United States
Environmental Protection
^1 Agency
EPA/600/R-16/046| September 2016 | www.epa.gov/research
The United South and Eastern Tribe
(USET) Proper Functioning
Condition (RFC) and Tribal Focused
Environmental Risk and
Sustainability Tool (Tribal-FERST)
Train the Trainers Workshop.
October 6-9, 2014, in Nashville, Tennessee:
RFC Assessment for Management and Monitoring
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
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The United South and Eastern Tribe
(USET) Proper Functioning
Condition (PFC) and Tribal Focused
Environmental Risk and
Sustainability Tool (Tribal-FERST)
Train the Trainers Workshop.
October 6-9, 2014, in Nashville, Tennessee:
PFC Assessment for Management and Monitoring
Prepared by
Robert K. Hall1, Sherman Swanson2, Steve Terry3, Brian Schumacher4,
John Lin4, Harrell French3, Daniel Heggem4
1U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 9 WTR2, San Francisco, CA 94105
2University of Nevada Reno, Natural Resources and Rangeland Sciences, Reno, NV 89557
3United South and Eastern Tribes, Inc, Nashville, TN 37214
4U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development - National Exposure Research Laboratory
Environmental Sciences Division
Las Vegas, NV89119
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Washington, DC 20460
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Table of Contents
List of Figures vii
Summary ix
List of Acronyms xi
Abstract 1
1.0 Introduction 1
2.0 Methods 5
3.0 Results 7
3.1 Potential 8
3.2 Capability 9
3.3 Proper Functioning Condition (PFC) - Lotic Checklist: Cedar Creek and West
Fork Stones River 9
3.3.1 Hydrological 9
3.3.2 Vegetation 12
3.3.3 Erosion Deposition 17
3.4 Proper Functioning Condition (PFC) Lentic Checklist: Couchville Lake 20
3.4.1 Potential 20
3.4.2 Hydrology 20
3.4.3 Vegetation 23
3.4.4 Erosion Deposition 26
3.5 Functional Rating 28
4.0 Discussion 31
5.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 35
6.0 Acknowledgments 37
7.0 References 39
8.0 Quality Assurance Summary 41
Appendix A - Proper Functioning Condition (PFC) Lotic Checklist 43
Appendix B - Proper Functioning Condition (PFC) Lentic Checklist 49
Appendix C - Cedar Creek Proper Functioning Condition (PFC) Lotic Checklist 55
Appendix D - Couchville Lake Proper Functioning Condition (PFC) Lentic Checklist 59
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Table of Contents (cont.)
Appendix E - CD Park and Classroom 63
Figure 1. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, Stream Banks and Flood Plain 63
Figure 2. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, Stream Banks and Vegetation 63
Figure 3. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, Vegetation 64
Figure 4. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, Vegetation 64
Figure 5. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, Vegetation 65
Figure 6. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, Vegetation 65
Figure 7. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, Stream Banks and Flood Plain 66
Figure 8. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, Stream Banks and Vegetation 66
Figure 9. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, Stream Bank Vegetation 67
Figure 10. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, Vegetation 68
Figure 11. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, Stream Bank Vegetation and Flood Plain 68
Figure 12. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, Erosion 69
Figure 13. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, PFC Workshop Participants, Hydrology
and Vegetation 70
Figure 14. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, PFC Workshop Participants, Hydrology
and Vegetation 70
Figure 15. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, PFC Workshop Participants, Hydrology
and Vegetation 71
Figure 16. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, PFC Workshop Participants, Hydrology
and Vegetation 71
Figure 17. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, PFC Workshop Participants, Biology 72
Figure 18. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, PFC Workshop Participants, Soils 72
Figure 19. USET PFC Classroom Instruction 73
Figure 20. USET PFC Classroom Instruction 73
Figure 21. USET PFC Classroom Instruction 74
Figure 22. USET PFC Classroom Instruction Materials 75
Figure 23. USET PFC Classroom Instruction Materials 75
Figure 24. USET PFC Classroom Instruction Materials 76
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Table of Contents (cont.)
Figure 25. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, PFC Workshop Participants, Soils 76
Figure 26. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, PFC Workshop Participants, Hydrology
and Vegetation 77
Figure 27. Couchville Lake 77
Figure 28. Couchville Lake 78
Figure 29. Couchville Lake 78
Figure 30. Couchville Lake 79
Figure 31. Couchville Lake 80
Figure 32. Couchville Lake 81
Figure 33. Couchville Lake 82
Figure 34. Couchville Lake 82
Appendix F - Rosgen Classification System (Rosgen 1977) 83
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List of Figures
Figure 1. Location Map of the Study Area East of Nashville. TN, in the Central Basin 2
Figure 2. Location of Assessment Reaches on Cedar Creek, Couchville Lake and West
Fork Stones River 7
Figure 3. Side Channel Draining Charlie Daniels State Park Situated Along the Left Bank
of Cedar Creek Assessment Reach 32
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Summary
One of the many goals of a Tribe's environmental and natural resource department is to maintain
and restore functionality of stream and wetland riparian and upland areas, which could protect Tribal
beneficial uses and values for those water bodies. Disturbances occurring within a watershed, or adjacent
to a stream corridor, typically cause effects that may temporarily or permanently alter environmental and
ecological risk factors. Focusing on where and how water moves and vegetation/soil trends in the riparian
system can often determine if important Tribal goals and objectives are being met. It can then be determined
what management changes are needed to move the environmental and ecosystem risk factors towards a
desired condition. This report focuses on the Workshop's training and assessment of the proper functioning
condition of ecosystems for Tribal members.
A stream's primary physical function is to transport water, nutrients, minerals, sediments, and
organic matter within a watershed. The appropriate level of transport and deposition can differ broadly
within a watershed and between stream reaches. Properly functioning stream and wetland riparian areas are
able to sequester pollutants by dissipating energy allowing deposition, creating aquatic and riparian habitat
complexity, and improving water quality. Maintaining healthy aquatic and riparian habitats depends on
management allowing for and facilitating natural recovery of riparian functions after a disturbance (natural
or anthropogenic). Impairment of riparian functions changes hydrologic, vegetative, and geomorphic
interrelationships and may trigger cascading environmental effects having long-term consequences. Self-
healing through thoughtful management improves stability, water quality, habitats, and resource
productivity while keeping water and soil fertility within the riparian system longer.
In this training the United South and Eastern Tribes (USET) were instructed on how to integrate
traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) with ecosystem function and ecological and environmental risk
science. Instruction was also provided to navigate and apply the Tribal - Focused Environmental Risk
Sustainability Tool (Tribal-FERST) in Tribal environmental planning efforts. Through the process Tribal
Technical professional participants:
• Become familiar with assessing functional condition of ecosystems,
• Learn about fate and transport of contaminants,
• Hone information access skills, which can be used to achieve adaptive management goals.
• Work with a case study to gain practical experience
• Be introduced to riparian proper functioning condition (PFC) and integrated riparian
management.
Stream and wetland riparian Proper Functioning Condition (PFC) is an interdisciplinary assessment
protocol focusing on physical structure and functioning in relation to on-site potential. Although qualitative,
it is based upon quantitative, or measureable scientific data. An interdisciplinary team conducting PFC
assessment in the field uses all relevant field observations, independent knowledge, and life experience
(e.g., TEK) to inform the understanding of what is possible (ecological function potential), and what is
needed for the system to maintain functions in large flow events and varying climatic conditions. PFC
provides a starting point, or understanding of current condition for developing an adaptive management
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planning process and also serves as the foundation for an accurate, inclusive risk assessment process.
The combination of ecological function with Tribal-FERST allows a manager to see how a Tribe's
cultural practices can be impacted by the way an ecosystem absorbs and releases water, nutrients, and
toxins. This workshop session covered:
• Relationships among water, vegetation, and landform,
• Nutrient and trace metal solubility and pH
• Fate and transport of sediment, nutrients, and trace metals (e.g., mercury),
• Phyto-toxification,
• Aquatic benthic macroinvertebrate criteria, and
• How to incorporate TEK into environmental and ecological risk assessment.
Temperature, nutrients, and other environmental variables fluctuate through time and space in
relation to diurnal (daily) and annual cycles. Aquatic organisms alter their individual physiology and
community structure to adapt to the respective ecosystems' normal range of variation (e.g., floods and
droughts). Properly functioning streams and wetland riparian ecosystems provide a steadying influence on
water quality and aquatic habitat attributes. Indicators, needed to manage water quality, must focus on the
drivers of physical functions (vegetation, hydrology, soil and landform), and not necessarily the way the
water appears, so they can lead to early interventions to prevent water quality deterioration and the loss of
functional assimilation processes.
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List of Acronyms
BMP
Best Management Practice
C-FERST
Community - Focused Environmental Risk Sustainability
DPC
Desired Plant Community
FAC
Faculative
FACU
Faculative Upland
FACW
Facultative Wetland Species
FAR
Functional At Risk
IRMP
Integrated Resource/Riparian Management Plan
LWM
Large Woody Material
NF
Nonfunctional
OBL
Obligate Wetland Species
PAR
Products, Assimilation, Resiliency
PFC
Proper Functioning Condition
PNC
Potential Natural Community
PPC
Potential Plant Community
QAPP
Quality Assurance Project Plan
Tribal-FERST
Tribal-Focused Environmental Risk Sustainability Tool
TEK
Traditional Ecological Knowledge
TERP
Tribal Ecosystem Research Program
TMDL
Total Maximum Daily Load
UPL
Obligate Upland
USACE
United States Army Corps of Engineers
USDI
United States Department of the Interior
USEPA
United States Environmental Protection Agency
USET
United South and Eastern Tribes
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List of Acronyms (cont.)
WHO World Health Organization
WPCP Water Pollution Control Program
WQS Water Quality Standards
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Abstract
The maintenance of wildlife and aquatic habitat is dependent on the development of a riparian area
management strategy, which considers and adapts to certain basic ecological and economic relationships.
These relationships are functions of riparian and terrestrial ecosystems, growth and reproduction of woody
and herbaceous plant communities, hydrologic and geomorphic conditions and processes, soils, sediment,
water quality and quantity, recovery rates, upland conditions, cultural, recreation and domestic uses. The
class participants determined functional ratings, using the PFC protocol for each field site visited. The
methods used in this Workshop were found to work equally well in both eastern and western ecosystems
in the United States.
1.0 Introduction
Riparian vegetation is one of the primary ecological attributes affected by human use patterns (i.e.,
grazing, urbanization, etc.). An inventory or assessment of current vegetation condition in relation to the
potential condition is necessary to identify limitation or opportunities. Proper Functioning Condition (PFC)
refers to how well the physical processes of energy dissipation, filtering sediment, stabilizing streambanks,
ground-water recharge, floodplain development, and maintaining channel characteristics (with vegetation,
coarse woody debris, soils, geomorphology, and hydrology appropriate for the potential or capability of the
setting) reflect a state of resiliency.
The ultimate goal of a Tribal Water Pollution Control Program (WPCP) is the development and
implementation of water quality standards for future protection and sustained use of valuable water
resources, protection of public health and welfare, and the enhancement of water quality. The Tribes intend
to protect and improve water resources through habitat evaluation, planning, implementation, education,
community outreach and communication, and water quality monitoring.
A component of the WPCP is the development of Non-Point Source Program which is intended to
identify non-point sources of pollution and mitigate or eliminate them. The U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (USEPA 2006) reports that non-point source pollution is the leading remaining cause of water
quality problems. It is also known that non-point source pollution has a direct impact on drinking water and
surface water quality and quantity, recreation, fisheries, and wildlife. Non-Point Source Pollution is
prevalent in urbanized areas due to agriculture, industry, and impervious surfaces such as roads or the built
environment.
