How can pendimethalin enter and leave
your body?
Pendimethalin can enter your body if you breathe
contaminated air or eat contaminated food. It can
also be absorbed by your skin if you come into
contact with the substance. Pendimethalin can
leave your body through urine and feces.
How can you be exposed to
pendimethalin?
You can be exposed to pendimethalin released to
the air if you w ork in an industry w here it is made
or used. You can be exposed to pendimethalin
through your diet. Traces of pendimethalin applied
to crops can be digested. If you w ork in an
industry that makes or uses pendimethalin. you can
be exposed to the substance. If you w ork in an
occupation w here you are responsible for the
application of the herbicide to crops or law ns, you
are at greater risk of exposure. Homeowners w ho
What are the health effects of exposure to
pendimethalin?
Pendimethalin is considered of low acute toxicity.
However, it has caused thyroid problems in male
and female rats. Exposure to pendimethalin
through diet is extremely low. So is the risk of
cancer through this route. In addition, it has been
classified as a possible cancer causing substance.
Although animal studies show that pendimethalin
has a low toxicity, it is slightly toxic if you are
exposed to it by eating or drinking contaminated
food or water. It is also toxic if it gets in the eyes.
Exposure is "practically" non-toxic if you breathe
pendimethalin or if it is absorbed through the skin.
What levels of exposure have resulted in
harmful health effects?
Animal studies show that short-term exposure of
animals to > 5.000 milligrams per kilogram of
pendimethalin resulted in the death of 50% of
experimental animals. This number is called a
lethal dose (LD5„).
Where can you get more information?
Contact your state health or environmental
department, or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road. N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
52
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Appendix A
References
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. R.lil).
I'ACTS, Pendimethalin. Office of Prevention.
Pesticides and Toxic Substances. 1997.
2. Extension Toxicology Network. Pesticide
Information Profile for Pendimethalin. Cornell
University. Ithaca. NY.
53
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Appendix A
Pentachlorobenzene
CAS Number: 608-93-5
What is pentachlorobenzene?
Pentachlorobenzene is a substance that looks like
white or colorless crystals and has an odor.
Pentachlorobenzene is a man-made substance that
is used to make another chemical,
pentachloronitrobenzene. Therefore,
pentachlorobenzene enters the environment when
pentachloronitrobenzene is used.
What is pentachlorobenzene used for?
Pentachlorobenzene is used to make
pentachloronitrobenzene. a fungicide. In addition,
it has been and is currentlv used as a fire retardant.
exposure can affect the liver and kidneys and can
cause tissue lesions. Animal studies and tests show
that pentachlorobenzene can possibly cause toxic
effects on human reproduction.
What levels of exposure have resulted in
harmful health effects?
Animal studies show that exposure of rats to 1080
milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) of
pentachlorobenzene resulted in the death of 50% of
experimental animals. This number is called a
lethal dose (LD5ll). The LD5ll for mice exposed to
pentachlorobenzene was 1 175 mg/kg.
How can pentachlorobenzene enter and
leave your body?
Pentachlorobenzene can enter your body by eating
or drinking contaminated food and w ater or by
breathing contaminated air.
How can you be exposed to
pentachlorobenzene?
You can be exposed to pentachlorobenzene if you
work in a business or industry that makes the
substance. Pentachlorobenzene can be released to
the air during its production as well as during the
application of pentachloronitrobenzene as a
fungicide.
What are the health effects of exposure to
pentachlorobenzene?
Short-term exposure to pentachlorobenzene can
affect the central nervous system. Long-term
Where can you get more information?
Contact your state health or environmental
department, or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road. N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
References
1. Great Lakes Initiative Bioaccumulativc
Chemicals of Concern (BCCs).
http://\v\v\v.\vcbaxs.nct/nocl/lotlink/bccs.html
2. International Joint Commission.
Pentachlorobenzene.
http://www.iic.ora/boards/iaqab/mcvcr/pcntachl
oro.htm
3. The National Toxicology Program (NTP).
('hemicol Repository: Pentachlorobenzene.
Http://ntp-scrvcr.nichs.nih.s>ov/
4. World Health Organization (WHO)/
International Program on Chemical Safety &
the Commission of the European Communities/
International Labour Organization.
54
-------
Appendix A
International (hemical Safety ('arcl:
I'entachlorobenzene: 1995
5. U.S. Department of Health and Human
Sen ices. Hazardous Substances Data Bank
(HSDB. online database). National Library of
Medicine Bcthcsda. MD. 2001.
55
-------
Appendix A
Pentachloronitrobenzene
CAS Number: 82-68-8
What is pentachloronitrobenzene?
Pentachloronitrobenzene is a substance that looks
like cream-colored or colorless crystals and has a
musty odor.
What is pentachloronitrobenzene used for?
Pentachloronitrobenzene is used to prevent the
formation of slime in industrial waters. It is also
registered as a fungicide that helps prevent or
destroy the grow th of fungus. It is primarily used
to prevent the growth of fungi on grass, lawn
flowers, ornamental crops, shrubs and in gardens.
It has agricultural uses to protect cotton and grain
seeds like barley, oats, rice and wheat from the
grow th of fungi.
How can pentachloronitrobenzene enter
and leave your body?
Pentachloronitrobenzene can enter your body
through breathing contaminated air. eating or
drinking contaminated food or w ater and by skin
contact.
How can you be exposed to
pentachloronitrobenzene?
You can be exposed to pentachloronitrobenzene by
eating contaminated food. Pentachloro-
nitrobenzene typically builds up in the fatty tissues
of animals. This means that eating beef. pork,
poultry , fish as well as dairy products can be a
source of exposure.
If\ ou work in a business that makes or uses
pentachloronitrobenzene you can be exposed if you
breathe contaminated air or if your skin comes into
contact with the substance.
What are the health effects exposure to
pentachloronitrobenzene?
The effects of long-term exposure of
pentachloronitrobenzene on humans are not
known. However, animal studies show that dogs
exposed to pentachloronitrobenzene through diet
experienced liver damage. Rats exposed to high
levels of pentachloronitrobenzene show an
enlarged liver and an increase in the weight of the
liver.
What levels of exposure have resulted in
harmful health effects?
No information or studies exist on w hether
pentachloronitrobenzene can cause cancer in
humans. However, the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) has classified it as a
possible cancer causing substance because of the
harmful effects seen in mice. For example, mice
orally exposed to pentachloronitrobenzene
experienced hepatomas, a cancerous tumor in the
liver. In addition, skin tumors developed in rats
after their skin was exposed to
pentachloronitrobenzene.
The EPA has said that a reference does of 0.003
milligrams per kilogram a day of
pentachloronitrobenzene will not cause cancerous
effects.
Where can you get more information?
Contact your state health or environmental
department, or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry
56
-------
Appendix A
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road. N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
References
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health
Iffects Xotekook for Ilazardous Air Pollutants,
Ouintozene (Pentachloronitrobenzene). Office
of Air Planning & Standards. 1994. U.S.
2. California Air Resources Board. Toxic Air
('ontaininant had Sheets:
I'entachloronitrobenzene. Toxic Air
Contaminant Identification List Summaries -
ARB/SSD/SES. 1997.
3. Rcigart. Routt J. and Roberts. James R.
Medical University of South Carolina.
Recognition and lanagement of Pesticide
Poisonings. Fifth cd. Washington. D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of
Pesticide Programs. 1999.
57
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Appendix A
Pentachlorophenol
CAS Number: 87-86-5
What is pentachlorophenol?
In its purest form, pentachlorophenol is a colorless
crystal. It is a man-made chemical that is not
found naturally in the environment. When it is
really hot. it has a sharp chemical smell but at
room temperature there is just a very faint odor.
What is pentachlorophenol used for?
Pentachlorophenol was used as a biocide to kill
small organisms and is now used as a wood
preservative to protect wood from decay and insect
attack. Although pentachlorophenol was widely
used as a pesticide, its use has been restricted so
that only people w ith special certification or a
licence can purchase and use it.
It is not commercially available for use in your
home; however, it is still used as a wood
preservative to protect power line poles, cross
amis, and fence posts from decay and insect attack.
How can pentachlorophenol enter and
leave your body?
If\ ou breathe contaminated air. pentachlorophenol
can get into your lungs. You can also be exposed
by eating or drinking contaminated food or w ater.
Pentachlorophenol can also enter your body
through skin contact and can leave your body
through urine.
How can you be exposed to
pentachlorophenol?
The greatest exposure to pentachlorophenol comes
from inhaling contaminated air. If you w ork in a
lumber mill or a business that does wood treatment.
\ ou could be exposed to pentachlorophenol
contaminated air. You could breathe contaminated
air if you are near a waste site where it is disposed
or it can get into your skin if you touch
contaminated soil. Drinking contaminated water
near a waste site, accidental spill or work site is
another source of exposure. You could also eat
contaminated food such as fish. However, keep in
mind that exposure to pentachlorophenol by eating
and drinking contaminated food and water is not
very common.
What are the health effects of exposure to
pentachlorophenol?
If > ou are exposed to large doses of
pentachlorophenol over a short period of time, or
small doses over a long period, your liver, kidneys,
blood, lungs, nervous system, immune system and
gastrointestinal tract could be damaged. If you
come into direct contact with pentachlorophenol it
could bother your skin. eyes, and mouth. This is
especially taie if pentachlorophenol is in the form
of a hot vapor.
Animal studies show that the number of offspring
bom to animals exposed to pentachlorophenol
during pregnancy decreased. It is unknown if
exposure will cause birth defects in humans.
Based on animal studies that show increased risk of
cancer to the livers and adrenal glands of mice, the
International Agency for Research on Cancer
believes pentachlorophenol could possibly cause
cancer. But strong evidence that can link it to
causing cancer in humans doesn't exist.
What levels of exposure can result in
harmful health effects?
If you eat or drink about 50 - 500 milligrams per
kilograms of pentachlorophenol. it is considered a
58
-------
Appendix A
lethal dose. Breathing pentachlorophenol over a
short period of time can also cause death because
of heart failure and changes in your body's
circulatory svstem.
Where can you get more information?
Contact your state health or environmental
department, or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road. N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
References
1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological Profile,
Pentachlorophenol. Atlanta. GA: U.S.
Department of Health and Human Sen ices.
1995.
59
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Appendix A
Phenanthrene
CAS Number: 85-01-8
What is phenanthrene?
Phenanthrene is one of a group of chemicals called
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. PAHs for short.
PAHs are often found together in groups of two or
more. They can exist in over 100 different
combinations but the most common are treated as a
group of 15. PAHs are found naturally in the
environment but they can also be man-made.
Phenanthrene is a colorless, crystal-like solid but
can also look yellow. PAHs are created when
products like coal. oil. gas. and garbage is burned
but the burning process is not complete.
Very little information is available on the
individual chemicals within the PAH group. Most
of the information available is for the PAH group
as a whole. Information specific to phenanthrene is
included in this fact sheet when available.
What is phenanthrene used for?
Most of the PAHs are used to conduct research.
Like most PAHs. phenanthrene is used to make
dyes, plastics and pesticides, explosives and drugs.
It has also been used to make bile acids, cholesterol
and steroids.
How can phenanthrene enter and leave
your body?
One of the most common w ays phenanthrene can
enter your body is through breathing contaminated
air. It can get into your lungs when you breathe it.
If\ ou work in a hazardous waste site where PAHs
are disposed, you are likely to breathe
phenanthrene and other PAHs. If you eat or drink
food and w ater that are contaminated with PAHs.
you could be exposed.
Exposure can also occur if your skin comes into
contact with contaminated soil or products like
heavy oils, coal tar. roofing tar or creosote where
PAHs have been found. Creosote is an oily liquid
found in coal tar and is used to preserve w ood.
Once in your body, the PAHs can spread and target
fat tissues. Target organs include kidneys, liver
and fat. However, in just a matter of days, the
PAHs w ill leave your body through urine and
feces.
How can you be exposed to phenanthrene?
You can be exposed to most PAHs in the
environment, in your home and in the workplace.
Because PAHs exist naturally in the environment,
and they are man-made, you can be exposed in a
number of w ays. Fumes from vehicle exhaust,
coal, coal tar. asphalt, wildfires, agricultural
burning and hazardous waste sites are all sources
of exposure.
You could be exposed to PAHs by breathing
cigarette and tobacco smoke, eating foods grown in
contaminated soil or by eating meat or other food
that you grilled. Grilling and charring food
actually increases the amount of PAHs in the food.
If\ ou work in a plant that makes coal tar. asphalt
and aluminum, or that burns trash, you can be
exposed to PAHs. You can also be exposed if you
work in a facility that uses petroleum or coal or
w here wood, com and oil are burned.
What are the health effects of exposure to
phenanthrene?
A number of PAHs have caused tumors in
laboratory animals that were exposed to PAHs
through their food, from breathing contaminated air
and w hen it was applied to their skin. When
pregnant mice ate high doses of a PAH
60
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Appendix A
(benzo(a)pyrene). they experienced reproductive
problems. In addition, the offspring of the
pregnant mice showed birth defects and a decrease
in their body weight. Other effects include damage
to skin, body fluids and the immune system which
help the body fight disease. However, these effects
have not been seen in humans.
What levels of exposure have resulted in
harmful health effects?
There is no information available from studies on
humans to tell what effects can result from being
exposed to individual PAHs at certain levels.
However, breathing PAHs and skin contact seem to
be associated with cancer in humans. Animal
studies showed that exposing mice to 308 parts per
million (ppm) of PAHs (specifically benzo (a)
pyrene) in food for 10 days (short term exposure)
caused birth defects. Mice exposed to 923 ppm of
benzo (a) pyrene in food for months developed
problems in the liver and blood.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has
indicated that not enough information exists to
classify, phenanthrene as a cancer causing
substance.
Where can I get more information?
Contact your state health or environmental
department, or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road. N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
References
1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). Public Health Statement.
Polycyclic. Iromatic: Ilyclrocarbons. Atlanta.
GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human
Sen ices. 1990.
2. Faust. Rosmaric A.. Oak Ridge National
Laboratory. Chemical Hazard Evaluation
61
Group, 'toxicity Summary for Phenanthrene.
Oak Ridge. TN: 1993.
-------
Appendix A
Pyrene
CAS Number: 129-00-0
What is pyrene?
Pyrene is one of a group of chemicals called
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. PAHs for short.
PAHs are often found together in groups of two or
more. They can exist in over 100 different
combinations but the most common are treated as a
group of 15. PAHs are found naturally in the
environment but they can also be man-made.
Pyrene is colorless crystal-like solid but can also
look yellow. PAHs are created when products like
coal. oil. gas. and garbage is burned but the burning
process is not complete.
Very little information is available on the
individual chemicals within the PAH group. Most
of the information available is for the PAH group
as a whole. Information specific to pyrene is
included in this fact sheet when available.
What is pyrene used for?
Most of the PAHs are used to conduct research.
Like most PAHs. pyrene is used to make dyes,
plastics and pesticides. It has also been used to
make another PAH called benzo(a)pyrene.
How can pyrene enter and leave your
body?
One of the most common ways pyrene can enter
your body is through breathing contaminated air. It
can get into your lungs w hen you breathe it. If you
work in a hazardous waste site where PAHs are
disposed, you are likely to breathe pyrene and other
PAHs. If you eat or drink food and w ater that are
contaminated with PAHs. you could be exposed.
Exposure can also occur if your skin comes into
contact with contaminated soil or products like
heavy oils, coal tar. roofing tar or creosote where
PAHs have been found. Creosote is an oily liquid
found in coal tar and is used to preserve w ood.
Once in your body, the PAHs can spread and target
fat tissues. Target organs include kidneys, liver
and fat. However, in just a matter of days, the
PAHs w ill leave your body through urine and
feces.
How can you be exposed to pyrene?
You can be exposed to most PAHs in the
environment, in your home and in the workplace.
Because PAHs exist naturally in the environment,
and they are man-made, you can be exposed in a
number of ways.
If you smoke cigarettes you can be exposed to
pyrene since it has been found in tobacco and
cigarette smoke. Exposure to other PAHs can
occur by eating foods grow n in contaminated soil
or by eating meat or other food that you grilled.
Grilling and charring food actually increases the
amount of PAHs in the food. You could be exposed
to pyrene by eating smoked fish or meats. It has
also been found in surface w ater and drinking
water.
Pyrene has been detected in coal tar so if you w ork
at a business that makes or uses coal tar you could
be exposed to pyrene and other PAHs.
What are the health effects of exposure to
pyrene?
Animal studies showed that mice that were fed
pyrene developed nephropathy, a kidney disease.
A decrease in the w eight of the kidney and an
increase in the w eight of the liver w as also seen. In
addition, there were some slight changes in the
blood.
62
-------
Appendix A
A number of PAHs have caused tumors in
laboratory animals that were exposed to PAHs
through their food, from breathing contaminated air
and w hen it was applied to their skin. When
pregnant mice ate high doses of a PAH
(benzo(a)pyrene) they experienced reproductive
problems. In addition, the offspring of the
pregnant mice showed birth defects and a decrease
in their body weight. Other effects include damage
to skin, body fluids and the immune system which
help the body fight disease. However, these effects
have not been seen in humans.
What levels of exposure have resulted in
harmful health effects?
There is no information available from studies on
humans to tell what effects can result from being
exposed to individual PAHs at certain levels.
However, breathing PAHs and skin contact seem to
be associated with cancer in humans. Animal
studies showed that exposing mice to 308 parts per
million (ppm) of PAHs (specifically benzo (a)
pyrene) in food for 10 days (short term exposure)
caused birth defects. Mice exposed to 923 ppm of
benzo (a) pyrene in food for months developed
problems in the liver and blood.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA
has indicated that not enough information exists to
classify pyrene as a cancer causing substance.
Where can I get more information?
Contact your state health or environmental
department, or:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road. N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
References
1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). I'uhlic Health Statement.
Polycyclic. Iromatic: Hydrocarbons. Atlanta.
63
GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human
Sen ices. 1990.
2. Faust. Rosmaric A.. Oak Ridge National
Laboratory. Chemical Hazard Evaluation
Group. Toxicity Summary for Pyrene. Oak
Ridge. TN: 1993.
-------
Appendix A
Trifluralin
CAS Number: 1582-09-8
What is trifluralin?
Trifluralin is a man-made chemical that looks like
a yellowish-orange solid or crystal.
What is trifluralin used for?
Trifluralin is used primarily as a herbicide on
grass, to control broadleaf w eeds and on some
crops (faiits and vegetables), flowers and shrubs.
Cotton and soybeans are examples of some crops it
is used on.
How can trifluralin enter and leave your
body?
Trifluralin can enter and leave your body when you
breathe contaminated air or absorbed by the skin if
\ ou come in contact with the substance. It can also
enter your body if you eat trifluralin-contaminated
food.
How can you be exposed to trifluralin?
You can be exposed to trifluralin if you breathe
contaminated air or touch lawns or crops that have
been treated with trifluralin. Exposure can occur if
\ ou eat fish that have been exposed to trifluralin
contaminated w ater. Another source of exposure is
through your w ork place. If you w ork in a business
where trifluralin is being made, you could be
exposed if trifluralin is released to the air w hile it is
being produced. In addition, if you are responsible
for applying the herbicide you can also be exposed.
Farm workers who come in contact with treated
crops are also at risk of exposure. Lastly,
trifluralin could be released to water from
agricultural runoff.
What are the health effects of exposure to
trifluralin?
There is very little information available on the
short- and long-term effects on humans from
exposure to trifluralin. However, animal studies
show that trifluralin is moderately toxic to rats,
mice and rabbits who were exposed to trifluralin
for a short period. These animals were exposed to
trifluralin by inhalation (breathing), ingestion
(eating/drinking food or water) or skin contact.
Dogs exposed to trifluralin for long periods of
time showed weight loss, changes in blood and an
increase in their liver weight.
The offspring of mice that w ere fed trifluralin.
show ed abnormalities in the skeleton. The fetuses
of pregnant mice and rats that w ere fed trifluralin
experienced a decrease in their weight.
Rats who w ere fed trifluralin developed tumors in
their urinary tract and in the thyroid. In addition,
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
has determined that trifluralin could possibly
cause cancer in humans.
What levels of exposure have resulted in
harmful health effects?
EPA has indicated that exposure to 0.0075
milligrams per kilogram per day of trifluralin or
less over a lifetime would not result in noncancer
effects.
Where can you get more information?
Contact your state health or environmental
department, or:
64
-------
Appendix A
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road. N.E.. E-29
Atlanta. Georgia 30333
References
1. Rcigart. Routt J. and Roberts. James R.
Medical University of South Carolina.
Recognition and lanagement of Pesticide
Poisonings. Fifth cd. Washington. D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of
Pesticide Programs. 1999.
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. R.Iil).
/¦'. K"/,V, Trifluralin. Office of Prevention.
Pesticides and Toxic Substances. 1996.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health
Iffects Xotebook, for Hazardous Air Pollutants,
Trifluralin. Office of Air Quality Planning &
Standards. 1994.
