EPA-600/3-30-092
September 1980
BIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF TOXIC TRACE METALS
Volume 2. Toxic Trace Metals in Plants and Animals
of the World
Part III
by
Dale W. Jenkins
3028 Tanglewood Drive
Sarasota, Florida 33579
Contract No. 68-03-0443
Project Officer
John A. Santolucito
Exposure Assessment Division
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
Las Vegas, Nevada 89114
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SYSTEMS LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA 89114
-------
DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for
publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect
the views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
ii
-------
CONTENTS
Volume 1. Biological Monitoring and Surveillance
Page
Foreword iii
Abstract iv
List of Tables vii
Acknowledgements x
I. Introduction. 1
Monitoring 2
Biological monitoring 2
Integrated exposure assessment monitoring 2
Surveillance monitoring 3
II. Definition of Biological Monitoring Requirements 5
Selection of toxic trace metals 5
Toxicity of trace metals to man 6
Toxic trace metals in the environment 14
Needs and priorities for biological monitoring. 37
Summary 44
III. Biological Monitoring 46
Value of biological monitoring. 46
Concepts and types of biological monitoring 48
Selection of biological monitoring organisms 65
Criteria for selection of biological monitoring organisms ... 67
IV. Biological Monitoring Organisms 160
Human hair 163
Rats 164
Pigeons 167
Domestic animals 168
Higher plants, food plants and crops 170
Mosses and lichens 172
Birds 173
Marine algae 175
Bivalve molluscs 176
Fish 177
V. Biological Monitoring Systems and Networks 179
Integrated exposure assessment monitoring program 179
Biological surveillance monitoring of the environment
and food 180
National environmental pesticide monitoring networks 183
Proposed national environmental pesticide monitoring
networks 186
VI. Literature Cited 189
iii
-------
CONTENTS (Continued)
Volume 2. Toxic Trace Metals in Plants and Animals of the World
Part I
Page
Foreword iii
Abstract iv
Table of Contents v
Acknowledgements vii
I. Introduction . . 1
Sources of data ..... 3
Method of compilation and presentation of data 4
Problems and sources of error in evaluating data 7
Species of plants and animals analyzed 8
II. Trace Metals in Biological Organisms 9
Antimony 10
Arsenic 30
Beryllium 139
Boron 150
Cadmium 172
Chromium 364
Cobalt 444
Part II
II. Trace Metals in Biological Organisms (Continued) 504
Copper 505
Lead 619
Mercury 779
Part III
II. Trace Metals in Biological Organisms (Continued) 984
Nickel 985
Selenium 1090
Tin 1130
Vanadium 1151
III. Literature Cited 1198
iv
-------
TRACE., METALS IN BIOLOGICAL ORGANISMS (Continued)
-------
NICKEL IN MAMMALS
(1)
Species
Locality
Tissue
Analysis
PPM
(2)
Authority
Cow
Bos
bovis
France
liver
W 0.125
II
D
0.
36
pancreas
W
0.
135
H
D
0.
41
testicle
K
0.
032
ii
D
0.
22
brain
W
0.
033
(1
D
0.
15
blood
W
0.
011
11
D
0.
057
kidney
W
0.
01
?!
D
0.
047
calf liver
W
0.
125
it n
D
0.
5
Bertrand &
Macheboeuf
(1925)
(1)
(2)
Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
? indicates questionable data.
W, D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination or mean. (x-y) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean. 1 Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE), median, and geometric mean are indicated as reported.
pCi/g = picocuries per gram.
985-
-------
Cow
Bos bovis
France
milk
W 0.004
*1 11
?» tl
f f IT
I! U
11 f!
11 t»
II ft
II ?f
Guinea pig
Cavia porcellus
Horse
Equus caballus
>!ouse
Mus muscuius
D 0.04
New England bone marrow W 0.22
bone
muscle
" " kidney
" feces
United States calf
pancreas
RNA
calf thymus
RNA
hair
W 0.58
W 0.0
W 0.66
W 0.75
W 130.0
W 74.0
trace
United States kidney RNA W 44.0
Bertrand &
Macheboeuf
(1925)
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
Wacker &
Vallee
(1959)
Kikkawa et
al. (1958)
Wacker &
Vallee
(1959)
United States ave.
" kidney
" liver
" heart
lung
" spleen
France whole
tt II
W (0.32-0.46) Schroeder et
al. (1964)
W (0.46-0.52)
W (0.20-0.62) "
W (0.0-0.43)
W (0.32-0.61)
W (0.33-0.42)
W 0.025 Bertrand &
Macheboeuf
(1925)
D 0.084
986
-------
IThite-tailed deer
Qdocoilus virginianus New England
kidney
W (0.0-2.9) Schroeder et
al. (1962)
Rabbit
Oryctolagus cuniculus
Sheep
Ovis aries
Harbor seal
Phoca vitulina
Rat
Rattus rattus
kidney
(spectro-
graph^)
liver
hair
(black)
hair
(white)
United States reticulo-
cyte RNA
New England muscle
Scotland
blood
spleen
heart
mus cle
kidney
liver
Gray squirrel
Sciurus carolinensis New England kidney
liver
heart
K (0.0-0.66)
VJ (0.0-2.5)
0.18-0.08
1.7-0.41
W 51.0
W 0.0
W 3.U-l.0
W <30.0
W <8.0
W <10.0
W <10.0
W 9.0-6.0
United States liver RNA W 64.0
W 3.19
W 1.51
W 3.67
Kikkawa et
al. (1958)
Wacker &
Vallee
(1959)
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
Hamilton
(1976)
Wacker &
Vallee
(1959)
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
987.
-------
Red squirrel
Sciurus hudsonicus
Pig
Sus scrofa
Cottontail rabbit
Svlvilagus floridanus
Neiv England kidney
liver
muscle
kidney
liver
VJ 0.0
V 0.0
W (0.0-0.02)
W (0.0-3-A)
W (0.0-0.08)
W 2.3 3
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
988
-------
¦ • NTCKEL IN BIRDS
(1)
Species
Kallard
Anas platvr'nynchos
Black duck
Anas rubripes
White-fronted goose
Ariser albifrons
Lesser scaup
Aythya affinis
Ruffed grouse
Bonasa umbellus
Chicken
Gallus gallus
(1)
Locality
Tissue
Analysis
PPK
(2)
Canada
France
feather D <0.05
D <0.05
New England kidney
liver
egg white
D <0.05
D <0.05
W 4.96
W (1.11-2.42)
<0.002
egg yolk W 0.02
D 0.04
New England egg, whole W 0.03
Authority
Kelsal]
:;.9TG')
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
Rertrand &
Kachebceuf
(1925)
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
Blank spaces indicate information not. available or not applicable.
? indicates questionable data.
(2) .
W, D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single, number
indicates a single determination or mean. (x-y) indicates range of
values, 'followed by the mean. - Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE), median and geometric mean are indicated as reported.
pCi/g = picocuries per gram.
989
-------
Bald eagle
Haliaeetus
leucocephalus
Wisconsin,
Maine,
Florida
Lesser black.-backed gull
Larus fuscus fuscus Norway
Turkey
Meleagris gallopavo France
Brown pelican
Pelecanus occidentalis South
Carolina
Florida
" " Georgia
Eider
Somateria nollissima Norway
Robin
Turdus nigratorius
egg (1968) D 0.0
muscle
liver
kidney
liver
muscle
feather
egg
liver
egg
liver
liver
ir.us cle
liver
" kidney
egg
New England kidney
liver
Krantz et
al. (1970)
Lande (1977)
Bertrand &
Macheboeuf
(1925)
D 1.0
D 2.0
D 5.0
W 0.015
D 0.053
W <0.002
W 0.3
D 0.33
Blus et al.
W (0.01-0.072) (1977)
0.022
W (0.039-0.07S)
K (0.009-0.042)
0.023
W 0.019-0.058)
W 0.016
0 2.0
D 1.0
D 2.0
D 1.0
W 1.66
W 0.91
Lande (1977)
Schroecer et
al. (1962)
990
-------
NICKEL IN MARINE FISH
(1)
Snecies
Locality
Tissue
Analysis
PPM
(2)
Authoritv
Atlantic wolf fish,
catfish
Anarchichas lupus
Deepbody anchovy
Anchoa compressa
Blue hake
Antiraora rostrata
Atlantic argentine
Argentina silus
Jolthead, porgy
Calamus baj onado
Norway
Los Angeles
harbor
Middle
Atlantic
Norwav
Puerto Rico
muscle
muscle
liver
intestine
gills
D 4.0
D 13.6
W <0.51
W (<0.45-< 0.4 8)
D 3.0
W 14.0
n 23.0
U 1.7
D 7.5
W 3.5
D 10.0
Lande (1977)
Emerson et
al. (1976)
Greig et
al. (1976)
Lande (1977)
Lowman et
al. (1967)
Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
? indicates questionable data.
(2)
W, D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination or mean. (x-y) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean. - Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE), median and geometric mean are indicated as reported.
pCi/g = picocuries per gram.
"991 -
-------
Jolthead, porgy
Calamus baj onado
Puerto Rico muscle
Whitetip oceanic shark
Carcharinus longimanus Puerto Rico
eve
scale
liver
skin
v: 0.33
D 1.4
W 1.4
D 7.1
W 12.0
D 16.0
W 0.054
D 0.097
vertebra W
D 4.9
W 1.9
D 7.3
Lowman et
al- (1967)
Rabbit fish
Chimaera monstroaa Norway
Atlantic herring
Clupea harengus "
Grenadie r
Coryphaenoides rupestris
(= Macrurus rupestris) "
Ctengraulis edentulus Puerto Rico
D 5.0
D 4.0
D 4.0
W (1.0-3.6)
2.26
D (4.5-16.0)
6.4
Lande (1977)
Lowman et
al. (1965)
Wrass
Ctenolabrus rupes tris Sweden
Lumpsucker
Cyclopterus lumpus
treat Britain skin
D 30.0
W 3.90
Noddack &
Noddack
(1940)
Wright
(1976)
-y992
-------
Lumpsucker
Cyclopterus lumpus
Great Britain stomach W 3.75
Sand seatrout
Cynoscion arenarius Texas
Shiner perch
Cvmatogaster aggregata Los Angeles
harbor
Diplodus vulgaris Israel
Ectnopus crossotus Puerto Rico
liver
Eat body
kidney
muscle
tt.us c 1 e
skin
digestive
tract
liver
muscle
muscle
Anchovy
Engraulis encrasicolus Adriatic Sea skin
gill
muscle
gut
liver
Wright
(1976)
W 3.96
W 3.19
W 5.52
W 3.^0 "
D (2.8-5.1)4.0 Horowitz &
Presley
(19 7 7)
D (1.3-2.4)1.9
air bladder D 0.'
D 2.7
D 0.8
D 163.9
D 1.7
W 0.88
D 3.7
W (1.3-4.5)2.5
W (0.5-1.0)0.7
W (»D-0.5)0.2
W (MD-0.6)0.4
W ND
Emerson et
al. (1976)
Roth &
Hornung
(1977)
Lowman et
al. (1965)
Gilmartin &
Revelante
(1975)
993,'
-------
Anchovy
Engraulis encrasicolus Adriatic Sea whole
California skin
gill
muscle
viscera
liver
gonad
Northern anchovy
Engraulis mordax
Anchovy
Engraulis sp¦
Grouper
Epinephelus aeneus
Grouper
Epinephelus guaza
Priest shark
Etmopterus spinax
Skipjack tuna
Euthynnus pelanis
Los Angeles
harbor muscle
Israel
Israel
Norway
Pacific
Peru
Puerto Rico
muscle
muscle
whole
W (0.5 3-0.59)
0.56
W 0.4
W 0.7
W KD
W 1.1
W KD
w ND
D 14.1
canned W 0.72
D (1.1-1.6)
D 0.
D 6.0
A 12.0
muscle W 2.0
D 5.0
Gilmartin &
Revelante
(1975)
Knauer
(1972)
Emerson et
al. (1976)
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
Roth &
Hornung
(1977)
Lande (1977)
Goldberg
(1962)
Lownan et
al . (1967)
W (0.31-0.95) Lowman et
0.5 al. (1966)
D (1.1-4.2)
1 1
994 '
-------
Atlantic cod
Gadus morhua
Gulf of Kola adult
Blackmouthed dogfish
Galeus melastomus
White croaker
Genyonemus lineatus
Witch flounder
Glyptocephalus
cynoglossus
Halosauropsis
macrochir
11 ir n
II ll ii
ff n ll
young
Norway
Great Britain gill
s.
-------
Scaled sardine
Harengula sp.
Soldier fish,
squirrel fish
Holocentrus rufus
Lanternfish
Hygop'nuir. hygomi
Yellowtail flounder
Limanda ferruginea
Dab
Limanda limanda
Puerto Rico
Middle
Atlantic
New York
Bight
New York
Bight
whole
liver
Great Britain skin
W (1.1-7.2)2.8 Lowmar. et
al. (1965)
D (4.1-25.0)9.9
W (2.5-4.2)3.1
D (7.2-8.4)7.8
Greig et
W (0.37-0.74) al. (1976)
muscle W (<0.2-0.4) Greig &
Wenzloff
(0.2-1.1)
W 3.0
(1977)
(= Pleuronectes limanda)
Wright
(1976)
Blue marlin
Makaira nigricans
Puerto Rico
stomach
wall
liver
kidney
muscle
Haddock
Melanogrammus aeglefinus
(= Gadus aeglefinus) Gulf of Kola
11 M tl
tf 11 M
United States muscle
W 1.2
W 2.38
W 2.0
W 7.1
W (0.24-2.1) Lowinan et
0.83 al. (1965)
D (0.56-5.2)2.9
A 6.3
D 1.0
W 0.015
W 0.05
Halyuga
(1946)
Schroeder
et al (1962)
996
-------
Haddock
Melanogranunus aeglefinus
(= Gadus aeglefinus) Norway
Whi ting
Me rlangius merlangus
(= Gadus merlangus)
Great Britain gill
skin
Norway
France
European hake
Merluccius merluccius Israel
Atlantic croaker
Micropogon undulatus Texas
D (3.0-6.0)
W 3.4
W 1.6
W 1.0
W 1.7
W 0.5
W 3.6
W 0.5
D 5.0
W 0.014
D 0.068
A 0.5
muscle D (ND-1.0)0.4
stomach
wall
liver
fat body
kidney
muscle
whole
muscle
SKin
D 2.7
D 3.8
Lande (1977)
Wright
(1976)
Lande (1977)
Bertrand &
Macheboeuf
(1925)
Roth &
Hornung
(1977)
Horowitz L
Preslev
(1-977)"
Dover sole
Microstomus pacificus California
muscle
gonad
W (0.1-0.3)0.2 Fowler et
al. (1975)
D <2,0
D (<2.0--<4.8)
McDermott et
al. (1976)
997.
-------
Dover sole
Microstomus pacificus California
Planehead filefish
Monacanthus hispidus
(=Stephanolepsis
hispidus)
Striped bass
Morone saxatilis
Middle
Atlantic
Long Island
Goatfish
Mullus barbatus
Smooth dogfish
Mustelus canis
Israel
Nematonurus arraatus
New York
Bight
New York
Bight
Middle
Atlantic
Yellowfin tuna
Neothunnus macropterus Pacific
liver
whole
muscle
liver
muscle
liver
blood
D (1.4-2.6)
McDermott et
al. (1976)
W (0.48-<0.49) Greig et
al. (1976)
1.45
D 4.63
Zawacki &
Briggs
(1976)
D (1.4-1.8)1.6 Roth &
Hornung
(1977)'
tikis cle W <0.3
Greig &
Wenzloff
(1977)
W <0.3
W (C0.44--C0.6) Greig et
al. (1976)
(<0.5-<0.82)
A 45.0
Goldberg
(1962)
pyloric
caeca A 280.0
muscle A 130.0
heart A 25.0
intestine A 17.0
liver A 37.0
integument A 17.0
stomach A 260.0
'998
-------
Yellowfin tuna
Neothunnus macropterus Pacific
Atlantic thread herring
Opisthonema oglinura Puerto Rico
II If
If 1!
whole
A 19.0
Smelt
Osmerus eperlanus
Calico bass
Paralabrax clathratus
White seaperch
Phanerodon furcatus
Plaice
Pleuronectes platessa
France
whole
California dorsal
muscle
" ventral
muscle
" gonad
" liver
skin
Los Angeles
harbor muscle
Great Britain skin
" " stomach
wall
" " fat body
" " liver
kidnev
Goldberg
(1962)
W (0.78-3.0) Lowman et
1.9 al. (1965,
1967)
D (2.8-28.0)
7.2 "
A (10.0-110.0) Ting & Vega
38.0 (1969)
W 0.015
D 0.065
D 9.0
W 6.0
W 4.6
W 4.2
W 10.8
W 6.0
Bertrand &
Macheboeuf
(1925)
Stapleton
D (5.0-6.4) (1968)
D (5.8-6.1)
D (1.47-2.2)
D (3.9-7.6)
D (9.0-10.2)
Emerson et
al. (1976)
Wright
(1976)
999"
-------
Plaice
Pleuronectes platessa Great Britain muscle
Pollock
Pollachius virens
(= C-adus virens)
Russia
Blue'f ish
Pomatomus saltatrix Long Island
gonad
W 2.8
W 9.0
A 5.5
D 1.1
W 0.16
W 2.36
D 5.8
Wright
(1976)
Malyuga
(1946)
Zawacki &
Briggs
(1976)
Wenchman
Pristipomoides aquilonaris
Texas
Winter flounder, flatfish
Pseudopleuronectes
araericanus Texas
Spanish sardine
Sardinella aurita
Sardine
Sardina pilcharcus
New York
Bight
Is rael
muscle D 0.6
skin
viscera
thus c ] e
D 2.4
D 4.2
Horowitz &
Preslev
(19 77)
muscle D (0.6-7.4)3.3 "
skin D (2.9-7.4)4.4
Greig &
muscle W (<0.3-0.5) Wenzloff
(1977)
liver W «0.3-<1.0)
D (1.6-3.4)
canned W 0.21
Roth &
Hornung
(1977)
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
•moo:
-------
Sardine
Sardina pilchardus
Adriatic Sea skin
Lizard fish
Saurida undosquamis
Israel
Ma ckerel
Scoraberomorus cavalla Puerto Rico
Window pane
Scophthalmus aquosus
Long Island
gill
muscle
viscera
liver
whole
muscle
W (1.1-5.8)2.5 Cilmartin &
Revelante
(1975) -
W (0.2-0.9)0.7
W (0.2-0.4)0.3
W (0.3-1.7)0.8
W (ND-1.1)0.3
W (0.46-0.85)0.6
D (0.3-10.8) Roth &
Hornung
(1977)
V (0.19-2.5)1.0 Lowrr.an et
al. (1965)
H 11
D (1.3-3.8)2.4
W 1.17
D 4.68
Zawacki &
Briggs
(1976)
Amberjack
Seriola sp,
Queenfish
Seriphus politus
Middle
Atlantic
Los Angeles
harbor
muscle W <0.5
liver
muscle
W <1.2
D 18.5
Greig et
al. (1976)
Emerson et
al. (1976)
Blackear bass
Serranus atrobranchius Texas
muscle
D 1.5
Horowitz &
Preslev
(197 7)'
skin
D 4.9
¦100.1
-------
Siganus rivulatus
Sole
Solea vulgaris
(= Solea solea)
Barracuda
Sphyraena sphyraena
Sprat
Sorattus sprattus
(= Clupea sprattus)
Israel
muscle
D 0.7
Spiny dogfish
Squalus acanthius
Israel
Israel
muscle
Great Britain gill
skin
s tonach
liver
fat body
kidney
nuscle
Sweden
Longspined porgy
Stenotomus chrysops Texas
nuscle
skin
viscera
Synophobranchus kaupi Middle Atlantic
3ight whole
Albacore
Thunnus alalunga
Pacific
spleen
gall
bladder
liver
Roth &
Hornung
(1977)
D 1.1
muscle D (0.1-0.5)
W 4.5-SD 4.2
W 9.2-SD 4.9
W 3.6--SD 1.2
W 2.l^SD 1.0
W 2.0-SD 1.0
W 3.8-SD 2.2
W 7.2-SD 4.8
Q 0.3
Wright
(1976)
Noddack &
Noddack
(1940)
D (0.5-2.0)1.0 Horowitz &
Presley
(1977)
D (2.8-7.4)4.9
D 3.5
W <0.49
A 42.0
A 2400.0
A 10.0
Greig et
al. (1976)
Coldberg
(1962)
1002
-------
Albacore
Thunnus alalunga
Yellowfin tuna
Thunnus albacares
Pacific
Peru
pyloric
caeca
stomach
gill
A 29.0
A 17.0
A 7.0
hyoid arch
bone A 11.0
muscle W 2.0
D 6.9
Goldberg
(1962)
Lowmar. et
al. (1967)
Rough scad
Trachurus lathami
iexas
Atlantic cutlass fish
Trichiurus lepturus Puerto Rico
Dwarf goatfish
Upeneus molluccensis
Red hake
Urophycis chuss
White hake
Urophycis tenuis
Sworcfish
Xiphias gladius
Israel
New York
Right
? I f!
!? II
" D (0.7-1.1)0.9 Horowitz &
Presley
(1977)"
skin D (3.4-4.1)3.8
viscera D 2.5 "
W (0.3-7.8)1.4 Lowman et
al. (1966)
D (1.5-25.0)4.7
muscle D (0.7-1.7)
Ro th &
Hornung
(1977)
Greig &
muscle •- W (0.3-0.5) Wenzloff
(1977)
liver VI (<0.2-1.7)
muscle W <0.1
frozen W 0.02
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
1003'
-------
Viviparous blenny
Zoarces viviparus
'Sea robin"
»» H
Eight demersal spp,
Nine species
Great Britain skin
Texas
stomach
wall
liver
muscle
muscle
" skin
Great Britain muscle
New Zealand
W 10.6-SD 4.0 Wright
(1976)
W 5.1-SD 1.3
W 3.6-SD 2.0
W 3.12-SD 1.76
D (0.5-1.2)0.8 Horowitz &
Pres ley
D (2.3-3.7)3.2
D (2.1-3.5)
W (0.02-0.07)
(1977)
Halcrow et
al. (1973)
Brooks &
Rums ev
(1974)
-',1004
-------
NICKEL IN FRESHWATER FISH^
* i -
Analysis
Species Locality Tissue ??H Authority
Sturgeon
Acipenser sp. New York muscle W 0.03 Tone; et al,
(1972)
Rock bass
Ambloplites rupestris Ontario, Hutchinson
Sudbury et al.
(contam.) muscle 12.5 (10 75)
liver W 17.0
kidney W 17.3
gill W 31.7
Quillback
Carpiodes cyprinus
Illinois
muscle W (0.15-0.45)0.18 Kathis &
Cunnings
(19 73) '
VJhite sucker
Catostomus conmersoni New York
Ontario,
Sudbury
(con t am.)
rr.uscle W 0.09
muscle
liver
W 13.2
W 16 .5
Tong et al.
(1972)
Hutchinson
et al.
(1975)
" " " kidney W 14.0
gill W 12.6
^^Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
? indicates questionable data.
(2)
W, D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination or nean. (x-v) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean. 1 Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE) , median and geometric, mean are indicated as reported.
pCi/g = picocuries per gram.
1005
-------
Lake whitefish
Coregonus clupeaformis Manitoba,
Moose Lake
Carp
Cyprinus carpio
Northern pike
Esox lucius
H II
?! tl
II II
?T II
II II
II II
Muskellunge
Esox masquinongy
Lake Ontario
New York
Illinois
Gizzard shad
Dorosoma cenedianum Illinois
Mani toba
Moose Lake
Manitoba,
Lake S t.
Pierre
Lake Erie
New York
Ontario,
Sudbury
(contain.)
Illinois
New York
muscle
muscle
Tnuscle
muscle
muscie
muscle
liver
kidney
gill
muscle
nuscle
W <0.2
V, <0.2
W 0. OA
W (0.04-0.28)
0.19
0.28
W <0.2
W <0.2
W <0.2
W (0.23-3.8)
W 13.3
W 15.4
W 27.7
W 17.3
W (0.08-0.19)
0.15
Uthe & Bligh
(1971)
Tong et al.
(1972)
Mathis &
Cunnings
(1973)
muscle W (0.06-0.52) Mathis &
Cummings
(1973)
Uthe &
Bligh (1971)
Tong et al.
(1972)
Hutchinson
et al.
(1975)
Mathis &
Cunmings
(1973)
'.v (0.19-1.3) Tong et al.
(1972)
1006
-------
Chain pickerel
Esox niger
Yellow pickerel
Esox sp .
II II
Brown bullhead
Ictalurus nebulosus
New York
Ontario,
Sudbury
(contam.)
muscle
W (0.1-0.25)
Bigmouth buffalo
Ictiobus cyprinellus Illinois
Longnosed gar
Lepisosteus platostomus "
Smallmouth bass
Micropterus dolomicui New York
[llinois
muscle
liver
kidney
gill
muscle
liver
kidney
gill
muscle
Tong et al.
(1972)
Hutchinson
et al.
(1975)
W 13.8
W 14. 4
W 51.6
W 16.0
W 9.5
W 10. 7
W 11.8
W 11.1
W (0.02-0.18)0.10 Mathis fi<
Cunnings
(1973)
W (0.07-0.28)0.18
W (0.16-1.2)
W (0.08-0.19)
0.13
Tong et al.
(1972)
Mathis &
Cumrr.ir.gs
(1973) '
Largemouth bass
Micropterus salir.oides New York " W (0.18-1.9) Tong et al.
(1972)
Illinois " W (0.05-0.23)0.11
Mathis &
Curanings
(1973)
VThite bass
Horone chrysops Illinois muscle W (0.04-0.12)0.08 "
1007
-------
Shorthead redhorse
Koxostoma macrolepidnotun:
(=Moxostona aureolum) Ontario,
Sudbury
(contain.)
Illinois
Rainbow smelt
Osir.erus mordax
Yellow perch
Perca flavescens
Lake Erie
Black crappie
Pomoxis nigromaculatus New York
Salmon
SalTTlO S£.
Lake trout
Salvelinus navnavcush New York
nuscle
] i ver
kidney
gill
muscle
muscle
liver
W 12.9
W 14.5
K 14.1
W 12.2
W (0.09-0.022)
0.14
W <0.2
W <0.2
Hutchinson
et al.
(1975)
W 0.13
W (0.14-0.28)
muscle W (0.07-0.2 7)
(no head age
or viscera) yrs.
1 V; 0.0086
2 W 0.009
3 W 0.0086
4 W 0.009
5 W 0.020
6 W 0.0086
7 W 0.022
8 W 0.022
Mathis &
Cuir.mings
(19 73)
Uthe & Bligh
(1971)
Tong et al.
(1972)
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
Tong et al.
(1972)
Tong et al.
(19 74)
1008
-------
Lake trout
Salvelinus naymaycush
New York (no head age
or viscera)yrs.
9
W 0.011
Tor.g et
(1974)
ir i!
Tt 11 11 1!
W 0.022
H
»» fi
H II I! »l
W 0.0072
»
11 n
II 1! 1! 11 ^9
W 0.0023
ir
Walleye
Stizostedion vitreum New York muscle W (0.12-0.95) Tong'et al.
(1972)
•;]00j)%
-------
NICKEL IN MOLLllSCA
(1)
Species
Locality
Tissue
Analysis
PPM
(2)
Authority
Aeolidia sp. liver
Clam
Amble-ma plicata Illinois
Whelk
Buccinum undatum
soft
parts
Anodonta sp.
Aplvsia sp. liver
Archidoris tuberculata "
Ribbed horse nussel
Arculatula (Modiolus) Irish Sea soft
modiolus parts
Great Britain
8.0
(1931) in
Vinogradov
(1953)
W
Mathis &
(0.4-2.3)1.1 Cummings
(1973)
trace
D 40.0
D 0.0
W 1.95
D 9.4
W 0.13
D 0.6
(1931) in
Vinogradov
(1953)
Fox & Ramage
(1930)
Segar et al.
(1971)
(1)
(2)
Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
? indicates questionable data.
W, D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination or mean. (x-y) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean. ^ Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE), median, and geometric mean are indicated as reported.
pCi/g = picocuries per gram.
-1010
-------
Whelk
Buccinum undatura
Scotland soft
(sludge dump) parts
D 8.5
Mackay et
al. (1972)
Edible cockle
..C.erastoderma edule
(= Cardium edule)
Scallop
Chlamys operculis
Great Britain "
gill
n it
Great Britain soft
parts
renal
organ
soft
parts
Scallop
Chlamys septemradiata Scotland
(dump area)
W 1.03
D 7.9
D 22.0
W 0.0015
D 0.007
W 1.755
D 1.495
hepato-
pancreas W 3.0
" D 23.45
podium &
sex organ W 1.585
D 1.34
W 0.22
W 15.8
W 0.21-0.055
D 1.56-0.4
D 16.0
South A'frican black mussel
Choromytilis meridionalis "
South Africa (female) D 5.2
soft parts D (2.0-3.0)
• .1011
Segar et
al. (1971)
(1931) in
Vinogradov
(1953)
Bryan
(1971)
Bryan
(1973)
Mackay et
al. (1972)
Watling &
Watling
(1976b)
-------
JS.ojuth: African black mussel
Choronytilis meridionalis soft parts
South Africa (male) D 5.7
Pteropod
Clione limacina
Corbicula leana
Portuguese oyster
Crassostrea angulata
Pacific oyster
Crasso9trea gigas
New England whole
Japan
soft
parts
shell
gill
mantle
hepato-
pancreas
& sex
organ
W. United soft
States parts
South Africa "
South Africa
Knysna estuary "
Great Britain "
A 4.0
D (0.5-2.2)
D (0.04-0.1)
W 0.2
D 1.295
W 0.133
D 0.935
W 0.17
D 1.0
W (0.10-0.20)
D 1.0
D (1.6-2.0)
D (1.0-10.0)
D (3.8-6.5)
D 3.0
Watling &
Watling
(1976b)
Nicholls et
al. (1959)
Nagahiro et
al. (1969)
(1936) in
Vinogradov
(1953)
Pringle et
al. (1968)
Watling &
Watling
(1976b)
" (1976a)
Thornton et
al. (1976)
Boyden &
Romeril
(1974)
Boyden
(1975)
1012
-------
Oyster
Crassostrea niargaritacea
South Africa
Krysna
" " South Africa
Langebaan lagoon
American oyster
Crassostrea virginica E. United soft
States parts
shell
D 1.6
D «,l. 0-1.0)
W (0.08-1.80)
0.19
K <0.12
D <1.0
Watling &
Watling
(1976a)
Pringle et
al. (1968)
Schuster &
Pringle
(1969)
Smith &
Wright
(1962)
soft
parts
W 1.5
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
Oyster
Crassostrea sp.
France
D 1.74
(1925) in
Vinogradov
(1953)
W 0.223
D 6.0
Crepidula fornicata
Great Britain
English Channel
W 127.5
D 850.0
Segar et
al. (1971)
Clam
Fusconaia flava
Illinois soft Mathis &
parts W (0.7-3.0)2.1 Cunnings
(1973)
Glycyroeris glycyneris
D 1.4
Segar et
al. (19.71)
Red abalone
Haliotis rufescens
California gill D (68.6-111.5) Anderlini
(1974)
mantle D (18.7-56.5)
digestive
gland
D (2.5-10.6)
1013-.
-------
Red abalotie
Haliotis rufescens California foot
D (0.0-1.6)
Anderlini
(1974)
Abalone
Haliotis sp.
root
D 40.0
Pteropod
Limacina retroversa New England whole
A 2.0
Macoma
Macona nasuta
California
soft
parts
Northern quahog
Mercenaria mercenaria Great Britain
D (6.5-19.2)
W 2.2
D 11.0
Meretrix meretrix
E. United
States
Japan
W (0.10-2.40)
0.24
D (0.5-2.2)
Ribbed mussel
Modiolus modiolus
Irish Sea
tt it
ft II
shell D (0.04-0.1)
soft
parts
D 133.0
W 1.95
D 9.4
Soft-shell clam
Mya arenaria
E. United
States
W (0.10-2.30)
0.27
W 191.0
" " " D 960.0?
Ocean mussel
Mytilus californianus S. California digestive
gland D (3.0-20.0)
'1014
Fax &
Ramage
(1930)
Nicholls et
al. (1959)
Emerson et
al. (1976)
Segar et
al. (1971)
11
Pringle et
al. (1968)
Nagahiro et
al. (1969)
ii
Segar et
al. (1971)
»t
1?
Pringle et
al. (1968)
(1936) in
Vinogradov
(1953)
11
Alexander &
Young (1976)
-------
Mussel
Mytilus edulis
aoteanus
New Zealand
» If
Common mussel
Mytilus edulis
edulis
tl ft n
tt it ft
ft 11 11
f» u it
II ti tl
ft n it
ii tt it
if ti it
tt it ii
tt ti u
soft D (1.0-17.0)
parts 7.0
mantle D <2.0
gill D 8.0
muscle D <2.0
visceral
mass D 32.0
intestine D 42.0
foot D <2.0
gonad
shell
Great Britain soft
parts
France
D 5.0
D (2.0
Norway
Russia
shell
Greenland
California
W 0.41
D 3.7
D 2.35
W 0.455
D (6.0-43.0)
D (6.0-8.0)
W 0.00048
D 0.0024
W (0.1-0.2)
control
soft parts D (11.0-14.0)
soft parts
in 0.018 ng/l
Ni D (16.0-20.0)
10.15
Brooks &
Rumsby
(1965)
Segar et
al. (1971)
(1925) in
Vinogradov
(1953)
Lande (1977)
Malyuga
(1946)
Bollingberg
(1975)
Friedrich &
Filice
(1976)
-------
Common mussel
Mytilus edulis
edulis
Great
Britain
soft Boyden
parts D (5.0-12.0) (1975)
" (sp.?) Naples Bay
D 6.6-1.6
Sheppard &
Bellamy
(1974)
Mussel
Mytilus
galloprovincialis
Great Britain
N. W.
Mediterranean
W 53.0
Wright
(1976)
Fowler &
D (0.9-14.1)4.3 Oregioni
(1976)
Mud snail
Nassarius fossatus
California
Los Angeles
harbor
soft
parts
D 36.2
Emerson et
al. (1976)
Clam
Nucula sulcata
Scotland
D 36.0
Mackay et
al. (1972)
Herbivorous gastropod
Olivella biplicata S. California "
shell
D 1.8-1.7
D (15.2-17.5)
Schwimer
(1973)
Squid
Ommastrephes
illecebrosa
Squid
Onchoteuthis sp.
Oyster
Ostrea edulis
New England
N.E. Pacific
Ocean
South Africa soft
parts
A <1.0
Nicholls et
al. (1959)
D (0.13-0.19) Beasley &
„.63 ,. , Held
Ni dis/rag/ (1969)
nun.
D 1.7
Watling &
Watling
(1976a)
Great Britain
D 3.0
D (2.0-5.0)
Boyden
(1975)
^1016
-------
Oyster
Ostrea sinuata
New Zealand
Limpet
Patella vulgata
soft Brooks &
parts D (1.0-3.0)2.0 Rumsby
(1965)
mantle D <2.0 "
gill D <2.0
muscle D 8.0 "
Paphia philippinarum Japan
striated
muscle
visceral
mass
kidney
heart
shell
soft
parts
shell
Great Britain soft
Irish Sea parts
Norway
Israel
(sewage
discharge)
Israel
(other areas)
soft
parts
shell
soft
parts
D <2.0
D 12.0
D <2.0
D 2.0
D <2.0
D (0.5-2.2)
D (0.04-0.1)
D (3.1-24.0)
7.3 geom.
mean
W 0.45
D 2.5
D (4.0-11.0)
D (3.0-7.0)
D (11.7-11.9)
D (5.2-8.5)
Nagahiro et
al. (1969)
Preston et
al. (1972)
Segar et
al. (1971)
Lande
(1977)
Navrot et
al. (1974)
1017
-------
Limpet
Patella vulgata
Scallop
Pecten islandicus
Scallop
Pecten maximus
Scallop
Pecten novae-
zelandiae
t I tl
t! It
It II
Israel
(sewage
discharge)
Israel
(other areas)
Russia
skeletal
part
gill
D (6.4-6.5)
D (5.7-6.8)
W 0.045
D 0.21
W 148.0?
D 160.0?
hepato-
pancreas W 258.0?
" D 1280.0?
foot & sex
organ V 54.0?
1t tt
Great Britain soft
parts
New Zealand
" mantle
gill
" muscle
D 315.0:
W 13.9
D 49.0
W 0.09
D 0.73
D (2.0-17.0)
6.0;
D <2.0
D 68.0
D <2.0
Navrot et
al. (1974)
Malyuga
(1946)
(1936) in
Vinogradov
(1953)
Segar
(1971)
Bryan
(1973)
Brooks &
Rumsby
(1965)
1018
-------
Scallop
Pecten novae-
zelandiae
Pinna so.
Giant scallop
Placopecten
nagellanicus
Predatory gastropod
Polineces lewisii
New Zealand visceral
mass D 2.0
intestine D 52.0
kidney D 106.0
foot D 22.0
gonad D <2.0
shell D (2.0
kidney D 50.0
Brooks &
Rumsby
(1965)
N.E. Atlantic soft
(ocean dump) parts
S. California
D (1.03-14.67)
4.41
D 1.9-1.5
(1931) in
Vinogradov
(1953)
Pesch et
al. (1977)
Schwimer
(1973)
operculum D 5.5-2.9
shell
anterior D (16.4-16.9)
Clam
Quadrula quadrula
Peppered semele
Scrobicularia piperata
Illinois
shell
spire D (14.5-18.5)
shell
posterior D (15.6-16.0)
soft
parts
W (0.4-1.6)0.9
W 438.0?
Mathis &
Cummings
(1973)
(1936) in
Vinogradov
(1953)
D 2,400.0?
10-19
-------
Squid
Stenoteuthis bartrami N.E. Pacific
Giant clan
Tridacne crocea
Penrhyn
Atoll
kidney
D 0.38-0.24
Ni^/dis/mj
min.
D 0.8-0.17
Beasley &
Held
(1969)
Ni^/dis/mg/rain. "
total
kidney
D 4.0 mg.
Giant clam
Tridacne gigas
Christinas Is. kidney D 0.8-0.05
6 3
Ni /dis/mg/nin. "
total
kidney
D 8.7 mg.
Bikini Atoll kidney D 276.0-3.0
6 3
Ni /dis/mg/nin.
H It
total
kidney
D 3.8 mg.
Ciant clam
Tridacne sp.
Eniwetok
Atoll
+„
kidney D 24.0-0.2
6 3
Ni /dis/mg/min.
II II
total
kidney
D 12.4 mg.
'Clam"
Ontario
smelter
area
soft
narts
W (4.0-29.0) Hutchinson
et al.
(1975)
"Squid"
Texas
muscle D (1.0-4.3)2.5 Horowitz &
Presley
(1977)
viscera
pen
D (0.6-3.2)1.7
D 0.8
10 20
-------
NICKEL IN ARTHROPODA^
CRUSTACEA
Species
Localitv
Tissue
Analysis
PPM
(2)
Authority
Calanoid copepod
Calanus finmarchius
Ghost shrimp
Callianassa
californiensis
Crab
Cancer anthonyi
Rock crab
Cancer irroratus
Crab
Cancer pagurus
New England whole
Russia
California
New York
Bight
Great Britain
whole
(1)
(2)
A 165.0
D 29.0
A 1.0
W 0.011
D 0.12
D (2.1-3.2)
Nicholls et
al. (1959)
Malyuga
(1939)
Enerson et
al. (197.6)
muscle W (0.1-1.15)0.3 Fowler et
al. (1975)
D (1.7-4.A)
V 9.8
Greig et
al. (1977)
Wright
(1976)
Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
? indicates questionable data.
W, D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination or mean. (x-y) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean. - Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE), median, and geometric mean are indicated as reported.
pCi/g = picocuries per gram.
;T0 2.1
-------
Green crab
Carcinus maenas
Centropagus typicus
Sand shrimp
Crangon allmani
Sand shrimp
Crangon vulgaris
Norway
Great Britain gill
muscle
hepato-
pancreas
haemo-
lymph
whole
Centropagus haraatus New England
II tl
Scotland soft
(control) parts
Scotland
(dump area) "
Great Britain muscle
Hermit crab
Eupagurus pubescens Russia
D 0.12
D 11.0
W 6.70
W 6.20
W 9.00
W 12.30
W 6.50
A 55.0
A 55.0
D 15.0
D 92.0
W 8.80
A 0.68
D 0.05
W 0.0097
Vinogradov
(1953)
Lande
(1977)
Wright
(1976)
Nicholls et
al. (1959)
Mackay et
al. (1972)
Wright
(1976)
Malyuga
(1939)
Euphausid
Euphausia krohnii
Red crab
Geryon quinquedens
New England whole
Middle Atlantic
Bight muscle
If If
gill
A 6.0
W <0.48
W <0.50
Nicholls et
al. (1959)
Greig et
al. (1976)
no 22
-------
Lobster
Homarus americanus
If IT
1! 1!
United States claw
muscle
Hyas araneus Russia
Leander adspersus
3each hopper
Orchestoidea corniculata
California whole
Beach hopper
Orchestoidea californiana "
VI 0.66
A 1.8
D 1.0
W 0.2
trace
D (ND-5.0)
D (ND-5.0)
Schroeder
et al.
(1962)
Malyuga
(1939)
Petkevitch
& Stepanyuk
(1970)
Bender
(1975)
Prawn
Pandalus montagui
Spiny » lobster
Panulirus argus
Scotland
(control)
Scotland
(dump area)
Puerto Rico
soft
parts
D 25.0
D 70.0
V 27.0
D 50.0
Mackay et
al. (1972)
Lowman et
al. (1965)
Puerto Rico
Anasco Bay
\ 1 f I
W (1.0-2.0)1.3 Lowman et
al. (1967)
D (8.0-9.0)4.5
Spiny lobster
Panulirus sp.
Puerto Rico
West coast
II If
France
without
carapace
N (1.4-5.0)4.6 Lowman et
al. (1965)
D (22.0-60.0)
35.8
Bertrand &
Macheboeuf
W 0.1 (1925)
; 1023
-------
Spiny lobster
Panulirus sp.
Brown shrimp
Penaeus aztecus
Copepod
Pleuromamma xiphias
Copepod
Undinula vulgaris
Sea bob
Xiphopenaeus kroyeri
"Copepods"
'Crayfish"
"Rock shrimp"
Zooplankton
France
Texas
without
carapace
muscle
D 0.435
D (0.3-1.9)
1.4
Bertrand &
Macheboeuf
(1925)
Horowitz &
Presley
(1977)
Puerto Rico
ff If
ft tf
Long Island
Sound
Ontario
(smelter area)
Texas
exoskeleton D (2.7-17.9)6.2
viscera D (5.6-5.8)5.7
A (60.0-340.0) Martin
(1970)
A (45.0-230.0)
W (2.0-7.0)5.1 Lowman et
al. (1967)
D "4.5
Greig et
al. (1977)
muscle
Hutchinson
W (5.0-39.0) et al.
(1975)
D (0.8-3.3) Horowitz &
1.6 Presley
(1977)
exoskeleton D (3.9-6.9)5.8
Long Island
Sound
D (0.9-3.6) Greig et
al. (1977)
NICKEL IN ARTHROPODA
INSECTA
Moth
Bombyx mori
France
pupae
D uncertain
Bertrand &
Macheboeuf
(1925)
.1024 -
-------
Beach fly
Coelopa vanduzeei
Beach fly
Fucellia rufitibia
Termite
Odontotermes
transvaalensis
California whole D (M)-7.0)
" " D (ND-7.0)
Rhodesia worker D 5,000.0
" soldier D 100.0
" queen D 20.0
Termite
Trinervitermes dispar
worker
soldier
D 5,000.0
D 100.0
Bender
(1975)
Wild (1975)
,1025
-------
• NICKEL IK ECHINODERMATA
(1)
Species
Locality
Tissue
a i • (2)
Analysis
PPM
Authority
Urchin
Arbacia lixula
Starfish
Asterias rubens
Italy, Naples soft
parts
Sweden
Russia
Sheppard &
(10.8-15.4)
D 24.0
D 4.0
Great Britain digestive
part high conc.
" " gonad less. conc.
" " skeleton low conc.
Noddack &
Koddack
(1940)
Malyuga
(1941)
Riley &
Segar
(1970)
Sea urchin
Brissopsis lyrifera
Sweden
D 2.1
Noddack &
Noddack
(1940)
Sea cucumber
Cucumaria frondosa
Russia
D 2.0
Malyuga
(1946)
(1)
(2)
Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
? indicates questionable data.
W, D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination or mean. (x-y) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean, t Standard deviation (SD) , standard
error (SE), median, and geometric mean are indicated as reported.
pCi/g = picocuries per gram.
- -1.0 26
-------
Sea urchin
Echinometra lucunter
Puerto Rico
D 36.84
Stevenson
et al.
(1966)
skeleton
(42.0-78.0)
51.0
Stevenson
& Ufret
(1966)
Sea urchin
Echinus esculentus
Great Britain digestive
part high conc.
gonad less conc.
skeleton low conc.
Riley &
Segar
(1970)
Sand dollar
Mellita lata
Puerto Rico
VI II
W (20.0-26.0) Lowman et
22.0 al. (1966)
D (34.0-45.0)
39.0
Sea cucuniber
Ophiothrix suensoni
?r m
W 15.93
Stevenson
et al.
(1966)
Sea star
Pisaster brevispinus California ray
D (12.0-14.0)
Schwimer
(1973)
Sea urchin
Spatangus purpureus Great Britain digestive
part high conc.
gonad less conc,
skeleton low conc.
Riley &
Segar
(1970)
Sea cucumber
Stichopus tremulans Sweden
Sea urchin
Tripneustes esculentus Puerto Rico
• testis
ovary
skeleton
D 38.0
W 21.59
W
D
1.39
(18.0-54.0)
35.0
Noddack &
Noddack
(1940)
Stevenson
et al.
(1966)
Stevenson &
Ufret (1966)
1027
-------
NICKEL IN LOWER INVERTEBRATES^
PORIFERA
a i • (2)
Analysis
Species Locality Tissue PPM Authority
Sponge
Halichondra sp. Sweden D 22.0 Noddack &
Noddack
(1940)
NICKEL IN LOWER INVERTEBRATES
COELENTERATA
Coral
Anomocora fecunda
Jamaica
D 2.0
Livingston
& Thompson
(1971)
Coral
Bathycyanthus maculatus "
Coral
Caryophyllia clavus "
Coral
Caryophyllia communis "
Cerianthus sp¦ California
(1)
whole
D 2.0
D 2.0
D 3.0
D 3.1
Eme r s on e t
al. (1976)
(2)
Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
? indicates questionable data.
W, D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination or mean. (x-y) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean. * Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE), median, and geometric mean are indicated as reported.
pCi/g = picocuries per gram.
ClO 2 8
-------
Coral
Cladocera Datriarca Jamaica
D 2.0
Livingston
& Thompson
(1971)
Lions mane
Cyanaea capillata
Sweden
New England
whole
D 30.0
D 0.6
A <1.0
Noddack &
Noddack
(1940)
Nicholls et
al. (1959)
Coral
Dendrophyllia sp.
Jamaica
D 2.0
Livingston
& Thompson
(1971)
Coral
Desmophyllum cristogalli "
Coral
Eusmilia fastigiata Puerto Rico
If 11 ft 1!
D (2.0-3.0)
W (48.0-57.0) Lawman et
52.0 al. (1966)
D (48.0-58.0)
53.0
Coral
Madracis asperula
Jamaica
D 7.0
Livingston
& Thompson
(1971)
Coral
Madracis mirabilis
D (<2.0-2.0)
Coral
Madracis pharensis
Coral
Meandrina areolata
D 2.0
D <2.0
Coral
Meandrina braziliensis
D <2.0
Coral
Meandrina neandrites Puerto Rico
W (35.0-43.0)
38.5
Lowman et
al. (1966)
1029
-------
Sea anemone
Metridium dianthus
Sweden
Coral
Montastrea annularis Jamaica
Gorgonian
Muricea atlantica
Coral
Porites porites
Coral
Phyllangia americana
Gorgonian
Pseudapterygorgia
americana
Puerto Rico
Jamaica
Puerto Rico
D 23.0
D (<2.0-3.0)
D 25.0
D (<2.0-2.0)
Noddack &
Noddack
(1940)
Livingston
& Thompson
(1971)
Lowtnan et
al. (1966)
Livingston
& Thompson
(1971)
D 2.0
D (10.0-60.0) Lowman et
al. (1966)
Coral
Scolmia cubensis
Jamaica
Coral
Solenosmilia variabilis
Coral
Trochocyanthus sp.
Jellyfish
New York
Bight
whole
D 3.0
D (<2.0-23.0)
D 3.0
D <2.8
Livingston
& Thompson
(1971)
Greig et
al. (1977)
NICKEL IN LOWER INVERTEBRATES
CTEN0PH0RA
Comb jelly
Beroe cucumis
Comb jellyfish
New England
New York Bight whole
A <1.0 Nicholls et
al. (1959)
D (1 7-<2.8) Greig etal*
U A ; (1977)
1030
-------
NICKEL IN LOWER INVERTEBRATES
CHAETOGNATHA
Arrow worm
Sagitta elegans
New England
NE Pacific
Ocean
A 480.0
Nicholls et
al. (1959)
D (0.93-4.5) Beasley &
Held
Ni^ dis/mg/
min.
(1969)
NICKEL IN LOWER INVERTEBRATES
TUNICATA
Cione intestinalis
Salp
Salpa fusiformis
Manicina areolata
Sweden
California tunic
internal
organs
New England
Puerto Rico
D 16.0
D 31.7
D 13.2
A 60.0
Noddack &
Noddack
(1940)
Emerson et
al. (1976)
Nicholls et
al. (1959)
W (53.0-54.0) Lowman et
54.0 al. (1966)
NICKEL IN LOWER INVERTEBRATES
ANNELIDA
Earthworm
Alloloborphora
chlorotica
Allolobophora
trapezoides
Maryland
whole
Gish &
D (12.9-37.5) Christensen
(1973)
D (12.9-37.5)
-1031
-------
Allolobophora
turgida
Aphrodite aculeata
Gish S>
Maryland whole D (12.9-37.5) Christensen
(1973)
D 30.0
(1931) in
Vinogradov
(1953)
Sandworn
Arenicola marina
Gulf of Kola
A 18.0
Malyuga
(1946)
II It II
D 11.0
W 3.9
Sandworm
Arenicola sp.
Audouinia tentaculata
D 8.0
D 14.0
(1931) in
Vinogradov
(1953)
Polychaete
Cirriformia luxuriosa California whole
D (9.8-13.1) Emerson et
al. (1976)
Palolo worm
Eunice sp.
Puerto Rico
W (12.86-14.43)Stevenson et
13.6 al. (1966)
Tubificid worm
Limnodrilus hoffmasteri Illinois
whole W (4.0-18.0) Mathis &
Cummings
(1973)
Earthworm
Lumbricus terrestris Maryland
Lumbrineris sp.
Myxicola infundibulum
whole
California whole
D (12.9-37.5) Gish 6,
Christensen
(1973)
Emerson et
al. (1976)
(1931) in
Vinogradov
(1953)
D 3.5
D (100.0-
800.0)?
Polychaete
Notomastus tenuis
California whole
D 7.8
Emerson et
al. (1976)
1032
-------
Polychaete
Sigambra tentacula
California whole
D (3.8-18.7)
Emerson et
al. (1976)
Spirographis spallanzanii
D 8.0
in
(1931)
Vinogradov
(1953)
Tubificid worm
Tubifex tubifex
Illinois
whole
(4.0-18.0)
Mathis &
Cummings
(1973)
! 1033 :
-------
NICKEL IN HIGHER PLANTS
(1)
Species
Locality
Tissue
Analysis
PPM
(2)
Authority
Norway maple
Acer platanoides
Red maple
Acer rub rum
(1)
(2)
Connecticut
leaf
twig
Ontario, Sudbury
Distance from
smelter: Km leaf
" 1.7S
" 2.1
" 7.4
" 10.4
" 13.4
" 20.4
" 39.0
" 52.7
D (0.05-15.0)
6.0+SE 0.6
D (0.05-6.0)
2.0-SE 0.3
D 123.0
D 98.0
D 88.0
D 45.0
D 10.0
D 33.0
D 57.0
D 14.0
D 14.0
Smith
(1973)
Hutchinson
& Whitby
(1973)
Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
? indicates questionable data.
W, D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination or mean. (x-y) indicates range
of values, followed by the mean. ^ Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE) , median, and geometric mean are indicated as reported.
pCi/g = picocuries per gran.
1034
-------
Sugar maple
Acer saccharum
Connecticut leaf
D (9.0-28.0)
14.0±SE 2.0
D (8.0-17.0)
11.0±SE 1.0
Smith
(1973)
Quackgrass
Agropyron repens
New Hampshire leaf &
Si Vermont twig
New Hampshire
D (0.3-21.0)
D (2.0-3.0)
Iskander
(1975)
Rent grass
Agrostis stolonifera
Scotland Shewry &
serpentine shoot A (201.0-439.) Peterson
(1976)
Austria
chromite
mine
shoot A (178.0-214.0)
Onion
Allium cepa
Toronto, on
muck soil
leaf,
spring
D 9.4
Hutchinson
et al.
(1974)
M »» M
leaf,
fall
D 3.8
ii 'i
II u
tl tl 1!
II II II
root,
spring
root,
fall
D 18.4
D 10.9
»t n
ii
II Tl 11
bulb ,
fall
bulb
D 2.9
D 0.16
Vanselow
(1966)
Allysum
Allysum spp.
Allysum
Allysum alpestre
Europe
Of 166 species analysed,
44 species were hyper-
accumulators with r>'1000
ppm (0.1%) Ni in dry leaves.
Brooks et
al. (1978)
leaf
D 3,600
Brooks &
Radford
(1978)
1035
-------
Allysuiu
Allysum bertolonii
Allysum
Allvsuir. corsicum
Italy,
serpentine
Europe
Minguzzi &
leaf (NiO) A 100,000.0 Vergnano
hyperaccumulator (1948)
D 20,400 (max.)
