Water Contaminant Information Tool
Pathogen Contaminant Profile - Comprehensive Report Format
> Data Package for Francisella tularensis
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, OH 45268
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency	EPA/600/S-15/172 [Part 2 of 2]
Office of Research and Development, Homeland Security Research Program	September, 2015

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WCIT Pathogen Contaminant Profile - Comprehensive Report Format
Data Package for Francisella tularensis
Introduction to the Data Package	2
Data Provided for these Tables
•	Properties Relevant to Fate and Transport	4
Properties Relevant to Fate and Transport
•	Drinking Water Treatment Effectiveness
Treatment Process Performance Summary
o Chlorine	7
o Chlorine dioxide	9
o Monochloramine	10
o Ultraviolet.	11
Disinfection Values
o Chlorine	12
o Chlorine dioxide	19
o Monochloramine	21
o Ultraviolet.	23
References Not In Current WCIT	24
l

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Data Package for Francisella tularensis
Introduction
The Water Contaminant Information Tool (WCIT) was developed in support of the June 12, 2002
Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act. The Act amends the Safe
Drinking Water Act (SDWA), and specifies actions community water systems and the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) must take to improve the security of the nation's drinking
water infrastructure.
WCIT is a password-protected, online database for tracking and managing information and
research on priority traditional and nontraditional water contaminants of concern to water
security. Nontraditional contaminants are those that are not significant from a regulatory or
operational perspective, but that could have substantial adverse consequences on the public or
utility if accidentally or intentionally introduced into the drinking water.
The purpose of WCIT is to assist in planning for, and responding to, drinking water
contamination threats and incidents. As a planning tool, WCIT can be used to support vulnerability
assessments, emergency response plans, and the development of site-specific response
guidelines. As a response tool, WCIT can provide real-time information about specific water
contaminants to inform decision makers about appropriate response actions. A secondary
objective of WCIT will be to identify knowledge gaps for priority contaminants, which will in turn,
inform future research efforts.
WCIT contains information on more than 800 chemical, biological, and radiochemical
contaminants. A number of contaminants are only linked to field and laboratory methods. The
contaminants with profiles generally have the following information, when available:
o Contaminant summary, with key information on the fate and transport
o Name and forms including synonyms, degradation products, and by-products
o Physical property measurements and chemical formulas
o Availability of the contaminant and where it is likely to be found
o Properties and processes related to fate and transport
o Basic medical information (for example, treatment, vulnerable subpopulations, and
exposure route)
o Lethal doses and other toxicity data
o Analytical methods, field tests, and sampling information
o Data on the treatment of contaminated drinking water
o Early warning signs that might indicate a contaminant's presence in a water system,
including color, odor, pH, and toxicity tests
2

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o Early warning signs in the environment when water is contaminated, including impact
on local wildlife
o Contaminated wastewater treatment
o Infrastructure decontamination
Pathogen Data Provided
Data supplied in this package covers information about Francisella tularensis related to fate and
transport in the environment, and information on inactivating it in drinking water.
The tables in this data package are in the same order as the tables listed in the WCIT Contaminant
Profile - Comprehensive Report Format. The sections suggested for updates or new data are
indicated in the headings for each page or in the tables.
Data and citations from primary scientific research papers are provided. In some cases, some
references already had codes assigned by WCIT. When a search of all WCIT references (as of
March 26, 2015) did not reveal that a source was included, a notation of "NEW REFERENCE -
needs new code" has been included.
Because there have been no studies on inactivating Francisella tularensis in wastewater or
infrastructure (including biofilms), no data have been provided in this update.
3

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FRAN CI SELLA TULARENSIS - Properties Relevant to Fate and Transport
Table: Properties Relevant to Fate and Transport > Other Information
NEW REFERENCES - need new codes
Properties Relevant to Fate and Transport
References
Other Information
(Water)
Forsman et al. (2000) reported that it required 70
days for F. tularensis subsp. holarctica LVS to
decrease to an undetectable level (as determined
by plate counts) in sterile tap water at 8° C. In
addition, Forsman et al. (2000) stated: the "analysis
showed that approximately 30% of the cells stored
for 140 days in cold water increased in size ..., while
none of the formalin-killed cells increased in size.
Taken together, the results showed that at least 30%
of the 140-day starved cells could be defined as
VBNC .... Nevertheless, if only 30% of the population
were viable, this would have been more than
sufficient to elicit tularemia in mice." No signs or
symptoms of tularemia were observed in the mice.
Forsman, M.,
Henningson, E.W.,
Larsson, E., Johansson,
T., Sandstrom, G. 2000.
Francisella tularensis
Does Not Manifest
Virulence in Viable but
Nonculturable State.
FEMS Microbiology
Ecology, 31(3):217-
224. NEW CODE
Other Information
(Water)
Gilbert and Rose (2012) used culture-based
procedures to determine the viability of F. tularensis
subsp. holarctica NY98 and F. tularensis subsp.
holarctica LVS in sterile tap water.
Ft NY98 persisted for at least 28 days and Ft LVS
persisted for 14 days, up to 21 days in sterile tap
water at 8 °C, but not at 25 °C or 5 °C.
Gilbert, S.E. and Rose,
L.J., 2012. Survival and
Persistence of
Nonspore-forming
Biothreat Agents in
Water. Letters in
Applied Microbiology,
55(3):189-194. NEW
CODE
Other Information
(Water)
Berrada and Telford (2011) reported that F.
novicida U112, F. tularensis subsp. tularensis SSTR9
10 7 (Type A) and F. tularensis subsp. holarctica LVS
(Type B) were able to survive in filter-sterilized
brook water stored at room temperature
(approximately 21° C) for 7 to 10 days. In brackish
water, Type A and F. novicida were culturable for
at least 28 days and Type B for at least 34 days. In
saline, Type B and F. novicida were culturable
between 18 and 21 days and Type A was culturable
between 21 and 28 days. The sulfur residues in
brackish water are theorized to enhance Ft survival.
Berrada, Z. L. and
Telford, III, S.R., 2011.
Survival of Francisella
tularensis Type A in
Brackish-water.
Archives of
Microbiology,
193(3):223-226. NEW
CODE

