EPA 503/4-90-0C2
SeptemMr 1&65
SUMMARY OF U.S.
EPA-APPROVED METHODS,
STANDARD METHODS, AND
OTHER GUIDANCE FOR 301 (h)
MONITORING VARIABLES
Prepared by:
Tetra Tech, Inc.
11820 Northup Way, Suite 100
Bellevue, Washington 98005
Prepared for:
Marine Operations Division: 301(h) Program
Office of Marine and Estuarine Protection
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street SW
Washington, D.C. 20460
Pnn!ed op Rsc/cntd pQpdf
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SUMMARY OF U.S. EPA-APPROVED METHODS, STANDARD METHODS, AND OTHER
GUIDANCE FOR 301(h) MONITORING VARIABLES
INTRODUCTION
Monitoring programs for 301(h) dischargers should provide data with
which to evaluate the impact cf the modified discharge on marine, biota,
demonstrate compliance with applicable water quality standards, and measure
toxic substances in the discharge. Thirty-two biological, sediment, and
water quality variables may be included in 301(h) monitoring programs to
provide such data. The biological and sediment variables are applicable
to samples collected from the receiving environment. The water quality
variables are applicable to samples collected from both effluent and receiving
water.
Collection o£ high quality data that are conparable among dischargers
requires that analytical methods for each monitoring variable follow established
protocols. Available methods for each of the 32 variables are discussed
in this synopsis and summarized in Table 1. Methods are divided into three
categories: U.S. EPA methods, standard methods, and additional methods
available in the scientific literature. U.S. EPA methods are divided further
into those that have been approved by the agency, those that have been
suggested but not approved, and those for which there is an agency guidance
document. Standard methods refer exclusively to American Public Health
Assoication (APHA) standard methods (i.e., APHA 1985). Additional methods
are founc in a variety of documents.
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TABLE 1. U.S. EPA-APPRCVED METHODS AND GUIDANCE DOCUMENTS
FOR MEASURING BIOLOGICAL, SEDIMENT, AND WATER QUALITY
VARIABLES IN 301(h) MONITORING PROGRAMS
Category/Variable
U.
Approved
S. EPA Methods
Suggested Guidance
Standard
Methods
Ac d i t i 0 r, a 1
Methocs
Water Quality Variables
pH
X
X
X
Temoerature
X
X
Turbidity
X
X
Total suspended solids
X
X
X
Settleable solids
X
X
Floating particulates
X
Dissolved oxygen (Winkler)
X
X
Dissolved oxygen (Probe)
X
X
Biochemical oxygen demand
X
X
Oil and grease
X
X X
Nitrogen (ammonia)
X
X X
X
X
Nitrogen (total Kjeldahl)
X
X
X
Nitrogen (nitrate-nitrite)
X
X
X
X
Phosphorus
X
X X
X
Priority pollutant metals
xa
X
.0
X
X
Priority pollutant organic
compound s
X
X
Total and fecal coliform
bacteria
X
X
Enterococcus bacteria
X
Sediment Variables
Grain size
X
X
Total volatile solids
X
X
Total organic carbon
X
X
Oil and grease
X
X X
X
Priority pollutant metals
X
0
X
Priority pollutant organic
compound s
X
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Biological Variables
Phtyoplankton
Chlorophyl1 _a
Zooplankton
Benthic infauna
Demersal fishes and
megainvertebrates
Fish histopathology
Bioaccuirul ation (priority
pol1utant metals)
Bioaccimulation (priority
pollutant organic
compound s)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
xe
Xf
a Except asbestos.
^ Cyanide only.
c Mercury only.
^ Comprehensive unpublished interim guidelines and further guidance in Plumb (I9S1)
e Field methods only.
f Laboratory estimation of bioconcentration factors only.
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Water Duality Variables
p'H--
Ar approved U.S. E3A method (No. 150.1) for pH analysis is given in
U.S. EPA (1979). U.S. EPA guidance for determination of pH is described
by Plumb (1981). Standard methods are *ound in Section 423 of APHA (1985).
Temperature
An aoprovec U.S. EPA method (No. 170.1) for temperature rreasurenents
is given in U.S. EPA ( 1 979). Standard rretnocs are found ir. Section 212
of APHA (1985).
Turbidity
An approved U.S. EPA method (No. 180.1) for turbidity measurements
is given in U.S. EPA (1979). Stancard methods are found in Section 214
of APHA ( 1985) .
