EPA/600/A-94/216
VITRIFICATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
COMBUSTION AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
RESIDUES
USING CORNING, INC. PROCESS
Teresa Kosson, David Kosson, and Ben Stuart
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
P.O. Box 909
Piscataway, NJ 08855-0990
Dale Wexell and John Stempin
Advanced Materials Research
Corning Inc.
SP-FR-5-1
Corning, NY 14831
ABSTRACT
A demonstration was conducted to vitrify municipal solid waste (MSW) combustor air pollution
control residue (APC) under the USEPA Municipal Waste Innovative Technology Evaluation
Program, A duplicate demonstration was conducted using a process developed by Coming Inc. in
a cold crown melter. The resulting vitrified product was a monophased, homogeneous, and
physically durable glass. Cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and zinc did not volatilize during the
vitrification process. These contaminants did not leach from the vitrified product based on the
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure, the Availability Leaching Test, the Monolithic
Leaching Test, or the Accelerated Strong Acid Durability Test. All data were very similar
indicating the vitrification process is reproducible.
1

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INTRODUCTION
The US Environmental Protection Agency is evaluating the treatment of Municipal Solid Waste
(MSW) residues under the Municipal Innovative Technology Evaluation (MITE) Program.
Vitrification is among the treatment technologies being evaluated. Rutgers, The State University of
New Jersey, was funded by the USEPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL) to
provide oversight and to evaluate a laboratory scale vitrification process for municipal solid waste
combustion (MWC) air pollution control (APC) residues. Corning Inc. funded all costs associated
with process demonstration. Duplicate melting demonstrations were conducted at Corning Inc.
under observation.
The MSW combustor APC residue evaluated in this study was collected from a modern mass
bum facility with a nominal capacity rating of 2,100 tons/day. The service area of the facility was
primarily household waste with some commercial and industrial contributions. The APC residue
consisted of mixed residuals from the lime slurry drier acid gas scrubber and the baghouses. An
elemental analysis of the APC residue on a weight basis is presented in Table 1.
A cold crown glass melter is used in the Corning Inc. vitrification process. A cold crown
melter is a melter in which a blanket of unmelted feed is maintained on top of the molten glass
throughout the process. Additives mixed with the APC residue are fed into the cold crown melter
where high temperatures are sustained producing a homogeneous, single phase glass.
Objectives
The objectives of this evaluation were to:
1.	Demonstrate that cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and zinc are retained in the vitrified
product.
2.	Demonstrate that a monophased, homogeneous, physically durable, vitrified product is
produced from vitrification of APC residue, and;
3.	Assess the leachability of metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and zinc) from the
vitrified product.
This paper investigates the retention of metals in the vitrified product by performing mass
balances around the processes involved in the vitrification. The physical tests data were evaluated
to determine if a monophased, homogeneous, physically durable glass could be produced.
Leaching test data were evaluated to assess the leachability of metals.
VITRIFICATION PROCESS
The vitrification process was conducted in a bench-scale cold crown glass melter with an
offgas collection system. The feed materials were fed into the top of the cold crown melter so that
a blanket of unmelted feed was maintained on top of the molten glass. This blanket of unmelted
feed served as a cooling layer for gases formed during the melting process and refluxes condensed
volatile constituents back into the reactor. The temperature of the molten glass in the melter was
between 1200 - 1550°C with the exact temperature being proprietary.
The Corning Inc. vitrification process for APC residue consisted of three stages including:
dechlorination, blending with proprietary additives, and melting. Figure 1 presents the process
flow diagram for the vitrification process. The design of the melter and the offgas collection
system and details of each step for the demonstration are discussed in the following sections.
Melter and Offgas Collection System
The cold crown glass melting unit consisted of a silica crucible placed in a radiant electric
heating furnace. The top of the crucible extended through the top of the furnace to allow for
continuous batch feeding. The bottom of the crucible contained a resealable orifice through which
molten glass was periodically removed.
The offgas collection system consisted of an inverted glass funnel connected with silicone
tubing to a series of three impingers terminated by a carbon trap. The first impinger was filled with
distilled water and kept in an ice bath. The second impinger also was filled with distilled water.
The third impinger was filled with 1.2 N NaOH and phenol red indicator. A slight negative
pressure was maintained throughout the off gas collection system with a flow of approximately
775 ft/min through use of a vacuum pump. At completion of the demonstration, the vacuum was
maintained until the melter had cooled to a minimum temperature of 400°C.
2