65
-------
Appendix B
Additional Information about
Waste Minimization Priority Chemicals
-------
Table B-l. National Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities by Priority Chemical (1991-1998)
Chemical
Group
CAS Number
Chemical
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1993 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1995
WMPC
Quantity
(lb) '
1997
WMPC
Quantity
(lb) '
1998
WMPC
Quantity"
(lb) '
Lead
7439-92-1
Lead
79.409.404
81.553.057
67.174.812
51.103.886
51.665.692
P. Ills
91-20-3
Naphthalene
28.449.107
33.451.379
17.217.510
18.092.279
15.459.570
120-12-7
Anthracene
10.822.069
8.074.964
2.116.758
740.052
669.116
('hlori noted. 1 Uphatics
67-72-1
Hcxachlorocthanc
5.274.360
3.144.528
6.304.499
4.253.357
5.160.237
87-68-3
Hcxachloro-1,3-butadicnc
11.490.810
5.514.269
7.077.108
8.411.397
4.467.024
('admiuni
7440-43-9
Cadmium
2.580.163
4.710.090
2.837.290
9.005.227
3.505.061
('hlorohenzenes
118-74-1
Hcxachlorobcn/cnc
5.196.864
4.873.040
3.305.327
1.869.242
1.726.410
120-82-1
1.2.4-T richlorobcn/cnc
3.203.217
5.979.701
1.576.310
940.961
843.905
. Ictive Pesticide:
V
82-68-8
Pcntachloronitrobcn/cnc (Quinto/cnc)
62.715
522.861
760.539
442.027
390.036
87-86-5
Pcntachlorophcnol
111.508
193.335
135.912
151.158
160.408
1582-09-8
Trifluralin
82.759
36.321
215.157
1.539.671
103.970
58-89-9
Hcxachlorocvclohcxanc. gamma (Lindane)
1.862
159
3.226
2.800
8.272
76-44-8
Hcptachlor
4
79.519
4.701
-
-
72-43-5
Mcthoxychlor
161
1
0
-
-
Dibenzofuron
132-64-9
Dibcn/ofuran
5.104.604
5.059.712
425.242
349.433
382.622
See notes at end.
(continued)
-------
Table B-l. (continued)
Chemical
Group
CAS Number
Chemical
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1993 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1995
WMPC
Quantity
(lb) '
1997
WMPC
Quantity
(lb) '
1998
WMPC
Quantity"
(lb) '
lercury
7439-97-6
Mercury
186.718
86.072
49.043
41.486
32.899
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
95-95-4
2.4.5-T richlorophcnol
28.000
-
-
-
23.226
Total
152.004.325
153.279.008
109.203.434
96.942.976
84.598.448
•' 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in 1998.
- = Nothing was reported to TRI for that entry.
0 = Zero was reported to TRI for that entry.
-------
Table B-2. National Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities by Industry Sector (1991-1998)
SIC
Code SIC Code Description
3339 Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metals. Except Copper
and Aluminum
2812 Alkalies and Chlorine
3341 Secondary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metals
3312 Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
3331 Primary Smelting and Refining of Copper
3241 Cement. Hydraulic
3399 Primary Metal Products. NEC
2865 Cyclic Organic Crudes and Intermediates, and Organic Dyes and
Pigments
2869 Industrial Organic Chemicals. NEC
2819 Industrial Inorganic Chemicals. NEC
3229 Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware. NEC
2911 Petroleum Refining
2821 Plastics Materials. Synthetic and Resins, and Nonvulcanizablc
Elastomers
3691 Storage Batteries
3479 Coating. Engraving, and Allied Sen ices. NEC
3714 Motor Vehicle Parts and Accessories
3315 Steel Wiredrawing and Steel Nails and Spikes
3357 Drawing and Insulating of Nonferrous Wire
2879 Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals. NEC
3321 Gray and Ductile Iron Foundries
See notes at end.
Cumulative %
1991 WMPC 1998 WMPC % Change of National
Quantity (lb) Quantity" (lb) (1991-1998) Total (1998)
7.976.610
16.654.109
5.879.357
5.442.394
6.281.179
4.304.790
1.449.979
3.973.633
2.680.324
22.362.129
1.570.314
4.080.581
1.911.800
12.926.379
216.900
252.244
478.055
425.997
1.411.780
1.100.341
12.618.918
10.886.154
9.715.551
9.563.568
6.648.342
5.171.773
3.273.515
3.202.400
2.604.152
2.505.263
2.416.432
1.734.969
1.324.545
1.254.995
1.173.492
1.068.430
1.007.930
778.575
696.951
610.378
58.2
-34.6
65.2
75.7
5.8
20.1
125.8
-19.4
-2.8
-88.8
53.9
-57.5
-30.7
-90.3
441.0
323.6
110.8
82.8
-50.6
-44.5
14.9
27.8
39.3
50.6
58.4
64.5
68.4
72.2
75.3
78.2
81.1
83.1
84.7
86.2
87.6
88.8
90.0
91.0
91.8
92.5
(continued)
-------
Table B-2. (continued)
SIC
Code SIC Code Description
49251' Mixed. Manufactured, or Liquefied Petroleum Gas Production and/or
Distribution
2816 Inorganic Pigments
3316 Cold-Rolled Steel Sheet. Strip and Bars
3641 Electric Lamp Bulbs and Tubes
2899 Chemical Preparations. NEC
3671 Electron Tubes
3366 Copper Foundries
2851 Paints. Varnishes. Lacquers. Enamels and Allied Products
3471 Electroplating. Plating. Polishing. Anodizing, and Coloring
2491 Wood Preserving
3672 Printed Circuit Boards
2262 Finishers of Broadwovcn Fabrics of Manmadc Fiber and Silk
3317 Steel Pipe and Tubes
3231 Glass Products Made of Purchased Glass
3679 Electronic Components. NEC
3497 Metal Foil and Leaf
3369 Nonfcrrous Foundries. Except Aluminum and Copper
3499 Fabricated Metal Products. NEC
9229 Public Order and Safety. NEC
3482 Small Arms Ammunition
3269 Pottery Products. NEC
2493 Reconstituted Wood Products
See notes at end.
Cumulative %
I WMPC
1998 WMPC
% Change
of National
ntity (lb)
Quantity" (lb)
(1991-1998)
Total (1998)
10.827
533.895
4.831.1
93.1
5.248.232
491.913
-90.6
93.7
52.345
440.737
742.0
94.2
485.662
383.612
-21.0
94.7
242.287
356.771
47.3
95.1
2.309.036
330.541
-85.7
95.5
58.841
248.143
321.7
95.8
258.580
209.724
-18.9
96.0
633.634
171.883
-72.9
96.2
117.201
162.873
39.0
96.4
117.796
112.997
-4.1
96.6
0
110.200
-
96.7
146.209
109.947
-24.8
96.8
171.633
108.334
-36.9
97.0
146.436
100.371
-3 1.5
97.1
8.449
99.785
1081.0
97.2
75.918
89.651
18.1
97.3
111.633
86.922
-22.1
97.4
-
84.684
-
97.5
73.108
79.145
8.3
97.6
32.090
76.453
138.2
97.7
_
75.114
_
97.8
(continued)
-------
Table B-2. (continued)
Cumulative %
SIC
Code
SIC Code Description
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity" (lb)
% Change
(1991-1998)
of National
Total (1998)
3674
Semiconductors and Related Devices
90.638
74.223
-18.1
97.9
3711
Motor Vehicles and Passenger Car Bodies
97.803
73.473
-24.9
98.0
3262
Vitreous Chi mi Table and Kitchen Articles
135.743
73.321
-46.0
98.0
2591
Drapery Hardware and Window Blinds and Shades
75.720
72.222
-4.6
98.1
3087
Custom Compounding of Purchased Plastics Resin
84.947
72.014
-15.2
98.2
3353
Aluminum Sheet. Plate, and Foil
55.081
69.608
26.4
98.3
3675
Electronic Capacitors
39.566
64.795
63.8
98.4
9711
National Security
-
63.142
-
98.4
3411
Metal Cans
70.925
59.914
-15.5
98.5
2843
Surface Active Agents. Finishing Agents. Sulfonated Oils, and
Assistants
10.978
55.910
409.3
98.6
3313
Elcctromctallurgical Products. Except Steel
69.065
54.613
-20.9
98.6
223 1
Broadwovcn Fabric Mills. Wool
7.376
53.200
621.3
98.7
2999
Products of Petroleum and Coal. NEC
0
52.680
-
98.8
2824
Manmadc Organic Fibers. Except Ccllulosic
18.007
50.860
182.4
98.8
2621
Paper Mills
110.027
48.150
-56.2
98.9
3398
Metal Heat Treating
30.672
46.415
51.3
98.9
3295
Minerals and Earths. Ground or Otherwise Treated
13.200
45.227
242.6
99.0
2813
Industrial Gases
20.071
43.856
118.5
99.0
3448
Prefabricated Metal Buildings and Components
0
43.104
-
99.1
3423
Hand and Edge Tools. Except Machine Tools and Handsaws
13.779
40.000
190.3
99.1
3468
N/Ac
-
36.910
-
99.2
3494
Valves and Pipe Fittings. NEC
272.274
34.616
-87.3
99.2
see notes
at end.
(continued)
-------
Table B-2. (continued)
SIC
Code SIC Code Description
3334 Primary Production of Aluminum
3325 Steel Foundries. NEC
3721 Aircraft
3356 Rolling. Drawing, and Extruding of Nonferrous Metals. Except Copper
and Aluminum
3462 Iron and Steel Forgings
3351 Rolling. Drawing, and Extruding of Copper
3496 Miscellaneous Fabricated Wire Products
8733 Noncommercial Research Organizations
3999 Manufacturing Industries. NEC
3291 Abrasive Products
3568 Mechanical Power Transmission Equipment. NEC
2800 N/Ac
3089 Plastics Product. NEC
2892 Explosives
3751 Motorcycles. Bicycles and Parts
3432 Plumbing Fixture Fittings and Trim
2891 Adhcsives and Sealants
2295 Coated Fabrics. Not Rubbcri/cd
2861 Gum and Wood Chemicals
3081 Unsupported Plastics Film and Sheets
3621 Motors and Generators
3644 Noncurrcnt-Carrying Wiring Devices
See notes at end.
1991 WMPC 1998 WMPC % Change
Quantity (lb) Quantity" (lb) (1991-1998)
4.120
2.318
39.697
31.894
0
59.376
44.738
6.867
1
95.903
5.640.818
22.354
259.363
114.056
983
20.566
22.000
10.526
400
30.444
32.505
32.398
31.185
29.408
28.913
27.435
26.444
25.882
24.778
24.663
22.681
20.200
19.117
18.242
17.857
17.747
14.871
13.567
13.550
13.276
11.113
11.027
689.0
1297.7
-21.4
-7.8
-53.8
-40.9
260.8
2466200.0
-76.4
-99.6
-14.5
-93.0
-84.4
1412.8
-34.0
-38.4
26.1
2678.3
-63.8
Cumulative %
of National
Total (1998)
99.3
99.3
99.3
99.4
99.4
99.4
99.5
99.5
99.5
99.6
99.6
99.6
99.6
99.7
99.7
99.7
99.7
99.7
99.8
99.8
99.8
99.8
(continued)
-------
Table B-2. (continued)
SIC
Code
SIC Code Description
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity" (lb)
% Change
(1991-1998)
3069
Fabricated Rubber Products. NEC
12.887
10.957
-15.0
3824
Totalizing Fluid Meters and Counting Devices
15.244
10.548
-30.8
3429
Hardware. NEC
54.392
10.229
-81.2
253 1
Public Building and Related Furniture
0
9.536
-
3678
Electronic Connectors
3.849
9.337
142.6
3743
Railroad Equipment
2.801
9.100
224.9
7699
Repair Sen ices. NEC
0
7.197
-
3052
Rubber and Plastics Hose and Belting
11.130
7.064
-36.5
2086
Bottled and Canned Soft Drinks and Carbonated Water
-
7.000
-
3211
Flat Glass
7.200
6.920
-3.9
2611
Pulp Mills
91.900
6.246
-93.2
3914
Silverware. Plated Ware, and Stainless Steel Ware
1.766
5.607
217.5
3484
Small Arms
52.674
5.330
-89.9
873 1
Commercial Physical and Biological Research
364
5.314
1359.9
3452
Bolts. Nuts. Screws. Rivets, and Washers
4.300
5.266
22.5
3643
Current-Carrying Wiring Devices
16.103
5.109
-68.3
3592
Carburetors. Pistons. Piston Rings, and Valves
1.484
4.200
183.0
3996
Linoleum. Asphaltcd-Fclt-Basc. and Other Hard Surface Floor
Coverings. NEC
13.160
3.500
-73.4
2834
Pharmaceutical Preparations
27.194
3.090
-88.6
3365
Aluminum Foundries
15.582
2.852
-81.7
2875
Fertilizers. Mixing Only
4.420
2.826
-36.1
343 1
Enameled Iron and Metal Sanitary Ware
105.808
2.700
-97.4
See notes at end.
Cumulative %
of National
Total (1998)
99.8
99.8
99.8
99.8
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(continued)
-------
Table B-2. (continued)
SIC
Code
SIC Code Description
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity" (lb)
% Change
(1991-1998)
Cumulative %
of National
Total (1998)
3669
Communications Equipment. NEC
281
2.600
825.3
100.
3491
Industrial Valves
39
2.320
5848.7
100.
3585
Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Heating Equipment and Commercial
and Industrial Refrigeration Equipment
6.317
2.282
-63.9
100.
3011
Tires and Inner Tubes
15.875
1.975
-87.6
100.
3724
Aircraft Engines and Engine Parts
59.680
1.868
-96.9
100.
3661
Telephone and Telegraph Apparatus
12.546
1.824
-85.5
100.
3322
Malleable Iron Foundries
757
1.549
104.6
100.
3694
Electrical Equipment for Internal Combustion Engines
2.991
1.431
-52.2
100.
2511
Wood Household Furniture. Except Upholstered
-
1.395
-
100.
3825
Instruments for Measuring and Testing of Electricity and Electrical
Signals
1.300
1.388
6.8
100.
3613
Switchgcar and Switchboard Apparatus
410
1.338
226.3
100.
2672
Coated and Laminated Paper. NEC
3.363
1.270
-62.2
100.
3451
Screw Machine Products
8.451
1.019
-87.9
100.
3021
Rubber and Plastics Footwear
-
1.000
-
100.
3492
Fluid Power Valves and Hose Fittings
0
997
-
100.
3264
Porcelain Electrical Supplies
433
902
108.3
100.
3731
Ship Building and Repairing
2.365
861
-63.6
100.
2992
Lubricating Oils and Greases
98
751
666.3
100.
263 1
Papcrboard Mills
-
612
-
100.
3483
Ammunition. Except for Small Arms
20.830
610
-97.1
100.
3441
Fabricated Structural Metal
362
537
48.3
100.
See notes at end.
(continued)
-------
Table B-2. (continued)
SIC 1991 WMPC
Code SIC Code Description Quantity (lb)
3463 Nonfcrrous Forgings 217
2952 Asphalt Felts and Coatings 355
3577 Computer Peripheral Equipment. NEC 0
3571 Electronic Computers 2.275
3061 Molded. Extruded, and Lathe-Cut Meclianical Rubber Goods 4.250
3822 Automatic Controls for Regulating Residential and Commercial 250
Environments and Appliances
3444 Sheet Metal Work 9.748
3086 Plastics Foam Products 690
3612 Power. Distribution, and Speciality Transformers 79.541
3648 Lighting Equipment. NEC 6.230
3519 Internal Combustion Engines. NEC 41
3446 Architectural and Ornamental Metal Work
3663 Radio and Television Broadcasting and Communications Equipment 26
3728 Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment. NEC 11.865
3651 Household Audio and Video Equipment 23.422
3354 Aluminum Extruded Products 226
3961 Costume Jewelry and Costume Novelties. Except Precious Metal 120.937
3812 Search. Detection. Navigation. Guidance. Aeronautical, and Nautical 37.000
Systems and Instruments
3443 Fabricated Plate Work 4.534
2841 Soaps and Other Detergents. Except Specialty Cleaners 1.763
3823 Industrial Instruments for Measurement. Display, and Control of 0
Process Variables: and Related Products
See notes at end.
1998 WMPC % Change
Quantity" (lb) (1991-1998)
525
483
412
326
260
250
244
216
203
200
152
142
136
129
117
99
93
90
80
79
69
141.9
36.1
-85.7
-93.9
0.0
-97.5
-68.7
-99.7
-96.8
270.7
423.1
-98.9
-99.5
-56.2
-99.9
-99.8
-98.2
-95.5
Cumulative %
of National
Total (1998)
100.
100.
100.
100.
100.
100.
100.
100.
100.
100.
100.
100.
100.
100.
100.
100.
100.
100.
100.
100.
100.
(continued)
-------
Table B-2. (continued)
Cumulative %
SIC 1991 WMPC 1998 WMPC % Change of National
Code
SIC Code Description
Quantity (lb)
Quantity" (lb)
(1991-1998)
Total (1998)
3579
Office Machines. NEC
46
65
41.3
100.
3537
Industrial Trucks. Tractors. Trailers, and Stackers
960
61
-93.6
100.
3082
Unsupported Plastics Profile Slwpes
7.640
60
-99.2
100.
3851
Ophthalmic Goods
175
59
-66.3
100.
3559
Special Industry Machinery. NEC
364
50
-86.3
100.
2822
Synthetic Rubber
562
42
-92.5
100.
3449
Miscellaneous Structural Metal Work
60
38
-36.7
100.
3498
Fabricated Pipe and Pipe Fittings
544
36
-93.4
100.
3624
Carbon and Graphite Products
900
34
-96.2
100.
3629
Electrical Industrial Apparatus. NEC
170
22
-87.1
100.
3465
Automotive Stampings
4.035
16
-99.6
100.
3829
Measuring and Controlling Devices. NEC
105
15
-85.7
100.
3544
Special Dies and Tools. Die Sets. Jigs and Fixtures, and Industrial
Molds
0
10
-
100.
3363
Aluminum Die-Castings
9
8
-11.1
100.
2221
Broadwovcn Fabric Mills. Manmadc Fiber and Silk
3.500
6
-99.8
100.
3469
Metal Stampings. NEC
9.072
5
-99.9
100.
3523
Farm Machinery and Equipment
16.744
5
-100.0
100.
2022
Natural. Processed, and Imitation Cheese
-
4
-
100.
3633
Household Laundry Equipment
0
->
-
100.
3364
Nonfcrrous Die-Castings. Except Aluminum
0
2
-
100.
3433
Heating Equipment. Except Electric and Warm Air Furnaces
0
2
-
100.
N/Ac
58.366
1
-100.0
100.
See notes at end.
(continued)
-------
Table B-2. (continued)
Cumulative %
SIC
1991 WMPC
1998 WMPC
% Change
of National
Code
SIC Code Description
Quantity (lb)
Quantity" (lb)
(1991-1998)
Total (1998)
3536
Overhead Traveling Cranes. Hoists, and Monorail Systems
-
1
-
100.
3692
Primary Batteries. Dry and Wet
482
1
-99.8
100.
2061
Cane Sugar. Except Refining
31.825
0
-100.0
100.
2833
Medicinal Chemicals and Botanical Products
42.306
0
-100.0
100.
3361
N/Ac
1.600
0
-100.0
100.
3362
N/Ac
47.203
0
-100.0
100.
3412
Metal Shipping Barrels. Drums. Kegs, and Pails
7.825
0
-100.0
100.
353 1
Construction Machinery and Equipment
61.177
0
-100.0
100.
3533
Oil and Gas Field Machinery and Equipment
19
0
-100.0
100.
3548
Electric and Gas Welding and Soldering Equipment
44
0
-100.0
100.
3561
Pumps and Pumping Equipment
3.639
0
-100.0
100.
3566
Speed Cliangcrs. Industrial High-Speed Drives, and Gears
7.167
0
-100.0
100.
3569
General Industrial Machinery and Equipment. NEC
49
0
-100.0
100.
3647
Vehicular Lighting Equipment
34.500
0
-100.0
100.
3713
Truck and Bus Bodies
29.596
0
-100.0
100.
3952
Lead Pencils and Art Goods
190
0
-100.0
100.
INVA
N/Ac
32.861
0
-100.0
100.
1021
Copper Ores
1.130.942
-
-
100.
1099
Miscellaneous Metal Ores. NEC
74.647
-
-
100.
1629
Heavy Construction. NEC
1.250
-
-
100.
2011
Meat Packing Plants
37.000
-
-
100.
2259
Knitting Mills NEC
45.199
-
-
100.
2261
Finishers of Broadwovcn Fabrics of Cotton
43.000
-
-
100.
See notes at end.