D 12,200
D 3,100
D 5,400
D 5,800
D 6,100
root
f lov;er
fruit
seed
stem
D 13,500 (max.) Vergnano
Gambi
Is accumulator plant
used for Ni prospecting.
leaf
I) 13,500
(1965)
Cannon
(1971)
Brooks &
Radford
(1978)
Allysum
Allysum euboeum
Allysum
Allysunr. fallacinum
Allysum
Allysum heldreichii
Europe
leaf
D 4,600
D 4,000
D 12,500
Allysum
Allysum ir.arkgrafii
Allysum
Allysum murale
Allysum
Allysum obovatuni
Russia
Europe
leaf
D 13,700
A > 100,000
accumulator plant
lea
D 4,000
Doksopulo
(1961)
Malvuga
(1964)
Brooks &
Radford
(1978)
1036
-------
Allvsum
AIIvsutt. robertianum
liurcne
leaf
Allysum
Allvsum serpyllifolinum
ssp. lusitanicuin N.E. Portugal
leaf
D 12,500
A 103,000
D 5,200
Brooks &
Radford
(1978)
Menezes
de Sequeira
(1968)
Allysum
Allysun smolikanum Europe
D 6,600
Brooks &
Radford
(1978)
Allysun
Allvsum tenium
D 3,400
Pigweed
Ainaranthus hvbridus New Jersey
leaf &
stem
(0.3-1.4)
Painter et
al. (1953)
Pigweed
Ainaranthus retroflexus "
0.9
Ragweed
Ambrosia artemisiifolia " "
1.4
Elodea
.Anacharis'. canadensis Ontario leaf &
(con t air..) stem
Hutchinson
W (18.0-510.0) et al.
(1975)
Celery
Apium graveolans
Toronto.
muck
leaf,
spring
D 36.4
Hutchinson
et al.
(1974)
leaf,
fall
D 5.0
root,
spring
D 32.1
root,
fall D 3.2
United States stem W 0.37
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
10.37'
-------
Sea pink
Armeria maritima
Big sagebrush
Artemisia tridentata
Scotland,
serpentine
Scotland,
non-serpentine
Austria,
chromite mine
Nevada
shoot
s ten
leaf
Big sagebrush
Artemisia tridentata
ssp. tridentata
Idaho (3 km
downwind from branch &
phosphate flower
factories)
ft 11 H II
Spleenvort
Aspleniun ruta-muraria Austria,
serpentine
shoot
Salt bush
Atriplex canescens
Nevada
in desert
Nevada,
low salt
Nevada,
high salt
leaf
leaf
leaf
Salt bush
Atriplex confertifolia Nevada, in
nutrient soln. leaf
n u 11
tt n u
stem
root
A (1041-3199)
A 35.0
A 201.0
D (2.0-4.0)
D (5.0-11.0)
D (15.0-30.0)
D (28.0-48.0)
A 581.0
T) (1.3-4.0)
D (4.3-4.5)
D (4.3-6.0)
D (1.6-5.9)
D (2.2-6.4)
D (1.0-8.1)
Shewrv &
Peterson
(1976)
Wallace &
Romney
(19 72)
Gough
Severson
(1976)
Shewry &
Peterson
(1976)
Wallace &
Romney
(1972)
' 1038
-------
Salt bush
Atriplex confertifolia Nevada, in
desert
Nevada,
low salt
Salt bush
Atriplex hynenelvtra
Oats
Avena sativa
n * f
Becium homblei
Becium obovatum
Daisy
Bellis perennis
Beet
Beta vulgaris
Nevada
high salt
Nevada,
in desert
Nevada,
low salt
Nevada,
high salt
leaf D (0.5-2.4)
D (6.9-8.6)
D (4.0-5.8)
leaf D (0.7-1.6)
D (3.7-4.7)
D (2.4-4.7)
Scotland,
serpentine
soil Stunted from Ni excess
United States seed W (1.71-2.6)
11 ft
Rhodesia
New Zealand root
(along highway)
leaf
United States
New Jersey
D 0.45
D 171.0
D 261.0
D 0.7
D 1.5
W 1.94
1.7
Wallace &
Komney
(1972)
Cannon
(1969)
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
Vanselow
(1966)
Wild (1970)
Ward et al.
(1977)
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
Painter et
al. (1953)
f I !!
root
0.4
1039
-------
Swiss chard
Beta vulgaris cicla United States leaf
W 0.71
Paper birch
Betula papyrifera
capitata
Ontario (June)
dist. from
sir.elter (mi.) :
1.0 leaf
4.6
6.5
8.4
12.0
18.0
31.0
(August)
1.0
4.6
6. 5
8.4
12.0
18.0
31.0
Blepharis bainessi Rhodesia
Cabbage
Brassica oleracea
Toronto,
xuck
head
leaf,
spring
leaf,
fall
D 15 7.9
D 82.0
D 10.3
D 41.0
D 65.6
D 20.5
D 61.5
D - 147.6
D 110.7
D 100.5
D 71.8
D 63.6
D 34.9
D 16.4
D 625.0
D 3.3
D 39.7
D 6.2
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
Hutchinson
& Whitby
(1974)
Wild (1970)
Vanselow
(1966)
Hutchinson
et al.
(1974)
1040
-------
Cabbage
Brassica oleracea
caoi tata
r? tl n
m ti n
m ii n
Toronto.
muck
root
spring
root,
fall
United States head
New Jersey
D 72.6
D 5.9
W (0.14-0.32)
0.5
Hutchinson
et al.
(1974)
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
Painter et
al. (1953)
Kale
Brassica oleracea
acephala
I! II II
United States "organic" W 1.12
Alabama leaf 1.8
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
Giordano &
Mays (19 77)
Cauliflower
Brassica oleracea
botrytis
ii ii ii
Toronto
leaf,
spring
] eaf,
fall
D 14.0
D 3.5
Hutchinson
et al.
(1974)
root,
spring
D 15.7
root,
fall
D 3.7
head,
fall
United States leaf
New Jersey head
D 3.1
V 0.19
0.4
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
Painter et
al. (1953)
Kohlrabi
Brassica oleracea
gongylodes
Broccoli
Brassica oleracea
italica
United States leaf
United States
W 0.47
W 0.33
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
,1041.
-------
Turnip
Brassica rapa
A1 ab ania
leaf
root
2.9
1.8
Giordano &
Mays (19 7 7)
Scotch heather
Calluna vulgaris
Scotland,
serpentine
shoot
Shewry &
Pete'rson"
A (825.0-1923.0) (1976)
Austri a
chromite mine
A 849.0
Tea
Camellia sinensis
orange
Dekoe
W 7.6
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
Chinese W (0.51-0.65) Karvanek
(1964)
Chile pepper
Capsicum annuum
Bush red pepper
Capsicuir, frutescens
Australia
Cu smelter
New Jersey plant
ft tt
(sp?) Alabama
Hickory
Carya sp,
Tennessee
fruit
leaf
Cassinia vauvilliersii New Zealand leaf
D 0.9
1.7
1.0
(1.0-1.5)
(1.7-2.3)
Beavington
(1975)
Painter et
al. (1953)
Giordano &
Mays (19 77)
D (5.0-50.0) Van Hook ct
al. (1974)
A ¦ (<20.0-1425.0)Lvon et
al. (1971)
Cassinia vauvilliersii
var. serpentina
A 2,000.0
Lyon &
Brooks
(1970)
Chickweed
Cerastium holosteoides Scotland, Shewry &
serpentine shoot A 1662.0 Peterson
(19 76)
11042;
-------
Chickweed
Cerastium holosteoides Austria
chromite mine shoot
A 270.0
Shewry &
Peterson
(1976)
Chickweed
Cerastium nigrescens
Scotland,
serpentine
snoot
A 1266.0
Chickweed
Cerastium sp.
Sunn-more,
serpentine
stunted and Cannon
differentiated (1969)
Lip fern
Cheilanthes marantae
Austria,
serpentine
shoot
A 345.0
Shewry &
Peterson
(1976)
Lambs quarters
Chenopodium album
New Jersey
0.5
Painter et
al. (1953)
Rabbit bush
Chrysothamnus
viscidiflorus
Nevada
leaf
D 2.0
Wallace &
Romney
(1972)
stem
D 2.0
Chicory
Cichorium intybus
United States
W 0.55
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
Cinnamon
Cinnamomum zeylandicuin
W 0.74
Orange
Citrus sinensis
D 0.16
Bertrand &
Mokragnatz
(1930)
Coffee
Coffea arabica
bean,
green
Karvanek
W (0.1-0.26) (1964)
Black brush
Coleogyne ramosissima Nevada
grown,
leaf
D (3.1-4.9)
Wallace &
Romney
(1972)
Nevada,
in desert
leaf
D (0.7-12.0)
1043
-------
Black brush
Coleogyne rair.osissiina Nevada,
in desert
stem
Sweet fern
Comptonia peregrina
Ontario (June)
dist. from Ni
shelter (mi.):
1.0 leaf
1.4
6.5
8.4
12.0
18.0
31.0
(August)
1.0
1.4
4.6
6.5
8.4
12.0
18.0
31.0
Dwarf dogwood, bunchberry
Cornus canadensis Ontario (June)
dist. fron Ni
smelter (rai) :
8.4 leaf
12.0 ;
18.0
D (1.2-18.7)
D 112.8
D 243.4
D 13.0
D 73.8
D 58.6
D 28.2
D 17.4
D 173.6
D 164.9
D 89.0
D 45.6
D 47.7
D 43.4
D 34.7
D 15.2
D 47.7
D 36.9
D 19.5
Wallace &
Romney
(1972)
Hutchinson
& Whitby
(1974)
"1044
-------
Dwarf dogwood, bunchberry
Cornus canadensis
Ontario (August)
dist. from Ni
smelter (mi):
Hutchinson
& Whitbv
(1974)
6.5 leal
8. 4
12.0
18.0
D 67.3
D 47.7
D 34.7
D 21.7
Hawksbeard
Crepis sp.
New Zealand root
(along highway)
D 1.1
Ward et al.
(1977)
leaf
D 3.1
Squash
Curcurbita pepo
Alabama
fruit
leaf
D 4.6
(0.9-1.5)
(1.7-2.6)
Vanselow
(1966)
Giordano &
Mays (19 77)
Dodder
Cuscuta nevadensis
Nevada,
in desert
whole
plant
Cocksfoot, orchard grass
Dactylis Klotr.erata New Zealand root
(along highway)
leaf
D (0.5-1.2)
D 2.0
D 0.7
Wallace &
Romney
(1972)
Ward et
al. (1977)
New Jersey
leaf &
sten
1.6
Painter et
al. (1953)
Carrot
Daucus carota
Toronto,
nuck
spring
leaf
D 12.7
fall leaf D 4.4
Hutchinson
et al.
(1974)
spring
root
D 16.9
1045
-------
Carrot
Daucus carota
Wavy hair grass
Deschampsia flexuosa
Dicoma macrocephala
ssp. niccolifera
Dicoma niccolifera
Toronto,
muck
New Jersey
Ontario
dist. from
Ni smelter
(km) :
1.7
2.1
7.4
10.4
13.4
20.4
52. 7
Rhodesia
Rhodesia
serpentine
fall root D 2.5
leaf
root
top
D 1.8
D 0.3
0.4
1.0
Sweden (in
spruce forest
contaminated
by industry)
leaf D 12.0
leaf 1" i't't e r ;D 14.0
root &
rhizome
D 13.0
leaf
D 902.0
D 242.0
D 160.0
D 14.0
D 138.0
D 43.0
D 37.0
D 1,401.0
Is good Ni
indicator
A 28,000
Hutchinson
et al.
(1974)
Vanselow
(1966)
Painter et
al. (1953)
Tyler
(1972)
Hutchinson
& Whitby
(1973)
Wild (1970)
Wild (1971)
1046
-------
Dicona niccolifera Rhodesia,
serpentine
D 2,100
Wild
(1971)
Crab grass
Digitaria sanguinalis New Jersey leaf &
stem
Cloves
Eugenia aromatica
Mormon tea
Ephedra funerea
Mormon tea
Ephedra nevadensis
Mormon tea
Ephedra torreyana
Mormon tea
Ephedra viridis
Horsetail
Equisetum palustre
Horsetail
Equisetum sp.
whole
Nevada
Nevada
Nevada
Nevada
Ontario
smelter
contam.
shoot
shoot
shoot
root
stem
Ontario (June)
dist. from Ni
smelter (mi):
1.0
1.0
1.4
6.5
12.0
(August)
1.0
1.0
1.5
W 0.1
Painter et
al. (1953)
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
shoot D (trace-4.0) Wallace &
Roraney
(1972)
D (trace-7.0)
D (2.0-4.0)
D (7.0-12.0)
Hutchinson
et al.
W (24.0-290.0) (1975)
K (8.0-165.0)
Hutchinson
& Whitby
(1974)
D 124.8
D 67.3
D 156.2
D 15.2 "
D 56.4
D 69.4
D 274.7
1047'
-------
Horsetail
Equisetum sp.
Ontario (August)
dist. from Ni
smelter (ni):
" " 1.4
4.6
12.0
Winterfat
Eurotia lanata
Nevada,
grown
leaf
Nevada
in desert leaf
" " Pahute Mesa "
" " stem
Buckwheat
Fagopyron sagittatum United States seed
Fescue
Festuca ovina
Red fescue grass
Festuca rubra
Scotland,
serpentine
• wales . .
dist. from
industrial
area (km):
1.5
3.0
5.0
6.0
shoot
ii rr
ii it
D 255.5
D 359.1
D 19.5
D (trace-4.0)
D (6.3-12.0)
D (trace-2,9)
D 93.0
D (trace-1.1)
D 34.0
W 6.45
D 1.34
A 773.0
D 15.0
D 15.0
D 20.0
D 82.0
Hutchinson
& Whitby
(1974)
Wallace &
Romney
(1972)
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
Vanselow
(1966)
Shewry &
Peterson
(1976)
Goodman &
Roberts
(1971)
1048
-------
Red fescue grass
Festuca rubra
Fescue
Festuca vivipara
Tall fescue
Festuca sp.
Fig
Ficus carica
Burro bush
Franseria dumosa
"Wales
dist. from
industrial
area (km):
16.0
16.0
6.5
18.0
control
upwind
Scotland
serpentine
Austria
chronite mine
Wales
shoot
Scotland,
serpentine
shoot
Maryland
highway road-
sides, m from
road:
8 shoot
16
t! H 22 M
fruit
Nevada
in desert
Goodman &
Roberts
(1971)
D 7.0
D 8.0
D 6.0
D 8.0
A (314.0r481.0) Shewry &
Peterson
(1976)
A (246.0-341.0)
D ^6.0-11.0)7.3 Roberts &
•SE 0.96
A 301.0
Goodman
(1973)
Shewry &
Peterson
(1976)
Lagerwerff
& Specht
(1970)
D (3.8-5.0)
D (2.5-3.8)
D (1.3-2.8)
D 1.2
leaf
D (1.0-9.4)
Bertrand &
Mokragnatz
(1930)
Wallace &
Romney
(1972)
1049
-------
Burro bush
Franseria duraosa
Geissois pruinosa
Geissois spp.
Gentian
Gentiana corymbifera
Spiny hop sage
Grayia spinosa
Nevada
seasonal
leaf
stem
New Caledonia leaf
D (0.9-3.0)
D (trace-2.7)
D 8,000 (max)
New Zealand
6 other species are Ni
hyperaccumulators
A 1,300.0
Nevada, grown
in desert leaf
D (1.8-8.7)
Wallace &
Romnev
(1972)
Jaffre &
Schmid
(1974)
Jaffre &
Brooks
(1978)
Lyon &
Brooks
(1970)
Wallace &
Romney
(1972)
Borage
Halaesyna sp.
Hebe odora
II M
Nevada,
greenhouse leaf
on serpentine
New Zealand leaf
D (0.7-8.6)
stunted and Cannon
differentiated (1969)
A (29.0-1,880.0); Lyon: et
al. (1971)
A 2,600.0
Lyon &
Brooks
(1970)
Okra
Hibiscus esculentus
Alabama
fruit
leaf
0.7
1.9
Giordano &
Mays (1977)
Yorkshire fog
Holcus lanatus
New Zealand
along highway root D 2.8
" " leaf D 3.3
Ward et
al. (1977)
- 10-30
-------
Homalium austrocaledonicum
New
Caledonia
leaf
D
1,800
Brooks et
al. (1977a)
Homalium decurrens
ft
. II
11
D
180.0
11
Homalium deplanchii
It
II
II
D
1,900
It
Homalium francii
ft
tl
II
D
14,500
II
Homalium guillainii
II
fl
II
D
29,000
Jaffre &
Schmid
(1974)
Homalium kanaliense
II
II
II
D
9,000
Brooks et
al. (1974)
Homalium le-ratiorum
II
ft
tf
D
640
Brooks et
al. (1977a)
Homalium mathieuanum
II
If
II
D
1,700
It
Homalium rubiginosum
II
ft
It
D
400
tl
Homalium rubrocostaturo
II
If
tf
D
1,200
11
Homalium serratum
II
11
ft
D
100
If
Barley
Hordeum vulgare
D
(4.0-6.0)
Vanselow
(1966)
Hybanthus austro-
caledonicus
II
11
A
270,000
Brooks et
al. (1974)
It It It
New
(on
Caledonia
peridotites)
A
132,000
Kelly et
al. (1975)
It If If
It
It
D
14,600
II
It It ft
New
Caledonia
leaf
D
18,500
Jaffre &
Schmid
(1974)
it n it
It
If
useful for biogeocherr.ical
prospecting
Lee et al.
:;;{197/a)
Hybanthus caledonicus
form A, large leaf
New Caledonia
on serpentine
A
110,000
Kelly et
al. (1975)
•105.1
-------
Hybanthus caledonicus New Caledonia
form A, large leaf on serpentine
11 it
New Caledonia leaf
Hybanthus caledonicus
fo.r.m B, small leaf New Caledonia
on peridotites
M If IT n I? 11 tt
Hybanthus caledonicus
var. linearifolia New Caledonia
on serpentine
If If
M f*
Hybanthus epacroides
ssp. bilobus W. Australia
on sandstone leaf
Hybanthus floribundus W. Australia
S. Australia
on sandstone leaf
S. Australia
on sandstone "
New Caledonia flower
seed
New Caledonia
on siltstone
M ft IT
W. Australia leaf
D 8,800
D 6,000
A 15,800
D 1,700
A 158,300
D 10,300
D 200.0
A 130,000
D 60.0
D 1,100.0
D 5,000
D 2,000
A 140,000
D 19,900
D 6,542.0
photo-
synthetic
stem D 5,490.0
Kelly et
al. (1975)
Brooks et
al. (1974)
Kelly et
al. (1975)
Severne
(1972)
Severne
(1974)
Kelly et
al. (1975)
Jaffre &
Schmid
(1974)
Kelly et
al. (1975)
Severne
(1974)
woody
stem
D 3,806.0
1052
-------
Hybanthus floribundus W. Australia inner
root
D 415.0
root bark D 221.0
outer leaf
tip
petiole
half of
leaf
hard
inner
wood
D A,869.0
D 4,023.0
D 502.0
Severne
(1974)
Hybanthus floribundus
ssp. adpressus "
Hybanthus floribundus
ssp. curvifolius
Hybanthus floribundus
ssp. floribundus
Rush
Juncus articulatus
Scotland,
serpentine
Juniper
Juniperus osteosperraa Nevada,
Pahute Mesa
Cedar
Juniperus virginianus Missouri
soft outer
wood D 1,269.0
trunk
bark
seed
flower
leaf
shoot
leaf
twig &
needle
D 1,653.0
seed
capsule D 1,500.0
D 2,000.0
D 5,003.0
D 1,300.0
D 7,000
D 16,000
A 717.0
D 70.0
Severne
(1972)
D (2.7-2.9)
Shewry &
Peterson
(1976)
Wallace &
Romney
(1972)
Connor et
al. (1970)
¦1-053-
-------
Krameria
Krameria parvifolia Nevada
Lettuce
Lactuca sativa
Australia,
near Cu
smelter
Toronto
muck
leaf
stem
leaf,
spring
leaf,
fall
D (trace-1.7)
D (trace-3.4)
D 2.7^0.3
D 27,9
D 2.8
Wallace &
Romney
(1972)
Beavington
(1975)
Hutchinson
et al.
(1974)
Creosote bush
Larrea divaricata
Ledum palustre:
root,
spring
" root,
fall
United States leaf
head
Alabama
New Jersey
head
Nevada, grown
in desert leaf
Nevada,
seasonal "
" stem
D 14.7
D 3.9
W 1.14
W 0.14
D 1.51
(2.2-3.9)
1.5
D (0.8-1.8)
D (1.0-5.1)
D (3.0-5.7)
Ni detector
plant
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
Bertrand &
Mokragnatz
(1930)
Giordano &
Mays (1977)
Painter et
al. (1953)
Wallace &
Romney
(1972)
NASA (1968)
1054
-------
Lentil
Lens culinaris
D 1.61
Bertrand &
Mokragnatz
(1930)
L'eptospermum
scopariun
Linosyris villosa
New Zealand leaf
M II
Ural Mts.
A (<20.0-
2,550.0)
A 4,900.0
Lyon et al.
(1971)
Lyon &
Brooks
(1970)
Pale color used Malyuga
for prospecting (1964) in
for Ni-Co deposits Cannon
(1971)
Tulip poplar
Liriodendron tulipifera
Tennessee
Tan oak
Lithocarpus densiflora serpentine
area
Perennial ryegrass
Lolium perenne
New Zealand
along high-
way
3rd year
growth
root
leaf
D (0.5-1.0)
D 4.0
D 2.6
Van Hook
et al.
(1974)
Cannon
D 630.0 (max.) (1969)
Ward et
al. (1977)
Alpine campion
Lychnis (Viscaria)
alpina
Lycium
Lycium andersoni .
Lycium pallidum
Lycium shockleyi
Tomato
Lycopersicon
esculentum
Finland
Nevada,
in desert
II II
Ontario
Sudbury Ni
smelter area
leaf
leaf
Used in economic Cannon
prospecting for (1971)
Ni
Wallace &
Romney
(1972)
D (2.0-4.3)
D (1.2-2.4)
D (0.5-0.9)
Tomato seedlings Hutchinson
grown in extracts & Whitby
of Ni from soil (1973)
aroiind smelter.
TooE up 54.6 to 1033.9
ppm Ni.
'1055
-------
Tomato
Lycopersicon esculentum
D
(0.01-0.154)
Vanselow
(1966)
Apple
Malus malus
if n
it ii
Alfalfa
Medicago sativa
United States fruit
Alabama
W 0.03
(1.1-1.8)
(1.5-2.5)
United States fruit W (ND-0.08)
bark
leaf
New Jersey stem &
leaf
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
•Giordano Sfi
Mays (197 7)
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
W 5.92
W (0.76-3.01)
decreased yield Halstead et
D 44.0 al. (1969)
Painter et
(0.3-3.2) al. (1953)
Banana
Musa sapientum
W 0.34
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
Forget-me-not
Myosotis monroi
New Zealand leaf
ft ft
A 860.0-SD 0.2 Lyon et al.
(1971)
A 8,000.0
Lyon &
Brooks
(1970)
Forget-me-not
Myosotis sp.
A (5500-6100) Nat. Acad.
Sci. (1975)
Bay
Myrica sp.
leaf
W 0.88
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
Nutmeg
Myristica fragrans
Myristica laurifolia
var. bifurcata
Indonesia,
Molluccas
leaf
W 1.17
D 1,100
Wither &
Brooks
(1977)
¦ 1056
-------
Myrsine divaricata New Zealand
A 2,000
Lyon &
Brooks
(1970)
Tobacco
Nicotiana tabacum
W. Germany
Ni found, level Szadkowski
in smoke may et al.
not be at (1969)
carcinogenic
level
Red beech
Nothofagus fusca
Silver beech
Nothofagus menziesii
Notothlaspi australe
Water lily
Nuphar variegatum
Rice
Oryza sativa
U ft
I! ft
M It
New Zealand leaf
n ii
tt I!
Ontario
Japan
leaf
root
polished
grain
163.0-SD
148.0,
median 90.0
A 193.0-SD
136.0,
median 157.0
A 640.0-SD
0.26
W (8.0-62.0)
petiole W (5.0-35.0)
peduncle W (3.0-9.0)
W (5.0-14.0)
W (0.5-0.65)
" unpolished
grain W 1.8
United States polished
grain W 0.47
D 0.02
Timperley
et al.
(1970)
Lyon et
al. (1971)
Hutchinson
et al.
(1975)
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
Vanselow
(1966)
Grass
Oryzopsis hyroenoides
Nevada
in desert
top
D 1.0
Wallace &
Romney
(1972)
1057
-------
Paspalum dilatatum
Parsnip
Pastinica sativa
New Zealand
along high-
way
11 ii ii
Toronto
muck soil
root
leaf
leaf
root
Princess tree
Paulownia tomentosa
Tokyo
industrial
area
Pearsonia metallifera Rhodesia
leaf
leaf
Lima bean
Phaseolus limensis
Alabama
bean
leaf
Kidney bean
Phaseolus vulgaris
Bean
Phaseolus sp.
Timothy
Phleum pratense
Spruce
Picea abies
United States bean
New Jersey
stem &
leaf
Sweden
industrial
polluted area root
D 0.7
D 1.3
D 5.8
D 23.4
.07 .0-15.0)
A 153,000
D 5,000
1.3
2.6
V 2.59
W (0.17-0.65)
1.1
D (5.8-7.6)
wood D 0.5
bark D 2.5
twig, 1st
Ward et
al. (1977)
Hutchinson
et al.
(1974)
Maeno
(1971)
Wild (1974)
Brooks
(1978)
Giordano &
Mays (1977)
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
Painter et
al. (1953)
Tyler
(1972)
year
D 14.0
1058 '
-------
Spruce
Picea abies
Sweden
industrial
twig, 2nd
polluted area year
D 13.0
Tyler
(1972)
II M
ft fl
(t fl
twig, 3rd
year D 13.0
twig, 4th
year D 10¦0
twig, 5 th-
7th year D 6.1
fl 11
II 11
II M
II TT
II If
needle
1st yr. D 3.8
needle
2nd yr. D 3.4
needle
3rd yr. D 2.5
needle
4th yr. D 3.0
'needle;
5th-7th
year
D 3.2
ii ii
needle
litter D 26.0
II If
tl fl
Connecticut leaf D (5.0-8.0)7.0
-SE 1.0
twig D (5.0-9.0)7.0
-SE 1.0
Smith
(1973)
Piraelea suteri
New Zealand leaf
A 5860.0-SD
0.23
Lyon et
al. (1971)
M ff
II II
A 5,500.0
A 25,000
Lyon &
Brooks
(1970)
Lyon et
al. (1967)
Allspice
Pimenta officionalis
W 0.79
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
. 1-0-5 9
-------
Knobcone pine
Pinus attenuata
Jack pine
Pinus banksiana
Short leaf pine
Pinus echinata
Red pine
Pinus resinosa
serpentine
area
Ontario (June)
dist. from Ki
smelter (mi):
2nd yr.
twig
D 300.0
" " 4.6 needle
" " 6.5 "
" " 12.0
" " 18.0
It M 31<0 II
(August)
4.6
6.5
8.4
" " 12.0
18.0
31.0
Tennessee
Ontario (June)
dist. from Ni
smelter (mi):
" " 4.6 needles
" " 6.5
n ,i 120
18.0 "
31.0
D (14.4-125.1)
D 8.2
D (36.9-55.4)
D (14.4-26.7)
D (139.4)
Cannon
(1969)
Hutchinson
& Whitby
(1974)
D (90.2-127.1)
D (10.3-20.5)
D (51.3-63.6)
D (20.5-30.8)
D (22.6-24.6)
D (32.8-108.7)
D (45.1-57.4)
D 30.8
D (57.4-63.6)
D (18.5-24.6)
D (65.6-90.2)
D (1.0-20.0)
Van Hook et
al. (1974)
Hutchinson
& Whitby
(1974)
-1060
-------
Red pine
?inus resinosa
Eastern white pine
Pinus strobus
rea
Pisura sativum
Ontario (August)
dist. from Ni
smelter (mi):
" " 4.6 needles
6.5
f? II
" " 18.0 "
" " 31.0 "
Ontario (June &
August) dist.
from Ni smelter
(mi):
6.5
" " 8.4
" 18.0
" " 31.0 "
United States seed,
fresh
seed,
split,
dry
Planchonella oxyedra Indonesia,
Moluccas
S.E. Asia
leaf
Plantain
Plantago maritima
Scotland
serpentine
D (36.9-69.7)
D (20.5)
D (14.4-20.5)
D (16.4-77.9)
D (13.0-58.6)
D (54.3-82.5)
D (28.2-39.1)
D (19.5-28.2)
W 0.3
W 1.66
D (2.0-2.25)
D 19,600
Hutchinson
& Whitby
(1974)
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
Vanselow
(1966)
Wither &
Brooks
(1977)
D (50.0-19,600)
1,600
this hyperaccumulator
is useful for bio-
geochemical pros-
pecting '
shoot
A 588.0
Shewry &
Peterson
(1976)
1061
-------
Plantain
Plantago maritima
Plantain
Plantago spp.
Blue grass
Poa annua
Kentucky blue grass
Poa pratensis
Scotland,
non-serpentine shoot
Austria
chromite mine "
New Zealand
(along high-
way) root
leaf
root
leaf
New Jersey
stem &
leaf
Large-tooth aspen
Populus grandidentata Ontario
dist. from Ni
smelter (mi):
1.0 leaf
1.4
4.6
12.0
18.0
31.0
Poplar
Populus tremuloides
1.0
1.4
6.5
8.4
18.0
31.0
A 21.0
A (105.0-337.0)
Shewry &
Peterson
(1976)
D 1.8
D 3.1
D 2.5
D 3.3
2.4
Ward et
al. (1977)
Painter et
al. (1953)
Hutchinson
& Whitby
(1974)
D (77.9-235.2)
D 90.2
D (94.3-123.0)
D 75.9
D (43.1-45.1)
D 16.4
D (54.5-231.5)
D (124.9-152.1)
D 11.4
D (72.6-118.0)
D (27.2-59.0)
D (20.4-34.1)
1.062
-------
Potamogeton sp.
Ontario
(smelter
contam.)
leaf
Hutchinson
et al.
W (39.0-690.0) (1975)
stem
W (7.0-255.0)
Self head
Prunella vulgaris
Apricot
Prunus araieniacum
Plum
Prunus domestica
Bracken fern
Pteridium aquilinum
Scotland
serpentine
shoot
Psychotria douarrei New Caledonia
Pulsatella patens
leaf
Ontario
dist. from Ni
smelter (mi):
4.6 leaf
6.5 .":-
8.4
12.0
18.0
31.0
Ural Mts.
A 831.0
D 0.64
D 0.9
A 140,000
D 19,900.0
D 47,000
(highest Ni
content known)
D 43.1
D 27.2
D 15.9
D 43.1
D
D
(20.4-31.8)
(13.6-20.4)
Shewry &
Peterson
(1976)
Bertrand &
Mokraghatz
(1930)
Kelly et
al. (1975)
Jaffre &
Schmid
(1974)
Hutchinson
& Whitby
(1974)
On Ni-Co deposits,
pale foliage and\ Malyuga
lack of petals (1964)
Pear
Pvrus communis
United States fruit
W 0.2
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
106-3
-------
Pear
Pyrus communis
Pin oak
Quercus palustris
fruit
Connecticut leaf
twig
D 0.9
Bertrand &
Mokragnatz
(1930)
D (6.0-13.0)10.0 Smith
(1973)
±SE 0.6
D (5.0-16.0)8.0
-SE 1.0
Chestnut oak
Quercus prinus
Red oak
Quercus rubra
Quintinia acutifolia
Raphanus sativus
Tennessee
Ontario
dist. from Ni
smelter (mi):
1.0 leaf
4.6
6.5
New Zealand "
tf ff
ff If
Alabama
leaf
fruit
D (1.0-4.0)
Van Hook et
al. (1974)
Hutchinson
& Whitby
(1974)
D (79.0-108.0)
D (73.8-77.9) "
D (12.3-57.4)
A 92.0-SD 40.0 Timperley
median 87.0 et al.
(1970)
Giordano &
Mays (1977)
3.9
3.0
Sumach
Rhus sp.
New England berry
Rinorea bengalensis S. E. Asia
on limestone leaf
S.E, Asia &
Oceania
Rinorea j avanica
leaf.
i064:
W 1.1
D 500.0
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
Brooks &
Wither
(1977)
D 17,500 (max.)
Useful for bio-
geochemical
prospecting
D 2,200
Brooks et
al. (1977b)
-------
Water cress
Rorippa nasturtiura-
aquaticum
If fl
Rubus saxatilis
Ruppia spiralis
Sugar cane
Saccharum officinarum
Scotland
serpentine
Caspian Sea
top
leaf
shoot
sugar
Sagina sp¦
Scotland
serpentine
Seve bleue (blue sap)
Sebertia acuminata New Caledonia leaf
latex
Rye
Secale cereale
Moss campion
Silene acaulis
Campion
Silene maritima
Wisconsin
Scotland
serpentine
Scotland
non-serpentine
Shetland Isl.
Scotland
serpentine
shoot
D 0.5
D 0.13
A 978.0
D 0.82
W 0.03
shoot A (1236-2407)
D 11,700
D 257,000
W 112,000
United States grain W 2.7
D 0.23
D (0.9-1.4)
A 1906.0
A 36.0
A 1781.0
A 405.0
Vanselow
(1966)
Shewry &
Peterson
(1976)
Malyuga
(1946)
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
Shewry &
Peterson
(1976)
Jaffre et
al. (1976)
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
Nat. Acad.
Sci. (1975)
Ke'eney &
Walsh (1975)
Shewry &
Peterson
(1976)
1065
-------
Campion
Silene naritima
Campion
Silene otites
Campion
Silene vulgaris
Potato
Solanum tuberosum
Sorghum-sudan
Sorghum bicolor
x S. Sudanese
Scotland shoot
non-serpentine
Austria
chromite mine
Shetland Isl.
Austria
serpentine
it ii
Sitanion hystrix Nevada
top
Toronto
muck
leaf,
spring
leaf,
fall
tuber,
spring
tuber,
fall
tuber
United States
New Jersey
Wisconsin
A 25.0
A 108.0
A 328.0
A 141.0
A 83.0
D 0.5
D 11.9
D 4.6
D 8.9
D 2.7
D (0.08-0.37)
W 0.56
0.2
D (2.2-2.5)
Spartina alternifolia N.W. Atlantic leaf D 5.3
Shewry &
Peterson
(1976)
Wallace &
Romney
(1972)
Hutchinson
et al.
(1974)
Vanselow
(1966)
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
Painter et
al. (1953)
Keeney &
Walsh
(1975)
Windom '!•
(1972)
¦ . 1066
-------
Sphaeralcea ambigua Nevada,
desert
Spinach
'Spinacis ole'racea.
United
States
World
Alabama
Stanleya pinnata Nevada
leaf
leaf
D (4.8-5.8)
D 2.4
W 0.35
44
varieties D 4.2 (mean)
leaf
New Jersey leaf
leaf
2.3
2.2
D 3.6
Wallace &
Romney
(1972)
Vanselow
(1966)
Schroeder
et al.
(1962)
Karvanek &
Bohmova
(1966)
Giordano &
Mays (1977)
Painter et
al. (1953)
Wallace &
Romney
(1972)
Grass
Stipa capillata
Succisa pratensis
Russia
Scotland
serpentine
shoot
A 6,400.0
(accumulator
plant)
A 513.0
Malyuga
(1947)
Shewry &
Peterson
(1976)
Yew
Taxus sp.
it n
Connecticut leaf
twig
D (5.0-19.0)10.0 Smith
±SE 1.0 (1973)
D (4.0-13.0)9.0
±SE 1.0 "
Turtle grass
Thalassia testudinum Puerto Rico
ft ! f
H H
D (4.0-35.0)17.0 Lowman et
al. (1967)
W (1.0-6.0)3.25
D (29.0-36.0)31.0 "(1966)
W (4.2-5.7)4.8
1067'
-------
Cocoa
Theobroma cacao
seed
V 6.0
Schroeder
et al.
(1962)
Thymus drucei
Scotland
serpentine
shoot A (844.0-1362.0) Shewry &
Peterson
(1976)
Scotland
non-serpentine
A 53.0
Thymus serpyllum
Spanish moss
Tillandsia usnoides
Austria
chromite mine "
Austria
serpentine "
S.E. United whole
States plant
Trichospermum kj ellbergii
Indonesia,
Moluccas
leaf
A (400.0-560.0)
A 174.0
A (7.0-200.0) Shacklette
geom mean 39.0 & Connor
?eom. dev. (1973)
geo
-1.
74
D 3,800
Wither &
Brooks
(1977)
Red clover
Trifolium pratense
New Jersey
stem &
leaf
(0.3-3.0)
Painter et
al. (1953)
White clover
Trifoliun repens
New Zealand
(along high-
way)
n H
root
leaf
D 5.2
D 4.7
Ward et
al. (1977)
Wheat
Triticum aestivum
United States grain,
hard
Zook et al.
D 0.47-SD 0.08 (1970)
grain,
soft
D 0.31-SD 0.08
durum
winter
D 0.29-SD 0.14
W 0.16
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
'1068
-------
Wheat
Triticura aestivum
Eastern hemlock
Tsuga canadensis
Blueberry
Vaccinium
augustifolium
Bilberry
Vaccinium myrtillus
United States flour
Vermont
Connecticut
crushed
grain
leaf
twig
Ontario,Sudbury
dist. from
smelter (km):
1.7 leaf
2.1
7.4
10.4
13. A
20.4
39.0
52.7
Sweden, in industrial
contaminated spruce
forest
Cowberry
' Vaccinium vitis-idaea 11 "
Vellozia equisetoides Rhodesia
Vellozia sp. Russia
W (0.3-0.54)
W 0.75
D (0.35-35.0)
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
Vanselow
(1966)
D (5.0-13.0)8.0 Smith
±SE 1.0 (1973)
D (6.0-22.0)11.0
-SE 2.0 "
D 92.3
D 55.4
D 45.1
D 10.3
D 37.0
D 36.4
D 16.4
D 14.4
D 4.8
D 6.2
D 380.0
A 270.0
Hutchinson
& Whitby
(1974)
Tyler
(1972)
Wild (1970)
Malyuga
(1947)
1069
-------
Kamahi
Weinmannia racemosa
Yucca
Yucca brevifolia
New Zealand
leaf
Yucca
Yucca schidigera
Corn
Zea mays
it i?
A 126.0-SD 87.0 Timperley
median 105.0 et al.
(1970)
Nevada, grown shoot
" 1-3 yr.old leaf
" 20 yr. old
D (A.1-5.8)
D (3.0-7.0)
D 52.0
grown shoot D (2.0-4.0)
irradiated
shoot
United States frozen
grain
grain
Wisconsin "
Ohio
(summary,
literature)
New Jersey
stover
root
stem
leaf
husk
grain
leaf
grain
leaf
D (2.0-17.0)
W 0.7
D 0.14
D (0.8-1.1)
D (0.5-1.0)
D 27.8
D 2.1
D 2.0
D 1.0
D 1.0
D (0.1-5.0)
D (0.1-5.0)
(0.3-1.1)
Wallace &
Romney
(1972)
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
Vanselow
(1966)
Keeney &
Walsh (1975)
Kirkham
(1975)
Painter et
al. (1953)
•' 1070
-------
Eel grass
Zostera marina
Black. Sea
D 0.4
Malyuga
(1946)
Eel grass
Zostera nana
Caspian.. Seal
D 0.13
Malyuga
(1946)
"Honey"
New York
W (0.011-0.83) Tong et
al. (1975)
1071
-------
NICKEL IN MOSSES; LICHENS AND FUNGI
MOSSES
(1)
Species
Locality
Tissue
Analysis
PPM
(2)
Authority
Hyloco'ndum splendens
S. central
Ruhling &
Sweden
D
>6.0 to 8.0) Tyler (1973)
! I (1
S.W. Sweden
D
(A.0-6.0)
ti fi
S.E. Sweden
D
(2.5-4.0)
?? f i
N.E. Finland
D
6.0
Leucobryum glaucum
S. New England
Groet
near industry
4.5 (1976)
It (1
New England
0.3
Hypnum cupressiforme
Wales, Swansea
Goodman &
dist. downwind
Roberts
from urban
(1971)
industrial complex
(km) :
(Ni source is 3 km
downwind)
1! H
ii H it ^
D
dead
ft n
m n ii 30
D
dead
ft tl
" " " 8.0
D
193.0
ft II
ii .. 8>0
D
46.0
If II
,1 „ 25 # q
D
25.0
(1)
(2)
Blank, spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
? indicates questionable data.
W, D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination or mean. (x-y) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean. ! Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE), median, and geometric mean are indicated as reported.
pCi/g = picocuries per gram.
-1072".
-------
Hypnun cupressiforrae
Wales, Swansea
dist. downwind from
urban industrial
complex (km):
(Ni source is 3 km downwind)
25.0
18.0
upwind
S. Sweden
control
Transplanted & suspended
exposure/ distance/
D 12.0
D 10.0
D 5.5
wks.
2
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
Wales
S. Sweden
Skane
Sweden,
1870-1899
Sweden
1900-1919
km.
15 upwind D 16.0
14 " D 20.0
1 downwind D 18.0
1
2
Goodman &
Roberts
(1971)
D 25.0
D 19.5
D 215.0
D 900.0
D 107.0
D 69.0
D 152.0
D (10.0-25.0)
17.0±SE 1.1
D 6.7-13.3
D 4.0 (means)
D 3.7
Roberts &
Goodman
(1973)
Ruhling &
Tyler
(1969)
1073":
-------
Hypnun cupressiforne Sweden
1920-1943
Sweden, 1969
Sweden,
Norrkoping
(polluted by
industry)
Ruhling &
D 5.5 (means) Tyler
(1969)
D 9.1 " "
Increase of Ni
is correlated with
increased world use
of Ni between 1920
and 1969.
Tyler
(1969)
D 36.0
" " C. Sweden, in
spruce forest
contaminated
by industry
Sphagnum angustifolium S. Finland
Sphagnum balticum
Sphagnum fuscun
NWTj Great
Slave Lake
S.- Finland
Finland
" " S. Finland
" " NWT/ Great
Slave Lake
" " Alberta,
Edmonton
Sphagnum magellanicum S. Finland
" " S. Sweden
Sphagnum
Sphagnum spp.
United States peat
D 52.0
D 1.6
Tyler
(1972)
Pakarinen &
Tolonem
(1976)
D 0.3
D 1.2
D (0.55-2.2)1.2
D 2.1
D (0.24-0.33)
D 0.8
D 1.8
D (2.5-4.9)
W 0.62
Ruhling &
Tyler
(1970)
Schroeder et
al. (1962)
107.4
-------
NICKEL IK MOSSES; LICHENS AND FUNGI
LICHENS
Alectoria (2 spp.) N.W.T. Arctic
Campylium polyganum Finland
on serpentine
Cetraria (5 spp.)
Cladina alpestris
Cladina mitis
N.W.T. Arctic
Ontario,
Sudbury Ni
smelter
Finland on
nickeliferous
rocks
Ontario,
Sudbury Ni
smelter
D 1.0-SD 1.0 Nieboer et
al. (1975)
D 420.0
D 1.0-SD 1.0
Lounamaa
(1956)
Nieboer et
al. (1975)
D 11.0-SD 1.0
D 200.0
D 10.0-SD 1.0
Lounamaa
(1956)
Nieboer et
al. (1975)
Cladina sylvatica
Cladina (3 spp.)
Cladonia deformis
Cladonia sp.
Cladonia (5 spp.)
Cladonia uncialis
Dactylina arctica
Lecanora rubina
Finland on
nickeliferous
rocks
N.W.T. Arctic
Ontario,
Sudbury Ni
smelter
Ontario
N.W.T. Arctic
Ontario,
Sudbury Ni
smelter
N.W.T. Arctic
Colorado,
on sandstone
D 200.0
D 1.0-SD 1.0
Lounamaa
(1956)
Nieboer et
al. (1975)
D 10.0-SD 1.0
Ni content higher
near smelter
D 1.0-SD 1.0
D 10.0-SD 1.0
D 1.0-SD 1.0
A 15.0
Ferry et
al. (197-3)
407-5
-------
Nephroma arcticuin
Parmelia centrifuga
Parmelia conspersa
Parmelia physodes
Peltigera aphthosa
Peltigera polydactyla
Peltigera rufescens
Canada
Arctic
Finland, on
serpentine
Colorado, on
sandstone
Sweden, in
spruce forest
polluted by
industry
Canada,
Arctic
Great Britain
dist. dovmvind from
steel smelter (meters):
D (2.0-5.0)
A 600.0
A (15.0-20.0)
D 18.0
D (2.0-12.0)
D (2.0-12.0)
f 1 If
fl fl
0
D
38.46
If M
fl II
100
D
24.1
tf H
f 1 If
270
D
33.35
II 11
ft If
440
D
10.85
If 11
fl If
610
D
52.38
II 11
»f ff
780
D
26.15
M II
control
D
10.33
Peltigera (2 spp.)
N.W.T. Arctic
D
l.oisD 1.0
Nieboer et
al. (1975)
Ferry et
al. -(1973)'
Tyler
(1972)
Nieboer et
al. (1975)
Seaward
(1973) in
Ferry et al.
(1973)
Ramalina fastigiata
Stereocaulon sp.
Ontario,
Sudbury
al. (1975)
NiCl» depressed Ferry et
„ al. (1973)
respiration to
46% in 4 hours
Selective." in up-
take, and is
related to Ni level
near smelter. "
1076
-------
Stereocaulon paschale Ontario, Sudbury
dist. from Ni
smelter (mi.):
5
8
15
30
60
Stereocaulon tomentosum N.W.T. Arctic
Thamnolia verraicularis " "
Nieboer et
-al. (1975)
D 30.5
D 180
D 100
D 40
D 26.O^SD 1.0
D 1.0-SD 1.0
D 1.0-3.0
Umbilicaria deusta
Ontario, Sudbury
dist. from Ni
smelter (mi):
10
15
" " 30
60
Colorado,
on sandstone
Ontario,
Sudbury
Umbilicaria
hyperborea
Umbilicaria
muhlenbergii
Usnea fragilescens
Xanthoria (Caloplaca) Colorado,
elegans on sandstone
D 220
D 150
D 55
+_
D 37.0-SD 1.0 "
Leroy &
A (50.0-100.0) Koksoy
(1962)
Nieboer et
D 16.0-SD 1.0 al. (1975)
NiC^ depressed Ferry et
respiration to a^* (1973)
43% in 4 hrs.
A 30.0
Leroy &
Koksoy
(1962)
Lichens
Lichens
Ontario,
Sudbury
Canada,
Arctic
Nieboer et
D (8.0-312.0) al. (1975)
D (1.0-12.0)
.107.7
-------
NICKEL IK MOSSES; LICHENS AND FUNGI
FUNGI
Gen-studded puffball
Lycoperdon perlatum
Connecticut sporophores,
unwashed D 2.37
McCreight &
Schroeder
(1977)
'Mushroom"
sporophores,
washed with
detergent D
0.0
3.5
Vanselow
(1966)
•10 78
-------
NICKEL IN ALGAE
(1)
Species
Locality
Tissue
Analysis
PPM
(2)
Authority
Brown alga
Agarum cribosum
Alaria esculenta
Sea of Japan
ft »t II
Russia
Amphirea fragilissima Puerto Rico
D (20.2-25.A) Gryzhankova
et al. (1973)
D 1.35
A 1.6
D 0.42
W 0.073
W 12.26
Saenko et
al. (1976)
Malyuga
(1946)
Stevenson et
al. (1966)
Brown alga,
knotted wrack
Ascophyllum nodosum Scotland
(1)
Nova Scotia
D (1.5-4.4)3.2 Black &
Mitchell
W 0.92
D 0.57
(1952)
Young &
Langille
(1958)
Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
? indicates questionable data.
(2)
W, D or A indicates on a Viet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination or mean. (x-y) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean. * Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE), median, and geometric mean are indicated as reported.
pCi/g = picocuries per gram.
1079
-------
Brown alga,
knotted wrack
Ascophyllum nodosum
Great Britain
Dulas Bay
Great Britain
Menai Straits
Russia
Norway
Red alga
Bryothamnion triquetum Puerto Rico
Green alga
Caulerpe okamurai Japan
Green alga
Caulerpe racemosa Texas
Ceratodictyon
spongiosum Japan
Green alga
Chaetomorpha crassa Japan
Green alga
Chaetomorpha spiralis Japan
Green alga
Chlorella fusca
Ontario
Foster
D (3.9-5.2)4.6 (1976)
D (4.5-6.3)
A 2.1
D 0.43
W 0.13
D (1.0-22.0)
V 4.83
D 5.64
D (5.0-6.5)
5.81
D 5.04
D 0.75
D 1.66
Grew in lakes
with 3.0 ppm
Ni
Malyuga
(1946)
Lande
(1977)
Stevenson et
al. (1966)
Ishibashi et
al. (1964)
Harriss
(1965)
Ishibashi et
al. (1964)
Stokes et
al. (1973)
Red alga
Chondrus crispus
Nova Scotia
D >2.0
Young &
Langille
(1958)
1080
-------
Red alga
Chondrus yendoi
Sea of Japan
D 0.16
Saenko et
al. (1976)
Brown alga
Chorda filum
Sea of Japan
Brown alga
Chordaria maggelanica
11 ?»
D (9.9-12.2)
D 3.. 19 ;
D 23.1-1.7
Gryzhankova
et al.
(1973)
Saenko et
al. (1976)
Gryzhankova
et al.
(1973)
Green alga
Cladophora fascicularis
Puerto Rico
Green alga
Cladophora glomerata Svreden
(polluted area)
Green alga
Cladophora sp.
Wales
bloom
W 1.0
Stevenson et
al. (1966)
Hagerhall
D (30.0-48.0) (1972)
V," ( 30 • Q-10C,.;0) Trollope &
Evans (1976)
Brown alga
Coccophora langsdorfii Sea of Japan
D 14.8-0.0
Gryzhankova
et al.
(1973)
Green alga
Coccomyxa sp.
Wales
bloom
W- :150;.<
Trollope &
Evans (1976)
Green alga
Codium isthmocladium
Green alga
Codiun sp.
Puerto Rico
Sea of Japan
W 19.77
D (14.7-16.8)
Stevenson et
al. (1966)
Gryzhankova
et al.
(1973)
Green alga
Codium yessoensis
n n ii
D 0.11
Saenko et
al. (1976)
1081
-------
Brown alga
Costaria costata
Cymodocea sp.
If ft
Sea of Japan
Puerto Rico
if if
D 0.45
Saenko et
al. (1976)
W (1.5-2.6)2.1 Stevenson et
al. (1966)
D (19.0-29.0)
24.0
Cystophyllum
sisymbricides
Desmarestia viridis
Japan
D 1.04
D 3.0
Ishibashi et
al. (1964)
Brown alga
Dictvopteris justii
Brown alga
Dictyota dichotoma
Sea of Japan
W 3.93
D 8.1-0.6
Gryzhankova
et al.
(1973)
Brown alga
Dictyota divaricata Japan
W 9.71
Ishibashi et
al. (1964)
Brown alga
Eisenia bicyclis "
Green alga
Enteromorpha compressa "
Green alga
Enteromorpha
intestinalis
Sweden
(polluted area)
Green alga
Enteromorpha prolifera Sea of Japan
D (0.44-1.7)0.87
D 6.41
Hagerhall
D (10.0-50.0) (1972)
D 0.24
Saenko et
al. (1976)
Green alga
Enteronorpha sp.
M ff ft
D (25.7-30.9)
Gryzhankova
et al.
(1973)
3rown alga
Fucus distichus
V. Greenland
W (0.6-2.3)
Bollingberg
(1975)
1082
-------
Brown alga
Fucus inflatus
Brown alga
Fucus serratus
Russia
Scotland
Russia
Malyuga
(1946)
A 34.0
D 6.5
W 1.5
D (1.6-4.5)3.1 Black &
Mitchell
(1952)
W 0.87
A 13.0
D 3.1
W 0.71
Malyuga
(1946)
Brown alga
Fucus spiralis
Scotland
D (6.0-9.3)7.7 Black &
Mitchell
(1952)
W 1.7
Brown alga
Bladder wrack
Fucus vesiculosus
Nova Scotia
Great Britain
W. Greenland
Great Britain
D (3.8-5.9)4.9
W 1.36
D 2.0
W (0.6-2.3)
21.8
D (4.6-8.9)
Young &
Langille
(1958)
D (1.2-22.2) Preston et
al. (1972)
Bollingberg
(1975)
D (10.5-29.6) Fuge &
James
(1974)
Foster
(1976)
1083 ^
-------
Brown alga,
bladder wrack
Fucus vesiculosus
Norway
Great Britain
Brown alga
Heterochordaria abietina
Hizikia fusiforme
Ishige okamurai
Sea of Japan
Japan
Brown alga
Laminaria cichorioides Sea of Japan
Brown alga
Laminaria cloustoni Scotland
Brown alga
Laminaria digitata
Nova Scotia
Russia
frond,
sterile
frond,
sporing
frond
frond
stipe
frond
stipe
D (2.0-7.0)
D (8.0-28.0)
D 0.31
D (2.4-5.7)
4.05
Lande (1977)
Bradfield et
al. (1976)
Saenko et
al. (1976)
Ishibashi
et al.
(1964)
D (0.74-4.97)2.85
D 0.25
D 2.0
Saenko et
al. (1976)
Black &
Mitchell
(1952)
D 1.5 "
D (0.9-1.6)1.3 "
D (1.4-B.2)3.16
D (3.7-5.7)4.43
W (0.25-0.36)0.3
W (0.47-0.64)0.5
D 0.30
A 2.9
D 0.83
W 0.099
Young &
Langille
(1958)
Malyuga
(1946)
-------
Brown alga
Laminaria japonica
Sea of Japan
Brown alga
Laminaria longicruris Nova Scotia
Brown alga
Laminaria saccharina Russia
Brown alga
Macrocystis pyrifera
Green alga
Microspora sp.
Green alga
Monostroma nitidum
Green alga
Mougeotia sp.
Green alga
Oedogonium sp.
Blue-green alga
Oscillatoria sp.