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Dechlorination
The Coming Inc. vitrification process limited the feed chloride content to a maximum of 5 wt
%. The APC residue as supplied contained 16 wt % chloride and this required dechlorination as a
first process step. Dechlorination was performed by extracting the APC residue with deionized
(DI) water using two sequential extractions. In the first extraction, five liters of DI water per kg of
APC residue was combined and mixed for 15 minutes, then allowed to settle for 16 hours. Clear
supernatant was decanted and filtered with Whatman 41 filter paper. The solids retained on the
filter paper were scraped off and returned to the extraction vessel for an identical second extraction
procedure. The moist, dechlorinated APC residue then was dried at 500°C for 16 hours. Total
recovery from the extraction process was 87 % of the total water added as filtrate and 99.7 % of
the APC residue. Each sequential dechlorination was conducted in six separate batches due to
laboratory scale limitations. Table 2 presents chemical analysis of the dechlorinated APC residues
on a weight basis after drying at 500°C.
Blending With Proprietary Additives
The APC residue was blended in three batches, subdivided, recombined, and remixed twice
using a turbula mixer. The batch mix consisted of 18 kg of dechlorinated APC residue and 16.7
kg of glass forming additives. Exact composition of the process additives was proprietary. The
batch additives were analyzed separately and did not contribute any cadmium, chromium, lead or
zinc to the batch mix.
Melting
The cold crown melter was heated continuously during operation. Batch mix was added
intermittently to the top of the melter as required to maintain the cold crown on top of the molten
material. The melter was operated with batch mix feed but without vitrified product withdrawal
(delivery through the bottom orifice) for a period of one hour. This period was followed by
operation with both intermittent batch mix feed and continuous vitrified product delivery for 20
minutes to complete one operating cycle. This mode of operation was maintained for five cycles.
Mix was added to the top of the crucible at typically 10 minute intervals to maintain the layer of
unmelted material on top of the molten glass. The 34 kg of mix yielded approximately 15 kg of
glass during the melt process. Both unmelted batch mix and molten product remained in the melter
at the conclusion of operation. This material was quantified after the melter cooled. The molten
glass was collected in preheated graphite molds and annealed at approximately 1000°F.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Solid samples were prepared for total elemental analysis by mixing with an alkali borate and
fusing at 1000°C. The fused samples were then dissolved in distilled water and analyzed for
elemental composition using inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Alkali earth elements were
analyzed using flame emission spectroscopy after preparing samples by acid digestion. These
analysis were conducted in the Coming Inc. Analytical Laboratories.
Anion analysis were conducted using ion chromatography at the Rutgers University,
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering. Duplicate metals analysis also were
conducted on selected samples using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Low level metal
concentrations in leaching test extracts were analyzed by ICP mass spectroscopy by the Rutgers
University Department of Chemistry. Duplicate analysis for total elemental composition were
conducted by neutron activation at the University of Illinois in Urbana.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND LEACHING PROPERTIES TESTS
Physical Properties Tests
Several physical properties of the vitrified product were determined for evaluation. These
included: softening point, annealing point, strain point, thermal expansion, density and the
Accelerated Strong Acid Durability Test. Each are briefly discussed in the following sections.
The viscosity of glass varies continuously from the molten state to the lowest temperature at
which structural adjustments are perceptible, provided the glass is maintained in a stabilized
condition. The softening, annealing, and strain points are common viscosity fix points. Viscosity
fix points are the temperatures corresponding to approximate viscosity levels that have been found
useful for control studies.
3

