EPA/600/A-94/068
1993 INCINERATION CONFERENCE
Thermal Treatment of Radioactive, Hazardous Chemical Mixed, Energetic,
Chemical Weapon, and Medical Wastes
Proceedings of the
1993 Incineration Conference
Knoxville, Tennessee, U.S.A.
May 3-7,1993
Charlotte Baker
Conference Coordinator
University of California, Irvine
Earl McDaniel
Technical Program Chairman
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Jim Tripodes
Oversight Chairman
University of California, Irvine
M.E. Wacks
Editor
University of Arizona
Sponsored by
University of California, Irvine (UCI)
And:
American Insitute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE)
Air and Waste Management Association (A&WMA)
American Nuclear Society (ANS)
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
Coalition for Responsible Waste Incineration (CRWI)
Health Physics Society (HPS)
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

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POTENTIAL SURROGATE METALS FOR INCINERATOR TRIAL BURNS
L. R. Waterland and D. J. Fournier, Jr.
Acurex Environmental Corporation
Incineration Research Facility
Jefferson, AR 72079
ABSTRACT
New and renewing hazardous waste management permits for hazardous waste incinerators and other
thermal destruction devices require that the emissions of hazardous constituent trace metals be controlled
via established metals feedrate limits. Thus, the trial burn required to obtain a permit must include consider-
ation of metals emissions. To preserve a high degree of operating flexibility within the ultimate permit
conditions defined, incinerator operators generally spike a mixture of hazardous constituent trace metals into
the waste burned during the trial burn to increase the metals feedrates tested in the trial burn. This exercise
can significantly increase the cost of the trial burn, as some metal constituents are quite expensive. The
question thus arises, can surrogate metals be used as substitutes for select hazardous constituent metals to
decrease the cost of a trial burn.
Over the past 4 years, the research program at the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Inciner-
ator Research Facility (IRF) has developed an extensive body of metals partitioning data from pilot-scale
incineration tests using synthetic hazardous wastes, actual listed hazardous wastes, and contaminated
materials from Superfund sites. From these data, augmented by bench-scale studies and some full-scale
incinerator tests, it has become apparent that the same metals volatilization/condensation mechanisms, first
used to explain metals enrichment in flyash from coal combustion 15 years ago, drive metals partitioning in
incinerators. Further, metals partitioning can largely be explained using only vapor pressure/temperature
relationships for metal species in thermodynamic equilibrium in the combustion zone.
Because metals volatility dominates partitioning, surrogates can be used and the choice of surrogates is
simplified. This paper discusses the results of three extensive parametric test programs performed at the IRF
using synthetic hazardous wastes containing both hazardous constituent and potential surrogate metals. These
results show that surrogates partition in the same manner as selected hazardous constituent metals. Thus, the
use of surrogates deserves consideration, if not in actual trial burns, then at least in scoping tests used to guide
the formal trial burn.
INTRODUCTION
In 1988, the EPA's Risk Reduction Engineering Labora-
tory initiated a research program at its Incineration Research
Facility (IRF) in Jefferson, Arkansas, to investigate the fate of
trace metals fed to a rotary kiln incinerator. Three parametric
studies of the fate of five hazardous constituent trace metals
(arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, and lead) and four
nonhazardous constituent trace metals (bismuth, copper,
magnesium, and strontium) have now been completed. In
these tests each metal's partitioning to the incinerator's dis-
charge streams (kiln ash, wet scrubber air pollution control
system scrubber liquor, and flue gas) was measured, and the
effects of kiln temperature, afterburner temperature, and feed
chlorine content on metal partitioning were evaluated.
The first parametric study, completed in 1988, investi-
gated a venturi scrubber, packed-column scrubber combina-
tion for particulate and acid gas control. A second parametric
study, identical in scope to the first, was completed in 1989.
The only difference between the first and second studies was
the air pollution control system (APCS), which was a single-
stage ionizing wet scrubber. Results of the studies were re-
ported in detail in 1991 (1,2). A third parametric study was
completed in 1991 (3). This study added mercury to the set of
test metals and used a Calvert Flux-Force/Condensation
scrubber system as the APCS. The use of surrogates in trial
burns and scoping tests could significantly reduce permitting
costs and improve incinerator operation. Therefore a major
objective of the studies was to evaluate the four nonhazardous
constituent metals as surrogates for the hazardous constituent
metals. This paper examines the trace metal partitioning and
scrubber collection efficiency data in light of this objective.
TEST PROGRAMS
Test Facility
All test programs discussed in this paper were performed
in the IRFs rotary kiln incinerator system (RKS). A process
schematic of the RKS is shown in Fig. 1. The IRF RKS consists
of a primary combustion chamber, a transition section, and a
fired afterburner chamber. After exiting the afterburner, flue
gas flows through a quench section followed by a primary
APCS. Two primary APCSs arc available at the IRF for use
on the unit. One consists of a venturi scrubber followed by a
packed-column scrubber fabricated by Andersen 2000. The
other is a single-stage ionizing wet scrubber fabricated by Air
Plastics, Inc. Downstream of the primary APCS, a backup
secondary APCS, comprised of a demister, an activated-car-
bon adsorber, and a high-efficiency particulate (HEPA) filter,
is in place. This secondary APCS is designed to ensure the
particulate and organic emissions from the system are accept-
able even under upset conditions. The modular design of the
APCS permits the installation of the other pilot-scale scrub-
ber system, such as the Calvert Flux-Force/Condensation
scrubber system used in the third parametric test series. A
process schematic of the Calvert scrubber system is shown in
Fig. 2.