(continued)
-------
Table B-2. (continued)
SIC
Code SIC Code Description
2282 Yarn Texturing. Throwing. Winding Mills
2430 N/Ac
2641 N/Ac
2759 Commercial Printing. NEC
2893 Printing Ink
2895 Carbon Black
2951 Asphalt Paving Mixtures and Blocks
3041 N/Ac
3050 N/Ac
3079 N/Ac
3221 Glass Containers
3253 Ceramic Wall and Floor Tile
3259 Structural Clay Products. NEC
3261 Vitreous Chi mi Plumbing Fixtures and China and Earthenware Fittings
and Bathroom Accessories
3263 Fine Earthenware
3296 Mineral Wool
3299 Nonmctallic Mineral Products. NEC
3324 Steel Investment Foundries
3333 N/Ac
3355 Aluminum Rolling and Drawing. NEC
3400 N/Ac
3490 N/Ac
See notes on end.
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
10.302
392
1.370
2.400
1.076
27.500.000
1
7.205
35.630
36.745
14.345
4.342
2.395
492.276
8.508
6.625
121.245
4.016
193.512
240
1
510
1998 WMPC % Change
Quantity" (lb) (1991-1998)
Cumulative %
of National
Total (1998)
1()0.(
1()0.(
1()0.(
1 ()().(
1()0.(
1 ()().(
1 ()().(
1()0.(
1()0.(
1()0.(
1 ()().(
1 ()().(
1 ()().(
1()0.(
1 ()().(
1 ()().(
1()0.(
1 ()().(
1()0.(
1()0.(
1()0.(
1()0.(
(continued)
-------
Table B-2. (continued)
Cumulative %
SIC 1991 WMPC 1998 WMPC % Change of National
Code SIC Code Description Quantity (lb) Quantity" (lb) (1991-1998) Total (1998)
3549 Mctalworking Machinery¦. NEC 3.733
3555 Printing Trades Machinery and Equipment 1.380
3556 Food Products Machinery 0
3562 Ball and Roller Bearings 87
3564 Industrial and Commercial Fans and Blowers and Air Purification 55
Equipment
3625
Relays and Industrial Controls
191.628
363 1
Household Cooking Equipment
2.981
3699
Electrical Machinery. Equipment and Supplies. NEC
548
3710
N/Ac
8.414
3827
Optical Instruments and Lenses
35.067
3949
Sporting and Athletic Goods. NEC
->
3965
Fasteners. Buttons. Needles, and Pins
7.600
3993
Signs and Advertising Specialties
74
5013
Motor Vehicle Supplies and New Parts
3.401
5093
Scrap and Waste Materials
1.387.317
5171
Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals
18
9661
Space Research and Technology
36
9999
N/Ac
240
•' 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in 1998.
'' Facilities were not required to report SIC code 4925 until 1994. However, a single facility reported quantities to it in 1991 and 1992.
c These SIC codes do not exist, but chemical quantities were reported to them in TRI.
- = Nothing was reported to TRI for that entry.
0 = Zero was reported to TRI for that entry.
-------
Appendix B
Table B-3. Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities
Associated with Industry Sectors (1998)a
SIC
Code SIC Code Description
2022 Natural. Processed, and Imitation Cheese
2086 Bottled and Canned Soft Drinks and Carbonated
Water
2221 Broadwoven Fabric Mills. Manmade Fiber and
Silk
2231 Broadwoven Fabric Mills. Wool
2262 Finishers of Broadwoven Fabrics of Manmade
Fiber and Silk
2295 Coated Fabrics. Not Rubberized
2491 Wood Preserving
2493 Reconstituted Wood Products
25 1 1 Wood Household Furniture. Except Upholstered
253 1 Public Building and Related Furniture
2591 Draper\ Hardware and Window Blinds and
Shades
2611 Pulp Mills
2621 Paper Mills
2631 Paperboard Mills
2672 Coated and Laminated Paper. NEC
2800 Chemical and Allied Products
2812 Alkalies and Chlorine
2813 Industrial Gases
2816 Inorganic Pigments
2819 Industrial Inorganic Chemicals. NEC
2821 Plastics Materials. Synthetic and Resins, and
Nonvulcanizable Elastomers
2822 Synthetic Rubber
2824 Manmade Organic Fibers. Except Cellulosic
See notes at end.
o
c
04
.c
Q.
O
-C
H
i
in
¦o
CL
>
u
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X
¦o
cc
U
X
X
X
X
cc
-=
a.
¦o
CS
c
JS
U
X
-------
Appendix B
Table B-3. (continued)
I 1
a. £ .9- «
© -Zm — <1>
.12 < c c
"3 "-S ^ n £
"S ^ e c 3
•- S « Ji «2
Q- = c -° °
^7 S! "5 ¦= 2 g = M
SIC ^ £ | o o « -o g x
Code SIC Code Description
2834 Pharmaceutical Preparations X
2841 Soaps and Other Detergents. Except Specialty X
Cleaners
2843 Surface Active Agents. Finishing Agents. X
Sulfonated Oils, and Assistants
2851 Paints. Varnishes. Lacquers. Enamels and Allied X X
Products
2861 Gum and Wood Chemicals X
2865 Cyclic Organic Caides and Intermediates, and XXX X
Organic Dyes and Pigments
2869 Industrial Organic Chemicals. NEC X XXX XXX
2875 Fertilizers. Mixing Only X X
2879 Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals. NEC X XXX
2891 Adhesives and Sealants X X
2892 Explosives X
2899 Chemical Preparations. NEC X X X X
2911 Petroleum Refining X XX
2952 Asphalt Felts and Coatings X
2992 Lubricating Oils and Greases X X
2999 Products of Petroleum and Coal. NEC X
3011 Tires and Inner Tubes X
3021 Rubber and Plastics Footwear X
3052 Rubber and Plastics Hose and Belting X X
3061 Molded. Extruded, and Lathe-Cut Mechanical X
Rubber Goods
3069 Fabricated Rubber Products. NEC X
3081 Unsupported Plastics Film and Sheets X X
See notes at end. (continued)
B-17
-------
Appendix B
Table B-3. (continued)
SIC
Code SIC Code Description
3082 Unsupported Plastics Profile Shapes
3086 Plastics Foam Products
3087 Custom Compounding of Purchased Plastics
Resin
3089 Plastics Product. NEC
3211 Flat Glass
3229 Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware. NEC
3231 Glass Products Made of Purchased Glass
3241 Cement. Hydraulic
3262 Vitreous China Table and Kitchen Articles
3264 Porcelain Electrical Supplies
3269 Pottery Products. NEC
3291 Abrasive Products
3295 Minerals and Earths. Ground or Otherwise
T reated
3312 Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
3313 Electrometallurgical Products. Except Steel
3315 Steel Wiredrawing and Steel Nails and Spikes
3316 Cold-Rolled Steel Sheet. Strip and Bars
3317 Steel Pipe and Tubes
3321 Gray and Ductile Iron Foundries
3322 Malleable Iron Foundries
3325 Steel Foundries. NEC
333 1 Primary Smelting and Refining of Copper
3334 Primary Production of Aluminum
3339 Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous
Metals. Except Copper and Aluminum
See notes at end.
o
c
04
.c
Q.
O
-C
u
H
i
-T
rT
04
¦o
04
a.
04
>
o
<
"O
es
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
es
.c
Q.
"O
04
CS
c
3
U
04
c
04
N
c
04
X)
o
JS
U
X
c
CS
o
N
c
04
X)
¦o
c«
04
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
" I
-2 <
^ Cu
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X
X X X X
X
X
X
X
X
(continued)
B-18
-------
Appendix B
Table B-3. (continued)
I 1
a. £ .9- «
© -Zm — <1>
.12 < c c
"3 "-S ^ n £
"S ^ e c 3
•- S « Ji «2
Q- = c -° °
^7 S! "5 ¦= 2 g = M
SIC ^ £ | o o « -o g x
Code SIC Code Description
3341 Secondary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous X XX
Metals
3351 Rolling. Drawing, and Extmding of Copper X X
3353 Aluminum Sheet. Plate, and Foil X
3354 Aluminum Extmded Products X
3356 Rolling. Drawing, and Extruding of Nonferrous X X
Metals. Except Copper and Aluminum
3357 Drawing and Insulating of Nonferrous Wire X XX
3363 Aluminum Die-Castings X
3364 Nonferrous Die-Castings. Except Aluminum X
3365 Aluminum Foundries X
3366 Copper Foundries X
3369 Nonferrous Foundries. Except Aluminum and X
Copper
3398 Metal Heat Treating X
3399 Primary Metal Products. NEC X X
3411 Metal Cans X
3423 Hand and Edge Tools. Except Machine Tools X
and Handsaws
3429 Hardware. NEC X X
343 1 Enameled Iron and Metal Sanitary Ware X
3432 Plumbing Fixture Fittings and Trim X
3433 Heating Equipment. Except Electric and Warm X
Air Furnaces
3441 Fabricated Structural Metal X
3443 Fabricated Plate Work X
3444 Sheet Metal Work X
See notes at end. (continued)
B-19
-------
Appendix B
Table B-3. (continued)
I 1
a. £ .9- «
© -Zm — <1>
.12 < c c
"3 "-S ^ n £
"S ^ e c 3
•- S « Ji «2
Q- = c -° °
^7 S! "5 ¦= 2 g = M
SIC ^ £ | o o « -o g x
Code SIC Code Description
3446 Architectural and Ornamental Metal Work X
3448 Prefabricated Metal Buildings and Components X
3449 Miscellaneous Structural Metal Work X
3451 Screw Machine Products X
3452 Bolts. Nuts. Screws. Rivets, and Washers X
3462 Iron and Steel Forgings X X
3463 Nonferrous Forgings X
3465 Automotive Stampings X
3468 N/Ah X
3469 Metal Stampings. NEC X
3471 Electroplating. Plating. Polishing. Anodizing. X XX
and Coloring
3479 Coating. Engraving, and Allied Services. NEC X X
3482 Small Arms Ammunition X
3483 Ammunition. Except for Small Arms X
3484 Small Anns X
3491 Industrial Valves X
3492 Fluid Power Valves and Hose Fittings X
3494 Valves and Pipe Fittings. NEC X
3496 Miscellaneous Fabricated Wire Products X
3497 Metal Foil and Leaf X
3498 Fabricated Pipe and Pipe Fittings X
3499 Fabricated Metal Products. NEC XX
3519 Internal Combustion Engines. NEC X
3523 Farm Machinery and Equipment X
See notes at end. (continued)
B-20
-------
Appendix B
Table B-3. (continued)
I 1
a. £ .9- «
© -Zm — <1>
.12 < c c
"3 "-S ^ n £
"S ^ e c 3
•- S « Ji «2
Q- = c -° °
^7 S! "5 ¦= 2 g = M
SIC ^ £ | o o « -o g x
Code SIC Code Description
3536 Overhead Traveling Cranes. Hoists, and X
Monorail Systems
3537 Industrial Trucks. Tractors. Trailers, and X
Stackers
3544 Special Dies and Tools. Die Sets. Jigs and X
Fixtures, and Industrial Molds
3559 Special Industry Machinery. NEC X
3568 Mechanical Power Transmission Equipment. X
NEC
3571 Electronic Computers X
3577 Computer Peripheral Equipment. NEC X
3579 Office Machines. NEC X
3585 Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Heating X
Equipment and Commercial and Industrial
Refrigeration Equipment
3592 Carburetors. Pistons. Piston Rings, and Valves X
3612 Power. Distribution, and Speciality Transformers X
3613 Switchgear and Switchboard Apparatus X
3621 Motors and Generators X X
3624 Carbon and Graphite Products X
3629 Electrical Industrial Apparatus. NEC X
3633 Household Laundry Equipment X
3641 Electric Lamp Bulbs and Tubes X
3643 Current-Carrying Wiring Devices X
3644 Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Devices X
3648 Lighting Equipment. NEC X
3651 Household Audio and Video Equipment X
3661 Telephone and Telegraph Apparatus X
See notes at end. (continued)
B-21
-------
Appendix B
Table B-3. (continued)
SIC
Code
3663
3669
3671
3672
3674
3675
3678
3679
3691
3692
3694
371 1
3714
3721
3724
3728
3731
3743
3751
3812
3822
SIC Code Description
Radio and Television Broadcasting and
Communications Equipment
Communications Equipment. NEC
Electron Tubes
Printed Circuit Boards
Semiconductors and Related Devices
Electronic Capacitors
Electronic Connectors
Electronic Components. NEC
Storage Batteries
Primary Batteries. Dry and Wet
Electrical Equipment for Internal Combustion
Engines
Motor Vehicles and Passenger Car Bodies
Motor Vehicle Parts and Accessories
Aircraft
Aircraft Engines and Engine Parts
Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment. NEC
Ship Building and Repairing
Railroad Equipment
Motorcycles. Bicycles and Parts
Search. Detection. Navigation. Guidance.
Aeronautical, and Nautical Systems and
Instruments
Automatic Controls for Regulating Residential
and Commercial Environments and Appliances
See notes at end.
o
c
04
.c
Q.
O
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u
H
i
-T
rT
04
¦o
04
a.
04
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es
X
X
X
X
es
-C
Q.
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04
CS
c
3
U
04
c
04
N
c
04
X)
o
-C
U
X
X
c
a
o
N
c
04
X)
¦o
c«
04
.J
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
" I
-2 <
^ Cu
X
X
X
X
X
X
(continued)
B-22
-------
Appendix B
Table B-3. (continued)
o
c
"o. 5/3
G. u
? -o
C5
-=
fi.
¦= tn _ "2
C5
C
C/5
-------
Appendix B
Table B-4. Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities by State (1991-1998)
Number of
Facilities
State (1998)
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1993 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1995 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1997 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity11 (lb)
National
2.101
152.004.325
153.279.008
109.203.434
96.942.976
84.598.448
AK
-
0
0
-
-
-
AL
71
1.883.736
1.232.405
1.207.359
1.983.331
2.691.993
AR
37
408.544
416.105
2.161.686
2.510.300
2.063.038
A Z
19
5.439.601
1.086.003
5.616.796
1.125.280
2.670.788
CA
119
2.236.382
2.094.858
4.178.250
3.164.617
3.968.658
CO
U
153.287
18.039
86.135
2.781.330
77.280
CT
30
441.679
305.867
219.099
86.186
100.012
DE
7
49.217
262.340
130.037
27.701
39.199
FL
23
784.218
363.406
422.106
654.239
563.675
GA
56
12.528.660
11.166.020
599.348
2.078.579
1.578.931
HI
2
33.418
534
1.683
3.082
2.718
IA
34
337.307
232.138
381.816
527.809
713.154
ID
10
329.208
663.508
575.195
7.141.750
562.458
IL
131
2.996.43 1
2.263.262
2.004.185
2.515.054
2.401.673
IN
111
2.189.050
4.368.677
3.033.867
9.198.326
4.306.493
KS
26
1.977.774
1.392.310
1.864.887
435.440
370.558
KY
53
5.637.454
1.420.964
1.153.123
964.962
491.056
LA
51
16.038.714
11.731.546
14.653.890
13.774.199
9.643.149
MA
39
157.864
115.941
310.174
190.156
210.605
MD
10
55.558
40.796
32.824
134.683
72.752
ME
2
12.338
18.390
8.754
10.374
6.771
MI
79
2.243.538
1.221.961
986.281
529.570
1.488.841
MN
26
466.184
291.342
263.410
431.514
474.965
MO
55
7.982.914
10.383.150
3.772.233
5.461.564
5.052.257
MS
40
506.309
428.576
606.185
370.871
557.261
MT
5
3.118.237
4.097.161
4.024.906
3.460.163
7.512.914
NC
49
299.774
403.034
1.000.032
426.732
141.780
ND
->
4.636
748
5.028
2.756
5.43 1
NE
16
403.859
635.399
916.035
1.914.564
703.325
NH
13
44.916
95.909
61.043
61.110
45.534
NJ
62
724.940
753.670
873.356
2.503.891
2.135.362
NM
6
615.167
1.452.081
1.302.207
1.018.885
573.937
See notes at end
(continued)
B-24
-------
Appendix B
Table B-4. (continued)
State
Number of
Facilities
(1998)
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1993 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1995 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1997 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity11 (lb)
NV
4
22.820
8.879
4.470
1.533
1.300
NY
58
1.682.573
1.015.648
1.083.482
1.525.252
796.725
OH
198
33.721.711
32.122.702
4.455.516
5.238.218
4.103.672
OK
25
1.484.090
2.010.186
1.161.319
912.903
605.055
OR
15
435.818
1.093
399.721
478.693
857.328
PA
133
4.635.669
9.503.485
5.733.533
5.301.746
8.212.156
PR
8
67.219
35.490
14.875
6.852
5.006
RI
16
102.813
41.656
103.399
188.109
40.852
SC
38
640.108
485.670
393.994
744.582
903.23 1
SD
2
8
19.522
0
10.812
0
TN
64
568.387
7.512.185
512.994
966.691
782.555
TX
179
13.048.691
15.648.172
14.194.674
9.525.795
10.650.842
UT
19
2.603.838
2.940.058
1.878.673
3.532.263
3.990.023
VA
-> ->
227.821
181.774
222.549
628.152
618.660
VI
1
7.190
2.581
38
699
260
VT
4
11.616
8.454
11.512
20.542
18.633
WA
-> ->
21.416.308
22.057.860
26.073.822
400.020
337.058
WI
44
1.089.216
458.118
321.905
741.328
306.695
WV
24
135.274
262.441
153.227
1.057.275
1.086.979
WY
7
2.241
6.894
31.801
172.493
54.850
•' 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in 1998.
- = Nothing was reported to TRI for that entry.
0 = Zero was reported to TRI for that entry.
B-25
-------
Appendix C
Regional Information for
Waste Minimization Priority Chemicals
-------
A ppenclix ('
Appendix C
Regional Information for
Waste Minimization Priority Chemicals
C.l Introduction
EPA has Regional Offices that work on a variety of environmental issues with particular
states in their jurisdiction. There are 10 EPA Regions, made up of four to six states and territories
each. Figure C-l shows the states that are in each of the 10 EPA Regions.
Dallas
Figure C-l. EPA regions and associated states.
-------
A ppenclix ('
Appendix C evaluates the waste minimization priority chemicals generated by each EPA
region. The appendix includes the chemical quantities and chemical types generated in each
region, as well as the industry sectors that are generating these quantities. EPA regional
managers can use the information to evaluate the status of these chemicals in their regions and to
target their waste minimization programs.
C.2 Regional Data for Waste Minimization Priority Chemicals
Tables C-l and C-2 illustrate how each EPA region's waste minimization priority
chemical quantities compare to other regions' and to national totals. In 1998, Region 6 had the
largest quantity of these chemicals at about 23.5 million pounds, or 27.8 percent of the national
total. Region 6 was followed by Regions 5, 8, and 3, with each reporting more than 10 million
pounds in 1998. As shown in Figure C-3, Regions 8 and 3 also reported the largest quantity
gains of any region between 1991 and 1998, with increases of more than 5.7 million pounds (or a
gain of nearly 98%) and 4.9 million pounds (or a gain of nearly 97%), respectively.
Table C-l. Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities by EPA Region (1991 and 1998)
Number of
1991 W1MPC
1998 W1MPC
% Change
Facilities
% of National
Region
Quantity (lb)
Quantity11 (lb)
(1991-1998)
(1998)
Total (1998)
National
152.004.325
84.598.448
-44.3
2.101
100
EPA Region 1
771.226
422.407
-45.2
104
0.5
EPA Region 2
2.481.922
2.937.353
18.3
129
3.5
EPA Region 3
5.103.539
10.029.746
96.5
207
1 1.9
EPA Region 4
22.848.646
7.710.482
-66.3
394
9.1
EPA Region 5
42.706.130
13.082.339
-69.4
589
15.5
EPA Region 6
31.595.206
23.536.021
-25.5
298
27.8
EPA Region 7
10.701.854
6.839.294
-36.1
131
8.1
EPA Region 8
5.882.247
1 1.640.498
97.9
47
13.8
EPA Region 9
7.732.221
6.643.464
-14.1
144
7.9
EPA Region 10
22.181.334
1.756.844
-92.1
58
2.1
¦' 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in 1998.
C-4
-------
A ppenclix ('
Table C-2. Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities by EPA Region (1991-1998)
Number
1991
1993
1995
1997
1998
of
W1MPC
W1MPC
W1MPC
W1MPC
W1MPC
Facilities
Quantity
Quantity
Quantity
Quantity
Quantity11
Region
(1998)
(lb)
(lb)
(lb)
(lb)
(lb)
National
2.101
152.004.325
153.279.008
109.203.434
96.942.976
84.598.448
EPA Region 1
104
771.226
586.217
713.981
556.477
422.407
EPA Region 2
129
2.481.922
1.807.389
1.971.751
4.036.694
2.937.353
EPA Region 3
207
5.103.539
10.250.836
6.272.170
7.149.557
10.029.746
EPA Region 4
394
22.848.646
23.012.260
5.895.141
8.189.987
7.710.482
EPA Region 5
589
42.706.130
40.726.062
1 1.065.164
18.654.010
13.082.339
EPA Region 6
298
31.595.206
31.258.090
33.473.776
27.742.082
23.536.021
EPA Region 7
131
10.701.854
12.642.997
6.934.971
8.339.377
6.839.294
EPA Region 8
47
5.882.247
7.082.422
6.026.543
9.959.817
1 1.640.498
EPA Region 9
144
7.732.221
3.190.274
9.801.199
4.294.512
6.643.464
EPA Region 10
58
22.181.334
22.722.461
27.048.738
8.020.463
1.756.844
¦' 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in 1998.