Brown alga
Padina gymnospora
Brown alga
Padina sp.
tl It
Wales
Japan
Wales
Puerto Rico
II II
ft H
bloom
bloom
D 0. A3
D 0.86
Saenko et
al. (1976)
Young &
Langille
(1958)
Malyuga
(1946)
A 4.3
D 1.7
W 0.22
D (3.0
W. 100.0
D 1.43
WU 2U0.0
W.: , 7Q .0-
•">: r, 070.0
D (23.0-32.0) Stevenson &
27.0± 3.0 Ufret (1966)
Vinogradov
(1953)
Trollope &
Evans (1976)
Ishibashi et
al. (1964)
Trollope &
Evans (1976)
W (5.0-9.0)
6.75
D (40.0-55.0)
49.25
Lowman et
al. (1967)
.1085
-------
Brown alga
Pelvetia canaliculata Scotland
Brown alga
Pelvetia wrightii
Norway
Sea of Japan
If II It
Green alga
Penicillus capitatus Puerto Rico
Phyllaria sp¦
Russia
Red alga
Polysiphonia urceolata Japan
Laverweed
Porphyra umbilicalis Great Britain
" " Russia
Red alga
Ptilota filicina
Red alga
Rhodomela larix
Sea of Japan
It 1! ft
D (1.9-4.8)3.5 Black &
Mitchell
(1952)
W 1.1
D 1.0
D 15.2-0.5
D 0.21
W 8.99
A 1.1
D 0.33
W 0.038
D 3.68
D (0.2-9.7)
A 18.0
D 2.6
W 0.17
D 0.87
D 2.65
Lande
(1977)
Gryzhankova
et al.
(1973)
Saenko et
al. (1976)
Stevenson et
al. (1966)
Malyuga
(1946)
Ishibashi
et al.
(1964)
Preston et
al. (1972)
Malyuga
(1946)
Saenko et
al. (1976)
-------
Red alga
Rhodymenia palmata Nova Scotia
D >2.0
Young &
Langille
(1958)
Sargassura weed
Sargassum
giganteifolium
Japan
D (0.36-0.72)
0.54
Ishibashi
et al.
(1964)
Sargassum weed
Sargassum niyabei
Sea of Japan
D 8.4-0.6
Cryzhankova
et al.
(1973)
Sargassum weed
Sargassum pallidum
t! 11 H
leaf
blade
D 7.7-0.3
II M II
swim
bladder
D 26.9-0.4
II n II
stem
D 16.0-1.0
Sargassum weed
Sargassum tenuifolium Japan
D 5.54
Ishibashi
et al.
(1964)
Sargassum weed
Sargassum thunbergii
Sargassum weed
Sargassum tortile
Sargassum weed
Sargassum sp.
Puerto Rico
D (2.74-7.92)5.01
D (0.59-1.08)0.84
D 30.0
Lowman et
al. (1967)
W 5.0
D (5.3-7.9)
5.82
Forster et
al. (1972)
Texas
D (2.2-9.9)5.2 Horowitz &
Presley
(1977)
Green alga
Scenedesmus acutiformis Ontario,
Sudbury
grew in lakes Stokes et
with 3.2 ppm Ni al. (1973)
¦108?
-------
Green alga
Spirogyra sp.
Wales
bloom :W . (36.O-.T3O-.-O') Trollope &
Evans (1976)
Spyridia filamentosa Puerto Rico
D 17.0
Lowman et
al. (1965)
W 1.7
Red alga
Tichocarpus crinitus
Sea of Japan
D 8.8-0.6
Gryzhankova
et al.
(1973)
Xanthophyta
Tribonema sp.
Wales
bloom \V: . ;ItO.0-290..0) Trollope &
Evans (1976)
Brovzn alga
Turbinaria turbinata Puerto Rico
A 72.0
Lowman e t
al. (1966)
Green alga
Udotea flabellum
W (13.0-140.0)
40.0
-1088
D (25.0-150.0)
47.0
Green alga
Ulothrix sp.
Wales
v; 300.0
Trollope &
Evans (1976)
Green alga
Ulva conglobata
Japan
D 1.57
Ishibashi
et al.
(1964)
Green alga
Ulva fenestrata
Sea of Japan
D 4.9-0.4
Gryzhankova
et al.
(1973)
If ft ft
D 0.93
Saenko et
al. (1976)
Green alga
Ulva lactuca
Nova Scotia
D >2.0
Young Si
Langille
(1958)
-------
Green alga
Ulva lactuca
Green alga
Ulvaria splendens
Russia
Great Britain
Sea of Japan
A 4.1
D 0.72
W 0.16
D (8.0-33.0)
D 3.27
Malyuga
(1946)
Boyden
(1975)
Saenko et
al. (1976)
1089--
-------
SELENIUM IH MAMMALS
Species
Locality
(2)
Analysi s
Tissue PPM
Authority
Pronghorn antelope
Antilocapra americana
Whale
Balaenoptera physalus
Idaho
Wyomi ng
hair
" (pregnant
doe)
" (pre-term
fetus)
mus c le W 0.5
(0.08-17.0) Huckabee et
al. (1972)
(2.6-9.3)
h.5
Lunde (1970)
Co w
Bos bovis
(1)
Ontario
water
soluble W C.U
mus cle
(Alkali
disease)
(¦white
mus cle
diseasej
Se deficiency)
(5.0-50.0)
hair
(no white
muscle
disease)
hair
0.25
Radeleff
(196^)
Hidiroglau
et al.
(1965)
(0.06-0.23)
Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
? indicates questionable data.
(2> W. D
^ or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination or mean. (x-y) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean. - Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE). med;an, and geometric mean are indicated as reported.
pCi/g = picocuries per gram.
1090
-------
Cow
Bos bovis
Sweden
blood
(0.004-
C.005)
Lind'oerg &
Lanr.ek (1970)
If ft
tf
xilk
(0.0017-
O.OOU9)
If
It fl
United States
muscle
W
(0.28-0.U2)
Schroeder et
al. (1970)
ft It
ff
liver
w
0.18
fl
If ?1
ft
kidney
w
1.70
It
It 1!
t!
mi Ik
w
0.U8 •
It
ft If
Italy
fl
w
(^O.OOU-0.02) Rossi et
0.008 al. (1976)
it ti
tf
cheese
w
0.02
fl
tt ti
East Asia
mi Ik
w
0.012
Leung (1973)
Dog
Canis farailiaris
Sweden
blood
0.3265-
0.0557
Lindberg &
Lannek (1970)
Coyote
Canis latrans
Wyoming
hair
(0.8-13.0)
Huckabee et
al. (1972)
Guinea pig
Cavia porcelius
United States
(fed on swiss
Furr et al.
(1976)
chard grown on
sludge-amended
soil) liver
D
kidney D
muscle D
adrenal D
spleen D
(0.82-1.12)
0.95
(1.59-1.69)
1.63
(0.31-0.38)
0.35
(2.5-5.8)3.7
(0.3-3.1)1.9
1091
-------
Elk
Cervus canadensis
Red backed vole
Clet'nrionym.vs gapperi
Porcupine
Erethizon dorsatuai
Chipmunk
Eutamias s
Cynomolgus monkey
Macaca fascicularis
Idaho
WycT-i ng
Wyoming
Vole
Microtus lonp:icaudus Idaho
Mountain vole
Microtus montanus
Meadow vole
Microtus pennsylvanicus
Richardsons vole
Microtus richardsoni
Wyoming
hair
lung
liver
spleen
hair
quill
hair
W
W
W
Canada
(fed 10 ppm
I^SeC^) " ifO days
" 90 "
(0.8-2.0)1.2 Huckabee et
al. (1972)
(0.1-0.9)0.5
New England heart W 0.^5
0.27
0.^3
C.U5
1.0
0.6
2.b
2.35-C.»+5
1.56±0.25
0>
Schroeder et
al. (1970)
Huckabee et
al. (1972)
Loev,' et a"
(1975)
Huckabee et
al. (1972)
(1.2-1.6)1.h
(0.2-27.0)5.b
1.2
Jack rabbit
Lepus americana
New England heart W 1.97
lung
livei
W
W
1.68
5.85
Schroeder et
al. (1970)
1092
-------
Jack rabbit
Lepus americana
New England
kidney-
W
9-93
Schrccder et
al. (1970)
If It
11
spleen
W
1.66
tl
Woodchuck
Marmota monajx
ir
heart
w
0.20
ir
if ft
1!
liver
w
0.35
1!
f 1 If
it
kidney
w
0.97
fl
11 n
ir
spleen
w
0.67
ft
Mouse
Mus tr.us cuius
(females feci
3 ppm Se)
Schroeder &
Mitchener
(1972)
1!
tl
(controls)
heart
W
(0.13-0.37)0.214
If
»i
tf tl
lung
W
(0.28-0.53)0.39
If
tl
fl If
liver
W
(0.37-0.69)0.5U
11
ti
11 If
kidney
w
(0.93-1.1+7)1.19
If
it
It ft
spleen
w
(0.3-0.95)0.8
n
ti
" (selenite fed]
heart
w
(0.59-1.33)1.20
1!
11
If ft
lung
w
(0.95-1.66)1.21+
i!
!T
II 11
liver
w
(1.52-2.39)2.58
11
t!
tl 1t
kidney
w
(1.23-2.99)1.92
If
11
ft fl
spleen
w
(0.97-9.26)1+ .6U
It
rr
" (controls)
heart
w
(0.09-0.32)0.19
Tl
tl
It ft
lung
w
(0.06-0.16)0.1)+
1!
1?
It ?t
liver
W
(0.lU-0.3l)0.22
It
it
11 If
kidney
w
(c.i+-0.68)o.56
ft
It
ir ti
spleen
w
(0.06-0.31)0.19
ir
if
" (seler.ate fed]
heart
w
(0.07-1.62)0.1+6
1093
-------
Mouse
Mus muscuius
Pack rat
Neotoma cinerea
Mule deer
Odocoilus hemonius
White-tail deer
Qdocoilus virginianus
Sheep
Ovis aries
New England (femaleE
fed 3 ppm Se)
Schroeder &
Kitchener
(1972)
" (selenate fed) lung Vt
11 U , . T7
liver VI
" " kidney W
" 1 -r
spleen w
Liver and kidney accumulated Se as selenate
Liver, kidney & spleen accumulated selenite
(0.14-0.73)0.37
(c.i8-1.26)0.76
(o.U-i.86)o.88
(0.17-1.26)0.56
Utah
Idaho
New England
Canada
kidney D
hair
heart
kidney
W
liver,
mother W
" foetus W
muscle
'mother W
" foetus W
heart
mother W
" foetus W
lung
mother VJ
" foetus W
(11.6-3^
,2) Sharma &
Shupe (1977)
(0.5-16.0)
5.05
0.23
1.92
O.lU
0.119
C.oUl
0.027
0.055
0.052
0.095
0.076
Huckabee et
al. (1972)
Schroeder et
al. (1970)
Hidiroglou e
al. (1970)
1094
-------
Sheep
Ovis aries
Canada
kidney
mother
W
oA8
Hidiroglou
al. (1970)
I?
foetus
W
0.171
ff
Tl tl
ff
spleen
mother
w
O.loH
ft
II II
tt
" foetus
w
0.1U6
II
If tt
tl
adrenal
mother
w
0.218
11
1! II
tl
foetus
w
0.183
ft
tl II
11
placenta
mother
w
0.67
tl
M 1!
East Asia
muscle
l-J
0.176
Leunc (197
II 11
United States
ii
w
0.30
Schroeder
al. (1970)
3ighorn sheep
Ovis canadensis
Wyoming
hair
3.1
Huckabee e
al. (1972)
Harbor seal
Phoca vitulina
Netherlands
liver
w
(H6.0-13H.0)
Xoerr.an et
al. (1973)
IT 1!
ft
11
w
57.2
tl
Racoon
Procyon lotor
New England
heart
w
(0.15-1.22)
Schroeder
al. (1970)
If tl
II
lung
w
(0.13-1.28)
tt
It tl
tl
liver
w
(0.51-2.57)
tt
II If
It
kidney
w
(0.1+4-5.09)
II
II II
11
spleen
w
(0.23-1.38)
M
Rat
Rattus rattus
II
hair
w
0.60
If
Gray squirrel
Sciurus carolinensis
tt
heart
w
(0.23-0.3*0
It
II 11
f!
lung
w
(0.2U-0.25)
I!
tt It
tl
liver
1095
w
(0.3B-0.149)
tt
-------
Gray squirrel
Sciurus carolinensis
New England
Shrevj
Sorex vagrans
Wyoming
Rock squirrel
Sperrr.ophilus variegatus Utah
Pig
Sus scrofa
United
States
East Asia
Italy
kidney W (0.97-2.05) Schroeder et
al. (1970)
spleen W (0.32-0.33)
hair
(2.1-68.0) Huckabee et
12.09 al. (1972)
kidney D (8.9-3^.2) Sharma &
Shupe (1977)
" D 90.0 (max.) "
hair
(<1.0-1.2) Fuller et
al. (1967)
muscle W 0.239
W c.03
United States liver
kidney
pancreas
muscle
thyroid
RBC
plasma
hair
bene
(<1.0-2.9)
(<1.0-3.l)
(<1.0-1.8)
(<1.0-1.2)
<1.0
Leung (1973)
Rossi et
al. (1976)
(<•1.0-5.3) Fuller et al.
(1967)
(6.0-10.5)
(l.U-2.5)
(<0.8-1.2)
Schroeder et
al. (1970)
liver W 0.6b
kidney W H.17
fat W C. 1+2
intestine (1.1-1.7) Fuller et
al. (1967)
1096
-------
Pi£
Sus scrofa
United States
teeth
<0.1
Fuller et
al. (1967)
Fox
VuLpes fulva
New England
heart
W
1 .35
Scbroeder et
al. (1970)
H 1!
ft
lung
W
1.5^
II
11 It
H
liver
w
2.29
it
II 1!
M
kidney
w
2.23
ti
11 tl
!!
spleen
w
1.65
11
California sea lion
Zaloohus californLanus
California
liver
mother
D
(28.0-352.0) Martin et al
(197=)
tt if
ff
" kidney D
(8.U33.8)
11
u n
tf
liver
pup
D
(1.9-6.0)
1!
It IT
ft
" kidney
D
(2.2-8.U)
11
Western jumping mouse
Zapus princeps
Wyoming
hair
C.O
Ruckabee et
al. (1972)
If t1
Idaho
(mineralized
area)
II
(1.6-2.U)
If
"Bat"
New England
heart
W
2.86
Schroeder et
al. (1970)
1!
If
lung
W
0.77
If
II
tt
liver
w
(1.07-3.3^)
II
tt
)!
kidney
w
1.17
!f
If
tl
skin &
fur
w
1+.0
If
1!
It
muscle
w
0.1+9
ff
1097
-------
Id rat" New England heart W 0.23 Schroeder et
al. (1970)
lung W 0.32
" " liver W O.43
" " kidney W 0.76 "
" spleen W 0.18
1098
-------
Species
(1)
SELENIUM IN BIRDS
(2)
Local!ty
issue
analysis
FPM
Authority
Razorbill
Aica torda
Mallard
Anas platyrhynchos
31ack dunk
Anas rubripes
White-fronted goose
Anser al'oifror.s
Lesser scaup
Aythya affinis
Chicken
Gallus domesticus
(1)
Netherlands
Canada
I tal\
East Asia
liver
brain
W 3.6
w 0.69
egg
Koecian et
al. (1975)
feather D C0.C5
D <0.05
<0.05
Kelsall
(197C)
D <0.05
muscle W (0.06-0.2) Rossi et
0.15
(0.01-0.08)
0.0U
" white W 0.183
" yolk W O.Oofi
il. (1976)
Leung (1973)
Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
? indicates questionable data.
(2)
W, D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination cr mean. (x-y) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean. - Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE), median, and geometric mean are indicated as reported.
pCi/g = picocuries per gram.
1099
-------
Chicken
Gallus dcraestieus
Brown pelican
Pelecanus occidentalis
Italy
South'
Carolina &
Florida
kidney W 0.21'-SD 0.C2 Bomb ace et
al. < 197*0
liver W 0,21-SD 0.C3
feather W 0.10±SD 0.07 "
skin W 0.08±SD 0.C1
egg white W 0.03^-SD 0,001 "
" yelk W 0.069+"SD 0.003
" shell W 0.020-SD 0.007 "
Blus et al.
ess w (0.19-0.38) (1977)
C-uillemot
Uria aalge
u-eorgia
Netherlands
liver W (l.0;-U.U2)
liver
W (2.1J-4.6)
Knexan et
£l. (1975)
brain
W (C.U6-1.1)
1 LOO
-------
Species
(1)
SELENIUM IN AMPHIBIA
(2)
Locality
Analysis
Tissue PPM
Authority
Toad
Bufo bufo
11 II
Frog
Rana temporaria
Yugoslavia
" (idrija
mercury
mine)
n rt
liver W (o.69-0.77) Byrne et al.
(1975)
w 3.2
W it. 7
Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
? indicates questionable data.
W, D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination or mean. (x-y) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean. - Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE), median, and geometric mean are indicated as reported.
pCi/g = picocuries per gram.
1101
-------
(1)
Species
SELEKIUM If! MARINE FISH
(2)
Locali t.y
Analysis.
Tissue FPI>1
Authority
Herring
Clupea harengus
Cod
Gadus morhua
(1)
Sweden
Atlantic
muscle W 1.0
soluble
~one
skin
muscle
" soluble
bone
" soluble
liver
W
w
w
w
w
w
3
w
w
soluble
W
ski n V/
"soluble W
muscle W
Lunde (l370)
2.4
0.8
o.c
1.2
2.6
0.7
1.6
3.7
4.6
8.6
(0.12-0.75) Schroeder et
al. (1970)
Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
? indicates Questionable data.
(2)
W, D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination or nean. (x-y) indicates range oi
values, followed by the mean. - Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE), median, and geo.T.etric xean are indicated as reported.
pCi/g = picocuries per gram.
1102
-------
Cod
Gadus ^pp.
Flatfish
Linanda herzensteir.i
Black marlin
Makaira indica
Dover sole
Microstomas oacificus
Sardine
Sardinops melanostica
Mackerel
Scomber sccxbrus
I'Jorvay haddock
Sebastes carinas
Tuna
Thunnus spp.
11 11
East Asia muscle W 0.^-27 Leung (1973)
W 0.337
N.E. Australia
W
liver W
S. California
East Asia
Sweden
mature
muscle • W
immature
muscje W
water
soluble
muscle
water
soluble
muscle W
(low Hg)
(high Hg)
(o.'—lj .3) Mackay et
2.2iSE 0.151* al. (1975)
(1.U-L3.5)
5.4±SE 0.85C
w (c.65-1.2)
DeGoeij et
al. (-97^)
0.C09
1.3
1.k
Leung (1973)
Lunde (l970)
vi 3.9
muscle W 1.5
li c
(1.71-2.16) Ganther et
1.91 al. (1972)
D (2.U3-3JO2.9:
1103
-------
SELENIUM IN FRESHWATER FISH
(2)
bDecies
Locality
Analysis
1 issue PPM
Authority
Shortncse sturgeon
Acioenser brevirostrum Hew York
Atlantic sturgeon
Acipenser oxyrhyr.chos
muscle V," 0.37
Pakkala et
al. (1972)
K (0.26-C.3U)
Alewife
Alosa pseudoharengus
Great Lakes
Rock bass
Ambloplites rupestris New York
W (C.001-0.002)Lucas et
(1970)
muscle W (O.I5-C.98) Fakkala et
al. (1972)
United States whole W (0.27-O.80) Walsh et
al. (1977)
Bovfin
Amia calva
New York
muscle W 0.15
Pakkala et
al. (1972)
Freshwater drum
Aplodinotus grunniens
CO
(2)
Lake Erie
3a rb
3arbus barbus ple'oe.jus Italy
W (o.n-c.81) "
W (0.47-0.79) Willford
(1971)
W (0.2-0.336) Rossi et a
C.28 (1976)
Elank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
? indicates questionable data.
W, D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination or mean. (x-y) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean. - Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE), aeaian, and geometric mean are indicated as reported,
pCi/g = picocuries per gram.
1104
-------
Goldfish
Carassius auratus
Great Lakes Liver
New York
muscle
Uni ted States whole
W (0.C01-0.0C2) Lucas et al.
(1970)
W (O.lU-O.13) Tong et al.
(1972)
V/ (0.26-0.30) Walsh et al.
(1977)
Hiver carpsucker
Carpiodes carpi0
Longnose sucker
Catcstomus catostcxus
W (0.2B-0.UC)'
w (0.33-0.56)
Bridgclip sucker
Catostornus colurnbianus
w (0.20-0.26)
White sucker
Catastomus comnersoni
New York muscle W (0.18-0.72) Pakkala et
al. (1972a)
Lake Erie " W (O.Lo-0.^9) Willford
(1971)
United States whole W
(O.C7-C.92) Walsh et
al. (1977)
Largescale sucker
Catostomus macrocheiius
w (0.06-0.38)
Lake herri ny
Coresonus artecii
Great Lakes liver W (O.COl-O,
New York
u\jc j Lucas et al.
(1970)
muscle W (C.3O-C.36) Tong et al,
(1972)
Lake whitefish
Coresonus clupeaforrnis Great Lakes
liver W (0,001-0.002)Lucas et al
(1970)
Manitoba
muscle,
bone &
skin , W
Uthe &
Bligh
0.2L (1971)
Lake Ontaric
New York
it T r u
rf 0.30
muscle W (0.32-0.97) Pakkala et
al. (1972a)
1105
-------
Bloater
Goreaonus hoyi
Slimy sculpin
Cottus cognatus
Carp
Cyprinus carpi o
Gizzard shad
Dorosoma cepedianum
Northern pike
Esox lucius
it ri
It ri
Muskellunge
Esox 7iasquincnqy
Chain pickerel
Esox nl^er
Goldeye
Hyodon alosioides
Lake Ontario liver W (0.001-0.C02) Lucas et al.
(1970)
United States whole W (0.32-G.I+9) Walsh et al.
(1977)
Great Lakes
New York
W (O.bU-O.67) Thomas (1972)
muscle W 0.21
Pakkala et
al. (1972a)
United States whole W
Lake Erie
New York
Lake Erie
muscle W
(0.20-6.0) Walsh et al
(1977)
(0.50-0.58) Willford
(1971)
W C. h2
Pakkala. et
al. (1972a)
(0.35-O.L2) Willford
(1971)
United States whole W (0.24-1.10) Walsh et al.
(1977)
Manitoba
Lake Erie
New York
muscle j
bone, &
skin W
Uthe &
Eligh
(0.17-Q.37) (1971)
w 0.19
(0.15-0.55) FakkaJLaet
al. (1972a)
muscle W (o.lp-0.27)
w (0.23-0.52)
United States whole W (0.05-C.92) Walsh et
al. (1972)
w (0.18-3.50) " (1977)
1106
-------
Mooneye
Hyodor. tergieus
United States whole W 0.52
Walsh et al
(1977)
White catfish
Ictalurus catus
w (0.17-0.25)
Blue catfish
Ictalurus furcatus
W (0.12-0.33)
Brown catfish
Ictalurus nebulosus
New York
muscle W (c.10-0.49) Pakkala et
al. ¦( 1972a):
Yellow bullhead
Ictalurus notatus
Channel catfish
Ictalurus punctatus
Spotted gar
Lepisosteus oculatus
Longnose gar
Lepidosteus osseus
Red breast sunfish
Lepomis auritus
Purnpkinseed
Lepomis gibbosus
Blue gill
Lepomis macrochirus
United States whole W (0.13-3.10) Walsh et al
(1977)
New York
Lake Erie
Leuciscus cephalus cabeda Italy-
Burbot
Lota lota
Kew York
muscle W (c.ll-O.lU) Pakkala.et_
al. (1972a)
W (0.29-0.3)0 Willford
(1971)
United States whole W
(0.I8-I.3C) Walsh et al
(1977)
W 0.28
W (c.40-0.56)
w (0.^2-0.52)
w (0.22-0.35)
w (0.16-1.10)
W (0.091-0.29) Rossi et al
0.19
muscle W 0.33
Peaxouth
Meilocheilus caurinus United States whole W 0.84
(1976)
Pakkala et
al. (1972a)'
Walsh et al
(1977)
1107
-------
Smallmouth bass
Mlcropterus dolomieui New York
" Lake Erie
muscle W (o. 15-0.Bi-) Pakkala et
al. /(1972a)
w 0.36
United States whole W
Willford
(1971)
(0.C&-C.7C) Walsh et al.
(1977)
Largeiouth bass
Miarcpterus salmoides JJew York
United States
muscle W (o;il-0.57) Pakkala_et ...
al. J_1972a)
whole W (KD-H.C) Walsh et al.
(1977)
Spotted sucker
Minytrema xelanops
White bass
Morone chrysops
(=Rcccus chrysops)
New York
Lake Erie
w (0.38-2.12)
muscle W
W
Ur.ited States whole W
Great Lakes liver W
(0.32-0.52) Pakkala et
al. ' 19''"2 a)
(C.U6-0.62) Willford
(1971)
(C.5b-2.10) Walsh et al
(1977)
(O.001-0.002) Lucas et
al. (l97C)
Striped bass
Moror.e saxatilis
New York
muscle W (0.2U-O.65) Pakkala et_
al. (1972a)
Striped mullet
Musi 1 cephalus
United States
'whole W (C.28-0.-2) Walsh et al.
(1977)
River chub
Nocomis r.icropogon
Golden shiner
Notemi gonus chrysoleucas
W (C.1+8-0.68)
w (0.23-0.72)
Spotted shiner
Notropis hudsonius
Great Lakes liver W (C.001-0.C02) Lucas et al.
(1970)
1108
-------
Coho salmon
Onchorynchus kisutch K'ev York
tl I' - , ri .
i.ase Erie
Sacramento blackfish
Orthodon Tiicrolepidnotus California
xuscle W (0.18-0.68) Pakkala et
al. (1972a)
W (0.36-0.52) Willford
(1971)
¦whole w C.3C
American smelt
Osmerus mordax
Yellow perch
Ferca flavescens
Great Lakes liver W
Lake Erie
muscle,
bone, &
skin W
United States xuscle W
Great Lakes liver W
Lake Erie
Kev York
Lake Erie
xuscle,
bone &
skin W
muscle W
W
United States whole W
Trout perch
Percoosis omiscoxaycus Great Lakes
liver W
White crappie
Pcxoxis annularis
United States whole W
Walsh et
al. (1977)
(0.001-0.002) Lucas et al.
(1970)
W (0.39-0.66) Thcxas (1972)
0.22
1.23
Lake 2rie whole W 0.3^+
Uthe &
Bligh
(1971)
Schroeder et
al. (1370)
Willford
(1971)
(0.001-0.002) Lucas et al.
(1970)
0.32
Uthe &
Bligh
(1971)
(0.18-0.36) Pakkala et
al. (1972a)
(0.38-0.51) Willford
(1971)
(C.05-0.80) Walsh c-t al.
(1977)
(0.001-0.002) Lucas et al.
(1970)
(C.lU-1.20) Walsh et al.
(1977)
1109
-------
Black crappie
Fomoxis nigromaculatus New York muscle
?1 II
Round whitefish
Prosopiun cylindroceum
Round whitefish
Prosopium cylindraceurr.
United States whole W
Great Lakes liver W
Alaska whole W
VI
muscle W
W
muscle W
liver W
muscle W
United States whole W
Northern squawfish
Ptychocheilus oregcnensis
United States
Rutilus rubi11o Italy
Brawn trout
Salmo trutta New York
Salmon
Salmo trutta fario Italy
Brook trout
Salvelinus fontinalis New York
Lake trout
Salvelinus naymaycush Great Lakes
New York
11 II
Sauger
Stizostedion canadense W
Walleye pike
Stizostedion vitreum- vitreun
Great Lakes liver W
11 tl ft IT r7
w
" Lake Erie W
O.20-O.L7) Pakkala et
al. (1972a)
0.12-0.70) Walsh et
al. (1977)
0.001-0.C02) Lucas et al.
(1970)
ND-l.Uo) Walsh et al.
(-977)
o.oU-c.i+o) "
O.lLl-O.538) Rossi et al.
).28U (1976)
0.2^-0.1+1+) Pakkala et
al. (1972a)
0.129-0.261) Rossi et al.
1.195 (1976)
C.^C-I.IO) Pakkala et
al. (1972a)
0.001-0.002) Lucas et al.
(197C)
0.23-1.50) Pakkala et
al. (1972a)
0.2L-0.80) Walsh et al.
(1977)
0.36-0.61)
Lucas et al.
0.001-0.002) (1970)
0.1+0-0.68) Thomas (1972)
C.33-0.3^) Pillay et al.
(1972)
1110
-------
Walleye pike
Stlzostedion vitreum vitreuit Fakkala et
New York muscle W (0.17-O.Uo) ;al. (1972a
" " " Lake Erie " W (C.28-0-1+8) Wi 11 ford
(1971)
Arctic: grayling
Thyaallus arcticus Alaska whole W (1.2-1.3) Walsh et a
(1977)
1111
-------
SELENIUM IN LOWER ANIMALS
(1)
(2)
Species
Locality
Analysis
Tissue PPM
Authority
MOLLUSCA
Ark shell
Anadara spp.
East Asia
soft
parts
Ark shell
Area spp.
Oyster
Crassos-rea cucullata
W 0.002
W 0.002
Leung (1973)
India
13.57 pCi/g Patel &
75se Ganguly
(1973)
Oyster
Crassostrea gryphoides
American oyster
Crassostrea virginica
Mussel
Mytilus edulis
United States
Sweden
A 5.U0
A 6.21
W 0.49
W 3.9
If II
Sctroeder et
al. (1970)
Lunde (1970)
(1)
water
soluble
soft
parts W
Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable,
1 indicates questionable data.
(2)
W, D or A indicates on a Wet. Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination or mean, (x-y) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean. - Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE), med ian, and geometric mean are indicated as reported.
pCi/g = picocuries per gram.
1112
-------
Scallop
Pecten maximus
Sweden
Squid
Om^astrephes sagittatus
soft
parts W
water
soluble
soft
parts W
soft
parts
2.6
l.C
W 3.C
Lunde (1970)
Oyster
Ostrea edulis
"Scallops"
"m "
Clams
CRUSTACEA
New England
water
soluble
soft
parts W
C.6
soft
parts W ND
water
soluble
soft
parts W 0.9
W 0.77
soft
parts W 0.55
Schroeder eJ
al. (1970)
Copepod
Acartia clausi
Crab
Cancer anthonyi
Shrimp
American lobster
Homarus americanus
Greece
S. California
(non-contam.
area)
" (contan. area)
United States
whole D (l.Cl-3.08) Zafiropoulos &
1.86 Grimanis (197?)
Fowler et al.
(1975)
w 15,66-SE 2.75
w 5.1L-SE C.96
W (l.7^-2.C2) Schroeder et
al. (1970)
New England muscle W l.Ot
1113
-------
Lobster
Ho.r.arus vulgaris Sweden
Shrimp
Paiaemon spp. East Asia
King crab
Paralithodes caxschatica
Sovjbug. wood I ice
PorcelLio sp. Denmark
ECIilKODERMATA
Sea urchin
Arbacia lixula Greece
Sea urchin
Echinaster sepositus
Sea cucuxber
Holothuria tubulosa
muscle W 1.5
Lunde (l9?o)
Starfish
Marthasterias glacialis
Serpent star
Ophioderma longicauda
Sea urchin
Paracentrotus lividus
Sea urchin
Sphaereehinus grar.ulari;
INSECTA
Bruchid beetle
Acanthoscelides fraterculus
Seed c'nalcid
Bruchophagus mexlcanus
soluble
W 2.0
VJ c.58
canned
muscle W C.51
¦whole W 0.57
larva
Blister beetle
Lytta nuttalli
(fed on Astragalus
flowers with 2300
ppm Se) adult
D 2.U
D U.U
D 3.i+
D 3.0
3 1.9
D 1.1
D C.80
67.0
67.O
Leung (1973)
Schroeder et
al. (197C)
Gissel-
Kielsen (197*0
Papadopoulou
et al. (1976)
Rosenfeld &
Beat'n (196U)
21.0
1114
-------
Crane fly
Tipula sp.
"Fly larvae"
AKACHNIDA
Centipede
Lithooius sp.
TUNICATA
Tunicate
Ciona intestinalis
Tunicate
Microcosmus sulcatus
Denmark
United States
(or Astragalus
with 1-SOO ppm
Se)
.arv a
Denmark
Greece
W 0.93
W 20.0
;hole W 1.6U
w 0.051
tunic
rest o:
body
D
W
D
W
D
1.2
0.0U0
1.0
0.11
2.7
whole W 2.8
" D ^ 1
A- > •
Gi ssel-
Nielsen
(197^)
Rosenfeld
& Beath
(196U)
Gissel-
Nielsen
(197*0
Papadopoulou
& Kanias
(1977)
1115
-------
(1)
SELENIUM IN HIGHER PLANTS
Species
(2)
Locality
Analysis
Tissue PPM
Authority
Western -wheat grass
Agropyron smithii
South Dakota top
(0.0-8^0)lU5 Rosenfeld &
Beath (196U)
Onion
Allium ceoa
East Asia
"bulb
W 0.015
Leung (1973)
W. United
States
(Se area)
D (0.40-17.8)
Rosenfeld &
Beath (196U)
Garlic
Allium sativum
East Asia
W 0.771
Leung (1973)
Pineapple
Ananas ccmosus
fruit W 0.C05
Little bluestem
Andropcgon scoparius
W. United
States
:op
(0.0-6.0)
1.1
Rosenfeld &
Beath
(196*0
Peanut
Arachis hypogaea
Lower Dahomey nut
0.21
Cresta et
al. (1975)
Big sagebrush
Artemisia trider.tata
(1)
(2)
Idaho
branch D (0.06-1.2]
Gough &
Severson
(1976)
Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
1 indicates questionable data.
w, D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination or lean, (x-y) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean. - Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE), median, and geometric mean are indicated as reported.
pCi/g = picocuries per gran.
1116
-------
Asparagus
Asparagus oficinale
W. United
States
(Se area)
D (2.70-11.0)
Rosenfeld 5c
Beath (196^)
Aster
Aster caerulescens
Acter
Aster commutatls
D 56C
D (15.0-590.0)
Aster
Aster multj flora
Aster
Aster occider.talis
D (0.0-320.0)62.0
D 28^4.0
Woody aster
Aszer venustus United States
Woody aster
Aster x.ylorrhiza "
Poison vetch
Astragalus albulus W. United
States
Milk vetch
Astragalus argillosus "
Indicator of economic Cannon (l97l)
deposits of Se
It It ! I
(Requires Se).
Indicator of economic
deposits of Se
top D 395-0 Rosenfeld &
Beath
Milk vetch
Astragalus beathii
Milk vetch
Astragalus bisulcatus
Milk vetch
Astragalus confertiflorus
root D 27.0
top D 1,963
root D 66.C
D 10,239 Cannon (197*0
top D (1.0-10,239) Rosenfe-ld &
. 3eath (196O
seed D 3051
top
-,372
Milk vetch
Astragalus crotalariae
D 2000
1117
-------
Milk vetch
Astragalus crotalariae
W. United
States
root D ^5.0
Rosenfeld &
Beath (196M
XiIk vetch
Astragalus
diholcos
11
Indicator of
deposits of
economic
Se
Cannon (1971)
Kilk vetch
Astragalus
eastwoodi
1!
11 It
IT
tl
Kilk vetch
Astragalus
elisiae
tl
TT tl
'1
tl
Milk vetch
Astragalus
garbancillus
Peru, Andes
Used to locate U and
Se ore
n
Milk vetch
Astragalus
grayii
W. United
States
top D
35c. 0
Rosenfeld &
Beath (1964)
11
11
11
Indicator of
deposits of
economic
Se
Cannon (l97l)
Milk vetch
Astragalus
moenkopensis
ft
!1 It
tl
11
Milk vetch
Astragalus
oocalysis
11
tl It
1t
tl
Milk vetch
Astragalus
osterhouti
It
seed D
3, coo
Rosenfeld &
Beath (196^)
1!
tl
IT
top D
1,308
tl
Milk vetch
Astragalus
pattersoni
Tl
D
8,512.0
Cannon (197^)
T!
tl
11
top D
(1.5-5U9)
.Rosenfeld &
Beath (196U)
M
!!
1!
seed D
3,300
11
Milk vetch
Astragalus
pectinatus
D
(10.0-10,239)
"
ff
It
Indicator of
deposits of
economic.
Se
Cannon (1971)
Kilk vetch
Astragalus preussi
ft
D
1,770
!|
Milk vetch
Astragalus
racedens
11
Indicator of
deposits of
111ft
economic
Se
tt
-------
Milk vetch
Astragalus racemosus
Milk vetch
Astragalus sabulosus
Locoweed
Astragalus spp.
W, United
States
(in uranium
districts)
SaLtbush
Atriplex canescens
Salt tush
Atriplex confertifolia
Salt bush
Atriplex nuttallii
Cats
Avena sativa
United States
Swiss chard
Beta vulgaris cicla
top
seed D 3,000
Rosenfeld &
D (1.0-Hi,920) 3eath (196^)
top
D
,066
24 spp. can contain
1000 ppm Se
Karr & Muth
(1972)
Side oat grass
3outeloua curtipendula
Buffalo grass
Bouteloua dactyloides
31ue grama
Bouteloua gracilis
Sweden
W. United
States
(Se area)
United States
" (soil amended
. with sludge)
W. United
States
A U6,000 (max.) Cannon (1969)
D 6,000 (max.)
Rosenfeld &
3eath (196U)
D h77.(
D l,73l4-
D (300-502)
plant D (0.009-0.033) Lindberg &
Lannek (1970)
D (2.0-15.0)
D O.OQ
Rosenfeld &
Beath (196k)
Furr et al.
(1976)
D (0.05-0.06)
Rosenfeld &
3eath (196U)
D (0.0-32.0)3.6 ¦
D (0.0-12.0)2.7
D (0.0-3.6)1.k
1119
-------
Cauliflower
Brassica oleracea
"botrytis
East Asia
Italy
flower
Cabbage
Brassica oleracea capitata
East Asia
II tl fl t r T" • i i
W. Lnited
States
(Se area)
Tur r.ip
Brassica rapa
Scotch heather
Calluna vulgaris
Tea
Camellia sinensis
Pepper
Capsicum annuiim
Chestnut
Castanea sp.
East Asia
Finland
East Asia
Italy
Indian paint brush
Castille.ja angustifolia United States
Indian paint brush
Castilla.ja chromosa
Chickweed
Cerastium holosteoides
Thistle
Cirsiirn palustre
Tangerine
Citrus reticulata
Great Britain
East Asia
Coffee
Coffea arabica
lea:
bean
W 0.006
W C.00U
W 0.022
D (2.3-U..5)
leaf W 0.007
D <"_0.0
Leung (1973)
Rossi et al.
(1976)
Leung (1973)
Rosenfeld &
Beath (1969)
Leung (1973)
Koljonen
(1974)
0.115-0.027^ Shah et al.
(1971)
fruit W 0.007
W
-------
Taro
Colocasia esculenta
East Asia
root W O.05!.
leaf
stalk W 0.002
Leung (1973)
Coniandra pallida
Cucumber
Cucunais sativus
Cocksfoot
Dactylis glomerata
Carrot
Daucus carota
W. United
States
East Asia
W. United
States
(Se area)
Sweden
Italy
East Asia
W. United
States
D lUc.O
fruit W 0.003
Great Britain top
D O.Ool
Rosenfeld &
Beath (196't)
Leung (1973)
D (0.1-C.6) Rosenfeld &
Beath (196^)
Lindberg &
Lannek (1970)
(20.7-^2.8) Nye & Peterson
(1975)
V,' <0.00U
Rossi et al.
(1976)
root W 0.022 Leung (1973)
D (1.3-l.L) Rosenfeld &
Beath (196U)
Fescue
Festuca rubra
Meadow fescue
Festuca sp.
Great Britain too
Sweden
D (15.1-35.3) 3ye &
Peterson
(1975)
D 0.06U
Lindberg &
Lannek (1970)
otrawoerry
Frafcaria sp.
-taly
W < 0.004
Rossi et al.
(1976)
Bedstraw
Galium aparine
Great Britain
D (ND-15.0) Nye &
Peterson
(1975)
East Asia seed W 0.011
1121
Leung (1973)
-------
Soybean
Glycine max East Asia
Gumweed
Grindelia squarrosa
W, United
States
Broorraeed
Gutierrezia diversifolia
Broo.nweed
Gutierrezia sarothrae
Haplopappus cor.densata
Haplopappus engelsnantvi
r
Haplopappus frenontii
11 H
Haplopappus (Conopsis) spp.
Yorkshire fog
Holcus lanatus
3arley
Hordeurn vulsare
Great Eritain
Sweden
Linonillo
Eymenoxys flori'ounda
Sweet potato
Iponoea batatas
Lettuce
Lactuca sativa
East Asia
Italy
seed
curd
top
root
top
East Asia grain
United States "
" (Se area)
W. United
States
leaf
W . 0.015
w 0.003
Leung (1973)
D (0.C-260.0) Rosenfeld &
38.C Beath (196*0
D 723
D (8.0-220.0)
60.0
D (680-L800)
D
D
D
W
W
root W
W
W
101.0
U,9oo
U;8oo
800.0
D (15.*+-33.8) Nye & Peters
(1975)
on
(0.C07-0.022)Lindberg &
Lannek (1970)
0.66 Leung (1973)
(0.050-0.06M Haller et al.
(1969)
(l.7-17.0) Rosenfeld &
Beath (196^)
575
0.071
0.003
o.ook
Leung (1973)
Rossi et al.
(1976)
1122
-------
Prickly lettuce
Lactuca scariola
Flax
Linu^i usitatissimum
Perennial .ryegrass
Loliurfi perenne
East Asia
Sweden
Great Britain
Tomato
Lycopersicon esculentum Italy
Tansy aster
Machaeranthera sp.
Lower Dahomey
W. United
States (Se
area)
East Asia
W. United
States
Tansy aster
Machaeranthera ^labrluscula
Tansy aster
Machaeranthera ramosa
leaf W 0,6'4
i.006
fruit
W <0.00^
D <0.005
D (C.2-1.2)
W 0.005
Leung (1973)
Lindberg &
Lanr.ek (1970)
D (ND-18.7) Nye & Pet erson
(1975)
Rossi et al.
(1976)
Cresta et al.
(1975)
Rosenfeld &
Beath (1964-)
Leung (1973)
Rosenfeld &
D (1.0-10,239) Beath (196*0
D (7.9; Or 1,800)
D 1,3^5
Tansy aster
Machaeranthera venusta
Apple
Malus sylvestris
Cassava
Kanihot utilissima
Alfalfa
Medicago sativa
East Asia
United States
Sweden
D 3^86
fruit W 0.002 Leung (1973)
" W C.022-0.007 Kaller et al.
(51969)
Lower Dahomey root D
leaf &
stem D
(<0.05-0.l) Cresta et al,
(1975)
leaf D <0.1
!.04
Lindberg &
Lanr.ek (1970)
1123
-------
Sago
Metroxylon spp.
Banana
Musa sanientum
East Asia
W O.OL
fruit W 0.0C9
Leung (1973)
Tobacco
Nicotiana tabacun
United States leaf D 5-8
stem D hb.2
Nadkarni et
al. (1970)
Rice
Oryza sativa
H M
ff It
It it
Indian rice grass
Oryzopsis hyrcenoides
Butterbur
Petasites .japonicus
Beans
Phaseolus spp.
Timothy
Phleirn pretense
Peas
Pisum sativum
East Asia brown V/
" milled W
Lower Dahomey D
United States
Utah
Last Asia
Lower Dahomey bean
lea:
United States bean
Sweden
East Asia
W
D
W
0.38
0.318
Leung (1973)
U0.C5-0.13) Crcsta et al,
("975)
(0.090-0.115)Haller et
al. (1969)
D 93-C
leaf W 0.2C
Rosenfeld &
Beath (196L)
Leung (1973)
(
-------
Radish
Raphanus sativus
East Asia root
W 0.039
Leung (1973)
Blackberry
Rubus sp.
Italy
fruit W <0.CCl
Rossi et al.
(1976)
Sour dock
Rumex acetcsa
Rye
Secalc cereale
Sesame
Sesaxum orientale
Spinach
Spinacia oleracea
Eggplant
Solanuj. melongen;
Potato
Solanux tuberosum
Prince's pluxe
Stanleya bipinr.ata
Prince's plume
Star-leya integrifolia
Prince's plume
Stanleya pinnata
Spanish moss
Tillandsia usnoides
Great Britain
W. United States
(Se area)
East Asii
Lower Dahomey
East Asia
W. United
States
California
W. United
States
S.E. United
States
D (5I+.I-S6.0) Nye &
Peterson
(197?)
Rosenfeld &
D (0.90-25.0) Beath (196U)
W 0.C06
Leun"
(1973)
D (0.II-C.9) Cresta et al.
fruit W 0.067
tuber W 0.005
D (0.2-0.9)
Leung (1973)
Rosenfeld &.
Beath (196'-)
D (250.0-2,380)
700.0
top D 695
leaf &
stern
top
root
D
D
Chessin
(10.6-73-(1972)
Rosenfeld &
(125-80U) Beath (196L)
U29
whole D 1.0
Shacklette &
Connor (1973)
1125
-------
To'wr.sendia incana
W. United
States
Indicator of 3e
NASA (1968)
Red clover
Trifoliunr. oratense
Wheat
Triticux aestivu"!
oov;peas
Vip;na spp.
Xylorhiza parri
Corn
Zea mays
M tl
II tl
Sweden
East Asia
W. United
States (Se
area)
II ft
11 n
East Asia
plant D 0.018
grain D
W
D
D
stem &
leaf D
root D
0.28
0.004
(1.15-30.0)
35.0
17.0
36.0
Lindberg Sc
Lan nek
(1970)
Leung (1973)
Rosenfeld &
Beath (196U)
seed W 0.015
United States Indicator of Se
East Asia
W. United
States (Se
area)
Lover Dahomey
grain W 0.3
D
D
(1.0-20.0)
Leung (1973)
NASA (1968)
Leung (1973)
Rosenfeld &
Beath (19^4)
(<0.C5-C.15) Cresta et al
(1975)
Lirape
Vitis so.
United States raisin W ^0.001
Haller et al.
(1969)
1126
-------
- '
SELENIUM
IN LOVER
PLANTS
(1)
Species
Locality
Tissue
Ana
PPM
(2)
lysis
Authority
FUNGI
Mushroom
Agaricus spc.
East Asia
whole
W
0.13
Leung (1973)
Fly xushroox
Amanita muscaria
Yugoslavia
stalk
D
(1.06-1.US)
Xosta et al.
(197U)
11 It
It
cap
D
(3.2U-U.21)
It
Amanita pantherina
IT
whole
D
i—-t
O
•
CM
tl
Amanita phalloides
ft
stalk
D
0.19
II
it n
cap
D
0.33
II
Pore mushroom
Boletus sp.
f?
whole
W
0.13±SD 0.02
Bonbace et
al. (197*0
If ft
Tl
stalk
W
0.13±SD 0.02
It
Coprinus comatus
II
whole
D
0.3^
Kos-ta et al.
(197^)
Cortinarius praestans
II
If
D
1.03
II
Cortinarius saturatus
It
U
D
0.63
tl
Hygrocybe punicea
II
II
D
(0.58-0.66)
If
Hypholoma fasciculare
It
II
D
(0.28-0.33)
II
(1)
(2)
Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
? indicates questionable data.
W, D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination or mean. (x-y) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean. - Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE), median, and geometric mean are indicated as reported.
pCi/g = picocuries per gram.
1127
-------
Lactarius deliciosus
Yugoslavia
whole
D
(0.13-0.88)
Kosta et al.
(197U)
Lactarius torninosus
»»
ft
D
1.28
?l
Lycc-pcrdon perla-un
fl
spore
D
(3.09-7.02)
If
n ti
ft
whole
D
3.56
If
iMacrolepiota procera
IT
cap
D
(1.79-2.39)
11
Bamaria pallida
Yugoslavia
whole
D
1.88
Kosta et
al. (1971*)
Sareodon imbricatum
M
It
D
1.69
11
Suillus bovinus
If
ft
D
0.43
it
"Mushroom"
Italy
¥
U0.00U-0.13;
I Rossi et
al. (1976)
"Fungi"
D
2.0
Bowen (1966)
ALGAE
Brown alga
Eh r era a sp.
California
0.09
Chessin (197*2)
Br own alga
Laminarla hypertorea
D
0.05
Lunde ;'( 1970a)
Brown alga
Lair.inaria aponica
East Asia
D
0.02
Leung (1973)
Brown alsa
Laxinaria sp.
California
O.03
Chess in (1972)
Elk kelp
Pelagonh.vcus porra
S, California
bladder
W
(0.15-2.2)
Folso.x et al.
(1972)
II f!
U
blade
w
(c.03-0.10)
It
If fJ
II
stipe
w
(0.10-0.1+7)
!»
Seaweed
Undaria pinnatifida
East Asia
D
0.013
Leung (1973)
Microalgae, green
Germany
D
(0.1-0.7)
0.3
Payer et al.
(1975)
ir m
Bangkok
D
(c.01-0.15)
0.C5
ft
1128
-------
Brown algae D 0.8^ Bowen (1966)
Marine algae California 1.93 Chessin
(1972)
1129
-------
Species
Locality
TIN IN MAMMALS
Tissue
(1)
(2)
Analys:
FPK
Authority
Cow
Bos bovis
Vermont
muscle W (0.51-2.76) Schroeder et
al. (196U)
muscle &
fat W 3.UU
bone
marrow
milk
W 0.U2
w 0.68
Beaver
Castor canadensis
Guinea pig
Cavia aorcellus
(1)
United States dry
skim
milk
Vermont "
Great Britain "
Vermont
heart
United States
(fed on swiss
chard grown on
sludge-amended
soil) liver
W 0.96
V 0.19
w o.oo78i
C.CC12
w 7.20
Hamilton et
al. (1972)
Schroeder et
al. (1964)
Furr et
al. (1976)
D (l.8-7.4)U.8
Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
1 indicates questionable data.
(2)
W, D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination or mean, (x-y) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean. - Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE), median, and geometric mean are indicated as reported.
pCi/g = picocuries per gram.
1130
-------
Guinea pig
Cavia porcellus
Woodchuck
Marmota monax
White-tailed deer
Cdocoilus vir^inianus
1'iusK.rat
Ondatra zibethica
Sheep
Ovis aries
it ft
Harbor seal
Phoca vitulina
Pig
Sus scrofa
Red fcx
Vulpes fulva
United States
(fed on swiss
chard grown cn
sludge-amended
soi
1)
Vermont
Tennessee
Vermont
Scotland
Vermont
.Kianey
muscle
adrenal
spleen
liver
kidney
heart
kidney
muscle
spieen
heart
muscle
kidney
liver
mu
Furr et al
(1976)
D (<0.5-5.9)2.9
D (<'0.5-2.8)1.9
D (7.7-15.0)10.2
D (<0.5-2.lOl.6
W i.77
W 0.82
w (1.65-2.20)
w 0.0
w o.c
liver W 0.33
w 0.32
w 1.36
blood W 0.02±0.01
W 0.05^0,02
W 0.03-C.01
W 0. lie.Ok
W 0.06-0.02
w 0.1-0.05
scle W 0.8U
liver W 3.50
1131
Schrocder
al. (196U)
Hamilton
(1976)
Sc'nroeder
al. (196U)
-------
(1)
TIM IN BIRDS
Species
(2)
Locality
Analysis
Tissue PPM
Authority
Ruffed grouse
Bonasa umbellus
Vermont
liver W 0.50
Schroeder
et al.
(196U)
Chicken
Gallus gallus
muscle W 1.73
egg
w c.91
Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
? indicates questionable data.
W, D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination or mean, (x-y) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean. - Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE), xedian, and geometric nean are indicated as reported.
pCi/g = picocuries per gram.
1132
-------
(1)
TIN IN MARINE FISH
(2)
Species
Locality
Analysis
Tissue PPM
Authority
Wrasse
Ctenolabrus rupestris Sveden
Codfish
Gadus morhua?
Griella punctata
Atlantic
Ocean
Japan
Halibut
Hippogiossus hippogiossus
Atlantic
Ocean
Xonosirus punctatus
Japan
Winter flounder, grey sole
Pseudopleuronectes amerlcanus
Newfoundland
Sand smelt
Sjlago siharna
Spiny dogfish
Squalus acar.thius
Japan
Sweden
(1)
(2)
muscle
muscle
D ^.7
Noddack &
Noddack
(19^0)
Schroeder et
W (0.U9-3.67) al. (196b)
trace
W 1.21
. trace
muscle W 3.21
trace
D 2.0
Matida &
Kimada
(1969)
Schroeder
et al.
(196*0
Matida &
Kumaaa
(1969)
Schroeder et
al. (196*0
Matida &
Kumada
(1969)
Noddack &
Noddack (19^0)
Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
? indicates questionable data.
W, D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number indicates
a single determination or mean, (x-y) indicates range of values, followed by
the mean. - Standard deviation (SD), standard error (SE), median, and
geometric mean are indicated as reported. pCi/g = picocuries per gram.
1133
-------
TIN IN FRESHWATER FISH
(1)
(2)
species
Locality
Analys is
Tissue PPM
Authority
Sturgeon
Aciperiser sp.
New York
muscle.
bone,
skin
W 0.60
Tong et
al."(1972)
White sucker
CatastoT.us comxersoni "
Lake vhitefish
Cpyegonus clupeaformis Manitoba,
Moose Lake
Lake Ontario
w 1.5
muscle W 3-57
W 0.80
Uthe &
Bligh
(1971)
Bloater
Coregor.us hoy:
Carp
C.yprinus carpio
United States smoked W li.3
New York
muscle,
bone, &
skin W C.15
Schroeder et
al. (196M
Tong et
al. (1972)
Northern pike
3sox lucius
Manitoba,
Moose Lake
" Lake St.
Pierre
Lake Erie
muscle W 5.^3
W 0.67
W 0.5U
Uthe &
Bligh (1971)
Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
? indicates questionable data.
W, D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination or mean, (x-y) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean. - Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE), median, and geometric mean are indicated as reported.
pCi/g = picocuries per gram.
1134
-------
Northern pike
Esox lucius
Muskellunge
Esox xasquinongy
New York
Chain pickerel
Escx niger
Sxallmouth "bass
Micropterus doloiiieu
Largemouth bass
Micropterus salmoides
Striped bass
Mcrone saxatilis
Rainbow smelt
Osxerus mordax
Yellow perch
Perca flavescens
Lake Erie
New York
Black crappie
Poaicxi s nlgrcxaculatus
Lake trout
Salyelinus naymaycush
Walleye
Stizostedion vitreim
Fish
Great Britain
muscle
"bone &
skin W (c.06-17.0)
w (0.55-1.1)
W (C.17-k.l)
w (0.05-6.0.)