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434 Waterland METALS FOR TRIAL BURNS
Synthetic Waste Mixture
The parametric tests were performed with a synthetic
waste feed mixture prepared by adding a mixture of organic
compounds (toluene, chlorobenzene, and tetrachloroethene)
to a clay-based oil sorbent material. The clay/organic mixture
contained nominally 25 percent by weight organic liquids,
though it remained a free-flowing solid. The waste feed chlo-
rine content was adjusted by varying the ratio of the three
organics compounds.
Test trace metals were added to the clay/organic mixture
by metering a concentrated aqueous metals solution onto the
clay/organic mixture at the head of the screw feeder used to
feed the synthetic waste to the kiln. All metals were added as
soluble nitrates, with the exception of arsenic, which was
added as A52O3, Table I summarizes the average metal con-
centrations in the integrated feed mixtures.
Test Conditions
The test matrix was the same for the first two test series.
Table IF summarizes the average achieved values for the three
test variables. Each was varied over three levels, with the other
variables held nominally constant. Target kiln exit tempera-
tures were 816°, 871°, and 927°C (1,500°, 1,600°, and 1.700T).
Target afterburner exit temperatures were 982°, 1,083°, and
1,204"C (1,800°, 2,000°, and 2,200°F). Target concentrations
for chlorine in the synthetic waste feed were 0, 4, and 8 per-
cent).
Based on the observations from the first two test series,
the test matrix for the third test series was slightly modified.
The test variables were kiln exit temperature, waste feed
chlorine content, and scrubber pressure drop. In the first two
test series, metal partitioning and scrubber collection efficien-
cies were not affected by changes in afterburner exit temper-
ature, so it was eliminated as a test variable and held constant
at 1,094°C (2,000°F). In addition, the range of kiln exit tem-
peratures was expanded downward to 538°C (1,000°F) and the
TABLE I
Average Integrated Feed Metal Concentrations



Concentration, mg/kg


Venturi/packed-column
Single-stage ionizing wet
Calvert Scrubber
Metal
scrubber test series
scrubber test series
test series
Arsenic
44
48
34
Barium
53
390
465
Bismuth
150
330
370
Cadmium
8
10
20
Chromium
87
40
280
Copper
470
380
350
Lead
52
45
74
Magnesium
17,200
18,800
34,500
Strontium
280
410
390

c
i„
H

ROTARY KJLN
mClNDUTO*
' MOOlftJt* MWIARY m
I POUOTON COKTflOl
OfY)C£»
RZOUNOAMT AIM
i PouirnoN control I
SYSTEM
Fig. 1. Schematic of the IRF rotary kiln incineration system.
Fig. 2. Schematic of the Calvert Flux-Force/Condensation
Scrubber System.