Despite having the largest waste minimization priority chemical quantity in 1998, Region
6 exhibited a decrease of more than 8.0 million pounds (or a 26% reduction) between 1991 and
1998. This trend is illustrated in Figure C-2. Six other regions had decreases in waste
minimization priority chemical quantities between 1991 and 1998. With a drop of 29.6 million
pounds (or a 69% reduction), Region 5 had the largest decrease in chemical quantities of any
region between 1991 and 1998. The most significant decline for Region 5 occurred between
1993 and 1995. Region 10 had the second largest decrease between 1991 and 1998, with a drop
of 20.4 million pounds (or a 92% reduction). The most significant decline for Region 10
occurred between 1995 and 1997. With a drop of 15.1 millions pounds (or a 66% reduction),
Region 4 had the third largest decrease between 1991 and 1998. The most significant decline for
Region 4 occurred between 1993 and 1995.
As shown in Tables C-3 and C-4, nine regions reported lead as the largest contributor to
waste minimization priority chemical quantities in 1998. Lead accounted for more than
68 percent of the cumulative totals in each of these nine regions. Between 1991 and 1998, the
largest increases in lead quantities occurred in Regions 8 (5.1-million-pound increase) and 3 (3.6-
million-pound increase). In Region 6, chlorinated aliphatics and PAHs were reported as the
largest contributors to 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities. These two
chemical groups accounted for more than 77 percent of Region 6 totals. PAHs were also
significant contributors to 1998 quantities in Regions 3 (22% of total), 4 (22% of total), and 5
(20% of total). Accounting for more than 26 percent of waste minimization priority chemical
quantities, cadmium was a significant contributor to Region 10 totals in 1998.
C-5
-------
A ppenclix ('
Note: 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI
in 1998.
Figure C-2. Percent change in quantities of waste minimization priority
chemicals for regions 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 10 (1991-1998).
120
EPA Region 2
100
EPA Region 3
EPA Region
80
60
40
20
0
1991
1991 - 1993
1991-1997
1991-1998
-20
-40
Year
Note: 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI
in 1998.
Figure C-3. Percent change in quantities of waste minimization priority chemicals
for EPA regions 2, 3, and 8 (1991-1998).
C-6
-------
A ppenclix ('
Table C-3. Regional Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities for Each
Chemical/Group (1991 and 1998)
Region and Chemical/
Chemical Group11
1:1'A Region 1
Lead
Total for Region
EPA Region 2
Lead
Total for Region
EPA Region 3
Lead
PAHs
Total for Region
TP A Region 4
Lead
PAHs
Total for Region
EPA Region 5
Lead
PAHs
Total for Region
EPA Region 6
Chlorinated
Aliphatics
PAHs
Lead
Total for Region
EPA Region 7
Lead
Total for Region
EPA Region
-------
A ppenclix ('
Table C-3. (continued)
Region and Chemical/
Chemical Group11
KPA Region 9
Lead
Total for Region
EPA Region 10
Lead
Cadmium
^Totaljorjiegio
1991 W1MPC
Quantity (lb)
7.157.275
7.732.221
21.786.897
356.646
22.181.334
1998
W1MPC
Quantityh
(lb)
5.976.922
6.643.464
1.245.823
466.729
1.756.844
% Change
(1991-1998)
-16
-94
31
Number
of
Facilities
(1998)
101
157
31
61
Cumulative
% of
Regional
Total (1998)
90.0
70.9
97.5
'' See Table 4-3 to determine which individual chemicals arc contained in each chemical group.
'' 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in 1998.
C-8
-------
Table C-4. Regional Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities
for Each Chemical/Group (1991-1998)
Region and Chemical/
Chemical Group"
PPA Region I
Lead
Tola! for Region
PP. 1 Region 2
Lead
Tola! for Region
PP. 1 Region 3
Lead
PAHs
Tola! for Region
KP. 1 Region 4
Lead
PAHs
Tola! for Region
PP. I Region 5
Lead
PAHs
Tola! for Region
Number of
Facilities
(1998)
93
108
95
140
155
48
230
281
77
442
452
127
646
1991 WMPC 1993 WMPC 1995 WMPC 1997 WMPC
Quantity (lb) Quantity (lb) Quantity (lb) Quantity (lb)
728.743
771.226
2.258.443
2.481.922
3.313.261
1.599.491
5.103.539
20.750.556
1.080.835
22.848.646
9.452.261
27.366.982
42.706.130
529.628
586.217
1.613.415
1.807.389
7.582.278
1.294.225
10.250.836
20.310.982
1.379.730
23.012.260
9.154.062
26.194.145
40.726.062
653.351
713.981
1.746.525
1.971.751
4.492.804
1.013.698
6.272.170
3.415.603
1.992.146
5.895.141
7.295.045
2.993.511
11.065.164
520.549
556.477
3.732.366
4.036.694
4.467.310
1.696.554
7.149.557
6.638.100
1.063.603
8.189.987
9.804.900
6.765.768
18.654.010
1998 WMPC
Quantity1'
(lb) '
355.441
422.407
2.600.802
2.937.353
6.914.440
2.192.352
10.029.746
5.347.960
1.693.092
7.710.482
9.817.445
2.641.591
13.082.339
Cumulative
% of
Regional
Total (1998)
84
89
69
91
69
91
75
95
(continued)
-------
Table C-4. (continued)
Region and Chemical/
Chemical Group"
Number of
Facilities
(1998)
1991 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1993 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1995 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1997 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity1'
(lb) '
Cumulative
% of
Regional
Total (1998)
1 Region 6
Chlorinated
Aliphatics
7
15.521.817
7.700.475
12.446.645
12.536.424
9.518.579
40
PAHs
133
7.093.361
8.932.990
11.823.799
8.371.320
8.672.140
77
Lead
159
3.114.995
2.993.883
4.480.164
3.918.557
2.882.983
90
lota! for Region
340
31.595.206
31.258.090
33.473.776
27.742.082
23.536.021
h'.l'A Region 7
Lead
99
5.748.039
8.174.622
4.647.560
7.927.839
6.352.105
93
Total for Region
152
10.701.854
12.642.997
6.934.971
8.339.377
6.839.294
h'.l'. 1 Region X
Lead
29
5.098.934
6.954.776
5.534.735
9.754.917
10.171.771
87
Total for Region
57
5.882.247
7.082.422
6.026.543
9.959.817
11.640.498
h'.l'. 1 Region 9
Lead
101
7.157.275
2.215.714
8.454.416
3.456.636
5.976.922
90
Total for Region
157
7.732.221
3.190.274
9.801.199
4.294.512
6.643.464
h'.l'A Region 10
Lead
31
21.786.897
22.023.697
26.454.609
882.712
1.245.823
71
Cadmium
->
356.646
652.496
572.072
7.118.427
466.729
97
Total for Region
61
22.181.334
22.722.461
27.048.738
8.020.463
1.756.844
¦' See Table 4-3 to determine which individual chemicals arc contained in each chemical group.
1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in 1998.
-------
A ppenclix ('
In Region 5, PAHs exhibited a significant decline of 24.7 million pounds between 1991
and 1998. The largest decrease in Region 5 PAH quantities occurred between 1993 and 1995.
With a reduction of 15.4 million pounds, Region 4 reported a significant decline in lead
quantities between 1991 and 1998. The largest lead reductions in Region 4 were reported
between 1993 and 1995. A significant drop in lead quantities was also observed in Region 10
between 1991 and 1998, when quantities declined by 20.5 million pounds. The largest Region
10 decrease occurred between 1995 and 1997.
Among the 10 regions, the Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills sector (SIC code 3312) and the
Secondary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metals sector (SIC code 3341) were the two
most frequent contributors to 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities. As
illustrated in Tables C-5 and C-6, the Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills sector was the leading
contributor to 1998 quantities in Regions 5 and 10. This sector was also among the top
contributors to 1998 quantities in five other regions. The Secondary Smelting and Refining of
Nonferrous Metals sector was the leading contributor to 1998 totals in Regions 4 and 9. This
sector was also among the top contributors to 1998 waste minimization priority chemical
quantities in three other regions. In addition, the Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous
Metals, Except Copper and Aluminum sector (SIC code 3339) was the leading contributor to
1998 quantities in Regions 7 and 8.
In Region 4, waste minimization priority chemical quantities in the Storage Batteries
sector (SIC code 3691) declined by more than 11.4 million pounds between 1991 and 1998. The
most significant drop occurred between 1993 and 1995. In Region 10, quantities in the Industrial
Inorganic Chemicals, NEC sector (SIC code 2819) decreased by almost 20.8 million pounds
between 1991 and 1998, with the most significant drop occurring between 1995 and 1997.
C-l 1
-------
Table C-5. Industry Sectors for Waste Minimization Priority Chemicals by EPA Region (1991 and 1998)
Region
and
SIC Code
HP A Region /
SIC Code Description
1991
W1MPC
Quantity
(lb)
1998
W1MPC
Quantity11
(lb)
% Change
(1991-1998)
Number
of
Facilities
(1998)
3357
Drawing and Insulating of Nonferrous Wire
93.718
203.781
117
21
3641
Electric Lamp Bulbs and Tubes
53.108
50.896
-4
3
3291
Abrasive Products
-
24.663
-
1
3674
Semiconductors and Related Devices
-
17.980
-
1
3229
Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware. NEC
63.995
16.015
-75
1
335 1
Rolling. Drawing, and Extruding of Copper
968
15.681
1.520
4
2869
Industrial Organic Chemicals. NEC
76.971
14.671
-81
4
Total for Region
771.226
422.407
104
Region
¦2
2819
Industrial Inorganic Chemicals. NEC
4.967
1.658.255
33.285
5
3229
Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware. NEC
433.582
393.283
-9
3
3479
Coating. Engraving, and Allied Sen ices. NEC
34.703
128.605
271
3
3312
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
477
99.070
20.669
6
323 1
Glass Products Made of Purchased Glass
59.500
85.41 1
44
1
Total for Region
2.481.922
2.937.353
129
Cumulative
% of
Regional
Total (1998)
48
60
66
70
74
78
81
56
70
74
78
81
(continued)
-------
Table C-5. (continued)
SIC Code Description
Region
and
SIC Code
1:1'A Region 3
3399 Primary Metal Products. NEC
3341 Secondary Smelting and Refining of
Nonferrous Metals
3312 Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
2865 Cyclic Organic Caides and Intermediates, and
Organic Dyes and Pigments
2821 Plastics Materials. Synthetic and Resins, and
Nonvulcanizable Elastomers
3339 Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous
Metals. Except Copper and Aluminum
3229 Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware. NEC
Tola! for Region
EPA Region 4
3341 Secondary Smelting and Refining of
Nonferrous Metals
3312 Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
3691 Storage Batteries
1991 1998 Number Cumulative
W1MPC W1MPC of %of
Quantity Quantity11 % Change Facilities Regional
(lb) (lb) (1991-1998) (1998) Total (1998)
1.469 3.119.942
999.678 1.129.750
1.044.232 921.845
407.199 917.032
435.078
0
29.986
12.471.303
842.486
81 1.641
349.504 575.905
5.103.539 10.029.746
1.906.722 1.930.212
1.092.215
1.037.589
212.285
13
-12
125
94
65
1
3.542
-92
2
5
20
4
4
1
6
207
12
23
18
31
42
52
61
69
77
83
25
39
53
(continued)
-------
Table C-5. (continued)
Region
and
SIC Code
2865
2869
2816
3357
3315
2491
2821
1:1'A Region
3312
3341
3229
3714
2865
SIC Code Description
Cyclic Organic Caides and Intermediates, and
Organic Dyes and Pigments
Industrial Organic Chemicals. NEC
Inorganic Pigments
Drawing and Insulating of Nonferrous Wire
Steel Wiredrawing and Steel Nails and Spikes
Wood Preserving
Plastics Materials. Synthetic and Resins, and
Nonvulcanizable Elastomers
Tola! for Region
5
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
Secondary Smelting and Refining of
Nonferrous Metals
Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware. NEC
Motor Vehicle Parts and Accessories
Cyclic Organic Caides and Intermediates, and
Organic Dyes and Pigments
1991
W1MPC
Quantity
(lb)
279.378
55.544
4.841.902
80.805
82.161
84.485
193.672
22.848.646
3.025.168
1.408.895
701.096
201.361
1.342.541
1998
W1MPC
Quantity11
(lb)
614.296
475.126
338.500
280.243
150.260
146.307
140.120
7.710.482
3.496.288
2.050.53 1
1.395.281
1.030.054
805.008
% Change
(1991-1998)
120
755
-93
247
83
73
-28
16
46
99
412
-40
Number
of
Facilities
(1998)
1 1
4
17
8
16
9
394
44
18
7
41
7
Cumulative
% of
Regional
Total (1998)
61
67
71
75
77
79
80
27
42
53
61
67
(continued)
-------
Table C-5. (continued)
1991 1998
Region W1MPC W1MPC
and Quantity Quantity11
SIC Code SIC Code Description (lb) (lb)
3241 Cement. Hydraulic 13 564.930
4925b Mixed. Manufactured, or Liquefied Petroleum 10.827 533.895
Gas Production and/or Distribution
3479 Coating. Engraving, and Allied Services. NEC 86.901 490.456
3321 Gray and Ductile Iron Foundries 346.523 363.627
Tola! for Region 42.706.130 13.082.339
HP A Region 6
2812 Alkalies and Chlorine 14.806.179 10.848.537
3241 Cement. Hydraulic 698.527 3.858.722
2869 Industrial Organic Chemicals. NEC 2.416.163 2.012.592
2911 Petroleum Refining 1.097.677 1.447.471
3312 Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills 69.260 1.144.905
Tola! for Region 3 1.595.206 23.536.021
EPA Region 7
3339 Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous 4.858.284 4.131.814
Metals. Except Copper and Aluminum
3312 Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills 31.612 1.175.379
% Change
(1991-1998)
4.345.515
4.83 1
464
-27
452
-17
32
1.553
-15
3.618
Number
of
Facilities
(1998)
7
1
14
17
589
7
3
44
46
12
300
Cumulative
% of
Regional
Total (1998)
71
75
79
82
46
62
71
77
82
60
78
(continued)
-------
Table C-5. (continued)
Region
and
SIC Code SIC Code Description
1991
W1MPC
Quantity
(,b)
1998
W1MPC
Quantity11
(lb)
% Change
(1991-1998)
Number
of
Facilities
(1998)
Cumulative
% of
Regional
Total (1998)
3341 Secondary Smelting and Refining of
Nonferrous Metals
53.179
658.485
1.138
2
87
Total for Region
10.701.854
6.839.294
131
EPA Region
-------
Table C-6. Industry Sectors for Multiple Years by EPA Region for
Waste Minimization Priority Chemicals (1991-1998)
Region
and
SIC Code SIC Code Description
h'.l'A Region I
3357 Drawing and Insulating of Nonfcrrous Wire
3641 Electric Lamp Bulbs and Tubes
3291 Abrasive Products
3674 Semiconductors and Related Devices
3229 Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware. NEC
3351 Rolling. Drawing, and Extruding of Copper
2869 Industrial Organic Chemicals. NEC
Tola! for Region
1 Region 2
2819 Industrial Inorganic Chemicals. NEC
3229 Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware. NEC
3479 Coating. Engraving, and Allied Sen ices. NEC
3312 Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
3231 Glass Products Made of Purchased Glass
Total for Region
KP. 1 Region 3
3399 Primary Metal Products. NEC
3341 Secondary Smelting and Refining of Nonfcrrous
Metals
3312 Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
1991
WMPC
Quantity
(lb) '
1993
WMPC
Quantity
(lb) '
1995
WMPC
Quantity
(lb) '
1997
WMPC
Quantity
(lb) '
1998
WMPC
Quantity"
(lb) '
93.718
174.072
139.746
211.924
203.781
53.108
111.844
267.188
75.617
50.896
24.663
-
6.200
7.988
19.980
17.980
63.995
5.340
78.678
150.485
16.015
968
127
1.281
929
15.681
76.971
59.186
73.995
6.021
14.671
771.226
586.217
713.981
556.477
422.407
4.967
20.275
154.289
1.942.479
1.658.255
433.582
525.396
720.391
985.455
393.283
34.703
91.103
51.110
110.871
128.605
477
480
598
247.858
99.070
59.500
82.700
45.770
77.750
85.411
2.481.922
1.807.389
1.971.751
4.036.694
2.937.353
1.469
168
0
170
3.119.942
999.678
1.530.224
1.329.344
1.158.933
1.129.750
1.044.232
246.158
181.170
1.044.558
921.845
(continued)
Number of
Facilities
(1998)
21
1
1
1
4
4
5
->
->
6
1
2
5
20
-------
Table C-6. (continued)
Region
and
SIC Code SIC Code Description
2865 Cyclic Organic Crudes and Intermediates, and
Organic Dyes and Pigments
2821 Plastics Materials. Synthetic and Resins, and
Nonvuleani/ablc Elastomers
3339 Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous
Metals. Except Copper and Aluminum
3229 Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware. NEC
Tola! for Region
KP. 1 Region 4
3341 Secondary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous
Metals
3312 Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
3691 Storage Batteries
2865 Cyclic Organic Crudes and Intermediates, and
Organic Dyes and Pigments
2869 Industrial Organic Chemicals. NEC
2816 Inorganic Pigments
3357 Drawing and Insulating of Nonferrous Wire
3315 Steel Wiredrawing and Steel Nails and Spikes
2491 Wood Preserving
2821 Plastics Materials. Synthetic and Resins, and
No n vu lea ni /ab lc E lasto me rs
Total for Region
1991
1993
1995
1997
1998
WMPC
WMPC
WMPC
WMPC
WMPC
Quantity
Quantity
Quantity
Quantity
Quantity"
(lb) '
(lb) '
(lb) '
(lb) '
(lb) '
407.199
263.998
209.475
964.367
917.032
435.078
518.002
377.744
377.297
842.486
0
3.537.290
2.022.371
1.011.457
811.641
349.504
362.054
362.229
911.186
575.905
5.103.539
10.250.836
6.272.170
7.149.557
10.029.746
1.906.722
8.275.734
1.627.562
2.841.658
1.930.212
29.986
107.397
191.590
1.423.157
1.092.215
12.471.303
10.903.083
200.132
906.705
1.037.589
279.378
215.989
73.572
83.699
614.296
55.544
127.471
111.479
295.756
475.126
4.841.902
512.103
96.473
336.370
338.500
80.805
103.706
180.746
66.538
280.243
82.161
121.352
134.014
199.717
150.260
84.485
101.007
91.845
96.477
146.307
193.672
332.144
814.944
395.317
140.120
22.848.646
23.012.260
5.895.141
8.189.987
7.710.482
(continued)
Number of
Facilities
(1998)
4
4
1
6
12
23
18
5
11
4
17
8
16
9
-------
Table C-6. (continued)
Region
and
SIC Code SIC Code Description
EP. I Region 5
3312 Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
3341 Secondary Smelting and Refining of Nonfcrrous
Metals
3229 Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware. NEC
3714 Motor Vehicle Parts and Accessories
2865 Cyclic Organic Crudes and Intermediates, and
Organic Dyes and Pigments
3241 Cement. Hydraulic
49251' Mixed. Manufactured, or Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Production and/or Distribution
3479 Coating. Engraving, and Allied Sen ices. NEC
3321 Gray and Ductile Iron Foundries
Tola! for Region
EP. 1 Region 6
2812 Alkalies and Chlorine
3241 Cement. Hydraulic
2869 Industrial Organic Chemicals. NEC
2911 Petroleum Refining
3312 Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
Total for Region
1991
WMPC
Quantity
(lb) '
1993
WMPC
Quantity
(lb) '
1995
WMPC
Quantity
(lb) '
1997
WMPC
Quantity
(lb) '
1998
WMPC
Quantity"
(lb) '
3.025.168
2.405.921
2.312.618
3.595.354
3.496.288
1.408.895
2.841.571
1.479.896
2.313.624
2.050.53 1
701.096
789.856
814.079
840.196
1.395.281
201.361
119.637
81.332
227.879
1.030.054
1.342.541
283.074
210.222
882.736
805.008
13
0
54.180
4.732.143
564.930
10.827
-
39.374
252.289
533.895
86.901
390.656
387.972
361.050
490.456
346.523
376.485
650.329
611.777
363.627
42.706.130
40.726.062
11.065.164
18.654.010
13.082.339
14.806.179
8.152.064
15.818.838
15.667.238
10.848.537
698.527
1.007.573
1.087.251
150.145
3.858.722
2.416.163
6.307.615
2.825.576
957.386
2.012.592
1.097.677
3.096.754
4.206.844
4.849.626
1.447.471
69.260
79.513
1.428.572
1.846.964
1.144.905
31.595.206
31.258.090
33.473.776
27.742.082
23.536.021
(continued)
Number of
Facilities
(1998)
44
18
7
41
7
7
1
14
17
7
->
44
46
12
-------
Table C-6. (continued)
Region
and
SIC Code SIC Code Description
Number of
Facilities
(1998)
1991
WMPC
Quantity
(lb) '
1993
WMPC
Quantity
(lb) '
1995
WMPC
Quantity
(lb) '
1997
WMPC
Quantity
(lb) '
1998
WMPC
Quantity"
(lb) '
h'.I'A Region 7
3339 Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonfcrrous
Metals. Except Copper and Aluminum
2
4.858.284
4.943.404
4.072.351
6.423.053
4.131.814
3312 Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
5
31.612
90.155
64.064
230.182
1.175.379
3341 Secondary Smelting and Refining of Nonfcrrous
Metals
2
53.179
2.783.679
112.243
700.783
658.485
Total for Region
10.701.854
12.642.997
6.934.971
8.339.377
6.839.294
1 Region X
3339 Primary Smelting and Refining of Nonfcrrous
Metals. Except Copper and Aluminum
1
3.114.961
4.087.591
4.015.176
3.450.272
7.502.909
3331 Primary Smelting and Refining of Copper
1
1.322.400
2.879.300
867.800
2.568.895
3.457.930
Tola! for Region
5.882.247
7.082.422
6.026.543
9.959.817
11.640.498
h'.I'. 1 Region 9
3341 Secondary Smelting and Refining of Nonfcrrous
Metals
5
730.609
1.042.944
2.244.452
2.195.094
3.095.117
3331 Primary Smelting and Refining of Copper
2
4.952.409
596.721
5.603.092
1.098.163
2.616.061
Total for Region
7.732.221
3.190.274
9.801.199
4.294.512
6.643.464
h'.I'A Region 10
3312 Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
->
430.000
0
388.322
808.470
1.049.992
2819 Industrial Inorganic Chemicals. NEC
5
21.322.449
22.653.264
26.569.475
7.119.675
529.144
Total for Region
22.181.334
22.722.461
27.048.738
8.020.463
1.756.844
•' 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in 1998.
