BACKGROUND REPORT
AP-42 SECTION 12.17
MISCELLANEOUS LEAD PRODUCTS
Prepared for
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
OAQPS/TSD/EIB
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
1-103
Pacific Environmental Services, Inc.
P.O. Box 12077
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

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919/941-0333
1-103
AP-42 Background Report
TECHNICAL SUPPORT DIVISION
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U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
This report has been reviewed by the Technical Support Division of the Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, EPA. Mention of trade names or commercial products is not intended to
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. Copies of this report are available through the
Library Services Office (MD-35), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
NC 27711.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0	INTRODUCTION	 1
2.0	INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION	 2
2.1	GENERAL 	 2
2.2	PROCESS DESCRIPTION	 2
2.3	EMISSIONS AND CONTROLS	 3
2.4	REVIEW OF SPECIFIC DATA SETS 	 5
2.5	REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 2 	 8
3.0	GENERAL EMISSION DATA REVIEW AND ANALYSIS
PROCEDURES	 9
3 .1	LITERATURE SEARCH AND SCREENING	 9
3.2	EMISSION DATA QUALITY RATING SYSTEM	 10
3.3	EMISSION FACTOR QUALITY RATING SYSTEM 	 12
3.4	REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 3 	 13
4.0	POLLUTANT EMISSION FACTOR DEVELOPMENT		14
4.1	CRITERIA POLLUTANT EMISSIONS DATA 		14
4.2	NONCRITERIA POLLUTANT EMISSION DATA 		15
4.3	REVIEW OF SPECIFIC DATA SETS 		15
4.4	DATA GAP ANALYSIS		16
4.5	REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 4 		18
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 2.3-1 (METRIC UNITS) EMISSION FACTORS FOR
MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES	 4
TABLE 2.3-1 (ENGLISH UNITS) EMISSION FACTORS FOR
MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES	 4
TABLE 4.4-1 LIST OF CONVERSION FACTORS	 17
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1.0	INTRODUCTION
The document "Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors" (AP-42) has been published
by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (the EPA) since 1972. Supplements to AP-42 have
been routinely published to add new emission source categories and to update existing emission
factors. AP-42 is routinely updated by the EPA to respond to new emission factor needs of the
EPA, State, and local air pollution control programs and industry.
An emission factor relates the quantity (weight) of pollutants emitted to a unit of activity of
the source. The uses for the emission factors reported in AP-42 include:
1.	Estimates of area-wide emissions;
2.	Emission estimates for a specific facility; and
3.	Evaluation of emissions relative to ambient air quality.
The purpose of this report is to provide background information from process information
obtained from industry comment and two test reports to support revision of emission factors for
miscellaneous lead.
Including the introduction (Chapter 1) this report contains four chapters. Chapter 2 gives a
description of the miscellaneous lead industry. It includes a characterization of the industry, an
overview of the different process types, a description of emissions, a description of the technology
used to control emissions resulting from miscellaneous lead production, and a review of specific
data sets.
Chapter 3 is a review of emissions data collection and analysis procedures. It describes the
literature search, the screening of emission data reports, and the quality rating system for both
emission data and emission factors. Chapter 4 details criteria and noncriteria pollutant emission
factor development. It includes the review of specific data sets and the results of a data gap
analysis.
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2.0	INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION
2.1	GENERAL8
In 1989 the following categories (in decreasing order of lead usage) were significant in the
miscellaneous lead products group: ammunition, cable covering, solder, and type metal. However,
in 1992, U.S. can manufacturers and the electronics industry discontinued the use of lead solder,
replacing it with tin solder. Therefore, solder will not be included as a miscellaneous lead product
in this section. Lead used in ammunition (bullets and shot) and for shot used at nuclear facilities in
1989 was 62,940 megagrams (69,470 tons)8. The use of lead sheet in construction and lead cable
sheathing in communications also increased to a combined total of 43,592 megagrams (48,115
tons)8.
2.2	PROCESS DESCRIPTION
Ammunition and Metallic Lead Products
Lead is consumed in the manufacture of ammunition, bearing metals, and other lead
products, with subsequent lead emissions. Lead used in the manufacture of ammunition is melted
and alloyed before it is cast, sheared, extruded, swaged, or mechanically worked. Some lead is also
reacted to form lead azide, a detonating agent. Lead is used to a lesser extent in bearing
manufacture by alloying it with copper, bronze, antimony, and tin.
Other lead products include terne metal (a plating alloy), weights and ballasts, caulking lead,
plumbing supplies, roofing materials, casting metal foil, collapsible metal tubes, and sheet lead.
Lead is also used for galvanizing, annealing, and plating. In all of these cases lead is usually melted
and cast prior to mechanical forming operations.
Cable Covering9
About 90 percent of the lead cable covering produced in the United States is lead-cured
jacketed cables, the remaining 10 percent being lead sheathed cables. In preparation of the former
type an unalloyed lead cover applied in the vulcanizing treatment during the manufacture of
rubber-insulated cable must be stripped from the cable and remelted.
Lead coverings are applied to insulated cable by hydraulic extrusion of solid lead around the
cable. Extrusion rates of typical presses average 3,000 to 15,000 lb/hr9. The molten lead is
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continuously fed into the extruder or screw press, where it solidifies as it progresses. A melting
kettle supplies lead to the press.
Type Metal Production
Lead type, used primarily in the letterpress segment of the printing industry, is cast from a
molten lead alloy and remelted after use. Linotype and monotype processes produce a mold, while
the stereotype process produces a plate for printing. All type is an alloy consisting of 60 to 85
percent recovered lead, with antimony, tin, and a small amount of virgin metal.
2.3	EMISSIONS AND CONTROLS
Emission factors for miscellaneous lead products are presented in Table 2.3-1. Emissions
and controls for ammunition and metallic lead products, cable covering, and type metal production
are discussed below.
Ammunition and Metallic Lead Products6'3
Little or no air pollution control equipment is currently used by manufacturers of metallic
lead products. Emissions from bearing manufacture are negligible, even without controls.
Cable Covering4'3'5
The melting kettle is the only source of atmospheric lead emissions and is generally
uncontrolled. Average particle size is approximately 5 microns, with a lead content of about 70 to
80 percent.
Cable covering processes do not usually include particulate collection devices. However,
fabric filters, rotoclone wet collectors, and dry cyclone collectors can reduce lead emissions at
control efficiencies of 99.9 percent, 75 to 85 percent, and greater than 45 percent, respectively.
Lowering and controlling the melt temperature, enclosing the melting unit and using fluxes to
provide a cover on the melt can also minimize emissions.
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TABLE 2.3-1 (METRIC UNITS)
EMISSION FACTORS FOR MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES
All Emission Factors are in kg/Mg of Lead Processed
	Ratings (A-E) Follow Each Factor	
Process
Particulate