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METALS FOR TRIAL BURNS Waterland 435
TABLE II
Incinerator Operating Conditions


Feed
Average kiln exit
Average afterburner
Test

mixture CI
temperature,
exit temperature,
Series
Test
content, %
°C (°F)
°C (°F)
Venturi/packed-
1
0
874 (1,606)
1,093 (1,999)
column scrubber
2
3.7
825 (1,517)
1,071 (1,959)

3
4.2
928 (1,702)
1,092 (1,989)

4
3.8
878 (1,612)
1,088 (1,991)

5
3.6
871 (1,599)
1,196 (2,184)

6
3.4
875 (1,607)
983 (1,803)

T
4.6
873 (1,603)
1.094 (2,000)

8
8.3
870 (1,599)
1,092 (1,998)
Single-stage ionizing
1
0
900 (1,652)
1,088 (1,990)
wet scrubber
2
3.5
819 (1,507)
1,096 (2,002)

3
3.5
929 (1,704)
1,092 (1,998)

4
3.5
877 (1,610)
1,096 (2,006)

5
3.7
885 (1,625)
1,163 (2,125)

6
3.6
887 (1,629)
1,017 (1,863)

7b
3.6
881 (1,618)
1,103 (2,018)

Sb
3.8
879 (1,615)
1,098 (2.008)

9
6.9
881 (1,617)
1,087 (1,988)




Scrubber pressure drop,




kPa (in WC)
Calvert scrubber
1
0
541 (1,006)
12.9 (52)

2
0
819 (1,507)
12.4 (50)

3
0
909 (1,669)
12.4 (50)

4
0.6
555 (1,031)
12.4 (50)

5
0.6
842 (1,547)
12.4 (50)

6
0.8
919 (1,686)
12.4 (50)

7
3.6
543 (1,010)
12.4 (50)

8
3.4
817 (1,502)
12.4 (50)

9
3.1
944 (1,731)
12.2 (49)

10
2.3
829 (1,524)
8.2 (33)

11
3.4
827 (1,521)
16.9 (68)
aTest point 7 is a duplicate of test point 4.
''Test points 7 and 8 are replicates of test point 4.