'' Facilities were not required to report SIC code 4925 until 1994. However, a single facility reported quantities to it in 1991 and 1992.
-------
Appendix D
Information on 1995 Waste Minimization
Priority Chemicals
-------
A ppcnclix J)
95 ( hemicals
Appendix D
Information on 1995 Waste Minimization
Priority Chemicals
D.l National-Level Information
In order to evaluate progress made between 1991 and 1998 toward the GPRA goal, the
main trends report deals with waste minimization priority chemicals that have been reported
since 1991. In contrast, this appendix provides information about three waste minimization
priority chemicals that were not reported to the TRI until 1995. These three chemicals, which are
pendimethalin, phenanthrene, and the TRI PAC category,1 are referred to here as "1995 waste
minimization priority chemicals" or " 1995 chemicals." The appendix follows a similar format to
Section 4 of the trends report and presents national-level information, industry sector
information, regional information, and state information.
At the national level, 1995 waste minimization chemical quantities decreased by
26 percent between 1995 and 1998 (see Figure D-l and Table D-l). This decrease continues the
downward trend of 19 percent shown between 1995 and 1997. In 1995, nearly 14.4 million
pounds were reported, which decreased to about 10.6 million pounds in 1998. It is important to
note that the 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities in this document do not
include quantities from industry sectors reporting to the TRI for the first time in 1998.
Figure D-2 shows the number of facilities grouped by the total 1995 waste minimization
priority chemical quantity that each facility released in 1998. Ninety-two of 171 facilities each
generated less than 1,000 pounds, while only 3 facilities generated more than 1 million pounds.
Figure D-3 displays total 1995 waste minimization priority chemical quantities generated by each
facility quantity range. The 3 facilities that generated more than 1 million pounds each, as a
group generated almost 6.6 million pounds, or 62 percent of the 1998 total. In contrast, facilities
generating less than 1,000 pounds, which made up more than half of the reporting facilities, as a
group generated only 3,607 pounds in 1998, or less than 0.1 percent of the total 1995 waste
minimization priority chemical quantities in 1998.
'The TRI PAC category contains 19 chemicals: bcn/(a)anthraccnc. bcn/o(b)fluoranthcnc.
bcn/o(j)fluoranthcnc. bcn/o(k)fluoranthcnc. bcn/o(rst)pcntaphcnc. bcn/o(a)phcnanthrcnc. bcn/o(a)pyrcnc.
dibcn/(a.h)acridinc. dibcn/(a.j)acridinc. dibcn/(a.h)anthraccnc. 7H-dibcn/o(c.g)carba/olc. dibcn/o(a.c)fluoranthcnc.
dibcn/o(a.c)pyrcnc. dibcn/o(a.h)pyrcnc. dibcn/o(a.l)pyrcnc. 7.12-dimcthylbcn/(a)anthraccnc. indcno| 1.2.3-
cd|pyrcnc. 5-mcthylchryscnc. and 1-nitropyrcnc (U.S. EPA. 1996).
D-3
-------
A ppcnclix J)
95 ( hemicals
Years
10%
0%
1995 - 19!
1995 - 1997
1995 - 1998
-10%
HI
o>
% -20% -
.c
o
WMPC Quantities
2005 Goals
-40%
-50% -
-60%
Note: 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in
1998.
Figure D-l. Percent change in 1995 waste minimization priority chemical quantities
(1995-1998).
Table D-l. National Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities
For 1995 Chemicals (1995-1998)
1995 WMPC Quantity
1998 WMPC Quantity1'
% Changeh
(lb)
(lb)
(1995-1998)
National
14.391.833
10.613.741
-26
¦' 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in 1998.
'' % change (1995-1998) is calculated by the equation (1995 waste minimization priority chemical quantity - 1991
waste minimization priority chemical quantity)/1991 waste minimization priority chemical quantity x 100%.
D-4
-------
95 ( hemicals
Facility WMPC Quantity Range (Pounds in 1998)
Note: 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the
TRI in 1998.
Figure D-2. Number of facilities by quantity range of 1995 Waste Minimization
Priority Chemical (1998).
6.556.860
0 to 1.000 1.000 to 10.000 10.000 to 100.000 100.000to 1.000.000 1.000.000 to 10.000.000
Facility WMPC Quantity Range (Pounds in 1998)
Note: 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the
TRI in 1998.
Figure D-3. 1995 waste minimization priority chemical quantities by facility
quantity range (1998).
D-5
-------
A ppcnclix J)
95 ( hemicals
Recycled quantities for 1995 waste minimization priority chemicals were tracked
separately from 1995 waste minimization priority chemical quantities in this report because
recycling is considered a valid mechanism for minimizing waste. For 1995 chemicals, recycled
quantities are small in comparison to waste minimization priority chemical quantities (see
Figure D-4 and Table D-2). In 1995, only 1.8 million pounds of recycled quantities were
reported, compared with more than 14 million pounds of waste minimization priority chemical
quantities. Recycled quantities increased to 2.4 million pounds in 1998, while 1995 waste
minimization priority chemical quantities totaled over 10 million pounds in that year.
Waste minimization priority chemical quantities are made up of land disposal, energy
recovery, and treatment quantities. For 1995 waste minimization priority chemical quantities, the
distributions between the 3 waste management types changed from year to year, while total 1995
waste minimization priority chemical quantities decreased each year (see Figure D-5). Disposal
quantities made up the smallest proportion each year, starting with nearly 10 percent of waste
minimization priority chemical quantities in 1995 and ending with almost 17 percent in 1998.
Energy recovery started out as the largest proportion at almost 75 percent, but in 1998 only made
up 40 percent of 1995 waste minimization priority chemical quantities. Treatment quantities in
1995 only made up 17 percent of the total quantities, but accounted for the largest proportion in
1998, at 45 percent.
12
10
¦ Recycling
~ WMPC Quantities
1995
1997
Year
1998
Note: 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the
TRI in 1998.
Figure D-4. 1995 Waste Minimization Priority Chemical quantities compared to
recycling quantities (1995-1998).
D-6
-------
A ppcnclix J)
95 ( hemicals
Table D-2. National Recycling and Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities
for 1995 Chemicals (1995-1998)
Recycling
WMPC quantities
1995 WMPC
Quantity
(lb) '
1.752.643
14.391.833
1998 WMPC
Quantity11
(lb) '
2.412.170
10.613.741
%Chan«e
(1995-1998)
38
-26
•' 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added
to the TRI in 1998.
Energy Recovery
Treatment
Land Disposal
Year 1998
Note: 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include newly reporting industrial sectors in 1998.
Figure D-5. Waste management for 1995 waste minimization priority chemical
quantities (1995-1998).
D.2 National-Level by Individual Chemical
Table D-3 shows the national quantities of individual 1995 chemicals by chemical group
in 1995 and 1998. While the chemical groups are shown in this table for informational purposes,
the remainder of the appendix analyzes chemicals individually rather than by group. Among the
three chemicals, the TRI PAC category accounted for the largest waste minimization priority
chemical quantities at more than 12.7 million pounds in 1995 and 9.2 million pounds in 1998.
D-7
-------
A ppcnclix J) 95 ( hemicals
Table D-3. National Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities
for Individual 1995 Chemicals (1991 and 1998)
Chemical
Group
CAS
Number
Chemical
1995 1998
WMPC WMPC
Quantity Quantity' % Change
(lb) ' (lb) (1995-1998)
1>.Ills
N590
85-01-8
Active Pesticides
40487-42-1
TRI PAC Category
Phcnanthrcnc
Pcndinicthalin
12.773.104 9.246.122
1.421.855 1.102.488
196.874
265.131
-28
-22
35
a 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the
TRI in 1998.
The TRI PAC category exhibited a 28 percent decrease between 1995 and 1998. Phenanthrene
quantities were 1.4 million pounds in 1995, but they were reduced by 22 percent to 1.1 million
pounds in 1998. Pendimethalin is the only 1995 chemical that showed an increase in quantities
between 1995 and 1998 (see Table D-15 for all years).
D.3 Industry Sector Information
As shown in Tables D-4, the Carbon and Graphite Products sector (SIC code 3624) and
the Primary Production of Aluminum sector (SIC code 3334) generated the largest quantities of
1995 waste minimization priority chemicals in the 1998 reporting year. These two sectors
together contributed more than 80 percent (or 8.5 million pounds) to the national total. The next
largest contributors to 1998 totals were the Industrial Organic Chemicals, NEC sector (SIC code
2869), the Cyclic Organic Crudes and Intermediates, and Organic Dyes and Pigments sector (SIC
code 2865), and the Petroleum Refining sector (SIC code 2911) (see Table D-16).
Table D-4. National 1995 Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities by Industry
Sector(1995-1998)
1995
1998
Cumulative
WMPC
WMPC
% of
SIC
Quantity
Quantity11
% Change
National
Code
SIC Code Description
(,b)
(lb)
(1995-1998)
Total (1998)
3624
Carbon and Graphite Products
4.148.856
4.507.934
8.7
42.5
3334
Primary Production of
7.708.057
4.064.178
-47.3
80.8
Aluminum
¦' 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in 1998.
D-8
-------
A ppcnclix J)
95 ( hemicals
Between 1995 and 1998, quantities of 1995 waste minimization priority chemicals in the
Carbon and Graphite Products sector (SIC code 3624), the Industrial Organic Chemicals, NEC
sector (SIC code 2869), and the Cyclic Organic Crudes and Intermediates, and Organic Dyes and
Pigments sector (SIC code 2865) all increased. In contrast, the Petroleum and Refining sector
(SIC code 2911), with a modest decline of about 91,000 pounds, was only one of two top-five-
producing sectors in 1998 that reported decreases between 1995 and 1998. Although not a top-
producing sector in 1998, the Carbon Black sector (SIC code 2895) exhibited a significant
decline between 1995 and 1998, when quantities of 1995 chemicals went from about 1.2 million
pounds in 1995 to none reported in 1998.
Despite being one of the largest contributors to 1995 waste minimization priority
chemicals in the 1998 reporting year, the Primary Production of Aluminum sector (SIC code
3334) exhibited the largest decline in quantities between 1995 and 1998. Quantities in this sector
decreased by more than 3.6 million pounds (or 47%) during this period. By examining the
quantities reported at the facility level within this sector, insight can be gained into the observed
trend. For example, one aluminum facility in Washington exhibited a reduction of about
2.5 million pounds of the TRI PAC category between 1995 and 1998. For 1995 and 1996, the
facility reported large quantities of the TRI PAC category to onsite energy recovery. For 1997
and 1998, the facility stopped reporting these quantities after receiving direction from EPA's TRI
branch. According to a letter from the TRI branch, the chemicals were being burned in the
process and were not involved in a waste management activity, so there was no need to include
these quantities on TRI forms. Thus, the decrease between 1995 and 1998 was due in part to a
change in reporting methodology under direction from the TRI branch.
In Maryland, another aluminum facility showed a dramatic increase in the TRI PAC
category quantities between 1995 and 1998. The facility reported zero TRI PAC category
quantities in 1995 and 2.5 million pounds in 1998. This increase was investigated, and it was
determined that the facility reported zero quantities in 1995 and 1996, 19,225 pounds in 1997,
and 2,507,000 pounds in 1998. The TRI branch and the facility representative were contacted to
get a better understanding of this trend. The facility contact explained that the 2.5 million
pounds in 1998 were correct and that the 1997 RCRA priority chemical quantities had been
revised to 2.5 million pounds in 1998. This revision was due to a change in facility ownership
and a subsequent change in the way the facility reported TRI PAC group quantities. According
to the facility contact, no process or production volume changes had occurred at the facility.
The entire amount of gaseous TRI PAC quantities (2.5 million pounds) generated by the
Maryland facility's anode production process are treated onsite in a two-step process. The TRI
PAC category quantities are first consumed in the anode bake ovens and combined with alumina
in the anode production baghouse. The resulting mixture is then returned to the aluminum
reduction pots. The company indicated that the TRI PAC quantities are destroyed in the high
temperatures of the bake ovens or in the reduction pots. These TRI PAC quantities are reported
to TRI as onsite treatment. Although many other facilities use this same manufacturing process,
they do not report similar quantities of PACs being treated onsite. Instead, these facilities
consider the TRI PAC quantities fed into the aluminum reduction pots as being raw materials and
not wastes being treated. Manufacturers report to TRI in different ways and make adjustments in
the way they report from year to year.
D-9
-------
A ppenclix J)
95 ( hemicals
As shown in Table D-5, the Carbon and Graphite Products sector (SIC code 3624) and
the Primary Production of Aluminum sector (SIC code 3334) generated the largest TRI PAC
quantities in 1998. These two sectors together made up almost 92 percent of chemical group
totals. Accounting for almost 82 percent of chemical group totals, the Industrial Organic
Chemicals, NEC sector (SIC code 2869), the Petroleum Refining sector (SIC code 2911), and the
Cyclic Organic Crudes and Intermediates, and Organic Dyes and Pigments sector (SIC code
2865) were the largest contributors to phenanthrene quantities. In contrast, the Pesticides and
Agricultural Chemicals, NEC sector (SIC code 2879) alone was responsible for generating the
majority (almost 93%) of pendimethalin quantities in 1998 (see Table D-17 for another
representation of which industry sectors generate which chemicals).
Table D-5. National Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Group Quantities by
Industry Sector (1995 and 1998)
Chemical SIC
Group Code
SIC Code Description
1995 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
1998 WMPC
Quantity (lb)
% Change
(1995-1998)
Cumulative
% of Group
Total
I'M Is
3624
Carbon and Graphite
Products
4.142.531
4.418.321
6.7
47.8
3334
Primary Production of
Aluminum
7.681.312
4.058.045
-47.2
91.7
Pendimetholin
2879
Pesticides and Agricultural
Chemicals. NEC
190.400
246.318
29.4
92.9
Phenanthrene
2869
Industrial Organic
Chemicals. NEC
203.091
620.190
205.4
56.3
2911
Petroleum Refining
5.512
145.152
2.533.4
69.4
2865
Cyclic Organic Crudes and
Intermediates, and Organic
Dyes and Pigments
95.725
135.730
41.8
81.7
•' 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in 1998.
D.4 Regional Information
Tables D-6 and D-7 show the regional changes in quantities for the 1995 waste
minimization priority chemicals between reporting years 1995 and 1998. Only 9 of the
10 regions are listed here, because Region 1 did not report any 1995 chemicals for the years that
were analyzed. At nearly 4.6 million pounds, Region 4 had the largest quantity of 1995 waste
minimization priority chemicals between 1995 and 1998. Region 3 exhibited the largest quantity
increase of any region between 1995 and 1998, with a gain of more than 2.5 million pounds (or
2,658%). Four regions reported decreases in 1995 chemical quantities between 1995 and 1998.
D-10
-------
A ppcnclix J)
95 ( hemicals
Table D-6. 1995 Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities
by EPA Region (1995 and 1998)
% of
Number of National
1995 W1MPC
1998 W1MPC
% Change
Facilities
Total
Region
Quantity (lb)
Quantity11 (lb)
(1995-1998)
(1998)
(1998)
National
14.391.833
10.613.741
-26.3
171
EPA Region 2
906.702
64.135
-92.9
10
0.6
EPA Region 3
96.988
2.674.758
2.657.8
19
25.2
EPA Region 4
5.380.433
4.579.163
-14.9
JO
43.1
EPA Region 5
3.41 1.989
971.525
-71.5
34
9.2
EPA Region 6
692.250
967.219
39.7
35
9.1
EPA Region 7
225.004
267.303
18.8
9
2.5
EPA Region 8
2.504
2.692
7.5
1 1
0.0
EPA Region 9
731
15.881
2.072.5
1 1
0.1
EPA Region 10
3.675.232
1.071.065
-70.9
9
10.1
Note: States in EPA Region 1 reported zero quantities or did not report quantities to TRI.
¦' 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in 1998.
Table D-7. 1995 Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities
by EPA Region (1995-1998)
Number of
1998 W1MPC
Facilities
1995 W1MPC
1997 W1MPC
Quantity11
Region
(1998)
Quantity (lb)
Quantity (lb)
(lb)
National
171
14.391.833
1 1.586.147
10.613.741
EPA Region 2
10
906.702
54.701
64.135
EPA Region 3
19
96.988
234.175
2.674.758
EPA Region 4
JO
5.380.433
7.046.312
4.579.163
EPA Region 5
34
3.41 1.989
1.823.767
971.525
EPA Region 6
35
692.250
1.083.477
967.219
EPA Region 7
9
225.004
182.478
267.303
EPA Region 8
1 1
2.504
13.592
2.692
EPA Region 9
1 1
731
4.293
15.881
EPA Region 10
9
3.675.232
1.143.352
1.071.065
Note: States in EPA Region 1 reported zero quantities or did not report quantities to TRI.
¦' 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in 1998.
D-l 1
-------
A ppcnclix J)
95 ( hemicals
Regions 10 and 5 had the largest declines at 2.6 million pounds (or a 71% reduction) and 2.4
million pounds (or a 72% reduction), respectively.
The individual chemicals and groups that make up the 1995 waste minimization priority
chemical quantities for each region are listed in Tables D-8 and D-9. The TRI PAC category was
the largest contributor to 1995 chemical quantities in seven regions (Regions 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, and
10) during the 1998 reporting year. In contrast, phenanthrene was the largest contributor to
quantities in Region 6 for 1998, and pendimethalin was the largest contributor to quantities in
Region 7 for 1998.
As shown in Tables D-10 and D-11, the Primary Production of Aluminum sector (SIC
code 3334) was the leading contributor to 1995 waste minimization priority chemical quantities
in Regions 2, 3, 5, 8, and 10 for the 1998 reporting year. The Carbon and Graphite Products
sector (SIC code 3624) was the largest contributor to Region 4; the Industrial Organic Chemicals,
NEC sector (SIC code 2869) was the largest contributor to Region 6; the Pesticides and
Agricultural Chemicals, NEC sector (SIC code 2879) was the largest contributor to Region 7;
and the Tires and Inner Tubes sector (SIC code 3011) was the largest contributor to Region 9.