Study Area
The USET PFC and Tribal-FERST Train the Trainers Workshop occurred October 6-9, 2014, in
Nashville, Tennessee. During this workshop PFC site assessments were completed for Cedar Creek (lotic)
and Couchville Lake (lentic). Reconnaissance assessments occurred June 24-27, 2014, which included the
West Fork Stones River (lotic). Photos of this workshop can be found in Appendix E.
The Nashville Basin, also known as the Central Basin, was caused by a tectonic uplift of
metamorphic and sedimentary material into a dome structure. Tectonic forces uplifting the Nashville Dome
fractured the limestone, chert and sandstone strata making it more easily eroded. Subsequent erosional
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process scoured and transported the fractured material creating the Central Basin. The former Nashville
Dome is evidenced by the underlying Ordovician limestone rock strata all dipping downwards away from
the Central Basin. The Central Basin has a combination of undulating and rolling hills and karst topography
of deeply pitted limestone sinks and outcrops. Nashville is located in the northwestern portion of the Central
Basin. The Cumberland River drains the Central Basin as it flows northwest. In the USET study area (Figure
1) the fractured flat limestone is denuded or has a thin layer (-1-2 m) of overlying soil.
In this workshop/training, the goal is to demonstrate the presence of hidden (leading/lagging)
uncertainty in environmental management, and assist in reducing that uncertainty by developing an
ecological monitoring program that includes leading indicators.
Figure 1. Location Map of the Study Area East of Nashville, TN, in the Central Basin.
Previous studies by the United States Army Corp of Engineers (USACE) indicated non-point
source pollution is entering or existing within the confines of the Central Basin. Pollutants include urban
and roadway runoff, atmospheric deposition of Carbon and mono-nitrogen oxides, agriculture and sewage
effluent discharges, and erosion from streambanks.
The primary objective of this study was to train Tribes to perform a source assessment (nutrients,
pathogens, sediment, mercury), water resources management plan, establish/re-evaluate beneficial uses,
water quality standards, recommendations to improve conditions, update quality assurance project plans
(QAPP), and development of the tribal Integrated Resource Management Plan (IRMP).
Possible outcome of this study is that Tribes will have the ability to develop Tribal adaptive
management plans in the future, which will incorporate Clean Water Act Section 106 water quality
monitoring program. The objective of the Tribal adaptive management plan is to establish a Cedar Creek
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and West Fork Stones River ecosystem restoration project to:
Restore stream plant and animal community complexes in the watershed.
Reduce stream-bank erosion and improve stream water quality.
Reconnect the stream channel to its floodplain, raising the water table, improving flood
attenuation, and increasing soil moisture retention.
Improve riparian and aquatic habitat for aquatic communities.
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2.0 Methods
Riparian areas are designated as vegetated (i.e., green) zones/areas along lakes, wetlands, rivers,
streams, and creeks. Flowing water features such as rivers, streams, and creeks are also referred to as lotic
riparian areas. Wetland areas are associated with standing water features such as bogs, marshes, wet
meadows, lakes, and estuaries (also referred to as lentic riparian areas). PFC is a methodology for assessing
the physical functioning of riparian and wetland areas. The term PFC is used to describe both the assessment
process, and a defined, on-the-ground condition of a riparian-wetland area. Stream function is determined
by assessing the hydrology, vegetation, and soil/landform attributes. By focusing on physical functioning,
the PFC protocol is designed to yield information about the biology of the plants and animals dependent on
the riparian-wetland area. PFC provides information indicating how well a riparian-wetland area is
physically functioning in a manner allowing for the maintenance or recovery of desired attributes. These
attributes might include, for example, fish habitat, biodiversity, or forage, over time.
A riparian wetland or stream is deemed to be "Functional" if the riparian and wetland riparian areas
have adequate vegetation, landform, or large woody debris present to dissipate stream energy associated
with high water flows, thereby reducing erosion and improving water quality; filter sediment, capture
bedload, and aid floodplain development; improve flood-water retention and ground-water recharge;
develop root masses that stabilize streambanks against cutting action; develop diverse ponding and channel
characteristics to provide the habitat and water depth, duration, and temperature necessary for fish
production, waterfowl breeding, and other uses; and support greater biodiversity.
As stated in the introduction, Functional at Risk, refers to areas functioning properly, but an existing
soil, water, or vegetation attribute makes them susceptible to degradation. The trend is an assessment of
apparent direction of change (e.g., upward or downward) in conditions either towards or away from the site
potential or site functionality. Trend is determined by comparing the present condition of the stream reach
(understood in comparison with other reaches within the same systems (i.e., reference condition)), with
previous photos, trend studies, inventories, other documentation, or personal knowledge. The lack of
historical information on the condition of a site may lead to a "trend not apparent" assessment unless other
clues are present such as the population growth of young woody species (e.g., willows).
Nonfunctional areas do not contain sufficient vegetation, landform, or large woody debris to
dissipate stream energy associated with high flows, etc.
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3.0 Results
PFC assessments for Cedar Creek, Couchville Lake and West Fork Stones River were completed
as part of a tribal train the trainers workshop. Two reaches were assessed on Cedar Creek and Couchville
Lake during the workshop (Figure 2). West Fork Stones River, Cedar Creek and Couchville Lake were
assessed as part of a workshop reconnaissance survey (Figure 2). Photos of the field sessions and classroom
instruction can be found in Appendix E.
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Figure 2. Location of Assessment Reaches on Cedar Creek, Couchville Lake and West Fork Stones River.
Cedar Creek is predominantly a Rosgen F (Appendix F) type stream channel. The reach is impacted
by urban development and levee construction. It is also impacted with bridge construction and dams in the
downstream section. Dams, predominantly mill dams are prevalent throughout the Central Basin (Figure
2). Purpose of the dams is to control water flow for flood control and navigation. The mill dams were
constructed from late 18th through the 19th centuries for the milling of grain, lumber and textiles.
PFC is a qualitative method for assessing stream and wetland riparian area physical processes and
how well they are working. PFC is a state of resiliency allowing a riparian-wetland area to hold together
during high-flow events with a high degree of reliability. Each riparian-wetland area is judged against its
capability and potential (Prichard ct aL 1993; Prichard ct aL 1996). The capability and potential of natural
riparian-wetland areas are characterized by the interaction of the systems hydrology, vegetation and
erosion/deposition. Riparian areas are deemed functioning properly when there is adequate vegetative
structure present to provide the listed benefits applicable to a particular area. For example, if the system
does not have the potential to support fish habitat, that criteria would not be used in the assessment (Prichard
et al.j 1993; Prichard et al., 1996).
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Restoring riparian and upland area functions in ecologically degraded lands reduces the transport
of contaminants into streams, lakes, and wetlands areas. Sustainability of these ecosystems is dependent on
how well the physical processes of energy dissipation, sediment entrapment, stabilizing stream banks,
ground-water recharge, floodplain development, and maintaining channel characteristics reflect a state of
resiliency. Understanding how ecosystems work will assist decision makers to identify the connections
between form, function, management, and monitoring so that they can better address the underlying
causative factors behind ecological degradation.
Assessing stream and wetland functionality involves determining a riparian area's capability and
potential using an approach such as the following: 1. Look for relic areas (exclosures, preserves, etc.); 2.
Seek out historic photos, survey notes, and/or documents that indicate historic condition; 3. Search out
species lists (animals & plants - historic & present), 4. Determine species habitat needs (animals & plants)
related to species that are/were present; 5. Examine the soils and determine if they were saturated at one
time and are now well drained; 6. Examine the hydrology, establish cross sections if necessary to determine
frequency and duration of flooding; 7. Identify vegetation that currently exists. Are they the same species
that occurred historically?; 8. Determine the entire watershed's general condition and identify its major
landform(s); 9. Look for limiting factors, both human-caused and natural, and determine if they can be
corrected through management strategies.
Stream-wetland systems may be prevented from achieving their potential because of limiting
factors such as anthropogenic (human) activities. However, most of these limiting factors can be rectified
through proper management. Except for permanent construction (e.g., dams, trans-mountain diversions,
permanent channel modifications), which are not as easy to correct. The placement of permanent structures
(i.e., dams and diversions) can result in a stream-wetland area's flow regime being altered, thus changing
the area's capability. For example, cottonwood trees are maintained by periodic flooding, which creates
point bars for seedling establishment. A dam or diversion that reduces or eliminates the potential for
flooding may remove the potential for cottonwoods to remain in that area. PFC must be assessed in
relationship to the area's capability. In this case there is a very large-scale dam which can cause issues of
sediment delivery.
3.1 Potential
As described in Prichard et al., 1998, potential is defined as the "...highest ecological status a
riparian-wetland area can attain given no political, social, or economical constraints, and is often referred
to as the potential natural community (PNC)." The potential plant community (PPC) represents the serai
stage the botanical community would achieve if all successional sequences were completed without human
interference under the present environmental conditions. For some areas, PFC may occur from early serai
to late serai. Desired plant community (DPC) would be determined based on management objectives
through an interdisciplinary approach. For example, trout habitat conditions would be optimum from mid-
seral to late serai.
Cedar Creek, within the urbanized Central Basin, is a stream ecosystem having an altered potential.
At potential Cedar Creek would have a narrow channel with alternate point bars turning into a flood plain
with a bedrock floor. Gravel to cobble substrate occurs in most places. Increased sinuosity in current
channel, increased establishment of stabilizing trees (e.g„ willow, elm, maple, oak, sycamore), and areas
of herbaceous communities (e.g., rushes, sedges) in open areas where sunlight reaches the ground.
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Couchville Lake's altered potential is driven by water management in Percy Priest Reservoir.
Fluctuations of Couchville Lake levels consistent of a summer high stand followed by a winter draw down
of approximately 8 ft. which is between elevations 490 - 482 feet above mean sea level. Vegetation consist
of cottonwood, popash, maple, sycamore, and juniper with sedges and rushes in the open areas where
sunlight hits the ground.
West Fork Stones River is a Rosgen E channel (Appendix F) having gravel to cobble substrate
occurring in most places. Increased sinuosity with established stabilizing trees (e.g„ willow, elm, maple,
oak, sycamore), and areas of herbaceous communities (e.g., rushes, sedges) in open areas.
3.2 Capability
As described in Prichard et al., 1998, capability is defined as the "...the highest ecological status
an area can attain given political, social, or economical constraints, which are often referred to as limiting
factors." Capability only applies to constraints land/resource managers cannot eliminate or change through
some management action.
Urbanization and historical incision has greatly changed the flow regime throughout the Central
Basin.
3.3 Proper Functioning Condition (PFC) - Lotic Checklist: Cedar Creek
and West Fork Stones River
3.3.1 Hydrological
Fluvial processes of sediment transport and storage are directly related to stream and wetland
riparian habitat dynamics (Hurley and Jensen, 2001). In this section items 1-5 focus on the hydrologic
attributes and processes thought to be necessary for maintaining ecosystem integrity (Prichard et al., 1998).
Item 1. Floodplain above bankfull is inundated in "relatively frequent" event.