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436 Waterland METALS FOR TRIAL BURNS
target concentrations for chlorine in the waste feed were
adjusted to 0.1, and 4 percent.
All tests were conducted under excess air conditions.
Oxygen concentrations were nominally 12 to 14 and 8 to
10 percent in the kiln and afterburner exit flue gas, respec-
tively. Solids residence time in the kiln was approximately
1 hour.
TEST RESULTS
The measured feed and discharge stream metal concen-
trations can be combined with measured feed and discharge
flowrates, and the fraction of the metals fed accounted for in
the respective discharges can be calculated. The sum of these
discharge fractions represents the mass balance closure for
each metal in each test. Ideally, near 100 percent trace metal
mass balance closure would be desirable. However, past ex-
perience in tests to determine the distribution of trace metals
from combustion sources has shown that typical good results
are in the 30 to 200 percent range. The ranges and averages
for the metal mass balance closures for three parametric test
series are summarized in Table III.
Given that variable and less than perfect mass balance
closure is invariably experienced, it is difficult to draw conclu-
sions regarding the affect of incinerator operation or feed
characteristics on metal partitioning using only percent-of-
feed fractional distributions. However, a clearer picture of the
variation in relative metal distributions is possible when per-
cent-of-feed fractional distributions are normalized by the
total mass balance closure achieved. These normalized, or
percent-of-measured fractions represent fractions that would
have resulted had mass balance closure in each case been
100 percent. Use of distribution fractions normalized in this
manner allows clearer data interpretation, because variable
mass balance closure is removed as a source of test-to-test
data variability. The use of normalized distributions repre-
sents a best attempt to quantify metal partitioning phenom-
ena, given variable and less than perfect mass balance closure.
When subjected to incineration conditions, metals are
expected to vaporize to varying degrees, depending on their
relative volatilities. To characterize a metal's volatility, equi-
librium analyses can be performed to identify the metal's
volatility temperature for a given set of incinerator conditions.
The volatility temperature is defined to be the temperature at
which the effective vapor pressure of a metal is 10"6 atm. The
effective vapor pressure is the combined equilibrium vapor
pressures of all species containing the metal, reflecting the
quantity of metal that would vaporize under a given set of
conditions. A vapor pressure of 10"6 atm is selected because
it represents a measurable amount of vaporization. The lower
the volatility temperature, the more volatile the metal is ex-
pected to be.
Because the volatility temperature is based on vapor
pressure/temperature relationships for metal species in ther-
modynamic equilibrium it provides a useful parameter for
comparing relative partitioning behavior. Table III also notes
the volatility temperature for each metal, based on its elemen-
tal and oxide forms (4).
Metal discharge distributions have been summarized for
each test program and presented in Figures 3,4, and 5. These
figures show the amounts of metal found in each discharge
stream normalized as a fraction of the total found in the three
discharge streams — kiln ash, scrubber exit flue gas and
scrubber liquor. In these figures, the bar for each metal rep-
resents the range in the fraction accounted for by each dis-
charge stream over all tests of the respective test series. The
average fraction for that test series is noted by the midrange
tick mark. Metal discharge distribution data are plotted versus
volatility temperature. For all three test series these figures
indicate a correlation between the observed metal volatility
and the calculated volatility temperatures. With increasing
volatility temperature there is a gradual increase in average
TABLE III
Summary of Metal Mass Balance Closure Around the Kiln Ash and Scrubber Discharges
Mass balance closure, % of metal fed
Venturi/paeked
column scrubber
Volatility	series
temperature, 	
Metal	°C	Range Average
Single-stage
ionizing wet Calvert scrubber
scrubber series	series
Range Average Range Average
Arsenic
700
39
77
60
47
95
66
70
128
94
Barium
849
57
147
86
17
60
27
60
106
77
Bismuth
621
36
74
53
35
63
50
38
86
58
Cadmium
214
37
120
96
36
68
50
26
98
60
Chromium
1,613
61
94
73
77
204
154
34
171
96
Copper
1,116
46
79
63
30
81
50
67
103
83
Lead
627
8
96
70
47
177
110
54
118
77
Magnesium
1,549
70
134
92
63
123
99
71
105
87
Strontium
1,454
28
71
48
15
60
28
59
99
74

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METALS FOR TRIAL BURNS Waterland 437
* (/)
Z <
~ UJ
z 3
S b
2*
$00 >00 1 000 1200 1400
VOLATILITY TEMPERATURE CC)
SCRUBBER EXIT FLUE OAS



PD
If* I
1
*
St
Ug t
Cr
-



J B*
i






<•
Cu










¦



0.




,
Cd
i

¦
,
,
600 *00 1000 1200 1400
VOLATILITY temperature CC)
SCRUBBER UQUOR


I Ca 1
P6
I 1
TBi

1 SrT TCf
1 - lJ
£ u i i* **i i
4C0 600 too 1000 1200 140C
VOLATILITY TEMPERATURE CC)
VOLATILITY TEMPERATURE CC)
SCRUBBER UQUOR
400 GOO 600 1 000 1200
VOLATILITY TEMPERATURE CC)
SCRUBBER-EXrT FLUE OAS
§ «/> 2 80