D.5 State Information
Table D-12 and Figure D-8 show the quantities of 1995 waste minimization priority
chemicals for the 50 states, as well as for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (referred to as states
for the purposes here). Note that states that reported 0 quantities or did not report quantities to
TRI are excluded from state tables. In 1998, Tennessee reported the largest 1995 waste
minimization priority chemical quantities (about 4 million pounds). Four other states had 1995
waste minimization priority chemical quantities in 1998 that exceeded 500,000 pounds:
Maryland (2.5 million pounds), Washington (1.0 million pounds), Texas (865,556 pounds), and
Ohio (789,746 pounds). Maryland, Texas, South Carolina, and Illinois exhibited the greatest
increases in 1995 waste minimization priority chemicals between 1995 and 1998, with each
reporting increases of more than 100,000 pounds for the period. Fourteen other states also had
quantity increases during this period. Table D-18 shows additional years of data for each state.
Twenty three states reported no quantities with a decrease of 0 quantities of 1995 waste
minimization priority chemicals for the 1998 reporting year. With a decrease of 2.6 million
pounds, Washington reported the largest declines in 1995 waste minimization priority chemical
quantities between 1995 and 1998. Washington was followed by Indiana, Tennessee, New York,
Ohio, Louisiana, and North Carolina, with each reporting decreases of more than 100,000 pounds
during the period.
In Tennessee, the TRI PAC category decreased from about 5 million pounds in 1995 to
approximately 4.1 million pounds in 1998 (see Table D-13). Table D-14 shows that nearly 100
percent of the waste minimization priority chemical quantities for Tennessee in 1998 came from
the Carbon and Graphic Products sector (SIC code 3624).
D-12
-------
A ppenclix D
95 ( hemicals
Table D-8. Regional 1995 Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities for Each
Chemical/Group (1995 and 1998)
Region and Chemical/
Chemical Group
1995
W1MPC
Quantity
(lb)
1998
W1MPC
Quantity11
(lb)
% Change
(1995-1998)
Number of
Facilities
(1998)
Cumulative %
of Regional
Total (1998)
1:1'A Region 2
TRI PAC category
906.702
64.135
-93
10
100.0
Total for Region
906.702
64.135
1 1
EPA Region 3
TRI PAC category
68.006
2.650.458
3.797
19
99.1
Total for Region
96.988
2.674.758
26
EPA Region 4
TRI PAC category
5.373.918
4.488.188
-16
29
98.0
Total for Region
5.380.433
4.579.163
41
EPA Region 5
TRI PAC category
2.286.168
769.091
-66
32
79.2
Phenanthrene
1.1 18.947
181.388
-84
12
97.8
Total for Region
3.41 1.989
971.525
46
EPA Region 6
Phenanthrene
203.743
784.123
285
10
81.1
Total for Region
692.250
967.219
41
EPA Region 7
Pendimethalin
190.000
244.085
28
91.3
Total for Region
225.004
267.303
1 1
EPA Region
-------
A ppenclix D
95 ( hemicals
Table D-9. Regional Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities for Each
Chemical/Group (1995-1998)
Region and Chemical/
Chemical Group
Number
of
Facilities
(1998)
1995
W1MPC
Quantity
(lb)
1997
W1MPC
Quantity
(lb)
1998
W1MPC
Quantity11
(lb)
Cumulative % of
Regional Total
(1998)
1:1'A Region 2
TRI PAC category
10
906.702
54.701
64.135
100
Total for Region
1 1
906.702
54.701
64.135
EPA Region 3
TRI PAC category
19
68.006
161.975
2.650.458
99
Total for Region
26
96.988
234.175
2.674.758
EPA Region 4
TRI PAC category
29
5.373.918
6.838.073
4.488.188
98
Total for Region
41
5.380.433
7.046.312
4.579.163
EPA Region 5
TRI PAC category
32
2.286.168
1.645.552
769.091
79
Phenanthrene
12
1.1 18.947
156.675
181.388
98
Total for Region
46
3.41 1.989
1.823.767
971.525
EPA Region 6
Phenanthrene
10
203.743
706.127
784.123
81
Total for Region
41
692.250
1.083.477
967.219
EPA Region 7
Pendimethalin
190.000
167.668
244.085
91
Total for Region
1 1
225.004
182.478
267.303
EPA Region
-------
A ppcnclix J)
95 ( hemicals
Table D-10. Industry Sectors for 1995 Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities
by EPA Region (1995 and 1998)
Region
and SIC
Code SIC Code Description
b'.P. 1 Region 2
3334 Primary Production of
Aluminum
Total for Region
b'.P. 1 Region 3
3334 Primary Production of
Aluminum
Total for Region
b'.P. 1 Region 4
3624 Carbon and Graphite Products
Total for Region
b'.P. I Region 5
3334 Primary Production of
Aluminum
2865 Cyclic Organic Crudes and
Intermediates, and Organic
Dyes and Pigments
3312 Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
Total for Region
b'.P. 1 Region 6
2869 Industrial Organic Chemicals.
NEC
2911 Petroleum Refining
Total for Region
b'.P. 1 Region 7
2879 Pesticides and Agricultural
Chemicals. NEC
Total for Region
1995
WMPC
Quantity
(lb) '
897.700
906.702
1.926.600
187.722
250.266
190.000
225.004
Cumulative
1998 Number % of
WMPC of Regional
Quantity11 % Change Facilities Total
(lb) ' (1995-1998) (1998) (1998)
62.800
64.135
17.993 2.507.997
96.988 2.674.758
4.109.889 4.414.855
5.380.433 4.579.163
397.700
343.698
102 67.372
3.411.989 971.525
637.172
380.526 250.041
692.250 967.219
244.085
267.303
-93
13.839
-79
83
65.951
155
-34
28
10
19
4
-> ->
2
4
8
34
17
37
98
94
96
41
76
83
66
92
(continued)
D-15
-------
A ppcnclix J)
95 ( hemicals
Table D-10. (continued)
1995
Region WMPC
and SIC Quantity
Code SIC Code Description (lb)
l:'P. 1 Region H
3334 Primary Production of 0
Aluminum
2911 Petroleum Refining 2.096
2865 Cyclic Organic Crudes and 102
Intermediates, and Organic
Dyes and Pigments
lota! for Region 2.504
b'.P. 1 Region 9
3011 Tires and Inner Tubes
2911 Petroleum Refining 731
Total for Region 73 1
b'.P. 1 Region 10
3334 Primary Production of 3.675.172
Aluminum
'iota! for Region 3.675.232
1998
WMPC
Quantity3 % Change
(lb) (1995-1998)
1.534
592
361
2.692
12.000
3.881
15.881
1.071.049
1.071.065
431
-71
Number
of
Facilities
(1998)
-72
254
Cumulative
% of
Regional
Total
(1998)
57
79
92
76
100
100
Note: States in EPA Region 1 reported zero quantities or did not report quantities to TRI.
•' 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in 1998.
- = Nothing was reported to TRI for that entry.
0 = Zero was reported to TRI for that entry.
Table D-ll. Industry Sectors by EPA Region for Waste Minimization Priority Chemical
in Aggregate (1995-1998)
Region
and SIC
Code SIC Code Description
b'.P. 1 Region 2
3334 Primary Production of Aluminum
Total for Region
b'.P. 1 Region 3
3334 Primary Production of Aluminum
Total for Region
Number
of
Facilities
(1998)
1995
WMPC
Quantity
(lb) '
2 897.700
906.702
2 17.993
96.988
1997
WMPC
Quantity
(lb) '
53.110
54.701
8.779
234.175
1998
WMPC
Quantity11
(lb) '
62.800
64.135
2.507.997
2.674.758
(continued)
D-16
-------
A ppcnclix J)
95 ( hemicals
Table D-ll. (continued)
Region
and SIC
Code SIC Code Description
Number
of
Facilities
(1998)
1995
WMPC
Quantity
(lb) '
1997
WMPC
Quantity
(lb) '
1998
WMPC
Quantity11
(lb) '
b'.P. 1 Region 4
3624 Carbon and Graphite Products
4
4.109.889
6.423.758
4.414.855
Total for Region
5.380.433
7.046.312
4.579.163
b'.P. 1 Region 5
3334 Primary Production of Aluminum
2
1.926.600
1.319.044
397.700
2865 Cyclic Organic Crudes and Intermediates,
and Organic Dyes and Pigments
4
187.722
294.839
343.698
3312 Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
8
102
64.555
67.372
Total for Region
3.411.989
1.823.767
971.525
b'.P. 1 Region 6
2869 Industrial Organic Chemicals. NEC
9
250.266
579.203
637.172
2911 Petroleum Refining
17
380.526
469.789
250.041
Total for Region
692.250
1.083.477
967.219
b'.P. 1 Region 7
2879 Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals.
NEC
->
190.000
167.668
244.085
Total for Region
225.004
182.478
267.303
11 Region X
3334 Primary Production of Aluminum
1
0
1.480
1.534
2911 Petroleum Refining
7
2.096
11.022
592
2865 Cyclic Organic Crudes and Intermediates,
and Organic Dyes and Pigments
1
102
768
361
Total for Region
2.504
13.592
2.692
b'.P. 1 Region 9
3011 Tires and Inner Tubes
1
-
-
12.000
2911 Petroleum Refining
8
731
4.293
3.881
Total for Region
731
4.293
15.881
b'.P. 1 Region 10
3334 Primary Production of Aluminum
6
3.675.172
1.143.305
1.071.049
Total for Region
3.675.232
1.143.352
1.071.065
Note: States in EPA Region 1 reported zero quantities or did not report quantities to TRI.
¦' 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in 1998.
- = Nothing was reported to TRI for that entry.
0 = Zero was reported to TRI for that entry¦.
D-17
-------
A ppcnclix J)
95 ( hemicals
Table D-12. 1995 Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities by State (1995-1998)
Number of
1995 W1MPC
1998 W1MPC
% Change
Facilities
% of National
State
Quantity (lb)
Quantity11 (lb)
(1995-1998)
(1998)
Total (1998)
National
14.391.833
10.613.741
-26
171
AL
35.282
62.782
78
10
0.59
AR
0
32.001
-
2
0.30
CA
731
3.881
431
9
0.04
CO
29 5
0
-100
1
0.00
DE
-
1.420
-
1
0.01
IA
0
7.090
-
4
0.07
IL
7.779
1 14.980
1.378
8
1.08
IN
1.952.480
66.689
-97
7
0.63
KS
28
833
1
0.00
KY
850
4.505
430
4
0.04
LA
324.698
25.5 1 1
-92
8
0.24
MD
-
2.500.000
-
1
23.55
MI
3.650
1 10
-97
2
0.00
MO
225.001
260.185
16
4
2.45
MT
1.800
2.123
18
4
0.02
NC
213.126
4.795
-98
2
0.05
NJ
132
2
-98
0.00
NV
-
12.000
-
1
0.1 1
NY
906.570
64.048
-93
6
0.60
OH
1.448.080
789.746
-45
14
7.44
OK
49.972
44.151
-12
0.42
OR
-
34.002
-
2
0.32
PA
55.741
54.750
-2
10
0.52
SC
75.53 1
424.979
463
7
4.00
TN
5.055.644
4.082.102
-19
6
38.46
TX
317.580
865.556
173
22
8.16
UT
409
569
39
4
0.01
VA
7
0
-100
1
0.00
VI
0
85
-
1
0.00
WA
3.675.232
1.037.063
-72
7
9.77
WV
41.240
1 18.588
188
6
1.12
Note: States excluded from this table reported zero quantities or did not report quantities to TRI.
a 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in 1998.
- = Nothing was reported to TRI for that entry.
0 = Zero was reported to TRI for that entry.
D-18
-------
A ppendix I)
95 f liemicais
Table D-13. State 1995 Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities for Each
Chemical/Group (1995-1998)
State and Chemical/
Chemical Group
State of A L
TRI PAC Category
Total for AL
State of A R
Phenanthrene
Total for AR
State off'A
TRI PAC Category
Total for CA
State off 'f)
TRI PAC Category
Total for CO
State ofDK
TRI PAC Category
Total for DE
State of I A
Pendimethalin
TRI PAC Category
Phenanthrene
Total for IA
State of II.
TRI PAC Category
Total for IL
State of IN
TRI PAC Category
Phenanthrene
Total for IN
State ofKS
TRI PAC Category
Total for KS
1995
W1MPC
Quantity
(lb)
35.092
35.282
731
731
295
295
7.217
7.779
1.949.780
2.700
1.952.480
1998
W1MPC
Quantity11
(lb)
61.752
62.782
32.001
32.001
3.881
3.881
0
0
1.420
1.420
2.900
2.430
1.760
7.090
1 14.945
1 14.980
45.632
21.057
66.689
28
28
% Change
(1995-1998)
76
Number of Cumulative %
Facilities of State Total
431
-100
1.493
-98
680
(1998)
9
14
1
2
9
1 1
2
2
1
5
8
9
7
5
12
(1998)
98.4
100.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
40.9
75.2
100.0
100.0
68.4
100.0
100.0
(continued)
D-19
-------
A ppenclix 1)
95 ( hemicctls
Table D-13. (continued)
State and Chemical/
Chemical Group
TRI PAC Category
Phenanthrene
Total for KY
State of LA
TRI PAC Category
Phenanthrene
Total for LA
State of Ml)
TRI PAC Category
Total for MD
State of Ml
Phenanthrene
Total for MI
State of MO
Pendimethalin
Total for MO
State ofMT
TRI PAC Category
Total for MT
State of 'N('
TRI PAC Category
Phenanthrene
Total for NC
State ofN.l
TRI PAC Category
Total for NJ
State ofNV
TRI PAC Category
Total for NV
1995
W1MPC
Quantity
(lb)
850
0
850
324.675
23
324.698
3.150
3.650
190.000
225.001
0
1.800
213.126
213.126
132
132
1998
W1MPC
Quantity11
(lb)
3.570
935
4.505
18.139
7.372
25.5 1 1
2.500.000
2.500.000
99
1 10
241.185
260.185
1.797
2.123
3.638
1.157
4.795
2
2
12.000
12.000
% Change
(1995-1998)
320
Number of Cumulative %
Facilities of State Total
(1998)
-94
31.952
-97
27
-98
-98
(1998)
4
2
6
7
1
8
79.2
100.0
71.1
100.0
100.0
90.0
92.7
84.6
75.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
(continued)
D-20
-------
A ppendix 1)
95 ( liemicais
Table D-13. (continued)
State and Chemical/
Chemical Group
Stale of NY
TRI PAC Category
Total for NY
Stale of OH
TRI PAC Category
Phenanthrene
Total for OH
State of OK
TRI PAC Category
Total for OK
State of OR
TRI PAC Category
Total for OR
State of PA
TRI PAC Category
Phenanthrene
Total for PA
State of 'S('
TRI PAC Category
Phenanthrene
Total for SC
State ofTN
TRI PAC Category
Total for TN
State of IX
Phenanthrene
Total for TX
1995
W1MPC
Quantity
(lb)
906.570
906.570
328.671
1.1 12.535
1.448.080
49.972
49.972
26.759
28.982
55.741
69.206
6.325
75.53 1
5.055.644
5.055.644
203.720
317.580
1998
W1MPC
Quantity11
(lb)
64.048
64.048
608.503
160.197
789.746
44.151
44.151
34.002
34.002
32.750
22.000
54.750
337.126
87.853
424.979
4.082.102
4.082.102
744.750
865.556
% Change
(1995-1998)
-92
Number of Cumulative %
Facilities of State Total
(1998)
85
-86
-12
22
-24
387
1.289
-19
266
12
5
19
2
2
10
5
15
7
1
8
6
6
8
28
(1998)
100.0
77.1
97.3
100.0
100.0
59.8
100.0
79.3
100.0
100.0
86.0
(continued)
D-21
-------
A ppendix J)
95 ( hemicals
Table D-13. (continued)
1995
1998
WMPC
WMPC
Number of
Cumulative %
State and Chemical/
Quantity
Quantity11
% Change
Facilities
of State Total
Chemical Group
(lb)
(lb)
(1995-1998)
(1998)
(1998)
State of 117
TRI PAC Category
287
329
15
4
57.8
Phenanthrene
122
240
97
100.0
Total for UT
409
569
7
State of VA
TRI PAC Category
7
0
-100
1
0.0
Total for VA
7
0
1
State of VI
TRI PAC Category
0
85
-
1
100.0
Total for VI
0
85
1
State of WA
TRI PAC Category
3.648.487
1.036.687
-72
7
100.0
Total for WA
3.675.232
1.037.063
8
State of WV
TRI PAC Category
41.240
1 16.288
182
6
98.1
Total for WV
41.240
1 18.588
8
Note: States excluded from this table reported zero quantities or did not report quantities to TRI.
a 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in 1998.
- = Nothing was reported to TRI for that entry.
0 = Zero was reported to TRI for that entry.
Table D-14. Industry Sectors by State for 1995 Waste Minimization Priority Chemical
(1995-1998)
SIC Code
and State SIC Code Description
Stale of. I /.
3011 Tires and Inner Tubes
Total for AL
State of.\R
3241 Cement. Hydraulic
Total for AR
1995 1998 Number
WMPC WMPC of Cumulative
Quantity Quantity11 % Change Facilities % of State
(lb)
(lb)
(1995-1998) (1998) Total (1998)
33.200 59.400
35.282 62.782
32.001
0 32.001
79
10
94.6
100.0
(continued)
D-22
-------
A ppcndix I)
95 ( hemicals
Table D-14. (continued)
SIC Code
and State
Stale of(I
2911
Suite of ('()
2911
State of !)!•'.
2911
State of I.1
3624
2879
State of II.
2865
State of IX
3011
3334
2911
State ofkS
2911
State of KY
3334
3312
SIC Code Description
Petroleum Refining
Total for CA
Petroleum Refining
Total for CO
Petroleum Refining
Total for DE
Carbon and Graphite Products
Pesticides and Agricultural
Chemicals. NEC
Total for IA
Cyclic Organic Crudes and
Intermediates, and Organic
Dyes and Pigments
Total for IL
Tires and Inner Tubes
Primary Production of
Aluminum
Petroleum Refining
Total for IN
Petroleum Refining
Total for KS
Primary Production of
Aluminum
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
Total for KY
1995 1998 Number
WMPC WMPC of Cumulative
Quantity Quantity11 % Change Facilities % of State
(lb)
(lb) (1995-1998) (1998) Total (1998)
731
731
295
295
3.266
7.779
22.300
.926.600
3.580
.952.480
850
850
3.881
3.881
0
0
1.420
1.420
4.190
2.900
7.090
111.554
114.980
28.100
16.600
13.030
66.689
28
28
2.800
1.705
4.505
431
-100
3.316
26
-99
264
833
229
100.0
100.0
59.1
100.0
97.0
42.1
67.0
86.6
100.0
62.2
100.0
(continued)
D-23
-------
A ppcnclix J)
95 ( hemicals
Table D-14. (continued)
SIC Code
and State SIC Code Description
Stale of I.. I
2911 Petroleum Refining
2869 Industrial Organic Chemicals.
NEC
Total for LA
State of.\II)
3334 Primary Production of
Aluminum
Total for MD
State of MI
2865 Cyclic Organic Crudes and
Intermediates, and Organic
Dyes and Pigments
Total for MI
State of MO
2879 Pesticides and Agricultural
Chemicals. NEC
Total for MO
State ofMT
3334 Primary Production of
Aluminum
2911 Petroleum Refining
Total for MT
State of\('
3011 Tires and Inner Tubes
3334 Primary Production of
Aluminum
Total for NC
State of X.J
2911 Petroleum Refining
Total for NJ
State of\\'
3011 Tires and Inner Tubes
Total for NV
1995 1998 Number
WMPC WMPC of Cumulative
Quantity Quantity11 % Change Facilities % of State
(lb)
3 17.448
324.698
(lb) (1995-1998) (1998) Total (1998)
13.430
7.442
25.511
- 2.500.000
0 2.500.000
3.650
3.650
0
1.800
1.800
213.126
132
132
10
10
190.000 241.185
225.001 260.185
1.534
589
2.123
200 2.600
212.926 2.195
4.795
2
2
12.000
12.000
-96
-97
27
-67
.200
-99
-98
52.6
81.8
100.0
100.0
92.7
72.3
100.0
54.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
(continued)
D-24
-------
A ppcndix J)
95 ( hemicals
Table D-14. (continued)
SIC Code
and State
Stale of XV
.WW
SIC Code Description
Primary Production of
Aluminum
Total for NY
Stale of Oil
3334
2865
3312
State of OK
3011
State of OR
3334
Primary Production of
Aluminum
Cyclic Organic Crudes and
Intermediates, and Organic
Dyes and Pigments
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
Total for OH
Tires and Inner Tubes
Total for OK
State of P. 1
3312
2865
State ofS('
3624
3011
State of'IX
3624
Primary Production of
Aluminum
Total for OR
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
Cyclic Organic Crudes and
Intermediates, and Organic
Dyes and Pigments
Total for PA
Carbon and Graphite Products
Tires and Inner Tubes
Total for SC
Carbon and Graphite Products
Total for TN
1995 1998 Number
WMPC WMPC of Cumulative
Quantity Quantity3 % Change Facilities % of State
(lb)
55.741
75.53 I
(lb) (1995-1998) (1998) Total (1998)
897.700 62.800
906.570 64.048
381.100
180.806 232.034
0 67.147
.448.080 789.746
49.100 38.330
49.972 44.151
34.000
0 34.002
2.580 36.994
50.161 16.135
54.750
32.489 334.856
43.000 74.200
424.979
4.077.400 4.079.999
5.055.644 4.082.102
-93
28
-22
.334
-68
93 1
73
2
14
10
98.