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FRAN CI SELLA TULARENSIS - Properties Relevant to Fate and Transport
Table: Properties Relevant to Fate and Transport > Other Information
NEW REFERENCES - need new codes
continued
Properties Relevant to Fate and Transport
References
Other Information
(Water; mud)
Parker et al. (1951) reported that natural bodies of
water (potentially contaminated from carcasses or
excreta of infected animals) have been implicated as
primary sources of contamination. Stored at
7 °C, Pasturella tularensis 1 survived for at least 23
days, but not more than 35 days. Naturally
contaminated mud samples stored under these
same conditions gave varying results, with
persistence lasting over a 4 to 10 week period.
Parker et al. (1951) also isolated the organism from
ice formed from naturally contaminated water.
Frozen contaminated water in the laboratory
showed that the organism survived for a period of
not less than 12 days but not 14 days.
Parker et al. (1951) remarked: "There seems to be
no escaping the conviction that the factors
governing persistence are residence in the water or
the mud or both. One hesitates to suggest the
possibility of the multiplication of P. tularensis in a
water-mud medium yet present information
suggests such a hypothesis."
Parker, R.R., Steinhaus,
E.A., Kohls, G.M, and
Jellison, W.L. 1951.
Contamination of
Natural Waters and
Mud with Pasturella
tularensis and
Tularemia in Beavers
and Muskrats in the
Northwestern United
States. National
Institutes of Health
Bulletin, No. 193. U.S.
Government Printing
Office: Washington,
D.C., 61 pp. NEW CODE
Other Information
(Water; mud)
Jellison et al. (1942) reported contamination of pond
water with P. tularensis for at least 31 days. The
final date of water collection was 33 days after any
beaver were present in the pond. The agent was
also present in the mud on the last day of water
sample collection. "The survival of virulent P.
tularensis in one of the water samples was
demonstrated for a period of at least 16 days and
in the mud sample for at least 31 days."
Jellison, W.L., Kohls, G.
M., Butler, W.J., and
Weaver, J.A. 1942.
Epizootic Tularemia in
the Beaver, Castor
canadensis, and the
Contamination of
Stream Water with
Pasturella tularensis.
American Journal of
Hygiene, 36:168-182.
NEW CODE
1 Pasturella tularensis is an earlier name for Francisella tularensis.
5

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FRAN CI SELLA TULARENSIS - Properties Relevant to Fate and Transport
Table: Properties Relevant to Fate and Transport > Other Information
NEW REFERENCES - need new codes
continued
Properties Relevant to Fate and Transport
References
Other Information
(Amoeba)
Abd et al. (2003) reported that coculture of F.
tularensis subsp. holarctica LVS with Acanthamoeba
castellanii (free-living amoeba) resulted in Ft cells being
found intracellular^ in vacuoles in the amoeba. The Ft
was able to multiply within the vacuoles. Ft was found
in both the cysts (formed by Acanthamoeba spp. under
adverse conditions) and the active trophozoite stage.
Abd, H., Johansson,
T., Golovliov, 1.,
Sandstrom, G., and
Forsman, M. 2003.
Survival and Growth
of Francisella
tularensis in
Acanthamoeba
castellanii. Applied
and Environmental
Microbiology,
69(l):600-606. NEW
CODE
Other Information
(Amoeba)
El-Etr et al. (2009) cocultured a variety of F. tularensis
subsp. (one was the less virulent LVS strain, one was
the opportunistic human pathogen subsp. F. novicida,
and 11 were the more virulent Type A strains) with
Acanthamoeba castellanii (free-living amoeba). In
culture media, most virulent strains responded
differently than the vaccine strain (LVS), which is "least
efficient at both association and entry, consistent with
the nonpathogenic nature of this isolate". The amoeba
host rapidly encysted in response to F. tularensis
infection, did not replicate in large numbers, but
survived for a period of 3 weeks, "...we conducted a
detailed characterization of the interaction of multiple
F. tularensis strains with the amoeba A. castellanii and
have demonstrated for the first time the ability of fully
virulent strains to enter and survive in amoebae."
Further: "F. tularensis strains in general replicated at
much lower rates in A. castellanii than other amoeba-
resistant bacteria, such as M. avium and L
pneumophila... The variation in the ability of clinical F.
tularensis strains to associate with and survive in A.
castellanii suggests that more than one environmental
host may exist for F. tularensis."
El-Etr, S.H., Margolis,
J. J., Monack, D.,
Robison, R.A., Cohen,
M., Moore, E., and
Rasley, A. 2009.
Francisella tularensis
Type A Strains Cause
the Rapid
Encystment of
Acanthamoeba
castellanii and
Survive in Amoebal
Cysts for Three
Weeks Postinfection.
Applied and
Environmental
Microbiology,
75(23):7488-7500.
NEW CODE
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FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS - Drinking Water Treatment Effectiveness
Table: Treatment Process Performance Summary - CHLORINE (recommend replacing current
WCIT contents with the following information)
Disinfection - Chlorine [Rose, L. J., Rice, E.W., Jensen, B., Murga, R., Peterson, A., Donlan, R.M.,
and Arduino, M.J. 2005. Chlorine Inactivation of Bacterial Bioterrorism Agents. Applied and
Environmental Microbiology, 71(1): 566-568.]2 JAEM2
Drinking Water
Treatment
Performance
Ct values for a 3-logio reduction of F. tularensis ranged from 1.0 to 10.3 (extrapolated
number).
F. tularensis NY98 showed a Ct value of 10.3 for a 3-logio reduction at 5 °C and a Ct
value of 3.9 for a 3-logio reduction at 25 °C.
F. tularensis LVS showed a Ct value of 2.4 for a 3-logio reduction at 5° C and a Ct
value of 1.0 at 25 °C. Ft NY98 was slightly more resistant to chlorine than Ft LVS. The
pH was 7 for this bench scale study.
Study Conditions
Summary
The initial inoculum (logioCFU) was 6.5 for F. tularensis NY98 at 5 ° and 6.6 at 25 °C;
for F. tularensis LVS it was 7.0 at 5° C and 6.8 at 25 °C. The effect of each chlorine
concentration was tested in triplicate by using chlorine demand-free buffer (0.05 M
KH2P04; pH 7) and maintained at 5 °C and 25 °C. Free available chlorine (FAC) and
total chlorine were monitored by using DPD colorimetric analysis. The reported Ct
values represent the mean of the Ct values calculated for each chlorine
concentration. 3
Process
Performance
Considerations
A 1992 survey of samples from 283 water utilities using chlorine reported a median
residual of 1.1 mg/liter, and a median contact time of 45 min from the first point of
use - from treatment facility to first access point in the water distribution system
(median Ct value = 49.5) [Water Quality Disinfection Committee. 1992. Survey of
water utility disinfection practices. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 84(9): 1-128 NEW
REFERENCE - needs new code]	This study shows that viable F. tularensis would be
reduced by more than 3 orders of magnitude under these median conditions, if pH (7)
and temperatures were similar to those in the present study.
Contaminant
Byproducts
None mentioned
Rating 4
Note: This needs to be assigned.
2	WCIT Reference "JAEM2" (Do not use "AEM7" or "JAEM-9" - they are incorrect variations on the "JAEM2" citation)
3	Decay curves were generated for each organism by using the logio-transformed data of the mean CFU counts at each
time, temperature, and chlorine concentration. Linear regressions...were performed to estimate the time needed for a
99 or 99.9% reduction in viable counts. The Ct values were calculated by multiplying inactivation times for a given
temperature and percent inactivation by the chlorine concentration at that time. The reported Ct values represent the
mean of the Ct values calculated for each chlorine concentration.
4	"Highly effective" means there are quantitative or qualitative data that suggest complete or almost complete
removal (equal to or greater than 99.999% [5-logio] or greater inactivation of pathogens. "Effective" means there are
quantitative or qualitative data suggesting significant but not complete removal (equal to or greater than 99.99% [4-
logio] inactivation of pathogens. "Minimally effective" means there are quantitative or qualitative data suggesting
significant but not complete removal (equal to or greater than 99.9% [3-logio] inactivation of pathogens. "Not
effective" represents data or expert judgment that the process will not be effective (less than 99.9% [less than 3-logio]
inactivation of pathogens. "Unknown" means unknown.
7