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Softening Point, The softening point is the temperature at which a fiber of uniform diameter
elongates under its own weight at a rate of Imm/min while the upper 100 mm of length is heated at
a rate of 5°C/min. ASTM C-338 Method for the Determination of Fiber Elongation Softening
Point was used to determine the softening point of the vitrified product.
Annealing and Strain Point. Annealing and Strain point determinations were made using the
beam bending viscometer according to ASTM C598 Standard Test Method for Annealing Point and
Strain Point of Glass Beam Bending. At the annealing point, internal stresses are substantially
relieved in a matter of minutes. At the strain point, internal stresses are substantially relieved in a
matter of hours.
Thermal Expansion. Thermal expansion is the change in length caused by a change in
temperature. Glass expansion is an important property in many applications and is frequently set
for operating limits. The thermal expansion was determined according to ASTM E-228.
Density. The density (weight per unit volume) was determined according to ASTM-693.
Accelerated Strong Acid Durability Test. The Accelerated Strong Acid Durability Test (ASAD)
was selected to determine the durability of the vitrified product in an aggressive acidic pH regime
(pH < 1). This test is carried out on a sample crushed to less than 9.5 mm. The crushed sample is
challenged with 5% HC1 (pH < 1) for 24 hours at a 20:1 liquid to solid ratio. A constant
temperature of 95°C was maintained during the extraction .
Leaching Properties Tests
Four leaching test were performed on the vitrified product. Resulting extracts were analyzed
for a range of metals and ions. This paper will limit the evaluation of leachability to cadmium,
chromium, copper, lead, and zinc. The leaching tests included the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching
Procedure (TCLP), the Availability Leaching Test (ALT), the Monolithic Leaching Test (MLT),
and the Accelerated Strong Acid Durability Test (ASAD). Each are discussed in the following
sections.
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Test (TCLP). The TCLP was selected to provide a
framework of comparison only. The TCLP was carried out in accordance with the method
outlined in the 29 Jun 1990 Federal Register, Volume 55, No. 126. This test is carried out on a
sample crushed to less than 9.5 mm. Extraction is carried out at a 20:1 liquid to solid ratio using
dilute acetic acid.
Availability Leach Test (ALT). The ALT was selected to assess the maximum amount of
specific elements or species which could be released under an assumed "worst case" environmental
scenario. This test was originally developed by the Netherlands Energy Research Center (ECN).
The test is carried out on a sample crushed and size reduced to less than 300 mm. Two serial
extractions are carried out, each at a 100:1 liquid to solid ratio, using distilled water. The pH is
controlled to pH 7 during the first extraction and to pH 4 during the second extraction, using an
automatic pH controller which delivers dilute nitric acid. The first and second extracts are
combined for analysis. This test generally extracts all species which are not tightly bound in a
mineral or glassy matrix. The test does not provide information on the rate of contaminant release. *
Accelerated Strong Acid Durability TestfASADI. The Accelerated Strong Acid Durability Test
was selected to assess the effect of an aggressive acidic pH regime on the mobility metals inherent
to the vitrified glass. This test is described in the Physical Properties Tests section.
Monolith Leach Test (MLT). The Monolith Leach Test was selected to assess the release rate
of specific elements and species from the vitrified product under diffusion controlled conditions.
The MLT was carried out based on a modification of the American Nuclear Society (ANS)
American National Standard Measurement of the Leachability of Solidified Low-Level Radioactive
Wastes by a Short-Term Test Procedure.(ANSI-16.1-1986). The test was carried out using a 2-in.
diameter by 2-in. long cylindrical, vitrified sample instead of the specified size test specimen.
Samples were extracted by contacting with a specified volume of distilled water for up to 64 days.
Contacting water was replaced with fresh distilled water at 1,2,4,8,16,32 and 64 days and
analyzed for metals and other species.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
Mass Balance
A process mass balance was performed to determine the amount of specific elements retained in
the product and the fate of elements not retained. Separate mass balances were made around the
dechlorination process and around the vitrification process. This paper will limit the mass balance
4