=> < 60
400 600 800 1000 1200
VOLATILITY TEMPERATURE CO
Fig. 3. Normalized distribution of metals in the RKS dis-
charge streams in the venturi/packed-column scrub-
ber tests. Bar indicates range observed over all eight
tests. Average is noted by midrange tick mark.
kiln ash fraction and decrease in average scrubber exit flue gas
and liquor fractions. This is as expected. The less volatile a
metal is, as reflected in its higher volatility temperature, the
less likely it will volatilize in the kiln and be carried out of the
kiln in the vapor phase in the combustion flue gas.
The relationships between metal partitioning and the
calculated volatility temperature is particularly useful because
it suggests that surrogates can be selected to represent partic-
ular hazardous constituent metals of interest based on relative
volatilities. To further defend the use of the nonhazardous
metals as surrogates, it is necessary to compare the partition-
ing data on a test by test basis. This task can be simplified by
noting that strontium, magnesium, and chromium were highly
refractory for each test. Because the partitioning of these
metals did not vary with any of the test variables, little can be
gained by looking at their partitioning on a test by test basis.
These figures do clearly indicate, however, that strontium, and
perhaps magnesium, accurately represent the partitioning
behavior of chromium. Test by test comparisons of metal
partitioning for the remaining six metals can also be simplified
to partitioning to the kiln ash and APCS collection efficiency.
Figures 6 through 11 show the partitioning of cadmium,
bismuth, lead, arsenic, barium, and copper to the kiln ash as
a function of the test variables kiln exit temperature and waste
feed chlorine content for the three parametric test series.
Fig. 4. Normalized distribution of metals in the RKS dis-
charge streams in the single-stage ionizing wet scrub-
ber tests. Bar indicates range observed over all nine
tests. Average is noted by midrange tick mark.
Cadmium is not included in Figures 6 and 7 because it was not
found in any kiln ash sample above detection limits, although
calculated partitioning fractions to the kiln ash using sample
concentrations set to the analytical detection limit were less
than 25 percent.
For the first two parametric test series, Figs. 6 through 9
show that bismuth and cadmium were relatively volatile, with
a maximum kiln ash fraction of about 75 percent and an
average partitioning fraction to the kiln ash of less than 40 per-
cent. Figures 10 and 11 show that all of the metals were less
volatile in the third test series, although cadmium and bismuth
were more volatile than the other metals. Lead volatility be-
havior differed between the three test series. For the ven-
turi/packed-column test series, the average fraction of lead
recovered in the kiln ash was 20 percent. For the single-stage
ionizing wet scrubber test series, the average fraction of lead
recovered in the kiln ash was 82 percent. For the Calvert
scrubber test series, the average kiln ash fraction was 94 per-
cent.
These figures show that of the nonhazardous constituent
metals tested, bismuth best represented cadmium on a test by
test basis for partitioning to the kiln ash. It was somewhat less
volatile than cadmium, but was similarly affected by changes
in the test variables. Figures 8 through 11 show that copper
partitioning to the kiln ash was more typical of lead, arsenic,

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438 Watcrland METALS FOR TRIAL BURNS
H
-
ft

r • 3
Sr Cr
1
« '
. Pb
l » 1
Paramrt/tc Taata, Van»urVPac*ad Co*umn Scrubby
•71*C pWOf) kin ail tamparatura
600 aoo 1000 1700
VOLATILITY TEMPERATURE (*Cl
SCnUBBKR-CXlT FLUC OAS
2	4	•
Wasta Fa*d CNonna Comant (%)
_1L Pb U 8> _StL
Fig. 7. Metal partitioning to the kiln ash versus waste feed
chlorine content at constant kiln exit temperature for
the parametric test series using the venturi/packed-
column scrubber.
Paramatrtc Taata, lonbmg Wat Scrubbar
3.5% *aad cttorina
400 M0 aoo 1000 1200
VOCATllfTY TEMPERATURE CC)
SCRUBBER UOUOA
ss
IS
"