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FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS - Drinking Water Treatment Effectiveness
Table: Treatment Process Performance Summary - CHLORINE
NEW REFERENCE - needs new code
Disinfection - Chlorine [O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J., Shams, A.M., Arduino, M.J., and Rice, E.W. 2011.
Chlorine Disinfection of Francisella tularensis. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 52(1): 84-86.] NEW
REFERENCE - needs new code.
Drinking Water
Treatment
Performance
In this bench scale study: a 4 logio reduction of viable F. tularensis counts occurred most
rapidly at pH 7 °C and 25 °C, with no statistical difference between the Ct values (0.7 - 1.7 mg-
min/L) for all tested strains. Disinfection occurred most slowly at pH 8 and 5 °C, with Ct values
ranging from 53.5 to 103.4 mg-min/l	for the wild-type strains, all of which had Ct values at
least double of those for LVS, 24.3 mg-min/L. ANOVA analyses of the Ct values required for a 4
logio reduction in culturable cell numbers showed that for all conditions other than pH 7 and
25 °C, F. tularensis LVS was more sensitive to FAC than any of the wild-type strains (P < 0.029).
Study
Conditions
Summary
FAC solutions at 0.5 mg/L were made by adding a 1:100 dilution of reagent-grade NaOCI to 50
mmol/LKH2P04 (phosphate buffer) adjusted to pH 7 or 8. FAC, and total chlorine levels were
monitored using the N,N- diethyl-p-phenylenediamine colorimetric method (DPD: APHA,
AWWA and WEF. 2005. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater).5
Process
Performance
Considerations
Based on a survey of water treatment plants in the United States that revealed a mean FAC
residual of 1.1 mg/L and a residence time of 45 min, [Water Quality Disinfection Committee.
1992. Survey of water utility disinfection practices. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 84(9): 1-128
NEW REFERENCE - needs new code] water at the most favorable temperature and pH
combination (25 °C, pH 7) would reduce planktonic populations of the most sensitive F.
tularensis strain by 4 logio in less than 1 minute. The least favorable temperature and pH
conditions (5 °C, pH 8) would require up to 1.7 h to reduce planktonic populations of the most
tolerant strain by 4 logio. The decreased efficacy of FAC at pH values greater than 7 is relevant
to utilities using increased pH to reduce pipe corrosion and leaching from lead and copper.
Contaminant
Byproducts
None mentioned.
Rating 6
Note: This needs to be assigned.
5	The logio values of the average CFU counts for each exposure time point were used to construct decay curves. Linear
regression was used to calculate the mean contact concentration time values (Ct, mg-min/L, for 4 logio reductions in
viable cell counts.
6	"Highly effective" means there are quantitative or qualitative data that suggest complete or almost complete
removal (equal to or greater than 99.999% [5-logio] or greater inactivation of pathogens. "Effective" means there are
quantitative or qualitative data suggesting significant but not complete removal (equal to or greater than 99.99% [4-
logio] inactivation of pathogens. "Minimally effective" means there are quantitative or qualitative data suggesting
significant but not complete removal (equal to or greater than 99.9% [3-logio] inactivation of pathogens. "Not
effective" represents data or expert judgment that the process will not be effective (less than 99.9% [less than 3-logio]
inactivation of pathogens. "Unknown" means unknown.
8