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discussion to cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, zinc, and chloride. The mass balance data for
each demonstration are presented in Table 4.
Dechlorination Mass Balance. The percent change of the mass of each element in the APC
residue during dechlorination were calculated from the difference in the elemental content before
dechlorination and after dechlorination. Negative percent changes indicate removal during
dechlorination. No change or small changes indicate that dechlorination had no affect and the
element remained in the APC residue.
Dechlorination did not alter the APC residue content of cadmium or chromium. Small
quantities of copper and zinc were removed during dechlorination, but only in one of the two
demonstrations. This decrease can likely be attributed to analytical error and it can be assumed
copper and zinc were retained in the APC residue. The dechlorination process removed
approximately 25% of the lead and 97% of the chloride.
Vitrification Mass Balance. The percent change of the mass of each element in the APC residue
during vitrification was calculated from the difference in the elemental content before vitrification
and after vitrification. Negative percent changes indicate mass losses during vitrification. Positive
percent changes indicate increases in mass during vitrification and are attributable to analytical and
sampling error. No change or small percent changes indicate that the element was retained in the
vitrified product.
Percent changes for chromium and copper was very small indicating they were retained in the
vitrified product. Cadmium, lead and zinc exhibited positive percent changes for both
demonstrations averaging 34 %, 10 %, and 14 % respectively. These mass increases are
attributable to analytical and sampling error and it is assumed that cadmium, lead, and zinc were
retained in the vitrified product. The vitrification process resulted in loss of chloride with an
average negative percent change of 53 %. This loss can be attributed to volatilization and, or,
uncontrolled dusting.
Physical Testing Results.
The vitrified product was a clear glass, emerald green in color. It was seedy but free of any
stones or crystalline inclusions. Table 5 list the physical properties of the vitrified products. The
physical properties were very similar between demonstrations indicating reproducibility of the
Coring Inc. vitrification process.
The vitrified products demonstrated excellent acid durabilities with 
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product The cadmium, chromium and lead are below detection limit in the vitrified product
leachate. Copper concentrations were the same order of magnitude as the detection limit. Zinc
concentrations were three orders of magnitude higher than the detection limit.
Monolith Leach Test (MLT). The MLT was selected to assess the release rate of specific
elements and species from the vitrified product under diffusion controlled conditions. The MLT
data evaluation is in the preliminary stages, but in general, excluding zinc, most contaminant
concentrations were near or below detection limit. For zinc, only the initial challenges produced
leachate with elevated levels and the following challenges resulted very low to nonexistent
concentrations of zinc. Figure 2 illustrates this behavior for zinc. The 1 day challenge leachates
had zinc concentrations four times that of the blank. The following leachates had cumulative zinc
release parallel to that of the blank which is primarily background.
Discussion of Leaching Results. The leaching behavior of the elements was very systematic
based on the results of the leaching tests conducted. Cadmium, chromium, and lead were
immobile, and trace amounts of copper were mobile or released, in each of the leaching tests
conducted. Vitrification yields a product that tightly binds cadmium, chromium, lead, and copper
to extreme environmental conditions such as low pH and high liquid-to-solid solubility ratios.
Zinc also exhibited systematic behavior according to the TCLP and ALT release and extraction
concentration in the ASAD. Examination of the MLT results show that only the initial challenge of
the vitrified products to the leachate resulted in elevated concentrations of zinc. (See Figure 2).
After the initial washoff, zinc released per unit area was no higher than that of the leachate blanks
of subsequent challenges. The mobility of zinc can likely be attributed to surficial dissolution
phenomena.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
A bench scale demonstration of cold crown vitrification of MWC combustor APC residue was
conducted at Coming Inc. under observation. Prior to vitrification, dechlorination of the APC
residue was successfully conducted. Duplicate batches consisting of 52 wt. % dechlorinated APC
residue and 48 wt. % glass forming additives were vitrified in the cold crown melter. A clear,
green amorphous, monophased, glass was produced. The chemical and physical data for the two
demonstrations were very similar.
A mass balance performed around the dechlorination process revealed 97 % of the chlorine and
approximately 30 % of the lead was removed. It was determined that lead could be retained in the
APC residue during dechlorination by maintaining a pH of 9.8 subsequent to the demonstration.
Future project demonstrations will be conducted using dechlorination processes that retain lead.
A mass balance also was performed around the vitrification process. Cadmium, chromium,
copper, lead, and zinc were retained in the vitrified product. Greater than half of the chloride was
not retained. Losses during vitrification can be attributed to volatilization of the elements and to
dusting of the APC residue.
The physical properties of the vitrified product were within the range of those for a soda lime
glass system. The vitrified product was very durable in an acidic regime (pH <1) and results of all .
physical testing were very similar for both demonstrations.
The Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) leachate concentrations for cadmium,
chromium, copper, and lead were near or below detection limits. Zinc had substantially larger
release rates and extract concentrations than the other elements evaluated. Similar behavior of the
cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and zinc was observed for the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching
Procedure (TCLP), Availability Leach Test (ALT) and the Accelerated Strong Acid Durability Test
(ASAD). For the Monolithic Leach Test (MLT) cumulative release over the 64 day period did not
exceed that of the methods blanks for cadmium, chromium, copper, and lead. However, for zinc
the initial challenge leachate had concentrations two orders of magnitude higher than the blank.
After the initial challenge, zinc concentrations were not distinguishable from the methods blanks.
This behavior of zinc can be attributed to surficial washoff.
The following conclusions were made based on the data generated during the vitrification of
MSW combustor APC residues using the Corning Inc. process.
1.	Vitrification of MSW combustor APC residue yielded a monophased, homogeneous,
physically durable vitrified product.
2.	Cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and zinc can be retained during cold crown
vitrification.
6
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3.	Cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and zinc show systematic behavior for the TCLP,
ALT, MLT and the ASAD. The cadmium, chromium copper and lead concentrations in the
leachate of each leaching test were very near or below detection limit. Based on MLT data,
elevated zinc concentrations can be attributed to surficial dissolution phenomena.
4.	The vitrified product TCLP leachate concentrations for cadmium, chromium copper, lead
and zinc were near or below detection limit and well below the maximum allowable limit
for regulated materials.
5.	Vitrified products from both demonstrations were similar in chemical composition, had
similar physical and durability properties and exhibited the same systematic leaching
behavior.
REFERENCES
1. 7 NOV. 1986 Federal Register, Vol. 51, No. 142.
2 29 Mar. 1990 Federal Register, Vol. 55,11798.
3.	29 June 1990 Federal Register, Vol. 55, No. 126.
4.	D.R. Wexell, "Vitrification of MSW Flyash for Heavy Metal Stabilization"." in Proceedings of
the 4th Annual ACS Division of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Symposium on "Emerging
Technologies for Hazardous Waste Management" Atlanta, Ga, September 21-23,1992.
5.	Glass Engineering Handbook. G. W. McLellan, E. B. Shand, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill
Book Company, New York, NY, pp. 1-11 - 3-11.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was funded by the USEPA, Risk Reduction and Engineering Laboratory under
Cooperative Agreement # CR 818178-01-0. Carlton Wiles is the project officer. The views
expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily express views or policies of
the USEPA.
Table 1. Elemental Analysis % of APC Residue Prior to Treatment (wt %).
Element
Weight %
Element
Weight %
Si
7.4
CM
0.024
Al
3.17
CU
0.0445
G»
25.66
Cr
0.023
Na
2.13
As
0.00674
K
2.45
Ni
0.0038
Zn
1.50
Mo
0.0067
Fe
0.79
C
1.49
Ti
0.71
S
2.89
Ba
0.047
CI
16.1
Pb
0.41