A floodplain, topographically, is flat area adjacent to a stream (Schmudde, 1968; Alexander and
Marriott, 1999). The floodplain is comprised of unconsolidated depositional material (i.e., sediment), and
is flooded every 1.5 to 2 years (Schmudde, 1968; Alexander and Marriott, 1999). Natural floodplains vary
in character depending on their climatic setting, catchment size and character and, as a consequence,
discharge character and sediment load (Prichard et al., 1998). The floodplain is functional if it is normally
connected to the stream at the bankfull discharge point, and is flooded in relatively frequent events (Prichard
et al., 1998). The floodplain provides additional stream capacity to transport and store water and sediment.
If the channel is downcut and flood flows cannot access the floodplain, the floodplain is considered non-
functional if it no longer provides hydrologic functions (Prichard et al., 1998).
The objective is to determine if frequent flood flows (1.5-2 years) are capable of spreading out
on a low-lying area adjacent to the stream. For Cedar Creek there is a very narrow floodplain, which is
inundated infrequently. West Fork Stones River has developed a narrow floodplain, which is inundated
relatively frequently.
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Cedar Creek.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Stream is trapped in a wide channel (Rosgen F) by berm along both banks.
Incised channel down to limestone bedrock. Bankfull is in channel.
West Fork Stones River.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Narrow flood plain inside incised channel.
Item 2. Where beaver dams are present are they active and stable.
The objective is to determine if beaver dams are present and are being maintained. For Cedar
Creek and West Fork Stones River there are no beaver in the area. This question is Not Applicable.
Cedar Creek.
Yes
No
N/A
X
West Fork Stones River.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Item 3. Sinuosity, width/depth ratio, and gradient are in balance with the landscape setting (i.e.,
landform, geology, and bioclimatic region).
The objective is to determine if the stream is in balance (i.e., shape and size) with its setting.
Sinuosity, width/depth ratio, and gradient play important roles in how well a stream dissipates energy
(Prichard et al., 1998). The position of a stream in its landscape and watershed setting is a strong
determinant of that stream's ability to develop and support significant riparian-wetland resources (Prichard
et al., 1998).
Prichard et al., 1998, indicate that a streams ability to develop and support significant riparian
resources is dependent on the position of a stream in its landscape and watershed setting, and its expected
range of variability for composition of bed and bank material. As well as the streams parameters related to
channel size, shape and pattern.
In Cedar Creek, the width:depth ratio and sinuosity are not appropriate for the stream setting.
West Fork Stones River is a Rosgen F channel type (Appendix F), which has the potential to be more
sinuous then in Cedar Creek. This section of the Stones River appears to be transitioning/recovering from past
channelization activity. In West Fork Stones River the system is attempting to come in line with its setting
even though the stream is still too straight from upstream mill dam construction, and the width:ratio is too
large. Positive aspects are the development of fine-grained point bars, flood plain and willow recruitment.
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Cedar Creek.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Straighter and wider than what would be in balance - so higher gradient.
Width:depth ratio too large, and not enough sinuosity
West Fork Stones River.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Low sinuosity which is geologically controlled, W:D too high, fine grained
substrate. Smart weed trapping bedload with willows on small left bank flood
plain. Mill dam.
Item 4. Riparian - Wetland area is widening or has achieved potential extent.
Degraded riparian systems recover by capturing sediment in the floodplain. Riparian areas widen
via aggradation, along with natural stream adjustments (e.g. widening of flood plain, sinuosity). This
improves flood water retention and aids recruitment of plant communities. Recovery is expressed as an
increase in riparian vegetation. The objective here is to determine if the riparian area is recovering, or has
recovered.
In Cedar Creek the physical restrictions of the channel and urbanization are preventing and/or
slowing down widening of the riparian area.
Stones River channel incision has restricted further expansion along the left bank, but smartweed
is stabilizing an area and narrowing the channel. On the right bank the riparian area is continuing to widen.
Cedar Creek.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Physical restriction on reach being able to achieve potential extent, riparian area is
widening for reach, but sections are not progressing, and/or widening at the same
rate (i.e., reaching potential at the same rate).
West Fork Stones River.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Continuing to widen along the right bank. Close to or has achieved extent within
the existing incised channel on left bank.
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Item 5. Upland watershed is not contributing to riparian-wetland degradation.
Sediment load to a stream is a function of the watershed geology, soils, vegetation cover and land
use. Condition of the surrounding uplands can greatly affect the riparian area. For example, changes in
upland condition can change the discharge, timing or duration of stream flow events (Prichard et al., 1998).
The objective of this item is to determine if there are changes in the water and/or sediment being supplied
to the riparian system. Also, determine if the resulting increases are contributing to the degradation of the
system. An answer of "No" indicates the upland is contributing.
As Prichard et al., 1998, describe, it is possible to have a disturbed upland area and not see "major
changes" to the riparian area. Indicators of riparian are degradation area braiding of what should be a single-
thread channel, mid-channel bars, overloading of point bars, fan deposits from upland erosion sinuosity, or
cementing (i.e., increased embeddedness) of the channel substrate.
For reaches Cedar Creek and Stones River, the upland areas are contributing to stream and riparian
degradation. Urbanization, roadways, and agricultural field runoff enter the rivers.
Cedar Creek.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Urbanized watershed with increased peak flows.
West Fork Stones River.
Yes
No
N/A
X
All storm water and ag field drains into river.
3.3.2 Vegetation
The hydrologic and geomorphic processes within the landform setting primarily impact stream
riparian areas. For a stream riparian area to achieve functionality some amount of vegetation is required.
Items 6-12 deal with vegetation attributes and processes that need to be in working order for a riparian
system to function properly. The lateral distribution of vegetation determines the stream riparian areas
ability to accommodate periods of floods and drought conditions. In order for the riparian area to persist or
improve is dependent on having the appropriate vegetative community (i.e., the right kind and amount of
vegetation) to be vigorous and replacing/increasing their numbers and/or extent through recruitment
(Prichard et al., 1998). As described by Prichard et al., 1998, degradation of a stream riparian area
corresponds with the elimination of or reduction in bank-forming vegetation, encroachment of upland
vegetation onto floodplains and levees and increase in the extent of eroded banks and stream bars at the
expense of vegetated communities on levees and floodplains.
Item 6. Diverse age-class distribution of riparian-wetland vegetation (recruitment for
maintenance/recovery).
Prichard et al., 1998, indicate for a stream riparian system to recover, or maintain, it has to have
more than one age class of wetland plants. Note: this question is not referring to all possible age classes are
present. It is asking if the age classes present are providing recruitment to maintain, increase or allow
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recovery of an area. Prichard et al., 1998, states that most riparian areas will recover or maintain with two
age classes, as long as one of the age classes is young (recruitment) and the other is middle aged (i.e.,
replacement). Older/mature age classes are well attached to existing water tables and can persist even with
degraded conditions.
The objective of the item is to determine the age class distribution of at least one to two species of
plants.
For both reaches there is a sufficient distribution of diverse age classes. In Cedar Creek and Stones
River young, middle and old age classes are represented for trees species. However, the maintenance of
different age classes among the herbaceous community is not well represented. Most likely from the tree
canopy preventing enough light (i.e., solar radiation) to reach the riparian area floor/ground.
Cedar Creek.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Young, middle aged and old trees present.
West Fork Stones River.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Young, middle aged and older trees present.
Item 7. Diverse composition of riparian-wetland vegetation (for maintenance/recovery).
Stream riparian areas require the appropriate vegetation to be present if they are to function
properly. This means having two or more riparian wetland species present. Diversity for maintenance or
recovery applies primarily to the presence (availability) of those species with high erosion control potential
(stabilizers) within a community.
The objective of this item is to determine and document if the existing species composition is
sufficient for maintenance or recovery.
For the Cedar Creek there is sufficient diversity of vegetation community, predominantly attributed
to woody material.
In Stones River there is a diversity of woody vegetation. However, lack of stabilizing herbaceous
vegetation.
Cedar Creek.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Willows, sycamore, poison oak, watercress, nettle, rye grass - lacking in key
herbaceous species.
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West Fork Stones River.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Willow, need late stage herb/sycamore/bull rush.
Item 8. Species present indicate maintenance of riparian-wetland soil moisture characteristics.
Plants occurring in riparian wetland areas are hydrophytes (Prichard et al., 1998). They have to be
in contact with the water table.
The objective of this item to determine the water table level is being maintained or is moving
towards its potential extent as indicated by the presence of stream riparian plant communities.
A functional riparian system will have obligate wetland (OBL - e.g., cattails, Baltic rush,
pondweed, willow, alder, etc.) or facultative wetland (FACW - spiked rush, ferns, oak, sycamore,
cottonwood, etc.) plant communities on a perennial reach. A "no" response for this question will be given
if facultative upland or upland (drier site plants) dominant the reach.
For Cedar Creek key woody species are present, but not on old left bank floodplain (new levee and
ball field). Vegetation present is saying more about water levels within the channel than retention and
maintenance of soil moisture. Soil core indicates a leached iron clay that is poor for moisture retention.
Water mostly ponded on surface or ran off.
For the Stones River the riparian plant species present indicates the presence of obligate and
facultative wetland plant communities,
Cedar Creek.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Not on old riparian floodplain (new levee and ball field). Soil indicates poor water
absorbing capacity clay. Vegetation telling us more about water levels than water
retention.
West Fork Stones River.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Vegetation indicating a higher soil water retention potential.
Item 9. Streambank vegetation is comprised of those plants or plant communities that have root
masses capable of withstanding high stream flow events [community types present].
All stream banks erode to some degree as part of a streams natural process. Riparian plants are very
effective at stabilizing stream banks, filtering runoff, shading and protection of fish habitats, enhancing
aesthetics and controlling downstream flooding. Unstable banks can lead to extensive bank failures and add
large volumes of sediment to the stream.
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The objective of this item is to document that the streambanks have the right plant community types
for recovery and maintenance of the riparian wetland area. Most plants that are obligate and facultative
wetland have root masses capable of withstanding high-flow events (Prichard et al., 1998).
Cedar Creek and Stones River trees are, generally, are primary stabilizing plant community.
Cedar Creek.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Trees are generally stabilizers.
West Fork Stones River.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Trees providing the primary stabilizers.
Item 10. Riparian-wetland plants exhibit high vigor.
For most stream riparian wetland areas, plant size, shape and leaf color during the growing season
can be used to discern vigor (i.e., robustness, health).
The objective of this item is to determine if the stream riparian plants are healthy and robust, or are
in a weakened/stressed state and leaving the area. As riparian plants weaken or leave an area the reach is
subject to degradation.
For Cedar Creek and Stones River the riparian plant community is exhibiting some robustness.
Plant communities in the mid to lower reaches of Stones River show more vigor than those near the
sediment depleted area below the mill dam.
Vegetation indicates a fairly high concentration of nutrients in Cedar Creek and Stones River.
Cedar Creek.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Lot of water and nutrients.
West Fork Stones River.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Some sediment deposition. High nutrients.
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Item 11. Adequate riparian-wetland vegetative cover present to protect banks and dissipate energy
during high flows, [enough?]
Normal channel migration is essential for creating and maintaining a variety of aquatic and riparian
habitats (Prichard et al., 1998). To prevent excessive erosion is to have adequate vegetative cover to
dissipate the erosive forces acting on the channel. Therefore, benefits of riparian vegetation communities
are the ability to dissipate flow energy (i.e., create low velocity zones), for the deposition of sediments,
which aids flood plain development. Also, storage of water, protect stream banks, which is crucial in
obtaining proper functioning condition. Maintenance and recovery of a riparian wetland area is dependent
on the having the "right plants", recruitment, and the "right amount" to achieve its potential function.
The objective of this item is to determine if there is an adequate "amount" of vegetation present to
dissipate stream energies from high-flow events.