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FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS - Drinking Water Treatment Effectiveness
Table: Treatment Process Performance Summary - CHLORINE DIOXIDE
NEW REFERENCE - needs new code
Disinfection - Chlorine Dioxide [Shams, A.M., (yconnell. H., Arduino, M.J., and Rose, L.J. 2011.
Chlorine dioxide inactivation of bacterial threat agents. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 53(2):225-
230.] NEW REFERENCE-needs new code.
Drinking Water
Treatment
Performance 7
Two strains of F. tularensis were inoculated (106 CFU/ml) into a CI02 solution with
an initial concentration of 0.25 mg/L at pH 7 or 8 at 5 °C or 25 °C. At 0.25 mg/L in
potable water, both strains were inactivated by at least three orders of magnitude
within 10 min. These strains "would be inactivated by at least 3-logio while still in
the treatment plant under the temperature and pH conditions used in this study.
Study Conditions
Test solutions were prepared by adding an appropriate aliquot of concentrated
CI02 stock solution to chlorine demand-free buffer (0.05 mol KH2P04, adjusted to
either pH 7 or 8 with 1 mol NaOH). CI02 test solutions (99 ml) were dispensed into
three sterile amber glass flasks (250 ml) with glass stoppers. A positive control of
100 ml CI02 test solution and a negative control of 99 ml 0.05 mol KH2P04 were
prepared. All solutions were allowed to adjust to the required temperatures (5 °C
or 25 °C) before testing began. Test solutions were inoculated by the addition of
1.0 ml of the bacterial suspension to each test flask and the negative control flask
for a final test concentration of 10s CFU/ml.
Process Performance
Considerations
These strains "would be inactivated by at least 3-logio while still in the treatment
plant under the temperature and pH conditions used in this study." Even with the
efficacy reduced at 5 °C, the disinfectant was sufficiently effective.... FAC Ct values
at pH 8 for F. tularensis LVS were previously tested under identical conditions as
this study, and CI02 was found to be superior to FAC in efficacy against this strain.
(FAC data from: O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J., Shams, A.M., Arduino, M.J., and Rice,
E.W. 2011. Chlorine disinfection of Francisella tularensis. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
52(1): 84-86. NEW REFERENCE - needs new code.)
Contaminant
Byproducts
"Some disadvantages to the use of CI02 are the formation of the by-products
chlorite and chlorate (maximum limit < 1.0 mg/L), a higher production cost than
chlorine and the need for specialized equipment on site, and it can cause
unpleasant odors in homes near the treatment plant."
Rating8
Note: Needs to be assigned.
7	Decay curves were generated for each organism, temperature and pH tested using the loglO-transformed data of the
mean CFU counted at each sampling time. The time required to reduce viability of each organism by 2- and 3-logio was
estimated by linear regression of the appropriate segments of the decay curves. Because CI02 concentrations are
expected to decline over the course of the experiment, the CI02 concentration at the time of a given loglO reduction
was estimated by linear regression. The Ct values were calculated by multiplying the inactivation times by the
estimated CI02 concentration at the specific inactivation time. Ct values for a 3-loglO reduction were compared using
the Student's t-test and/or ANOVA with a significant P < 0.05.
8	"Highly effective" means there are quantitative or qualitative data that suggest complete or almost complete
removal (equal to or greater than 99.999% [5-logio] or greater inactivation of pathogens. "Effective" means there are
quantitative or qualitative data suggesting significant but not complete removal (equal to or greater than 99.99% [4-
logio] inactivation of pathogens. "Minimally effective" means there are quantitative or qualitative data suggesting
significant but not complete removal (equal to or greater than 99.9% [3-logio] inactivation of pathogens. "Not
effective" represents data or expert judgment that the process will not be effective (less than 99.9% [less than 3-logio]
inactivation of pathogens. "Unknown" means unknown.
9

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FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS - Drinking Water Treatment Effectiveness
Table: Treatment Process Performance Summary - MONOCHLORAMINE (recommend replacing
current WCIT contents with the following information)
Disinfection - Monochloramine [Rose, L.J., Rice, E.W., Hodges, L., Peterson, A., and Arduino, M.J.
2007. Monochloramine Inactivation of Bacterial Select Agents. Applied Environmental
Microbiology, 73(10): 3437-3439.] 9 AEM-22
Drinking Water
Treatment
Performance
F. tularensis isolates demonstrated a 2-logio inactivation at Ct values of 26.3 to 31.3
(at 25 °C) and a 3-log10 inactivation at Ct values of 30.4 to 37.1 (at 25 °C). F.
tularensis can be reduced by 3-logi0 within 45 min if the water temperature is 15 °C
or higher and the pH is maintained at 8.
Study Conditions
Summary
In the present bench scale study,.... strains of F. tularensis were exposed to
preformed monochloramine, and Ct values were calculated for 2-logi0and 3-logio
inactivation. These studies were conducted at three temperatures representative of
a range found within water distribution systems, 5 °C, 15 °C, and 25 °C at pH 8 for all
temperatures. Decay curves were generated using the mean logio of the CFU counts
at each sample time. The time each organism was inactivated by 99.0% or 99.9%
was determined by linear regression of the appropriate segment of the decay
curve. Disinfectant concentrations at the times of interest were estimated by linear
regression. The Ct values for each inactivation level and test temperature were then
determined by multiplying the inactivation time by the estimated mono- chloramine
concentration.
Process Performance
Considerations
The American Water Works Association found the median time to the first point of
use to be 45 min for the 283 distribution systems responding to a survey [Water
Quality Disinfection Committee. 1992. Survey of water utility disinfection practices.
J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 84(9): 1-128 NEW REFERENCE - needs new code] A
second survey indicated that the median (and target) concentration was 2 mg/liter
monochloramine at the average residence time in the responding distribution
systems [Seidel, C.J., McGuire, M.J., Summers. R.S., and Via, S. 2005. Have utilities
switched to chloramines? J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 97(10): 87-97 NEW REFERENCE
- needs new code]... The study estimates that an organism with a 3-logio Ct of 90
would be inactivated by 3 logio before the median first point of use (45 min) if
introduced early in the distribution system when the monochloramine
concentration is at least 2 mg/liter. F. tularensis can be reduced by 3 logio within 45
min if the water temperature is 15 °C or higher and the pH is maintained at 8.
Contaminant
Byproducts
Monochloramine, though a less effective disinfectant than free chlorine, is being
used increasingly as a secondary disinfectant because it is effective against microbial
regrowth in the distribution systems and because of the tendency to form lower
levels of the disinfection by-products (DBPs) closely regulated by the Disinfectants
and Disinfection By-Product Rules. Fewer taste and odor complaints from
consumers also make monochloramine use attractive. Disadvantages include
problems with controlling excess ammonia to avoid nitrification and the need to
control pH for better efficacy. Many treatment facilities have opted to use
chloramines for residual disinfection and to alternate between FAC and
monochloramine to control nitrification problems and biofilm formation, to boost
disinfection efficacy, and to reduce DBPs.
Rating 10
Note: This needs to be assigned.
9	WCIT Reference "AEM-22" (Note that "Rose" is an incomplete citation for AEM-22 listed in master WCIT reference
list. Recommend deleting it.)
10	"Highly effective" means there are quantitative or qualitative data that suggest complete or almost complete
removal (equal to or greater than 99.999% [5-logio]) or greater inactivation of pathogens. "Effective" means there are
quantitative or qualitative data suggesting significant but not complete removal (equal to or greater than 99.99% [4-
10