7
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Table 2. Chemical Analysis of Dechlorinated APC Residue (wt %),
Element
Demo 1
Demo 2
A!
4.5
4.5
As
<0.01
<0.01
Ba
0.06
0.06
Ca
25.5
26
Cd
0.03
0.04
Cr
0.03
0.03
Cu
0.06
0.07
Fe
1.15
1.0
K
1.4
1.4
Mo
<0.01
<0.01
Na
1.1
1.5
M
<0.01
<0.01
Rj
0.42
0.42
9
7.5
7.0
Ti
1.0
0.95
Zn
2.15
2.25
a
0.75
0.41
s
3.45
3.55
Table 3. Chemical Analysis based on weight % of total mass % of vitrified product

Demonstration 1 (wt %)
Demonstration 2 (wt %)
Al
3.3
3.4
As
<0.01
<0.01
Ba
0.03
0.03
Ca
16
16.7
Cd
0.03
0.03
Cr
0.02
0.02
Cu
0.04
0.04
Ft
0.73
0.78
K
0.8
0.8
Mo
<0.01
<0.01
Na
4.3
4.3
M
<0.01
<0.01
PI)
0.24
0.28
9
27.3
27.5
Tl
0.73
0.73
Zn
1.53
1.58
a
0.55
0.51
s
0.66
0.6
c
<0.01
<0.01
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Table 4. Mass Balance Data for Dechlorination Process and Vitrification Process.
DEMO 1	Dechlorination Process	Vitrification Process


After


Material


Element
APC Residue
Dechlorination
Percent

Remaining in
Vitrified
Percent

(q)
(q)
Chanqe (%)
Batch Mix (q)
Melter (q)
Product (q)
Chanqe (%)
ca
6.7
6.7 . .
0
5.0
2.9
3.9
36**
Cr
6.4
6.4
0
5.1
2.3
3.0
4 * *
Cu
1 3
1 2
-8**
1 1
-4.6
6.0
- 4 * *
Pb
117
83
-29
66
38
36
1 2**
Zn
430
430
0
370
170
230
8**
CI
4600
150
-97
390
71
83
-6 1 *
DEMO 2
Dechlorination Process