Lead

Reference
Metallic Lead Products
Ammunition
(SCC# 304-041-01)


< to 0.5
E
3,7
Bearing Metals
(SCC# 304-042-01)


negligible

3,7
Other Sources of Lead
(SCC# 304-042-02)


0.8
E
3,7
Cable Covering
(SCC# 304-040-01)
0.3a
E
0.25
E
3,5,7
Type Metal Production
(SCC# 360-001-01)
0.4b
E
0.13
E
2,7
a Reference 7, p. 4-301.
b Calculated on the basis of 35% of the total (Reference 1).
TABLE 2.3-1 (ENGLISH UNITS)
EMISSION FACTORS FOR MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES
All Emission Factors are in lb/ton of Lead Processed
Ratings (A-E) Follow Each Factor
Process
Particulate

Lead

Reference
Metallic Lead Products
Ammunition
(SCC# 304-041-01)


< to 1.0
E
3,7
Bearing Metals
(SCC# 304-042-01)


negligible

3,7
Other Sources of Lead
(SCC# 304-042-02)


1.5
E
3,7
Cable Covering
(SCC# 304-040-01)
0.6a
E
0.5
E
3,5,7
Type Metal Production
(SCC# 360-001-01)
0.7b
E
0.25
E
2,7
a Reference 7, p. 4-301.
b Calculated on the basis of 35% of the total (Reference 1).
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Type Metal Production1'2
The melting pot is again the major source of emissions, containing hydrocarbons as well as
lead particulate. Pouring the molten metal into the molds involves surface oxidation of the metal,
possibly producing oxidized fumes, while the trimming and finishing operations emit lead particles.
It is estimated that 35 percent of the total emitted particulate is lead.
Approximately half of the current lead type operations control lead emissions, by
approximately 80 percent. The other operations are uncontrolled. The most frequently controlled
sources are the main melting pots and dressing areas. Linotype equipment does not require controls
when operated properly. Devices in current use on monotype and stereotype lines include
rotoclones, wet scrubbers, fabric filters, and electrostatic precipitators, all of which can be used in
various combinations.
Additionally, the VOC/PM Speciation Database has identified phosphorus, chlorine,
chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, arsenic, selenium, cadmium, antimony, mercury, and lead as
occurring in emissions from type metal production and lead cable coating operations. All of these
metals/chemicals are listed in CAA Title III as being hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) and should
be the subject of air emissions testing by industry sources.
2.4	REVIEW OF SPECIFIC DATA SETS
Pacific Environmental Services (PES) contacted the following sources to obtain the
most up-to-date information on process descriptions and emissions for this industry:
1)	Alpha Metals, Jersey City, NJ
2)	American National Can Co., Chicago, IL
3)	Brockway Standard Inc., Atlanta, GA
4)	Can Manufacturers Institute, Washington, DC
5)	Federated Fry Metals, Altoona, PA
6)	Institute for Interconnecting & Packaging Electrical Circuits, Chicago, IL 7)
Illinois EPA, Springfield, IL
8)	Lead Industries Association (LIA), New York, NY
9)	National Electric Manufacturer's, Washington, DC
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Responses were received from Sources 1, 2, 4, and 8. No responses were received from the
remaining sources. Source #1 indicated in a telephone conversation that they test for lead emissions
at their Jersey City plant and would have a plant engineer contact PES with additional information.
However, PES has not received any information to date. Source #2 sent a letter stating that they no
longer use lead solder. This letter is discussed as Reference 10 below. Source #4 sent a letter
indicating that it would not be necessary to include can manufacturing in Section 12.17 because
can manufacturers have completely eliminated the use of lead solder from all domestic food can
production. This letter is discussed as Reference 11 below. Source #8 indicated in a telephone
conversation that they have member companies in various lead-use industries and that they would
distribute a request for information to those members. However, PES has not received that
information to date.
References 1 through 7 were cited in the previous version of Section 12.17 (July 1979) and
were also used in this revision. References 8 through 11 are new references and are discussed
below.
Reference 8. Minerals Yearbook. Volume 1. Metals and Minerals. U.S. Department of the Interior.
Bureau of Mines 1989
This reference provided statistical information about miscellaneous lead products in the
general section.
Reference 9. Air Pollution Emission Test. General Electric Company. Wire and Cable Department.
Report No. 73-CCC-l.
This reference provided a process description and emissions information for cable covering
operations.
Reference 10. Personal communication with R.M. Rivetna. Director. Environmental Engineering-
American National Can Co.. April 1992.
This reference provided support for the removal of the can soldering discussion and emission
factors from Section 12.7.
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Reference 11. Personal communication with R. R. Budwav. General Counsel. Can Manufacturers