W (0.55-3.6)
w 0.90
muscle W 1.22
muscle,
bone &
skin
Tong et
al."(1972)
W 0.55
W 0.75
Uthe &
Bligh
(1971)
Tong et
al. (1972)
w 0.25
" w (0.OUU-O.23C) " (197L)
w (0.23-0.80) " (1972)
w (0.05-20.0)
Potato fields near reservoir Moore
were sprayed with triphenyl (1969)
tin hydroxide and fish died.
100.0
1135
-------
(1)
tit; in lower animals
(2)
Locality
Tissue
Analysis
PPM
Authority
MOLLUSCA
Agolidia paplllosa
Sea hare
Aplysia benedicti
Great Britain
India
(in reactor waste)
A 150.0
A ND
Webb (1937)
Patel &
jangu^y
(1973)
G-astropoc
Cellana radiata
A IvD
Pteropod
Clione limocina
Oyster
:^ew ^ngiana
whole
Oyster
Crassostrea cucullata India
(in reactor waste)
soft
Darts
-assostrea gryohoides
Air.c-rican oyster
Crassostrea virginica Texas
Cape Cod
shell
soft
parti
(1)
(2)
A 20.0
Nicholls et
al. (1959)
A (12.11-42.2^) Patel &
pCi/g Sn^3 G-anguly
(1973)
A 7.15 pCi/g Sn11-^
D <0.1
w 1.38
Smith &
Wright (1962)
Schroeder et
al. (196U)
Blank spaces indicate information not available cr not applicable,
? indicates questionable data.
W, D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination or mean. (x-y) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean. - Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE), median, and geometric mean are indicated as reported.
pCi/g = picocuries per gran.
1136
-------
Snail
Helix pomatia
Great Britain
A 25,0.0
Webb
(1937)
Clam
Kormomya mutabilis Japan
trace
Matida &
Kumada
(1969)
;'t.er 3:10(1
Lira&'cih'a 'retro-versa
Mussel.
Mytilus edulis
Kew England whole A <1.0
Japan
Octopus
Octopus vuip;aris "
Squid
Ommastrcphes illecebrosa
New England
Gastropod
Or.chidiurn verruculatum India (in
reactor waste)
Oyster
Cstrea edulis
1!0 . - I!
Snail, s
North Sea
(after dumping
munitions)
Great Britain
trace
A 3.0
A KD
Nicholls et
al. (1959)
Matida &
Kumad a
(1969)
-Ucholls ct
al. (1959)
Patel &
Ganguly
(1973)
200.0 Orton (192^)
Potato fields sprayed
near a reservoir with
triphenyl tir. hydroxide:
750.0
Moore (1969)
CRUSTACEA
Copepoc]
Calanus finmarchius
New England
" (with 50% neriti:
phytopiank ten)
A <1.
90.(
Nichclls et
al. (1953)
1137
-------
Copepcd
Centrcpagus haxatus Kew England A 50.0
Copepod
Cer.tropaa;us typicus " A 50.C
Euphausid
Euphausla krohnii ' A <1.0
Lobster
Ko:narus ar.ericanug Maine claw
muscle W 0.60
ECHIKODERMATA
Starfish
Asterias rubens Syeder.
D 7.2
" " Great 3ritain A 800.0
Sea urchin.
Brissopsis lyrifera Sweden D 1.6
Sea urchin
Paracentrotuc- lividus Great Britain
{% wt. of ash cations) A 800.0
Sea cucumber
Stichopus tremulus Sweden D 6.2
COELEWTERAT'A
Sea pen
Cavernularia obesa
haberai
Lions mane
Cyanea capillata
fl tl
ti n
Japan 0.0
New England whole A -.0
D 2.5
Sweden " D 32.0
Nicriolls et
al. (1959)
Schroeder et
al. (196U)
Noddack &
Noddack
(19^0)
Webb (1937)
Noddack St.
Noddack
(I9i(0)
Webb (1937)
Ncddack &
Ncddack
(19^0)
Mat, i da &
Kuxada
U969)
Nicholls et
al. (1959)
Ncddack &
Ncddack (19^0)
1138
-------
Sea anemone
Metridium dianthus
Sweden
D lp,
Noddack &
Noddack
(19^0)
PORIFERA
Sponge
HaLichondria sp.
Sponge
Terpior zeteki
CTENOPHORA
D 1.7
accumulates Sn Bov;cn (1966)
Comb jelly
Beroe cucuxis
CHAETOGNATHA
Arrow -worm
Sagitta elegant
TUKICATA
Tunicate
Ciona intestinalis
Tunicate
.Salpa fusiforme
HEMERTEA
New England whole A 7.(
oweGen
Hew England
A 20.C
D 3-5
A 8.0
Kicholls et
al. (1959)
Koddack &
Kodda'ck
(19^C)
Kicholls et
al. (1.959)
Lineus lcngissimus
Great Britain
A 200.0 'Webb (1937)
1139
-------
Soecies
(1)
TIN IT: HIGHER PLAKTS
(2)
Lccality
Analysis
Tissue PPM
Authority
Norway maple
Acer olatanoides
Sugar maple
Acer saccharum
Garlic
Allium sativum
Oats
Avena sativa
White mangrove
Avicennia alba
(1)
Nev England
Vermont
Asparagus
Asparagus officinalis Vermont
_ea:
New England
United States bud
shoot
United States grain
Malaya leaf
" (on.Sn drainage)
D <0.1
W 0.13
D 0.53
A Q.8
D <0.1
W 0.3
w 9.07
w 2.28
d L.h
D 10.8
Smith (1973)
Schroeder et
al. (1961+)
Smith (1973)
Schroeder et
al. (196U)
Peterson et
al. (1976)
Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
? indicates questionable data.
(2)
W, D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a sir.gle determination or mean, (x-y) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean. -Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE),. median, and geometric mean are indicated as reported.
pCi/g = picocuries per gram.
1140
-------
Barberry
Berberis vulgaris
Swiss chard
Beta vulgaris cicla
White birch
Eetula alba?
Vermont
berry W 0.10
D 0.50
A 11.1
United States
(grown in soil
5.5)
" ( " PH 6.5)
"(soil mixed,
pH 6.0)
"(soil sludge,
fortified,
pH 6.5)
11/ It »J T- ^ r~\
( ph p.5)
Vermont
leaf &.
stem
leaf
D 12.0
D <0.5
D 8.0
D 100.0
D 51.0
W C.23
W 0.0
Schroeder
al. (196h)
Furr et a'
(1976)
Schroeder¦
al. (196k)
Birch
Betula verrucosa
Finland
Borrereria latifolia Malaya
Kale
Brasslca oleracea acephala
VerT.cn t
Cabbage
Brsssica oleracca capitata "
leaf
A (<10.0-10.0) Lounarnaa
(1956)
D (1.5-1.8) Pete rson e
al. (1976)
W 0.86
head W 0.1-0
Schroeder 1
al. (196U)
-turnip
Brassica rana
root
W 0.11
leaf &
ster.
w 0.07
1141
-------
Mangrove
Bruguiera caryophylloides
Scotch heather
Calluna vulgaris
Tea
Camellia sinensis
Sedge
Carex sd.
Cassia
Malaya
(on Sn
drainage)
Ceylon
Malaya
leal
D 1.3
Peterson et
al. (1976)
D 9.It
Carlisle &
Cleveland
Used in geochemicaL (1958)
prospecting for
3n
Cassia leschenaultica
leaf W 2.28
D 15.8
D 18.1
Schroeder et
al. (196U)
Peterson et
al. (1976)
Heather
Cassloae sp.
Fern
Cyclosorus uni tus
Sedge
Cyperus cOT.pressus
Tick trefoil
Desrnodium triflcrux
Ehretia mlcrophylla
Crcwberry
Empetrum nigrum
Bonesat
EupatoriuT. odoratum
Finland
i».a;.aya
" (near Sn
smelter)
"(or. dune)
"(Sn tailings
.pond)
" (near Sn
smelter)
Finland
Malaya
(Sn tailings
pond)
Leaf
Lounamaa
(1956)
Peterson et
al. (1976)
.eat
A c.C-SE 3.0
D 11.3
D 338.0
D 1.8
D 9.8
D 2,l65.C
A 6.otSE ^.0 Lounamaa
(1956)
Peterson
et al.
D (U.9-10.0) (1976)
1142
-------
Spurge
Euphorbia hirta
" em
Gleichenia linearis
Cudweed
Gnaphalium suaveolans
Barley
Horieum vulgare
Malaya (near
Sn smelter)
leaf D 40^.0
Peterson et
L976)
al. (1976)
Brazi1
Lettuce
Lactuca sativa
Alfalfa
Medicago sativum
D (7.1-32.0)
Used as an indicator of
economic deposits of Sn.
United States grain
" (Sn tailings
pond)
Vermont
leaf &
stem
O.65
Ischaeniua muticum Malaya (dune) leaf D 2.6
D 8.6
w 0.07
w 2.92
D 13.27
A l6l.l
Dorn (1937)
Schroeder e
al. (196^)
Peterson et
al. (1976)
Schroeder c
al. (19610
Xelastoma
Melastoma malahathricun
Mimosa
Mimosa puaica
Malaya (dune) leaf D 2.9
" (Sn tailings
pond)
11 (slag heap)
" (near Sn
smelter)
D 6.8
D (3.5-10.0)
D (1.5-2.3)
D 8.U
D 138.0
Petersen et
al. (1976)
1143
-------
Rice
Oryza sativa
Parsnip
Pastinica sativa
Bean
Phaseolus vulgaris
Norway spruce
Picea abies
Red spruce
Picea rubra
White pine
Pinus strobus
1t t»
Pea
Pisum sativum
II If
Quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
Peach
Prunus persica
grain W 0.28
Vermont
California
(grown in
nutrient
soln.)
root
W 1.02
United States
Vermont
stem
leaf
strin;
bean
D 2.7
D 0.5
D 1.3
W 5.'.8o"
W 0.28
Schroeder et
al. (1961<)
Wallace &
Romney
(1977)
Schroeder et
al. (196^)
I
-------
Fin oak
Quereus paiustris
Red oak
Quercus rubra
Radish
Rauhanus sativus
Rhubarb
Rheum rhaosonticun
Mangrove
Rhizophora con.jugata
New England leaf D >(0.1
Vermont
root
leaf
W 0.0
w 0.38
W 0.0
Smith (1973)
Schrceder et
al. (1964)
stem W (1.29-1.88)
Malaya
(Sn tailings
pond)
leal
D 2.U
D 15.0
Petersen et
al. (1976)
Rye
Secale cereale
United States grain W 1.9
Houseleek
Sempervivum soboliferu,n Germany
Catch'fly
Silene cucubalis
Potato
Sclanum tuberosum
Mountain ash
Sorbus americana
Vermont
Spinach
Spinacia oleracea
New York
Used as ar. indicator
of economic deposits
of Sn
A 20.0
tuber W 0.97
"berry W 0,10
" D C.50
A ll.l
leaf &
stem W (0.89-1.23)
fresh
packaged W 6.^7
Schroeder et
al. (196U)
Krusch
(191^)
Peterson
(1971)
Schroeder et
al. (196U)
1145
-------
Taxus spp.
Spanish doss
Tillandsia axericana
Tridax orocuxbens
European starflower
Trientalls europaea
Red clover
Trlfolium pratense
Wheat
Triticum vulgare
New England leaf D \<0.1
United States whole
Malaya (near
Sn smelter) leaf
" (slag heap)
Bohemia
Vermont
Japan
United States
leaf Sc
stem
grain
Smith (1973)
A (2C.0-30.0) Shacklette &
geox. mean Connor (1973)
21.0
-gecx. dev. 1.8C
D 70C.0
D 21.7
Peterson et
al. (1976)
Used as an Krusch (191M
indicator of
economic deposits
of Sn
v 0.33
D 2.11
A 13.3
w 0.U7
w 0.0
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
hard
wheat
soft
wheat
D 5.6-SD 0.6
D 7,9-SD 0.9
Zook et al.
(1970)
Eastern hemlock
Tsuga canadensis
durum
wheat
D 6.8-SD 0.5
New England needle D ^0.1
Smith (1973)
1146
-------
Elm
UL-nus americana
Blueberries
Vacciniux spp.
Mountain cranberry
VacciniuTi sp.
Corn
Zea mays
II I!
ii t- n
Fern
Conifers
Honey
Vermont
Finland
Illinois ?
Vermont
Finland
New York
vood, Uo yr. W 1.70
D .1.79
A 255-0
80 yr. W I.-39
D 1.147
A 15!,.0
Schroeder e
al. (1969)
berry
grain
f rond
W o.lU
D 1.02
A iU .6
A(^lC.0-30.0) Lounamaa
6.0±SE 3.0 (1956)
Schroeder e
al. (196U)
W 0.11
w C.12
w 0.69
D U.60
A 27.6
A (<10.0-1C,0) Lounanaa
3.2-SE 0.21 (1956)
A (C10.0-1C.0)
3.2±SE 0.15
W (0,002-7.^ Tong e~ al.
(1975)
1147
-------
Species
(1)
TIN IN LOWER PLANTS
(2)
Locality
Tissue
Analysis
PPM
Authori t
LICHENS
Leconora rubina
Parmelia conspersa
Colorado
cretaceous
sandstone
.0.!
A 10.0
Leroy &
Koksoy
(1962)
Stereocaulon sd.
jurassic
sandstone
Umbiiicaria sp.
Umbilicaria byoerborea Ccloradc
Xanthoria (Caloslaca)
elegans
"Lichens"
(1)
A 10.C
3n highly
concentrated
in Ferry et
al. (1973)
A (30.0-50.C) Leroy &
35.0 KoXscy
(-962)
A 20.C
up to 100.0
Ferry et al.
(1973)
Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
? indicates questionable data.
(2)
W, D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed oasis. A single number
indicates a single determination or mean, (x-y) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean, i Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE), median, and geometric mean are indicated as reported.
pCi/g = picocuries per gram.
1148
-------
FUNGI
Mushrooms
ALGAE
United States
Brown alga, knotted wrack
Ascoohyllum nodosum Scotland
Brown alga
Fucus serratus
Brown alga
Fucus spirali ¦
Brown alga, bladder wrack
Fucus vesiculosus
Brown alga
Laminaria cloustoni
Brown alga
Lami narla dip.i tata
W (o.72-1.08) Schroeder
et al.
(196U)
D (0.7-1.1)0.9 Black &
Mitchell
(1952)
W 0.27
D (0.5-1.3)1.0
W 0.1
D .(C.0-1.8)
W 0.0
D (0.5-1.1)0.7
w 0.25
frond D (l.O-l.U)
sterile
frond D 0.7
sporing
Trend D 1.0
frond
unwashed D 3-8
frond
washed D 1.0
frond D (0.6-1.0)0.8
stipe D (0.0-2.8)1.2
1149
-------
3rovn alga
Laminaria riig;it£t;
Ulva pertusa
MicroaLgae, green
Scotland
Red alga
Lithothamniu.r so.
Brown alga
Kacrocystis pyrifera
3rovn alga
Pelvetia canaliculeta Scotland
Japan
Germany
Bangkok
frond W (0.C3-0.0S)
stipe W (0.2L-O.36)
Black &
Mitche11
(1952)
detected in ash in Vinogradov
(1953)
D 1>
(19^2) in
Vinogradov
(1953)
D (0.8-2.2)1.14 Black &
Mitchell
V 0.51
trace
(1952)
Matida &
Kuxada
(1969)
D (i.C-6.0) Payer et
2.5 al. (1975)
E (0.7-3.5)1.5
1150
-------
Species
(1)
VANADIUM IN MAMMALS
(2)
Locality
Analysis
Tissue PPM
Authority
oOV
Bos
OOV1S
(1)
(2)
Sweden
Boston
Sweden
calf
liver
A
W
A
W
calf
muscle
calf
teeth
calf
bone
calf
teeth
Germany
United States muscle
kidney
milk
dry skim
mi lk
bone
marrow
A
W
W
W
w
0.51
Soremark
(1967)
(O.OO83-G.OH8)
0.01
0.11
(0.C018-0.C03)
0.00214
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001 "
(29.0-41.5) Durr (1969)
0.0
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
0.0
0.01
6.52
3.17
Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
? indicates questionable data.
W, D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination or xean. (x-y) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean. ^Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE), median, and geometric mean are indicated as reported.
-pCi/g = picocuries per gram.
1151
-------
Dog
Canis fa:niliaris
Beaver
Castor vlrginianu;
Guinea pig
Cavia porcellus
Germany
United States kidney
eeth A (29.G-U1.5) Durr (1969)
0.0
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
heart V.7 0.0
(fed on swiss
chard grown on
sludge-amended
Furr et al.
(1976)
soil)
liver
D
(1.2-2.0)1.6
II 1!
It
kidney
D
(0.3—.9)1.9
tt
11 tt
ft
¦nuscle
D
(0.2-0.7)0.5
tl
it n
r»
adrenal
D
(0.11-0.9)0.6
tl
it ti
it
spleen
D
(0.4-1.100.8
tl
Horse
Equus caballus
Germany
teeth
A
(29.0-L1.5)
Diirr (1969)
Gray seal
Halichoerus cryphus
Fame Islands
male,
liver
v;
0.04
Hamilton
,(1976):;
Woodchuck
Marmota monax
United States
female}
liver W 0.007
pup,
liver W 0.C05
(0.25-1.16) Schroeder
(1970)
kidney W 1.08
11
tt
t?
'liver
W
0.0
it
tt
tt
lung
W
0.0
1!
ft
u
heart
W
1.11
tt
tr
it
spleen
V
1.16
Schroeder et
al. (l«63)
1152
-------
Kouse
Mus muscuius
White-tail deer
Odocoilus vir^iniana
Muskrat
Ondatra zibethica
Domestic rabbit
Oryctolagus cuniculus
United States
(diet with
3.2 ppm V)
" (on diet
high V)
If II
Rabbit
OryctoLagus virp;iniensis "
SheeD
Ovis aries
liver W
T.ammary
tumor
fat
W
W
hoof V/
kidney W
liver
heart
aorta
fat
kidney W
liver W
lung W
heart W
0.0
(1.54-1.91)
3.06
2.55
2.07
C.07
C.13
0.0
6.82
Schroeder
et al.
(1963)
W (0.25-1.16) Schroeder
(1970)
0.59
o.9l
0.0
3.^0
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
W (0.25-1.16) Schroeder
. (1970)
lamb,
muscle W 0.0
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
tl It
liver W 0.0
1153
-------
Harbor seal
Phoca vitulina
Rat
Hattus rattus
Pig
Sus scrofa
M If
Scotland
West Scotlanrl
United States
(on high V
in diet)
New York
Stockholm
Germany
"blood W
spleen W
heart W
muscle W
kidr.ey W
liver W
", T.ale W
female W
pup W
0.02-0.01 Hamilton
(-1:9J.O-,
0.00S±0.002 ' "
0.02-0.01
0.02±0.C5
0.05-0.02
0.2±0.001 "
0.3
0.2
0.2
accumulated in hair Strain et
al. (196*0
kidney W
liver
lung
young
fat
liver
0.0
W 0.39
V 0.0
W 0.0
w o.c6
Schrceder
et al.
(1963)
W 0.020
kidney W 0.002
muscle W 0.019
bone W 0.009
muscle A <0.0001
Welch &
Ailaway
(1972)
incisor &
canine
tee-h A
Sbremark
(1967)
Diirr (1969)
(29.0-1+1.5)
1154
-------
fi£
Sus scrofa
tt n
I! fl
!! U
Red fox
Vulpes fulva
"Siberian deer"
! t , , fl
wna le
United States muscle W 0.0
" liver . W 0.0
kidney VI 0.0
fat W 6.76
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
(0.25-1.16) Schroeder
(1970)
sperm
oil
D 0.2
W 12.67
Bertrand
(19^3)
Schroeder et
al. (I9c3)
1155
-------
Species
(1)
VANADIUM IN BIRDS
(2)
Locali ty
Tissue
Analysis
PPM
Authority
Mallard
Anas platyrhynchos
Black duck
Anas rubripes
White-fronted goose
Anser albifrons
Lesser scaup
Ay thy a affir.is
Chicken
Gallus domesticus
(1)
Canada
feather D <0.02
D <0.02
<0.02
<0.02
accumulated in bone
and kidney, also liver,
spleen and gonads.
United States muscle
W
fat W
egg yolk W
white W
0.1k
13.85
0.68
0.37
Kelsall
(1970)
Hathcock et
al. (196U)
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
(2)
Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
? indicates questionable data.
D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination or mean, (x-y) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean. - Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE), median, and geometric rcean are indicated as reported.
pCi/g = picocuries per gram.
1156
-------
(1)
VANADIUM IH MARINE FISH
(2)
Speci es
Locality
Tissue
Analysis
PPM
Authority
Yellowfin goby
Acanthogobius flavimanus Japan
Wrasse
Ctenolaorus rupestris Sveden
Peruvian anchovy
Engraulis ringens
Skipjack tuna
Euthynnus pelamis
Whiting
Gadus merlangus
Pacific
Atlantic
muscle
ND
D 1.6
Matida &
Kumada
(1969)
Ncddack Sc
Ncddack
(19^0)
(0.005-0.021) Goldberg
(1962)
A 0.C07
D O.lU
Bertrand
(19U2)
Cod
Gadus morhua?
Majina
Griella punctata
(1)
Japan
muscle D O.96
trace
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
Matida &
Kumada
.(1969)
Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable,
? indicates questionable data.
(2)
W, D or A indicates on a We", Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination cr mean. (x-y) indicates range o.
values, followed by the mean. - Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE), median, and geometric mean are indicated as reported.
pCi/g = picocuries per grax.
1157
-------
Halibut
KippORlOSSUS fcippORlOE
sus Atlantic
muscle
W
c.o
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
Kor.oshiro
Konosirus punctatus
Japan
it
trace
Matida &
Kiunada
(1969)
Dover sole
Microstomus pacificus
S. California
muscle
w
(C.l-l.l)
Fowler et al
(1975)
Yellawfin tur.a
Neothunnus macropterus
Pacific
A
(O.C05-0.055) Goldberg
(1962)
Calico bass
Paralatrax clathratus
Catalina
Island Sc
Los Angeles
dorsal
muscle
E
(1.9-3.3)
Stapleton
(1968)
IT It
ft
ventral
muscle
D
(1.7-3.2)
tf
fl ft
ft
gonad
D
(3.^-5.7)
M
If 1!
tl
liver
D
(2.8-3.3)
11
11 T1
Tl
integu-
ment
D
2.9
11
fl fl
ft
heart
D
3-2
tl
If It
If
eyeball
D
(7.6-9.0)
tl
Sardine
Sardinia pilchardus
S-weden
A
0.28
Soremark
(1967)
1! IT
ft
W
(0.CCUO.O132)
0.0086 "
»f tl
Norway
A
0.2
tt
II If
It
v;
(O.OOl+2-O.Ol)
0.007
tf
T! It
Portugal
A
0.U6
II
1? It
it
W
(o.ooBi-o.oi9)
0.013
1158
-------
Mackerel
SccTiber scoxbrus
Kurodai
Sparus rnacrocephalus
Spiny dogfish
Squalus acanthiua
Albaccre
Ihunnus alalunga
Albacore
Thunnus alalunga
North Sea
Scyllium canaliculate Atlantic
Japan
Sweden
Pacific
Pacific
soft
tissues A
W
bone
heart
spleen
integu-
ment
bone
A
W
D
A
A
A
gall
bladder A
liver A
pyloric
caeca A
stomach A
0.20
Scremark
(1967)
(0.0015-0.0036)
C.0026
2.9
(l.l-U.1)2.0
0.0U
D 1.8
Bertrand
(19^3)
Matida &
Xumada
(1969)
Noddack &
Noddack
(19^0)
(C.005-0.C2) Goldberg
(1962)
0.C13
0.C16 "
0.012
0.019
0.019
0.006
gill A O.CO^
eyeball A 0.008
Goldberg
(1962)
A 0.022
A (0.005-0.008)
dorsal
flesh A 0.015
1159
-------
Aloacore
Thunnus alalunga Pacific midline Goldberg
flesh A 0.C22 (1962)
Trigla sp. Atlantic D 0.1 Bertrand
(19^3)
"fish" Baltic Sea bone A (0.05-0.5) Soremark
(1967)
" North Sea " A (2.8-7.1) "
Lake Maelar " A (0.005-0.05)
1160
-------
(1)
VANADIUM O FRESHWATER FISK
(2)
Species
Locality
Analysis.
Tissue PFK
Authority
Sturgeon
Acipenser sp.
White sucker
Catastomus coimersoni
Carp
Cyprinus carpio
Northern pike
Esox lucius
Muskellunge
Esox nasqulnongy
Chain pickerel
Esox niger
Smallmouth bass
Nicropterus dolonieui
Largemouth bass
Micropterus salTioides
Striped bass
Morone saxatilis
Yellow perch
Perca flavescens
(1)
New York
decapitated
& eviscerated
W 0.17
W 2.3
W 0.03
w
w
w
Tong et al.
(1972)
(0.07-2.U)
(O.C7-0.65)
(0.13-0.32)
(O.C8-O.80)
w (0.13-0.95)
w 0.09
W 0.2k
Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
1 indicates questionable data.
(2)
W, D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination, or mean. (x-y) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean. - Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE), median, and geonetric mean are indicated as . reported.
pCi/g = picocuries per gram.
1161
-------
Black crappie
Pomoxis nigromaculatus
New York
decapitated
& eviscerated
W 0.10
Tor.g et
al. (1972)
Lake trout
Salvelinus nanaycush
Nev? York
muse
le W (1.1-3.U)
decapitated
St eviscerated
w (0.05-0.U1)
" (197^)
" (1972'
Walleye
Stizostedion vitreum
Trout'
w (0.05-2.U)
W (C.0003-0.0007) Soremark
o.oocu (1967)
1162
-------
(1)
VANADIUM IN MOLLUSCA
Species
Locality
(2)
Analysis
tissue PPM
Authority
Pteropod
Clione limacina
New England whole
16.0
Nicholls et
al. (1959)
Oyster
Crassostrea so.
Atlantic
D 1.3
Eertrand
(19^3)
Atlantic oyster
Crassostrea virsinica
Texas
shell D <1.0
Smith &
Wright
(1962)
Snai 1
Helix aspersa
A 2.0
Vinogradov
(1953)
Snail
Helix sp.
Atlantic
D 0.5
Bertrand
(19^3)
Clan
Hormonia mutabilis
trace
Matida &
Kumada
(1969)
Pteropod
Limacina retroversa
New Eneland
whole A 85.O
Nicholls et
al. (1959)
Periwinkle
Littcrina littorea
A 0.3
Vinogradov
(1953)
Squid
Loligo
(1)
(2)
Atlantic
D O.U
Bertrand (19^3)
Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
? indicates questionable data.
W, D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number indicates
a single determination or mean. ,(xry) indicates range of values, followed by
the mean. - Standard deviation (SD), standard error (SE), median, and
geometric mean are indicated as reported. pCi/g = picocuries per gran.
1163
-------
"MoLlusca"
D 0.7
Bower: (1966)
Mussel
Mytilus edulis
soft
parts
New Zealand
D 1.0
D (2.0-8.0)
5.0
mantle
gill
D
D
12.0
3.0
Fukai &
Meinke (1962)
Brooks &
Rumsby
(1965)
11 IT
ft
mantle
B
3.0
tf
fi IT
1!
gill
D
5.0
tl
If t!
tt
muscle
D
2.0
tt
If ft
*1
viscera
D
23.0
f!
If ?!
ft
intestine D
25.0
ft
It ft
ft
foot
D
14+.0 ¦
ft
tl - ft
tl
gonad
D
<2.0
ft
If tl
tt
shell
D
110.0
tt
11 f f
Atlanti c
D
1.2
Bertrand
(19^3)
11 It
Japan
trace
Matida 5c
Kuxada
(1969)
Octopus
Octopus vulgaris
n
11
Jt
Squid
Onmastrephes illicebrosa
New England
A
U.O
Nicholls et
al. (1959)
Oyster
Ostrea edulis
W
0.2
Vinogradov
(1953)
Oyster
Ostrea sinuata
New Zealand
soft
parts
D
(2.0-L.O)
3.0
Brooks &
Rumsby
(1965)
1164
-------
Oyster
Cstrea sinuata
New Zealand
European limpet
Patella vulgata
Scallop
Pecten maximus
Atlantic
Scallop
Pecten novae-zelandica New Zealand
muscle D <2.:
striated
muscle D
viscera D
kidney D
heart D
shell D
soft
£>arts
mantle
gill
muscle
D
D
D
D
U.o
<2.0
4.0
b.Q
1+9.0
d o.:
0.2
(5.0-lU.O)
9.0
7.0
3.0
<2.0
viscera D 30.0
intestine D l6.0
kidney D U.O
foot D U.O
gonad D 32.0
shell D 130.0
Brooks &
Humsby
(1965)
Bertrand
(19^3)
Vinogradov
(1953)
Brooks &
Rumsby
(1965)
1165
-------
Sea scallop
Placopecten magellanicus Delaware Pesch et
(ocean dump al. (1977)
sites) whole D (Ll.k-lj.5.7)
28.5
Pleurobranchus plumula lpO.C Webb (1937)
Little-neck clam
Tapes .japonica Japan soft Fukai &
parts A 15.C Meinke
(1962)
" " " " D 1.1 "
1166
-------
(1)
Species
VANADIUM IN ARTHROPODS
(2)
Locality
Analysis
Tissue PPM
Authority
CRUSTACEA
Copepod
Calanus finmarchius
Green crab
Carcinus moenas
Ccpepod
Centropagus hamatus
Copepod
Cer.tropag;us typicus
Charabdis .japcnica
Euphausid
Euphausia krohnii
Lobster
Homarus vulgaris
(1)
New England whole A 21.0
D 3.7
Atlantic D O.U
Keiri England whole A l6.0
Japan
New England
North Sea
A 16.0
trace
A 1+5.C
Euscle A 16.1
Nicholls et
al. (1959)
Bertrar.d
(3 9^3)
Nicholls et
al. (1959)
Katida &
Kumada
(1969)
Nicholls et
al. (1959)
Soremark
(1967)
Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
? indicates questionable data.
(2)
W, D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination or mean. (x-y) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean, - Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE), median, and geometric mean are indicated as reported.
pCi/g = picocuries per gram..
1167
-------
Lobster
Honarus vulgaris
North Sea
muscle A l6.1
S or exark
(1967)
w (0.032-0.053)
O.OU3
Leander adspersue
present
Petkevich &
Stepanyuk
(1970)
Lepas anatifera
Atlantic
D 1.2
Bertrand
(1943)
Prawn
Pandalus sp.
Japan
soft
part s A 1.1
D 0.068
iukai &
Keinke
(1962)
Crao
Car.cer anthonyi
S. California muscle V.T 0.2
Fowler et
al. (1975)
INSECTA
11-T , ft
Insects
D 0.15
Bertrand
(1950)
1168
-------
VANADIUM IN TUNICATES
(2)
Species
Locality
AnaLysis
Tissue ?PM
Authority
Protochordata
1. Ascidiidae
Ascidia atra
Ascidia ascersa Gulf of Kola
. - French Coast
' " Great Britain
Ascidia as persa scabra "
Ascidia ceratodes
Ascidia fumigata
Gulf of Naples
(i)
A
D
present
50.0
1,030
2,775
10,000
1,120
y^8
concen-
trated in gut
wall, ovary, &
blood vessels
(L9L8) in
Vinogradov
(1953)
(1932) in
Vinogradov
(1953)
Webb (1937)
Goldberg et.
al. (1351)
A 16,000 (in (1932) in
1% of in- Vinogradov
soluble ash (1953)
residue)
Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
1 indicates questionable data.
(2)
. W, D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination or mean, (x-y) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean, i Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE), median, and geometric mean are indicated as reported.
Pci/g = picocuries per gra-m.
1169
-------
Ascidia mentula Gulf of Naples
" " Great Britain
11 It . . , . .
Atlantic
Ascidia nentuLa
var. rudis
Ascidia nip;ra
Ascidia obliqua Gulf of Kola
Ascidia pruna
A 9,820
D 1,860
D 982.O
66% of V is
in tunic
centrifuged
blood
cells D
W
lL,500
300.0
A ^+,638
testa A 400.0
inner
organs A 1+80.0
mantle A 20.0
W lLo.O
A 2,750
Ascidia pyuriaea Indian Ocean Vacuolated amoebocytes
collect and reduce V
Fhallusia manaillata
(=Ascidia rr.amillata)
Gulf of Naples
Great Britain blood
pigment D 1,700
egg
D 55,000
A 1,900
(1913) in
Vinogradov
(1953) .
Webb (1939)
Bertrand
(19^3)
D 1,1+50 Webb (1939)
Ciereszko et
al. (1963)
(193C) in
Vinogradov
(1953)
(1918) "
»l 1!
(1938) "
".Kalkr (i9o5a)
A 185,000 Henze (19II)
Webb (1937)
Webb (.1939)
Ciereszko et
al. (1963)
D 170.0
1170
-------
2. Cionidae
Ciona intestinalis
Bay of Naples
Gulf of Kola
S-weden
Californi;
Great Britain
Atlantic
Roscoff
Barents Sea
Gulf of Kola
California
3. Hhodosonatidae
Chelyosoma macleayanurn
Arctic
A 5,!+CC
W
A
D
anterior
gut D
posterior
gut D
stomach D
D
D
A
D
13-0
1+00.0
620.0
ovary D (0.0-2.5)
A 15,000
50c. 0
100.0
(1913) in
Vinogradov
(1953)
(1932)
Noddack &
Noddack
(19^0)
Goldberg et
al. (1951)
(19.7-21.9)
(8.9-37.8)
(19.2-18.8)
1+00.0
166.0
Webb (1939)
Bertrand
(19^3)
in Vinogradov
(1953)
Goldberg et
al. (1951)
Uptake studies
with V'9 showed
Ciona can obtain
all V from seawater,
present
(1932) in
Vinogradov
(1953)
1171
-------
k. Diazonidae
Diazcr.a violaceae 3oreal
Stolidobranchiata
5. Botryllidae
Botrylloides schlosseri
Barents Sea,
Gulf of Kola
Atlanticj
France
6. Pyuridae
Kicrocos.T.us glaciails
Gulf of Kola
Kicrocosmus sulcatus
Pyura pyriforTiis "
Pyura stolonifera Australia
Pyura savigni Atlantic
Styelidae
Dendrodca grossularia "
" " Great Britain
present
W
A
A
A
D
A
A
92.0
1,193
931.0
365.O
8.0
A <20.0
A C.O
<20.0
0.0
A 0.0
D 7.0
D 10.0
D 18.0
(1932) in
Vinogradov
(1953)
(193^) in
Vinogradov
(1953)
(1932) "
Bertrand
(19^3)
in Vinogradov
(1953)
(193M in
Vinogradov
(1953)
(1953) in
Hudson (196U)
Bertrand
(1943)
Webb (1939)
1172
-------
Pisto.T.us varialosus
Atlantic
Styelia bonharti California
Stye la montereyensis "
Styela rustica Barents Sea
Stye lopsis grossularia
French Coast
" " Barents Sea
8. Molgulidae
Eugyra adriatica Black Sea
Molgula nianhattensis
Atlantic
Aplousobranchiata
9. Didexnidae
Dide-nnum albidum Gulf of Kola
Didexnug candidux Atlantic
PideT.r.un naculosuTi "
1C. Synoicidae
Amarouciux tnutabile
Gulf of Kcla
Aplidiua pallidum Atlantic
Mjrchelliux argus French Coasi
Atlantic
D
D
D
A
6.0
c.o
c.c
o.c
A 331.0
w 60.0
A 1,300
floating
form A 0.0
D 32.0
A 0.0
D 2.6
D 30.C
A 0.0
D 4.3
A
D
O.C
3.7
Bertrand
(19^3)
Goldberg et
al. (1951)
(193L) in
Vinogradov
(1953)
(1932) "
Bertrand
(19^3)
(193^) in
V;nogradov
(1953)
Bertrand
(19^3)
(193I4) in
Vinogradov
(1953)
Bertrand
(19L3)
1173
-------
Parascidia aureolata
Atlantic
Parascidia ele^ans
Gulf of Kola
Parascidia turbinata
Atlantic
Sidnyum turbinatux
French Coast
Palycitoridae
Clavelina lepadiformis
Atlantic
Pistoma crystallinum
Gulf of Kola
Euherdmania claviformis
California
Tethyum partitun
Salpa fusiformis New England
D 3.
A C.O
D 8.3
A O.C
D 7.0
W 20.!
A
A
2kC.O
U75.0
<20.0
7.0
Bertrand
(19-3)
(1932) in
Vinogradov
(1953)
Bertrand
(19l3)
(1932) in
Vinogradov
(1953)
Bertrand
(19^3)
(1933) in
Vinogradov
(1953)
Goldberg et
al. (1951)
in Vinogradov
(1953)
Nicholls et
al. (1959)
Salpa sp.
0.2
1174
-------
VANADIUM IN LOWER ANIMALS
(2)
Species
Locality
Tissue
Analysis
FPK
Authority
3CHIN0DERMATA
Holothuroidea
Sea cucumber
Cucumaria frondosa
Sea cucumber
Cucumaria lefevrei
Sea cucumber
Molpadia affir.is
Sea cucumber
Stichopus ,j aponlcus
Sea cucumber
Stichopus .japonicu;
var. armatus
Bering Sea
Atlantic
Eerinp, Sea
Bering Sea
Brown spotted sea cucumber
Stichopus ar.obii Tortugas
(1)
(2)
viscera, D
body fluid
0.0
1.0
0.0
!.0
0.0'
1,230
(19CC) in
Vinogradov
(1953)
Bertrand
(19l3)
(i90C) in
Vinogradov
(1953)
Ciereszco e
al. (1962)
(190C) in
Vinogradov
(1953)
Phillips
(1913)"
Blank spaces indica-e information not available or not applicable.
? indicates questionable data.
W, D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination or mean. (x-y) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean. - Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE), median, ar.d geometric mean are indicated as reported.
pCi/g = picocuries per gram.
1175
-------
Sea cucumber
Stichopus tre.T.ular.s Sweden
D 57.0
Noddack &
I\Tcddack
(19^0)
Asteroidea
3ea star
Asterias giacialis Atlantic
D 3.
Dertrand
(19^3)
Sea star
Asterias rubens
Sweden
D 9.0
Noddack &
Noddack
(19^0)
;mnoiaea
Sea urchin
Erissopsis lyrifera "
Sea urchin
Paracentrotus lividus Atlantic
D 5.0
D C.8
Bertrand
(19^3)
PORIFERA
Sponge
Choanites ficus
D 1.7
Vinogradov
(1953)
Sponge
Kalichondra sp.
Sweden
D 3C.0
Noddack &
Noddack
(19^0)
Porifera
hard
tissue
1.7
Bowen (1966)
Sponge
Terpios zetekl
accumulates V Bo-wen &
Sutton
(1951)
C0ELENT2RATA
Sea ar.enone
Anenr.or.ia sulcata
Atlantic
D 2.3
Bertrand
(19^3)
Jelly fish
Cyanea capillata
Sweden
D 5.<
Noddack &
Noddack
(19U0)
1176
-------
Jelly fish
Cyanea capillata
It 11
"Coeler.terates"
Sea anemone
Metridiuci dianthus
II c "
Sea anemone
CT2N0PH0RA
Comb -'elly
Berc'e cucunis
1Ctenophores"
CHAETOGNATHA
Arrow worm
Sagitta elegans
tl ir
ANKELIDA
New England v/hole A 5.0 Micholls et
al. (1959)
D 3.1
W 0.1
Sweden D 1+0.0 Noddack &
Noddack
Japan trace Matida &
Kurr.ada
(i9Lc)
Matida
Kumada
(1969)
New England whole A 8.0 Nicholis et
al. (1959)
W 0.3
A 13.c
W 0.3
-.2
Bowen (1966)
1177
-------
(1)
VANADIUM IN HIGHER PLANTS
Soecies
Locality
Analysis
Tissue PPM
Authority
Maple
Acer glabrun
Sugar maple
Acer saccharum
Bunch grass
Agropyron sp.
Onion
Allium cepa
Wild onion
Allium macropetalum
Garlic
Allium sativum
Ragweed
Ambrosia so.
(1)
W. United
States
New England
Utah (near
phosphate
plant)
New England
Utah
New Jersey
root
leaf
twig
leaf &
stem
D 8.9
D 2.0
Hopkins et
al. (1977)
w 0.93
D 150.0 (max.) Smith (1973)
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
Gough &
Severson
A (15.O-3OC.O) (1976)
W 0.06
whole D 133.0
W C.O
V present
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
Cannon (196I+)
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
Prince (1959)
Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
? indicates questionable data.
(2)
W, D or" A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination or mean. (x-y) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean. - Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE), median, and geometric mean are indicated as reported.
pCi/g = picocuries per gram.
1178
-------
Peanut
Arachis hypogaea
Lower Dahomey
D
<0.5
Cresta et
al. (1975)
tl 11
United States
W
0.0
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
fl fl
1!
oil
W
10.8?
fl
Sagebrush
Artemisia bip;elovi
Utah
top
A
50.c V205
Cannon (i960)
tl tf
ft
root
A
5.0 "
tl
Sagebrush
Artemisia soinescens
n
top
A
70.0
!•
1? 11
H
root
A
100.0 "
fl
Big sagebrush
Artemisia triaentata tridentata
Utah (near
phosphate
plant)
leaf
'stein &
flower
A
(30.0-700.0)
Gough &
Severson
(1976)
Asparagus
Asparagus officicnalis
V added at 0.001
pptr. to growth
solution caused
increased growth
Hudson (196^)
Woody aster
Aster venustrus
Utah
top
D
21.0
Cannon (196^)
Loco-weed
Astragalus confertiflorus "
fl
A
900.0
" (1963)
It If
It
tl
D
lM+.o
" (196U)
Locoweed
Astragalus pattersoni
Colorado
A
30.0
" (1969)
Locoweed
Astragalus preussi
f!
A
Uoo.o
II
tf ti
Utah
top
A
¦ 3,000.0 v2o5
" (i960)
ir tl
fl
root
A
2,600.0 "
ff
fl t!
11
top
D
67.0
" (196^)
1179
-------
i-iocoweec
Astragalus sop.
United States
Uraniutn ore
districts
IT 1T
max. in
top A 1,680.0
D 319.0
Cannon (1969)
Saltbush
Atriplex confertifolia
Utah
tOD
A 10.0 V205
root A 90.0
" (i960)
Saltbush
Atr.piex spp.
New Mexico
(Four corners
power plant)
(1962)
(1973)
3.8
3.0
Cannon &
Anderson
(1972)
Oats
Avena sativa
New England
seed V/ (1.33-1.36) Schroeder et
al. (1963)
Barberry
Berberis vulgaris
W 1.25
Beet
Beta vulgaris
Sweden
A 0.0001
Soremark
(1967)
New Hampshire
Russia, Kiev
D <0.00001
W 0.88
Schroeder et
al. (1^63)
W (0.39-0.65) Barannik et
al. (1970)
Swiss chard
Beta vulgaris cicla
United States so:'
>.7
Furr er, al.
(1976)
slunge on
pH 6.5
soil D 7.8
New England
sludge on
pH 5.5 soil
D 1.5
W 1 . OU
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
1180
-------
Carrot
Daucus carota
Sweden
A
<0.0001
Sore ciark
(1967)
tl f 1
New Hampshire
A
0.0001
fl
1! !t
!t
W
0.99
Schroetier et
al. (1963)
11 ft
W
0.25k
Eertrand
(19^1)
Tl M
*
Russia, Kiev
W
(c.69-1.1)
Barannik et
al. (1970)
fl 11
Sweden (uptake
of V^8 from
spil; % of
of carrot)
root
A
6.55xi0"L#
Soremark
(1967)
M !!
1f H
leaf
A
1 C1
3.57x1c—/5
r
Desert trumpet
Eriogonur inflatum
Utah
top
D
15.0
Gannon (l96i0
Buckwheat
Fagopysum esculentum
New England
seed
W
1.98
Schroeder et
al. (1363)
Beech
Fas;us Rrandifolia
n
W
c.o
If
Meadow fescue
Festuca elatior
head
D
c.o6
Fleming (1963)
ii n
leaf
D
0.22
tl
ft II
stex
D
0.05
J!
Strawberry
Fragaria sp.
Sweden (wild)
A
0.72
Soremark
(1967)
ti n
''
D
C.0^+1
ft
Strawberry
Frae;aria vesca
New Haxpshi^e
A
0.66
¦ 1 ' ii " .
fl t|
1!
D
0.031
it
1181
-------
Ash
?raxinus americar.us
Soybean
Glycine max
New England
United States oi!
Composite
flaplopappus armericides
Utah
edible
oi 1
top
root
W 0.0
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
V can partially Hudson (196k)
correct ill
effects of iron
deficiency
caused by Mn
excess
W 43.53
W ih.77
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
A 260.0 ^2^5 Cannon (1960)
A 180.0 "
Sunflower
Helianthus sp.
Black walnut
Juglans nigra
New England
oil
seed
outer
shell
nut
W 6.95
w 3.38
w 0.26
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
Juniper
Juniperus eorrnunis
Juniper
Juniperus monosperma
W 0.27
Utah (near deep
mine workings) root. A
top
Cannon (i960)
(3000.0-UOOO.O)
V2°5
(20.0-50.0)
near
surface
root A
110.
top A 5l.O
Juniper
Juniperus sp.
root
branch
tip
-10.0
A 55.0
" (1961+;
1182
-------
Juniper
Juniperus _s
Utah
3 m deep
peeled
root
Cannon (196M
A 2,2CC.0
Cedar
Juniperus virgir.ianus
Lettuce
Lactuca sativa
Lenti]
Lens culinaris
Pepperweed
Lepidiuir. .nontanum
Perennial rye grass
Lolium oerenne
Missouri
New Hampshire
Sweden
surface
peeled
root A
Utah
top
W
D
W
78.0
twig 8c Cor.ncr et a] .
needle D (<1.2-l6o.o) (l970)
1.C8
2.8
0.5S
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
Soremark
(1967)
(0.019-0.023)
0.021
New England head W 1.08
D 6.0
D 11.0
head D 0.07
leaf D C.27
stem D . 0.0U
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
oannon
(1964)
Fleming (1963)
DT.ato
Lycooersicor. esculentum New Hampshire
New York
W 0.(
stem &
leaf
O.cUl
0.00053
0.000027
!.U63
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
Soremark (1967)
Welch &
Alloway (1972)
1183
-------
Cauliflower'
Brassica oleracea botrytis
Sweden
A
0.C93
SoremarX
(1967)
ii it r? ii
D
0.C0109
TI
if »i ti ti
W
0.CC0077
n
Cabbage
Brassica oleracea caoitata
New England
W
1.75
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
Turnip
Brassica rapa "
root
W
(0.C-I.U7)
1!
ft If II
st err. &
leaf
W
0.02
It
Caraway, parsley
Caru.x sp. Sweden
top
D
4.5
Soremark
(1967)
Hickory
Carya sp. "
nut
W
- • yw
11
Paintbrush
Castille.ia ane;ustifolium Utah
top
D
37.C
Cannon (196U)
Rabbitbrusb
Chrysothannus viscidiflorus "
branch
tip
D*
37.C
tl
Tangerine
Citrus reticulata Florida
W
0.18
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
Cucuxter
Cucumis sativus Sweden
A
O.38
Soremark
(1967)
t1 IT U
D
O.056
M
tr n rt
W
0.002
It
Squash (Hubbard)
Cucurbita sp. New England
W
1.23
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
Orchard grass, cocksfoot
Dactylus r~lcierata
head
D
0.11
Fleming (1963.
It fl
leaf
D
0.23
It
If 11
stem
D
0.05
II
1184
-------
Tomato
Lycooersicon esculenturr. Lower Dahcxey
D 2.2
Apple
Malus malus
fl 11
M II
if ir
11 H
Cassava
Manihot utilitissLma
Alfalfa
Medicago sativa
Sensitive fern
Onoclea sensibilis
Rice
Oryza sativa
New Hampshire leaf W C.O
Cresta et
al. (1975)
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
Russia, Kiev
Lower Dahomey
New York
New England
Banana '
Musa sapientum
Frimrose
Oenothera caespitosa New Mexico
New England
Soremark
(1967)
fruit W 0.78
A c.33
D 0.0086
W 0.0011 "
W (0.21-0.33) Baranr.ik el
al. (1970)
root D (<0.5-U.3) Cresta et
al. (1975)
leaf D 2.5
tc U.O
sterr. &
leaf D 0.115
w ±. 00
Kat. Acad.
oci-~. ; (i-97fa')
Welch &
A1laway
(1972)
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
W 0.06
top D 38.0
w 0.25
Hopkins et
al". (1977)
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
Lower Dahcxey grain D (<0.5-0.3) Cresta et
al. (1975)
1185
-------
Rice
Oryza sativa
tf If
Indian rice grass
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Avocado
Persea americana
Garden parsley
Petroselinum crispun
United States polished
seed W 0.23
Japan
Utah
Colorado
(over U ore)
United States
Hew Hampshire
root
top
W 0.82
A 1,6C0.0
A 70.0
A 690.0
D 55.0
w 0.C9
A 29-5
D
Schroeder et
aL. (1963)
Cannon {lybO)
V Or-
v2"5
4.52
(C.5-1.11)
0.79
Schrc.eder et
al. (1963)
Sb'rernark
(1967)
Sweden
A !V29.5
Bean
Phaseolus s
uptake
of
a|S ^ of
VC8 in
soil/g
parsley A
D
" W
leaf
New York
0.00566$
0.0015$
0. CCOl^
Lower Dahomey bean D <0.5
D 2.5
stem Sc
leaf D 0.298
Cresta et
al. (1975)
Welch &
Allaway
(1972)
1186
-------
Bean
PhaseoLus so.
New England
plant
W
0.55
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
M II
ri
bean
D
5.0U
If
If tl
ti
lima
bean
w
0.0
11
1! If
11
string
bean
W
0.87
11
Timothy
Phleum prater.se
New York
leaf &
stem
D
0.053
Welch &
Allaway
(1972)
II II
head
D
0.09
Fleming (1963)
11 II
leaf
D
0.16
Tl
M
stex
D
0.02
11
Red spruce
Picea rubra
I^ew England
W
0.0
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
Pondercsa pine
Pinus ponderosa
W. United
States
needle
D
(KD-O.U)
Hopkins et
al. (1977)
U 1!
II
twig
D
(0.^6-0.96)
II
M It
M
cone
D
5.0
! 1
tf »?
11
wood
D
0.65
IT
11 ff
rt
root
D
(1.2-5-2)
11
Pine
Pinus sp.
Used fcr
prospect
geo
ing
chemi cal
for V
HASA (1968)
White pine
Pir.us strobus
New England
W
0.0
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
Peas
Pisum sativum
Rev Hampshire
A
C.0001
Scremark
(1967)
• 1 1f
11
D
<0.00001
tl
11 tl
11
W
0.1+6
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
1187
-------
Pea
Pisum sativum
New Hampshire
green
plant
W
3.27
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
ft ?!
It
ii.
W
2.13
ft
ft M
11
W
0.186
Bertrand
(19^1)
M II
United States
D
0.03
Mitchell
(1957)
Trembling aspen
Populus tremuloides
W. United State
s whole
D
0.0
Hopkins et
al. (1977)
If Tt
New England
W
0.0
Schrceder et
al. (1963)
Wild cherry
Prunus serotina
If
leaf
W
0.76
II
tr tt
II
fruit
w
1.27
It
Douglas fir
Pseudotsuga taxifolia
W. United
S-ates
needle
D
(ND-G.51)
Hopkins et
al. (1977)
It It
tt
twig
D
(0.U2-0.55)
II
It 11
ft
cone
D
2.9
tt
tt ir
t*
wood
D
o.Uo
H
If M
ft
root
D
(1.9-2.0)
It
Pear
Pyrus comnunis
New Hampshire
A
0.0001
Soremark
(1967)
i* n
fl
W
0.05
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
it tt
Russia, Kiev
W
(0.11-0.21+)
Barannik et
al. (1970)
White oak
Quereus alba
New England
W
0.31
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
Gambel's Oak
Quercus p;ainbeli
Utah
top
A
90.0
Cannon (i960)
11 If
ii
root
A
1,700.0
tt
1188
-------
Radish
Ra^hanus sativus
Staghorn sumach
Rhus typhina
Rye
Secale cereale
Kew Hampshire A 7.9
" D 1.26
w 0.0521
" root W 3.02
leaf W 2.53
Russia, Kiev w (c.^-0.51)
Kew England terry W C.O
Scremark
(1967)
Schroeder ei
al. (1963)
Earannik et
al. ("_S
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
seec
W 1.2U
Potato
Solanux tuberosum
New Hampshire tuber A 0.C093
D 0.006L
" "¦ W 0.00082
w 1.U9
Russia, Kiev
W (0.02-0.07)
Soremark
(1967)
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
Barannik et
al. (1970)
Spinach
Soinacia oleracea
Sweden
uptake of V® as
% of in soil/e
spinach
Lower Dahomey
A
D
0.0000595$
Soremark
(1967)
(2.5-5.3)3.7 Cresta et
al. (1975)
Basswooa
T.ilia americana
New England
W 0.0
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
1189
-------
Spanish toss
Tiliandsia usncides
White clover
Trifolium repens
United States whole
New England
petiole
& leaf
stem
Shacklette
(l5.C-500.0) & Connor
geon. mean yl.O (1973)
- geom. dev. 1.73
w 0.70
D 0.27
D 0.08
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
Flerr.i ng
(1963)
Glover
Trifolium sp.
Wheat
Triticum aestivum
Hexlock
Tsuga canadensis
Tulip
Tuli pa sp.
Elm
Ulmus americana
New England
Used for geochemical
prospecting for V
United States top
grain
D 5.0
(<0.0065-
C.0162)
W C.O
NASA (1968)
Monier &
Williams
(1950)
Welch &
Carey (1975)
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
twig D 150.0 (max.) Smith (1973)
tulo W (O.O-C.85) Schroeder et
al. (1963)
W 0.0
Red whortleberry
Vaccinium sp.
Sweden
A 0.5U
D 0.01
W 0.0C11
Sb'remark (1967)
urape
Vitis sp.