48.3
77.6
86.1
86.8
100.0
67.6
97.0
78.8
96.3
99.9
(continued)
D-25
-------
A ppcnclix J)
95 ( hemicals
Table D-14. (continued)
SIC Code
and State
SIC Code Description
1995
WMPC
Quantity
(lb) '
1998
WMPC
Quantity
(lb) '
% Change
(1995-1998)
Number
of
Facilities
(1998)
Cumulative
% of State
Total (1998)
Stale of'iX
2869
Industrial Organic Chemicals.
NEC
250.266
629.730
152
7
72.8
2911
Petroleum Refining
62.206
230.790
271
9
99.4
Total for TX
317.580
865.556
24
Stole of I'T
2865
Cyclic Organic Crudes and
Intermediates, and Organic
Dyes and Pigments
102
361
254
1
63.4
3312
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
306
205
-> ->
O .¦>
1
99.5
Total for UT
409
569
4
Stole of 11
2911
Petroleum Refining
Total for VA
7
7
0
0
-100
1
1
-
Stole of 1'/
2911
Petroleum Refining
Total for VI
0
0
85
85
-
1
1
100.0
Stole of U A
3334
Primary Production of
Aluminum
3.675.172
1.037.049
-72
5
100.0
Total for WA
3.675.232
1.037.063
7
State of II I ¦
2865
Cyclic Organic Crudes and
Intermediates, and Organic
Dyes and Pigments
0
75.830
2
63.9
3624
Carbon and Graphite Products
22.902
31.141
36
1
90.2
Total for WV
41.240
118.588
6
Note: States excluded from this table reported zero quantities or did not report quantities to TRI.
a 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in 1998.
- = Nothing was reported to TRI for that entry.
0 = Zero was reported to TRI for that entry.
D-26
-------
A ppcnclix J)
95 ( hemicals
In Washington, 1995 waste minimization priority chemical quantities decreased from
almost 3.7 million pounds to just over 1 million pounds between 1995 and 1998. These declines
were primarily due to one aluminum facility that reported more than 2.5 million pounds of the
TRI PAC category in 1995 and just 13,814 pounds in 1998. As discussed in Section D.3, this
facility changed its reporting methodology based on guidance from EPA's TRI branch. After
reporting large quantities of the TRI PAC category to onsite energy recovery for 1995 and 1996,
the facility stopped reporting these quantities in 1997 and 1998.
In New York, 1995 waste minimization priority chemical quantities dropped from nearly
907,000 pounds in 1995 to about 64,000 pounds in 1998. One aluminum facility in New York
reported 846,100 pounds of the TRI PAC category in 1995 and only 1,400 pounds in 1998. A
similar trend was also observed at a Primary Aluminum facility in Washington. Upon further
investigation, it was found that the most significant decrease for the New York facility occurred
between 1996 and 1997. In 1996, 801,420 pounds of the TRI PAC category were reported, as
well as 150,660 pounds of phenanthrene. In 1997, only 1,510 pounds of the TRI PAC category
were reported.
The facility in New York is under the same ownership as the aluminum facility in
Washington that was discussed in Section D.3. As with the aluminum facility in Washington,
the New York facility changed its reporting methodology for the 1997 and 1998 reporting years
after receiving guidance from EPA's TRI branch. According to the TRI branch, the facility did
not have to report the TRI PAC category because this group of chemicals was consumed during
the facility's processing activities.
D.6 Supplemental Information
Table D-15. National 1995 Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities by Industry
Sector (1995 and 1998)
Chemical
Group
CAS
Number
Chemical
1991
WMPC
Quantity
(lb)
1993
WMPC
Quantity
(lb) '
1995
WMPC
Quantity
(lb) '
1997
WMPC
Quantity
(lb) '
1998
WMPC'
Quantity
(lb) '
PAHs
N590
PAH Cluster
(13 Chemicals)
-
-
12.773.104
10.223.611
9.246.122
85-01-8
Phenanthrene
-
-
1.421.855
1.173.328
1.102.488
Active
Pesticides
40487-42-1
Pcndimcthalin
-
-
196.874
189.208
265.131
¦' 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include newly reporting industrial sectors added to the
TRI in 1998.
= Nothing was reported to TRI for that entry.
0 = Zero was reported to TRI for that entry.
D-27
-------
A ppcnclix J)
95 ( hemicals
Table D-16. National 1995 Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities
by Industry Sector (1995 and 1998)
SIC
Code
SIC Code Description
1995
W1MPC
Quantity
(,b)
1998
W1MPC
Quantity11
(lb)
% Change
(1995-1998)
Cumulative
% of
National
Total (1998)
3624
Carbon and Graphite Products
4.148.856
4.507.934
8.7
42.5
3334
Primary Production of
Aluminum
7.708.057
4.064.178
-47.3
80.8
2869
Industrial Organic Chemicals.
NEC
250.266
637.172
154.6
86.8
2865
Cyclic Organic Crudes and
Intermediates, and Organic Dy es
and Pigments
239.569
436.849
82.3
90.9
291 1
Petroleum Refining
397.330
305.837
-23.0
93.8
2879
Pesticides and Agricultural
Chemicals. NEC
190.400
246.3 18
29.4
96.1
301 1
Tires and Inner Tubes
147.800
214.630
45.2
98.1
3312
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
^ -> -> ->
J). J) J) J)
1 12.461
3.274.2
99.2
3241
Cement. Hydraulic
35.001
51.001
45.7
99.6
2875
Fertilizers. Mixing Only
6.474
18.813
190.6
99.8
4925
Mixed. Manufactured, or
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Production and/or Distribution
8.959
99.9
2999
Products of Petroleum and Coal.
NEC
7.250
4.639
-36.0
100.0
2812
Alkalies and Chlorine
3.906
4.400
12.6
100.0
2899
Chemical Preparations. NEC
-
550
-
100.0
3357
Drawing and Insulating of
Nonferrous Wire
1.300
0
-100.0
100.0
2895
Carbon Black
1.249.000
-
-
100.0
3052
Rubber and Plastics Hose and
Belting
1.470
-
-
100.0
3255
Clav Refractories
1.821
-
-
100.0
¦' 1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in 1998.
Nothing was reported to TRI tor that entry.
0 = Zero was reported to TRI tor that entry.
D-28
-------
A ppcnclix J)
95 ( hemicals
Table D-17. 1995 Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities
Associated with Industry Sectors for 1995 Chemicals
c
c
Z
.c
3
u
E
-E
c
es
i
'¦5
£¦
C
SIC Code
SIC Code Description
<
a.
CL
JS
Cu
2812
Alkalies and Chlorine
X
2865
Cyclic Organic Caides and Intermediates, and
X
X
Organic Dyes and Pigments
2869
Industrial Organic Chemicals. NEC
X
X
2875
Fertilizers. Mixing Only
X
2879
Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals. NEC
X
2899
Chemical Preparations. NEC
X
291 1
Petroleum Refining
X
X
2999
Products of Petroleum and Coal. NEC
X
301 1
Tires and Inner Tubes
X
3241
Cement. Hydraulic
X
3312
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
X
X
3334
Primary Production of Aluminum
X
X
3624
Carbon and Graphite Products
X
X
4925
Mixed. Manufactured, or Liquefied Petroleum Gas
X
X
Production and/or Distribution
D-29
-------
A ppcnclix J)
95 ( hemicals
Table D-18. 1995 Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Quantities by State (1995-1998)
Number of
Facilities
1995 W1MPC
1997 W1MPC
1998 W1MPC Quantity1'
State
(1998)
Quantity (lb)
Quantity (lb)
(lb)
National
171
14.391.833
1 1.586.147
10.613.741
AL
10
35.282
40.889
62.782
AR
2
-
-
32.001
CA
9
731
2.374
3.881
CO
1
29 5
1.524
0
DE
1
-
1.122
1.420
HI
1
-
1.919
0
IA
4
0
9.330
7.090
IL
8
7.779
6.677
1 14.980
IN
7
1.952.480
1.360.490
66.689
KS
1
10
28
KY
4
850
575
4.505
LA
8
324.698
305.468
25.5 1 1
MD
1
-
0
2.500.000
MI
2
3.650
701
1 10
MO
4
225.001
173.138
260.185
MT
4
1.800
1.898
2.123
NC
2
213.126
497.850
4.795
NJ
132
2
2
NV
1
-
-
12.000
NY
6
906.570
54.658
64.048
OH
14
1.448.080
455.899
789.746
OK
49.972
22.419
44.151
OR
2
-
2
34.002
PA
10
55.741
135.430
54.750
SC
7
75.53 1
603.653
424.979
TN
6
5.055.644
5.903.345
4.082.102
TX
22
317.580
755.590
865.556
UT
4
409
10.170
569
VA
1
7
-
0
VI
1
0
41
85
WA
7
3.675.232
1.143.350
1.037.063
WV
6
41.240
97.623
1 18.588
Note: States excluded from this table reported zero quantities or did not report quantities to TRI.
1998 waste minimization priority chemical quantities do not include industrial sectors added to the TRI in
1998.
Nothing was reported to TRI tor that entry.
0 = Zero was reported to TRI tor that entry.
D-30
-------
Appendix E
Maps of Waste Minimization
Priority Chemicals
-------
Appendix E
Appendix E
Maps of Waste Minimization
Priority Chemicals
This appendix provides maps of waste minimization priority chemical quantities by EPA Region
for 1998. The maps provide information on the quantities of chemicals produced in each state and lists
the specific chemicals and industry sectors that make up approximately 80 percent of the waste
minimization priority chemical quantities in each state. There are two sets of maps for EPA Regions 1
through 10 in this appendix: those showing lead and cadmium quantities, and those showing waste
minimization priority chemicals excluding lead and cadmium quantities. Please note that maps of waste
minimization priority chemicals excluding lead and cadmium include 1995 waste minimization chemicals
(TR1 PAC category, pendimethalin, and phenanthrene).
E-l
-------
Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Generation:
Lead and Cadmium (1998 TRI)
EPA Region 1
SIC Codes and Industry Sectors
3671 - E ert'Tonic Computers
.->r
SIC Codes and industry Sectors
3674. - Semiccndurtcrs and Related
Device*
VT \
SIC Codes and Industry Sectors
3357 - Drawing aid Insulating
oFNonferrous Wire
Nh
MA
ME
.•V'
ft**
i'V
¦3,1
Lead and Cadmium Quantities
Generated in 1996 (pounds)
| 0-10,000
| 10,000 - 100,000
| 100,000 -500,000
M:te ' :l '*'yY Lots ic. ir :kd*
n<11! • .1 ! :: ; i::--:: •• IK hi 1
'•IvLf * C j\'Is-V-'"fvi 'j
ta: ?r: <-d"i -in qjsr:: ) ?a:r
CT
SIC Cn rifts anrl Industry Sectors
3641 - Eloclric Lamp Bulbs, and Tubgs.
3357 - Drawing and Insulating sr'N on ferrous Wire
3551 - Rolling. Drawing and Extruding of Copper
iW.M - blectroplcting. Plating. Polismrg, Anodizing, anc Coloring
28G& - Industrial, Oiganic. Chemicals, NEC
. J^X- SIC Codes and Industry Sectors
/i_ 3G41 - [Hectic Lanrp Dulb^ ond Tub«
't? 3^79- Elect'onic Components, NEC:
> 3366 - Copper Foundries-
¦ SIC Cades and Industry Sectors
_,W *" ' 3357 • Drawing and Insulatinq af Hon ferrous Wire
*
f SC CvJes arij InJusliy Scduiu
3357 - Drawing 9.1 d Insulating of Nonferrous Wir*
3229 - Pressed aid Blown Glass and Glassware, NEC
-------
Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Generation:
Lead and Cadmium (1998 TRI)
EPA Region 2
PR
.v-'
SIP Cudes and Industry Set:Una
33£0 - Primary Metal Products. NEC
?r
\
..—. ¦--<*
X"
NY
SIC Codes and Industry Sectors
3220- Pressed and BIciyit Glass arid
Glasswsrs. '¦JEt
2312 Blank Furnace*; and Skccl Uilli
3231 - Glass ProdLrta Made of
Pjrchwed Glass.
3269- Pottery Products, NEC
5MI - Secondary Smelting and Refining
cf Nr*nfcrroj5 Metals
4."—_ "•* t—'
SIC Codes and
Industry Sector s
No SIC Codes Reported
Lead and Cadmium Quantities
Generated in 1998 (pounds)
0-10,000
I I 500,000 - 1,000,000
H 1.000.000 -8,000,000
N:b5 ' i'ojrre :l 'VyV. :t 'cil-
i i>11; .1 ! ••:!:: ;.i::-l :: I>T=. ii i.fC.
N'. l. J 3Cw:r. j v jvi v vO* ...
If*: : r: :-:
-------
Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Generation:
Lead and Cadmium (1998 TRI)
EPA Region 3
SIC Cudes and Industry St-cLois
2S69 - lndjs:rial Organ c Chemicals. MEC
321 2 - Blast Furnaces. and -Steel Mills-
try S
3399 - Prma-y Meu! Prodi, eta. NEC
3541 - Sccordary Smelting and Refin ng of
Ncti ferrous Metals
0003 - Prmay Smelting and Refiring of Nonfenous
Metals. Evicajt Cnppnr and Aluminum
322& - Pressed and &lcwn Glass and Gltrs'.vare. NEC
i' s»
j SIC Cnde* and Industry Setters
251 9 - ln:Juserial Inorganic Chemicala, NEC
VA
*»
yf-m\
SIC Codes and Industry Sectors
2S16- In organic Pigments
SIC Codes and Industry Sectors
3312 - Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
3321 • iSrsy and Ductile Iran Founcriss
3621 - Clertric Lamp- Dubs and Tube^
Lead and Cadmium Quantities
Generated in 1998 (pounds]
| 1 -10,000
| 10,000 - 100,000
[ I 500,000 - 1,000,000
¦H 1,000,000 -8,000,000
I-or* I: i d. 11 •: ' We d-5 rcr in: f jce
I ::i. lii :l I;;.;.I . P i in:;»
f1 y.f.. J'?1 VI 0 .. 'j
te:da'idca:rni. ti :k a ibbr? in e-:< 1
-------
Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Generation:
Lead and Cadmium (1998 TRI)
EPA Region 4
SIC Codes and Industry Sectors
3517- -Stee Pipe and Tubes.
331 5 - Zlw? WiitMid'.'.-iny and Steel
Neils And Spi kc<3
2016- Inorganic Piqments
2229 • Pressed and Blown Glass and
Glassware, NEC
KY
SIC Codes and Industry Sectors .}
331 2 - Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills 7"
ri"J41 - Seconds -y Smelting and Kehrmg ^
of Noiferroita Metal? >
33"?1 - Gray nnrl Du~MIr Iron Fniindriflr; *
¦ - "S
- ^
SIC Cades end Induatry Sectors
3312- Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
3262- Vitrecus China "ab e and Kitchsn
Articles
MS
SIC Codes
2318-
and Induclty Sectors
norganic Pigments
*
i
SIC Codes and Industry Sectors
3541 ¦ Secondary Smelting and Refining
or Nctir?rrem Metals
/ SIC Cede* and Industry Sectors
3312 - Blast rurnaces and 5twl Mills
~ * 3241 - Cement Hycraulic
* 3"5&1 - Storage Batteries
331 S • Strcl Wirsdra'.ving and Stesl Nail Dpike^
SIC Codes and Industry Sectors
3591 - borage batteries
335? - Diariiny and Iriaulabile uf (cmiuus Wre
3312- ^".offige Batteries
SIC Codfs and Industry Sectors
5341 - Secondary Smelting and Refining oFNonfer"ous. MetaJs
d$rz- Printed Urejit Boa-'ds
0G91 - Storage Babies
Lead and Cadmium Quantities
Generated in 1998 (pounds)
1100,000 -500,000
I 500,000 -1,000,000
1,000,000 -8,000,000
¦: 1 -n 1 T::
"ai.=.t jl it :t:r-=. )de< :o ;
• lyys
-------
Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Generation:
Lead and Cadmium (1998 TRI)
EPA Region 5
SIC Codes and Industry Sectors
3241 - Secwidtiy SiiitlLiny tirid Refininy urNurikruLP* Mela!:
Bla&t Furnacesand Steel Mil
WIN
61C Code? and Industry Sectors • •
3321 - Gray anc Ductile Iron Foundries
Sic codes arid industry Sectors
0012- Blast Furnaces and Gteel Mills.
336G - Copper Foundri-a*
SIC Codes arid Industry Sector*
2.714 - Moter Veiide Parts and Aec-e-isories
3212- Blast Furnaces and-Steel Mills
SIC Cedes and Industry Sectors
3229- Pressed sindBlcwn Glass grid
Glassware, NEC
33I2 - Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
331 5 - Steel Wiredrawing and Steel
Nail? and Spikes
3541 - Electric Lamp Btlbs and Tube?
Cedes and Industry Sectors
3311 - Secondary Smelting and Retiring at*
Ncnferrous Metals
3312 - Blast Furnace a end 2t«l Milk
Lead and Cadmium
Quantities Generated in
1998 (pounds)
| 100,000-500,000
Hi 1,000,000 -8,000,000
Nv.y TRI 1:9I*. Dvrf": i v. i'i<.liv«9
na. sv-l iect: « a: :e: :o I •: ir hV:'
N::~ 0.J vi J v: vn . i :i jliv.' ii v;J .l.U'
-------
Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Generation:
Lead and Cadmium (1998 TRI)
EPA Region 6
SIC Lddas aild In dust ry Sectors
33; 1 -Pi j i Brriulli ilj and
Rufiniriu u( Oufjpijrr—
SIC Cuduk and lndusliy Suuluis
32-11 - Smundiirr Stij I mj Rwfiriiriu
:f '-lonfsr -j ji \1 stals
3;I I - Sluul V* ¦udrihvi' ; =riJ Bluul 1-a t
:rd S'
-IM
""V
SIC. rnrirs and Indu^tiv Snrin s \
."•j.U" P 1- y =:mnirihij nnrt V
helm nrj iH rj nnfp rrn i= 'iir^ « \
$ - t ?ii h _ es a 3teei ry i
SIC Cades and liiduslry Sectors
3312 • B Fu" y. == s i: S lay I Mi
3315 S.. _! vs ir ud i ^•inu u rid SI _ U
l-Jnilr. finri fi [\Ur.r,
S!f Hndfls and Industry Sfttfnrs
• I e:roleum I- =• "inc
¦ 11 = =11* .ma< es and sHeei r/ ill
Lead and Cadmium Quantities
Generated in 1998 (pounds)
| 10,000 - 100,000
| 100,000 -500,000
I ' 500,000-1,000,000
¦i 1,000,000 -9,000,000
N:1< 1 5/cjpcs HI.ISHU. _o
-------
Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Generation:
Lead and Cadmium (1998 TRI)
EPA Region 7
SIC Codes and Induslry Sectors SIC Codes and Industry Sectors
3512 ¦ Blast Furnaces snd Steel Mills — — - 3312- Blzst Furnaces and 3t«l Mills
: :¦
\ IA 1
k Lead and Cadmium Quantities
*1 Generated in 1998 fooundsl
SIC Codes and Industry Sectors
2241 - Cement Hydraulk
23£7 • Drawing and Insulating c«f Noiferrous Wire
3IC Codes and Industry Sectors
233Cj - Frimary Smelting *rid Refining of Norif«roL.&
Metels. Except Qoppe* eird £IuminuTi
N
-------
Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Generation:
Lead and Cadmium (1998 TRI)
EPA Region 8
SIC Codes and industry Sectors
S3S9 - Primary Smelting and Refining of
Non Fb'rou? xcapt Coppar
and AJuminun
SIC Cedes and Industry Sectors
2911 - Petroleum Refining
SIC Codes and Industry Sec tors
3531 ¦ Primary -Smelling and
n e*1ning of Copper
WY
ND
SD
SIC Cades and Industry Sectors
2911 - Petroleum Refining
SIC Cades and Industry Sec tors
No -310 Codes FLepoUecl
00
SIC Codes and Industry Sectors
3312- Blast; Furnaces &nd Steel Hills
2B19 - lndu'slribl lnuiybiiit CMtniiialu, NEC
Lead and Cadmium Quantities
Generated in 1398 (pounds)
0 -10,000
10,000 -100.000
1,000,000-8,000,000
N <"*<"• '
Nc:e :
.1.1
. . . |i,v. \rW
•• ::i• ::::: -I !:• TF. in 1:::^
.. 'vOdt * :Tf re:: tfd
n :: . v il n •-,» • : I": ••
-------
Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Generation:
Lead and Cadmium (1998 TRI)
EPA Region 9
IC Codes and Industry Sectors
3341 Secondary Smelling and
Refining of NonfetTou-s Metals
SIC Codes and Industry Sectors
N Ko SIC Cocet imparted
SIC Codes and Industry Sectors
Nq SIC' Codes Reported
Lead and Cadmium Quantities
Generated in 1998(pounds)
0-10,000
1,000,000 - 8,000,000
srid >:: iiur "eve'str.?
dIC Codes and Indu^t^dictors
1331 - Primary Smelting and Refining
of Copter
-------
Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Generation:
Lead and Cadmium (1998 TRI)
EPA Region 10
SIC CftriKft and Industry Sectors
3312 - Blast FurratB& ?uid Steel Mi
9711 - National Security
SIC Codes and Industry Sectors
3512- Blast FurnaceG and Steel Mill?