Institute. May 1992.
This reference provided support for the removal of the can soldering discussion and emission
factors from Section 12.7.
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2,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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1
REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 2
N.J. Kulujian. Inspection Manual for the Enforcement of New Source Performance
Standards: Portland Cement Plants. EPA Contract No. 68-02-1355, PEDCo-Environmental
Specialists, Inc., Cincinnati, OH. January 1975.
Atmospheric Emissions from Lead Typesetting Operation Screening Study. EPA Contract
No. 68-02-2085. PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc., Cincinnati, OH. January 1976.
W.E. Davis, Emissions Study of Industrial Sources of Lead Air Pollutants. 1970. EPA
Contract No. 68-02-0271. W. E. Davis Associates. Leawood, KS. April 1973.
R.P. Betz, et al., Economics of Lead Removal in Selected Industries. EPA Contract No. 68-
02-0611. Battelle Columbus Laboratories. Columbus, OH. August 1973.
E.P. Shea. Emissions from Cable Covering Facility. EPA Contract No. 68-02-0228.
Midwest Research Institute. Kansas City, Mo. June 1973.
Mineral Industry Surveys: Lead Industry in May 1976. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department
of the Interior, Washington, DC. August 1976.
Control Techniques for Lead Air Emissions. EPA-450/2-77-012A. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. December 1977.
Minerals Yearbook. Volume 1. Metals and Minerals. U.S. Department of the Interior,
Bureau of Mines. 1989.
Air Pollution Emission Test. General Electric Company, Wire and Cable Department.
Report No. 73-CCC-l.
Personal communication with R.M. Rivetna, Director, Environmental Engineering,
American National Can Co., April 1992.
Personal communication with R. R. Budway, General Counsel, Can Manufacturers
Institute, May 1992.
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3.0	GENERAL EMISSION DATA REVIEW AND ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
3.1	LITERATURE SEARCH AND SCREENING
The first step of this investigation involved a search of available literature relating to criteria
and noncriteria pollutant emissions associated with miscellaneous lead. This search involved the
following references:
AP-42 background files maintained by the Emission Factor and Methodologies Section.
PES attempted to obtain the EPA Background File for Section 12.7. Unfortunately, this file
was unavailable at the time of this revision. Thus, none of the references cited in the
previous version of 12.17 were available and no verification of the emission factors could be
performed.
The EPA databases, including but not limited to the VOC/Particulate Matter (PM)
Speciation Database Management System (SPECIATE), the Crosswalk/Air Toxic Emission
Factor Data Base Management System (XATEF), and the Emission Measurement
Technical Information Center's Test Methods Storage and Retrieval System (TSAR). The
VOC/PM Speciation Database (SPECIATE) identified phosphorus, chlorine, chromium,
manganese, cobalt, nickel, arsenic, selenium, cadmium, antimony, mercury, and lead as
occurring in emissions from type metal production and lead cable coating operations. All of
these metals/chemicals are listed in CAA Title III as being hazardous air pollutants (HAPs).
Lead is discussed in Section 4.1 Criteria Pollutant Emission Data. No quantitative data for
the remaining HAPs were found from which to develop emission factors.
To reduce the amount of literature collected to a final group of references pertinent to this
report, the following general criteria were used:
1.	Emissions data must be from a primary reference, i.e. the document must constitute
the original source of test data. For example, a technical paper was not included if the
original study was contained in the previous document.
2.	The referenced study must contain test results based on more than one test run.
3.	The report must contain sufficient data to evaluate the testing procedures and source
operating conditions (e.g., one-page reports were generally rejected).
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If no primary data was found and the previous update utilized secondary data, this
secondary data was still used and the Emission Factor Rating lowered, if needed. A final set of
reference materials was compiled after a thorough review of the pertinent reports, documents, and
information according to these criteria. The final set of reference materials is given in Chapter 4.0.
3.2	EMISSION DATA QUALITY RATING SYSTEM
As part of Pacific Environmental Services' analysis of the emission data, the quantity and
quality of the information contained in the final set of reference documents were evaluated. The
following data were always excluded from consideration.
1.	Test series averages reported in units that cannot be converted to the selected reporting
units;