For Cedar Creek and Stones River the amount of vegetative cover is adequate.
Cedar Creek.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Trees and smartweed in channel, 60-70% canopy cover.
West Fork Stones River.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Trees and smartweed in channel, 50-60% canopy cover.
Item 12. Plant communities are an adequate source of coarse and/or large woody material (for
maintenance/recovery).
Stream riparian continuum is in a state of dynamic stability when it is functioning properly
(Prichard et al., 1998). Large Woody Material (LWM) plays a prominent role in regulating channel
morphology, habitat and dissipation of energy. Woody material helps create physical habitat diversity, fish
cover, pool development, and undercut banks. LWM is recruited as part of natural channel migration (e.g.,
bank erosion, landslides, etc.).
The objective of this item is to determine is woody material essential for system, and if necessary
is the woody material present in size and number.
For Cedar Creek and Stones River (LWM) is essential for the stream to reach its potential. Large
woody material is present throughout both watersheds. However, flow regime, especially in Cedar Creek,
transports most woody material through the system. Or, woody material is transported up onto the banks.
Lack of stream bottom variability (i.e., mostly flat) is not allowing for woody material to become snagged,
or becoming a stable snag.
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Cedar Creek.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Large woody debris found on the banks. Storm surge is such available large
woody material is transported through the system, or becomes snags on the banks
at higher flow marks.
West Fork Stones River.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Large woody debris found on the banks.
3.3.3 Erosion Deposition
Stream channels are constantly in motion adjusting to fluxes in stream flow and sediment being
supplied by the watershed (Prichardetal., 1998). Items 13-17 deal with the erosion and deposition attributes
and processes necessary for a system to function properly.
Item 13. Floodplain and channel characteristics (i.e., rocks, overflow channels, coarse and/or large
woody material) adequate to dissipate energy.
Channel and floodplain characteristics will vary depending on channel type (Rosgen, 1996). For
stream riparian systems to function properly, flow energy has to be dissipated during high-flow events
(Appendix F) (Prichard et al., 1998; Rosgen, 1996). In a functioning system energy is reduced through
floodplain access and channel characteristics which creates resistance to downstream movement (Prichard
et al., 1998).
The objective of this item is to determine if the channel characteristics are adequate to dissipate
stream energy.
For Cedar Creek floodplain is narrow to nonexistent. Levees, steep banks, no overflow channels,
and lack of channel and stream substrate characteristics. Wide deep flushing flows wash out wood and bar
forming sediment.
For Stones River flood plain is not wide enough to dissipate flow energy. However, there are
upstream grade controls.
For both Cedar Creek and Stones River, presence of trees is almost adequate to dissipate energy as
long as there is no further removal of woody material. However, sediment supply is inadequate.
Cedar Creek.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Floodplain is narrow to nonexistent. Levees, steep banks, no overflow channels.
Lack of channel characteristics. Wide deep flushing flows washing out wood and
bar forming sediment.
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West Fork Stones River.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Narrow floodplain. Not wide enough to dissipate flow energy, but there are some
upstream controls - Nice Mill Dam
Item 14. Point bars are revegetating with riparian-wetland vegetation.
Lateral movement and formation and extension of point bars is part of the natural depositional
process for some stream channel types. Point bars are predominant in Rosgen C channel types (Appendix
F) (Rosgen 1996). It is important vegetation colonizes the deposits as they extend over time to maintain
balance (Prichard et al., 1998). If vegetation cannot maintain a balance, high flow events will accelerate
erosional processes, which can result in degradation of the stream riparian system (Prichard et al., 1998).
To achieve balance the right riparian wetland plants need to have root masses capable of withstanding high
stream flow events.
The objective of this item is to establish that riparian plant communities are capturing recent
depositional events on point bars and maintaining the natural balance of the stream system.
For Cedar Creek point bar development is present. This item was not applicable for this reach.
For Stones River stabilization of point bars below Nice Mill Dam is generally inadequate.
Smartweed has created a monoculture. However, it is difficult to determine if the smartweed is stabilizing
sediment or has created a toe-hold into the fractured limestone bedrock. Or, both stream management and
recreational activity are impacting the recruitment of sediment and stabilizing plant species.
Cedar Creek.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Currently no point bar development. Sediment recruitment is predominantly clam
shells. Smartweed is capable of sending roots into the fractured limestone bedrock.
West Fork Stones River.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Smartweed is capable of sending roots into the fractured limestone bedrock.
Item 15. Lateral stream movement is associated with natural sinuosity.
Lateral stream movement usually occurs through bank erosion and point bar development (Prichard
et al., 1998), and is associated with natural sinuosity. "Natural" rates of channel migration will vary by
stream type and available material (Appendix F) (Prichard et al., 1998; Rosgen 1996).
The objective of this item to is to determine if the active channel is slowly progressing across its
valley floor. Excessive lateral movement will impact the overall function of the riparian area.
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For Cedar Creek and West Fork Stones River incision has confined the active channel. For Cedar
Creek flood control, housing development and recreational activity for parks is impacting the streams ability
to migrate within its valley floor. However, Cedar Creek is working against its levee constraints on the left
bank (i.e., ball field).
In West Fork Stones River the channel is confined by incision and upstream disruption by Nice
Mill Dam. However, establishment of smartweed along the left back is moving the main channel towards
the right bank where the flood plain is expanding.
Cedar Creek.
Yes
No
N/A
X
In places lateral stream movement associated with natural sinuosity within current
channel. However, bedrock inhibits lateral movement.
West Fork Stones River.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Lateral movement is associated with natural sinuosity.
Item 16. System is vertically stable, [not downcutting]
Natural streams transport water, sediment and other material out of the watershed. Natural
disturbances or anthropogenic activities will impact the equilibrium conditions of the stream channel.
Processes of degradation and aggradation may result in bank instability and changes in channel pattern
(Prichard et al., 1998). During basinwide adjustments, the stage of channel evolution will usually vary
systematically (Prichard et al., 1998). The lack of a systematic relation between stage of channel evolution
and distance upstream/downstream indicates that the stability problems are local in nature (Prichard et al.,
1998). For example, redirection of flow caused by a structure.
The objective of this item is to document if the channel adjustments are occurring at a "natural" or
an accelerated rate (e.g., nick point, headcut).
Cedar Creek and Stones River are vertically stable and showing no signs of vertical instability.
Both systems have been incised to bedrock.
Cedar Creek.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Not downcutting. Limestone bedrock preventing further incision.
West Fork Stones River.
Yes
No
N/A
X
No further incision. Limestone bedrock preventing further incision.
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Item 17. Stream is in balance with the water and sediment being supplied by the watershed (i.e.,
no excessive erosion or deposition).
As streams transport water and sediment out of a watershed any excessive erosion or deposition
indicates the system is out of balance with the material being supplied.
The objective of this item is to identify if the riparian wetland area is out of balance with the stream
flow and material being supplied.
Cedar Creek is in balance with the sediment and water being supplied. However, damming within
the watershed is inhibiting sediment transport.
Stones River is not in balance. Nice Mill Dam is preventing supply of sediment. Lack of sediment
supply is preventing further advancement of the Stones River through channel evolutionary process.
Cedar Creek.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Yes, but mill dams inhibit sediment being transported through the stream network.
West Fork Stones River.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Lack of sediment transport slowing down channel evolution process.
3.4 Proper Functioning Condition (PFC) Lentic Checklist: Couchviiie
Lake
Fluvial processes of sediment transport and storage are directly related to stream and wetland
riparian habitat dynamics (Hurley and Jensen, 2001). The PFC checklist is designed to address the common
attributes and processes needing to be in working order for a lentic riparian-wetland area to function
properly.
3.4.1 Potential
Couchviiie Lake has an altered potential driven by water management in Percy Priest Reservoir.
Couchviiie Lake has a consistent summer pool, but winter draw down can be up to 8 ft. J. Percy Priest lake
draw down is typically conducted between Oct-Mar according to the USACE project guide curve.
Limestone bedrock has developed a karst topography of sinks, pot holes and underground streams.
Vegetation present consists of American Elm, Black Walnut. Red Maple, Red Oak. popash. willow,
sycamore, maple, sedges and rushes.
3.4.2 Hydrology
The term "wetland hydrology" encompasses all hydrologic characteristics of wetland areas that are
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periodically inundated, or has soils saturated to the surface at some time during the growing season
(Prichard. et al.. 1999). These areas are inundated, or saturated, to the surface for sufficient duration to
develop hydric soils (i.e., anaerobic soil conditions) and support vegetation adapted to anaerobic soil
conditions (Prichard. et al.. 1999).
Hydrology is often the least exact of the parameters. It is essential to establish that a wetland area
is periodically inundated or has saturated soils during the growing season (Prichard et al. 1994).
Item 1: Riparian-wetland area is saturated at or near the surface or inundated in "relatively
frequent" events.
Water creates and maintains all wetlands. Water is the dominant factor determining the nature of
soil development and the plant community structure in a wetland (lentic) system (Cowardin et al., 1979).
The purpose of Item 1 is to document the wetland is inundated (i.e., saturated) long enough in duration and
occurs frequently enough to maintain wetland characteristics.
Coucln ille Lake is hydrologically connected to Percy Priest Lake. Lake levels are controlled by
this hydrologic connection and will fluctuate 1 -2 feet throughout the year, allow ing for the riparian area to
be saturated. However, soil cores indicate the saturation zone is very narrow, about 10-15 feet from the
waterline.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Item 2: Fluctuation of water levels is not excessive.
Periodic flooding, or saturation, of the wetland areas is necessary to promote and sustain
(Obligate Wetland Species) OBL and (Faculative Wetland Species) FACW vegetation. Flood pool
storage elevations are between 490.5 - 504.5 feet above mean sea level. Water level changes must be
within the range of plant tolerance. The purpose of Item 2 is to determine if the water level changes are
within the limits capable of sustaining riparian-w etland vegetation.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Yes, but lake has a winter draw down.
Item 3: Riparian-wetland area is enlarging or has achieved potential extent.
Depending on a lentic area's site characteristics, degradation can result in accelerated sedimentation
(filling in faster), or loss, or lowering, of the water table (Prichard. et al.. 1999). Either process will have a
detrimental effect on the riparian-wetland vegetation and community structure.
Deposition around shorelines provides more shallow water area for emergent vegetation (Prichard
et al.. 1999). Excessive sediment results in a decrease in the spatial extent of the wetland as the perimeter
area shrinks with declining catchment capacity.
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A loss, or lowering, of the water table results in loss of vegetation vigor (i.e., water stress), lowered
production, and eventually a complete loss of riparian-wetland vegetation (Prichard et al., 1999).
The objective of Item 3 is to determine if the riparian wetland area is degrading, recovering or has
recovered.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Has achieved potential extent. However, a few areas are showing some riparian
area expansion because of the setting. Riparian maybe impacted by some local
management.
Item 4: Upland watershed is not contributing to riparian-wetland degradation.
The objective of Item 4 is to determine if the surrounding uplands are affecting the condition of a
riparian-wetland area. Alteration in upland condition influences the magnitude, timing, or duration of
overland flow events (Prichard et al.. 1999). This in turn affects the riparian wetland functionality. The
focus is on whether the uplands arc. or arc not. contributing to degradation, and not on the condition of the
uplands.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Upland area is not contributing.
However, construction of Percy Priest Reservoir has altered timing and duration of water levels in
Couchville Lake.
Item 5: Water quality is sufficient to support riparian-wetland plants.