•CO
• Pfc



1
•Cu
-
J
+ *¦


, j
:J ,r , :
S' r,
. i » ± j. tt-Cf
WO	S7S	900
Kiln ExI Tamparatura fC)
Ba
600 aoo 1000 1200
VOl>TlUTY TEMPERATURE (*C)
Fig. 5. Normalized distribution of metals in the RKS discharge
streams in the Calvert scrubber tests. Bar indicates
range observed over all 11 tests. Average is noted by
midrange tick mark.
Paramatrie Taatt, VanturtPaekad Column Scrubbar
3.9% taad chlorlrw
Cd frl Pb Am B»
Fig. 8. Metal partitioning to the kiln ash versus kiln exit
temperature at constant waste feed chlorine content
for the parametric test series using the single-stage
ionizing wet scrubber.
Parametric Taata, tontring Wat Scrubb«r
I71*C (1600T) kin azt tamptrstura
WO	ITS	900
Kin Ext Tamparatur* fC)
y Pfr Am h
Fig. 6. Metal partitioning to the kiln ash versus kiln exit
temperature at constant waste feed chlorine content
for the parametric test series using the ven-
turi/packed-column scrubber.
partitioning to the kiln ash was more typical of lead, arsenic,
and barium behavior. Lead was much more volatile in the first
test series. The reason for this behavior is not clear as the test
were conducted over the same range of operating conditions
as the later parametric tests.
Figures 12 and 13 show the apparent scrubber collection
efficiency for each of the test metals as a function of the kiln
exit temperature and waste feed chlorine content, respec-
tively. The apparent scrubber collection efficiencies are cal-
culated by assuming that the sum of the amount of metal
measured in the two scrubber discharges (the scrubber liquor
and the scrubber exit flue gas) was the amount of metal
2	4
Wasta Fa*d Chtorina Contant (%)
Cd y PS Am BM
Fig. 9. Metal partitioning to the kiln ash versus waste feed
chlorine content at constant kiln exit temperature for
the parametric test series using the single-stage ioniz-
ing wet scrubber.
present in the scrubber inlet flue gas. This allows the apparent
scrubber collection efficiency to be calculated as: (scrubber
liquor fraction)/(scrubber liquor fraction + scrubber exit flue
gas fraction).
Figure 12 shows the apparent scrubber collection effi-
ciency for each of the test metals as a function of the kiln exit
temperature at constant waste feed chlorine content for the
three scrubber systems tested. Figure 13 similarly shows the
apparent scrubber collection efficiencies as a function of the
waste feed chlorine content at constant kiln exit temperature
for two of the three scrubber systems tested. These figures
show that magnesium behavior approximates barium behav-
ior, while copper and bismuth behavior is similar to that, of
arsenic, cadmium, and lead.

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METALS FOR TRIAL BURNS Waterland 439
Parametric Tests, Catvert Scrubber
no feed chlorine
Parametric Teats, Catvert Scrubber
53**C (1000"F) kiln exA temperature
1	2
•16*C (1S00*F) Win exR temperature
600	700	BOO	900	1000
0.7% feed chlorine
1	2
»2TC (1700T) kiln exit temperature
3.4% feed chlorine
700	S00
Kiln ExR Temperature (*C)
§!_	B» (frj
Fig. 10. Metal partitioning to the kiln ash versus kiln exit
temperature at waste feed chlorine concentrations
of 0, 0.7, and 3.4 percent for the parametric test
series using the Calvert Flux-Force/Condensation
scrubber system.
CONCLUSIONS
Data from three sets of parametric trace metal partition-
ing tests performed at the IRF show that metal partitioning
among incinerator system discharges can largely be explained
using only vapor pressure/temperature relationships for metal
species in thermodynamic equilibrium. Given this, the data
from the parametric tests performed to date suggest that
bismuth behavior in an incineration process is quite similar to
that of cadmium, magnesium or strontium behavior is similar
to that of chromium, and copper behavior is similar to that of
arsenic, barium, and lead. With respect to APCS collection
efficiency, magnesium behavior is similar to that of barium,
and bismuth and copper behavior is similar to that of arsenic,
cadmium, and lead. Use of these nonhazardous constituent
metals as surrogates for the corresponding hazardous constit-
uent metals warrants consideration for use in scoping tests
used to guide trial burn planning. Other potential surrogates
can be similarly identified based on equilibrium vapor pres-
sure/temperature calculations.
1	*
Waste Feed Chlorine Content (%)
Cd qi Pfr As to '
Fig. 11. Metal partitioning to the kiln ash versus waste feed
chlorine content at constant kiln exit temperature of
538°, 816°, and 927°C (1,000,1,500, and l^OCF) for
the parametric test series using the Calvert Flux-
Force/Condensation scrubber system.
REFERENCES
1.	FOURN1ER, JR., D. J., W. E. WHITWORTH, J. W. LEE,
andL. R. WATERLAND. "The Fate of Trace Metals in a
Rotary Kiln Incinerator with a Venturi/Packed Column
Scrubber." EPA/600/2-90/043. NTIS No. PB90-263864/AS
and PB90-263872/AS. February 1991.
2.	FOURNIER, JR., D. J., and L. R. WATERLAND. "The
Fate of Trace Metals in a Rotary Kiln Incinerator with a
Single-Stage Ionizing Wet Scrubber." EPA/600/2-91/032.
NTIS No. PB91-223388 and PB91-223396. September
1991.
3.	FOURNIER, JR., D. J., and L. R. WATERLAND. "The
Fate of Trace Metals in a Rotary Kiln Incinerator with a
Calvert Flux-Force/Condensation Scrubber System."
Acurex Environmental draft report prepared under EPA
Contract 68-C9-0038. January 1993.
4.	BARTON, R. G., W. D. CLARK, and W. R. SEEKER.
Tate of Metals in Combustion Systems." Combustion Sci-
ence and Technology. Vol. 74., pp. 327-342,1990.