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FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS - Drinking Water Treatment Effectiveness
Table: Treatment Process Performance Summary - ULTRAVIOLET
NEW REFERENCE - needs new code
Disinfection - Ultraviolet [Rose, L.J. and O'Connell, H. 2009. UV Light Inactivation of Bacterial
Biothreat Agents. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75(9):2987-2990.] NEW REFERENCE -
needs new code
Drinking Water
Treatment
Performance
The inactivation results for F. tularensis reflect findings similar to those of other
waterborne pathogenic organisms, such as Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei, Yersinia
enterocolitica, and Campylobacter jejuni...
UV irradiation was performed by using a collimated beam apparatus equipped with a
low-pressure lamp (254 nm):
The fluence (mJ/cm2) for 3-logi0 inactivation for F. tularensis LVS was 4.8 and 6.6 for
4-logio inactivation.
The fluence (mJ/cm2) for 3-logio inactivation for F. tularensis NY98 was 6.3 and 8.7
for 4-logio inactivation.
Study Conditions
Summary
Two F. tularensis strains were adjusted to 108CFU/ml in Butterfield buffer (3 mM
KH2PO4, at pH 7.2).... The suspensions were diluted 1:100 in Butterfield buffer for
final test concentrations. Five milliliters of each suspension were placed into a small
petri dish (50-mm diameter) along with a small sterile stir bar, and the petri dish was
placed on a stir plate.... UV irradiation was performed by using a collimated beam
apparatus equipped with a low-pressure lamp (254 nm). Each irradiation test was
conducted at room temperature (23 ± 2 °C) in triplicate. After 10-fold serial dilutions,
the suspensions were plated and counted at 3 to 5 days.... A linear regression of the
fluence response data determined the fluence required for 2-, 3-, and 4-logio
inactivation.
Process
Performance
Considerations
None discussed.
Contaminant
Byproducts
None mentioned.
Rating 11
Note: This needs to be assigned.
logio]) inactivation of pathogens. "Minimally effective" means there are quantitative or qualitative data suggesting
significant but not complete removal (equal to or greater than 99.9% [3-logio]) inactivation of pathogens. "Not
effective" represents data or expert judgment that the process will not be effective (less than 99.9% [less than 3-
logio]) inactivation of pathogens. "Unknown" means unknown.
11 "Highly effective" means there are quantitative or qualitative data that suggest complete or almost complete
removal (equal to or greater than 99.999% [5-logio] or greater inactivation of pathogens. "Effective" means there are
quantitative or qualitative data suggesting significant but not complete removal (equal to or greater than 99.99% [4-
logio] inactivation of pathogens. "Minimally effective" means there are quantitative or qualitative data suggesting
significant but not complete removal (equal to or greater than 99.9% [3-logio] inactivation of pathogens. "Not
effective" represents data or expert judgment that the process will not be effective (less than 99.9% [less than 3-logio]
inactivation of pathogens. "Unknown" means unknown.
11

-------
FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS - Drinking Water Treatment Effectiveness
Table: Disinfection Values - CHLORINE (recommend replacing current WCIT contents with the
following because of incorrect [C mg/L] values in the current WCIT)
Disinfection Values - Chlorine
Inactivation
(%)
CT Value
(mg-min/L)
C
(mg/L)
T
(min)
Temp
(°C)
PH
Notes
Reference 12
99.00
1.5
0.23
-
5
7
LVS - initial inoculum
7.0 (logio CFU)
Rose, L. J., Rice, E.W., et
al. 2005. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 71(1): 566-568.
99.90
2.4
0.23
-
5
7
LVS - initial inoculum
7.0 (logio CFU)
Rose, L. J., Rice, E.W., et
al. 2005. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 71(1): 566-568.
99.00
0.6
0.10
-
25
7
LVS - initial inoculum
6.8 (logio CFU)
Rose, L. J., Rice, E.W., et
al. 2005. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 71(1): 566-568.
99.90
1.0
0.10
-
25
7
LVS - initial inoculum
6.8 (logio CFU)
Rose, L. J., Rice, E.W., et
al. 2005. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 71(1): 566-568.
99.00
7.8
0.20
-
5
7
NY98- initial inoculum
6.5 (logio CFU)
Rose, L. J., Rice, E.W., et
al. 2005. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 71(1): 566-568.
99.90
10.3
extrapolated
0.20
-
5
7
NY98- initial inoculum
6.5 (log10 CFU)
Rose, L. J., Rice, E.W., et
al. 2005. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 71(1): 566-568.
99.00
2.0
0.30
-
25
7
NY98- initial inoculum
6.6 (logio CFU)
Rose, L. J., Rice, E.W., et
al. 2005. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 71(1): 566-568.
99.90
3.9
0.30
-
25
7
NY98- initial inoculum
6.6 (logio CFU)
Rose, L. J., Rice, E.W., et
al. 2005. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 71(1): 566-568.
12 This is JAEM2.
12

-------
FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS - Drinking Water Treatment Effectiveness
Table: Disinfection Values - CHLORINE
NEW REFERENCE - needs new code
Disinfection Values - Chlorine
Inactivation
(%)
Ct Value
(mg-
min/L)
C (mg/L)
T
(min)
Tern
P
(°C)
PH
Notes
Reference
99.00
13.4
0.70
-
5
7
Schu S4 - intial
inoculum 6.7
(logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.90
16.8
0.70
-
5
7
Schu S4 - intial
inoculum 6.7
(logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.99
20.3
0.70
-
5
7
Schu S4 - intial
inoculum 6.7
(logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.00
0.9
0.30
-
25
7
Schu S4 - intial
inoculum 6.5
(logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.90
1.3
0.30
-
25
7
Schu S4 - intial
inoculum 6.5
(logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.99
1.7
0.30
-
25
7
Schu S4 - intial
inoculum 6.5
(logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.00
47.4
1.67
-
5
8
Schu S4 - intial
inoculum 6.4
(logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.90
62.3
1.67
-
5
8
Schu S4 - intial
inoculum 6.4
(logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.99
77.2
1.67
-
5
8
Schu S4 - intial
inoculum 6.4
(logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.00
3.7
0.47
-
25
8
Schu S4 - intial
inoculum 6.3
(logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
13