Total Suspended Solids--
An approved U.S. EPA method (No. 160.2) for total suspended solids
analysis is given in U.S. EPA (1979). U.S. EPA guidance for analysis of
total solids is provided by Plumb (1981). Standard methods are founc in
Section 209C of APHA (1985).
Settleable Solids--
An approved U.S. EPA method (No. 160.5) for settleable solids analysis
is given in U.S. EPA (1979). Standard methods are found in Section 209E
APHA (1985).
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Floating'Pa^ticulates--
No nethod for tne analysis of floating particulates nas been approved
by the U.S. EPA. A proposed standard method (No. 20 5A) for the analysis
of floating particulates is found in APHA (1985).
Dissolved Oxygen (Winkler Method)--
An approved U.S. EPA.method (No. 360.Z) for cissolved oxygen ana'ysis
using the Winkler Method is given in U.S. EPA (1979). Standard nethods
are found in Sections 4 21A -E of APHA (1985).
Dissolved Oxygen (Probe Method)--
An approvec U.S. EPA method (No. 360.1) for dissolved oxygen analysis
using an oxygen probe is given in U.S. EPA (1979). A standard method is
found in Section 421F APHA (1985).
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)--
An aporoved U.S. EPA method (No. 405.1) for the analysis of BOD is
given in U.S. EPA (1979). Standard methods are found in Section 507 of
APHA (1985).
Oil and Grease--
The approved test procedure for oil and grease is U.S. EPA (1979)
Method 413.1. An additional procedure (No. 413.2) for low concentrations
of oil and grease is also discussed in U.S. EPA (1979). U.S. EPA guidance
for analysis of oil and grease is provided by Plimb (1981). Standard methods
are described in Section 503 of APHA (1985).
Nitrogen (Armonia)--
Two U.S. EPA (1979) approved methods (Nos. 350.1 and 350.2) exist
for determination of arrmonia concentrations. An additional method (No. 350.3)
5
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fcr pctentiometric (ion selective elecfode) determination is also discussed
by U.S. EPA (1979). Further U.S. EPA guidance is provided Dy Plumb (1981).
Standard methods for ammonia are discussed in Section 416 of APHA ( 1985).
Methods for the determination of ammonia concentrations in marine waters
are described in Part II of Strickland and Parsons (1972).
Nitrogen (Total Kjeldahl)--
Approved test procedures for total Kjeldahl nitrogen are U.S. EPA
(1979) Methods 351.1, 351.2, 351.3, and 351.4. U.S. EPA guidance is provided
by Plumb (1981). Standard methods are described in Section 420 of AMA (1935).
Ni trogen (Nitrate-Nitrite)--
Approved test procedures for analysis of nitrate and nitrite include
U.S. EFA (1979) Methods 353.1, 353.2, and 353.3. Further U.S. EPA guidance
is provided by Plumb (1981). Standard methods for nitrate and nitrite
are discussed in Sections 413 and 419 of APHA (1985). Methods for the
determination of nitrate and nitrite concentrations ir. marine waters are
discussed in Part II of Strickland and Parsons (1972).
PnosDhorus--
Approved methods (Nos. 365.1, 365.2, and 365.3) for analysis of total
phosphorus are described by U.S. EPA (1979). A suggested method (No. 365.4)
is also provided in U.S. EPA (1979). Plumb (1981) provides additional
U.S. EPA guidance for analysis of phosphates. Standard methods (Nos. 42 4C,
424F, and 424G) are described in APHA (1985).
Priority Pollutant Metals--
With the exception of asbestos, approved U.S. EPA (1979) test procedures
exist for all priority pollutant metals:
Antimony (Nos. 204.1, 204.2)
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Arsenic (Nos. 206.2, 206.3, 206.4)
Be^yl 1 "ut. (Nos. 210.1, 213.2],
Cadirnux (Nos. 213.1, 213.2)
Ch-oriuT (Nos. 218.1, 218.2, 218.3, 218.4)
CoDDer (Nos. 220.1, 220.2)
Cyanide (Nos. 335.1, 335.2)
Lead (Nos. 239.1, 239.2)
Mercjry (Nos. 245.1, 245.2)
. Nickel (Nos. 249.1, 249.2)
Selenium (Nos. 270.2, 270.3)
Silver (Nos. 272.1, 272.2)
Thallium (Nos. 279.1, 279.2)
Zinc (Nos. 289.1, 289.2).