New England
W 0.97
Schroeder et
al. (1963)
1190
-------
Corn
Zea mays
Akassa
Igname
Gonbc
Pain
Dill
urass
Other herbs
Shrubs
Deciduous trees
Conifers
Herbaceous -slants
62 specimens of
fruits, vegetables,
and slants
New Jersey
Lower Dahomey
New York
Hew Jersey
Mew England
ft
Lower Dahomey
Sweden
leaf
gram
oil
nut
leaf
E
A
D
W
A
A
A
(0.37-1.05)
0.60 Prince (1957)
D <0.5
D 0.2UU
Cresta et al.
(1975)
Welch &
Allaway (1972)
(O.36-I.I) Prince (i-957)
W 0.57 Sc'nroeder et
al. (1963)
w (11.05-15.60)
D ((0.5-0.3) Cresta et al.
(1975)
D <0.5
D <0.5
<2.0
k 6
- t ^
0.8U
O.lU
25.0
23.5
25.0
Soremark
(1967)
Cannon (i960)
A 16.0
needle A 21.0
Toxic ants, of V cause growth acceleration
and early fruiting, stunted growth.
(Root •; had T.ore V
than leaf)
(Root nodules of
most legumes)
D l.C (ave.) Bertrar.d
•(19UI)
D (. k.0-12.0.)
1191
-------
VANADIUM IN MOSS, LICHECS AND FUNGI
(2)
Soeci.es
Locality
Ti£
me
Analysis
PPM.
Authority
MCSSES
Copper xoss
Mielichhoferia xacrocarDon
^opper moss
Xielichhoeferia sp. Alaska
LICHENS
Lecanora rubina
Parmelia conspersa
n u
Urr.biliearia hyperborea
whole
Colorado, lower
Cretaceous rock
Jurassic rock
lower Cretaceous
rock
Jurassic rock
Xanthoria (Caloplaca) elegans
lower Cretaceous
rock
(1)
1,000.0
I5f».0
50.0
50.0
50.0
70. C
(50.0-7C.0)
7C.0
Peterson
(1971)
Shacklette
(1967)
Leroy &
Koksoy
(1962)
3iank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
? indicates questionable data.
(2)
W, D or A indicates on a Wet. Dry or Ashen basis. A single number
indicates a single determination or mean. (x-y) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean. ^Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (S2), median, and geometric mean are indicated as reported.
pCi/'g = picocuries per gram.
1192
-------
FUNGI
Aspergillus nil
Amanita muscaric
i«t- . r
Fungi
II— . !!
Fungi
rranee
V is required trace
element.
Hudson (196U)
cap D (6l.O-l3l.O) 3ertrand (19^3)
112.0
(contains lOOx " (1950)
as T.uch V as
other fungi or
higher plants)
A 2,000.0 Peterson (l?7l)
(usually Bertrand
under 0.5 (1950)
D 0.67
Bower. (1966)
1193
-------
Species
(1)
VANADIUM IN ALGAE
(2)
Locality
Analysis
Tissue PPM
Authority
Brown alga
Agarun cribosum
Brown alga
AscophylLum nodosux
Ked alga
Chondrus yendoi
Brown alga
Chorda filum
Sea of Japan
Scotland
Sea of Japan
Seaweed
Choraaria naggelanlea
(1)
D k.97
Saenko et
al . (L976)
(ll.C-20.6) Gryzhankove
et al.
D
(l.5-2.8)
2.06
w 0.69
D 2.11
(1973)
Black &
Mitchell
(1952)
Saenko et
al. (L976)
D I.63
D (1.07-1.29) Gryzhankova
et al. (1973)
D 19.1+-SE 0.9
Blank spaces indicate information not available or not applicable.
? indicates cuestionable data.
(2)
W, D or A indicates on a Wet, Dry or Ashed basis. A single number
indicates a single determination or mean. (x-y) indicates range of
values, followed by the mean. ^ Standard deviation (SD), standard
error (SE), median, and geometric mean are indicated as reported.
pCi/g - picocuries per gram.
1194
-------
Seaweed
Coccophora langsdorfi Sea of Japan
D 5.7-SE 0.2 Gryzhankova et
al. (1973)
Greer, alga
Codiurn sp.
Greer, alga
Codium yessoensis
D (11.7-12.8)
D 1J1-6
Saerko et al.
(1976)
Brown alga
Costaria costata
D KD
Seaweed
Dictyota dichotoxa
D 8.6-SE 0.7 Gryzhankova et
al. (1973)
Green alga
Enteromorpha prclifera
D ND
Saerko et al.
(1976)
Green alga
Enteromorpha sp.
D (19.O-2I.3) Gryzhankova et
al. (1973)
Brcwr. alga
Fucus serratus
Scotland
(0.6-3.3)2.0 B]ack &
Mitchell
(1952)
Brown alga
Fucue spiralis
W C. 12
D (1.9-11.9)6.9
w 2.;
Brown alga
Fucus vesiculosus
D (1.7-1.9)1.8
V.' 0.39
Brown alga
Hetercchordaria abietina
Sea of Japan
D C.66
Saenko et
al. (1976)
Brown alga
Larninaria cichcrioides
D 0.33
1195
-------
Brown alga
LsuTiinaria cioustoni
Scot Land
Brown alga
Laminaria disltata
Brown alga
Lanunar ia .ja-jonica
3rown alga
Pelvetia canaliculata
Brown alga
Pelvetia wrightii
Red alga
Polysiphonia .japonica
Red alga
Porphyra sp.
Sea of Japan
Jaoan
frond D (O.Q-l.i)
sterile D I.3
sporing E 1.1
Black &
Mitchell
(1952)
frond
D
(0>-2.0)l.0
fl
stipe
D
(0.3-2.2)1.1
If
frond
W
0.12
?l
stipe
W
(c.09-0.13)
!1
A
50.C
If
D
0.53
Saenko et
al. (1976)
D
(1.2-3.2)2.3)
1 Black &
Mitchell
("! 952)
W
0.7l
11
D
0.62
Saenko et
al. (1976)
D
12.8±se 0.8
G-ryzhankova
et al. (1973)
D
7.U5
Saenko et al.
(197b)
A
212.0
7ukai &
Me i nke
(1962)
D
16.0
tf
1196
-------
Red alga
Ptilota filicin;
Red alga
Rhodomela larix
Sea of Japan
3 5.73
D 1.27
Saenko et
al. (1976)
Sarga.ssun weed
Sargassun niiyabei
Sargassum weed
Sargassum pallidum
D 7.8-SE 0.8 Gryzhankova
et al. (1973)
D 0.59
leaf
blade D
7.H-SE 0.3
Saenko et
al. (1976)
Gryzhankova
et al. (1973)
sw: m
bladder D
stesi D
2 Jl2-SE 0.5
lU.2±SE 0.6 "
Red alga
TrichocarDus crinitus
D 4.2-SE 0.7
Green alga
Ulva fenestrata
Green alga
U]va sp.
!1 11
II I!
Green alga
Ulvaria splendens
oapan,
Sagami Bay
If ?!
Tokyo Bay
tl If
Sea of Japan
D 0.54
A
D
A
D
Saenko et
al. (1976)
D 3.7-SE 0.6 Gryzhankova
et al. (1973)
.5.9
1.3
13.3
3-1
D 1.83
Fukai &
Meinke (1962)
Saenko et
al. (1976)
1197
-------
LITERATURE CITED
Abelson, P. H. 1970. Methylmercury. Science. 169:237.
Ackefors, H. 1971. Effects of particular pollutants. Mercury pollution in
Sweden with special references to conditions in the water habitat.
Proc. Roy. Soc. London B. 177:365-387.
Ackefors, H., C. Lofroth, and C. G. Rosen. 1970. A survey of the mercury
pollution problem in Sweden with special reference to fish.
Oceanogr. Marine Biol. Ann. Rev. 8:203-221*.
Adamsj F. S., H. Cole, and L. B. Massie. 1973- Element constitution cf
selected aquatic vascular plants from Pennsylvania: submerged and
floating leaved species and rooted emergent species. Environ.
Follut. 5:ll7-lb7.
Aldrin, J. F., P. Lemaitre and A. Fonteneau. 1973. Mercury content of
albacore tuna Thunnus alfcacares. Reel. Med. Vet. (RMVEAG). 1^9(6):
779-792.
Alexander, G. V. and R. H. Rowland. 1966. Estimation of zinc-65 background
levels for marine coastal waters. Nature. 5032:155-157.
Alexander, G. V. and D. R. Young, 1976. Trace metals in southern California
mussels. Marine Pollut. Bull. T(l):7—9*
Alexander, G. V., D. R. Young, D. J. McDermott, M. J. Sherwood, A. J. Mearns,
and 0. R. Lunt. 1975. Marine organisms in the southern California
Bight as indicators of pollution. Intern. Conf. on Heavy Metals in
the Environment. Symp. Proc., Toronto, Canada, Oct. 27-31j 1975.
2(2):955-97l.
Allcroft, R. 1950. Lead as a nutritional hazard to farm livestock. IV.
Distribution of lead in the tissues of bovines after ingestion of
various lead compounds. J. Comp. Path. & Therap. 60:190-198.
Allcway, B. 1968. In: Anomalous Levels of Trace Metals in Welsh Soils,
3. E. Davies (Ed.), Welsh Soils Discussion Group, Rept. No. 9>
p. 87.
Amer. Fish. Soc. 1970. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from
the United States and Canada. Amer. Fish. Soc. Spec. Pub. No. 6,
3rd Ed., pp. lU9«
1198
-------
Amend, D. F. 1970. Retention of mercury by salmon. Prog. Fish. Cultur.,
32(lf):192.
Anas, R. E. 1973. Mercury in fur seals. In: Mercury in the Western
Environment, D. R. Buhler (Ed.), Oregon State Univ., Corvallis,
Ore., Feb. 25-26, 1971, pp. 91-96.
Anas, R. E. 197*+. Heavy metals in the northern fur seal Callorhinus
ursinus, and harbor seal, Phoca vitulina richardi. Fishery Bull.,
72:133-
Anastasia, F. B. and W. J. Kender. 1973* The influence of soil arsenic on
the growth of low bush blueberry. J. Environ. Qual. 2(3):335-337.
Anderlini, V. 197*+. The distribution of heavy metals in the red abalone,
Haliotis rufescens on the California coast. Arch. Environ. Contain.
& Toxicol. 2(3):253-26U.
Anderlini, V. C., P. G. Connors, R. W. Risenbrough, and J. H. Martin. 1972.
Concentrations of heavy metals in some Antarctic and North American
sea birds. Proc. Colloquium on Conservation Problems in Antarctica,
B. D. Parker (Ed.), Lawrence, Allen Press, p. U9-6I.
Andersen, A. T., A. Doinmasnas and I. H. Hesthagen. 1973* Some heavy metals
in sprat (Sprattus sprattus) and herring (Clupea harengus) from the
Inner Oslofjord. Aquaculture 2:17-22.
Andersen, A. T. and B. B. Neelakantan. 197*+. Mercury in some marine
organisms from the Oslofjord. Norway J. Zool.:22:231-235•
Anderson, R. V. 1977. Concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in
thirty-five genera of freshwater macroir.vertebrates from the Fox
River, Illinois and Wisconsin. Bull. Environ. Contam. & Toxicol.
l8(3):3^5-3^9.
Anderson, S. H., A. W. Andren, C. F. Baes III,et al. 1973. Environmental
monitoring of toxic materials in ecosystems. Ecology and Analysis
of Trace Contaminants, Oak Ridge Nat. Lab., Oak Ridge Tenn.,
Prog. Report, 0RNL-NSF-EATC-6. pp. 95-139 (published, 197*+).
Anderson, W. L. and K. E. Smith. 1977. Dynamics of mercury at coal-fired
power plant and adjacent cooling lake. Environ. Sci. & Technol.
11(1):75-8C.
Anderson, W. L. and P. L. Stewart. 19&9. Relationships between inorganic
ions and the distribution of pheasants in Illinois. J. Wildlife
Mgt. 33(2):25*+-270.
Anderson, W. L. and P. L. Stewart. 1971. Incidence of mercury in Illinois
pheasants. Trans. 111. State Acad. Sci. 6^(3):237-2Ul.
1199
-------
Andren, A. W., J. A, C, Fortescue, G. S. Henderson, D. E. Reichle and
R. I. Van Hook. 1973« Environmental monitoring of toxic materials
in ecosystems. In: Ecology and Analysis of Trace Contaminants.
Prog. Rept., June 1972-Jan. 1973• Oak Ridge Nat. Lab., Oak Ridge,
Tenn. Report 0KNL-NSF-EATC-1, pp. 61-119.
Andren, A. W. and R. C. Harriss. 1971. Mercury content of tobaccos.
Environ. Letters 1(4):231-234.
Ar.ke, M, A. Hennig, M. Grun, B. Groppel and K. Ludke. 1976. Cadmium and its
influence on plants, animals and man with regard to geological and
industrial conditions. In: Trace Substances in Environmental Health.
VII. D. D. Hemphill (Ed.), Univ. Missouri, pp. 105-111.
Anke, M, A. Hennig, H. J. Schneider, H. Ludke, W. von Gagern, and H. Schlegel.
1970. The interrelations between cadmium, zinc, copper and iron in
metabolism of hens, ruminants and .-nan. In: Trace Element Metabolism
in Animals. C. F. Mills (Ed.), E. S. Livingston, Edinburgh & London,
pp. 549.
Anonymous. 1959. Food elements and cooking. Cobalt contents of ordinary
foods, Eiyo to Shokuryo, 7:102-103.
Anonymous. 1971a. Survey of mercury in food. First Report Working party
on the monitoring of foodstuffs for mercury and other heavy metals.
MATT, HMSO London (SHN 11 21+02984) pp. 33.
Anonymous. 1971b. Mercury in swordfish. Chem. Eng. News, May, 1971j p. 11.
Anonymous. 1971c. Mercury in whales. Marine Pollut. Bull, 2:68.
Anonymous. 1973* Survey of cadmium in food. Working party on the monitoring
of foodstuffs for heavy metals, 4th report, HMSO, London, pp.31.
Anonymous. 1974. Action level for mercury in fish and shellfish. Fed.
Register 39(236):42738.
Ansul Company. 1971. Comments in support of continued registration of organic
arsenical herbicides. In: Response to the Federal Register Arsenic
and Lead Notice 36 FR 12709. Marinette, Wisconsin, Aug. 31j 1971j
PP. 55.
Aronson, J. L., M. Spiesaaan, and A. K. Aronson. 1976. Note on the distribution
of mercury in fish species ir. three Ohio lakes. Environ. Pollut.
10:1-7.
Arthur, D., I. Motzok and H. D. Branion. 1953. The determination of cobalt
in forage crops. Can. J. Agr. Sci., 33:1-15.
Askew, H. 0. and J.K. Dixon. 1937. Influence of cobalt top-dressing on the
cobalt status of pasture plants. N. Z. J. Sci. Technol. l8:688-93»
1200
-------
Atchison, G. J. 1975. Uptake and distribution of trace, metals in fish.
Purdue Univ. West Lafayette, Indiana. Tech. Rept. No. 73:pp. 21.
Aulerich, R. J., R. K, Ringer and S. Iwamoto. 197U. Effects of dietary
mercury on mink. Arch. Environ. Contain. & Toxicol. 2(l);l+3-51.
Ayling, G. M. 1973. Uptake of cadmium, zinc, copper, lead and chromium
in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas grown in the Taraar River,
Tasmania. Water Res. 8:729-738.
Bacci, E. and A. Renzor.i. 1973- Total ir.ercury content of some fishes of
the Monte Amiata Area rivers. Rass. Med. Sper. (RMSPAY) 20(l):
60-67.
Bachant, J. E.and L. E. Schumann. 1971. Determination of the prevalence of
certain toxic substances in Ohio's upland game—a pilot study. Ohio
Farm Game Mgt. and Res. Invest., Columbus, Ohio. W-012-R-15. pp. 39.
Bache, C. A., W. H. Gutenmann, and D. J. Lisk. 1971. Residues of total
mercury and rr.ethylmercurie salts in lake trout as a function of age.
Science, 172:951-952.
Bache, C. A., C. McKone and D. J. Lisk. 1971a. Rapid determination of
mercury in fish. J. Assn. Offic. Anal. Chem. 5^*7-1-7^3.
Badsha, K. S. and M. Sainsbury. 1977. Uptake of zinc, lead and cadmium by
young whiting in the Severn Estuary. Marine Pollut. Bull. 8(7):
16U-166.
Baez, A..P., R. de Nulman, I. Rosas, and L. C. Galvez. 1976. Aquatic
organism contamination by mercury residues in the Coatzacoalcos
river estuary, Mexico. Trace Contain, of Agr., Fisheries and Food
in Developing Countries. FAO'/lAEA, pp. 73-79*
3agchi, K. N., H. D. Ganguly and J. N. Sudor. 19^0. Lead in food. Indian
J. Med. Res. 28:1+1+1-1+50.
Bagley, G. E., and L. N. Locke. 1967. The occurrence of lead in tissues of
wild birds. Bull. Environ. Contam. & Toxicol. 2(5):297-3C5•
3agley, G. E., L. N. Locke and G. T. Nightingale. 1967. Lead poisoning in
Canada geese in Delaware. Avian Dis. ll:6ci-608.
Baker, F. C. and A. J. Parker. 1969. Accidental arsenic poisoning in the
broiler chicken. Vet. Record. 85:632.
Baker, F. D., C. F. Tumasonis. W. B. Stone, and B. Bush. 1976. Levels of
PCB and trace metals in waterfowl in New York state. K. Y. Fish
Game J. 23(1) :-82-91.
Baker, R. S., H. F. Arle, J. H. Killer and J. T. Holstun, Jr. 19&9* Effects
of organic arsenical herbicides on cotton response and chemical residues.
Weed Sci., 17:37-^0.
1201
-------
Bakir, F., H. Al-Shahristani, N. Y. Al-Rawi, A. Khadouri, and A. W. Al-Mufti.
1976. Indirect sources of mercury poisoning in the Iraq epidemic.
In: Conf. on Intoxication Due to Alkylmercury-treated Seed. Baghdad,
Iraq, 9-I3 Sept. I97U. Suppl. Bull. WHO, 53:129-138.
3ang, I. 1919" The physiological arsenic content of urine. Swedish Arsenic
Commission. Lund, (in Swedish).
Banus, M., I. Valiela, and J. M. Teal. 197^. Export of lead from salt
marshes. Marine Follut. Bull. 5(l):6-9.
Barar.nik, P. I., I. A. Mikhalyuk, I. N. Motuzkov, and G. S. Yatsula. 1970.
Levels of trace elements and natural radioactivity of food products
of some areas of the Kiev region, Vopr. Pitan. 29(l):79-8l.
(in Russian)
J., W. Beauford and Y. J. Shieh. 1973. Some aspects of mercury
uptake by plant, algal, and bacterial systems in relation to its
biotransformation and volatilization. In: Mercury, Mecurials,
and Mercaptans. C. C. Thomas, Illinois, pp. 325*
R. T., A. Vijayakumar and F. A. Cross. 1972. Mercury concentrations
in recent and ninety-year old benthopelagic fish. Science. 178:
636-638.
C. and G. Pezzeri. 1966. Sulla origine dell'arsenico cosiddetto
fieologico. Indagini sul contenuto in arsenico degli alimenti.
Zacchia Ul, 2(3):UU7-^6l.
Barltrop, D. 1973. Sources and significance of environmental lead for
children. Symp. Proc., Environmental Health Aspects of Lead,
Amsterdam, Corn. Eur. Comm. pp. 675-681.
Barnard, H. E. 1911. Some poisons found in food. Pure Products 7:l1+5-ll+8.
Barnes, D., M. A. Hamadah, and J. M. Ottaway. 1976. The lead, copper and
zinc content of tree rings and bark. A measurement of local
metallic pollution. Sci. Total Environ. 5:63-67.
Baron, R. R. 1969. The use of arsenicals in feeding stuffs, pp. 1-7. In:
The Use of Arsenicals in Feeding Stuffs. Proc. Seminar, Criterion,
Lower Regent St., London, Mar. 20, 1969. Salisbury Labs.
Baskett, T. S. 1975- Mercury residues in breast muscle of wild ducks, 1970-
71. Pestic. Monit. J. 9(2):67-78.
Bates, T. E., A. Haq, Y. K. Soon, and J. R. Moyer. 1975- Uptake of metals
from sewage sludge amended soils. Intern. Conf. on Heavy Metals in
the Environment. Symp. Proc., Toronto,- Ontario 2(l):U03-Ul6.
Baumslag, N. ana P. Keen. 1972. Trace elements in soils and plants and
antral cancer. Arch. Environ. Health 25:23-25.
Barber,
Barber,
Barela,
1202
-------
Beasley, T. M. 1971. Mercury in selected fish protein concentrates. Environ.
Sci. & Technol. 5:63^-635.
Beasley, T.M. and E. E. Held. 19^9. Nickel-63 in marine and terrestrial
biota, soil, and sediment. Science. l6U(388U): II6I-H63.
Beavington, F. 1975. Heavy metal contamination of vegetables and soil in
domestic gardens around a smelting complex. Environ. Pollut. 9:
211-217.
Beeson, K. C. 19*+1. The mineral composition of crops with particular
reference to the soils in which they were grown. U. S. Dept.
Agr., Misc. Pub. No. 369, PP* l6*+.
Beeson, K. C,, L. Gray, and M. B. Adams, 19*+7. The absorption of mineral
elements by forage plants. 1. The phosphorus, cobalt, manganese,
and copper content of some common grasses. J. Amer. Soc. Agror..
39:356-62.
Bencko, W. 1970. On hygienic and toxicological problems of pollution by
arsenic. Naturw. Reihe 19(5) :*+99~500.
Bender, J. A. 1975. Trace metals in beach dipterans and amphipods. Bull.
Environ. Contain. & Toxicol. 1^(2) : 18./-192.
Bender, M. E., R. J. Huggett and H. D. Stone. 1972. Heavy metals—an
inventory of existing conditions. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 62:lUU-153.
Benson, W. B., D. W. Brock, F. Shields III, E. R. Korberg and J. Cline.
1971. An analysis of mercury residues in Idaho pheasants. J.
Idaho Acad. Sci., Spec, Res. Issue 2:17-26.
Benson, VI. W., J. Gabica and J. Beecham. 197*+. Pesticides and mercury
levels in bear. Bull. Environ. Contam. & Toxicol. 11:1-5.
Berbenni, P. 1959. Research on the arsenic content of soils and vegetation
in the mountainous region of the Prealpi Orobiche. Ann. Chix.
i+9:6lU-623.
Berg, W,, A. G. Johnels, B. Sjostrand, and T. Westermark. 1966. Mercury
content in feathers of Swedish birds from the last 100 years,
Oikos 17:71-83.
Berger, B. L. 197*+. Residues of chlorinated pesticides and heavy metals in
fish collected for the 1972 National Pesticide Monitoring Program.
U. S. Bur. Sport Fisheriesaand Wildlife. Washington, D. C. Unpub.
Bernhard, M. and A. Zattera. 1975. Major pollutants in the marine
environment. In: Marine Pollution and Marine Waste Disposal.
Proc. 2nd Intern. Cong. E. A. Pearson and E. D. Frangipane (Eds.),
San Rerno 17-21 Dec., 1973» pp. 195-300.
1203
-------
Bertine, K. K. and E. D. Goldberg. 1972. Trace metals in clams, mussels,
and shrimps. Limnol. & Oceanogr. 17:377-88'+.
Bertrand, D. 1920. Bull. Soc. Hyg. Aliment. 8:U9.
Bertrand, D. 19^1. Recherches sur le vanadium chez les vegetaux. Bull.
Soc. Chim. Biol. 23:391-397.
Bertrand, D. 19^2. Sur la diffusion du vanadium dans la terre arable.
3ull. Soc. Chim,, Paris, 9:133-135.
Bertrand, D. 19^3. (l) Sur la diffusion du vanadium chez les invertebres
et chez les vertebres. (2) Le vanadium chez les ascidies. Bull.
Soc. Chim. Biol. 25:36.
Bertrand, D. 1950. Survey of contemporary knowledge of biogeochemistry.
2. The biogeochemistry of vanadium. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
9k :U03-U55.
Bertrand, G. and M. Mokragnatz. 1930* Repartition du nickel et du cobalt
chez les animaux. Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. (in Vinogradov, 1953).
Bertrand, M. M. G. and M. Macheboeuf. 1925- Sur la presence du nickel et
du cobalt chez les animaux. Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. 180:I38O-I383.
Bhatt, Y. M., V. N. Sastry, S. M. Shah and T. M. Krishnamoorthy. 1968.
Zinc manganese and cobalt contents of some marine bivalves from
Bombay. Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. India, Pt. B 3M6) :28U-287.
Birke, G., A. Johnels, L. 0. Plantin, B. Sjostrand and T. Westermark. 19^7 •
Hg livemedel: III. Metylxvicksilverforgiftning genom fortaring av
fisk? Lakartidningen 6U(37)3628-3637. (in Swedish).
Bischoff, 0. and F. Haun. 1939. Poisoning of domestic animals through
copper and arsenic containing fly dust. Deut. Tieraerztl.
Wochenschr., 17(28) :^U2-1+U7.
Bissonnette, P. 1977. Extent of mercury and lead uptake from lake sediments
by chironomids. In: Biological Implications of Metals in the
Environment. Proc. 15th Ann. Hanford Life Sci. Symp., Richland,
Wash. pp. 609-622.
Black, W. A. P. and R. L. Mitchell. 1952. Trace elements in the common
brown algae and in sea-water. J. Marine Biol. Assn. U.K. 30:575-58^.
Bligh, E. G. 1968. Rept. Directorate Fish Res. for 1968. Dept. Agr. &
Fish.for Scotland, p. lb7.
Bligh, E. G. 1970. Mercury and the contamination of freshwater fish. Fish.
Res. 3d. Can,, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Ms. Rept. 1088, April 1970.
1204
-------
Bligh, E. G. 1971. Mercury levels in Canadian fish. In: Proc. Mercury in
Man's Environment. Roy. Soc. Can., Ottawa, 1971, pp. 73-90-
Bloom, H., B. N. Noller and G. Shenman. 1976. Australian Vet. J. 52-312.
Bius, L. J., A. A. 3elisle and R. M. Prouty. 197^. Relations of the
brown pelican to certain environmental problems. Pestic. Monit. J.
8:l8l-19U.
Blus, L. J., B. S. Neely, Jr., T. G. Lamont and B. Kulhern. 1977. Residues
of organochlorines and heavy metals in tissues and eggs of "brown
pelicans. Pestic. Monit.JJ. ll(l):^0-53.
Bohn, A. 1975- Arsenic in marine organisms from West Greenland. Marine
Pollut. Bull. 6(6):87-90.
Bollingberg, E. J. 1975. Geochemical prospecting using seaweed, shellfish
and fish. Geochim. et Cosmochira. Acta. 39:1567-1570.
Bolter, E., D. Hemphill, B. Wixom, D. Butherus and R. Chen. 1973.
Geochemical and vegetation studies of trace substances from lead
smelting. In: Trace Substances in Environmental Health, VI.
D. D. Hemphill (Ed.), Univ. Missouri, pp. 79-86.
3onbace, M. A., L. Cigna Rossi and G. F. Clemente. 197^. Selenium content
of some foodstuffs and environmental samples in an area of Italy
rich in minerals. In: Proc. Symp. on Nuclear Techniques in
Comparative Studies of Food and Environmental Contamination.
Finland. 27-31 Aug. 1973- PP. 3^1-3^9.
Boothe, P. N., and G. A. Knauer. 1972. The possible importance of fecal
material in the biological amplification of trace ar.d heavy metals.
Limnol. & Oceanogr. 17:270- 2'7.U
Borg, K. 1969. Annual report of wildlife research. Nat. Swedish Vet, Inst,
pp. 12.
Borg, K. 1970. Radda Naturen, Naturvardens problem och mojligheter, red.
Hans-Ancker Hoist., pp. 152-163. Stockholm, pp. 301 (in Swedish).
Borg, K., H. Wanntorp, K. Erne, and E. Hanko. 19^5. Kvicksilver-
forgiflningar bland vilt i Sverige. State Vet. Med. Inst,
(in Swedish).
Borg, K., H. Wanntorp, K. Erne, Snd E. Hanko. 1966, Mercury poisoning in
Swedish wildlife. J. Appl. Ecol. 3:171-172. Suppl.
Borg, K., H. Wanntorp, K. Erne and E. Hanko. 1969. Alkyl mercury poisoning
in terrestrial Swedish wildlife. Viltrevy 6(10:301.
Bowen, H. J. M. 1966. Trace Elements in Biochemistry. New York: Academic
Press, Inc. pp. 2Kl.
1205
-------
Boxen, V. T. and D. Sutton. 1951. Comparative studies of mineral constituents
of marine sponges. I. The genera Dysidae, Chondrilla, Terpios.
J. Marine Res. 10:153-167.
Bowstead, J. E., J. P. Sackville, and R. D. Sinclair. 19^+2. The development
of cobalt deficiency in sheep. Sci. Agr. 22:31^-325.
Boyden, C. R. 1975. Distribution of some trace metals in Poole Harbour,
Dorset. Marine Pollut. Bull. 6(12):180-187.
Boyden, C. R. and M. G. Romeril. 197^. A trace metal problem in pond oyster
culture. Marine Pollut. Bull. 5(7):7^-78.
Boyle, R. H. 1971. Poison roans our coastal seas. Sports Illus. Oct. 1971.
Bradfield, R. E. N., R. W. S. M. Kingsbury, and C. P. Rees, 1976. An
assessment of the pollution of Cornish coastal waters. Marine Pollut.
Bull. 7(1C):187-193.
Bradicich, R., K. E. Foster, F. E. Hons, M. T. Jeffus, and C. T. Kenner.
1969. Residues in food and feed. Arsenic in cottonseed products
and various commodities. Pestic. Monit., J. 3:139-1^1.
Braham, H. W. 1973. Lead in California sea lion Zalophus californianus.
Environ. Pollut, 5:253-258.
Braude, R., A. A. Free, J. E. Page and E. L. Smith. 19^9* The distribution
of radioactive cobalt in pigs. Br. J. Kutr. 3:289-92.
3ringrr.ann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1959* The toxic effects of waste water on aquatic
bacteria, algae,-ana small crustaceans. Gesundheit. Ing. 80:115-120
(in German),
R. R. 1979. Accumulation of nickel by terrestrial plants. In press.
R. R., J. Lee, and T. Jaffre. 197^. Some New Zealand and New
Caledonian plant accumulators of nickel. J. Ecol. 62:1-93-1+99.
R. R., J. Lee, R. D. Reeves and T. Jaffre. 1977. Detection of
nickeliferous rocks by analysis of herbarium specimens of indicator
plants. J. Geochem. Explor. 7:1+9-57.
R. R., R. S. Morrison, R. D. Reeves, and T. R. Dudley. 1978.
Hyperaccumulation of nickel by Alyssum. In press.
R. R. and C. C. Radford. 1978. Nickel accumulation by European
species of the genus Alyssum. Proc, R. Soc. London B. Biol,
Sci. In press.
R. R. and K. G. Runsby. 19^5• The biogeochenistry of trace element
uptake by some New Zealand bivalves. Limnol. & Oceanogr. 10:521-527.
3rooks,
3rooks,
3rooks,
Brooks,
Brooks,
Brooks,
1206
-------
3rooks, R. R. and G. Runsby. 1967. Studies on the uptake of cadmium by
the oyster, Qstrea sinuata (Lamarck). Aust. J. Marine Freshwater
Res. 15(l):53-61.
Brooks, R. R. and D. Rumsey. 197*+. Heavy metals in some New Zealand
commercial sea fishes, N. Z. J. Marine & Freshwater Res. 8(l):
155-166.
Brooks, R. R. and E. D. Wither. 1977. Nickel accumulation by Rinorea
bengalensis (Wall.), O.K.J. Geom. Explor. 7:295-300.
Brooks, R, R., E. D. Wither, and B. Zepernick. 1977. Cobalt and nickel in
Rinorea species. Plant Soil 47:707-712.
Bryan, G. W. 1967. The metabolism of Zn and 65Zn in crabs, lobster and
freshwater crayfish. In: Radio-ecological Concentration Process,
B. Aberg, and F. P. Hungate (Eds), Pergamon Press, pp. 1005-1016.
Bryan, G. V/. 1968. Concentrations of zinc and copper in the tissues of
decapod crustaceans.- J. Marine Biol. Assn. UK ^9:303-321.
Bryan, G. W. 1969- The absorption of zinc and other metals by brown seaweed
Laminaria digitata, J. Marine Biol. Assn. U. K. 49:225-243.
Bryan, G. W. 1971. The effects of heavy metals (other than mercury) on
marine and estuarine organisms. Proc. Roy. Soc. Ser. B., Bicl.
Sci. 177:339-^10.
Bryan, G. W. 1973. The occurrence and seasonal variation of trace metals
in the scallops Pecten maximus (L.) and Chlarnys opercularis (L.)
J. Marine Biol. Assn. U.K. 53:1^5-166.
Bryan, G. W. and L. G. Hummerstone. 1973. Brown seaweed as an indicator
of heavy metals in estuaries in south-west England. J. Marine.
Biol. Assn. U.K. 53:705-720.
Bryan, G. W. and L. G. Hummerstone. 1973a. Adaptation of the polychaete
Nereis diversicolor to estuarine sediments, containing high
concentrations of zinc and cadmium. J. Marine Biol. Assn. U.K.
53(4):839-857.
Buhler, D. R. 1J77. Aquatic organisms. Oregon State Univ. Corvallis,
unpub. mss
Buhler, D. R., R. R. Claeys, and B. R. Mate. 1975. Heavy metal and
chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in California sea lions Zalophus
californianus. J. Fish. Res, Bd. Can, 32(12):239^-2397.
Buhler, D. R., R. R. Claeys, and W. E. Shanks..1973. Mercury in aquatic
species from the Pacific Northwest, Abstr. Proc. Mercury in the
Western Environment. Portland, Ore,, Feb. 1971, pp. 59"75-
1207
-------
Buhler, D. R. and B. R. Mate. 1973• Mercury levels in California sea lions.
Proc. Mercury in the Western Environment. Portland, Ore. Feb. 1971}
pp. 97-102.
Bull, X. R., R. D. Roberts, M. J. Inskip and G. T. Goodman. 1977. Mercury
concentrations in soil, grass, earthworms and small mammals near an
industrial source. Environ. Pollut. 12:135-1^0.
Burkitt, A., P. Lester, and G. Nickless. 1972. Distribution of heavy metals
in the vicinity of an industrial complex. Nature 238:327-328.
Burridge, J. C. 1970. Vegetational factors affecting the trace element content
of plants. In: Trace Element Metabolism in Animals, C. F. Kills (Ed),
E. S. Livingston, Edinburgh and London, pp. 5^9»
Burton, J. D. and T. M. Leatherland. 1971. Mercury in a coastal marine
environment. Nature 231:^^0-UUl.
Butterworth, J., P. Lester ana G. Nickless. 1972. Distribution of heavy metal
in the Severn Estuary. Marine Pollut. Bull. 3*'72-73.
Buyalov, N. I. and A. M. Shryryayeva. 1961. Geobotanical methods in
prospecting for salts of boron. Intern. Geol. Rev. 3:619-625.
(in Russian).
Byrne, A. R., M. Dermelj, and L. Kosta. 1971. A neutron activation study of
environmental contamination and distribution of mercury in animals
and fish. Proc. Symp. Nuclear Techniques in Environmental Pollution,
Salzburg 26-30 Oct. 1970. Intern. Atomic Energy Comm. Paper IAEA-SM-
Ili2a/2U, pp. U15-U27.
Byrne, A. R. and L. Kcsta. 1972. Studies on the distribution and uptake of
mercury in the area of the mercury mine at Idrija, Slovenia. I. Plants,
vegetables and other environmental samples. Vest. Slov. Kem. Drust
(in press).
Byrne, A. R., L, Kosta, and P. Stegner. 1975. The occurrence of mercury in
amphibia. Environ. Letters 8(2):1U7-155.
Caldwell, R. S. and D. R. Buhler. 1976. Seasonal and geographic distribution
of metals in shellfish from the Oregon coast. Unpub. ms.
Cambi, G. 1950. Preliminary report on the cobalt content of Italian forages.
Ann. Sper. Agrar. (N.S.) 3:963-973.
Cannon, H. L. i960. Botanical prospecting for ore deposits. Science.
132(3^27):591-598.
Cannon, H. L. 1963. The biogeochemistry of vanadium. Soil Sci. 96(3):196-20U.
1208
-------
Cannon, H. L. I96U. Geochemistry of rocks and related soils and vegetation
in the Yellow Cat area, Grand County, Utah. U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull.
1176. pp. 127.
Cannon, H. L. 19&9« Trace element excesses and deficiencies in some
geochemical provinces of the United States. In: Trace Substances in
Environmental Health - III, Hemphill, D. D. (Ed.), Univ. Missouri,
pp. 21-U3.
Cannon, H. L, 1971. The use of plant indicators in ground water surveys,
geological mapping, and mineral prospecting. Taxon. 20:227-256.
Cannon, H. L. 197^. Natural toxicants of geological origin and their
availability to man. In: Environ. Quality and Food Supply,
P. L. White and D. Robbins (Eds.), Futura Publ. Co., pp. IU3-I63.
Cannon, H. L. and B. M. Anderson. 1971. The geochemist's involvement with
the pollution problem. Geol. Soc. Amer. Mem. 123:155-163-
Cannon, H. L. and B. K. Anderson. 1972. Trace element content of the soils
and vegetation in the vicinity of the Four Corner Power Plant, Ft.
Ill of Southwest energy study. Rept. Coal Resources Work Group.
U. S. Geol. Surv. Open-File Rept., Denver.
Cannon, H. L., H. T. Shacklette and H. Bastron. 1968. Metal absorption by
Equisetum (horsetail). U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull, 1278A. pp. A1-A21,
Cardiff, I. D. 1937. Observations with reference to arsenic on apples and
other foodstuffs, Washington State Hort. Assoc. Proc. 33s153-168.
Carlisle, D. and G. B. Cleveland. 1958. Plants as a guide to mineralization.
State of Calif. Div. Mines, Spec. Rept, 50.
Carrigan, R. A. and L. H. Rogers. 19^0. The trace element content of certain
Florida soils and related plant materials, Proc. Soil Sci. Soc.
Florida, 2:92-103.
Chapman, A. C. 1926. On the presence of compounds of arsenic in marine
crustaceans and shellfish. Analyst 51:5^8-563.
Chattopadhyay, A., L. G. I. Bennett, and R. E. Jervis. 1972. Activation
analysis of environmental pollutants. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 50:
189-193.
Chessin, M. 1972. Selenium in the vegetation of Malibu Beach, California.
In: Trace Substances in Environmental Health. VI. D. D. Hemphill
(Ed.), Univ. Missouri, pp. 377-378.
Childs, E. A. and J. N. Gaffke. 1973. Mercury content of Oregon groundfish.
Fish. Bull. 71(3) 2713-71-7-
1209
-------
Childs, E. A. and J. N. Gaffke. 1974. Lead and cadmium content of selected
Oregon groundfish. J. Food Sci. 39:853-854.
Childs, E. A., J. N. Gaffke, D. L. Crawford. 1973- Exposure of dogfish
shark feti to mercury. Bull. Environ. Contam. & Toxicol. 9(5):
276-280.
Chipman, W. A. 196?. Some aspects of the accumulation of ^cr by marine
organisms. Proc. Intern. Symp. on Radioecology Concentration
Processes, B. Aberg and F. P. Hungate (Eds.), Pergamon Press,
New York, pp. 931-941.
Chisholm, D. 1972. Lead, arsenic and copper content of crops grown on
lead arsenate-treated and untreated soils. Can. J. Plant Sci.
52:583-588.
Chisholm, D. and A. W. MacPhee. 1972. Persistence and effects of some
pesticides in soil. J. Econ. Entomol. 65:1010-1013.
Chov, T. J. 1972. Lead in the marine environment. Baseline Studies of
Pollutants in the Marine Environment, E. D. Goldberg (Ed.), Workshop
sponsored by the Sat. Sci. Found., New York, May 24-26, 1972,
pp. 209-22U.
Chow , T. J., C. B. Snyder, H. G. Snyder and J. L. Earl. 1976. Lead content
of some marine organisms. J. Environ. Sci. Health-Environ. Sci.
Eng. All(l):33-44.
Christell, R., L. G. Erwall, K. LJunggren, B. Sjostrand, and T. Westernark.
1965. Methods of activation analysis for mercury in the biosphere
and in foods. 1965. Intern. Conf. Modern Trends in Activation
Analysis, College Station, Texas. 1:380-383.
Chueca, A., M. Worwood and D. M. Taylor. 1969. The simultaneous determination
of zinc and cadmium in biological materials by neutron activation
analysis. Intern. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotop. 20 (5): 335-31+0.
Ciereszko, L. S., E. M. Ciereszko, E. R. Harris and C. A. Lane. 1962. On
the occurrence of vanadium in holothurians. Comp. Biochem.
Physiol. 7:127-129.
Ciereszko, L. S., E. M. Ciereszko, E. R. Harris and C. A. Lane. 1963.
Vanadium content of some tunicates. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.
8(2):137-1^0.
Cigna Rossi, L., G. F. Clemente and G. Santaroni. 1976. Mercury and
selenium distribution in a defined area and in its population.
Archiv. Environ. Health. 31(3):l60-l65.
Clark, D. R. and M. A. R. McLane. 1974. Chlorinated hydrocarbon and
mercury residues in woodcock in the United States, 1970-71.
Pestic. Monit. J. 8:15-22.
1210
-------
Clarke, J. H. , A. N. Clarke, D. J. Wilson and. J. J. Friauf. 1976. Lead
levels in freshwater mollusk shells. J. Environ. Sci. Health-
Environ. Sci. Eng. All(l):65-78.
Clements, H. F. and J. Munson. 191+7.
in culture solution. Pacific
Cocords, G., P. H. Cahn and W. Siler.
fish, plankton and water from
5 (6): 6141-61+7.
Arsenic toxicity studies in soil and
Sci. 1:151-171.
1973. Mercury concentrations in
3 western estuaries. J. Fish Biol.
Cole, J. F. and D. P.. Lynam. 1973. Ilzro's research to define lead's impact
on man. Symposium, Environmental Health Aspects of Lead, Amsterdam,
Com. Eur. Comm.: 169-188.
Cole, M. M. 1973. Geobotanical and biogeochemical investigations in the
sclerophyllous woodland and shrub associations of the eastern
Goldfields area of western Australia, with particular reference
to the role of Hybanthus florifrundus (Lindl.) F. Muell. as a nickel
indicator and accumulator plant. J. Appl. Ecol. (England) 10(l):
269-320.
Collins, W. D. 1918. Arsenic in sulfured food products. J. Ind. Eng.
Chem. 10:360-361+.
Comar, C. L., and G.'K, Davis. 19^7. Cobalt metabolism studies III.
Excretion and tissue distribution of radioactive cobalt as
administered to cattle. Arch. Biochem. 12:257-66.
Connor, J. J., J. A. Erdman, J. D. Sims, and R. J, Ebens. 1970. Roadside
effects on trace element content of some rocks, soils and plants of
Missouri. In: Trace Substances in Environmental Health. IV.
D. D. Hemphill (Ed.), Univ. Missouri, pp. 26—3^-
Connor, J. J. and H. T. Shacklette. 1975. Background geochemistry of some
rocks, soils., plants and vegetables in the conterminous United States
U. S. Geol. Surv. Paper No. 57^, pp. 168.
Connor, J. J. , H. T. Shacklette and J. A. Erdman. 1971. Extraordinary trac
element accumulations in roadside cedars near Centerville, Missouri.
U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 750-B, pp. B151-B156.
Connors, P. G., V. C. Anderlini, R. W. Risebrough, M. Gilbertson, and H. Hays
1975. Investigations of heavy metals in common tern populations.
Can. Field Nat. 89:157-162.
Connors, P. G., V. C. Anderlini, R. W. Risebrough, J. H. Martin, R. W.
Schrieber, and D. W. Anderson. 1972. Heavy metal concentrations in
brown pelicans from Florida and California. Cal-Neva Wildlife. 56-61+
Copeland, R. A. 1972. Mercury in the Lake Michigan environment. In:
Environmental Mercury Contamination, R. Hartung & 3, D. Dinaan (Eds.)
Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, Mich., pp. 71-76.
1211
-------
Corneliussen, P. 2. 1972. Pesticide residues in total diet samples VI.
J. Pestic. Monit. 5(4):313-330.
Costa, M. R. M. and M. I. C. DaFonseca. 1967. The amount of natural arsenic
in shellfish. Rev. Port. Farm. 17:1-19. (in Portuguese).
Costa, M. R. M., M. I. C. Da Fonseca and N. M. Do Paco. 1970. Arsenic content
of meat and viscera in chickens. Rev. Port. Farm. 20:1-7, (In Portuguese).
Coughtrey, P. J. and M. H. Martin. 1976. The distribution of Pt>, Zn, Cd and
Cu within the pulmonate mollusc Helix aspersa Muller. Oecologia 23:
315-322.
Coulsen, E. J., E. Levine and R. E. Remington. 1932. Oysters and anemia.
Amer. J. Pub. Health 22:ll4l-ll46.
Coulson, E. J.,,R. E. Remington and K. M. Lynch. 1935. Metabolism in the
rat of the naturally occurring arsenic of shrimp as compared with
arsenic trioxide. J. Nutr, 10:255.
Coggill, U. M. 1970. The hydrogeochemistry of Linsley Pond, North Branford,
Connecticut. I. Introduction. Field work and chemistry by X-ray
emission spectroscopy. Arch. Hydrobiol. 68:1-95.
Cox, H. E. 1925. On certain new methods for the determination of small
quantities of arsenic and its occurrence in urine and fish. Analyst
50:3-13.
Cox, M. F., H. W. Holm, H. J. Kania and R. L. Knight. 1975. Methylmercury and
total mercury concentrations in selected stream biota. In: Trace
Substances in Environmental Health. IX. D. D. Hemphill (Ed.), Univ.
Missouri, pp. 151-155.
Craig, S. 1967. Toxicions in bivalves. J. Amer. Osteop. Assn. 66:1000-1002.
Cresta, M., A. M. DeMayo, G. B. Panatta, M. Allegrini, E. Lanzola and
M. Gallorini. 1975- Trace elements of Lower Dahomey. Intern. Conf.
on Heavy Metals in the Environment. Toronto, Ontario, Abstr. C99-1Q4,
Oct. 27-31, 1975.
Cumbie, P. M. 1975a. Mercury levels in Georgia otter, mink and freshwater
fish. Bull. Environ. Contam. & Toxicol. l4(2):193-196,
Cumbie, P. M. 1975b. Mercury in hair of bobcats and racoons. J. Wildlife
Mgt. 39 (2): 1+19-42 5.
Cumbie, P. M. and J. H. Jenkins. 1974. Mercury accumulation in native
mammals of the Southeast. In: Proc. 28th Ann. Conf. S. E. Assn.
Game Commissioners, Frankfort, Ky. pp. 639-648.
Cumont, G. and A. Montiel. 1973. Etude de 1'accumulation du mercure dans
un ecosysteme aquatique. Centre Beige d1etude de Documentation de
Eaux-Tribune de Cebedeau-Liege 26.(352 )U.24-126.
1212
-------
Cumont, G., G. Viallex, H. Lalievre, and P. Bobenrieth. 1972. Contamination
des poissons de mer par le mercure. Rev. Intern. Oceanogr. Med.
26:95-127.
Curley, A., V. A. Sedlac, E. F. Girling, R. E. Hawk, W. F. Barthel, P. E.
Pierce, and W. H. Likosky. 19T1. Organic mercury identified as
the cause of poisoning in humans and hogs. Science. 172:65-67.
Curnow, R. D., W. A. Tolin and D. W. Lynch. 19T7. Ecological and land use
relationships of toxic metals in Ohio's terrestrial vertebrate fauna.
In: Biological Implications of Metals in the Environment. Proc.
15th Ann. Kanford Life Sci. Syrap., Richland, Wash. 29 Sept.-1 Oct.
1975. Tech. Info. Ctr. ERDA. pp. 578-591+.
Cuthbert, K. C., A. C. Brown, and M. J. Orren. 1976. Cadmium concentrations
in the tissues of Bullia digitalis (Prosobranchiata) from the South
African West Coast. S. Afr. J. Sci. 72:57.
Cutshall, N. and R. Holton. 1972. Metal analyses in IDOE baseline samples.
In: IDOE Workshop, pp. 67-82.
Dale, I. M. and M. S. Baxter. 1973. Mercury in seabirds. Marine Pollut.
Bull. ^(5):77-79.
Dalgaard-Mikkelsen, S. 1969. Mercury occurrence in the Danish environment,
riordic Symp. on Mercury, Nordforsk, 10-11 Oct. 1968: Nord. Hyg.
Tidskr. 50(2):3U.
Danckvortt, P. W. 191*2. Erhoter Bleigehalt in niederen Organismen und in
Haaren. Deutsch. Tieraerztl. Wochenschr. 50:28.
Darracott, A. and H. Watling. 1975. The use of molluscs to monitor cadmium
levels in estuaries and coastal marine environments. Trans. Roy.
Soc. S. Afr. 1+1(1+): 325-338.
Dassani, S. D., B. E. McClellan, and M. Gordon. 1975. Submicrogram level
determination of mercury in seeds, grains, and food products by
cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Agr. & Food Chem.
23(1+): 671-671+.
Davis, J. J., R. W. Perkins, R. F. Palmer, W. C. Hanson, and J. F. Cline.
1958. Radioactive materials in aquatic and terrestrial organisms
exposed to reactor effluent water. In; Proc. 2nd Intern. Conf.
Peaceful Uses Atomic Energy, Geneva, 18:1+23-1+28.
Davy, B. G. and R. L. Mitchell. 1968. The distribution of trace elements in
cocksfoot Dactylis glomerata at flowering. J. Sci. Food Agr.
19:1+25-1+31.
Decleir, W. , J. Lemaire, and A. Richard. 1970. Determination of copper in
embryos and very young specimens of Sepia officinalis. Marine Biol.
(Berlin), 5(3) :256-258.
1213
-------
Dedolph, R. G., G. Ter Haar, R. Holtzman, and H. Lucas, Jr. 1970. Sources
of lead in perennial ryegrass and radishes. Environ. Sci. & Technol.,
U (3):217-223.
DeGeoiJ, J. J. M. , V. P. Guinn, D. R. Young, and A. J. Mearns. 1971*. Neutron
activation analysis trace-element studies of dover sole liver and
marine sediments. In: Nuclear Techniques in Comparative Studies of
Food and Environmental Contamination. Otaniemi, Finland, 27-31 Aug.
1973. pp. 189.
de Goeij, J. J. M. and C. Zegers. 1971- Mercury in fish—imported tinned
fish. TNO — Nieuws 1971 (July), pp. 400-^01.
DeKoning, H. W. 197^. Lead and cadmium concentration in the area immediately
surrounding a lead smelter. Water, Air & Soil Pollut. 3i63r70.
Delavault, R, E. and R. J. Manson. 1971. Spectroscopic determination of
arsenic inggeochemical samples. In: Geochemical Exploration. Proc.
3rd Intern. Symp. pp. 552-553.
Delisle, C. E., B. Hummel and K. G. Wheeland. 1975. Uptake of heavy metals
from sediment by fish. Intern. Conf. on Heavy Metals in the Environ-
ment, Symp. Proc., Toronto, Ontario, Oct. 27-31, 1975. 2(2):821-827.
DelVecchio, V., P. Valori, A. M. Alasia and G. Gualdi. 1962. La determinazione
dell'arsenico nei molluschi (ifytilus Linn.). Igiene e San. Pub. l8:l8-
30.
Deschiens, R., D. Bertrand, and V. Molinari. 1957. Capacite d'accumulation
de certains metaux par les mollusques de la famille des Planorbides.
Compt. Rend. Seanc,Soc. Biol, et Fil. 151:1356-1358.
deTreville, R. T. P. 1961;. Natural occurrence of lead. Arch. Environ.
Health. 8(2):212-221.
deVolf, P. 1975. Mercury content of mussels from West European coasts.
Marine Pollut. Bull. 6(4):6l-63.
Dick, J. and L. I. Pugsley. 1950. The arsenic, lead, tin, copper and iron
content of canned clams, oysters, crabs, lobsters and shrimp. Can.
J. Res. 28:199-201.
Dietz, F. 1972. The enrichment of heavy metals in submerged plants.
In: Sixth Intern. Water Pollut. Res., Pergamon Press Ltd, A/2/U,
pp. 1-8.
DiNardi, S, R., K. S. Wisnieski, E. C. MacDonald and K. S. Wisnieski. 197^.
Mercury concentrations in tissues of fish from the Connecticut River.
J. Environ. Health 36(6):5^7-551.
D'ltri, F. M. 1972. The environmental mercury problem, Cleveland, CRC
Press, pp. 12U.
1214
-------
DJangmah, J, S. 1970. The effects of feeding and. starvation on copper in the
blood and hepato-pancreas and on the blood proteins of Crangon
vulgaris (Fabricius). Comp. Biochem. Physiol-. 32:709-731.
Doi, R. and J. Ui. 1973. The distribution of mercury in fish and its form of
occurrence. Session V. Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Environment,
P.A. Krenkel (Ed.), Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 207-22-1.
Doksopulo, E. P. 1961. Nickel in rocks, soils, water and plants adjacent to
the talc deposits of the Chorchanskaya Group (in Russ.) Izdatel vo
Tbiliskovo Univ., Tbilisi, USSR.
Dorn, C. R. , P. E. Phillips, J. 0. Pierce, and G. R. Chase. 197^. Cadmium,
copper, lead and zinc in bovine hair in the new lead belt of Missouri.
Bull. Environ. Contam. 8: Toxicol. 11:626-630.
Dorn, C. R. , J. 0. Pierce, II, G. R. Chase, and P. E. Phillips. 1973.
Cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in blood, milk, muscle and other tissues
of cattle from an area of multiple-source contamination. In: Trace
Substances in Environmental Health—VII, D. D. Hemphill (Ed.), Univ.
Missouri, pp. 191-203-
Dorn, P. 1937. Pflanzin als Anzeichen fur Erzlagerstatten. (Plants as
indicators of ore deposits). Der Biologe. 6:11-13.
Drifmeyer, J. E. and W. E. Odum. 1975. Lead,zzinc and manganese in dredge-
spoil pond ecosystems. Environ. Conserv. 2(l):39-^3?