The purpose of Item 5 is to determine if water quality is being maintained (Prichard et al.. 1999).
The toxicological impacts to ecosystems occurs when there is too low or too high nutrient and trace metal
concentrations. The effect also occurs for sediment. For example, nutrient (i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus)
concentrations exceed the capability of the wetland vegetation community to absorb them, and or the
concentrations are too low to maintain vigor. Maintenance of water quality is important for riparian wetland
areas to produce the kind of vegetation necessary for proper functioning condition.
Yes
No
N/A
X
High nutrient levels.
Total maximum daily load (TMDL) for the area indicate nitrogen and phosphorus are a problem.
Nitrogen loads also occur from atmospheric NOx from the greater Nashville area, and trapped within the
Central Basin topography.
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Item 6: Natural surface or subsurface flow patterns are not altered by disturbance (i.e., hoof action,
dams, dikes, trails, roads, rills, gullies, drilling activities).
The objective of Item 6 is to determine if surface or subsurface flow patterns are being maintained.
A change in flow patterns may mean a change in vegetation type (e.g.. wetland species to upland species).
Alteration of surface or subsurface flow patterns may affect the functionality of a site, by creating a site
unable to dissipate energies and function properly.
If the natural surface or subsurface flow patterns of lentic areas are altered, the timing, frequency,
magnitude, and duration of inundation or saturation can be affected, with corresponding changes to the soils
and vegetation (Prichard et al.. 1999). This would indicate that the wetland plant community may be
impacted during drought conditions, which is suggested in Items 10-12.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Presence of upstream dams/mill dams, historical road ways, and park have
created an altered potential
Surface flow patterns in and around the Couchville Lake have been altered over the couple of
hundred years of human use. Park and paved bike path is channeling flow into the narrow wetland area and
then into the lake.
Item 7: Structure accommodates safe passage of flows (e.g., no headcut affecting dam or spillway).
Some lentic riparian-w etland areas have been altered through the addition of structures designed to
capture more runoff, thus creating a more permanent or larger wetland (Prichard et al.. 1999). When
structures are placed to with/without intent to alter a riparian-wetland area, it is very important that the
structure is designed and maintained to accommodate safe passage of flows (Prichard et al.. 1999). The
purpose of Item 7 is to determine if these structures are accommodating safe passage of flows.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Safe passage of flows because of impact from Percy Priest Dam releases.
3.4.3 Vegetation
Items 8-15 address vegetation attributes and processes that should be in working order for a lentic
riparian-wetland system to function properly (Prichard et al.. 1999). In assessing functionality, the whole
complex (i.e., landform, vegetation community structure) should be considered in order to understand such
items as age class distribution and species diversity. For a wetland area to persist, and/or improve, the plant
species or communities of interest must be both healthy (vigorous) and replacing or increasing their
numbers or extent through recruitment into the community. The site should be evaluated by determining if
the right kinds and proportions of species of community vegetation types are those found in lentic riparian-
wetland areas (Prichard et al.. 1999). For example, many lentic riparian-wetland areas do not have the soil
and hydrology conditions needed to support tree or shrub species.
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Riparian-wetland plants are classified into five types based cm the likelihood of their occurrence in
wetlands or nonwetlands (Reed 1988). These classes are: obligate wetland (OBL). facultative wetland
(FACW), facultative (FAC), facultative upland (FACU), and obligate upland (UPL). OBL species are likely
to occur in wetlands >99 percent of the time, whereas FACW species occur in wetlands between >67-99
percent of the time. The FAC species are likely to occur in wetlands 33-67 percent of the time; FACU species
are likely to occur 1 -<33 percent of the time. UPL species almost never (<1 percent) occur in wetlands.
Item 8: There is diverse age-class distribution of riparian wetland vegetation (recruitment for
maintenance/recovery).
In most cases, a riparian-wetland area should have more than one age class of wetland plants present
for maintenance or recovery - i.e., a sufficient number of age classes are present to provide recruitment to
maintain an area or to allow an area to recover (Prichard et al., 1998). Most riparian-wetland areas can
maintain their numbers with two age classes. Provided one of the age classes is young for recruitment, and
the other is middle aged (i.e., replacement). Older/mature age classes are well attached to existing water
tables and can persist even with degraded conditions (Prichard et al., 1998). Most herbaceous riparian
wetland plants spread through seed and rhizomes (Prichard et al., 1999). A lack of spreading by wetland
plants may indicate a lack of age class diversity. This is possibly due to a change in site conditions.
The objective of Item 8 is to determine the age class distribution of at least one to two species of
plants.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Lack of younger in over growth areas (i.e., older successional tree growths). Has
potential to provide recruitment as an areas opens up to sunlight.
Item 9: There is diverse composition of riparian-wetland vegetation (for maintenance/recovery)
In addition to diverse age-class distribution, diverse species composition is important for
maintenance and recovery (Prichard et al.. 1998; Prichard et al., 1999). The objective of Item 9 is to
determine and document if the existing species composition is sufficient for maintenance or recovery.
Basically, two or more riparian-wetland species are present, but varies by the potential of the site to support
a given number of species. Site characteristics can give a competitive advantage of a particular species over
other species. Capability of the site must also be considered (Prichard et al.. 1999). If the hydrology has
been altered by some activity in the upper watershed, altered flows into the wetland may limit the types of
species that can survive (Prichard et al.. 1999).
For this wetland area there is a diversity of vegetation community predominantly in the herbaceous
and woody material.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Sedges, bull rushes and a diverse composition of trees (e.g., willows, sycamore,
etc.).
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Item 11: Vegetation is comprised of those plants or plant communities that have root masses
capable of withstanding wind events, wave flow events, or overland flows (e.g., storm
events, snowmelt).
Lcntic riparian-wetland areas can have open water, or wet meadow s with standing water some part
of the year. The objective of Item 11 is to determine if the shorelines/soil surfaces have the right plants, or
community types, present and in abundance to protect the riparian-wetland area from erosion - i.e., those
species with root systems capable of withstanding such events (Prichard et al., 1998; Prichard et al., 1999).
Most perennial plants that are OBL and FACW have root masses capable of withstanding
erosional events, while most FACU and UPL plants do not (Prichard et al., 1999). Typically, herbaceous
species with rhizomes, or stolons, which form a continuous mat of roots (rather than isolated individual
bunch grasses) are most effective (Prichard et al.. 1999).
Yes
No
N/A
X
Item 12: Riparian-wetland plants exhibit high vigor.
The objective of Item 12 is to determine if the stream riparian plants are healthy and robust, or are
in a weakened/stressed state and diminishing from the area. As riparian plants weaken or leave an area the
wetland is subject to degradation. The aboveground expression is a reflection of the condition of the root
system and the ability of riparian-wetland species to hold an area together (Prichard et al.. 1999). During
the growing season plant size, shape and leaf color can be used to discern vigor (i.e., robustness, health).
For this wetland the riparian plant community is exhibiting some robustness indicating higher
nutrient loads.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Item 13: Adequate riparian-wetland vegetative cover is present to protect shoreline/soil surface
and dissipate energy during high wind and wave events or overland flows.
Vegetation filters sediment, aids floodplain development, protects shorelines, etc. All of which
dissipate energies associated with wind action, wave action, and overland flow events. The purpose of
Item 13 is to determine if there is an adequate amount of vegetation present to dissipate energies from
these events (Prichard et al., 1999).
For a riparian wetland area to maintain/recover, composition and abundance of the right plants,
recruitment, etc.. are necessary/essential for the system to function properly (Prichard et al.. 1998;
Prichard et al.. 1999).
For this wetland there is adequate vegetative cover.
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Yes
No
N/A
X
Item 14: Frost or abnormal hydrologic heaving is not present.
The objective of Item 14 is to determine if frost or hydrologic heaving is occurring, and determine
if it is occurring at a normal or aggravated rate. Frost or hydrologic heaving occurs when soil pores contain
free water conducive to the development of segregated ice lenses or crystals and when temperatures drop
below freezing (Prichard et al.. 1999). This is a natural process which is aggravated by impacts that either
seal parts of the surface, which restricts water infiltration between plants, or reduces pore space by
compaction between plants (Prichard et al., 1999). Excessive removal of vegetation, acting as thermal
cover, can exaggerate the effects of freezing resulting in vegetated hummocks (i.e., increasing elevation
develop between the sealed or compacted interspaces).
Yes
No
N/A
X
Item 15: Favorable microsite condition (i.e., woody material, water temperature, etc.) is maintained
by adjacent site characteristics.
The objective of Item 15 is to determine if microsite conditions are necessary for proper
functioning, and if the adjacent site characteristics are maintaining those conditions.
Some riparian-wetland areas require very specific conditions to sustain temporal water budgets
(Prichard et al.. 1999). If seasonal inflows, outflows, and/or evapotranspiration characteristics are
significantly altered, the type and extent of the riparian-wetland area can also be altered (Figure 2). Adj acent
site characteristics can directly influence both inflow and outflow by buffering surface runoff (Prichard et
al.. 1999).
Changes in vegetation type and abundance can change the evaporation to transpiration rate. In some
riparian-wetland areas, adjacent site characteristics can affect vegetation recruitment potential on-site by
shading, temperature modification, available seed germination sites, etc. (Prichard et al.. 1999). If
functionality is dependent on these particular species, then the adjacent site characteristics must also be
maintained (Prichard et al.. 1999).
Yes
No
N/A
X
Woodland forest.
3.4.4 Erosion and Deposition
Wetland riparian habitats are constantly in motion adjusting to fluxes in stream flow and sediment
being supplied by the watershed (Prichard et al., 1998). Items 16-20 deal with the erosion and deposition
attributes and processes necessary for a system to function properly.
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Item 16: Accumulation of chemicals affecting plant productivity/composition is not apparent.
Maintaining a chemical balance of essential trace metals and nutrients in a lentic riparian-wetland
area is necessary to maintain functionality. Toxic effect to plant communities occurs if there is an imbalance
in the water and soil chemistry of essential nutrients and trace metals, and an increase of organic chemicals
(i.e., herbicides, pesticides, etc.). Accumulation of harmful chemicals can potentially affect plant and soil
microbial composition and/or productivity (Prichard et al.. 1999). The objective of Item 16 is to determine
if the vegetation productivity/composition is being affected by chemicals.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Is not apparent.
Surface water quality data indicated there is a potential for excessive nutrients to occur in the
watershed.
Item 17: Saturation of soils (i.e., ponding, flooding frequency, and duration) is sufficient to
compose and maintain hydric soils.
The objective of Item 17 is to determine whether hydric soils are being created or maintained in
areas that should have hydric soils. Hydric soils are developed and maintained through frequent flooding,
ponding, or saturation for a long enough time for anaerobic conditions to develop (Prichard et al.. 1999).
For Couchvilie Lake, which is also evident throughout the Central Basin, soil type (clay) is not
conducive for the infiltration of water. Saturation is only within a couple of feet from the shoreline.
Yes
No
N/A
X
Soil type (clay) not conducive for the infiltration of water.
Item 18: Underlying geologic structure/soil material/permafrost is capable of restricting water
percolation.
The objective of Item 18 is to identify whether geologic structure and/or underlying soil material
is being maintained. Lcntic. or standing water, riparian-wetland areas often have an underlying soil
material/type capable of maintaining, or persisting over long periods of time. For example bedrock, clay
layer, or caliche that is a hardened deposit of calcium carbonate, which creates a bowl effect. This
underlying material restricts water percolation, producing permanent or seasonal ponding, saturation, or
inundation (Prichard et al.. 1999). This underlying material has to be maintained for an area to function
properly. If the underlying bow l (i.e., impervious layer) is breached the wetland area can no longer hold
water thus maintaining existing hydrology and associated vegetation.