A suggested U.S. EPA (1979) method also exists for total cyanide (No. 335.3).
Further U.S. EPA guidance is provided by Plumb (1981). Standard methods
"or analyses of netals are cescribec! in Part 300 of APHA (1985).
Priority Pollutant Organic Compounds--
Approved U.S. EPA ( 1982) methods exist for all organic priority pollutants
(summarized herein Dy compound class):
^urgeable ha^carbons (No. 601)
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Pu'-geaDle a-onati:s (No. 6C2)
Acrolein and acrylonitrile (No. 603)
Phenols (No. 504}
Benzidines (No. 6C5)
t Phthalats esters (No. 606)
t Nitrosamines (No. 607)
t Pesticides and PCBs (No. 608)
t Nitroaromatics and isophorone (No. 609)
t Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarocns (No. 610)
Haloethers (No. 611)
Chlorinated hydrocarbons (No. 612)
2,3,7,8-Tetrach1orodibenzo-p-dioxin (No. 613)
t Purgeables (No. 62^)
Base/Neutrals, Acids, and Pesticides (No. 625).
Additional U.S. EPA guidance is provided by Plunb (1931).
Total and Fecal Coliform Bacteria-
No method for the analysis of total and fecal coliform bacteria concen-
trations has been approved by the U.S. EPA. U.S. EPA guidance is available
in Part III of Bordner and Winter (1978). Standard methods for the nost
8
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D^oDafe number (MPN) method are presentee in Section 903 of APHA (1935).
Standard methods for the membrane filter method are creserteG ir Section
909 of APHA (1985).
Enterococcus Bacteria--
No method for the analysis of enterococcus bacteria concentrations
has been approved' by the U.S. EPA. .U.S. EPA guidance is available in Part
III of 3oraner and Winter (1978). Standard methods for the most probable
nu-Tiber (MPN) method are presented in Section 908 of APHA ( 1935 ). Standard
methods for the membrane filter method are presented in Section 909 of
APHA (1985).
Sed iment Analvses
Grain Size-
No method for the analysis of sediment grain size has been approved
by the U.S. EPA. Particles haying a minimum diameter of 0.63 urn (i.e.,
very fine sand) are analyzed using the dry sieve method. Procedures for
the dry sieve analysis are found in Folk (1968), Buchanan (1984), and Plumb
(1981). Analyses for particles <63 um diameter (i.e., silts and clays)
may be conducted by pipet, hydrometer, or Coulter counter. Tetra Tech
(1985b) recommends the pipet method, details of which a^e found in Plumb
(1981).
Total Volatile Solids--
No method for the analysis of total volatile solids has been approved
by the U.S. EPA. Guidance for estimating total volatile solids by combustion
is given, in Buchanan (1984) and Plumb (1981).
Total Organic Content (T0C)--
An approved U.S. EPA method (No. 415.1) for T0C is given in U.S. EPA
(1979). Additional U.S. EPA guidance is found in Plumb (1981).
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Oil and Grease--
Ar. approved U.S. EPA nethoc {No. 413.1) for the analysis of oil and
grease is given in U.S. EPA (1979). A suggested method (No. 413.2) is
also given in U.S. EDA (1979). U.S. EPA guidance is provided by Plumb
(1981). Standard methods for analyses of oil and grease are *ound in Section
503 of APHA ( 1985) .
Priority Pollutant Metals--
The^e are no U.S. E^A approved methods for analysis of priority pollutant
metals in sediments. A suggested test procedure (No. 2^5.5) for the analyses
of mercury in sediments is described by U.S. EPA (1979). The U.S. EPA
(1979) also indicates that the approved method (atomic absorption spectro-
photometry) most commonly used in analysis of effluent and receiving waters
may be applied to metals in solids that are solubili zed by some form of
sample processing. U.S. EPA guidance for analysis of metals in sediments
is provided by Plumb (1981).
Priority Pollutant Organic Compounds--
There are no U.S. EPA approved methods for analysis of organic priority
pollutants in sediments. Draft interim guidelines fc analysis of organic
contaminants in sediments are being developed by personnel with the U.S. EPA
Environmental ' Monitoring Laboratory in Cincinnati, OH, but have yet to
be published (Longbottom, J., 22 April 1985, personal communication).
Additional U.S. EPA guidance for analysis of organic contaminants is described
by PIumb (1981).