Droege, H. F. 1965. Lead concentrations in lettuce. Bur. Air Sanitation,
Calif. Dept. Pub. Health, Memos, l8 May and 23 July 1965.
Durr, U. 1969. Content of fluoride, manganese, molybdenum and vanadium of the
incisors of animals. ('Jeber den Spurenelementgehalt in Zahnen der
Haustiere). Eerlin Munchen Tierarztl. Wochenschr. 82(17):326-330.
Dustman, E. H., Stickel, L. F. and J. B. Elder. 1972. Mercury in wild animals^
Lake St. Clair, 1970. Environmental Mercury Contamination, R. Hartung,
and B. D. Dinman (Eds.), Science Publ., Ann Arbor, Mich., pp. 10.
Button, J. W. R., D. W. Jeffries, A. R. Folkard and P. G. W. Jones. 1973.
Trace metals in the North Sea. Marine Pollut. Bull. 4:135-138.
Duvigneaud, P. 1959. "Cobaltophyte" plants in Haut-Katanga. Soc. Roy.
Bot, Belg. Bull, 91: lll-^ (In French).
Eagland, J. S. 1936. Bee mortality in the orchard. The effect of arsenical
sprays. J. Dept. Agr. Victoria^**:299-301.
Echegaraj, . R. M. 197*+• Contenido de algunos metales pesados en especies
marinas peruanas. Ing. Sanitaria 27(H):l-l8.
1215
-------
Eckert, J. E. and. H. W. Allinger. 1936. Relation of airplane dusting to
beekeeping. J. Econ. Entomol. 29:885-895.
Eganhouse, R. P. and D. R. Young. 1976. Mercury in tissues of mussel off
southern California. Marine Pollut. Bull. 7(0):lU5—1^»7.
Eisler, R., G. E. Zaroogian, and R. J. Hennekey. 1972. Cadmium uptake by
marine organisms. J. Pish. Res. Bd. Can. 29:1367-1369.
Elderfield, H., L. Thornton and J. S. Webb. 1971. Heavy metals and oyster
culture in Wales. Marine Pollut. Bull. 2: U 7.
Elfvinj ,D. C., W. M. Haschek, R. A. Stehn, C. A. Bache and D. J. Lisk. 1978.
Heavy metal residues in plants cultivated on and in small mammals
indigenous to old orchard soils. Archiv. Environ. Health 33(2):95—99-
Ellis, M. M. 1931+. Arsenic storage in game fish. Copeia 2:971.
Ellis, M. M., B. A. Westfall and M. D. Ellis. 19^1. Arsenic in freshwater
fish. Ind. Eng. Chem. 33(10):1331-1332.
Emerson, R. R., D. F. Soule, M. Oguri, K. Y. Chen and J. Lu. 1976. Heavy
metal concentrations in marine organisms and sediments collected
near ® industrial outfall. Intern. Conf. on Environmental Sensing
and Assessment. 1(6-7 ):l-7.
Epps, E. A. and M. B. Sturgis. 1939. Arsenic compounds toxic to rice. Soil
Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. U:215-2l8.
Erne, K. and K. Borg. 1969. Lead poisoning in Swedish wildlife. Symposium
Metals and Ecology. Stockholm Swedish Nat. Res. Counc. Bull. 5:31-35.
Ernst, W. H. 0. 1975. Physiology of heavy metal resistance in plants.
Intern. Conf. on Heavy Metals in the Environment. Symp. Proc.,
Toronto, Ontario, Oct. 27-31, 1975. 2(l):121-136.
Establier, R. 1969. Estudios del contenido en cobre del agua de mar y
ostiones (Crassostrea angulata) de las costas de Cadiz. Invest.
Pesq. 33(l):69-S6.
Establier, R. 1969a. Contenido en cobre, hierro, manganeso y cinc de los .'-J 1
ostiones (Crassostrea angulata) de las costas de Cadiz. Invest.
Pesq. 33(1):335-3^3.
Establier, R. 1970a. Contenido en cobre, hierro, manganeso y cinc de los
ovarios del atun, Thunnus thynnus (L.); Bacoreta, Euthynnus alleteratus
(Raf.); Bonito, Sarda sarda (Bloch) y Melva, Amcis thazard (Lac.).
Invest. Pesq. 3M2):171-175.
Establier, R. 1970b. Contenido en cobre, hierro, manganeso y cinc de varios
organos del atun, Thunnus thynnus (L.) del golfo de Cadiz. Invest.
Pesq. 3h(2):399-Uo5^
1216
-------
Establier, R. 1972. Concentracion de mercurio en los tejidos de algunos
peces, moluscos y crustaceos del golfo de Cadiz y Caladeros del
noroeste africano. Invest. Pesq. 36:355-364.
Establier, R. and M. Gutierrez. 1970. Distribucion anatomica de cobre, cinc,
hierro y manganeso en el ostion Crassostrea angulata (imk.) y ostra,
Ostrea edulis (L.). Invest. Pesq.. 3U(2): 191-202.
Eustace, I. J. 197^- Zinc, cadmium, copper and manganese in species of
finfish and shellfish caught in the Derwent Estuary, Tasmania. Aust.
J. Marine & Freshwater Res. 25:209-220.
Evans, R. J., J. D. Bails, and F. M. D'ltri. 1972. Mercury levels in muscle
tissues of preserved museum fish, Inst. Water Res. Tech. Rept. 22,
Michigan State Univ., East Lansing.
Everett, J. L, C. L. Bay and D. Reynolds. 1967. Comparative survey of P"b
at selected sites in the British Isles in relation to air pollution.
Food & Cosmet. Toxicol. 5:29-35.
Eving, R. A., J. E. Howes and R. B. Price. 1969. Radionuclide and stable-
element analyses of environmental samples from routes 17 and 25.
Battelle Mem. Inst., Columbus Ohio, pp. 26.
Faber, R. A. and J. J. Hickey. 1973. Eggshell thinning, chlorinated
hydrocarbons, and mercury in inland aquatic birds. Pestic. Monit.
J. 7(l):27-36.
FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. 1972. Evaluation of Mercury,
Lead, Cadmium and the Food Additives Amaranth, Diethypyrocarbonate
and Octyl Gallate. World Health Org., Geneva, Switzerland. WHO
Food Additives Series, Ko. p. 1-81+.
FDA. 1970. Mercury in food survey, FDA Compliance Program. FH-19.
Fearon, W. R. 1935. A classification of the biological elements with a note
on the biochemistry of beryllium. Sci. Proc. Roy. Soc. Dublin
20:531-535.
Ferry, B. W., M. S. Baddeley and D. L. Hawksworth. 1973. Air Pollution and
Lichens. Univ. Toronto Press, pp. 389.
Fimreite, N. 1973. Cited in Dale & Baxter (1973).
Fimreite, N. 1971*. Mercury contamination of aquatic birds in northwestern
Ontario. J. Wildlife Mgt. 38 (1): 120-121+.
Fimreite, K., R. W. Fyfe and J. A. Keith. 1970. Mercury contamination of
Canadian prairie seed eaters and their avian predators. Can. Field
Nat. 81+(3):269-276.
1217
-------
Fimreite, N., W. N. Holsworth, J. A. Keith, P. A. Pearce and I. M. Gruchy.
1971. Mercury in fish and fish-eating birds near sites of industrial
contamination in Canada. Can. Field Mat. 85(3):211-220.
Fimreite, N. and L. Karstad. 1971. Effects of dietary methyl mercury on red-
tailed havks. J. Wildlife Mgt. 35:293-300.
Fimreite, N. and L. M. Reynolds. 1973. Mercury contamination of fish in
northwestern Ontario. J. Wildlife Mgt. 37(l):62-68.
Fleming, G. A. 1963. Distribution of major and trace elements in some
common pasture species. J. Sci. Food Agr. lU:203-208.
Flynn, A. and A. W. Franzmann. 197*4. Manifestation of copper deficiency in
a non-restricted vild animal: The Alaskan moose (Alces alces gigas)
In: Trace Substances in Environmental Health. V., D. D. Hemphill (Ed.)
Univ. Missouri, pp. 95-97.
Flynn, A., A. W. Franzmann, P. D. Arneson and J. L. Oldemeyer. 1975.
Seasonal rhythms of cadmium and lead in moose. Intern. Conf. on
Heavy Metals in the Environment, Toronto, Ontario, Abstr., 27-31
Oct. 1975, C-230-232.
Folsom, T. R., V. F. Hodge, K. M. Wong, R. Kishore, and V. P. Guinn. 1972.
Some trace element concentration variations observed in marine
organisms that suggest caution in sampling. In: Rept. IDOE Workshop
on Baseline Measurements, Upton, New York, Brookhaven Nat. Lab. pp. 12
Folsom, T. R. and D. R. Young. 1965. Silver-110 and cobalt-60 in oceanic
and coastal organisms. Nature 206;803-806.
Forrester, C. R., K. S. Ketchun and C. C. Wong. 1972. Mercury content of
spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) in the Strait of Georgia, British
Columbia. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 29:1^87-1^90.
Forster, W. 0., E. D. Wood and F. Padovani. 1972. A study to identify
problems related to oceanic environment quality in the Caribbean.
IDOE Workshop on Baseline Studies of Pollutants in the Marine
Environment. Brookhaven Nat. Lab. 2U-26 May 1972.
Foster, P. 1976. Concentrations and concentration factors of heavy metals
in brown algae. Environ. Pollut. 10;U5-53.
Foster, R. F. 1963. Environmental behavior of chromium and neptunium.
In: Radioecology. V. Schultz 4 A. W. Klement, Jr. (Eds.) Reinhold
Pub. Corp., New York, pp. 569-576.
Fowler, B. A., R. C. Fay, R- L. Walter, R. D. Willis and W. F. Gutknecht.
1975. Levels of toxic metals in marine organisms collected from
southern California coastal waters. Environ. Health Perspectives
12:71-76.
1218
-------
Fowler, S. W. and G. Benayoun. 197^. Experimental studies on cadmium flux
through marine biota. FAO/IAEA/WHO Symp. on Nuclear Techniques in
Comparative Studies of Food and Contamination. Helsinki, 27-31
Aug. 1973, pp. 159-178.
Fowler, S. and B. Oregioni. 1976. Trace metals in mussels from the Worth-
West Mediterranean. Marine Pollut. Bull. 7(2) -.26-29.
Fox, H. M. and H. Ramage. 1930. Spectrographic analysis of animal tissues.
Nature. 126:682.
Francis, C. W. and S. G. Rush. 1973. Factors affecting plant uptake and
distribution of cadmium in plants. In: Conf. on Trace Substances in
Environmental Health. VII. D. D. Hemphill (Ed.), Univ. Missouri.
Freeman, H. C. and D. A. Horne. 1973a. Total Hg and methyl-Hg content of the
American eel (Anguilla rostrata). J. Fish. Res. Ed. Can. 30(8):
1+5^-1*56.
Freeman, H. C. and D. A. Horne. 1973b. Sampling the edible muscle of the
swordfish Xiphias gladius for total mercury analysis. J. Fish.
Res. Bd. Can. 30(8):1251-1252.
Freeman, H. C. and D. A. Horne. 197^. Mercury in Canadian seals. Bull.
Environ. Contam. & Toxicol. 11:172-180.
Freeman, H. C., D. A. Horne, B. McTague and M. McMenemy. 197^. Mercury in
some Canadian Atlantic coast fish and shellfish. J. Fish. Res. Bd.
Can. 31:369-372.
Friedrich, A. R. and F. P. Filice. 1976. Uptake and accumulation of the
nickel ion by I-^ytilus edulis. Bull. Environ. Contam. & Toxicol,
16:750-755.
Frost, D. V., L. R. Overby and H. C. Spruth. 1955- Studies with arsanilic
acid and related compounds. J. Agr. Food Chem. 3:235-21*3.
Fuchs, R., R. H. Vos and J. H. L. Zwiers. 1971. Mercury in owls and birds
of prey. Tno-Nieuws 26:Ul3-ltllt (in Dutch).
Fuge, R. and K. H. James. 197*+. Trace metal concentrations in Fucus from
the Bristol Channel. Marine Pollut. Bull., 5(l):9-12.
Fujiki, M. 1963. Studies on the course that the causative agent of Minamata
disease was formed, especially on the accumulation of the mercury
compound in the fish and shellfish of Minamata Bay. Kumamota
Igakukai Zasshi 37:^9^-521 (in Japanese).
F^Jinaga, T., F. Morii and Y. Kanchiku. 1962. Chemical studies on the ocean.
XC. Chemical studies on seaweeds, 15. Simultaneous polarographic
determinations of zinc, copper and lead in seaweeds. Nippon Kagaku
Zasshi 83.: 1033-1035.
1219
-------
Fukai, R. and D. Broquet. 1965. Distribution of chromium in marine
organisms. Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. Monaco 65(1336):1-19.
Fukai, R. and W. W. Meinke. 1959. Some activation analyses of six trace
elements in marine biological a6hes. Nature l84:8l5-8l6.
Fukai, R. and W. W. Meinke. 1962. Activation analysis of vanadium, arsenic,
molybdenum, tungsten, rhenium and gold in marine organisms. Limnol.
& Oceanogr. 7:186-200.
Fulkerson, W. and H. A. Goeller (Ed.). 1973. Cadmium, the Dissipated Element.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge Tennessee. ORNL NSF-EP-21,
pp. 473.
Fuller, J. M., E. D. Beckman, M. Goldman and L. K. Bustad. 1967. Selenium
determination in human and swine tissues by X-ray emission spectrometry.
In Symposium—Selenium in Biomedicine. Avi Pub. Co., Westport. Conn,
pp. 119-124.
Funk, W. H., F. W. Rabe, and R. Filby. 1973. The biological impact of combined
metallic and organic pollution in the Coeur d'Alene-Spokane River
drainage system. Washington State Univ., Pullman, Washington, and
Univ. Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. Joint ProJ. Completion Rept. No. B—044
WASH and B-015 IDA. IJTIS. pp. 187.
Furr, A. K., T. F. Parkinson, R. A. Hinrichs, D. R. Van Campen, C. A. Bache,
W. H. Gutenmann, L. E. St. John, I. S. P&kkala and D. J. Lisk. 1977.
National survey of elements and radioactivity in fly ashes. Absorption
of elements by cabbage grown in fly ash-soil mixture. Environ. Sci. &
Technol. 11(13):1200-1201.
Furr, A. K., G. S. Stoewsand, C. A. Bache, and D. J. Lisk. 1976. Study of
guinea pigs fed sviss chard grown on municipal sludge-amended soil.
Arch. Environ. Health 31(2):87-91.
Gale, N. L., E. Bolter and B. G. Wixson. 1976. Investigation of Clearwater
Lake as a potential sink for heavy metals from lead mining in
southeast Missouri. In: Trace Substances in Environmental Health,
X. D. D. Hemphill (Ed.), Univ. Missouri, pp. 95-106.
Gale, N. L., M. G. Hardie, J. C. Jennett and A. Aleti. 1973. Transport of
trace pollutants in lead mining waste waters. In: Trace Substances
in Environmental Health, VI. D. D. Hemnhill (Ed.), Univ. Missouri,
pp. 95-106.
Galtsoff, P. S. 1964. The American Oyster, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin.
Fish. Bull. (F.W.S.). 6U:1-480.
Ganther, H. E., C. Goudie, M. L. Sunde, M. J. Kopecky, P. Wagner, S. Oh, and
W. G. Hoekstra. 1972. Selenium: Relation to decreased toxicity of
methylmercury added to diets containing tuna. Science. 175:1122-1124.
1220
-------
Gaskin, D. E., R. Frank, M. Holdrinet, K. Ishida, C. J. Walton and M. Smith.
1973. Mercury, DDT and PCB in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) from
the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 30:471-
475.
Gaskin, D. E., K. Ishida and R. Frank. 1972. Mercury in harbour porpoises
(Phocoena phocoena) from the fey of Fundy region. J. Fish. Res. Bd.
Can. 29:1644-1646.
Gaskin, D. E., G. J. D. Smith, P. W. Arnold, M. V. Louisy, R. Frank,
M. Holdrinet and J. W. McWade. 1974. Mercury, DDT, dieldrin and
PCB in two species of Odontoceti (Cetacea) from St. Lucia, Lesser
Antilles. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 31:1235-1239.
Gauch, H. G. 1972. Inorganic Plant Nutrition. Dowden, Hutchinson and
Ross, Inc. Stroudsburg, Pa.
Gebhards, S., J. Cline, F. Shields and L. Pearson. 1971. Mercury residue in
Idaho fishes—1970. J. Idaho Acad. Sci., Spec. Res. Issue 2: 1*i+_U8.
Geisman, J. R., W. E. Carey, W. A. Gould, and E. K. Alban. 19^9. Distribution
of arsenic residues by activation analysis. J. Food Sci. 34:295-298.
George, G. M., L. J. Frahm and J. P. McDonnell. 1973. Recovery of arsenic by
dry ashing from animal tissue fortified with organoarsenicals or
arsenic trioxide. J. Assn. Offic. Anal. Chem. 56:1304-1305.
Gerdes, R. A., J. E. Hardcastle and K. T. Stabenow. 1974. Mercury content of
fresh fruit and vegetables. Chemosphere 3:13-18.
Gerh art, E. H. 1977. Concentrations of total mercury in several fishes from
Delaware Bay, 1975. Pestic. Monit. J. 11 (3):132-133.
Getz, L. L., L. B. Best and M. Prather. 1977a. Lead in urban and rural song
birds. Environ. Pollut. 12:235-239.
Getz, L. L., L. Verner and M. Prather. 1977. Lead concentrations in small
mammals living near highways. Environ. Pollut. 13:151-157.
Gibbs, R. H., E. Jarosewich and H. L. Windom. 1974. Heavy metal concentrations
in museum fish specimens: Effects of preservatives and time. Science.
184:475-477.
Gilderhus, P. A. 1966. Some effects of sublethal concentrations of sodium
arsenite on bluegills and the aquatic environment. Trans. Amer.
Fish. Soc. 95(3):289-296.
Gi"1 martin, M. and N. Revelante. 1975. The concentration of mercury, copper,
nickel, silver, cadmium and lead in the northern Adriatic anchovy
Engraulis encrasicholus. and sardine Sardina pilchardus. Fish. Bull.
73(1):193-201.
1221
-------
Giordano, P. M. and D. A. Mays. 1977. Yield and heavy-metal content of
several vegetable species grown in soil amended with sewage sludge.
In: Biological Implications of Metals in the Environment. Proc. 15th
Ann. Hanford Life Sci. Symp., Richland, Wash. 29 Sept-1 Oct. 1975.
Put. by ERDA. Conf. 750929, pp. UlT-^25.
Gish, C. D. and R. E. Christensen. 1973. Cadmium, nickel, lead and zinc in
earthworms from roadside soil. Environ. Sci. & Technol. 7(ll):1060-
1072.
Gissel-Nielsen, G. 197^. The fate of selenium added to agricultural crops.
In: Proc. Symp. on Nuclear Techniques in Comparative Studies of
Food and Environmental Contamination. Finland, 27-31 Aug. 1973.
pp. 333-3^0.
Goldberg, E. D. 1962. Elementary composition of some pelagic fishes.
Limnol. & Oceanogr. Suppl. 7:^2-45.
Goldberg, E. D., W. McBlair and K. M. Taylor. 1951. The uptake of vanadium
by tunicates. Biol. Bull. 101:8^-9^.
Goldsmith, C. D., P. F. Scanlon and W. R. Pirie. 1976. Lead concentrations
in soil and vegetation associated with highways of different traffic
densities. Bull. Environ. Contam. 4 Toxicol. 16:66-70.
Goldsmith, J. R. 197^. Food chain and health implications of airborne lead.
Calif. Air Res. Bd. ProJ. 7-083-1. pp. 1&7.
Gomez, M. I. and P. Markakis. 197^. Mercury content of some foods. J. Food
Sci. 39(U):673-675.
Goodman, G. et al. 1973. In: The Hazards to Health and Ecological Effects
of Persistent Substances in the Environment. WHO, 29 Oct-2 Nov. 1973.
Working Group Rept. ICP/CEP 10l(3)Ju20.
Goodman, G. T. and T. M. Roberts. 1971. Plants and soils as indicators of
metals in the air. Nature. 231:287-292.
Gordee, R. S., C. L. Porter and R. C. Langston. I960. Uptake and distribution
studies of cadmium 115 in peppermint. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.
75:525-28.
Gordon, C. C. 1972. Chapter 6. Effects of air pollution on indigenous animals
and vegetation. In: Helena Valley, Montana Area Environmental
Pollution Study, u. S. Environ. Prot. Agency. Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina. AP-91. pp. 95-112.
Gorgy, S., U. W. Rakestraw and D. L. Fox. 19^8. Arsenic in the sea. J.
Marine Res. 7:22-32.
Gough, L. P. and R. C. Severson. 1976. Impact of point source emissions
from phosphate processing on the element content of plants and soils,
Soda Springs, Idaho. In: Trace Substances in Environmental Health.
X. D. D. Hemphill (Ed.), Univ. Missouri, pp. 225-233.
1222
-------
Grahan, D. L. 1972. Trace metal levels in intertidal mollusks of California.
Veliger lk:365-372.
Grandjean, P. 1976. Possible effect of lead on eggshell thickness in
kestrels. 187^-197^. Bull. Environ. Contain. & Technol. l6(l):
101-106.
Greig, R. A., A. Adams and D. R. Wenzloff. 1977a. Trace metal content of
plankton and zooplankton collected from the New York Bight and Long
Island Sound. Bull. Environ. Contam. & Toxicol. l8(l):3-9.
Greig, R. A., B. A. Nelson and D. A. Nelson. 1975. Trace metal content in
the American oyster. Marine Pollut. Bull. 6(5):72-73.
Greig, R. A. and D. R. Wenzloff. 1977. Trace metals in finfish from the
New York Bight and Long Island Sound. Marine Pollut. Bull. 6(9):
198-200.
Greig, R. A., D. R. Wenzloff, A. Adams, B. Nelson and C. Shelpuk. 1977b.
Trace metals in organisms from ocean disposal sites of the Middle
Eastern United States. Arch. Environ. Contain. & Toxicol. 6:395-^*09.
Greig, R. A., D. R. Wenzloff and J. B. Pearce. 1976. Distribution and
abundance of heavy metals in finfish, invertebrates and sediments
collected at a deepwater disposal site. Marine Pollut. Bull.
7(10):185-187.
Greig, R. A., D. Wenzloff, C. Shelpuk and A. Adams. 1977. Mercury
concentrations in three species of fish from north Atlantic offshore
waters. Arch. Environ. Contam. & Toxicol. 5:315-323-
Greve, P. A., and S. L. Wit. 1971. Mercury in fish—total content in
freshwater and marine fishes. TKO-Nieuws (July), pp. 395-399.
Griffitts, W. R., W. H. Allaway and D. H. Groth. 1977. Beryllium. In:
Geochemistry in the Environment. Workshop at Capon Springs, W. Va.,
Nat. Acad, Sci. 2:7-10.
Groet, S. S. 1976. Regional and local variation in heavy metal concentrations
in bryophytes in the northeastern United States. Oikos 27:i»l+5-^56.
Gryzhankova, L. N., G. N. Sayenko, A. V. Karyakin and N. V. Laktionova. 1973.
Concentration of some metals in the algae of the Sea of Japan.
Oceanology 13(2):206-209.
Haegele, M. A., R. K. Tucker and R. H. Hudson. 197^. Effects of dietary
mercury and lead on eggshell thickness in mallards. Bull. Environ.
Contam. & Toxicol. 8:5-11.
Haga, Y., H. Haga, T. Hagino and T. Kariya. 1970. Studies on the post-
mortem identification of the pollutant in fish killed by water
pollution. HI. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 36:225.
1223
-------
Hagerhall, B. 1972. Case study: ftresund. The trace element situation.
FAO/SIDA Training Course. FIR/TPLR/72/67. Add. 2, pp. 11. mimeo.
Haghiri, F. 1973. Cadmium uptake by plants. J. Environ. Quality 2(l):93-95.
Halcrow, W., D. W. Mackay, and I. Thornton. 1973. The distribution of trace
metals and fauna in the Firth of Clyde in relation to the disposal of
sewage sludge. J. Marine Biol. Assn. U. K. 53:721-739.
Hale, M. 1975. Personal communication.
Hall, E. T. 1971+. Mercury in commercial canned seafood. J. Assn. Offic.
Anal. Chem. 57(5):1068-1073.
Haller, V. A., R. Filby, L. A. Rancitelli and J. A. Cooper. 1969. The
instrumental determination of fifteen elements in plant tissue by
neutron activation analysis. Nat. Bur. Stand., Spec. Pub. 312,
177-183.
Halstead, R. L., B. J. Finn and A. J. MacLean. 1969. Extractability of
nickel added to soils and its concentration in plants. Can. J. Soil
Sci. 1+9:335-3^2.
Hamilton, E. I. 1976. Review of the chemical elements and environmental
chemistry strategies and tactics. Sci. Total Environ. 5:1-61.
Hamilton, E. I., M. J. Minsky, J. J. Cleary and V. S. Halsey. 1972.
Comments on the chemical elements present in evaporated milk for
consumption by babies. Sci. Total Environ. 1:205-210.
Hammons, A. S., B. L. Whitfield, H. M. Braunstein, J. E. Huff, H. T. Kemp,
E. B. Lewis, H. B. Gerstner and J. M. Chilton. 1975. Review of the
environmental effects of mercury. Draft. ORNL, Tenn., ORD, U. S.
Environ. Prot. Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio. EPA-IAG-DI+-01+03. ORNL.
pp. 213.
Haney, A. and R. L. Lipsey. 1973. Accumulation and effects of methyl
mercury hydroxide in a terrestrial food chain under laboratory
conditions. Environ. Pollut. 5:305-316.
Hanna, W. J. and C. L. Grant. 1962. Spectrochemical analysis of the foliage
of certain trees and ornamentals for 23 elements. Bull. Torrey Bot.
Club 89(5):293-302.
Hannerz, L. 1968. Experimental investigations on the accumulation of mercury
in fresh water organisms. Inst. Freshwater Res., Drottningholm,
Sweden, Rept. Ho. 1+8:120-175.
Hanson, H. C. and R. L. Jones. 1968. Use of feather minerals as biological
tracers to determine the breeding and moulting ground of wild geese.
111. Nat. Hist. Survey Bull. Note No. 60, pp. 8.
1224
-------
Hardisty, M. W., R. J, Huggins, S. Karter and M. Sainsbury, l97^b. Ecological
implications of heavy metals in fish from Severn Estuary. Marine
Pollut. Bull. 5(1):12-15.
Hardisty, M. W. , S. Kartar , and M. Sainsbury. 197^+a. Dietary habits and
heavy metal concentrations in fish from the Severn Estuary and
Bristol Channel. Marine Pollut. Bull. 5:6l-63.
Harr, J. R. and 0. H. Muth. 1972. Selenium poisoning in domestic animals
and its relationship to man. Clin. Toxicol. 5(2): 175-186,
Harriss, R. C. 1965. Trace element regulation in the marine alga Caulerpa
racemosa. Ecology k6 (U): 539-5^+0.
Harriss, R. C. 1971- Ecological implications of mercury pollution in aquatic
systems. Biol. Conserv. 3(:279-283.
Hartung, R. and B. D. Dinnan. 1972. Environmental mercury contamination.
Intern. Conf. on Mercury, Univ. of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Science
Publishers, pp. 3^9.
Hasselrot, T. B. 1968. Report on current field investigation concerning
the mercury content in fish, bottom sediment and water. Fishery Bd.
Sweden, Inst Freshwater Res., Drottningholm, Rept. No. U8:102-lll.
Hathcock, J. N., C. H. Hill and G. Matrone. 196^. Vanadium toxicity and
distribution in chicks and rats. J. Uutr. 82(l):106-110.
Haug, A., S. Melsom and S. Qmang. 197^. Estimation of heavy metal pollution
in two Norwegian fjords by analysis of the brown alga Ascophyllum
nodosum. Environ. Pollut. 7:179-107.
Hausman, R., R. A. Sturtevant and W. V. Wilson. 1961. Lead intoxication in
primates. J. Forensic Sci. 6:180-195-
Hawkes, H. E. and J. S. Webb. 1962. Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration.
Harper and Row, New York, pp. ^15.
Hayashi, A. I960. Biochemical studies on Ostrea gigas. IX. Lead content.
Seikagaku 32:871-873.
Hayes, W. B. 1970. Copper concentrations in the high-beach isopod Tylos
punctatus. Ecology 51(^):721-723.
Headden, W. P. 1910. The occurrence of arsenic in soils, plants, fruits and
animals. Proc. Colorado Sci. Soc. 9:3^5-360.
Heath, R. G. and S. A. Hill. 197^. Nationwide organochlorine and mercury
residues in wings of adult mallards and black ducks during 1969-1970
hunting season. Pestic. .Monit. J. 7(3/1*) :153-l6U.
1225
-------
Helminen, M. , E. Karppanen and I. Koivisto. 1968, Mercury content of the ringed
seal of Lake Salman. Suom Elainlaakarilekti 7^:67-89 (In Finnish).
Hemphill, D. D., C. J. Marienfeld, R. S. Reddy, W. D. Heidlage and J. D. Pierce.
1973. Toxic heavy metals in vegetables and forage grasses in Missouri's
lead belt. J. Assn. Offic. Anal. Chem. 56):99^-998.
Hemphill, D. D. and J. D. Pierce. 197^. Accumulation of lead and other heavy
metals by vegetation in the vicinity of lead smelters and mines and
mills in southeastern Missouri. In: Trace Contaminants in the
Environment. Proc. 2nd Ann. NSF-RAM Trace Contam. Conf. Aug. 29-
31, 1971*. PP. 325-332.
Henderson, C. and W. E. Shanks. 1973. Mercury concentrations in fish. In:
Mercury and the Western Environment. Proc. Workshop, Portland, Ore.
Feb. 25-26, 1971. D. R. Buhler (Ed.) Corvallis, Ore. pp. 1*5—58.
Henricksson, R. 1968. Foredrag vid Oresundskomnittens sanuriantrade 25:5
(in Swedish).
Henriksson, K., E. Karppanen and M. Helminen. 1966. High residue of mercury
in Finnish white-tailed eagles. Ornis Fenn. 1+3:38-1*5.
Henriksson, K., E. Karppanen and M. Helminen. 1969. Kvicksilverhalter hos
insjb-och havssalar. Nordisk. Hyg. Tid. 50:5^-59.
Henze, M, 1911. llntersuchungen uber das blut der ascidien. Hoppe-
Seylars Z. Physiol. Chem. 72:1+91+.
Heppleston, P. B. and M. C. French. 1973. Mercury and other metals in
British seals. Nature 2l+3(5^0U):302-30*+.
Herrmann, R. and H. Kretsdorn. 1939. The arsenic content of vineyard soils
and the uptake of arsenic from arseniferous soils by vines. Boden.
u. Pflanzenernahr 13:169-176.
Hidiroglou, M., R. B. Carson and G. A. Brossard. 1965. Influence of
selenium on the selenium contents of hair and on the incidence of
nutritional muscular disease in beef cattle. Can. J. Animal Sci.
1+5(3): 197-202.
Hidiroglou, M.,I. Hoffman, and K. L. Jenkins. 1970. Selenium distribution
and radiotocophoral metabolism in the pregnant ewe and foetal lamb.
In: Trace Element Metabolism in Animals. C. F. Mills (Ed.),
E. S. Livingston, Edinburgh & London, pp. 5^9.
Hindawi, I. J. and G. E. Neely. 1972. Soil and vegetation study. Helena
Valley, Montana, Area Environmental Pollution Study. In: Hammer et
al., EPA Research Triangle Park, Jan. 1972. pp. 81-93.
Hoffman, R. D. and R. D. Curnow. 1973. Toxic heavy metals in Lake Erie
herons. In: Proc. l6th Conf. Great Lakes Res. 1973. Intern. Assn.
Great Lakes Res., Ann Arbor, Braun-Brumfield, Ind, pp. 50-53.
1226
-------
Hoger, R. B. 1961. Soluble lead poisoning in shorebirds. Inland Bird Banding
News. 33(U):52-55-
Holden, A. V. 1972. Mercury in fish from Scottish coastal waters. In:
Baseline studies of pollutants in the Marine Environment. Brookhaven
Intern. Lab, 2k-26 May 1972.
Holden, A. V. 1973. International cooperative study of organochlorine and
mercury residues in wildlife, 1969-71- Pest. Monit. J. 6:
Holdgate, M. W. 1970. The seabird wreck of 1969 in "the Irish Sea. Nat.
Environ. Res. Council, London.
Holt, G. 1969. Mercury residues in wild birds in Norway. Nord. Vet. Med.
21:105-11^.
Holtzman, R. B. 1968. ^^Ra and the natural airborne nuclides ^^Pb and
210po in Arctic biota. In: Radiation Protection, Pt. 2, New York,
Pergamon Press, pp. 1087-1096.
Horowitz, A. and B. J. Presley. 1977- Trace metal concentrations and
partitioning in zooplankton, neuston and benthos from the south
Texas outer continental shelf. Arch. Environ. Contam. & Toxicol.
5 (2): 21+1-255.
Horowitz, C. T., H. H. Schock and L. A. Horovitz-Kisimova. 197*+. The
content of scandium, thorium, silver and other trace elements in
different plant species. Plant Soil (Netherlands) .1+0: 397-^03.
Hosohara, K., H. Kozuma, K. Kawasaki and T. Tsuruta. 1961. The total
amount of mercury in sea water. Nippon Kagaku Zasshi 82:1^79-80.
Huckabee, J. W. 1973. Mosses; sensitive indicators of airborne mercury
pollution. Atmospheric Environ. 7:7^9-75*+.
Huckabee, J. W. and B. G. Blaylock. 1973- Transfer of mercury and cadmium
from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems. In: Metal Ions in Biological
Systems. Studies of Some Biochemical and Environmental Problems.
S. K. Dhar (Ed.), Plenum Press, New York. pp. 125-l60.
Huckabee, J. W., F. 0. Cartan and G. S. Kennington. 1972. Environmental
influence on trace elements in hair of 15 species of mammals.
Oak Ridge Hat. Lab. Tech. Man. 37^7. pp. 38.
Huckabee, J. W., F. 0. Cartan, G. S. Kennington and F. J. Camenzind. 1973.
Mercury concentration in the hair of coyotes and rodents in Jackson
Hole, Vfyoming. Bull. Environ. Contam. & Toxicol. 9 (1): 37—^+3-
Huckabee, J. W. and S. G. Hildebrand. 197^. Background concentrations of
mercury and methylmercury in unpolluted freshwater environments.
In: 1st Congreso Internacional del Mercurio, Barcelona. Fabrica
Nac. Moneda Timbre, Madrid, Spain (Tamo Il):2l9-223.
1227
-------
Hudson, T. G. F. 1961+. Vanadium. Toxicology and Biological Significance.
Amer. Elsevier Pub. Co., Inc., New York. pp. 1^0.
Huggett, R. J., M. E. Bender and J. D. Slone. 1973. Utilizing metal
concentration relationships in the eastern oyster (Crassostrea
virginica) to detect heavy metal pollution. Water Res. 9:^51.
Hunter, B. F. and M. H. Rosen. 1965. Occurrence of lead poisoning in a
wild pheasant (Phasianus colchicus). Calif. Fish. Game 51(3):207.
Hurvitz, C. and K. C. Beeson. 19^. Cobalt content of some food plants.
Food Res. 9:3U8-57.
Huschenbeth, E. and U. Harms. 1975- On the accumulation of organochlorine
pesticides PCB and certain heavy metals in fish and shellfish from
Thai coastal and inland vaters. Arch. Fisch. Wiss. 26(3):109-122.
Hussain, M. and E. L. Bleiler. 1973. Mercury in Australian oyster.
Marine Pollut. Bull. U; 1*1+.
Hutchinson, T. C., M. C. Czuba and L. Cunningham. 197^. Lead, cadmium,
zinc, copper and nickel distributions in vegetables and soils of
an intensely cultivated area and levels of copper, lead and zinc in
the growers. In: Trace Substances in Environmental Health.
VIII. D. D. Hemphill (Ed.). Univ. Missouri, pp. 81-93.
Hutchinson, T. C. and H. Czyrska. 1972. Cadmium and zinc toxicity and
synergism to floating aquatic plants. Water Pollut. Res. Can.
1972:59-65.
Hutchinson, T. C., A. Fedorenko, J. Fitchko, A. Kuja, J. Van Loon and
J. Lichva. 1975. Movement and compartmentation of nickel and
copper in an aquatic ecosystem. In: Trace Substances in Environmental
Health. IX. D. D. Hemphill (Ed.), Uhiv. Missouri, pp. 89-105.
Hutchinson, T. C. and L. M. Whitby. 1973. A study of airborne contamination
of vegetation and soils by heavy metals from the Sudbury copper-nickel
smelters, Canada. Inst. Env. Sci. & Eng. Univ. Toronto. Pub. EL-3,
pp. 16.
Hutchinson, T. C. and L. M. Whitby. 197^. Heavy metal pollution in the
Sudbury mining and smelting region of Canada, I. Soil and vegetation
contamination by nickel, copper and other metals. Environ. Conserv.
1(2):123-132.
Ichikawa, R. and S. Ohno. 197^. Levels of cobalt, cesium and zinc in some
marine organisms in Japan. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 1+0 (5): 501-508.
Igelsrud, I., T. G. Thompson and B. M. G. Zwicker. 1938. The boron content of
sea water and of marine organisms. Amer. J. Sci. 35(205)1+7-63.
Ikeda, Y. and M. Tobe. 1972. Two year study, Interim Rept. submitted to WHO.
1228
-------
Illinois. 1971- Environmental pollution by lead and other metals. NSF RANN
REPT., Prog. Rept. Univ. Illinois. May 1971, pp. 112.
Illinois, 1972. Environmental pollution by lead and other metals. NSF RANK
Rept., Prog. Repts. May 1972, pp. h22 and Oct. 1972, pp. 33^.
Illinois, 197^. Environmental pollution by lead and other metals. NSF RANN
Rept. GI-3l605. Prog. Rept. Apr. 30, 197^, pp. 125.
Ilzinya, A. 1965. Seasonal dynamics of trace elements (copper, manganese, iron
and zinc) in organs and tissues of roach from Burtnieku and Rushonu
lake7. Uch. Zap. Latv. Univ. 67:1+5-57. (Engl. summ.). From: Ref.
Zhur. Biol., 1966, no. lOIllU (translation).
Impens, R. , Z. M'Vunzu and P. Nangniot. 1973. Determination du plomb sur
les vegetaux croissant en bordure des autoroutes. Symposium
Environmental Health Aspects of Lead. Amsterdam. Com. Eur. Comm.
pp. 135-151*.
Ireland, M. P. 197^. Variations in the zinc, copper, manganese and lead
content of Balanus balanoides in Cardigan Bay, Wales. Environ.
Pollut. 7:65-75.
Ireland, M. P. 1977. Lead retention in toads XenopusIlaevis fed increasing
levels of lead in contaminated earthworms. Environ. Pollut. 12:85-
92.
Ireland, M. P. and R. J. Wooton, 1976. Variations in the lead, zinc and
calcium content of Dendrobaena rubida (Oligochaeta) in a base metal
mining area. Environ. Pollut. 10:201-208.
Ishibashi, M., T. Fujinaga, T. Marii, Y. Kanchiju and F. Kamiyama. 19&U.
Chemical studies on the ocean. (9th Part). Chemical studies on the
seaweeds (19). Determination of zinc, copper, lead, cadmium and
nickel in seaweeds using dithizone extraction and polarographic
method. Records Oceanogr. Works Japan. (N.S.)7:33-36.
Ishio, S., H. Ohba, Y. Tanaka and S, Tadokoro. 1973. Cadmium content and
distribution in the mud, blood clams, fish flesh and the alga
Porphyra tenera in the Ariake Bay. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish.
39(6):705-712.
Ishizaki, A., M, Fukushima, T. Kurachi, M. Sakamoto and E. Hayaski. 1970.
The relationship between Cd and Zn contents and the annual ring of
Sugi tree in the basin of the Jinzu River. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi.
25:376-382.
Ishizaki, A., M. Fukushima and M. Sakamoto. 1969. On the distribution of
Cd in biological materials: I. Human hair and rice straw. Jap.
J. Hyg. 214(3): 375-379.
1229
-------
Ishizaki, A., M. Fukushima, and M. Sakamoto. 1970. Distribution of cadmium
in biological materials, Part 2. Cadmium and zinc contents of
foodstuffs. Jap. J. Hyg. 25:207-222.
Iskander, I. K. 1975. Urban waste as a source of heavy metals in land
treatment. Intern. Conf. on Heavy Metals in the Environment. Symp.
Proc. Toronto, Ontario, 27-31 Oct. 1975. Il(l): 1+17-^32.
Ivanov, K., P. Prodanov, K. Chelibonova, and S. Bozkhov. 1962. Lead content
in human hair and wool of sheep and cattle in areas affected with
human nephritis. Izvest. Inst. Sravnitelna Patol. Domashnite
Zhivotni, Bulgarska Akad. Naukite 9:275-283.
Jaakkola, T., J. Miettinen and H. Takahoshi. 1971* Proc. World Health
Org. Mtg., Geneva.
Jaakkola, T., H. Takahashi, and J. K. Miettinen. 1973. Cadmium content
in sea water, bottom sediment, fish, lichen and elk in Finland.
In: Environmental Quality and Safety, Vol. II. Academic Press,
New York, pp. 230-237.
Jaakkola, T., H. Takahashi, B. Soinen, K. Rissanen and J. K. Miettenen.
1972. Cadmium content of seawater, bottom sediment and fish and
its elimination rate in fish. In: Radiotracers Studies of Chemical
Residues in Food and Agriculture, IAEA-DL-469/7 STI/PUB/332 3Q6626B,
Vienna,pp. 69-75.
Jacobs, L. W., D. R. Keeney and L. M. Walsh. 1970. Arsenic residue toxicity
to vegetable crops grown on Plainfield sand. Agron J. 62:588-591.
Jadin, F. and A. Astruc. 1912. Sur la presence de l'arsenic dans quelques
plantes parasites et parasit£es. Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. (Paris)
155:291-295.
Jaffre, T. and R. R. Brooks. 1978. Unpublished data, (cited in Brooks, 1979
(in press)).
Jaffr6, T., R. RV Brooks, J. Lee and R. D. Reeves. 1976. Sebertia acuminata:
A nickel accumulating plant from New Caledonia. Science 193:579-
580.
Jaffre, T. and M. Schmid. 1971*. Accumulation du nickel par une Rubiacee de
Nouvelle Caledonie, Psychotria douarrei (G. Beauvisage) Daniker.
Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris. 278:1727-1730.
James, P. E. and J. V. Lagerverff. 1972. Translocation of mercury from seed
treatments. Proc. Intern. Symp, on Identification and Measurement of
Environmental Pollutants, Ottawa, Ontario (in press).
Jaworowski, 2. 1966. Temporal and geographical distribution of radium D
(Lead-210). Nature 212:886-889,
1230
-------
Jaworowski, Z., J. Bilkiewicz and W. Kostanecki. 1966. The uptake of 210p£,
by resting and growing hair. Intern. J. Rad. Biol. 11:563-566.
Jefferies, D. J. and M. C. French. 1976. Mercury, cadmium, zinc, copper,
and organochlorine insecticide levels in small mammals trapped in a
wheat field. Environ. Pollut. 10:175-182.
Jelinek, C. F. and P. E. Corneliussen. 1977. Levels of arsenic in the
United States food supply. Environ. Health Perspectives 19:83-87.
Jenkins, D. W. 1972. The toxic metals in your future and in your past.
Smithsonian 3(1):62-69.
Jenkins, D. W. 1979. Toxic trace metals in human and other mammalian hair
and nails. Environ. Prot. Agency, Las Vegas. Contr. Rept. 68-03-
0U3. pp. 178.
Jennett, J. C. and B. G. Wixson. 1975. The new lead belt: Aquatic metal
pathways-control. In: Intern. Conf. on Heavy Metals in the
Environment. 28-31 Oct. 1975. Toronto, Ontario 2(l):2^7—255-
Jernelov, A. 1972. Factors in the transformation of mercury to nethylmercury.
In: Environmental Mercury Contamination, R. Hartung & B. D. Dinman
(Eds.), Ann Arbor Sci. Pub. Inc. pp. 167-172.
Jerneltiv, A. and Freyshuss, S. 1968. Communication from the Swedish Water
and Air Pollut. Res. Lab., Stockholm, Feb. 19 ? 1968.
Jervis, R. E., D. Debrun., W. LePage, and B. Tiefenbach. 1970. Mercury
residues in Canadian foods, fish, wildlife. Nat. Health Grant
Proj. No. 605-7-510, Univ. Toronto, Ontario.
John, M. K. 1973. Cadmium uptake by eight food crops as influenced by
various soil levels of cadmium. Environ. Pollut. U(l):7-15-
John, M. K., H. H. Chuah and C. J. Van Laerhoven. 1972 Cadmium contamination
of soil and its uptake by oats. Environ. Sci. & Technol. 6(6):555-557.
Johnels, A. G. 1971. Observed levels and their dynamics in the environment,
results from Sweden. In: Proc. Symp. Mercury in Man's Environment,
15-16 Feb. 1971. Ottowa, Ontario, R. Soc. Can. p. 66.
Johnels, A. G., M. Olsson and T. Westermark. 1968. Esox lucius and some
other organisms as indicators of mercury contamination in Swedish
lakes and rivers. Bull. Off. Int. Epiz. 69 (9-10): 11*39-1^52.
Johnels, A. G. and T. Westermark. 1969. Mercury contamination of the
environment in Sweden, In: Chemical Fallout, H. W. Miller, C. G. Berg
(Eds.), C. C. Thomas, Springfield, 111., pp. 221-2bh.
Johnels, A. G., T. Westermark, P. I. Persson, and B. SJostrand. 1967. Pike
(Esox lucius L) and some other aquatic organisms in Sweden as indicators
of mercury contamination in the environment. Oikos 18:323-333.
1231
-------
Johnson, D. L. and R. S. Branan. 1975. The speciation of arsenic and the
content of germanium and mercury in members of the pelagic Sargassum
community. Deep-Sea Res. 22:503-507.
Johnson, P. T. 1973. Accumulation of trace metals by marine organisms, fish-
eating birds and freshwater fish. Rept. by Smithsonian Inst, to Nat.
Science Found. Ms.
Jones, A. J. 1922. The arsenic content of some of the marine algae. Pharm.
J. & Pharmacist. 109:86-87.
Jones, A. M., Y. Jones and W. D. P. Stewart. 1972. Mercury in marine
organisms of the Tay region. Nature. 238:l64-l65.
Jones, D., K. Ronald, D. M. I^vigne, R. Frank, M. Holdrinet and J. F. Uthe.
1976. Organochlorine and mercury residues in the harp seal
(Pagophilus groenlandicus). Sci. Total Environ. 5:l8l-195.
Jones, J. S. and M. B. Hatch. 19^5. Spray residues and crop assimilation of
arsenic and lead. Soil Sci. 60:277-288.
Kalk, M. 1963. Intracellular sites of activity in the histogenesis of tunicate
vanadocytes. Quart. J. Microscop. Sci. 104(1+) :483-494.
Kalk, M. 1963a. Absorption of vanadium by tunicates. Nature. 198:1010-1011.
Kandatsu, K. and B. Mori. 1957. Reticulo-rumen digestion. V. Cobalt
content of some feeds. Nippon Nogei-Kagaku Kaishi, 30:100-105.
Kapanadze, P. I. 1948. Microelements (trace elements) and their content in
vegetable food sources. Gig. Sanit. 13(11):35-38. (in Russian).
Karppanen, E., K. Henriksson and M. Helminen. 1970. Mercury content of game
birds in Finland. Nord. Med. 84:1097-1128. (in Norwegian).
Karvanek, M. 1964. The extraction method for photometric determination of
traces of nickel in food with nioxime. 5b. Vysoke Skoly Chem. Technol.
Praze. Potrav. 8:13-30 (in German).
Karvanek, M. and J. Bohmova. 1966. The content of copper, iron, nickel,
manganese, zinc and molybdenum in spinach leaves. Sb. Vysoke Skoly
Chem. Technol. Praze Potrav. 11:73-82.,
Kawashiro, I. and T. Kondo. 1962. Determination of trace amounts of poisonous
metals in foods. II. The content of arsenic, cadmium, copper, manganese,
and mercury in rice, wheat flour and soy beans. Bull. Nat. Inst.
Hyg. Sci. 80:75 (In Japanese).
Keener, H. A., R. R. Baldwin and G. P. Percival. 1951- Cobalt metabolism
studies with sheep. J. Animal Sci. 10:428-1+33.
1232.
-------
Keeney, D. R. and. L. M. Walsh. 1975. Heavy metal availability in sewage-
sludge-amended soils. Intern. Conf. on Heavy Metals in the Environment,
Symp. Proc. Toronto, Ontario, 27-31 Oct. 1975. 2 (l): 379-1+01.
Kehoe, R. A. i960. The metabolism of lead in health and disease. The
Harben Lectures. J. Roy. Inst. Publ. Health & Hyg. pp. l-8l.
Kelly, P. C., R. R. Brooks, S. Killi, and T. Jaffre. 1975. Preliminary
observations on the ecology and plant chemistry of some nickel-
accumulating plants from New Caledonia. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B.
189:69-80.
Kelsall, J. P. 1970. Chemical elements in waterfowl flight feathers.
Progress Notes. Can. Wildlife Serv., No. 17:1-11.
Kelsall, J. P. 1970a. Comparative analysis of feather parts from wild
mallards. Can, Wildlife Serv. Ko. 18, pp. 6.
Kelso, J. R. M. and R. Frank. 197^. Organochlorine residues, mercury, copper
and cadmium in yellow perch, white bass and smallmouth bass, Long
Point Bay, Lake Erie, Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 103(3):577-581.
Kennedy, V. C. 196l. Geochemical studies in the Coeur d'Alene District,
Shoshone County, Idaho, with a section on geology by Hobbs, S. W.,
Bull. 1098a, U. S. Geol. Surv.
Kennedy, V. S. 1976. Arsenic concentrations in some coexisting marine
organisms from Newfoundland and Labrador. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can.
33(6):1388-1393.
Kerfoot, W. B. and G. G. White. 1963. Mercury content of modern and old
striped bass (Morone saxatilis). Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst.,
Woods Hole, Contr. No. 2778.
Kikkawa, H., Z. Ogita, K. Abe and K. Doi. 1958. Further studies on the
relation between metals and natural pigments. Science. 128:1^31.
Kim, C. I. 1972. Studies on the contents of mercury, cadmium, lead and
copper in edible seaweeds in Korea. Bull. Korean Fish. Soc. 5(3):
88-96.
Kim, C. Y. and J. H. Won. 1971*. Concentrations of mercury, cadmium, lead and
copper in the surrounding seawater and in seaweeds Undinaria
pinnatifida and Sargassum fulvellum from Suyeong Bay in Busan. Bull.
Korean Fish. Soc. 7(3):169-178.
Kim, K. C. , R. C. Chu, and G. P. 3arron. 197^. Mercury in tissues and lice
of northern fur seals. Bull. Environ. Contam. & Toxicol. ll(3):
281-281*.
Kim, K. C., K. D. Woo, S. S. Han, S. H. Lee, and U. H. Do. 1969. Mercury
residues in polished rice grain. Nongsa Sihom Yon gu Pogo 12:55*
1233
-------
Kingsley, G. R. and R. R. Schaffert. 1951- Microdetermination of arsenic
and its application to biological material. Anal. Chem. 23:91^-919.
Kirkham, M. B. 197^+. Trace elements in sludge. Science. 181*:1030.
Kirkham, M. B. 1975. Trace elements in corn grown on a long-term sludge
disposal site. Environ. Sci. & Technol., 9(8):765-768.
Kishore, R. and V. P. Guinn. 1972. Report for the IDOE Workshop on Baseline
Measurements. In: Baseline Studies of Pollutants in the Marine
Environment. Brookhaven Nat. Laboratories, 2k-26 May, 1972.
Kitamura, S. 1968. Detemination of mercury content in bodies of
inhabitants, cats, fishes and shell fishes in Minamata district and
the mud in Minamata Bay, Minamata Disease, Kuinamoto Univ. Japan, pp.
257-268.
Kjellstrom, T., B. Lind. L. Linnman and C. G. Elinder. 1975. Variation of
cadmium concentration in Swedish wheat and barley. An indicator of
changes in daily cadmium intake during the 20th centruy. Arch.
Environ. Health 30:321-328.
Kjellstrom, T., B. Lind, L. Linnman and G. Nordberg. 1971*. A comparative
study on methods for cadmium analysis of grain with an application
to pollution evaluation. Environ. Res. 8:92-106.
Klein, D. H. and E. D. Goldberg. 1970. Mercury in the marine environment.
Environ. Sci. & Technol. ^(9):765-768.
Kleinert, S. J. and P. E. Degurse. 1972. Mercury levels in Wisconsin fish
and wildlife. Dept. Nat. Res. Wisconsin Tech. Bull. 52:1-23.
Kleinert, S. J., P. E. Degurse, and J. Ruhland. 197^. Concentration of
metals in fish. Dept. Nat. Res. Wisconsin Tech. Bull. 7^:8-15.
Klemmer, H. Wysy C. S. Unninayer and W. I. Okubo. 1976. Mercury content of biota
in coastal waters in Hawaii. Bull. Environ. Contam. & Toxicol. 15:
^-1+57.
Knauer, G. A. 1972. Trace metal relationships in a marine pelagic food chain.
Ph.D. Thesis (^6U,000)-B). Stanford Univ., Palo Alto, Calif.
Knauer, G. A., R. C. Harriss and W. A. Glooschenko. 1971. Trace elements in
shrimp. May 1971, Manuscript Rept.
Knauer, G. A. and J. K. Martin. 1972. Mercury in a marine pelagic food chain.
Limnol. & Oceanogr. 17:868-876.
Knauer, G. A. and J. H. Martin. 1973. Seasonal variation of cadmium, copper,
manganese, lead and zinc in seawater and phytoplankton in Monterey
Bay, California. Limnol. & Oceanogr. l8:597-60U.
1234
-------
Knight, H. D. and R. G. Burau. 1973. Chronic lead poisoning in horses.
Amer. Vet. Med. Assn. J. 162:781-786.
Kobayashi, J. 1970. Relation between "Itai-itai" disease and the pollution
of river water by cadmium from a mine. 5th Intern. Water Pollution
Conf., San Francisco, July, 1970.