Couchville Lake is hydrologically connected to the Stones River and Percy Priest Reservoir. The
limestone karst topography of the Central Basin is not capable of restricting water percolation.
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Yes
No
N/A
X
No. Couchville Lake is hydrologically connected to Stones River and Percy
Priest Reservoir.
Item 19: Riparian-wetland is in balance with the water and sediment being supplied by the
watershed (i.e., no excessive erosion or deposition).
The purpose of Item 19 is to identify if water and sediment are being supplied to the wetland at a
natural rate for the system to maintain or improve functions. Over geologic time, lentic riparian-wetland
areas will follow a natural successional process of fill with sediment and converting to an upland area type
(Prichard et al., 1999). This conversion/successional change can be accelerated by activities within a
watershed, such as road building, logging, water diversions, farming, or grazing, if not properly managed
(Prichard et al.. 1999). Too many roads, roads in the wrong location, or roads constructed in a manner to
channelize stream conditions may/will accelerate erosion within a watershed. This erosion may result in
excessive amounts of sediment being supplied to a riparian wetland area, filling it faster (Prichard et al..
1999) and decreasing its function potential. If flows increase, or have been increased by construction
activity, the resulting increased energy will form headcuts (incision) endangering the entire system. The
increased flows and increased sediment load will change the type of riparian-wetland (i.e., marsh to lake)
system (Prichard et al.. 1999).
Yes
No
N/A
X
No excessive erosion.
Item 20: Islands and shoreline characteristics (i.e., rocks, coarse and/or large woody material) are
adequate to dissipate wind and wave event energies.
The intent of Item 20 is to address those systems that do not require vegetation (Prichard et al..
1999). Riparian-wetland areas with islands and shorelines have to be able to dissipate energy during wind
action and wave action events to function properly (Prichard et al.. 1999). Islands and shorelines need
characteristics to dissipate wind and wave action. Presence of rocks, woody and/or herbaceous material will
dissipate energies associated with wind and wave action.
For Couchvilie Lake shoreline characteristics are adequate to dissipate wind and wave energies.
Yes
No
N/A
X
3.5 Functional Rating
Cedar Creek.
Functional - At Risk - Upward. Upper third of thermometer (see Appendix A, Summary
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Determination, for an illustration). Yes - Upstream channel condition, Road encroachment (road runoff from
highway), Augmented flows, and downstream bridge development, storm water levees and mill dams.
West Fork Stones River.
Functional-At Risk - Trend is Not Apparent. Yes - Flow regulation, Upstream channel condition,
Road encroachment (road runoff from highway), Nice Mill Dam.
Couchville Lake.
Proper Functioning Condition - trend is upward. At lower end of PFC. There are no factors
contributing to unacceptable conditions outside the control of the manager.
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4.0 Discussion
When determining whether a riparian-wetland area is functioning properly, the condition of the
entire watershed, including the uplands and tributary watershed system, is important. The entire watershed
can influence the quality, abundance, and stability of downstream resources by controlling production of
sediment and nutrients, influencing streamflow, and modifying the distribution of chemicals throughout the
riparian-wetland area. Riparian-wetland health (functioning condition), an important component of
watershed condition, refers to the ecological status of vegetation, geomorphic, and hydrologic development,
along with the degree of structural integrity exhibited by the riparian-wetland area. A healthy riparian-
wetland area is in dynamic equilibrium with the streamflow forces and channel aggradation/degradation
processes producing change with vegetative, geomorphic, and structural resistance. In a healthy situation,
the channel network adjusts in form and slope to handle increases in storm flow/snowmelt runoff with
limited perturbation of channel and associated riparian-wetland plant communities.
"When adequate vegetation, landform, or large woody debris is present to dissipate energy
associated with high flows, then a number of physical changes begin to occur. Such as reduced erosion,
sediment filtering, and improved habitat for fish, water-fowl, and other uses. The physical aspects have to
be in working order to sustain the channel characteristics that provide the habitat for these resource values"
(Pritchard et al., 1998).
As pointed out by Pritchard et al., 1998, areas not functioning properly, need change in management
practices to allow recovery (e.g., acquire adequate vegetation). For example, change requiring vegetation
leads to other physical changes allowing the system to begin to function. Therefore, recovery, starts with
acquiring the right element(s) to dissipate energy, support physical process and provide the foundation to
sustain the desired conditions.
The Nashville Basin, or Central Basin, is underlain by Ordovician limestone. Topography of the
Central Basin is relatively flat to gently rolling with low to moderate gradient streams and rivers, which
drain towards the northwest into the Cumberland River.
Stream substrate is limestone bedrock interspersed with rock rubble riffle areas, silty basins, and
some sand and gravel reaches. Land cover is urban with small farms and cattle operations. Limestones leach
nutrients, predominantly phosphorus, and are very productive. Algae and rooted vegetation (i.e., smartweed
and willow) are abundant in the stream channel.
Soils in the Central Basin are a clayey material with low hydraulic conductivity, and appear to be
easily eroded (Figure 3). Water has a tendency to pond and runoff than to saturate. Lack of saturation
potential indicates why the riparian zone at Couchville Lake, Stones River and Cedar Creek are not much
wider than a few feet.
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Side Channel Draining Charlie Daniels State Park Situated Along the Left Bank of Cedar Creek
Assessment Reach,
Figure 4,
State of Tennessee's water quality assessment indicates that habitat alteration and siltation are
primary pollutants in the watershed (USEPA. 2012). Organic enrichment, nutrients and pathogens are
secondary pollutants. State of Tennessee attributes this to population explosion in the Central Basin within
the last couple of decades. Sediment erosion and destruction of riparian habitat happen through
construction. Due to past bank and channel alterations and riparian vegetation removal many streams within
the Central Basin (Cedar Creek, Stones River) watershed have unstable and eroding banks (Figure 4). This
erosion can release a surprising amount of sediment downstream.
Analysis of a PFC assessment is to observe the 'No' answer and their justification. For Couchville
Lake, a natural lake ecosystem in the Stones River watershed, the No's are Item 6 - natural surface or
subsurface flow patterns; Item 17 - Saturation of soils; Item 18 - Underlying geologic Structure capable of
restricting water percolation.
Couchville Lake was rated as being PFC, but at the lower end. This is mostly as a result of changes
in water flow in to and out of the Lake. Groundwater in the fractured limestone bedrock of the Central
Basin flow through a system of higher irregular solution channels (Brahana and Bradley, 1986). Solution
channels, or cavities, are expanded openings along joints and fractures by dissolution of the limestone
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bedrock (Brahana and Bradley, 1986). It is through these channels and cavities that Percy Priest Lake and
Couchville Lake are connected. Therefore, lake level changes in Percy Priest impact lake levels in
Couchville Lake.
Item 17, saturation of soils (i.e., ponding, flood frequency, and duration) is sufficient to compose
and maintain hydric soils. Most soils in the central and southeastern section of the Central Basin formed
from weathering of the limestone bedrock (North, et al., 1977). Sediment cores taken at Couchville Lake
indicate soil saturation (i.e., formation of wetland anoxic soil conditions) is limited. Wetland soils form a
narrow band of approximately 10-15 feet along the western margin of the lake. Soils around Couchville
Lake are more conducive for runoff than absorption.
North, et al., 1977, described the Talbot soil around the Percy Priest reservoir area as well drained
with moderately slow permeability and limited depth to bedrock. Low available water capacity and shallow
depth to bedrock outcrop are the main soil limitations.
For Cedar Creek and West Fork Stones River the PFC assessments were different. Cedar Creek
was assessed as Functional-At-Risk. Cedar Creek was considered to have an upward trend. West Fork
Stones River the trend was not apparent but was assessed as Proper Functioning Condition.
Hydrological difference is on the West Fork Stones River the floodplain was deemed to be above
bankfull on relatively frequent events. Also, the West Fork Stones River has developed, and/or is
developing, more of a floodplain in the incised channel than Cedar Creek. However, the 'No" answers for
Items 3, 4 and 5 were similar. Both lotic systems are incised into the limestone bedrock and are evolving,
widening inside the downcut channel. Water quality issues occur from contribution of storm water into the
streams. Cedar Creek has been urbanized with a narrow riparian area. West Fork Stones River is
predominantly rural with a few urban areas, but soils have low permeability and high runoff during storm
events.
Maintenance of soil moisture is visible in Item 8. On Cedar Creek vegetation species present are
saying more about water levels that water retention. Vegetation along the West Fork Stones River indicates
better soil moisture characteristics, but the riparian area is fairly narrow. Overall soils within the Central
Basin are not providing characteristics to retain water and create wetland habitat.
For erosion and deposition parameters Item 13 existing channel characteristics are not present to
dissipate stream energy in Cedar Creek and West Fork Stones River. For both reaches the floodplain is
narrow to nonexistent. West Fork Stones River has a couple of overall channels, but in both cases the
presence of levees with steep banks and lack of woody debris inhibit the ability of the streams to dissipate
high flows. Mill dams and flood control structures prevent sediment (Item 17) from being transported
through the stream network.
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5.0 Conclusions and Recommendations
State of Tennessee has identified habitat alteration and siltation are primary pollutants in the Central
Basin watersheds. In the State of Tennessee's total maximum daily load (TMDL) for the Stones River
indicates that habitat alteration and siltation has had severe consequences on aquatic organisms and fish
populations. Several agencies are working to restore streams in the Central Basin. Best management
practices (BMPs) include re-establishment of bank vegetation, providing off-channel watering areas for
cattle, and improving erosion management during road-building.
PFC assessments for Cedar Creek and West Fork Stones River indicate that channel evolution has
slowed resulting in an altered potential. For the Cedar Creek this means a long drawn out process of re-
establishing a new floodplain within its current incised channel. For the West Fork Stones River the altered
potential has resulted in the ecosystem being stuck, or pickled. By this, the system is unable to improve, or
trend upward.
Army Corps of Engineers indicated they do not manage the riparian habitat other than to manage water
moving through the watersheds. However, the State of Tennessee has identified methods for improving
habitat alteration by:
Organizing stream cleanups removing trash, limbs and debris by hand or winch
before they cause blockage.
Avoiding use of heavy equipment to "clean out" streams.
Planting vegetation along streams to stabilize banks, provide habitat, additional flood protection,
and nutrient and pollution filtration.
Encouraging developers to avoid extensive culverting or relocation of streams, and removal of
riparian vegetation.
These activities indicate why floodplain characteristics (Item 13, specifically large woody material) are
not present within the channel. However, water quality issues (e.g., organic enrichment, nutrients and
pathogens) are result of low permeability of the soils and bedrock and the expanded impervious surface
from urbanization. Possible best management practices (BMPs) to mitigate and/or eliminate for non-point
source pollutants include:
1. Initiating a bacterial source tracking study
2. Continuing surface water monitoring
3. Educating the public about waterbody health
4. Implement creek bank protection and enhancement
5. Work with flood control projects to get water on the land longer - maintain and restore the
hydrologic connectivity of streams, meadows, wetlands, and other special aquatic features by
identifying roads and trails that intercept, divert, or disrupt natural surface and subsurface water
flow paths. Implement corrective actions where necessary to restore connectivity.
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6. Identify other management practices, for example, road building, recreational use, grazing, and
timber harvests that may be contributing to the observed degradation.