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440 Waterland METALS FOR TRIAL BURNS
Parametric Teata, Ventu/^acked Column Scrubber
4.2% feed chJortne
Parametric Teats, Venturl Packed Column Scrubber
$71'C (160CF) kiln exit temperature
I-
Parametric Teeta, Ionizing Wet Scrubber
3.9% teed chlorine
Parametric Teats, Ionizing Wet Scrubber
671*C (1600T) kiln exit temperature
Parametric Teata. Catvert Scrubber
3.4% teed chlorine
2	4	6
Waste Feed Chlorine Content (%)
Cd frl Pb Ba C^u Sr Mg
Fig. 13. Apparent scrubber collection efficiency versus wastre
feed chlorine content for the two scrubber systems.
600	700	600	90
Kiln ExR Temperature fC)
Cd jl Pb Aa ttf (frj ^r Mg
1,000
Apparent scrubber collection efficiency versus kiln
exit temperature for the three scrubber systems.

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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please reed Instructions on the reverie before completing)
i
1 REPORT NO. 2.
EPA/600/A-94/068
3. RE Ci Pi E N

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
POTENTIAL SURROGATE METALS FOR INCINERATOR
TRIAL BURNS
5. REPORT DATE
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTMORIS)
Larry P. Waterland and Donald J. Fournier, Jr.
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME ANO AOORESS
Acurex Environmental Corporation
Incineration Research Facility
Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
It. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-C9-0038
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory- Cincinnati, OH
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Published Paper
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/14
IS. supplementary notes project Officer = Howard Wall (513) 569-7691; Published in
Proceedings of the 1993 Incineration Conference, Knoxville, TO 5/3-7/93, p:434~440
i6. ABSTRAgTgr ^ 4 years, the research program at the Environmental Protection
Agency's (EPA s) Incinerator Research Facility (IRF) has developed an extensive
body of metals partitioning data from pilot-scale incineration tests using
synthetic hazardous wastes, actual listed hazardous wastes, and contaminated
materials from Superfund sites. From these data, augmented by bench-scale studies
and some full-scale incinerator tests, it has become apparent that the same metals
volatilization/condensation mechanisms, first used to explain metals enrichment
in flyash from coal combustion 15 years ago, drive metals partitioning in
incinerators. Further metals partitioning can largely be explained using only
vapor pressure/temperature relationships for metal species in thermodynamic
equilibrium in the combustion zone.
Because metals volatility dominates partitioning, surrogates can be used and
the choice of surrogates is simplified. This paper discusses the results of three
extensive parametric test programs performed at the IRF using synthetic hazardous
wastes containing both hazarcous constituent and potential surrogate metals.
These results show that surrogates partition in tne same manner as selected
hazardous constituent metals. Thus, the use of surrogates deserves consideration,
if not in actual trial burns, then at least in scoping tests used to guide the
formal trial burn.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTJFlERS/OPEN ENOEO TERMS
c. cosati Field/Croup
Incineration
Hazardous Waste
Trial Burn
Incinerator Testing
Heavv Metal Emissions


18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY Class (This Report/
Unclassified
21. no. of pages
10
20. SECURITY CLASS (This pagej
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2520 — 1 (R«». 4—77)
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