Kobayashi, J. 1972. Air and water pollution by cadmium lead and zinc
attributed to the largest zinc refinery in Japan. In: Trace
Substances in Environmental Health. V., D. D. Hemphill (Ed.), Univ.
Missouri, pp. 117-128.
Kobayashi, J., F. Morii. S. Muramoto, and S. Nakashima. 1969. Effects of
air and water pollution by heavy metals (cadmium, lead and zinc) on
agricultural products caused by a mine refinery in Gumma Prefecture.
Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi 24(1):67.
Kobayashi, J., F. Korii. S. Muramoto and S. Nakashima. 1970. Effect of air
and water pollution on agricultural products by cadmium, lead and
zinc attributed to mine refinery in Annaka City, Gunma Prefecture.
Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi 25 (4):364-375•
J. H., W. H. M. Peeters and C. H. M. Koudstaal-Hol, P. S. TJioe and
J. J. M. de GoeiJ. 1973. Mercury-selenium correlations in marine
mammals. Nature. 245:385-386.
J. H., W. H. M. Peeters, C. J. Smit, P. S. TJioe and J. J. M.
de GoeiJ. 1972. Persistant chemicals in marine mammals, in report
by working party on birds and mammals of the TNO Committee for
research on side-effects of pesticides and related chemicals. TN0-
Nieuws 27:570.
J. H., W. S. M. Van de Ven, J. J. M. de GoeiJ. P. S. TJioe and
J. L. van Haaften, 1975. Mercury and selenium in marine mammals and
birds. Sci. Total Environ. 3:279-287.
J. H., J. A. J. Vink and J. J. M. de GoeiJ. 1976. Causes of
mortality in birds of prey and owls in the Netherlands in the winter
of 1968-1969.
Kohn-Abrest, E. 1951. Mise au point de la toxicologic chiniique de l'arsenic;
sa recherche dans les crustaceans et mollusques. Ann. Falsi'fic. et
Eraudes 41+: 13-76.
Koivusaari, J., I. Nuuja, R. Palokangas, and M. L. Hattula. 1976. Chlorinated
hydrocarbons and total mercury in the prey of the White-tailed eagle
(Haliaeetus albicilla L.) in the Quarken Straits of the Gulf of Bothnia,
Finland. Bull. Environ. Contain. & Toxicol. 15(2):235-24l.
Koljonen, T. 1974. Selenium uptake by plants in Finland. Oikos. 25:353-355.
Koeman,
Koeman,
Koeman,
Koeman,
1235
-------
Kopfler, F. C. and J. Mayer. 1973. Concentrations of five trace metals in
the waters and oysters (Crassostrea virginica) of Mobile Bay,
Alabama. Proc. Nat. Shellfisheries Assn. 63:27-3!4.
Kosta, L., A. R. Byrne. P. Stegner and V. Zelenko. 1975. Uptake of mercury
by plants and its distribution in living organisms in an environment
with increased concentration of this element. IAEA-PL-469/5:^7-59.
Kosta, L., A. R. Byrne, V. Zelenko, P. Stegnar, M. DermelJ.and V. Ravnik.
197^. Studies on the uptake, distribution and transformations of
mercury in living organisms in the Idrija region and comparative
areas. Slov. Kemijsko Drustvo Vesnik Ljubjana 21(l-2):1+9-76.
Kovalskii, V. V., L. T. Rezaeva, and G. V. Koltsov. 1962. The content of
trace elements in the tissues and blood of ascidiens. Dok. Akad. Nauk.
USSR. 11+7:1215-1217.
Krantz, W. C., 3. M. Mulhern, G. E. Bagley, A. Sprunt. IV, F. J. Ligas,
and W. B. Robertson, Jr. 1970. Organochlorine and heavy metal
residues in bald eagle eggs. Pestic. Monit. J. U: 136-11+0.
Krapu, G. L., G. A. Swanson and H. K. Nelson. 1973. Mercury residues in
pintails breeding in North Dakota. J. Wildl. Mgt. 37(3):395-397.
Kreitzer, J. F. 1971+. Residues of organochlorine pesticides, mercury and
PCB's in mourning doves from eastern United States, 1970-71- Pestic.
Monit. J. 7:195-199.
Kropf, R. and M. Geldmacher-von Mallinckrodt. 1968. Der Cadmiumgehalt. von
Nahrungsmittein und die tagliche Cadmiumaufnahme fthe cadmium content
of foodstuffs and the daily cadmium uptake^ Archiv. Hyg. 152 (3): 210-22U.
Krusch, P. 191^. Die Lagerstatler d Nutzbaren Mineralien. Stuttgart.
Kubota, J., S. Reiger, and V. A. Lazar. 1970. Mineral composition of
herbage browsed by moose in Alaska. J. Wildlife Mgt. 3l+ (3):565-569.
Lagerwerff, J. V. 1971- Uptake of cadmium, lead and zinc by radish from
soil and air. Soil Sci. 111:129-33.
Lagerwerff, J. V. 1972. Lead, mercury and cadmium as contaminants. In:
Micro-nutrients in Agriculture. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. pp. 593-628.
Lagerwerff, J. V. and D. L. Brower. 1971+• Effect of a smelter on the
agricultural conditions in the surrounding environment. In: Trace
Substances and Environmental Health. VIII. D. D. Hemphill (Ed.),
Univ. Missouri, pp. 203-212.
Lagerwerff, J. V., D. L. Brower and G. T. Biersdorf. 1972. Accumulation of
cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in soil and vegetation in the
proximity of a smelter. In: Trace Substances and Environmental
Health. V. D. D. Hemphill (Ed.), Univ. Missouri, pp. 71-78.
1236
-------
Lagerwerff, J. V., D. L. Brower and G. T. Biersdorf. 1973. Accumulation of
cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in soil and vegetation in the proximity
of a smelter. In: Trace Substances in Environmental Health. VII.
D. D. Hemphill (Ed.), Univ. Missouri. pp.71-78.
Lagerwerff, J. V. and A. W. Specht. 1970. Contamination of roadside soil
and vegetation with cadmium, nickel, lead and zinc. Environ. Sci.
& Technol. M7):583-586.
Lancaster, R. J., M. R. Coup and J. W. Hughes. 1971. Toxicity of arsenic
present in lakeweed. H.Z. Vet. J. 19(7): 1^+1-1^5•
Lande, E. 1977. Heavy metal pollution in TrondheimsfJorden, Norway, and
the recorded effects on the fauna and flora. Environ. Pollut.
12:187-198.
Landner, L. and A. Jernelov. 1969. Cadmium in aquatic systems. In: Metals
and Ecology. Proc. Symp., March 19&9, Stockholm. Swedish Nat. Sci.
Res. Council. Ecol. Res. Comm. Bull. No. 5, p. ^7-55.
Larkin, D., M. Page, J. C. Bartlet and R. A. Chapman. 1951*. The lead zinc
and copper content of foods. Food Res. 19:211-218.
Larsson, J. E. 1970. Environmental Mercury Research in Sweden. Swedish
Environmental Protection Board, Stockholm.
Lawrey, J. D. and E. D. Rudolph. 1975. Lichen accumulation of some heavy
metals from acidic surface substrates of coal mine ecosystems in
southeastern Ohio. Ohio J. Sci. 75(3):113-117.
Lazar, V. A. and J. C. Beeson. 1956. Mineral nutrients in native
vegetation on Atlantic coastal plain soil types. J. Agr. Food
Chem. U;1*39-UU.
Leatherland, T. M. and J. D. Burton. 197^. The occurrence of some trace
metals in coastal organisms with particular reference to the Solent
region. J. Marine Biol. Assa UK. 5^:^57-468.
Leatherland, T. M., J. D. Burton, F. Culkin, M. J. McCartney and R. J.
Morris. 1973. Concentrations of some trace metals in pelagic
organisms and of mercury in NE Atlantic Ocean waters. Deep Sea
Res. 20:679-685.
LeBlanc, F., G. Robitaille and D. N. Rao. 197^. Biological response of
lichens and bryophytes to environmental pollution in the Murdochville
copper mine area, Quebec. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 38:405-^33.
LeBlanc, P. J. and A. L. Jackson. 1973. Arsenic in marine fish and
invertebrates. Marine Pollut. Bull. 4(6):88-90.
Ledet, A. E., J. R. Duncan, W. B. Buck and R. K. Ramsey. 1973. Clinical,
toxicological and pathological aspects of arsanalic acid poisoning in
swine. Clin. Toxicol. 6:439-457.
1237
-------
Lee, J., R. R. Brooks, R. D. Reeves, C. R. Boswell and T. Jaffre. 1977.
Plant-soil relationships in a New Caledonian serpentine flora. Plant
Soil 1+6: 675—680.
Lee, J., R. D. Reeves, R. R. Brooks and T. Jaffre. 1977- Isolation and
identification of a citrato-complex of nickel from nickel-accuaulatigg
plants. Phytochem. 16:1503-1505.
Leland, H. V., E. D. Copenhaver and D. J. Wilkes. 1975- Heavy metals and
other trace elements. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 1+7(6):1635-1652.
Leland, H. V., D. J. Wilkes and~g. d. Copenhaver. 1976. Heavy metals and
related trace elements. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. U8(6) : 1^+59.
Lener, J. and B. Bibr. 1969. Trace quantities of cadmium in food of animal
origin. Vitalstoffe Zivilisationskrankheiten. 1^4:125-127.
Lener, J. and B. Bibr. 1970. Cadmium content in some foodstuffs in respect
of its biological effects. Vitalstoffe Zivilisationskrankheiten.
15:139.
Lener, J. and B. Bibr. 1971- Determination of traces of cadmium in biological
materials by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. J. Agr. Food. Chen.
19(5):1011-1013.
LeRiche, H. H. 1968. Metal contamination of soil in the Woburn market-garden
experiment resulting from the application of sewage sludge. J. Agr.
Sci. 71:205-208.
Leroy, L. W. and M. Koksoy. 1962. The lichen—a possible plant medium for
mineral exploration. Econ. Geol. 57:107-111.
Lesaca, R. M. 1975. Monitoring of heavy metals in Philippine rivers, bay
waters and lakes. Proc. Intern. Conf. on Heavy Metals in the
Environment. Ottowa , Ontario. 2(1):285-307-
Leung, W. V. 1973. Food composition table for use in East A£ia. USHEW
and FA0, pp. 33*+.
Lewis, T. R. 1972. Effects of air pollution on livestock and animal products.
Helena Valley, Montana Area Pollution Study, EPA, Res. Triangle Pk.,
B.C., Jan. 1972, pp. 113-121+.
Liebig, G. F., Jr., G. R. Bradford and A. P. Vanselow. 1959. Effects of
arsenic compounds on citrus plants in solution culture. Soil Sci.
88:31+2-31+8.
Lihnell, D. and A. Stenmark. 1967. On the occurrence of mercury in small
rodents. Statens Vaxtskydd. Med. 13:361-379.
Lincer, J. L. and B. McDuffie. 197!+. Heavy metal residues in the eggs of
wild American kestrels (Falco sparverius Linn.). Bull. Environ. Contam.
4 Toxicol. 12(2):227-2321
1238
-------
Lindberg, P. and N. Lannek. 1970. Amounts of selenium in Swedish forages,
soils, and animal tissues. In: Trace Element Metabolism in Animals.
C. F. Mills (Ed.), E. S. Livingston, Edinburgh, Scotland, pp. 5^9.
Lindberg, S. E. and R. C. Harriss. 197^. Mercury enrichment in estuarine
plant detritus. Marine Pollut. Bull. 5:93-95.
Linnman, L, A. Anderson, K. 0. Nilsson, B. Lind., T. Kjellstrom and
L. Friberg. 1973. Cadmium uptake by wheat from sewage sludge used
as a plant nutrient source. Arch. Environ. Health 27:^5-^7.
Lisk, D. J. 1972. Trace metals in soils, plants and animals. Adv. in
Agronomy 2^:268-325.
Little, P. 1973. A study of heavy metal contamination of leaf surfaces.
Environ. Pollut. 5:159-172.
Little, P. and M. H. Martin. 1972. A survey of Zn, Pb, and Cd in soil and
natural vegetation around a smelting complex. Environ. Pollut.
3:21*1-5^.
Little, P. and M. H. Martin. 197^. Biological monitoring of heavy metal
pollution. Environ. Pollut. 6:1-19.
Livingston, H. D. and G. Thompson. 1971. Trace element concentrations in
some modern corals. Limnol. & Oceanogr. l6(5):786-79^.
LJunggren, L. 1971. Mercury in the livers of the wood pigeons Columba p.
paluabens in 1961+-1967. Ornis. Scand. 2(l):13-15.
LJunggren, K., B. Sjostrand, A. G. Johnels, M. Olsson, G. Otterlind, and
T. Westermark. 1971. Activation analysis of mercury and other
environmental pollutants in water and aquatic ecosystems. In:
Nuclear Techniques in Environmental Pollution, Intern. Atomic Energy
Agency, Vienna, Pub. 268, pp. 373-^05.
Locke, L. N. and G. E. Bagley. 1967. Case report: Coccidiosis and lead
poisoning in Canada geese. Chesapeake Sci. 8(l):68-69.
Locke, L..N., G. E. Bagley and L. T. Young. 1967. The ineffectiveness of
acid fast inclusions in diagnosis of lead poisoning in Canada geese.
Bull. Wildlife Dis. Assn. 3:176.
Lockemann, G. 1935. Uber den Arsengehalt von Honig und Bienen nach
Verstaubung arsenhaltiger Schadlingbekampfungsmittel. Z. Untersuch.
Lebensmi tt. 69:80.
Loew, F. M., E. D. Olfert and B. Schiefer. 1975. Chronic selenium toxicosis
in Cynomolgus monkeys. Lab. Primate Newsletter l4(l+):7-9.
Lofroth, G. 1969. Methylmercury: a review of health hazards and side
effects associated with the emission of mercury compounds into natural
systems. Swedish Nat. Sci. Res. Council, Stockholm. Ecol. Res. Comm.
Bull. No. 5:1-38.
1239
-------
Lofroth, G. 19T0. Methylmercury. Swedish Nat. Sci. Res. Council, Stockholm.
Ecol. Res. Comm. Bull. No. 1+, 2nd ed., Rev. 1970, pp. 1-56.
Lounamaa, J. 1956. Trace elements in plants growing wild on different rocks in
Finland. Ann. Bot. Soc. Zool. Bot. Fenni. Vanamo (Helsinki) 29:1-195.
Lovett, R. J., W. H. Gutenmann, I. S. Pakkala, W. D. Youngs, D. J. Lisk,
G. E. Birdick and E. J. Harris. 1972. A survey of the total cadmium
content of 1+06 fish from 1*9 New York State fresh waters. J. Fish.
Res. Bd. Can. 29:1283-1290.
Lower, W.R. 197k. Drosophila: Indicators of environmental Pb and Cd. (in press),
Lowman, F. G. 19&3. Iron and cobalt in ecology. Radioecology. Proc. 1st
Nat. Symp. pp. 561-567.
Lowman, F. G., D. K. Phelps, R. Y. Ting and R. M. Escalera. 1965. Marine
Biology Program, Prog. Rept. 3, Puerto Rico Nuclear Center, Mayaguez,
Puerto Rico, pp. 1-228.
Lowman, F. G., D. K. Phelps, R. Y. Ting and R. M. Escalera. 1966. Marine
Biology Program, Prog. Rept. 1*, Puerto Rico Nuclear Center, Mayaguez,
Puerto Rico.
Lowman, F. G., D. K. Phelps, R. M. Ting and R. M. Escalera. 1967. Marine
Biology Program, Prog. Rept. 5, Puerto Rico Nuclear Center, Mayaguez,
Puerto Rico.
Lucas, H.F., D. N. Edgington and P.J. Colby. 1970- Concentrations of trace
elements in Great Lakes fishes. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 27(1*)^77-681*.
Lulic, S. and P. Strohal. 1971*. The application of neutron activation
analysis in studying the marine pollution processes. Rev. Intern.
Oceanogr. Med. 33:119-123.
Lunde, G. 19o7. Activation analysis of bromine, iodine and arsenic in oils
from fishes, whales, phyto- and zooplankton of marine and limnetic
biotopes. Intern. Rev. Ges. Hydrobiol. 52 (2) -.265-279 .
Lunde, G. 1969. Water soluble arseno-organic compounds in marine fishes.
Nature 22U:l86-l87.
Lunde, G. 1970. Analysis of arsenic and selenium in marine raw materials.
J. Sci. Food Agr. 21:21*2-21*7.
Lunde, G. 1970a. Analyses of trace elements in seaweed. J. Sci. Food.
Agr. 21:1.76-1*78.
Lunde, G. 1972. Analysis of arsenic and bromine in marine and terrestrial
oils. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 1+9:1+4—1+7-
Lunde, G. 1972a. The analysis of arsenic in the lipid phase from marine
and limnetic algae. Acta.Chem. Scand. 26:261*2-261*1*.
1240
-------
Lunde, G. 1973. The synthesis of fat and water soluble arseno organic
compounds in marine and limnetic algae. Acta Chem. Scand. 27:1586.
Lundholm, B. 1967- Background information: A survey of the situation in
Sweden. Oikos Suppl. 9:1+5-1+9.
Luzanski, N. 1936. Arsenic content of samples of Norwegian cod-liver oil.
Tids. KJemi Bergvesen 16:56-59. (in Norwegian).
I
-------
Mahaffey, K. R., P. E. Corneliussen, C. F. Jelinek and J. A. Fiorino. 1975.
Heavy metal exposure from foods. Environ. Health Perspectives.
12:63-69.
Majerus, P. and S. Denaeyer. 1973. Contribution a 1'etude de la pollution
de l'ecosysteme urbaine Bruxellois par les metaux lourds. Symp.
Environmental Health Aspects of Lead, Amsterdam, Com. Eur. Comm.
pp. 1121-1127.
Makhonina> G. I. and E. A. Gileva, 1968. Accumulation of Zinc-65, Cadmium-
115, and Mercury-203 by freshwater plants and the effect of EDTA on the
accumulation coefficients for three radioisotopes. Tr. Inst. Ekol.
Rast. Zhivotn. Ural. Filial Akad. Nauk SSSR 61:72-78.
Malacea, I. and E. Gruia. 1965. Contributii la cunoasterea actiunii toxice
a cuprului, zinccului, plumbului si nichelului asupra unor Bpecii
de pesti si a dafniei. Stud. Protrect. Epurarea Apelor. Inst.
Stud. Cercetari Hidrotech, 6; 391—*+51.
Malaisse, F., J. Gregoire, R. R. Brooks, R. S. Morrison and R. D. Reeves.
1978. Aeolanthus biformifolius DeWLld: A hyperaccumulator of copper
from Zaire. Science. 199:667-888.
Malyuga> D. P. 1939. (Cited in Vinogradov, 1953).
Malyuga, D. P. 1941. 0 kadmii v organizmakh (Cadmium in organisms): Akad.
Nauk SSSR Doklady, 31(2):145-1^7.
Malyuga, D. P. 1946. Cited in Vinogradov (1953).
Malyuga, D. P. 1947. On soil and plants as prospecting indicators for
metals. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR. Ser. Geol. 3:135-138 (in Russian).
Malyuga, D. P. 1964. Biogeochemical methods of prospecting. Consultants
Bureau, New York. pp. 205,
Manceau, P., H. Griffon and R. Nicolas. 1938. Sur l'arsenic introduit dans
l'organisme. Ann. Falsific. Fraudes. 31:262-281.
J. H. 1970. The possible transport of trace metals via moulted
copepod exoskeletons. Limnol. St Oceanogr. 15:756-761.
J. H., P. D. Elliot, V. C. Anderlini, D. Girvin, S. A. Jacobs,
R. W. Risebrough, R. L. Delong and W. G. Gilmartin. 1976. Mercury-
seleniurn-bromine imbalance in premature parturient California sea
lions. 1-Jarine Biol. SS^l-lO'4.
H. H. and A. R. Flegal. 1975- High copper concentrations in squid
livers in association with elevated levels of silver, cadmium, and
zinc. Marine Biol. 30:51-55.
W. E. and P. R. Hickerson. 1973. Mercury, lead, cadmium and arsenic
residues in starlings—1971. Pestic. Monit. J. 7(l):67-72.
1242
Martin,
Martin,
Martin,
Martin,
-------
Mathis, 3. J. and T. F. Cummings. 1973. Selected metals in sediments, water,
and biota in the Illinois River. J. Vfater Pollut. Control Fed. *+5(7):
1573-1533.
Mathis, B. J. and N. R. Kevern. 1975. Distribution of mercury, cadmium,
lead and thallium in a eutrophic lake. Hydrobiologia 1+6:207-222.
Matida, Y. and H. Xumada. 1969. Distribution of mercury in vater, bottom mud
and aquatic organisms of Minamata Bay, the river Agano and other vater
bodies in Japan. Bull. Freshwater Fish. Res. Lab. Tokyo, 19(2):73-
93.
Matti, C. S, 1972. Cycling of mercury 203 and cadmium 109 in an old field
ecosystem during one growing season. MS Thesis. Univ. Tennessee.
McCreight, J. D. and D. B. Schroeder. 1977. Cadmium, lead and nickel content
of Iycoperdon perlatuo Pers. in a roadside environment. Environ. Pollut.
13:265-266.
McDermott, D. J., G. V. Alexander, D. R. Young and A. J. Mearns. 1976. Metal
contamination of flatfish around a large submarine outfall. J. Water
Pollut. Control Fed. U8(8):1913-19l6.
McDuffie, B. 1971. Trace methods and environmental analysis. Mercury.
Statement prepared for hearings before the Sub-Committee on the
Environment. May 20, 1971, pp. 11.
McFarren, E. F. , J. E. Campbell and J. B. Engle, 1962. The occurrence of
copper and zinc in shellfish. In: Proc. 1961 Shellfish Sanit.
Workshop. E. T. Jensen (Ed.), USPHS, pp. 229-23^.
McLean, H. C., A. L. Weber, and J. S. Joffe. 19M. Arsenic content of
vegetables grown in soil treated with lead arsenate. J. Econ. Entomol.
37:315-316.
McLean, R. 0. and A. K. Jones. 1975. Studies of tolerance to heavy metals in
the flora of the rivers Ystvyth and Claraeh, Wales. Freshwater Biol.
5:1+31-^.
McKinnon, J. G., G. L. Hoff, W. J. Bigler and E. C. Prather. 1976. Heavy
metal concentrations in kidneys of urban gray squirrels. J. Wildlife
Dis. 12(3):367-371.
McNurney, J. M., R. W. Larinore and M. J. Wetzel. 1977. Biological implica-
tions of metals in the environment. Proc. 15th Ann. Harford Life
Sci. Symp., Richland, Wash., Sept. 29-0ct. 1, 1975. Conf. - 750929.
pp. 167-177.
Meehan, W. R. and L. E. Smythe. 1967. Occurrence of beryllium as a trace
element in environmental materials. Environ. Sci. & Technol. 1:838-
8U».
1243
-------
Meleshko, K. V. 1957. The amount of cobalt in certain food products of plant
origin, Vopr. Pitan. 15 (6): 1*3-1*7.
Menezes de Sequeira, E. 1968. Toxicity and movement of heavy metals in
serpentine soils (North-Eastern Portugal). Agron. Lusitanica
30
Merlini, M. 1971. Heavy metal contamination. In: Impingement of Man on
the Oceans. D. W. Hood (Ed.), Wiley Interscience. pp. 1+61-1*86.
Merlini, M., C. Bigliocca, A. Berg and G. Pozzi. 1971. Trends in the
concentration of heavy metals in organisms of a mesotrophic lake
as determined by activation analysis. In: Nuclear Techniques in
Environmental Pollution. Intern. Atom. Energy Agency, Vienna,
pp. UU7-U58.
Mierau, G. W. and B. E. Favara. 1975. Lead poisoning in roadside populations
of deermice. Environ. Pollut. 8:55-61+.
Miller, G. E., P. M. Grant, R. Kishore, F. J. Steinkruger, F. S. Rowland and
V. P. Guinn. 1972. Mercury concentrations in museum specimens of
tuna and svordfish. Science, 175 (1*026): 1121-1122.
Miller , R. L., I. P. Bassett, and W. W. Yothers. 1933. Effect of Lead
Arsenate Insecticides on Orange Trees in Florida. U.S. Dept. Agr.
Tech. Bull. 350. Washington, D. C. pp. 20.
Miller, W. J., D. M. Blackmon, R. P. Gentry and F. M. Pate. 1969. Effect
of dietary cadmium on tissue distribution of cadmium 109, following
a single oral dose in young goats. J. Dairy Sci. 52(12):2029-2035•
Minguzzi, C. and K. M. Naldoni. 1950. Supposed traces of arsenic in wood.
Its determination in the wood of some trees. Atti. Soc. Toscana.
Sci. Nat. Mem. 57:38-1*8.
Minguzzi, C. and 0. Vergnano. 19^8. II contenuto di nichel nelle ceneri di
Alyssum tertolonii Desv. Mem. Soc. Toscana. Sci. Nat. Ser. A, 55:
1+9-77.
Missouri Univ. 1972. Study of lead, copper, zinc and cadmium contamination
of food chains of man. Missouri Univ., Rept. for EPA, pp. 8l.
Mitchell, J. H. 1951. Cobalt content of pasture plants and feeding
materials. S. Carolina Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull., 391.
Mitchell, R. L. 1957. Emission spectrochemical analysis. Determination of
trace elements in plants and other biological materials. Symp. on
Trace Analyses, J. H. Yoe and H. J. Koch (Eds.), N. Y. Acad. Med.
New York, Nov. 2, 1955. John Wiley & Sons, pp. 398-1+12.
Mitchell, R. L. and J. W. Reith. 1966. The lead content of pasture herbage.
J. Sci. Food Agr. 17:1+ 37-^5.
1244
-------
Mitre Corp. 1975. Toxic substances data collection and analysis for state
agencies. Third Qtr. Tech. Summary Rept.., Mitre Corp. Apr. 1975.
Mollenhauer, H. P. 1972. Report on certain chemicals in the environment in
the Federal Republic of Germany. Rept. 3rd Tech. Mtg. on Occurrence
and Significance of Chemicals in the Environment. Berlin, OECD,
pp. 1U-2U.
Molokhia, M. M. and H. Smith. 19^9. Tissue distribution of trivalent
antimony in mice infested with Schistosoma mansoni. Bull. WHO. U0:123-
128.
Montague, K. and P. Montague. 1971. Mercury. Sierra Club.
Moore, N. 1969. Heavy metal pesticides. Ketals and Ecology Symposium
Stockholm. 2k Mar. 1969. '-Swedish-Nat'.* Sci ./Council, "Ecol-.™Res.
Comm. Bull. No. 5, pp. 36-Ul.
Moritsugu , M. and J. Kobayashi. 196^. Untersuchung uher Spurenmetalle
in Biomaterialien 2. Mitt. Cadmiumgehalt in poliertem Reis. Ber.
Ohara Inst. Landwirtsch. 3iol, Okayama Univ. 12;1^5-148.
Morris, A. W. and A. J. Bale. 1975. The accumulation of cadmium, copper,
manganese and zinc by Fucus vesiculosus in the Bristol Channel.
Estuarine & Coastal Marine Sci. 3:153-163.
Morrison, J. L. 1969. Distribution of arsenic from poultry litter in
broiler chickens, soil and crops. J. Agr. Food Chem. 17:1208-1290.
Motto, H. L.,SR. H. Daines, D. M. Chilko and C. Motto. 1970. Lead in
soils and plants: its relationship to traffic volume and proximity
to highways. Environ. Sci. Technol. U:231-237.
Mountain, J. T., L. L. Delker and H. E. Stokinger. 1953. Studies in
vanadium toxicology: Reduction in the cystine content of rat hair.
A.M.A. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 8:Uo6-Ull.
Mouw, D., K. Kalitis, M. Anver, J. Schwartz, A. Constan, R. Hartung, B. Cohen
and D. Ringler. 1975. Possible toxicity in urban versus rural rats.
Arch. Environ. Health 30:276-280.
Mouyu, S. and M. Survanai. 1965. Analysis of mercury residue in rice grains,
Residue analysis of organo-mercuric fungicides sprayed on rice and
fruits, Japan Plant Prot. Assn. (English summary).
Moyana, C. S. 1956. Contenido de arsenico en algunos mariscos de la costa
peruena. Bol. Soc. Quim. Peru. 22:5-16.
Mulhern, B. M., W. L. Reichel, L. N. Locke, T. G. Lamont, A. Belisle,
E. Cromartie, G. E. Bagley, and R. M. Prouty. 1970. Organochlorine
residues and autopsy data from bald eagles 1966-68. Pestic. Monit.
J. l+:l4l-lUU.
1245
-------
Mullin, J. B. and J. P. Riley. 1956. The occurrence of cadmium in sea water
and in marine organisms and sediments. J. Marine Res. 15:103-122.
Munshower, F. F. 1972. Cadmium compartmentation and cycling in a grassland
ecosystem in the Deer Lodge Valley, Montana. Ph.D. thesis, Univ.
Montana, pp. 106.
Mursaliev, A. M. 19&9. Distribution of some chemical elements in soils and
plants of the Kirgiz SSR. Rast. Resur. Kirg. pp. fk-lG.
Murthy, G. K. and U. Rhea. 1968. Cadmium and silver content of market milk.
J. Dairy Sci. 51(^0 :6lO-6l3.
Murthy, G. K., U. Rhea, J. T. Peeler. 1971. Levels of antimony, cadmium,
chromiuip, cobalt, manganese, and zinc in institutional total diets.
Environ. Sci. & Technol. 5:^36-^2.
Nadkarni, R. A. and W. D. Ehmann. 1970. Trace element determination in
biological materials by neutron activation analysis. In: Conf. on
Trace Substances in Environmental Health. IV. D. D. Hemphill (Ed.)
Univ. Missouri, pp. 1+07-^19.
Nadkarni, R. A., W. D. Ehmann, and D. Burdick. 1970. Investigations on the
relative transference of trace elements from cigaret tobacco into
smoke condensate. Tobacco Sci. ll*: 37-39.
Nagahiro, T., K. Uesugi, Y. Ishihara, and T. Murakami. 1969. Inorganic
constituents in marine organisms. VII. Photometric determination
of nickel in flesh and shell of shell fish. Himeji Kogyo Daigaku
Kenkyu Hokoku. 22A:92-96. (in Japanese).
Nagakura, K., S. Arima, M. Kurihara, T. Koga and T. Fujita. 197^. Mercury
content of whales. Bull. Takai Reg. Fish Res. Lab. 78:^1-46.
Namminga, H. E., J. E. Scott and S. L. Burks. 197U. Distribution of copper,
lead and zinc in selected components of a pond ecosystem. Proc. Okla.
Acad. Sci. 5k:62-6k.
Nandi, M., H. Sick, D. Slone, S. Shapiro and G. P. Lewes. 1969. Cadmium
content of cigarettes. lancet. 2:1329-1330.
NASA. 1968. Application of Biogeochemistry to Mineral Prospecting. NASA
SP-5056, pp. 135.
Nash, T. H. 1972. Simplification of the Blue Mountain lichen communities
near a zinc factory. Bryologist 75:315-32U.
Nash, T. H. 1975. Influence of effluents from a zinc factory on lichens.
Ecol. Monogr. *+5:183-198.
Nat. Acad. Sci. 1972. Biologic Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants. Lead:
Airborne Lead in Perspective. Div. Med. Sci., Nat. Acad. Sci. pp. 329.
1246
-------
Nat. Acad. Sci. 1971- Medical and Biological Effects of Environmental
Pollutants. Arsenic. Div. Med. Sci., Nat. Acad. Sci. pp. 332.
Nat. Acad. Sci. 1974.. Medical and Biologic Effects of Environmental
Pollutants. Copper., Div. Med. Sci., Nat. Acad. Sci.
Nat. Acad. Sci. 1974a. Medical and Biological Effects of Environmental
Pollutants. Vanadium. Div. Med. Sci., Nat. Acad. Sci., pp. 117.
Nat. Acad. Sci. 1975. Medical and Biological Effects of Environmental
Pollutants: Nickel. Div. Med. Sci., Nat. Res. Acad. Sci.
Navrot, J., A. J. Amiel and J. Kronfeld. 1974. Patella vulgata: A
biological monitor of coastal metal pollution—A preliminary study.
Environ. Pollut. 7:303-308.
Nelson, D. A., A. Calabrese, B. A. Nelson, J. R. Maclnnes, and D. R. Wenzloff.
1976. Biological effects of heavy metals on juvenile "bay scallops
Argopecten irradians in short-term exposures. Bull. Environ.
Contam. & Toxicol. 16:275-282.
Nelson, N., T. C. Byerly, A. C. Kolbye, et. al. 1971. Hazards of mercury.
Environ. Res., 4:1-69.
Nicholls, G. D., H. Curl Jr. and V. T. Boven. 1959. Spectrographs analyses
of marine plankton. Limnol. & Oceanogr. 4:472-478.
Nickless, G. 1973. Heavy metal estimation in biological systems. Chem. &
Ind. 15:715-718.
Nickless, G., R. Stenner, and N. Terrille. 1972. Distribution of cadmium,
lead and zinc in the Bristol Channel. Marine Pollut. Bull. 3:188-190.
Nieboer, E., D. H. S. Richardson, K. J. Puckett, F. D. Tomassini, and B.
Grace. 1975. Metal and sulfur content of arctic lichens. Intern.
Conf. on Heavy Metals in the Environ. Toronto, Ontario. Oct. 27-31,
1975. Abstr. pp. C-I76-I78.
Nielsen, S. A. 1975- Cadmium in New Zealand dredge oysters: Geographic
distribution. Intern. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 4:1-7.
Nielsen, S. A. and A. Nathan. 1975- Heavy metal levels in New Zealand
molluscs, N. J. Marine & Freshwater Res. 9(4):467-481.
Nikonova, N. N. 1967. Izvest. Sib. Akad Nauk, 3SSR (Ser. Biol. Med.)
3:25-29.
Nilson, H. W. and E. J. Coulson. 1939. The mineral content of the edible
portions of some american fishery products. Invest. Rept. U. S. Bur.
Fish, 41:1-7.
1247
-------
Nilsson, R. 1969. Cadmium effects. In: Metals and ecology. Swedish Nat.
Sci. Res. Council. Proc. Symp., March 1969. Stockholm: Ecol. Res.
Comm. Bull. Ho. 5: 56-63.
Nilsson, R. 1970. Aspects on the toxicity of cadmium and its compounds.
Swedish Nat. Sci. Res. Council, Stockholm, Ecol. Res. Comm. Bull.
No. 7.
Nishigaki, S., Y. Tamura, T. Maki, H. Yamada, Y. Shimamura and Y. K-imura.
197^, Studies on the behavior of accumulation of trace elements in
fishes II. Relation between body weight and concentration of copper
and zinc in muscles of sea fishes. Ann. Rept. Tokyo Metropol. Res.
Lab. Public Health 25:2U1-2M.
Nishigaki, S., Y. Tamura, T. Maki, H. Yamada, K. Toba, Y. Shimamura and
Y. Kimura. 1973. Investigation on mercury levels in tuna, marlin
and marine products. Ann. Rept. Tokyo Metropol. Res. Lab. Public
Health 24:239-248.
Noddack, I. and W. Noddack. 1940. Die Haufigkeiten der Schwermetalle in
Meerestieren. Arkiv. Zool. 32A(4):l-35.
Nordberg, G. F. and K. Nishiyama. 1972. Whole-body and hair retention of
cadmium in mice. Arch. Environ. Health 24:209-214.
Noren, K. and G. West66'. 19&7. Ketylkvicksilver i fisk. Var foda 2:1-5
(In Swedish).
NRCC. 1976. Effects of chromium in the Canadian environment. Nat. Res.
Council Can. NRCC No. 15017, p. 48.
Nuorteva, P. and E, Hasanen. 1972. Transfer of mercury from fishes to
sarcosaprophagous flies. Ann. Zool. Fennici 9:23-27.
Nye, S. M. and P. J. Peterson. 1975. The content and distribution of
selenium in soils and plants from seleniferous areas in Eire and
England. In: Trace Substances in Environmental Health. IX.
D. D. Hemphill (Ed.), Univ. Missouri, pp. 113-121.
Ogden, J. C. , W. B. Roberton, G. E. Davis and T. W. Schmidt. 197*+. Pesticides,
polychlorinated biphenols and heavy metals in upper food chain levels,
Everglades National Park and Vicinity. U. S. Dept. Int. S. Florida
Environ. ProJ. Ecol. Rept. No. Dl-SFEP-7^-l6, pp. 23.
O'Hara, J. 1973. Cadmium uptake by fiddler crabs exposed to temperature and
salinity stress. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 30:846—8U8.
Ohi, G., H. Seki, K. Akiyama and H. Yagyu. 1974. The pigeon, a sensor of
lead pollution. Bull. Environ. Contam. & Toxicol. 12:92-98.
Oliver, J. H. 1957. Arsenic and tobacco. Lancet 2:603.
1248
-------
Orheim, R. M., L. Lippman, C. J. Johnson and H. H. Bovee. 1971*. Lead and
arsenic levels of dairy cattle in proximity to a copper smelter.
Environ. Letters 7(3):229-236.
Orton, J. H. 1921+. Fish. Invest. Series II. 6:l66.
Orvini, E., T. E. Gills and P. D. LaFleur. 1971*. Method for determination
of.selenium, arsenic, zinc, cadmium and mercury in environmental
matrices by neutron activation analysis. Anal. Chem. 1+6:1291+-1297.
O'Toole, J. J., R. G. Clark, K. L. Malaby and D. L. Trauger. 1971- Environ-
mental trace element survey at a heavy metals refining site. Nuclear
Methods in Environmental Research, Proc. Amer. Nuclear Soc., Univ.
Missouri, Contrib. 3097» pp. 172-182.
Otterlind, G. and I. Lennerstedt. 1961+. Avifauna and pesticides in Sweden.
V&r F&gelvarld (Swedish Ornithol. Soc.) 23:363-1+15.
Oustrin, M. L., H. Magna, S. Payet and J. Oustrin. 1967. Study of the
toxicity and localization of beryllium in a culture of Zea mays.
Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse 103:3M-351.
Ovens, J. W. and E. S. Gladney. 1975- Determination of beryllium in
environmental materials by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy.
Atom. Absorp. Nevsl. 14(1+): 76-77.
Cy, E. 19^0. Content of iron, copper, manganese, and boron in seaweeds.
Tidsskr. Kemi Bergveson 20: lll+-117.
Page, A. L., T. J. Gange and M. S. Joshi. 1971. Lead quantities in plants,
soil and air near some major highways in Southern California
Hilgardia 1+1:1-31.
Painter, L. I., S. J. Toth and F. E. Bear. 1953. Nickel status of Hew
Jersey soils. N. J. Agr. Exp. Sta. J. Ser. pp. 1+21-1+29.
Pakarinen, P. and K. Tolonen. 1976. Regional survey of heavy metals in
peat mosses (Sphagnum). Ambio. 5(l): 38-1+0.
Pakkala, I. S., W. H. Gutenmann, D. J. Lisk, G. E. Burdick and E. J. Harris.
1972a. A survey of the selenium content of fish from 1+9 New York state
waters. Pestic. Monit. J. 6(2): 107-lll*.
Pakkala, I. S., M. N. White, G. E. Burdick, E. J. Harriss and D. J. Lisk.
1972. A survey of the lead content of fish from 1+9 New York State
waters. Pestic. Monit. J. 5(U): 31*3-355.
Pakkala, I. S., M. N. White, D. J. Lisk, G. E. Burdick and E. J. Harris.
1972. Arsenic content of fish from New York State waters. N. Y.
Fish and Game J. 19(l):12-31.
Papadopoulou, C. and G. D. Kanias. 1977. Tunicate species as marine pollution
indicators. Marine Pollut. Bull. 8(10) .*229-231.
1249
-------
Papadopouiou, C., G. D. Kanias and E. Moraitopoulou-Kassimati. 1976. Stable
elements of radioecological importance in certain echinodena species.
['Marine Pollut. Bull. 7 (8): 1I43-IM.
Pappas , E. G. and L. A. Rosenberg. 1966. Determination of sub-microgram
quantities of mercury in fish and eggs by cold vapour atomic
absorption photometry. J. Assn. Offic. Anal. Chem. 1+9:792.
Pardo, M. 1972. Determinacion espectrofotcanetrica de oligoelimento en
moluscos de la costa peruana. Tesis Dr. in Farmacia y Biochimica de
la U.N.M.S.M.
Parslow, J. L. F. 1973. Mercury in waders from the wash. Environ. Pollut.
5 (M:295-301*.
Parslow, J. L. F., D. J. Jefferies and M. C. French. 1972. Ingested
pollutants in puffins and their eggs. Bird Btudy 19:18-33.
Parslow, J. L. F. , D. J. Jefferies, and H- M. Hanson. 1973. Gannet
mortality incidents in 1972. Marine Pollut. Bull. 1+(3): 1*1-1*3.
Parsons, T. R., C. A. Bawden and W. A. Heath. 1973. Preliminary survey
of mercury and other metals contained in animals from the Fraser
River mudflats. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 30(7):10ll+-10l6.
Patel, B. and A. K. Ganguly. 1973. Occurrence of 75ge and in oysters.
Health Physics 2^:559-562.
Payer, H. D., K. H. Runkel, P. Schramel and C. J. Soeder. 1975- The
accumulation of Pb, Cd, As, Hg, Se, Sn and Br in microalgae. Intern.
Conf. on Heavy Metals in the Environment. Toronto, Ontario Abstr.
C-276-278.
Peden, J. D., J. H. Crothers, C. R. Waterfall and J. Beasley. 1973. Heavy
metals in Somerset marine organisms. Marine Pollut. Bull. U(1):T—9.
Pemberton, C. E. 193^. Entomology. In: Report of the Committee in Charge
of the Experiment Station. Proc. 5^th Ann. Mtg. Hawaiian Sugar
Planters' Assn. Sept. 30, 193^. pp. 19-26.
Penrose, W. R., R. Block and M. J. Hayward. 1975. Limited arsenic dispersion
in sea water, sediments and biota near a continuous source. J. Fish.
Res. Bd. Can. 32(8):1275-1281.
Pereira, J. F. and E. Echandi. 1961+. Residuo de arsenico en hojas y granos de
planlfis de cafe asperjadas con arseniato de plomo. Turrialba 14:85-90.
Personal communication. 1971. From H. W. Nass. Union Carbide Corp,
Persson, R. B. R. 1975. Stable lead and ^lOpt in the food chain lichen-
reindeer-man. In: Trace Elements in Soil-Plant-Animal Systems.
D.J.D. Nicholas & A. R. Egan (Eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp.231-
2U7.
1250
-------
Pesch, G., B. Reynolds and P. Rogerson. 1977. Trace metals in scallops from
within and around two ocean disposal sites. Marine Pollut. Bull.
8(10);22k-228,
Peterson, C. L. , W. L. Klawe, and G. D. Sharp. 1973. Mercury in tunas: A
review. Fish. Bull. 71(3):603-6l3.
Peterson, P. J. 1971. Unusual accumulations of elements by plants and
animals. Sci. Prog. Oxf. 59:505-526.
Peterson, P. J., M. A. S. Barton, M. Greyson, S. M. Nye and E. K. Porter.
1976. Tin in plants and surface waters in Malaysian ecosystems.
In: Trace Substances in Environmental Health. X. D. D. Hemphill
(Ed.), Univ. Missouri, pp. 123-132.
Petit, M. G. and J. S. Altenbach. 1973. A chronological record of
environmental chemicals from analysis of stratified vertebrate
excretion deposited in a sheltered environment. Environ. Res. 6:
339-3U3.
Petkevich, T. A. and I. A. Stepanyuk. 1970- Variability of the trace
element content in Decapoda (Prelim. Rept.) Gidrobiol. Zh. 6(5):
8O-83 (in Russian).
Petrocelli, S. R., J. W. Anderson, G. S. Ward, B. J. Presley and R. R. Sims.
1975. Sublethal effects of mercury on sheephead minnow fry. Intern.
Conf. on Heavy Metals in the Environment, Toronto, Ontario,
Oct. 27-31, 1975. Abstr. C-2k.
Peyton, T. 0., B. E. Suta, and B. R. Holt. 1975- Mercury; Human and
ecological exposure. U. S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Wash., D. C.,
Contract 68-01-29^0. Stanford Res. Inst., Calif, pp. 9^.
Pezzeri, G. 1970. Sull'origine dell1arsenico cosiddeto fisiologico.
Indagini' sul contenuto in arsenico di carni per uso alimentare.
Zacchia k5 6(3):^5-52.
Phillips, A. H. 1918. A possible source of vanadium in sedimentary rocks.
Amer. J. Sci. (U) U6:^+73.
Phillips, D. J. H. 1976. The common mussel Mytilus edulis as an indicator
of pollution by zinc, cadmium, lead and copper. II. Relationship
of metals in the mussel to those discharged by industry. Marine Biol.
38:71-80.
Phillips,,G. R. and R. C. Russo. 1978. Metal accumulation in fishes and
aquatic invertebrates. A literature Review. Env. Prot. Agency,
Duluth, Minn. EPA-600/3-78-103. pp. 115.
Pickard, J. A. and J. T. Martin. 1959. Spray application problems: LX.
The uptake of mercury by plant tissues. Rept. Agr. Hort. Res. Sta.,
Univ. Bristol, pp. 93-100.
1251
-------
Pillay, K. K. S., C. C. Thomas, Jr. and C. K. Hyche. 197^. Neutron activation
analysis of some of the biologically active trace elements in fish.
J. Radioanal. Chem. 20:597-606.
Pillay, X. K. S., C. C, Thomas, J. A. Sondel and C. M. Hyche. 1971.
Determination of mercury in biological and environmental samples
by neutron activation analysis. Anal. Chen. 1*3(ll): 1^19-11*25 .
Pillay, K. K. S., C. C. Thomas, J. A. Sondel and C. M. Hyche. 1972. Mercury
pollution of Lake Erie ecosphere. Environ. Res. 5:172-l8l.
Pilson, M. E. Q. 197^. Arsenate uptake and reduction by Pocillopora
verrucosa. Limnol. & Oceanogr. 19 (2):339-3^1.
Pinkerton, C., J. P. Creason, C. M. Shy, D. I. Hammer. R. W. Buechley and
G. K. Murthy. 1972. Cadmium content of milk and cardiovascular
disease mortality. In: Trace Substances in Environmental Health.
V. D. D. Hemphill (Ed.), Univ. Missouri, p. 285-292.
Porter, E. K. and P. J. Peterson. 1975- Arsenic accumulation by plants on
mine waste (United Kingdom). Sci. Total Environ. 1*: 365-371 •
Portmann, J. E. 1972. The levels of certain metals in fish from coastal
waters around England and Wfeiles. Aquaculture 1:91-96.
Portmann, J. E. and J. P. Riley. 1961*. Determination of arsenic in sea
water, marine plants and silicate and carbonate sediments. Anal.
Chim. Acta. 31:509-519.
Portmann, J. E. and J. D. Yardley. 1972. The distribution of some metals in
shellfish taken from the coast of England and Wales. Shellfish &
Benthic Comm. Intern. Council Explor. Sea. C.M. 1972/K:l2 pp. 1-5.
Potter, L., D. Kidd and D. Standiford. 1975. Mercury levels in Lake Powell:
Bi©amplification of mercury in man-made desert reservoir. Environ.
Sci. & Technol. 9(l):^l-^6.
Poulson, D. F., V. T. Bowen, R. M. Hilse and A. C. Rubinson. 1952. The
copper metabolism of drosophila. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 38:
912-921.
Pratt, P. F. 1966. Chromium. In: Diagnostic Criteria for Plants and
Soils. H. D. Chapman (Ed.). Univ. Calif., Riverside, Calif, pp.
136-11*1.
Preston, A., D. F. Jeffries, J. W. R. Dutton, B. R. Harvey and A. K. Steele.
1972. British Isle coastal waters: The concentrations of selected
heavy metals in sea water, suspended matter and biological indicators—.
a pilot survey. Environ. Pollut. 3:69-82.
Prince, A. L. 1957. Trace element delivering capacity of 10 New Jersey soil
types as measured by spectroscopic analysis of soil and mature corn
leaves. Soil Sci. ol*: 1*13-1*18.
1252
-------
Pringle, B. H., D. E. Hissong, E. L. Katz and S. T. Mulawlta. 1968. Trace
metal accumulation by estuarine mollusks. J. Sanit. Eng. Div. Amer.
Soc. Civ. Engrs. 94:455-475.
Quarles, H. D. , R, B. Hanawalt and V. E. Odura. 1974. Lead in small mammals,
plants and soil at varying distances from a highway. J. At>pl. Ecol.
11:937-949.
Raeder, M. G. and E. Snekvik. 1941. ^uecksilberhalt mariner Organismen.
Kongl. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 13(42):l69-172.
Raeder, M. G. and E. Snekvik. 1948. Mercury contents of fish and other
aquatic organisms. Kongl. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 21:105.
Rameau, J. T. L. B. 1973. Lead as an environmental pollutant. Symp., Proc.
Environmental Health Aspects of Lead, Amsterdam, Com. Eur. Comm.
189-197.
Rancitelli, L. A. 1971. Cited in O'Toole (1971).
Ratkovsky, D. A., S. J. Thrower, I. J. Eustace and J. Olley. 1974. A
numerical study of the concentration of some heavy metals in
Tasmanian oysters. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 31:1165-1171.
Rautu, R. and A. Sporn. 1970. Contributions to the determination of
cadmium supplied by foods. Nahrung. 14:25-31.
Ray , S. and W. White. 1976. Selected aquatic plants as indicator species
for heavy metal pollution. J. Environ. Sci. & Health. All(12):717-725.
Raymond, R. B. and R. B? Forbes. 1975. Lead in hair of urban and rural
small mammals. Bull. Environ. Contan. & Toxicol. 13(5):551-553.
Raymont, J. E. G. 1972. Some aspects of pollution in Southampton! water.
Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 180:U5I—U68.
Raymont, J. E. G. and J. Shields. 1963- Toxicity of copper and chromium in
the marine environment. Intern. J. Air Water Pollut. 7(4/5) :435-
443.
Reay, P. F. 1972. The accumulation of arsenic from arsenic-rich natural
waters by aquatic plants. J. Appl. Ecol. 9:557-565.
Reed, J. F. and M. B. Sturgis. 1936. Toxicity from arsenic compounds to
rice on flooded soils. J. Amer. Soc. Agron. 28:432-436.
Rehwoldt, R., D. Karimian-Teherani, and H. Altman. 1975. Measurement and
distribution of various heavy metals in the Danube River and Danube
Canal aquatic communities in the vicinity of Vienna, Austria. Sci.
Total Environ. 3:341-348.
Rehwoldt, R., D. Karimian-Teherani and H. Altmann. 1976. Distribution of
selected metals in tissue samples of carp Cyprinus carpio. Bull.
Environ. Contam. & Toxicol. 15 (3):374-377. *
1253
-------
Reimer, A. A. and R. D. Reimer. 1975- Total mercury in some fish and
shellfish along the Mexican coast. Bull. Environ. Contam. &
Toxicol, lit (1): 105-111.
Reinke, J., J. F. Uthe, H. C. Freeman, and J. R. Johnston. 1975. The
determination of arsenite and arsenate ions in fish and shellfish
by selective extraction and polarography. Environ. Letters B{ ):
371-380.
Reith, J. W. S. 1970. Soil factors influencing trace element content of
herbage. In: Trace Element Metabolism in Animals. C. F. Mills
(Ed.), E. S. Livingston, Edinburgh and London, pp. 5^9.
Renzoni, A. and E. Bacci. 1976. Bodily distribution and excretion of
mercury in a freshwater mussel. Bull. Environ. Contam. & Toxicol.
15:366-377.
Renzoni, A., E. Bacci and L. Falciai. 197^. Mercury concentration in the
vater, sediments and fauna of an area of the Tyrrhenian coast. Rev.
Intern. Oceanogr. Med. Tomes 35-36:159-163.
Reynolds, C. V. and E. B. Reynolds. 1971. Cadmium in crabs and crabmeat.
J. Assn. Public Anal. 9(*0:112-114.
Reynolds, J. B. and P. W. Laarman. 1970. Estimation of total mercury in
Lake St. Claire walleyes. Great Lakes Fish. Lab. Dec. 1970, pp. 8.
Rickard, W. H. and H. A. Sweeny. 1977. Radionuclides in Canada goose eggs.
In: Biological Implications of Metals in the Environment. Proc.
15th Ann. Harford Life Sci. Symp., Richland, Washington. ERDA Conf.
750929, pp. 623-627.
Riley, J. P. and D. A. Segar. 1970. Distribution of the major and some
minor elements in marine animals. I. Echinoderms and Coelenterates.
J. Marine Biol. Assn. U.K. 50(3):721-730.
Rish , M. A. 1970. The geochemical ecology of organisms in deficiency and
excess of copper. In: Trace Element Metabolism in Animals, C. F.
Mills (Ed.), E. S. Livingston, Edinburgh & London, pp. 5^9.
Rivers, J. B., J. E. Pearson and C. D. Shulz. 1972. Total and organic
mercury in marine fish. Bull. Environ. Contam. & Toxicol. 8(5):257-
266.
Robert, P. and H. Zurcher. 1950. Pigmentation studies. I. The action of
heavy metal compounds, hemin, vitamins, amino acids, microbial
toxins , hormones and other substances on dopa-melanin formation in
vitro and on pigment formation in vivo. Dermatologica 100(4/6):217-
2Ul.
Roberts, E., R. Spivak, S. Stryker and S. Tracey. 1975^ Compilation of state
data for eight selected toxic substances: Vol. IV. Compilation of
Summaries and Analyses of State Data. U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency,
Wash., D. C. EPA 560/7-75-001-14. NTIS. pp. 663.
1254
-------
Roberts, R. D., M. S. Johnson and M. Hutton. 1978. Lead contamination of
small mammals from abandoned metalliferous mines. Environ. Pollut.
15:61-69.
Roberts, T. M. and G. T. Goodman. 1973. The persistence of heavy metals in
soils and natural vegetation following closure of a smelter. In:
Trace Substances in Environmental Health. VII. D. D. Hemphill (Ed.),
Univ. Missouri, pp. 117-125.
Roberta, T. M., P. G. Heppleston and R. D. Roberts. 1976. Distribution of
heavy metals in tissues of the common seal. Marine Pollut. Bull.
7(10):19U-196.