-------
FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS - Drinking Water Treatment Effectiveness
Table: Disinfection Values - CHLORINE
NEW REFERENCE - needs new code
Disinfection Values - Chlorine continued
Inactivation
(%)
Ct Value
(mg-
min/L)
C (mg/L)
T
(m
in)
Temp
(°C)
PH
Notes
Reference
99.90
4.5
0.47
-
25
8
Schu S4 - intial
inoculum 6.3
(logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.99
5.2
0.47
-
25
8
Schu S4 - intial
inoculum 6.3
(logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.00
13.6
0.64
-
5
7
MA00-2987 -
initial inoculum
6.7 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.90
16.9
0.64
-
5
7
MA00-2987 -
initial inoculum
6.7 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.99
20.2
0.64
-
5
7
MA00-2987 -
initial inoculum
6.7 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.00
0.9
0.41
-
25
7
MA00-2987 -
initial inoculum
6.7 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.90
1.3
0.41
-
25
7
MA00-2987 -
initial inoculum
6.7 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.99
1.6
0.41
-
25
7
MA00-2987 -
initial inoculum
6.7 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.00
64.1
1.80
-
5
8
MA00-2987 -
initial inoculum
6.6 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.90
83.8
1.80
-
5
8
MA00-2987 -
initial inoculum
6.6 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.99
103.4
1.80
-
5
8
MA00-2987 -
initial inoculum
6.6 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.00
2.7
0.45
-
25
8
MA00-2987 -
initial inoculum
6.5 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
14

-------
FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS - Drinking Water Treatment Effectiveness
Table: Disinfection Values - CHLORINE
NEW REFERENCE - needs new code
Disinfection Values - Chlorine continued
Inactivation
(%)
Ct Value
(mg-
min/L)
C
(mg/L)
T
(min)
Temp
(°C)
PH
Notes
Reference
99.90
3.4
0.45
-
25
8
MA00-2987 -
initial inoculum
6.5 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.99
4.2
0.45
-
25
8
MA00-2987 -
initial inoculum
6.5 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.00
14.4
0.96
-
5
7
NM99-1823 -
initial inoculum
6.5 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.90
17.7
0.96
-
5
7
NM99-1823 -
initial inoculum
6.5 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.99
21.0
0.96
-
5
7
NM99-1823 -
initial inoculum
6.5 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.00
0.4
0.16
-
25
7
NM99-1823 -
initial inoculum
6.3 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.90
0.5
0.16
-
25
7
NM99-1823 -
initial inoculum
6.3 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.99
0.7
0.16
-
25
7
NM99-1823 -
initial inoculum
6.3 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.00
45.4
1.22
-
5
8
NM99-1823 -
initial inoculum
6.5 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.90
60.5
1.22
-
5
8
NM99-1823 -
initial inoculum
6.5 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.99
75.7
1.22
-
5
8
NM99-1823 -
initial inoculum
6.5 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.00
2.9
0.39
-
25
8
NM99-1823 -
initial inoculum
6.5 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
15

-------
FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS - Drinking Water Treatment Effectiveness
Table: Disinfection Values - CHLORINE
NEW REFERENCE - needs new code
Disinfection Values - Chlorine continued
Inactivation
(%)
Ct Value
(mg-
min/L)
C
(mg/L)
T
(min)
Temp
(°C)
PH
Notes
Reference
99.90
3.7
0.39
-
25
8
NM99-1823-initial
inoculum 6.5 (logio
CFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.99
4.5
0.39
-
25
8
NM99-1823-initial
inoculum 6.5 (logio
CFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, LJ. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.00
14.2
0.72
-
5
7
WY96-3418-initial
inoculum 6.9 (logio
CFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et al.
Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.90
17.4
0.72
-
5
7
WY96-3418-initial
inoculum 6.9 (logio
CFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et al.
Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.99
20.8
0.72
-
5
7
WY96-3418-initial
inoculum 6.9 (logio
CFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et al.
Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.00
0.8
0.33
-
25
7
WY96-3418-initial
inoculum 6.6 (logio
CFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et al.
Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.90
1.3
0.33
-
25
7
WY96-3418- initial
inoculum 6.6 (logio
CFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et al.
Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.99
1.6
0.33
-
25
7
WY96-3418- initial
inoculum 6.6 (logio
CFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et al.
Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.00
46.8
1.75
-
5
8
WY96-3418- initial
inoculum 6.5 (logio
CFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et al.
Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.90
61.7
1.75
-
5
8
WY96-3418- initial
inoculum 6.5 (logio
CFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et al.
Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.99
76.2
1.75
-
5
8
WY96-3418- initial
inoculum 6.5 (logio
CFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et al.
Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.00
3.3
0.85
-
25
8
WY96-3418- initial
inoculum 6.1 (logio
CFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et al.
Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
16

-------
FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS - Drinking Water Treatment Effectiveness
Table: Disinfection Values - CHLORINE
NEW REFERENCE - needs new code
Disinfection Values - Chlorine continued
Inactivation
(%)
Ct Value
(mg-
min/L)
C
(mg/L)
T
(min)
Temp
(°C)
PH
Notes
Reference
99.90
4.1
0.85
-
25
8
WY96-3418 -
initial inoculum
6.1 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et al.
Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.99
5.0
0.85
-
25
8
WY96-3418 -
initial inoculum
6.1 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.00
9.3
0.90
-
5
7
OR96-0246 -
initial inoculum
6.2 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.90
12.9
0.90
-
5
7
OR96-0246 -
initial inoculum
6.2 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.99
16.5
0.90
-
5
7
OR96-0246 -
initial inoculum
6.2 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.00
0.9
0.28
-
25
7
OR96-0246 -
initial inoculum
6.9 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.90
1.2
0.28
-
25
7
OR96-0246 -
initial inoculum
6.9 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.99
1.5
0.28
-
25
7
OR96-0246 -
initial inoculum
6.9 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.00
47.1
1.76
-
5
8
OR96-0246 -
initial inoculum
7.1 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.90
59.0
1.76
-
5
8
OR96-0246 -
initial inoculum
7.1 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
99.99
70.8
1.76
-
5
8
OR96-0246 -
initial inoculum
7.1 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52(1):
84-86.
17