/
x
WA
OR
r(
. ,v
/
e
)
\
Lead and Cadmium Quantities
Generated in 1998 (pounds)
| o -10,000
| 100,000 -500,000
I 500,000 - 1,000,000
N- •• ~?\ 'Wi p..:; ;n..| ¦ ::i..I.•
III Jij': .1 : >WU..i': > . . I'd I J TP ill 1; jiS
Nc:e . V w Oodf > -r? r«: : -.?d I: ' tv *•:
.r -I .. i in i .r il ii --.i • : I": •-
Vi AK
r-
"¦•V.
81C Code? and Industry Sector?
No SIC Codes RBporlsd
D
SIC Codes and Industry Sectors
231 £ - Industrial Insrgunic Ghemcab. NEC
-------
Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Generation:
Excluding Lead and Cadmium (1998 TRI)
EPA Region 1
WRst* M In ml sari en F "Icrfty Cham lc-.il b
5I& codes B.m induBiry S*ctorB
I/- .r :rd M<*» iv.
Minimization Priority Chemicals
t-'j 0' vi 'I vtj's
SIC Codes and Industry Sectors
ho VL- l;ef ot?:
VT
NH
ME
?,•
y*f'
Waste Minimization Priority Chemical
Quantities Generated in 1996 (pounds)
0 - 1,000
1,000 -10.000
10.0DO - 100,000
i|< ::i ;
.Li.-
I •• i i<: :l • p. : ili i;
i i >:c
•4::l« • !:: in r m
Jl- i -.1 i•. «. V-. i >.1v k - v .ii g
•¦Ivlv * '2 C J".' I-.VV.VV fv .'Iv .-.'•J J J
ir -izr.oi nn:rtv : rHca jisTdte- r *-cr v.-l
fc- VtasHe Minimization Priority Cl-em cals
- M.t un'.ri? •ip-'ta.l
SIC Codes. end Industry Sectors
'<<* N J 110 C. tr; RtMJ Lrt.
Waste Mliiln liallc-n Priority Clienilcals
P. 11;
"JL" (.'odts and Industry Sectors
?ro . .*.| i P •:«! i:: ;
Woate Minimization Priority Chemicals >
SIC Cud** yinJ Imludliy SwuUhb i
li'svy I idJiMil Ora:T «:
Hi. -. :: :i; -.T.
1 P -J:l ¦. i Ms le< ii I?, ""
V>n v?-lic i: i;fills., cr: r- :r«ilcsr
MA
v%,
•—.-I
CT
wuatc Minimization Priority Chemicals
•o *Tfrn:ste k*:ol*d
SIC Codes and IndUBlrv SectorB
p.:::.. . ::
-------
Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Generation:
Excluding Lead and Cadmium (1998 TRI)
EPA Region 2
PR
I
<: j
WjsK Minimization Pdc lty ClKnilcili
N:: ""'I' I I- =::|•::*!•
SIC Codes and IndustrySedors
NvII'I Cv"leV l-J
£
tf
NY
I Waste i1inimi2Btian PriDrily Chemicals
I i
\ zr cflvare: ^Jl:rx :•
l' SIC Codca ond Industry Sectors
s'v>i :nri:*rv :-odj<:i:r
\ .1 r 11 i
^ JvU "I-.;- ;i iJ Clilw'iiiv
c '
'JJssti M nimizalian Priority Chemicals
P/.l I;
SIC estiva Krid liiduslrj
-"1 . ,1- i P::fii m
VI
w -"7/c1- E
Waste Minimization Priority Chemical
Quantities Generated in 1995 (pounds)
| 0-1,000
| 10,000-100,000
| | 100,000 - 1,000,000
1 » i i i t-.1 " i ::ii:: ily :l ::i i::.^ ::i. ;iilili'-!
77 i <-•. i'li.1 J7c lofu'L no. s. itl •Sf«.l7'"S I :9C
• •.if. 2 I-I'I CvJv. J -. V• . 7-J rI 7 ; v' U V --3J.7
ri run: 1 : ¦ jr.-,-: van ;a : j?r::ei t fa t
K
" "i
NJ J
/
"J
¦A'astf M nirnization Prioritv Chemicals
P/.l L
Ir: -i:
SIC Codes aid liduEtry Sectors
••" - ' I'l.j i :p.f- I'J. .:i ::
«Ji^ V :. 77'.. NI-
icij": ..'.\:l ; .. gffii; '.'rt. r* o d
li .-i I.i • •; >i::.:i • v::s .« :l
R:;i
:r~la: :-:lr: M*:1 k". Idigi
•• r.:: - | ; |
¦ V ::i i • ,i: Nr
-------
Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Generation:
Excluding Lead and Cadmium (1998 TRI)
EPA Region 3
UVb£-* MlnfrYitzdtldn Frle>rl:y C heroic Hi
lilTiiiU'uui
blL Ucdes and Industry £?ctars
ria»:lc»Ntarf ?li, Tr^c«:
r jiTD n-rr--
;ji-
WAQfA Mld1n|->QUr*l Prtrtfiry rr*frtlf:AlB
:ih ¦r.-.n.-.t,
^It nr.
SIC Cades and hcustry Sectors
i> "ji-ri ii: "V i::::;
¦r : rteTu:«rj> Oig-nc
I :: - :;n •• I
Wasi* illnlnlzztlan Priority Chemicals
1 l::i
'¦£ —5.
SIC Codes ard Indust-y St-rors
I Kr:a -| ¦*.. r. ~.•'ils 1
>j;5 k'iiiv vl. i- i-JCjlr.
?v.i.r.\ ;.r * v. v* v- Ir.' ^.d
Ufc>-.
Vrtitf Minirnixerfion Pr otitf Ch^rnicala
( r '.rt. -.i.r-r- r.-
r-Ahi
r- • 1:: I-.-
SIC Code* Bnd Industry Sector5
- T-v t 1 •: *.~i i.« t - ti:I Inlm 1
n iji 1 r I - I v r«
-v11 • "I Rdll 'Ij.
•Waste Minim iiaticn Priorits' Chenica
=>/-JI
SIC Cod*s and ndustry Seclor;
jii.1 ^iii sjv = v. v •//•In
Waste Minimization Priority Chemical N;r, |:,,, rh|r|aK0. rcrv :r_rlCs1(,,l(.i5
Quantities Generated in 1998 (pounds! •* >• yi=r.i .•:».!•• .•«:i--5
10,000-100,000
1,000,900 - 11.005,000
N.:- " "1 "*»*. :i :::: I', i ."i"':- •:( -i.-
••«•»» irm ustfx : i:rrr crei :a qjaoK r a:i«im
-------
Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Generation:
Excluding Lead and Cadmium (1998 TRI)
EPA Region 4
Watte Mlnlnlifttloi
Priority Chtmicals
SIC Cu dws him; hivuul'y duuLsm
.VT1..::h i i. = h i hi
:'Mt d. -r :(tr... ai«: f." r id
:!i!4 i ¦ S::< -:i -I : l.j I
i:i •• ¦.'• il'ii:: i: K'.. ,1 . s.
-Viy Ml :t 13 '.-r ^:T !
I- -• Ti"- ii-,.'. :
uVBRt* Priority r.hAmIran
F "I I
Cf 0'Cfc?nZ9'£»
tt fit r nr.'
Sit and industry Sfctora
c:.:a--i wit»:ri
(^n/.hr^ ' v.;. i<-h"
Whst* Mlnhilzatioi
Priority Ch pmicals
r-AHt
>::r«* I ^tciies.
SIC Cades and Industry1 Sectors
*-ly" «w.ing
) -:p.^r-. H> f * z i<1
¦H7; C)=*ht rnfror.hg, =t
s !«• N-. .
wast* Minimizaclon
PMnrl-y ChamliiQl*
Vtostr Minimization
Priori:'/ ChernlcaJ*
I - i. :;i
A:t -:6
v^:
SIC Codes and Industry Sectors
'SJ'fl b^ai^^'rr I a:i:
•it; V.'..,
: 1 v 1 v ,s
I ir?* ?M r *e* ii :es
Minimization
Priority C hern Icula
"£t-:r dr«
i-il/r.-./.i-rT.-fi.-.r
SIC C3d*«? and industry Sectors
.•_! . vKm:.
ill ::i: n-th-.v.-i F:l
ct Yannaie I b-rr D idt- k
.-r-."./j.T'f hi -il-. il V.
i. :-.i. 0 ; vi-1 i ll::
worr; ujifviH rTdAird
1<•¦••• <:
Ii>:::::; ,n:l /vj i:: ill ii :l " i-'i
cri: r cC 0 iz~rei
SIC Cod*B and industry Sactort
v.,i !• ""i i-k ti •:
IL>r 11 M . i: l*': : I. C I l-f-J . Z\'*fz
n< l' ir* tE.
' 1 - =».<;. :-i:i:ii:l;. ¦:
i'K R^iil •: J K' Nv *J \d lU-JVb
Z. is"! T^ i
V. 1 - ~ii::i; :i :l i -» T.
Wast* viinlrriIzntlon Priority Chenlcei^
K». I i
SIC Codes and Industrv Sectors
r.:tf rip. br :. j.t i,
.1 :: -"-II:::: %:ivi«::; t C
Waste Minimization Priority Chemical
Quantities Gen a rated in 1999 (pounds)
I 10,000-100,000
100,000 -1,000,000
Hi 1,000,000-11,000,000
N"l'- 1 , |-| ;.ii ::l» ::l :;ni> ¦; _v il
d: r:: nc j: r-r:y re : orlinja indjrn? **c:o * * lyrf
a;, n s. fi'i, n.'.^rtA.-. *:.r
-------
Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Generation:
Excluding Lead and Cadmium (1998 TRI)
EPA Region 5
Mimniatian
Priority £h«micsilc
SIC Cod*B bnd industry sectors
I I ~t\\ niir'i • ir:.
/I - .n:: Pic: il: i::n
a 1a r>
MN
l_
WRBt* wirnmizMlor SIC codeB and
Priority Chemicals Industry Secta'S
;:-:i '5;v^ •-C'jv.k-
r:r Icurdiee.
'•: ::l h::i.i .hi :¦;
o:
V?I bTr*a: r:r
^ :: I'v. si :r.- *"*v
Mininiation SIC Codes and Industry G?.rtors
wi
L / J "
W ol
-1
j-ft
Waste Mi Tim lation 3ricrity Chemicals;
PA I;
SIC L"od«s and Industry sectors
r. fr-an =.
.-i :l i:i :: \::hyi.I' :i ~
c-'-V 'io.=r ;ar« rg,a*:
-II v :-*-ir-« M-'.
X. - r-M • .1 ,i c .".Ii-::: :i":: i::!
IL
Priority CM*rri!cRl$
P--IU
(.T o'^frieni
ni.-i. ::l'i. i
g i ii . ri. .V '.
I il« •• • i::« S*:l« • "V^i'ii-
LVesaidl *g'ier:>
.W.H- /•m:. fi'j.rn^ :r.1
i« ;l :V*- N~~'
Waste Minimization Priority
Chemical Quantities
Generated ir 1999 (pounds)
| 10,000 - 1 00,000
f • 1 100,000 - 1,000,000
¦ 1,000,000-11 000,000
Wfcst* Minimization
Priority C Ferule si ft
~«il • 1 ' ::f n .1
*.v.r-v•R'M". j
•J" ofotiriie'ej
V'1<: iiv
SIC and lnduo1r*>/ Bsctora
_v:l: tjq "ii: wrudes-,
M-- I i::-l :!• :: T".<•;
;• iJ D ';i'u'i,';
?':V :nrifv : ojjn:r v
'¦ ii • i n. -i
U~)- i' v Z i«j j-.i :-i J
A V«v : *i, ht_
.!.! 1- :
I-.^d Mi j
Watte Minimization 3IC Ccd#B and Indus-try Sectors
{' 'ricrity Chemicals -•'*-! - i ¦ i J .I yKn. ¦
' • r-AH: '1:2^ -I '-'•".I'. CI Lc1. ft V J
(Jt oxfc?nz*» :T&:lfinO-« tod. ::i:n
/•:: r--:- P^ I • i>:--; '*•••; i" v. ~ i»_p.:vi i«: :i -I i::«I
CiLw x.Cyi^i >i-.i<_~: Z~.
t-'ercurv
N:<:: •.« : ;l> i ii ii i i.i i::i |. •< ; «: i« *u• :-| i.i :•;
¦Jj i.lii . I Or ll«.*.l- r. . i .in.. i J J4i u zV .\t > i i 1SOI
N:.:: /* ; nH.-:: •:
rriiri j-J. ^ k -s I- J v i i<.^l «jl -j iliUv. -i l>:-v
-------
Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Generation:
Excluding Lead and Cadmium (1998 TRI)
EPA Region 6
WrbU r»Unlzatlon 3IC CocJ*b and Industry
Priority Chemlca s ^ krvrr:.r* M C
WhaIa MlnlfVil7nt1rtn
Priority Chemicals
SIC Codes and Industry* Sectors
~ 1 - :;i. i z.:-' ii' ::
Waste Minimisation
PrioritY Chfl-nicsJc
whi: ri • = .-Jmarcs
hl.\r'\,.«»'i*v.r«s
5IC Cod?s and ndUBtry sectors
i'JM1 'Iw-i-iL -vitUiv
B:.:y I irUstirl'.rp:T c Chrnna > L
V /.J. vir A f f--f * s.
P .-11;
¦I 0
M*ar-
r-:: P« - J < i« I -;
SIC CoOea and Indualiy
Sectors
J; l'i Al-f fE- :T :
Waste Minimization Priority
Chemical Quantities Generated
in 1998 (pounds)
0-1,000
10,000 -100.000
500,000-1,000,000
1.000,000 -11,000,000
ll:» '' ¦ :•!! *¦'*': il> -1 'll'l 'I I.' 1 l"! [•'•I ¦; "'h "I • • | I.I
• k 'i::l ii ihI:: ii-'-J.-in:: i-li:l .i ;i'
N r.T 2 ^ V:7t t : < rte: *0 • jus, : r v ¦? •• s ite
n unr-V-T pr«-«-tc .%ri-*il ihli.'.r i i
-------
Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Generation:
Excluding Lead and Cadmium (1998 TRI)
EPA Region 7
Wa^te Minim izalicci
Pr o- lty Chcrrilcola
3IC C«idra and
induBiry '3*con
NE
IA
Vi'aste Mlnlrr I ntlon Priority C hern c als
KM !
rO'e
Ki 1 •: ii .
SIC CodAO arid Mduiitry Sectors
K"-yki..^r„
\ ,-^r:ir:i zrenc?i«, r-.E:
J : ii i i.-i Vi:>1
J list* ji: I :I
Waste Mlrilmlatlon P-lorlty Chrrnlcals I
T«hi
• I :.-:i '1"! I
(Jt err ~t( i
KM:: i-v 1
SIC Coda tend Induflfey'Soctori! |
' I ( «rr«rf
•.in.
KS
s*,.
WO
Waste MlrilnlzEulon Priority Ch*irlcBJ$
*::v* "Sit": :-r«
F - !
F!IC T!ri.1ftfl hud nrii.afry RAtfftr*
• h>-fK Y- II.".
¦¦¦'/ .tjkul.ji j Cln •.:!>, E-I
J 0- "i:: il I i::
1
•-V
I
Waste Minimization Priority Chemical
Quantities Generated in 1993 (pounds)
0-1,000
l 100,000 -1,000,000
"J::? I: iVVi •
in. i.
'l.:r z
•"A rn rzstcr ci:nf- «:he*Ha :
'!• . i:::«::il n i :l it; :l ::i n
: »>'i H >
-------
Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Generation:
Excluding Lead and Cadmium (1998 TRI)
EPA Region 8
Waste MinlirlzallDn Priority Chemicals
SIC Cadu and hdustry Sectors
¦i|' n K::ln i-j
MT
NC
Waste Minimization
Priority Chemicals
M:. mrt •«[%:. ta.\
SIC Codes arid IndustrySectDrs
j f-4:: :rU.' v. 1 .> |;:.|
WrhU MlilfTi ZB.t on Priority Chemicals
PA \j
3IC. Codes and induatry Sectors
- hi; :;l i::l:: in •
¦s v CvJ. NEC
WY
3D
Vi'jjt* bllnlnilzjtlcin
Pricrity Chtrnicals
'>1:: •"* i. - ii • :
SIC c ad* b and Industry smso rs
•J- . ' Jfi'r-i1
V/Bet* Minimization Frlonty Ch«ulcus
;Ah <
Y«i:: ii .'
liLti
SIC Codes and Indusiry Sectors
W. ".ii .11::
•y-x\ Mi I j
¦J"Uj I : 0 ii: -_/ude=.
":'i* 11 il- • i "i::«: ":l*' n :: '/ • H'li:: .
:• iJP -ii ... i
??oi :irii*v :neit lo-jid '
-.. i 1
UT
CO
Vst:* Minimization Pri&ritr Ch*rn cpJs
P*-l I;
55IC Codes and Industry Sectors;
*vr :8tc(6". ri-'fhrng
Waste Minimization Priority
Chemical Quantities Generated
in 1998 (pounds)
| 0-1,000
| 1,000-10,000
I 10.000-100,000
I I VVt:
. 1.1
r r nsrtoi :n: it- :t?r\:si ntJD*i
i-^ ! -j i i::i. ; hiI:•*: i
•iVl'_. -id-f-: a *e nsp j
rr ri*-7i:. i v.rr-;
rdl:r o* the «•>>*.t
i^r* ¦ r ifrh ^
-------
Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Generation:
Excluding Lead and Cadmium (1998 TRI)
EPA Region 9
VftBce Minimization Prtu'lcy Chemicals
•v.-.m.- Fv.lv
I ::i • 4 • • *i.«:»• • ;
SIC CgHts and lndu*?try Seclo r*
.-""•f- ii::v>l
A;na b. "a f;reni:a», htw
'A.'J _r.rr.\ -*<7v.
NV
WB*t* Mln mlzatkn P'lorty Ch*rjilcaJH
:Ahk
•*•:: r->- FV: I •
3IC Cod»i and Industn/ Sectors
.*!.*. 1 - T i,:i :: Ii i:: T ib<
WaBt* Minimization
Priori*/ Chcrtilctih
I -is
SIC Codes and Industry Sectors
••r ' . i vjf* ir-1 «^ir r]
AZ
, Waste M InlmlsaUvn
Priority Chern cals
" "I •:
SIC Codes p.no Induslry
Secla
;:2> ^j.ju,rvLC
VlfcU'1 -
Waste Minimization Priority Chemical
Quantities Generated in 1998 (pounds)
0-1,000
1,000 - 10,000
10,000 -100,000
1(JD,DCD -1,aOD,UDO
J.lw i i lii ii:Lu .1 *J il; lI ¦* i i.: .uuili.
tor
-------
Waste Minimization Priority Chemical Generation:
Excluding Lead and Cadmium (1998 TRI)
EPA Region 10
WfeBt* Minimization
Priority Chemicals
— <
\1::-::, •••
SIC Cocet Induetry Sectors
:\)U- -11 T:iy =->h. i::i •
- jn h r
Waste Minimization
Priority Chemical Quantities
Generated In 1998 (pounds)
I 0 -1,OOD
I 10,000 - 100,000
¦1 1.000.000- 11.000.000
Nv.v . 0)v "L Jlvi ii i i Ld.ivi p" u ."iv i•.:• gj
A-.
AK
OR
ID
Waste kii nimization
Pricrity Ch< mi ca is
• v "IIk- i j - >- V":i •
SIC Cedes and Indjstry Srctc-rs
: * 'fjx.'Sd
Wft&te Minrnizaticn P'lorty Chemical b
:*h-
r--- P.:: I •
SIC Cades and Induslry Sectors
??£»¦'' " ii i: •;
:• ai. rr jri
Waste M nlnilzatlon
Prlftrtfy f.hftffilnftlA
:tvi: :?«
SIC Codes and IndLstry Scztc-rs
y ; 1 '/.'I.'J. rir:TI- I..
------- |