Vitrification
Process

ca
7.0
7.0
0
4.7
2.9
3.3
32**
Cr
6.2
6.2
0
4.9
2.5
2.4
0
Ou
1 4
1 4
. 0
9.3
4.9
4.8
3 * *
Pb
11 0
84
-24*
61
33
33
8 * *
Zn
460
450
- 2 * *
310
1 80
1 90
19**
CI
4600
82
-98"
340
130
61
-44*
*	Attributed to removal during process, most likely due to volatilization
*	* Attributed to analytical error
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Tabic 5. Physical Properties of Vitrified Product.
Demo 1	Demo 2
Quality
Color
Softening point
Annealing point
Strain point
Thermal expansion
Density
Acid durability
Amorphous,
single phase,
clear
Emerald green
804°C
632°C
595°C
79.9 x 10*7/°C
2.728 g/cc
2
<1 mg/cm
weight loss
Amorphous,
single phase,
clear
Emerald green
808°C
637°C
598°C
80.3 x 10"7/°C
2.719 g/cc
2
<1 mg/cm
weight loss
Table 6. Leaching Test Data.
Table 6A. Percent of Total Composition Released During TCLP and ALT on Vitrified APC Residue.
TCLP	ALT
Element
Total
Concentratio
mq/kq
% of total
mq/kq
% of total
Cadmium
258
BDL(1)
Na(2)
BDL
NA
Chromium
195
BDL
NA
BDL
NA
Copper
388
0.4
0.10%
BDL
NA
Lead
2506
BDL
NA
BDL
NA
Zinc
15016
15.10
0.10%
53.00
0.35%
Table 6B.
ASAD Reported on an Extraction Concentration Basis (mg/1).



Yitrified Product


Element
Demonstration 1
Demonstration 2
Detection Limit
Cadmium

BDL
BDL

0.01
Chromium

BDL
BDL

0.001
Copper

0.05
0.03

0.01
Lead

BDL
BDL

0.01
Zinc

1.12
1.19

0.006
(1)	BDL - Below Detection Limit
(2)	NA - Not Applicable
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Dl Water Dl Water
Additives
^ / /
Residuei /	/
	" % - % -
Water Vapor
Olf Gasses
±
500 C
Transfer line
, ¦ ,1 I
Batch
Crucible'
Carbon hST
'	Vacuum
NaOH Impinger
Dechlorination Dechlorination
Extract 1 Extract 2
Glass 01 Impingtrs
Product
DECHLOFUNATON	BLENDNG	MELTING
WPROCESS
ADOmVES
Figure 1. Process Flow Diagram for the Coming Vitrification
Demonstration.
Zinc Released per Unit Area
1000
cy
E
O)
JE£i
©

if
3
E
3
o
Blank
O— C2
e—DL
30 40
Day
Figure 2. Zinc released per unit area.
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Pk«se rati l&*nxak>a* era tbt newer* before conpkiiAf)
1. REPORT NO,
FPA/fi00/A-94/?1ft
2.
3
4. title and subtitle Vitrification of Municipal Solid Waste
Combustion Air Pollution Control Residues Using Corning,
Inc. Process
5. REPORT DATE
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7.AirrHOR(S) Teresa Kosson, David Kosson, and Ben Stuart
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; Dale Wezell
and John Stempin, Advanced Materials Research, Corning,
Inc.
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS Rutgers, The State
University of New Jersey, Department of Chemical and
Biochemical Engineering, P.O. Box 909, Piscataway, NJ
08855- 0909; Advanced Materials Research, Corning, Inc.,
SP-FR-5-1, Corning, NY 14831
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
CR818178-01-0
i2. sponsoring agency name and address U. S. EPA, Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr.,
Cincinnati, OH 45268
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Dublished oaoer
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/14
is. supplementary notes Project Officer: Carlton C. Wiles, 513-569-7795
1993 International MWC Conference Research Triangle Park, NC; May 1993? pg 1-11
16.abstract A demonstration was conducted to vitrify municipal solid waste (MSW) combustor air
pollution control residue (APC) under the USEPA Municipal Waste Innovative Technology
Evaluation Program. A duplicate demonstration was conducted using a process developed by
Corning Inc. in a cold crown melter. The resulting vitrified product was a monophased,
homogeneous, and physically durable glass. Cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and zinc did
not volatilize during the vitrification process. These contaminants did not leach from the
vitrified product based on the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure, the Availability
Leaching Test, the Monolithic Leaching Test, or the Accelerated Strong Acid Durability Test.
All data were very similar indicating the vitrification process is reproducible.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
«. OESCfllPTOfiS
b.lDeVTlFIEBS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
C. OOa*Tl F«W/Qraup
Vitrification
municipal solid waste


18. distribution statement
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (m.
Unclassified
3i. NO. OF PAGES
12
20. SECURITY CltASS cm****)
unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 {*•*. 4-77) PflEVKXS EQmON iS OBSOLETE
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