-------
FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS - Drinking Water Treatment Effectiveness
Table: Disinfection Values - CHLORINE
NEW REFERENCE - needs new code
Disinfection Values - Chlorine continued
Inactivation
(%)
Ct Value
(mg-
min/L)
C
(mg/L)
T
(min)
Temp
(°C)
PH
Notes
Reference
99.90
3.2
0.36
-
25
8
KY99-3387 - initial
inoculum 6.8 (logio
CFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
52(1): 84-86.
99.99
3.8
0.36
-
25
8
KY99-3387 - initial
inoculum 6.8 (logio
CFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
52(1): 84-86.
99.00
5.0
0.82
-
5
7
LVS - initial inoculum
6.3 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
52(1): 84-86.
99.90
6.7
0.82
-
5
7
LVS - initial
inoculum 6.3 (logio
CFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
52(1): 84-86.
99.99
8.5
0.82
-
5
7
LVS - initial
inoculum 6.3 (logio
CFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
52(1): 84-86.
99.00
0.7
0.57
-
25
7
LVS - initial inoculum
6.8 (logioCFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
52(1): 84-86.
99.90
1.0
0.57
-
25
7
LVS - initial
inoculum 6.8 (logio
CFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
52(1): 84-86.
99.99
1.2
0.57
-
25
7
LVS - initial
inoculum 6.8 (logio
CFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
52(1): 84-86.
99.00
15.9
0.97
-
5
8
LVS - initial
inoculum 6.6 (logio
CFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
52(1): 84-86.
99.90
20.1
0.97
-
5
8
LVS - initial
inoculum 6.6 (logio
CFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
52(1): 84-86.
99.99
24.3
0.97
-
5
8
LVS - initial
inoculum 6.6 (logio
CFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
52(1): 84-86.
99.00
2.0
0.47
-
25
8
LVS - initial
inoculum 7.1 (logio
CFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
52(1): 84-86.
99.90
2.7
0.47
-
25
8
LVS - initial
inoculum 7.1 (logio
CFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
52(1): 84-86.
99.99
3.5
0.47
-
25
8
LVS - initial
inoculum 7.1 (logio
CFU)
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J. et
al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
52(1): 84-86.
18

-------
FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS - Drinking Water Treatment Effectiveness
Table: Disinfection Values - CHLORINE DIOXIDE
NEW REFERENCE - needs new code
Disinfection Values - Chlorine Dioxide
Inactivation
(%)
Ct Value
(mg-min/L)
CI02
mg/L
T
(min)
Temp
(°C)
PH
Notes
Inoculum 106
CFU/ml
Reference
99.00
0.8
0.25
-
5
7
LVS
Shams, A.M., O'Connell, H. et al
2011. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
53(2):225-230.
99.90
1.0
0.25
-
5
7
LVS
Shams, A.M., O'Connell, H. et al
2011. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
53(2):225-230.
99.00
0.2
0.25
-
25
7
LVS
Shams, A.M., O'Connell, H. et al
2011. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
53(2):225-230.
99.90
0.2
0.25
-
25
7
LVS
Shams, A.M., O'Connell, H. et al
2011. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
53(2):225-230.
99.00
1.2
0.25
-
5
7
NY98
Shams, A.M., O'Connell, H. et al
2011. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
53(2):225-230.
99.90
1.5
0.25
-
5
7
NY98
Shams, A.M., O'Connell, H. et al
2011. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
53(2):225-230.
99.00
0.2
0.25
-
25
7
NY98
Shams, A.M., O'Connell, H. et al
2011. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
53(2):225-230.
99.90
0.2
0.25
-
25
7
NY98
Shams, A.M., O'Connell, H. et al
2011. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
53(2):225-230.
99.00
0.8
0.25
-
5
8
LVS
Shams, A.M., O'Connell, H. et al
2011. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
53(2):225-230.
99.90
1.0
0.25
-
5
8
LVS
Shams, A.M., O'Connell, H. et al
2011. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
53(2):225-230.
99.00
0.1
0.25
-
25
8
LVS
Shams, A.M., O'Connell, H. et al.
2011. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
53(2):225-230.
99.90
0.2
0.25
-
25
8
LVS
Shams, A.M., O'Connell, H. et al.
2011. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
53(2):225-230.
99.00
0.9
0.25

5
8
NY98
Shams, A.M., O'Connell, H. et al.
2011. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
53(2):225-230.
19

-------
FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS - Drinking Water Treatment Effectiveness
Table: Disinfection Values - CHLORINE DIOXIDE
NEW REFERENCE - needs new code
Disinfection Values - Chlorine Dioxide
continued
Inactivation
(%)
Ct Value
(mg-min/L)
CI02
mg/L
T
(min)
Temp
(°C)
PH
Notes
Inoculum 106
CFU/ml
Reference
99.90
1.1
0.25
-
5
8
NY98
Shams, A.M., O'Connell, H. et al.
2011. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
53(2):225-230.
99.00
0.1
0.25
-
25
8
NY98
Shams, A.M., O'Connell, H. et al.
2011. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
53(2):225-230.
99.90
0.2
0.25
-
25
8
NY98
Shams, A.M., O'Connell, H. et al.
2011. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
53(2):225-230.
20

-------
FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS - Drinking Water Treatment Effectiveness
Table: Disinfection Values - MONOCHLORAMINE 13
Disinfection Values - Monochloramine
Inactivation
(%)
Ct Value
(mg-min/L)
C
(mg/L)
T (min)
Temp
(°C)
PH
Notes
Reference 14
99.00
76.0
-
-
5
8
LVS
Rose, L.J., Rice, E.W. et
al. 2007. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 73(10): 3437-
3439.
99.90
97.9
-
-
5
8
LVS
Rose, L.J., Rice, E.W. et
al. 2007. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 73(10): 3437-
3439.
99.00
61.2
-
-
15
8
LVS
Rose, L.J., Rice, E.W. et
al. 2007. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 73(10): 3437-
3439.
99.90
71.1
-
-
15
8
LVS
Rose, L.J., Rice, E.W. et
al. 2007. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 73(10): 3437-
3439.
99.00
26.3
-
-
25
8
LVS
Rose, L.J., Rice, E.W. et
al. 2007. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 73(10): 3437-
3439.
99.90
30.4
-
-
25
8
LVS
Rose, L.J., Rice, E.W. et
al. 2007. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 73(10): 3437-
3439.
99.00
84.0
-
-
5
8
NY98
Rose, L.J., Rice, E.W. et
al. 2007. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 73(10): 3437-
3439.
13	These data were not included in a "Disinfection Values" table in the current WCIT, although some information was
included in the 'Table: Treatment Process Performance Summary - Disinfection - Chloramine".
14	WCIT Reference "AEM-22" (Note that "Rose" is an incomplete citation for AEM-22 listed in master WCIT reference
list. Recommend deleting it.)
21