7. Conducting an annual litter removal program
8. Commence exotic vegetation removal and native plant restoration.
By the use of PFC assessment and using the results in Tribal management planning, Western Tribes
have made remarkable results in improving Tribal ecosystems. Although there are many differences
between western and eastern ecosystems in the United States, PFC can also be used to great effect by
Eastern Tribes. The foundations for maintenance and recovery of desired Tribal values can be determined
by the PFC assessment. The laws of physics still apply. The riparian-wetland areas are functioning properly
when adequate vegetation, landform or large woody debris is present. This dissipates stream energy
associated with high flows, filters sediment and captures bed flow, aids flood plan development, improves
flood water retention and groundwater recharge and will stabilize the streambanks. The PFC process is an
easy and simple way to explain how the environment works and how anyone can work to make a difference.
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6.0 Acknowledgements
A special thanks to PFC instructors Sherman Swanson, Robert Hall, Brian Schumacher and
Daniel Mosley. PFC Learning Team instructors would like to thank Steven Terry and Harrell French
ofUSET.
Instructors for the workshop were from the University of Nevada, Cooperative Extension Program,
USEPA Region 9, USEPA Office of Research and Development, and the Walker Lake Piaute Tribe (Native
Environmental Services). The Workshop included field visits to the Charlie Daniels Park (Cedar Creek)
and Lone Hunter State Park (Couchville Lake). Eleven people participated in the training, including
members of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, Poarch Band of Creek Indians, Onondaga Nation,
Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska, Passamaquoddy Tribe: Pleasant Point, Mississippi Band of Chactaw
Indians, and the Army Corp of Engineers. Thanks go to the manuscript reviewers Steven Gardner, John H.
Zimmerman, Mark Vaughan and Pah-tu Pitt. Many thanks also go to Tad Harris, Pamela Grossmann, Maria
Gregorio, May Fong, Kevin Broadnax and Jan Contreras who all aided in the preparation of this report.
Notice
The information in this document has been funded in part by the United States Environmental Protection
Agency under contract number EP-12H-000190 to USET, Inc. It has been subjected to the Agency's peer
and administrative review and has been approved for publication as an EPA document.
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7.0 References
Alexander, J., and Marriott, S.B., 1999, Geological Society, London, Special Publications,
Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 163; p. 1-13 doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.163.01.01
Brahana, J.V., and Bradley, M.W., 1986, Preliminary Delineation and Description of the Regional
Aquifers of Tennessee-The Central Basin Aquifer System. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources
Investigation Report 82-4002, 40 pgs.
Cowardin, L.M., Carter, V., Golet, F. and LaRoe, E. 1979. Classification of Wetlands and
Deepwater Habitats of the United States. USDI, FWS/OBS-79/31, Washington, DC. 103p.
Hurley, M., and Jensen, M.E., 2001, Geomorphic Patterns, Processes, and Perspectives in Aquatic
Assessments, in A Guide Book for Integrated Ecological Assessments, Jensen, M.E., and Bourgeron, P.S.,
Editors, Springer Verlag, 536 pages.
Jensen, L.A. Ryel, R., and Platts, W.S. 1089. Classification of Riverine/Riparian Habitat and
Assessment of Nonpoint Source Impacts, North Fork Humboldt River, Nevada. Report to the U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. White Horse Associates,
Smithfield, UT 165 p.
North, O.L., Cox, T.E., Dollar, H.D., Hall, W.G., Hinton, R.B., McCowan, C., and McCroskey,
C.E., Soil Survey of Davidson County, Tennessee. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation
Service Report, 127 pgs.
Prichard, D., Barrett, H., Gebhardt, K., Cagney, J., Hansen, P.L., Clark, R., Mitchell, B., Fogg, J.,
Tippy, D., 1993, Riparian Area Management: Process for Assessing Proper Functioning Condition, U.S.
Department ofthe Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Technical Reference 1737-9, 1993; Revised 1995,
1998.
Prichard, D., Berg, F., Hagenbuck, W., Krapf, R., Leinard, R., Leonard, S., Manning, M., Noble,
C., and Staats, J., 1996, Riparian Area Management: A User Guide to Assessing Proper Functioning
Condition and the Supporting Science for Lentic Areas, Technical Reference 1737-16, 1999; Revised 2003,
U.S. Department ofthe Interior, Bureau of Land Management.
Prichard, D., Anderson, J., Correll, C., Fogg, J., Gebhardt, K., Krapf, R., Leonard, S., Mitchell, B.,
and Staats, J., 1998, Riparian Area Management, A User Guide to Assessing Proper Functioning Condition
and the Supporting Science for Lotic Areas; Technical Reference TR1737-15, Department of the Interior,
Bureau of Land Management (BLM).
Prichard, D., Clemmer, P., Gorges, M., Meyer, G., and K. Shumac, K.. 1999. Riparian Area
Management: Using Aerial Photographs to Assess Proper Functioning Condition of Riparian-Wetland
Areas. TR 1737-12. Bureau of Land Management, BLM/RS/ST-96/007+1737, National Business Center,
CO. 37 p.
Reed, P., Jr. 1988. National List of Plant Species that Occur in Wetlands: Intermountain (Region
8). Biological Report 88(26.8), USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, Fort Collins, CO. 76 p.
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Rosgen, D. (1996) Applied River Morphology, Wildland Hydrology, Pagosa Springs, CO. 390 p.
Schmudde, T.H. 1968. Floodplains. In: FAIRBRIDGE, R. W. (ed.) The Encyclopedia of
Geomorphology. Reinhold Book Corporation, New York, 359-362 pp.
Tennessee Section of the American Water Resources Association (TS-AWRA), 2012. Proceedings
from the 22nd Tenessee Water Resources Symposium, Montgomery Bell State Park, Burns, Tennessee,
April 11- 13,2012.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. December 2006. Wadeable Streams Assessment, A
Collaborative Survey of the Nation's Streams. EPA 841-B-06-112. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Water and Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2012. Tennessee Water Quality Assessment Report,
Assessed Waters of Tennessee by Watershed,
http://ofmpub.epa.gov/waterslO/attains index.search wb?p area=TN&p cvcle=2012
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8.0 Quality Assurance Summary
A Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) was use for this work entitled, "Development of
ORD/NERL's Community - Focused Exposure and Risk Screening Tool (C-FERST) and Tribal-Focused
Environmental Risk and Sustainability Tool (Tribal-FERST)", approved on July 6, 2013. This Report does
not include environmental data collected by the USEPA. The Environmental Sciences Division Director
and Quality Assurance Manager reviewed laboratory notebooks annually. There were no findings requiring
corrective actions. There were no deviations to methods or general or specific limitation on the use of the
results.
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42
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Appendix A: Proper Functioning Condition (PFC) Lotic Checklist
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44
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Lotic Checklist
Name of Riparian-Wetland Area:
Date:
Segment/Reach ID:
ID Team Observers:
Potential/Capability:
Yes
No
N/A
HYDROLOGICAL
1) Floodplain above bankfull is inundated in "relatively frequent" events. Notes:
2) Where beaver dams are present they are active and stale. Notes:
3) Sinuosity, width/depth ratio, and gradient are in balance with the landscape setting (i.e.,
landform, geology, and bioclimatic region). Notes:
4) Riparian-wetland area is widening or has achieved potential extent. Notes:
5) Upland watershed is not contributing to riparian-wetland degradation. Notes:
Yes
No
N/A
VEGETATION
6) There is diverse age-class distribution of riparian-wetland vegetation (recruitment for
maintenance/recovery). Notes:
7) There is diverse composition of riparian-wetland vegetation (for maintenance/recovery).
Notes:
8) Species present indicate maintenance of riparian-wetland soil moisture characteristics.
Notes:
9) Streambank vegetation is comprised of those plants or plant communities that have root
masses capable of withstanding high streamflow events, [community types present] Notes:
10) Riparian-wetland plants exhibit high vigor. Notes:
11) Adequate riparian-wetland vegetative cover is present to protect banks and dissipate energy
during high flows [enough?] Notes:
12) Plant communities are an adequate source of coarse and/or large woody material (for
maintenance/recovery). Notes:
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Yes
No N/A EROSION DEPOSITION
13) Floodplain and channel characteristics (i.e., rocks, overflow channels, coarse and/or large
woody material) adequate to dissipate energy. Notes:
14) Point bars are revegetating with riparian-wetland vegetation. Notes:
15) Lateral stream movement is associated with natural sinuosity. Notes:
16) System is vertically stable, [not downcutting] Notes:
17) Stream is in balance with the water and sediment being supplied by the watershed (i.e., no
excessive erosion or deposition). Notes:
SUMMARY DETERMINATION
Functional Rating:
Proper Functioning
Condition
Functional - At Risk
. Nonfunctional
Unknown
Trend for Functional - At Risk:
Upward
Downward
Not Apparent
Are factors contributing to
unacceptable conditions outside
the control of the manager?
Yes
No
If yes, what are those factors?
Flow regulations
Mining activities
Upstream channel conditions
Channelization
Road encroachment
Oil Field water discharge
Augmented flows
Other (specify)
Are factors contributing to unacceptable
conditions within the control of the manager?
Yes No
If yes, what are those factors
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• Lotic riparian-wetland areas are considered to be in proper functioning condition when adequate vegetation,
landform, or large woody debris is present to:
• Dissipate stream energy associated with high waterflow, thereby reducing erosion and improving water quality;
• Filter sediment, capture bedload, and aid floodplain development;
• Improve flood-water retention and ground-water recharge;
• Develop root masses that stabilize streambanks against cutting action;
• Develop diverse ponding and channel characteristics to provide the habitat and the water depth, duration, and
temperature necessary for fish production, waterfowl breeding, and other uses;
• Support greater biodiversity
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48
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Appendix B: Proper Functioning Condition (PFC) Lentic
Checklist
49
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50
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Lentic Checklist
Name of Riparian-Wetland Area:
Date:
Segment/Reach ID:
ID Team Observers:
Potential/Capability:
Yes
No
N/A
HYDROLOGICAL
1) Riparian-wetland area is saturated at or near the surface or inundated in "relatively frequent"
events. Notes:
2) Fluctuation of water levels is not excessive. Notes:
3) Riparian-wetland area is enlarging or has achieved potential extent. Notes:
4) Upland watershed is not contributing to riparian-wetland degradation. Notes:
5) Water quality is sufficient to support riparian-wetland degradation. Notes:
6) Natural surface or subsurface flow patterns are not altered by disturbance (i.e., hoof action,
dams, dikes, trails, roads, rills, gullies, drilling activities). Notes:
7) Structure accommodates sage passage of flows (e.g., no headcut affecting dam or spillway).
Notes:
Yes
No
N/A
VEGETATION
8) There is diverse age-class distribution of riparian-wetland vegetation (recruitment for
maintenance/recovery). Notes:
9) There is diverse composition of riparian-wetland vegetation (for maintenance/recovery).
[speciespresent] Notes:
10) Species present indicate maintenance of riparian-wetland soil moisture characteristics.
Notes:
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11) Vegetation is comprised of those plants or plant communities that have root masses capable
of withstanding wind events, wave flow events, or overland flows (e.g., storm events,
snowmelt). [community types present] Notes:
12) Riparian-wetland plants exhibit high vigor. Notes:
13) Adequate riparian-wetland vegetative cover is present to protect shoreline/soil surface and
dissipate energy during high wind and wave events or overland flows [enough?] Notes:
14) Frost or abnormal hydrologic heaving is not present. Notes:
15) Favorable microsite condition (i.e., woody material, water temperature, etc.,) is maintained
by adjacent site characteristics. Notes:
Yes
No
N/A
EROSION DEPOSITION
16) Accumulation of chemicals affecting plant productivity/composition is not apparent.