Biological Variables
Phytoplankton--
Methods for the collection and analysis of phytoplankton samples have
not been approved by tne U.S. EPA. U.S. EPA guidance for sampling phytopl anktor
10
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Stofar end Grant ( 1973}. This document includes an extens-ve
oape-s ard reports 11-2* are pertinent to t-e collection
¦* ?bytoplar-lction 10D? of A3HA (1985]. Additional methocs for sampling
crovided by UNESCO (1974, 1976].
r the collection- and analysis of tenthic infauna samples
'Oved by the U.S. EPA. U.S. EPA guidance for the collection
cf subtidal benthlc samples is g^ven in Swartz (1978).
ice is provided by Mclntyre et a 1 . (1984), Gamble (1984),
Holne (1984) , and Tetra Tecr (1985D). U.S. EPA guidance
)n and processing of intertidal benthic samples is *cund
11
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: n Gonor anc Kerrp '1 978), Samo'ing and "rsisecti % techniques fo1- ccal
reef habitats are describee Dy Reed (1980] ard Dodge et al . (19S2).
Demersal Fishes and Megainvertebrates--
The^e are no U.S. EPA approved nethccs for analysis of demersal fish
and epibe.nthic invertebrate comrtun i t ies . U.S. EPA guidance for sampling
demersal fishes and eoibenthic megainvertebrates is provided by Mearis
and Allen (1978). Additional procecures describing apcrop^iate sampling
methods for deie^sal fishes are o^ovidec by Savills (1977) aic Hayes (1983).
Methocs for visual censjsing of reef-dwelling fish corrnjnities are d'scjssed
by Goldmen and Talbot ( 1 97 6 ), Talbot et al . ( 1978), Brock et al. ( 1979),
Bohnsack and Talbot (1983), Sale (1980), and Ogden and Ebersole (1981).
Fish Histopatho1ogy--
Methods for measuring hi stooatho 1 og i c al conditions in fisr.es have
not been approved by the U.S. EPA. Field methods for examination of fish
and for collection of blood and tissue samples are found in Strange (1983).
However, this work is a general discussion emphasizing parasitism and grossly
visible abnormalities. It provides no guidance on microscopic analyses
of blood or tissues for pathological conditions, nor does it discuss
detail the patnological conditions that occur in fishes. At present, -o
detailed guidance is available on1aboratory methods fcr histopatho 1 egica 1
determinations in fishes. Furthermore, the terminology for histopathological
conditions has not been standardized.
Bioaccirnulation (Priority Pollutant Metals)--
Methods to assess bioaccumulation of priority pol 1 utant metal s have
not been approved by the U.S. EPA. Quality control guidelines for measuring
tissue concentrations of metals are provided by Tetra Tech (1985b). Standard
methods for extraction, digestion, and measurement of metals in tissue
samples are described in Part 300 of APHA (1985).
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Bioaccurr'." ation (Priority 3ollutant Organic Compounds)--
Methods to assess bioaccumulation of priority pollutant organic compounds
have not been approved by the U.S. EPA. Quality control guidelines for
measuring tissue concentrations of organic contaminants are provided by
Tetra Tech (1935b). . U.S. EPA laboratory methods for measuring bicconcentration
factors are described by Veith et al . ( 1 979a,b; 1980) and are evaluated
by Kosian et al . (19 31). These studies were developed using freshwater
fishes and may not be applicable to marine organisns (Tetra Tech 1985a).
13
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Eleftheriou, A., and N.A. Holme. 1984. Macrofauna techniques., pp. 140-216.
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14
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Hayes, M.l. 1983. Active fish capture methods. PP 123-145. In: Fisneries
Techniaues. L.A. Nielson, D.L. Johnson, and S.S. LatiDton (eds). American
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Jacobs, F., anc G.C. Grant. 1978. Guidelines for zooplankton sampling
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REPORT DOCUMENTATION » REPORT *© *
PAGE - EPA503/4-90/002
4. Tills end Subtitle
Summary of U.S. EPA-Approved Methods, Standard Methods, and
Other Guidance for 301(h) Monitoring Variables
5. Report Date
September 1985
6.
7. Authorfs)
8. Performing Organization flept. No.
9. Performing Organization Name and Address
Tetra Tech, Inc.
11820 Northup Way, Suite 100
Bellevue, WA 98005
10. Prnject/Taftk/Worfc Unit No.
11. Contracl(C) or Grant(G) No.
(C) 68-01-6938
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