-------
FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS - Drinking Water Treatment Effectiveness
Table: Disinfection Values - MONOCHLORAMINE 15
Disinfection Values - Monochloramine continued
Inactivation (%)
Ct Value
(mg-
min/L)
C
(mg/L)
T (min)
Temp
(°C)
PH
Notes
Reference
99.90
116.0
-
-
5
8
NY98
Rose, L.J., Rice, E.W. et
al. 2007. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 73(10): 3437-
3439.
99.00
48.7
-
-
15
8
NY98
Rose, L.J., Rice, E.W. et
al. 2007. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 73(10): 3437-
3439.
99.90
64.8
-
-
15
8
NY98
Rose, L.J., Rice, E.W. et
al. 2007. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 73(10): 3437-
3439.
99.00
31.3
-
-
25
8
NY98
Rose, L.J., Rice, E.W. et
al. 2007. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 73(10): 3437-
3439.
99.90
37.1
-
-
25
8
NY98
Rose, L.J., Rice, E.W. et
al. 2007. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 73(10): 3437-
3439.
15 These data were not included in a "Disinfection Values" table in the current WCIT, although some information was
included in the 'Table: Treatment Process Performance Summary - Disinfection - Chloramine".
22

-------
FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS - Drinking Water Treatment Effectiveness
Table: Disinfection Values - ULTRAVIOLET
NEW REFERENCE - needs new code
Disinfection Values - Ultraviolet
Inactivation
(%)
Fluence
(mJ/cm2)
C
(mg/L)
T
(min)
Temp
(°C)
PH
Notes
Inoculum 10s
CFU/ml
Reference
99.90
4.8
-
-
-
7.2
LVS
Rose, L. J. and O'Connell, H.
2009. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
75(9): 2987-2990.
99.99
6.6
-
-
-
7.2
LVS
Rose, L. J. and O'Connell, H.
2009. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
75(9): 2987-2990.
99.90
6.3
-
-
-
7.2
NY98
Rose, L. J. and O'Connell, H.
2009. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
75(9): 2987-2990.
99.99
8.7
-
-
-
7.2
NY98
Rose, L. J. and O'Connell, H.
2009. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
75(9): 2987-2990.
23

-------
Francisella tularensis: New References (Need Codes)
Abd, H., Johansson, T., Golovliov, I., Sandstrom, G., and Forsman, M. 2003. Survival and Growth of
Francisella tularensis in Acanthamoeba castellanii. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,
69(l):600-606.
AWWA Disinfection Systems Committee. 2008. Committee Report: Disinfection Survey, Part 1 ~
Recent changes, current practices, and water quality. Journal AWWA, 100(10):76-90. (Appears in
Yp and Ft) (Cited as a source in the data package for the mean temperature at entry points in
drinking water distribution systems.)
Berrada, Z. L. and Telford, III, S.R., 2011. Survival of Francisella tularensis Type A in Brackish-water.
Archives of Microbiology, 193(3) :223-226.
El-Etr, S.H., Margolis, J. J., Monack, D., Robison, R.A., Cohen, M., Moore, E., and Rasley, A. 2009.
Francisella tularensis Type A Strains Cause the Rapid Encystment of Acanthamoeba castellanii and
Survive in Amoebal Cysts for Three Weeks Postinfection. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,
75(23):7488-7500.
Forsman, M., Henningson, E.W., Larsson, E., Johansson, T., Sandstrom, G. 2000. Francisella
tularensis Does Not Manifest Virulence in Viable but Nonculturable State. FEMS Microbiology.
Ecology, 31(3):217—224.
Gilbert, S.E. and Rose, L. J., 2012. Survival and Persistence of Nonspore-forming Biothreat Agents
in Water. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 55(3):189-194.
Jellison, W.L., Kohls, G.M., Butler, W.J., and Weaver, J.A. 1942. Epizootic Tularemia in the Beaver,
Castor canadensis, and the Contamination of Stream Water with Pasturella tularensis. American
Journal of Hygiene,16 36:168-182.
O'Connell, H.A., Rose, L.J., Shams, A.M., Arduino, M.J., and Rice, E.W. 2011. Chlorine Disinfection
of Francisella tularensis. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 52(1): 84-86.
Parker, R.R., Steinhaus, E.A., Kohls, G.M, and Jellison, W.L. 1951. Contamination of Natural Waters
and Mud with Pasturella tularensis and Tularemia in Beavers and Muskrats in the Northwestern
United States. National Institutes of Health Bulletin, No. 193. U.S. Government Printing Office:
Washington, D.C., 61 pp.
Rose, L.J. and O'Connell, H. 2009. UV Light Inactivation of Bacterial Biothreat Agents. Applied and
Environmental Microbiology, 75(9):2987-2990.
16 This particular reference is sometimes incorrectly cited as the American Journal of Epidemiology, which it became in
1965.
24

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Francisella tularensis: New References (Need Codes) continued
Seidel, C.J., McGuire, M.J., Summers. R.S., and Via, S. 2005. Have utilities switched to chloramines?
Results from the AWWA Secondary Disinfection Practices Survey. Journal AWWA, 97(10): 87-97.
(Appears in Yp and Ft)
Shams, A.M., O'Connell. H., Arduino, M.J., and Rose, L.J. 2011. Chlorine Dioxide Inactivation of
Bacterial Threat Agents. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 53(2):225-230.
Water Quality Disinfection Committee. 1992. Survey of water utility disinfection practices. Journal
AWWA, 84(9): 1-128. (Appears in Yp and Ft)
25

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