Robertson, D. E. , L. A. Rancitelli, J. C. Langford and R. W. Perkins. 1972.
Battelle-Northvest contribution to the IDOE base-line study. In:
Workshop on Baseline Studies of Pollutants in Marine Environment.
3rookhaven Nat. Lab. 24-26 May, 1972.
Robinson, K. M. and M. R. Wells. 1975. Retention of a single oral dose of
cadmium in tissues of the softshell turtle, Trionyx spinifer. Bull.
Environ. Contam. & Toxicol. l4(6):750-752 .
Rocca, E. 1969. Copper distribution in Octopus vulgaris Lam. hepatopancreas.
Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 28(l):67-82.
Rocca, E. and L. Noviello. 1967. Notes on the 128,000xg supernatant copper
in Octopus vulgaris Lamarck and Eledone moschata Lanark hepato-
pancreas. Publ. Staz. Zool. Napoli 35(3):402-404.
Rolfe, G. L. 1973. Lead uptake by selected tree seedlings. J. Environ.
Quality 2(1):153-157.
Romeril, M. G. 1971. Uptake and distribution of ^An in oysters. Marine
Biol. 9:347-354.
Romeril, M. G. 197'.. Trace metals in sediments and bivalve mollusca in
Southampton water and the Solent.
Romeril, M. G. 1977. Heavy metal accumulation in the vicinity of a
desalination plant. Marine Pollut. Bull. 8(1+): 84-87.
Romney, E. M. and J. D. Childress. 1965. Effects of beryllium in plants and
soils. Soil Sci. 100:210-217.
Ronk, R. J. 1971. Heavy metals in United States fish. Trans. 36th N.A.
Wildlife and Natural Resources Conf., Portland,Ore.,Mar. 1971.
pp. 133-138.
Rook, H. L, T. E. Gills and P. D. La Fleur. 1972. Method for determination
of mercury in biological materials by neutron activation analysis.
Anal. Chen. 7) :1114-1117.
1255
-------
Roosenburg, W. H. 1969. Greening and copper accumulation in the American
Oyster, Crassostrea virginica, in the vicinity of a steam electric
generating station. Chesapeake Sci. 10(3 & ^):2U1-252.
Rosehart, R. G. and J. Y. Lee. 1973. "The effect of arsenic trioxide on the
grovth of white spruce seedlings. Water, Air & Soil Pollut. 2:^39-^^3.
Rosenfeld, I. and 0. A. Beath. 196U. Selenium. Academic Press, New York,
pp. 295.
Ross, R. G. and D. K. R. Stewart. 1969. Cadmium residues in apple fruit and
foliage following a cover spray of cadmium chloride. Can. J. Plant
Sci. 1+9: 1*9-52.
Rossi, L. C., G. F. Clemente and G. Santaroni. 1976. Mercury and selenium
distribution in a defined area and its population. Arch. Environ.
Health 31(3):160-165.
Roth, I. and H. Hornung. 1977- Heavy metal concentrations in water,
sediments and fish from Mediterranean coastal area, Israel.
Environ. Sci. & Technol. ll(3):265-269.
Rottschafer, J. M., J. D. Jones and H. B. Mark. 1971. A simple rapid method
for determining trace mercury in fish via neutron activation analysis.
Environ. Sci. & Technol. 5 CO :336-338.
Rowe, D. W. and E. J. Massaro. 197^. Cadmium uptake and time dependant
alterations in tissue levels in the white catfish Ictalurus catus
(Pisces: Ictaluridae). Bull. Environ. Contam. & Toxicol.H: 2U1+-2U9 .
Roy, W. R. 19^3. Studies of boron deficiency in grapefruit. Proc. Florida
State Hort. Soc. 56:38-1+3.
Rucker , R. R. and D. F. Amend. 1969. Absorption and retention of organic
mecurials by rainbow trout and chinook and sockeye salmon. Prog.
Fish. Cult. 31:197-201.
Ruhling, A. 1969. Tungmetallfcirorenigar inom Oskarshamnsomradet (Heavy
metal pollution within the limits of the Oskarshamn area).
Forskningsrapport, Ekologiska tungmetallundersokningar, Avd. for
Ekologiska " Botanik, Lunds Univ. pp. 11.
Ruhling, A. 1970. Heavy metals within the region of Vargo-Trollhattan.
Lund Univ. (Sweden), Inst. Ecol. Botany, Rept. 1*+, 22 pp. April,
1970.
Ruhling, A. 1971. Tungmetallfororeningar inom Stor-Stockholmsomradet
(Heavy metal pollution within the limits of the Greater Stockholm
area). Rapport nr. 25 fran ekologiska tungmetallundersb'kningar,
Avd. for Ekologiska Botanik, Lunds Univ. pp. 3U.
1256
-------
Ruhling, A. and G. Tyler. 1968. An ecological approach to the lead problem.
Bot. Kotiser. 121:321-3^2.
Ruhling, A. and G. Tyler. 1969. Ecology of heavy metals—A regional and
historical study. Bot. Notiser. 122*-21*8-259.
Ruhling, A. and G. lyler. 1970. Sorption and retention of heavy metals in
woodland moss. Oikos 21:92-97.
Ruhling, A. and G. Tyler. 1973. Heavy metal deposition in Scandinavia.
Water, Air & Soil Pollut. 2:1*1*5-1*55.
Rusoff, L. L. 1937. Determination of copper and estimation of other trace
elements by spectrographic methods in wire grasses from salt sick
and healthy area. J. Agr. Res. 55:731-738.
Sadolin, E. 1928. The occurrence of arsenic in fish. Dansk, Tids. Farmaci
2:186-200. (in Danish).
Saeki, M. , K. Kunii, T. Seki, K. Sugiyama, T. Suzuki and S. Shishido. 1977.
Metal burden of urban lichens. Environ. Res. 13:256-266.
Saenko, G. N., M. D. Koryakova, V. F. Makienko and I. G. Dobrosmyslova.
1976. Concentration of polyvalent metals by seaweeds in Vostok
Bay, Sea of Japan. Marine Biol. 3l*:l69-176.
Saito, N. 1967. Levels of mercury in environmental materials. IAEA Expert
Meeting on Mercury Contamination in Man and his Environment.
Amsterdam.
Sanderson, G. C. and R. M. Thomas. 1961. Incidence of lead in livers of
Illinois racoons. J. Wildlife Mgt. 25:160-168.
Sather, B. T. 1966. Chromium absorption and metabolism by the crab
Podophthalmus vigil. Proc. Intern. Symp. Radioecological Concentration
Processes. B. Aberg; and F. P. Hungate (Eds.), Pergamon Press,
pp. 9^3-976.
Sautet, J., H. Ollivier, and J. Quicke. 1961*. Contribution a l'etude de la
fixation et de 11 elimination biologiques de l'arsenic par Itytilus
edulis: Deuxieme note. In: Societe de M&decine Legale et de
Criminologie de France, Seance du 8 juin 196U. Ann. Med. Leg. M(5):
1*66-1*71.
Schlesinger, W. H. and G. L. Potter. 197^. Lead, copper and cadmium
concentrations in small mammals in the Hubbard Brook Experimental
Forest. Oikos 25 (2): 11*8-152.
Schroeder, H. A. 1970. Air Quality Monographs. Monograph 70-13. Vanadium.
Wash., D. C.: Amer. Petroleum Inst. pp. 32.
1257
-------
Schroeder, H. A. 1974. The Poisons Around Us. Toxic Metals in Food, Air and
Water. Indiana Univ. Press, pp. l44.
Schroeder, H. A. and J. J. Balassa. 1961. Abnormal trace metals in man:
Lead. J. Chron. Dis. l4:4o8-425.
Schroeder, H. A. and J. J. Balassa. 1963. Cadmium: uptake by vegetables
from super-phosphate by soil. Science l40:819-820.
Schroeder, H. A. and J. J. Balassa. 1966. Abnormal trace metals in man:
Arsenic. J. Chron. Dis. 19:85-106.
Schroeder, H. A., J. J. Balassa and I. H. Tipton. 1962. Abnormal trace
metals in man—Chromium. J. Chron. Dis. 15:941-964.
Schroeder, H. A., J. J. Balassa and I. H. Tipton. 1962. Abnormal trace
metals in man. Nickel. J. Chron. Dis. 15:51-65.
Schroeder, H. A., J. J. Balassa and I. H. Tipton. 1963. Abnormal trace
metals in man. Vanadium. J. Chron. Dis. l6:101+7-1071.
Schroeder, H. A., J. J. Balassa and I. H. Tipton. 1961+. Abnormal traces
of metals in man: Tin. J. Chron. Dis. 17:483-502.
Schroeder, H. A., J. J. Balassa and W. K. Vinton, Jr. 1964. Chromium, lead,
cadmium, nickel and titanium in mice: Effect on mortality, tumors,
and tissue levels. J. Nutr. 83:239-250.
Schroeder, H. A., D. V. Frost and J. J. 3alassa. 1970. Essential trace
metals in man: Selenium. J. Chron. Dis. 23:227-243.
Schroeder, H. A. and M. Mitchener. 1972. Selenium and tellurium in mice.
Effects on growth, survival and tumors. Arch. Environ. Health
24: 66-71.
Schroeder, H. A. and A. P. Nason. 1976. Interactions of trace metals in
mouse and rat tissues: zinc, chromium, copper and manganese with
13 other elements. J. Nutr. 106(2):198-203.
Schroeder, K. A., A. P. Nason and I. H. Tipton. 1967. Essential trace
metals in man: Cobalt, J. Chron. Dis. 20:869-890.
Schroeder, H. A., A. P. Nason, I. H. Tipton and J. J. Ealassa. 1967.
Essential trace metals in man: zinc. Relation to environmental
cadmium. J. Chron. Dis. 20:179-210.
Schroeder, H. A. and I. H. Tipton. 1968. The human body burden of lead.
Arch. Environ. Health 17:965-978.
Schuck, E. A. and J. K. Locke. 1970. Relationship of automotive lead
particulates in certain consumer crops. Environ. Sci. & Technol.
4:324-330.
1258
-------
Schulz-Baldes, M. 197^. Lead uptake from seavater and food,and lead loss in
the common mussel stilus edulis. Marine Biol. 25:177-193.
Schwimer, S, R. 1973. Trace metal levels in three subtidal invertebrates.
Veliger l6(l):95-l02,
Seagle, S. M. and A. J. Ehlmann. 197^. Manganese, zinc and copper in water,
sediments and mussels in north central Texas reservoirs. In: Trace
Substances in Environmental Health, VIII. D. D. Hemphill (Ed.),
Univ. Missouri, pp. 101-106.
Seaward, M. R. D. 1973. Lichen ecology of the Scunthorpe heathlands. I.
Mineral accumulation. Lichenologist 5:
Seba, D. B. Undated. Unpublished data. U. S. Environ. Prot. Agency,
Denver, Colorado.
Segar, D. A., J. D. Collins and J. P. Riley. 1971. The distribution of the
major and some minor elements in marine animals. II. Molluscs.
J. Marine Biol. Assn. U.K. 51:131-136.
Sergeant, D. E. and F. A. J. Armstrong. 1973. Mercury in seals from
Eastern Canada. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 30 (6): 81*3-8^6.
Severne, B. C. 1972. Botanical methods for mineral exploration in Western
Australia. Ph.D. Thesis, Massey Univ., Palmerston North,
New Zealand.
Severne, B. C. 197^. Nickel accumulation by Sybanthus floribundus. Nature.
21+8:807-808.
Seymour, A. H. 1963. Radioactivity of marine organisms from Guam, Palau and
the Gulf of Siam, 1958-1959. Radioecology Proc. 1st Natl. Symp.
pp. 151-155.
Seymour, A. H. and Lewis. 196U. Univ. Wash. Lab. Radiation Biol. Rept. Ho.
UWFL-86, pp. 65.
Shacklette, H. T. 1965a. Bryophytes Associated with Mineral Deposits and
Solutions in Alaska. U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 1198-C, pp. l8.
Shacklette, H. T. 1965b. Element Content of Bryophytes. U. S. Geol. Surv.
Bull. 1198-D, pp. 21.
Shacklette, H. T. 1970. Mercury content of plants. In: Mercury in the
environment. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 713. pp. 35-39.
Shacklette, H. T. 1972. Cadmium in Plants: Contributions to Geochemistry.
U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. Ho. 131^-G. pp. 28.
Shacklette, H. T. and J. J. Connor. 1973. Airborne chemical elements in
Spanish moss. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 57^-E. pp. k6.
1259
-------
Shah, K. R., R. H. Filby and A. I. Davis. 1971- Determination of trace
elements in tea and coffee by neutron activation analysis. Intern.
J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 1:63-73.
Shapiro, M. A. 1975- Heavy metals in Westernport Bay. Intern. Conf. on V
Heavy Metals in the Environment. Symp. Proc., Toronto, Ontario,
27-31 Oct 1975. 2(1):309-319.
Sharma, R. P. and J. L. Shupe. 1975. Ralationships of the residues of
selected metals in soil, vegetation and animal tissues in a natural
habitat. Intern. Conf. on Heavy Metals in the Environ,.Toronto,
Ontario, 27-31 Oct. 1975, Abstr. pp. C 173-175.
Sharma, R. P. and J. L. Shupe. 1977. Trace metals in ecosystems.
Relationships of residues of copper, molybdenum, selenium and zinc in
animal tissues to those in vegetation and soil in the surrounding
environment. In: Biological Implications of Metals in the
Environment. Proc. 15th Ann. Hanford Life Sci. Symp., Richland,
Wash. ERDA Conf. 750929. pp. 595-°08.
Sheppard, C. R. C. and D. J. Bellamy. 1974. Pollution of the Mediterranean
around Haples. Marine Pollut. Bull. 5(3):42—UU.
Sheppard, J. C. and W. H. Funk. 1975. Trees as environmental sensors
monitoring long-term heavy metal contamination of Spokane River,
Idaho. Environ. Sci. & Technol. 9(7):638-642.
Shewry, P. R. and P. J. Peterson. 1976. Distribution of chromium ana nickel
in plants and soil from serpentine and other sites. J. Ecol. 64(1).:
195-212.
Shimokava, H., N. Horibe, M. Teramachi and H. Mori. 1971. Arsenic contents
in dried products of edible seaweeds on the market. J. Food Hyg.
Soc. Jap. 12(4):330-332.
Shimwell, E. W. and A. E. Laurie. 1972. Lead and zinc contamination of
vegetation in the southern Pennines. Environ. Pollut. 3:291-301.
Shtenberg, A. I. 1938. The influence of arsenic on the animal organism
and its transfer to tissues. Vopr. Pitan. 7(2):64—33- (in Russian).
Shtenberg, A. I. 1939. The natural arsenic content of the tissues of
freshwater and marine organisms. Vopr. Pitan. 8j pp. 6l.(in Russian),
Shtenberg, A. I. 1940. The natural content of arsenic in meat and grain
products. Vopr. Pitan. 9(4):20—27 (In Russian).
Shuster, C. N. and 3. H. Pringle. 1968. Proc. 1st. Kid-Atlantic Ind. Waste
Conf., Univ. Dalaware CE-5:285.
Shuster, C. IJ, and B. H. Pringle. 1969. Trace metal accumulation by the
American oyster Crassostrea virginica. Proc. Hat. Shellfish Assn.
59:91-103.
1260
-------
Sidvell, V. D. and K. L. Loomis. 1976. Marine Fish. Rev. (in press). Cited
in Zook et al. (1976).
Sieczka, J. B. and D. J. Lisk. 1971. Arsenic residues in red clover. Amer.
Potato J. U8:395-397.
Siegel, B. Z. and S. M. Siegel. 1976. Unusual mercury accumulation in lichen
flora of Montenegro. Water, Air & Soil Pollut. 5:335-337.
Siegel, S. M., B. Z. Siegel, N. Puerner, T. Speitel and F. Thorarinsson.
1975. Water and soil biotic relations in mercury distribution.
Water, Air & Soil Pollut. J+:9-l8.
Sihlbom, E. 1956. Arsenic in potato tubers. Sveriges Utsadesforen. Tids.
66:199-201. (In Swedish).
Silverberg, B. A., P. M. Stokes and L. B. Ferstenberg. 1976. Intranuclear
complexes in a copper-tolerant green alga. J. Cell. Biol. 69:210-
211*.
Simpson, R. E., W. Horvitz and C. A. Roy. 197^+. Surveys of mercury levels
in fish and other foods. Pestic. Monit. J. 7:127-138.
Sims, R. R. Jr. and B. J. Presley. 1976. Heavy metal concentrations in
organisms from an actively dredged Texas bay. Bull. Environ. Contam.
& Toxicol. l6;520-527.
Sinclair, W. A., E. L. Stone and C. F. Scheer, Jr. 1975* Toxicity to hemlocks
grown in arsenic-contaminated soil previously used for potato pro-
duction. Hort. Sci. 10:35-36.
Skoch, E. J. and C. S. Sikes. 1973. Mercury concentrations in chironomid
larvae and sediments from Sandusky Bay of Lake Erie: Evidence of
seasonal cycling of mercury. Proc. l6th Conf. Great Lakes Research,
Intern. Assoc. Great Lakes Res. pp. 183-189.
Skoropostizhnaya, A. 3. 1957. The cobalt content in most customary foods.
Vopr. Pi tan. 16 (1-): 52-62.
Slonim, A. R. and F. C. Damm. 1972. Beryllium uptake by the common guppy
using radioisotope 7Be: II. Beryllium concentration in fish. AMRL-
TR-72-95, Aerospace Med. Res. Lab., Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio,
pp. 2k.
Smart, N. A. 1961t. Mercury residues in potatoes following application of
a foliar spray containing phenylmercury chloride. J. Sci. Food
Agr. 15:102-108.
Quart, N. A. 1968. Use and residues of mercury compounds in agriculture.
Min. Agr. England, Residue Rev. 23:1-36.
1261
-------
Smith, A. L. , R. H. Green and A. Lutz. 1975a. Uptake of mercury by
freshwater clams (Family Unionidae). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 32(8):
1297-1303.
Staiith, E. C. , F. Berkes, and J. A. Spence. 1975. Mercury levels in fish
in the La Grande River Area, Northern Quebec. Bull. Environ.
Contain. & Toxicol. 13(6) :673-677.
Smith, F. A., R. P. Sharma, R. I. Lynn and J. B. Low. 1973. Mercury and
selected pesticide levels in fish and wildlife in Utah. I. Levels
of mercury, DDT, DDE, dieldrin and PCB in fish. Bull. Environ.
Contam. fc Toxicol. 11:218-223.
Smith, F. A., R. P. Sharma, R. I. Lynn and J. B. Low. 197^. Mercury and
selected pesticide levels in fish and wildlife in Utah: II. Levels
of mercury, DDT, DDE, Dieldrin and PCB in chukars, pheasants and
waterfowl. Bull. Environ. Contam. & Toxicol. 12(2):153-157.
Smith, H. 1970. Determination of trace elements in "biological materials
by neutron activation analysis. In: Trace Element Metabolism in
Animals. C. F. Mills (Ed.), E. S. Livingston, Edinburgh, Scotland,
pp. 5^9.
Smith, R. A. and E. R. Wright. 1962. Elemental composition of oyster shell.
Texas J. Sci. lh;222-22k.
Smith, R. G., J. Szajnar and L. Hecker. 1970. Study of lead levels in
experimental animals. Environ. Sci. & Technol. ^(U):333—338.
Smith, T. G. and F. A. J. Armstrong. 1975- Mercury in seals, terrestrial
carnivores, and principal food items on the Inuit, from Holman,
N.W.T. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 32(6):795-801.
Smith, W. H. 1971. Lead contamination of roadside white pine. Forest
Sci. 17:195-198.
Smith, W. K. 1972. Lead and mercury burden of urban woody plants. Science.
176:1237-1238.
Smith, W. H. 1973. Metal contamination of urban woody plants. Environ.
Sci. & Technol. 7(7):631-636.
Snyder, Ii. F. R., N. A. Snyder, J. L. Lincer and R. T. Reynolds. 1973.
Organochlorines, heavy metals and the biology of North American
accipiters. Bioscience 23(5):300-305.
Soremark, R. 1967. Vanadium in some biological specimens. J. Nutr.
92(2):183-190.
Sprague, J. B. and W. G. Carson. 1970. Spot check of mercury residues in
some fishes from Canadian Atlantic coast. Fish. Res. Bd. Can.
Ms. No. IO65. pp. l6.
1262
-------
Spronk, N. 1971. Mercury in feathers of birds. Tno-Niews 26:^10-£n2
(in Dutch).
Spronk, H. and G. C. Hartog. 1971- Mercury in birds of prey. Ardea 59(l&2):
3U-37.
Stapleton, R. P. 1968. Trace elements in tissues of the calico bass
Paralabrax clathratus (Girard). Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 67:^9-58.
Steevens, D. R., L. M. Walsh and D. R. Keeney. 1972. Arsenic phytotoxicity
on a Plainfield sand as affected by ferric sulfate or aluminum
sulfate. J. Environ. Qual. 1(3):292-295.
Stenner, R. D. and G. Nickless. 197^+a. Distribution of some heavy metals in
organisms in Hardangerfjord and Skjerstadfjord, Norway. Water, Air,
& Soil Pollut. 3(3):279-29l.
Stenner, R. D. and G. Nickless. 197^b. Absorption of cadmium copper and
zinc by dog whelks in the Bristol Channel. Nature 2^7:198-199.
Stenner, R. D. and G. Nickless. 1975. Heavy aetals in organisms of the
Atlantic Coast of S. W. Spain and Portugal. Marine Pollut. Bull.
6(6):89-92. -
Stevens, J. D. and B. E. Brown. 197^. Occurrence of heavy metals in the
blue shark Prionace glauca and selected pelagic in the N. E.
Atlantic Ocean. Marine Biol. 26:287-293.
Stevenson, R. A. and S. L. Ufret. 1966. Iron, manganese and nickel in
skeletons and food of the sea urchins Tripneustes esculentus and
Echincmetra lucunter. Limnol. & Oceanogr. 11:11-17.
Stevenson, R. A., S. L. Ufret and A. T. Diecidue. 1966. Trace element
analysis of some marine organisms. Fifth Intern. Amer. Symp.
Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy, pp. 233-239.
Stickel, W. H. 1969. Lead shot poisoning of American birds. Symposium
Metals and Ecology, Stockholm, Swedish Hat. Res. Council Bull. 5:
2^-30.
Stock, A. and F. Cucuel. 193*+. Die Verbreitung des Quecksilbers.
Naturwissenschaften 22:390-393.
Stoewsand, G. S., J. L. Anderson, W. H. Gutenmann, C. A. Bache and D. L.
Lisk. 1971. Eggshell thinning in Japanese quail fed mercuric
chloride. Science*173:1030-1031.
Stokes, P. M., T. C. Hutchinson and K. Krauter. 1973. Heavy-metal tolerance
in algae isolated from contaminated lakes near Sudbury, Ontario.
Can. J. Bot. 51:2155-2168.
1263
-------
Strain, W. H. , C. A. Lankau, and W. J. Pories. 1961+. Zinc-65 in human hair.
Nature, 204:490-491.
Strohal, P. and M. Dzajo. 1971- Concentration of mercury in the North
Adriatic biota. Thalassia Jugoslav. 7(2):591-596.
Strohal, P., D. HUljev, S. Lulic and M. Picar. 1975. Antimony in the
coastal marine environment, North Adriatic. Estuarine & Coastal
Marine Sci. 3:119-123.
Sturges, F. W. , R. T. Holmes and G. E. Likens. 1974. The role of birds in
nutrient cycling in a northern hardwoods ecosystem. Ecology 55:149-155.
Sumino, K. 1968. Analysis of organic mercury compounds by gas chromatography.
I. Analytical and extraction method of organic mercury compounds.
Kobe J. Med. Sci. 14:115-130.
Suzuki , T. and M. Hatanake. 1974. Experimental investigation on the
biological concentration of mercury. 1. On the rate of mercury
transfer through the food chain from jack mackerel to young yellow-
tail. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 40(11):1173-1178 (in Japanese).
Suzuki, T., T. Miyama and C. Toyama. 1973. The chemical form and body
distribution of mercury in marine fish. Bull. Environ. Contain. 4
Toxicol. 10(6):347-355.
Swiggert, R. C. , C. J. Whitehead Jr.,-'-A. Curley and F. E. Kellogg. 1972.
Wildlife kill resulting from the misuse of arsenic acid herbicide.
Bull. Environ. Contain. & Toxicol. 8(2): 122-128.
Szadkowski, D., H. S. Schultze, K. H. Schaller and G. Lehnert. 1969. The
significance of heavy-metal content of cigarettes. Arch. Hyg.
Bakteriol. 153(1):1-8.
Takeuchi, T., F. M. D. Itri, P. V. Fischer, C. S. Annett and M. Okabe. 1977.
The outbreak of Minamata disease (Methyl mercury poisoning) in cats in
Northwestern Ontario Reserves. Environ. Res. 13:215-218.
Takeuchi, T., H. Katsumoto, Y. Shiraishi, and G. Koya. 1962. Experimental
study on etiology of Minamata disease, especially on pathological
investigation of methylmercuric sulfide poisoning in rats and cats.
J. Kumamoto Med. Soc. 36(9)J 713-735. (in Japanese).
Talbot, V. W., R. J. Magee and M. Hussain. 1976. Cadmium in Port Phillip
Bay mussels. Marine Pollut. Bull. 7(5):84-86.
Talbot, V. W. , R. J. Magee and M. Hussain. 1976. Lead in Port Phillip Bay
mussels. Marine Pollut. Bull. 7(12):234-237.
Tankawa, Y., and M. Kakane. 1969. Agricultural pesticide residues in several
fruits. Rep. Hokkaido Instit. Public Health (Hokkaidoritsu Eisei
Kenkyusho Sapporo) 14:121-123. (in Japanese).
1264
-------
Tansy,
M. F. and R. R. Roth. 1970. Pigeons: A new role in air pollution.
J. Air Pollut. Control Assn. 20:307-309.
Taylor, D. D. and. T. J. Bright. 1973. The distribution of heavy metals in
reef-dwelling groupers in the Gulf of Mexico and Bahama Islands.
Texas A&M Univ. SG-73-208.
Taylor, F. G., L. K. Mann, R. C. Pah1man and F. L. Miller. 1975.
Environmental effects of chromium and zinc in cooling-water drift.
In: Cooling Tower Environment. 197*+. U. S. Energy Res. and Tev.
Admin., Vfash., D. C. Rept. Conf. 7^0302, pp. 1+08-425.
Taylor, M. L. and E. L. Arnold. 1971. Ultratrace determination of metals
in biological specimens: Quantitative determination of beryllium by
gas chromatography. Anal. Chem. 43(10):1328-1331.
Ter Haar, G. I. 1970. Air as a source of lead in edible crops. Environ.
Sci. & Technol. 14:226-229.
Thibaud, Y. 1973. Teneur en mercure dans les moules du littoral francais.
Sci. Peche. Ball. Inst. Sci. Peches Marit. 221:1-6.
Thomann, R. V. , D. S. Szumski, D. M. DiToro and D. J. O'Connor. 197^. A
food chain model of cadmium in western Lake Erie. Water Res.
8:841-81+9.
Thomas, B., J. A. Roughan and E. D. Watters. 1972. Lead and cadmium content
of some vegetable foodstuffs. J. Sci. Food Agr. 23:11+93-1^98.
Thomas, B. , J. A. Roughan and E. D. Watters. 197*+. Cobalt, chromium and
nickel content of some vegetable foodstuffs. J. Sci. Food Agr.
25:771-776.
Thomas, C. C. 1972. Investigations of heavy metallic pollutants in the
Great Lakes ecosystem. Qtr. Prog. Rept. June 30, 1972, pp. 10.
Thornton, I., H. Watling, and J. A. Darracott. 1976. Geochemical studies
in several rivers and estuaries used for oyster rearing. Sci. Total
Environ. 1+: 325-3^5.
Thrower, S. J. and I. J. Eustace. 1973. Heavy metal accumulation in oysters
grown in Tasmanian waters. Food Technol. Aust. 25(ll):5^6-553.
Thumann, M. E. 191+1. Uber die Wirkung arsenhaltiger Abwasser auf Fische
und Krebse. Angew. Chem. 5^:500.
Tillander, M., J. K. Kiettinen and I. Koivisto. 1970. Excretion rate of
methyl mercury in the seal ( Pusa hispida). FA0 Tech. Conf. Marine
Pollution and its Effects on Living Resources and Fishing. Rome,
December 1970, E-67, pp. 1-1+.
1265
-------
Timperley, M. H., R. R. Brooks and P. J. Peterson. 1970. The significance
of essential and non-essential trace elements in plants in relation
to biogeochemical prospecting. J. Appl. Ecology. 7:^29-1*38.
Ting, R. Y. and V. R. de Vega. 1969. The nature of the distribution of
trace elements in longnose anchovy Anchoa lamprotaenia Hildebrand,
Atlantic thread herring Opisthonema oglinun Lasueur, and alga
Udotea flabellum Lamouroux. Proc. 2nd Natl. Syrup. Radioecology
Toepfer, E. W., W. Mertz, E. E. Roginsky and M. M. Polansky. 1973. Chromium
in foods in relation to biological activity. J. Agr. Food Chem.
21:69-73.
Tolan, A. and G. A. H. Elton. 1973. Lead intake from food. Symp. Proc.
Environmental Health Aspects of Lead. Amsterdam, Con. Eur. Comm.,
pp. 77-8^+.
Tolgyesi, G. and L. Bencze. 1970. The microelement content of plants
consumed by wild animals, particularly by big game, in different
game management regions. In: Trace Element Metabolism in Animals,
C. F. Mills (Ed.), E. S. Livingston, Edinburgh and London, pp. 5^9.
Tomita, K. and S. Nakatsu. 1968. Copper in shells. Seikagaku 4l(l);l-6.
(in Japanese).
Tong, S. S. C., W. H. Gutenmann, D. J. Lisk, G. E. Burdick and E. J. Harris.
1972. Trace metals in New York state fish. N. Y. Fish & Game J.
19(2):123-131.
Tong, S. S. C., R. A. Morse, C. A. Bache, and D. J. Lisk. 1975. Elemental
analysis of honey as an indicator of pollution. Arch. Environ.
Health 30:329-332.
Tong, S. S. C., W. D. Youngs, W. H. Gutenmann and D. J. Lisk. 197^. Trace
metals in Lake Cayuga lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in relation
to age. J. Fish. Res. Bi. Can. 31(2):23^-239.
Topping, G. 1973a. Heavy metals in fish from Scottish waters. Aquaculture;
1:373-377.
Topping, G. 1973b. Heavy metals in shell fish from Scottish waters.
Aquaculture 1:379-384.
Trollope, D. R. and E. Evans. 1976. Concentrations of copper, iron, lead
nickel and zinc in freshwater algal blooms. Environ. Pollut. 11:
109-116.
Turekian, K. K., A. Katz and L. Chan. 1973. Trace element trapping in
pteropod tests. Limnol. & Oceanogr. 18 (2): 2140-2^9.
1266
-------
Tyler, G. 1969. Lead ecology in southern Sweden. Symp. Metals and
Ecology, Stockholm, Swedish Nat. Res. Council Bull. 5:20-23.
Tyler, G. 1971. Moss analysis—a method for surveying heavy metal
deposition. Proc. 2nd Intern. Clean Air Congr. M. M. Englund &
W. T. Beary (Eds.), Academic Press, pp. 129-132.
Tyler, G. 1972. Heavy metals pollute nature, may reduce productivity.
Ambio 1(2):52-59.
Tyler, G., C. Gullstrand, K. Holmquist and A. KJellstrand. 1973. Primary
production and distribution of organic matter and metal elements in
two heath ecosystems. J. Scol. 61:251-268.
Ui, J. 1971. Mercury pollution of sea and fresh water, its accumulation into
water biomass. Rev. Intern. Oceanogr. Med. 22-23:79-128.
Ui, J. and S. Kitamura. 1971. Mercury in the Adriatic. Marine Pollut.
Bull. 2:56-58.
Ullman, W. W., R. W. Schaefer and W. W. Sanderson. 1961. Arsenic accumulation
by fish in lakes treated with sodium arsenite. J. Vfater Pollut.
Control Fed. 33:^l6-l4l8.
Underdal, B. 1969. Investigation of mercury in natural foods. Nord. Hyg.
Tidskr. 50:60-63 (In Swedish).
Underdal, B. and T. Hastein. 1971. Mercury in fish and water from a river
and a fjord in the Kragero region, South Norway. Oikos 22(l):101-
105.
U3DA. 1971. Unpublished data on trace elements in food.
USHEW. 1975. Compliance program evaluation: FY 197^ heavy metals in foods
survey (Chemical Contaminants Project). U. S. Dept. Health,
Education and Welfare. Washington, D. C. 7320. 13C: pp. 25.
Uthe, J. F. 1972. Mercury uptake in caged rainbow trout in the Saskatchewan
River, Winnipeg. Fish. Bd. Can. Ms. Rept. Series No. 167.
Uthe, J. F., F. A. J. Armstrong and K. C. Tam. 1971- J- Assn. Offic. Anal.
Chem. 5^:866.
Uthe, J. F. and E. G. Bligh. 1971- Preliminary survey of heavy metal
contamination of Canadian freshwater fish. J. Fish Res. Bd. Can.
28(5):786-788.
Valiela, I., M. D. Banus and J. M. Teal. 197^. Response of salt marsh
bivalves to enrichment with metal-containing sewage sludge and
retention of lead, zinc and cadmium by marsh sediments. Environ.
Pollut. 7:1^9-157.
1267
-------
Van As, D., H. 0. Fourie and C. M. Vleggaar. 1975- Trace element
concentrations in marine organisms from Cape West Coast. S. Afr.
J. Sci. 71:151-154.
\
Van Hook, R. I. 197^. Cadmium, lead, and zinc distributions "between earth-
worms and soils. Potentials for "biological accumulation. Bull.
Environ. Contam. & Toxicol. 12 (4): 509-5H.
Van Hook, R. I., Jr., B. G. Blaylock, E. A. Bondietti, C. W. Francis,
J. W. Huckabee, D. 3. Reichle, F. H. Sweeton, and J. P. Witherspoon.
1971*. Radioisotope techniques to evaluate the environmental behavior
of cadmium. In: Comparative studies of Food and Environmental
Contamination, Intern. Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, pp. 23-^2.
Van Hook, R. I.,W. F. Harris, G. S. Henderson and D. S. Reichle. 197^.
Patterns of trace-element distribution in a forestal watershed.
Oak Ridge Nat. Lab. Contract W-7^05 Eng. 26, pp. 6U0—655.
Van Meter, W. P. 197^. Heavy metal concentration in fish tissue of the
Upper Clark Fork River. Montana State Univ. Water Res. Res., Bozeman,
Montana. MUJWRRC-55. Montana Univ. pp. h5.
Vanselow. 1966. Nickel. In: Diagnostic Criteria for Plants and Soils.,
H. D. Chapman (Ed.), Univ. Calif. Riverside, pp. 302-309.
Vattuone, G. M., K. S. Griggs, D. R. Mclntyre, J. L. Littlepage and F. L.
Harrison. 1976. Cadmium concentrations in rock scallops in
comparison with some other species. Lawrence Livernore Lab.,
Livermore, Calif. UCRL-52022. NTIS. 11 p.
Vergnano Gambi, 0. 19&5. H contenuto in manganese, rame e boro delle
piante dell'affioramento ofiolitico dell'Impruneta (Firenze). Arch.
Bot. RLogeograf. Ital. *42:1-13.
Vermeer, K. 1971. A survey of mercury residues in aquatic bird eggs in
the Canadian prairie provinces. Trans. N. Amer. Wildlife Nat. Res.
Conf. 36:138-152.
Vermeer, K. and F. A. J. Armstrong. 1972. Mercury in Canadian prairie
ducks. J. Wildlife Mgt. 36(l):179-182.
Vermeer, K., F. A. J. Armstrong and M. Hatch. 1973. Mercury in aquatic
birds at Clay Lake, western Ontario. J. Wildlife Mgt. 37:58-61.
Vinogradov, A. P. 1953. The Elementary Chemical Composition of Marine
Organisms. Mem. Sears Found. Marine Res. 2. ,;pp-. 6^7.
von Fellenberg, T. 1929. Ueber den Arsengehalt naturlicher und mit
Arsenpraparatencbehandelter Lebensmittel. Mitt. Gebiete Lebensait-.
telunter. Hyg. 20:338-35**.
1268
-------
Vorhies, M. W., S. D. Sleight, and C. K. Whitehair. 1969. Toxicity of
arsanilic acid in swine as influenced by water intake. Cornell
Vet. 59:3-9.
Vucetic, T., W. B. Vernberg and G. Anderson. 197^. Long-term annual
fluctuations of mercury in zooplankton of the east central Adriatic.
Rev. Intern. 0c4anogr. K6d. 33:75-81.
Wacker, W. E. C. and B. L. Vallee. 1959. Nucleic acids and metals. I.
Chromium, manganese, nickel, iron and other metals in ribonucleic
acid from diverse biological sources. J. Biol. Chem. 23^:3257-
3262.
Wahlberg, P., E. Karppanen, K. Hendriksson and 0. Nyman. 1971. Human
exposure to mercury from goosander eggs containing methylmercury.
Acta. Med. Scand. 189:235-239.
Wallace, A. and E. M. Romney. 1972. Radioecology and Ecophysiology of
Desert Plants at the Nevade Test Site. U- S. Atomic Energy Comm.
TID-2595^4, pp. *+39.
Wallace, A. and E. M. Romney. 1977. Roots of higher plants as a barrier
to translocation of some metals to shoots of plants. In: Biological
Implications of Metals in the Environment. Proc. 15 Ann. Hanford
Life Sci. Symp. Richland, Wash., 1 Oct. 1975. Conf. 75^929. pp. 370-
379.
Walsh, D. F., B. L. Berger and J. R. Bean. 1977. Mercury, arsenic, lead,
cadmium and selenium residues in fish, 1971-73. National Pesticide
Monitoring Program. Pestic. Monit. J. 11(1)5-3^.
Ward, N. I., R. R. Brooks and R. D. Reeves. 197^. Effect of lead from
motor-vehicle exhausts on trees along a major thoroughfare in
Palmerston North, New Zealand. Environ. Pollut. 6:11+9-150.
Ward, N. I., R. R. Brooks and E. Roberts. 1977a. Lead levels in whole blood
of New Zealand domestic animals. Bull. Environ. Contam. & Toxicol.
16(5):595-601.
Ward, N. I., R, R. Brooks, E. Roberts, and C. R. Bosvell. 1977. Heavy metal
pollution from automotive emissions and its effect on roadside soils
and pasture species in New Zealand. Environ. Sci. & Technol.
11(9):917-920.
Warren, H. V. 1972a. Variations in the trace element contents of some
vegetables. J. Roy. Coll. Gen. Practit. 22:56-60.
Warren, H. V. 1972b. The copper, zinc, lead and molybdenum contents of
some British and Canadian vegetables: a reconnaisance. 22nd
Intern. Geog. Cong., Canada, Univ. Toronto Press, pp. 1226-1229.
1269
-------
Warren, H. V. and R. E. Delavault. 1957. Biogeochemical prospecting for
cobalt. Trans. Roy. Soc. Can. Third Ser., Sect. IV, 51:33-37.
Warren, H. V., R. E. Delavault and J. Barakso. 1966. Some observations on
the geochemistry of mercury as applied to prospecting. Econ. Geol.
61:1010-1028.
Warren, H. V. , R. E. Delavault and J. Barakso. 1968. The arsenic content
of Douglas fir as a guide to some gold, silver, and base metal
deposits. Can. Inst. Min. Metal Bull. 61:860-866.
Warren, H. V. , R. E. Delavault, K. Fletcher and E. Wilks. 1970. Variations
in the copper, lead and molybdenum content of some British Columbia
vegetables. In: Trace Substances in Environmental Health. IV.
D. D. Hemphill (Ed.), Univ. Missouri, pp. 9^-103.
Watling, H. R. and R. J. Watling. 1976a. Trace metals in oysters from the
Knysna Estuary. Marine Pollut. Bull. 7;(3):^5-^8.
Watling, H. R. and R. J. Watling. 1976b. Trace metals in Choromytilus
neridionalis. Marine Pollut. Bull. 7(5):91-9^.
Watson, D. G., J. J. Davis and W. C. Hanson. 1961. Dispersion of gamma
emitters in marine organisms near the mouth of the Columbia River.
USAEC Rep. HW-69500, p. 151.
Webb, D. A. 1937. Studies on the ultimate composition of biological material.
Part II. Spectrographic analysis of marine invertebrates with special
reference to the chemical composition of their environment. Sci. Proc.
Roy. Dublin Soc. 21:505-539.
Webb, D. A. 1939. Observations on the blood of certain ascidians with
special reference to the biochemistry of vanadium. J. Exp. Biol.
1*6:1+99.
Weigand, J. P. 1973. Mercury in hungarian partridge and in their North
Central Montana environment. In: Mercury in the Western Environment.
Proc. Workshop, Portland, Ore. 25-26 Feb. 1971, pp. 172-178.
Weiser, W. 1961. Copper in isopods. Nature. 191:1020.
Weiser, W., G. Busch and L. Euchel. 1975. Isopods as indicators of the
copper content of soil and litter. In: Marine Pollution and Marine
Waste Disposal. Proc. 2nd Intern. Cong. San Remo, 17-21 Dec. 1973.
Pergammon Press, pp. U87.
Welch, R. M. and W. H. Allaway. 1972. Vanadium determination in biological
materials at nanogram levels by a catalytic method. Anal. Chem.
U0(9):l6UJi-l6J»7.
Welch, R. M. and E. E. Cary. 1975. Concentration of chromium, nickel and
vanadium in plant materials. J. Agr. Food Chem. 23:^79-^82.
1270
-------
Welch, W. R. and D, L. Dick, 1975. Lead concentration in tissues of roadside
mice. Environ. Pollut, 8:15-21.
Welsh, P. and P. Denny. 1976. Waterplants and the recycling of heavy metals
in an English lake. In: Trace Substances in Environmental Health.
IX. D. D- Hemphill (Ed.), Univ. Missouri, pp. 217-223.
Westermark, T. 1967. Mercury content in feathers of Swedish birds for the
past 100 years. Oikos Suppl. 9:39-^0.
Westermark, T. 1969. Chemistry and trace elements. In: Metals and Ecology.
Proc. Symposium, March 1969. Swedish Kat. Sci. Res. Council,
Stockholm. Ecol. Res. Comm. Bull. no. 5, p. It3-M.
Westermark, T. , S. Forberg and T. Odsjo. 197^. Introductory studies on the
presence of mercury, indium, cadmium and arsenic in plants and
animals around a sulfide smelter. Solna, Statens Naturvardsverk,
Forskningssekretariatet.
Westermark, T. ,:-T. Odsjti and A. G. Johnels. 1975. Mercury content of bird
feathers before and after Swedish ban on alkyl mercury in agriculture.
Ambio. li (2): 87-92.
Westoo, G. 1967. Determination of methylmercury compounds in foodstuffs.
II. Determination of methylmercury in fish, egg, meat and liver.
Acta. Chem. Scand. 21:1790-1800.
Westbb, G. 1969. Mercury and methylmercury levels in some animal foodproducts.
Virs Foda 7:137-15^.
Westoo, G. 1969. Methylmercury compounds in animal foods. In: Chemical
Fallout, M. W. Miller and G. G. Berg (Eds.), C. C. Thomas Pub.,
Springfield, 111., pp. 75-93.
Viharfe, J. R. and W. L. F. Van Den Broek. 1977. Heavy metals in macro-
invertebrates and fish from the Lower Medway Estuary, Kent. Marine
Pollut. Bull. 8(2):31-3^.
White, D. H., J. R. Bean and J. R. Longcore. 1977. Nationwide residues of
mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic and selenium in starlings, 1973.
Pestic. Monit. J. ll(l):35-39-
White, D. H. and T. E. Kaiser. 1976. Residues of organochlorines and heavy
metals in ruddy ducks from the Delaware River, 1973. Pestic. Monit.
J. 9(^):155-156.
Wiemeyer, S. N., B. M. Mulhern, F. J. Ligas, R. J. Hensel, J. E. Mathisen,
F. C. Robards, and S. Postupalsky. 1972. Residues of organochlorine
pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and mercury in bald eagle eggs
and changes in shell thickness. Pestic. Monit. J. 6(1):50.
Wild, H. 1970. The vegetation of nickel-bearing soils. Kirkia suppl. to v
7:1-62.
1271
-------
Wild, H. 1971. The taxonomy, ecology and possible method of evolution of
a new metalliferous species of Dicoma Cass. (Compositae). Mitt.
Bot. StSamml. Munch. 10:266-271*.
Wild, H. 197^. Indigenous plants and chromium in Rhodesia. Kirkia 9:
233-21+1.
Wild, H. 1975- Termite Ni uptake on the serpentines of the Great Dyke of
Rhodesia. Intern. Conf. on Heavy Metals in the Environment. Symp.
Proc., Toronto, Ontario. Oct. 27-31, 1975. 2(l):73-7^.
Willford, W. A. 1971. Heavy metals research in the Great Lakes, 1970-1971.
Prevalence and Effects of Toxic Metals in the Aquatic Environment.
Proc., Univ. North Carolina. Rept. No. 57:53-65.
Williams, C. H. and D. J. David. 1973. The effect of superphosphate
on the cadmium content of soils and plants. J. Aust. Soil Res.
11:1*3-56.
Williams, K. T. and R. R. Whetstone. 19^0. Arsenic Distribution in Soils
and Its Presence in Certain Plants. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull.
732. pp. 20.
Williams, P. M. and H. V. Weiss. 1973. Mercury in the marine environment:
Concentration in sea water and in a pelagic food chain. J. Fish.
Res. Bd. Can. 30(2 ):293-295.
Willoughby, R. A. and G. Brown. 1971. Normal blood and milk lead values
in horses. Can. Vet. J. 12:l65-l67.
Wilmsen, E. N. and J. T. Meyers. 1972, The mercury content of prehistoric
fish. Ecol. Food & Hutr. 1:179-186.
Wilson, M. R. and G. Lewis. 1963. Lead poisoning in dogs. Vet. Rec.
75:787-791.
Wilson, S. H. and M. Fieldes. 19^1. Studies in spectrographic analysis.
II. Minor elements in a sea-weed (Macrocystis pyrifera). N.Z.J.
Sci. Tech. B. Gen. Sect. 23:^7B-1<8B.
Windom, H. L. 1972. Arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury and zinc
in marine biota—North Atlantic Ocean. ID0E Workshop on Baseline
Studies of Pollutants in the Marine Environment. Brookhaven Nat.
Lab. 21+-26 toy, 1972.
Windom, H. L. 197^. Heavy metal fluxes through salt marsh estuaries.
In: Proc. 2nd Intl. Estuarine Conf., pp. 30-50.
Windom, H. L. and R. G. Smith. 1972. Distribution of Fe, Mg, Co, Zn and
Ag in oysters along the Georgia coast. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can.
29:^50-^52.
1272
-------
Windom, H. L. and. R. G. Smith. 1972b. Distribution of Od, Co, Ni and Zn in
S -E. U. S. continental shelf waters. Deep Sea Res. 19:727-730.
Windom, H. L., R. G. Stickney, R. Smith, D. White and F. Taylor. 1973b.
Arsenic, cadmium, copper, mercury and zinc in some species of North
Atlantic Finfish, J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 30:275-279.
Windom, H. L., F. Taylor and R. Stickney. 1973a. Mercury in North Atlantic
plankton. J. Cons. Intern. Explor. Mer. 35(l):l8-21.
Wiser, C. W. and D. J. Nelson, 196^, Uptake and elimination of cobalt 60
by crayfish. Amer. Midland Nat. 72:181-202.
Wither, E. D. and R. R. Brooks. 1977. Hyperaccumulation of nickel by some
plants of S. E. Asia. J. Geochem. Explor. 8:579-583-
Wobeser, G., Nv.O. Nielsen, R. H. Dunlop and F. M. Atton. 1970. Mercury
concentrations in tissues of fish from the Saskatchewan River. J.
Fish. Res. Bd. Can, 27(M:630-83^.
Woolson, E. A. 1972. Effects of fertiliser materials and combinations on
the phytotoxicity, availability and content of arsenic in corn
(maize). J. Sci. Food Agr. 23:1^77-1^81.
Woolson, E. A., J. H. Axley and P. C. Kearney. 1973. The chemistry and
phytotoxicity of arsenic in soils. II. Effect of time and phosphorus.
Soil Sci. Soc. Aner. Proc. 37:25^-259.
Wright, D. A. 1976. Heavy metals in animals from the northeast coast.
Marine Pollut. Bull. 7(2):36-38.
Yamada, Y. 1958. Effect of cobalt on the growth of pollen, Kagaku (Science)
28:257-258.
Yamagata, N. and Y. Murakami. 1958. A cobalt accumulator plant Clethra
barbinervis. Sieb et Zucc. Nature, 101:l808.
Yamagata, n. and I. Shigeoatsu. 1970. Cadmium pollution in perspective.
Koshu Eiseniin Kenkyu Hokoku. 19:1-27.
Yamazoe, Y. and F. Otubo. 1975. Seasonal variations on cadmium content in
mutugoro (Boleophthalmus pectinirostris) muscle, canned foods and
bottom mud in the Ariake Bay. Eiyo to Shokuryo 28(6):3^3-3^6.
Yeaple, D. S. 1972. Mercury in Bryophytes (moss). Nature 235:229.
Yoshida, T., T. Kawabata and Y. Matsue. 1967. Transference mechanism of
mercury in the marine environment. J. Tokyo Univ. Fish. 53 (1/2):
63-814.
1273
-------
Yost, K. J., M. D. Abel, G. J. Atchinson, W. A. Bruns, W. R. Chaney, J. E.
Christian, R. A. Greenhorn, J. M. Kelly, D. R. Masarik, R. A. Mayes,
W. W. McFee, A. W. Mcintosh, J. 3. Newman, G. R. Parker, R. R. Romano,
and R. S. Wentzel. 1975- The environmental flow of cadmium and
other trace metals—environmental studies. (Prog. Rept.) Purdue
Univ., Indiana. NSF(RAM) Grant GI-35106. pp. 1^5.
Yost, K. J., M. D. Abel, W. A. Bruns, J. E. Christian, D. R. Masarik, A. W.
Mcintosh, J. E. Newman, G. R. Parker, J. J. Talavage and M. B.
Triplett, 1974. The environmental flow of cadmium and other trace
metals—Environmental studies. (Prog. Rept.) Purdue Univ., Indiana.
NSF(RANN) GI-35106. pp. l6l.
Young, 2. G. and W. M. Langille. 1958. The occurrence of inorganic elements
in marine algae of the Atlantic provinces of Canada. Can. J. Bot.
36:301-311.
Zafiropoulos, D. and A. P. Grimanis. 1977. Trace elements in Acartia c^-Pusi
from Elefsis Bay of the Upper Saronikos Gulf, Greece. Marine Pollut.
Bull. 8(10:79-81.
Zawacki, C. S. and P. T. Qriggs. 1976. Fish investigations in Long Island
Sound at a nuclear power station site at Shoreham, New York. N. Y.
Fish & Game J. 23(1): .
Zitko, V., B. J. Finlayson, D. J. Wildish, J. M. Anderson and A. C. Kohler.
1971. Methylmercury in freshwater and marine fishes in New Brunswick
in the Bay of Fundy and on the Nova Scotia Ifcnks. J. Fish. vfia. Bd. "
Can. 28(9):1265-1291.
Zook, E. G., F. E. Greene and E. R. Morris, 1970. Nutrient composition of
selected wheat products. VI. Distribution of manganese, copper,
nickel, zinc, magnesium, lead, tin, cadmium, chromium and selenium
as determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy and colorimetry.
Cereal Chem. 1+7:720-738.
j
Zook, E. G., J. J. Powell, B. M. Hackley, J. A. Emerson, J. R,.Brooker and
G. M. Knobl. 1976. National Marine Fisheries Service preliminary
survey of selected seafoods for mercury, lead, cadmium, chromium and
arsenic content. J. Agr. & Food Chem. 24(1):47—53.
Zook, B. C., R. M. Sauer and F. M. Garner. 1972. Lead poisoning in captive
wild animals. J. Wildlife Dis. 8:264-272.
Zorn, H. and H. Diem. 1974. Significance of beryllium and its compounds to
the industrial physician. Zentralb. Arbeitsmed. Arbeitsschutz.
24:3-8. (in German).
1274
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on llie reverse before completing/}
fecjELEJMT'S ACCEUieMia.
1 REPORT NO
EPA-600/3-80-092
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
BIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF TOXIC TRACE METALS:
Volume 2. Toxic Trace Metals in Plants and Animals
of the World. Part III
ws mm
5. REPORT DATE
Sept. 1980 Issuing Date,
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR1S)
Dale W. Jenkins
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Dale W. Jenkins
3028 Tanglewood Drive
Sarasota, Florida 33579
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-03-0443
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency—Las Vegas, NV
Office of Research and Development
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
Las Vegas, Nevada 89114
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
11. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/07
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
This report is presented in two volumes, including Volume 2, Parts I, II, and III,
of which this publication is Volume 2, Part III.
16 ABSTRACT
The needs and priorities in using biological accumulator organisms for monitoring
toxic trace metals in plants and animals are analyzed. The toxic trace metals
selected for study are antimony, arsenic, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium,
cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, tin, and vanadium. Data on the
toxicity to humans, abundance, production, use and emissions of trace elements are
presented and sources and pathways to plants and animals listed.
Volume 1 of the two volumes evaluates available data for the purpose of selecting
biological monitoring organisms to monitor the 14 selected toxic metals, and
recommends various organisms for use in national and international monitoring systems
and networks. This study is based on the data compilation in Volume 2.
Volume 2 brings together the majority of the significant data on bioaccumulation and
bioconcentration of the 14 trace metals discussed, which are considered to be of most
importance to man and his food organisms. This volume provides a concise reference
of baseline data for delineating the background or "normal" levels of toxic trace
metals as well as levels that occur under various pollutant conditions.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. cosati f ield/Croup
trace metals
antimony, arsenic, beryllium, boron,
cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead,
mercury, nickel, selenium, tin, vanadium
toxicology
bioaccumulation
bioconcentration
monitoring networks
57Y
68G
99D
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
20 SECURITY CLASS (This page)
1INPT A^qTVTF.n
22. PRICE
rOi c nin i /d... a t»\
------- |