Notes:
17) Saturation of soils (i.e., ponding, flooding frequency, and duration) is sufficient to
compose and maintain hydric soils. Notes:
18) Underlying geologic structure/soil material/permafrost is capable of restricting water
percolation. Notes:
19) Riparian-wetland is in balance with the water and sediment being supplied by the
watershed (i.e., no excessive erosion or deposition). Notes:
20) Island and shoreline characteristics (i.e., rocks, coarse and/or large woody material) are
adequate to dissipate wind and wave events energies. Notes:
SUMMARY DETERMINATION
52
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Functional Rating:
If yes, what are those factors?
Proper Functioning Condition
Flow regulations
Functional - At Risk
PFC
Mining activities
Nonfunctional
Upstream channel conditions
Unknown
—
Channelization
Road encroachment
Trend for Functional - At Risk:
FAR
Oil Field water discharge
Upward
Augmented flows
Downward
Other (specify)
Not Apparent
Are factors contributing to
unacceptable conditions outside
the control of the manager?
i
¦
NF
|
Are factors contributing to unacceptable
conditions within the control of the manager?
Yes No
Yes No
If ves, what are those factors?
Lentic riparian-wetland areas are functioning properly when adequate vegetation, landform, or debris is present
to: Dissipate stream energy associated with wind and wave action, and overland flow from adjacent sites, thereby
reducing erosion and improving water quality; Filter sediment, capture bedload, and aid floodplain development;
improve flood- water retention and ground-water recharge; Develop root masses that stabilize islands and
shoreline features against cutting action; restrict water percolation; Develop diverse ponding characteristics to
provide the habitat and the water depth, duration, and temperature necessary for fish production, waterfowl
breeding, and other uses; and Support greater biodiversity.
53
-------
54
-------
Appendix C: Cedar Creek Proper Functioning Condition (PFC)
Lotic Checklist
55
-------
56
-------
Lotic Checklist
Name of Riparian-Wetland Area:
C¦e/af ('fttfc
Date:
MA?/')an C d It Spier ^ faffs?*/?
4) Ri]
rjan-wetland area is widening or has achieved potential extent. NOTES:
frl/iTl jsy, 't/f e fit? yfh C^igbrie / f o ¦fy/w
vi
5) Upland watershed is not contributing to riparian-wetland degradation. NOTES
'/f/ WieZ us t fit
tti '2; f f HS(?/
i. NOTES: / p/
'/ A Tiff u/f
YES
NO
NA
VEGETATION
/
6) There is diverse age-class distribution of riparian-wetland vegetation (recruitment for
maintenance/recovery). NOTES:
/
7) There is diverse compositioivof riparian wetland vegetation (for maintenance/recovery.) fspecies present =]
NOTES: fotSIf ft* (i j ^«Cr
/frtfe ce/er ovrtf»W A wc/h/tv. Cktcft (fauee ^ fW
/
I ) / / / j / / y / / -/
8) Species present indicate maintenance of riparian-wetland soil moisfure characteristics. NOTES: s*.
/Ve / oi ol/ f/fief"r'an f'if ( rtsu//#i/ss 9^fasfr/^,
y
9) Streambank vegetation is comprised of those plants or plant communities that have root masses capable
of withstanding high streamflow events, [community types presentJ NOTES:
If e ts e '2 e/J
10) Riparian-wetland plants exhibit high vigor. NOTES:
i/
11) Adequate riparian-wetland vegetative cover is present to protect banks and dissipate energy during high
flows.[enough'?] NOTES: , ~ A °7
IVV /$ Cettofy
y
12) Plant communities are an adequate source of coarse and'or large woody material (for
maintenance/recovery). NOTES:
y
57
-------
YES
NO
NA
EROSION DEPOSITION
13) Floodplain and channel characteristics (i.e., rocks, overflow channels, coarss
material) adequate to dissipate energy. NOTES: /gey" T
c '
¦¦/ Other (Specify) S&fut <.va/>>s
Lotic riparian-wetland areas are considered to be in proper functioning condition when adequate vegetation, Iandform, or
large woody debris is present to:
• Dissipate stream energy associated with high waterflow, thereby reducing erosion and improving water quality;
• Filter sediment, capture bedload, and aid floodplain development;
• Improve flood-water retention and ground-water recharge;
• Develop root masses that stabilize streambanks against cutting action;
• Develop diverse ponding and channel characteristics to provide the habitat and the water depth, duration, and
temperature necessary for fish production, waterfowl breeding, and other uses;
• Support greater biodiversity.
(Revised 2014)
58
-------
Appendix D: Couchville Lake Proper Functioning Condition
(PFC) Lentic Checklist
59
-------
60
-------
Lentic Checklist
Name of Riparian-Wetland Area:
f y$0vckv,//i Lfl/fe
Date: ft/iffy
Segments/Reach ID:
ID Team Observers: Jjji //»„ J>4« /jah
Potential/Capability: */¦/'«/ - A/'sSr' ~^y H-'c/^ t,r*/
PltCy $fris'~ /<5 &/-
-------
14) Frost or abnormal hydrologic heaving is not present. NOTES:
y
15) Favorable raicrosite condition (i.e., woody material, water temperature, etc.,) is maintained by adjacent
site characteristics. NOTES: e S//
YES
NO
NA
EROSION DEPOSITION
16) Accumulation of chemicals affecting plant productivity/composition is not apparent. NOTES:
17) Saturation of soils (i.e., ponding, flooding frequency, and duration) is sufficient to compose and maintain
hydric soils. NOTES:
C€A*€
18) Underlying geological structure/soil material/permafrost is capable of restricting water percolation.
NOTES: -,«/«/ fe //
;
19) Riparian-wetland is in balance with the water and sediment being supplied by the watershed (i.e., no
v/
20) Islands and shoreline characteristics (i.e., rocks, coarse and or large woody material) are adequate to
dissipate wind and wave event energies. NOTES:
SUMMARY DETERMINATION
Functipnal Rating
Proper Functioning Condition
If Yes, What Are Those Factors?
Flow Regulations
Functional - At Risk
Mining Activities
Nonfunctional
Unknown
PFC
Upstream Channel Conditions
Channelization
Road Encroachment
Trend for Functional - At Risk
Upward
FAR
Oil Field Water Discharge
Augmented Flows
Other (Specify)
Downward
Not Apparent
Are Factors Contributing to
Unacceptable Conditions Outside
the Control of the Manager?
Yes No
1
^
NF
1
Are Factors Contributing to Unacceptable
Conditions CfiSsifle the Control of the Manager?
Yes '— No
If Yes. What Are Those Factors?
Lentic riparian-wetland areas are properly functioning when adequate vegetation, landform, or debris is present to:
• Dissipate energies associated with high wind action, wave action, and overland flow from adjacent sites, thereby
reducing erosion and improving water quality;
• Filter sediment and aid floodplain development; improve flood-water retention and groundwater recharge;
• Develop root masses that stabilize islands and shoreline features against cutting action; restrict water percolation;
• Develop diverse ponding characteristics to provide the habitat and the water depth, duration, and temperature
necessary for fish production, waterfowl breeding, and other uses; and
• Support greater biodiversity.
(Revised 2014)
62
-------
Appendix E: Charlie Daniels Park, Couchville Lake, and
Classroom
Figure 1. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, Stream Banks and Flood Plain.
Figure 2. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, Stream Banks and Vegetation.
63
-------
Figure 3. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, Vegetation.
Figure 4. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, Vegetation.
64
-------
Figure 5. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, Vegetation.
Figure 6. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, Vegetation.
65
-------
Figure 7. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, Vegetation, Woody Debris and Rocks.
Figure 8. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, Stream Bank and Vegetation.
66
-------
Figure 9. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, Stream Bank Vegetation.
-------
Figure 10. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, Vegetation.
Figure 11. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, Stream Bank Vegetation and Flood Plain.
68
-------
Figure 12. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, Erosion.
-------
Figure 13. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, PFC Workshop Participants, Hydrology and Vegetation.
Figure 14. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, PFC Workshop Participants, Hydrology and Vegetation.
70
-------
Figure 15. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, PFC Workshop Participants, Hydrology and Vegetation.
Figure 16. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, PFC Workshop Participants, Hydrology and Vegetation,
71
-------
Figure 17. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, PFC Workshop Participants, Biology.
Figure 18. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, PFC Workshop Participants, Soils.
72
-------
Figure 19. USET PFC Classroom Instruction.
Figure 20. USET PFC Classroom Instruction.
-------
Figure 21. USET PFC Classroom Instruction.
-------
Stream Assessment ami T-FERST Train the Trainer Workshop
r"
Figure 22. USET PFC Classroom Instruction Materials.
search In Action
T( thai-F
-------
Follow the USCT Tribal-ffRST Rootfmap (Draft)
Drift
USCTTrlbal-FERST
Roadmap
Figure 24. USET PFC Classroom Instruction Materials.
Figure 25. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, PFC Workshop Participants, Soils.
76
-------
Figure 26. Cedar Creek at Charlie Daniels Park, PFC Workshop Participants, Hydrology and Vegetation.
Figure 27. Couchville Lake.
77
-------
Figure 28. Couchville Lake.
Figure 29. Couchville Lake.
78
-------
Figure 30. Couchville Lake.
-------
Figure 31. Couchville Lake.
80
-------
Figure 32. Couchville Lake.
81
-------
Figure 33, Couchville Lake.
Figure 34. Couchville Lake.
82
-------
Appendix F: Rosgen Classification System (Rosgen 1977)
Longitudinal, Cross-Sectional, and Plan Views
of Major Stream Types
rt CJ &>
<0.5%
<2%
o ">
SINGLE-THREAD CHf
MIATinE CHANNELS
Sinuosity
Ml
49
*
(nUfncNmil
Ratio
£NTft£NCH£0
MOOERATELY w.
ENTRENCHED <*4-2*)
SLIGHTLY ENTRENCHED { Rim > 12 )
s
Width 1 Depth
ftjlio
LOW
Wrttt / ttrto
L j
mOo€Ratf to
HS0H W O
[ <>a> 1
MODERATE
Width f OkA R>B0
(>12»
Vmy LOW
WW»vt>©p»i
<<«•>
WOO€RATE»HIGH
Wdti/O^
t»tt> 1
•wyKMSH
Wxflh/Ovpffi
<»40J
[ "W |
Um nig
W/DRmq
LOW
MODERATE
Moot RATE
Moot RATE
HIGH
MODERATE 60 HIGH
VWyLOW
SlMJOSltY
llgNy
StffOQSlTY
sinuosity
S»i2LJ L
<»H)
<»**>
1l (V*A|
Snuowty
F
StopeRangc &cpeRafge SaopoAa^e
.VI Kr-.\M
TYPK
Ssopc Range
Sope ffcnge
02* OOl
Slope Range
0?. 001
0.10 S'So ** M»
0099 il&»
0038 002
QZS9 002
wpi*
BEDROCK
OS 03
GRAVEL
silt;
KEY to the CLASSIFICATION of NATURAL RIVERS. Ai a (unction oftht "cofilwiuiwn of pliyiieaf mrfdWei" witlvin stream
reaches, values of C/icrene/lRneitC and SinuQtity ratios can vary by +/¦ 0.2 units, whiles values for Wrd'tft / Depth ratios can vary by *h 2.0 units.
83
-------
84
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