2.	Test series representing incompatible test methods (i.e., comparison of the EPA
Method 5 front-half with the EPA Method 5 front- and back-half);
3.	Test series of controlled emissions for which the control device is not specified;
4.	Test series in which the source process is not clearly identified and described; and
5.	Test series in which it is not clear whether the emissions were measured before or after
the control device.
Data sets that were not excluded were assigned a quality rating. The rating system used was
that specified by the OAQPS for the preparation of AP-42 sections. The data were rated as
follows:
A
Multiple tests performed on the same source using sound methodology and reported in
enough detail for adequate validation. These tests do not necessarily conform to the
methodology specified in either the inhalable particulate (IP) protocol documents or the EPA
reference test methods, although these documents and methods were certainly used as a
guide for the methodology actually used.
B
Tests that were performed by a generally sound methodology but lack enough detail for
adequate validation.
C
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Tests that were based on an untested or new methodology or that lacked a significant
amount of background data.
D
Tests that were based on a generally unacceptable method but may provide an order-of-
magnitude value for the source.
The following criteria were used to evaluate source test reports for sound methodology and
adequate detail:
1.	Source operation. The manner in which the source was operated is well documented In
the report. The source was operating within typical parameters during the test.
2.	Sampling procedures. The sampling procedures conformed to a generally acceptable
methodology. If actual procedures deviated from accepted methods, the deviations are
well documented. When this occurred, an evaluation was made of the extent such
alternative procedures could influence the test results.
3.	Sampling and process data. Adequate sampling and process data are documented in
the report. Many variations can occur unnoticed and without warning during testing.
Such variations can induce wide deviations in sampling results. If a large spread
between test results cannot be explained by information contained in the test report,
the data are suspect and were given a lower rating.
4.	Analysis and calculations. The test reports contain original raw data sheets. The
nomenclature and equations used were compared to those (if any) specified by the
EPA to establish equivalency. The depth of review of the calculations was dictated by
the reviewer's confidence in the ability and conscientiousness of the tester, which in
turn was based on factors such as consistency of results and completeness of other
areas of the test report.
3.3	EMISSION FACTOR QUALITY RATING SYSTEM
The quality of the emission factors developed from analysis of the test data was rated
utilizing the following general criteria:
A (Excellent)
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Developed only from A-rated test data taken from many randomly chosen facilities in the
industry population. The source category is specific enough so that variability within the
source category population may be minimized.
B (Above average)
Developed only from A-rated test data from a reasonable number of facilities. Although no
specific bias is evident, it is not clear if the facilities tested represent a random sample of the
industries. As in the A-rating, the source category is specific enough so that variability
within the source category population may be minimized.
C (Average)
Developed only from A- and B-rated test data from a reasonable number of facilities.
Although no specific bias is evident, it is not clear if the facilities tested represent a random
sample of the industry. As in the A-rating, the source category is specific enough so that
variability within the source category population may be minimized.
D (Below average)
The emission factor was developed only from A- and B-rated test data from a small number
of facilities, and there is reason to suspect that these facilities do not represent a random
sample of the industry. There also may be evidence of variability within the source category
population. Limitations on the use of the emission factor are noted in the emission factor
table.
E (Poor)
The emission factor was developed from C- and D-rated test data, and there is reason to
suspect that the facilities tested do not represent a random sample of the industry. There also
may be evidence of variability within the source category population. Limitations on the use
of these factors are always noted.
The use of these criteria is somewhat subjective and depends to an extent on the individual
reviewer.
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3.4	REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 3
1.	Technical Procedures for Developing AP-42 Emission Factors and Preparing AP-42
Sections. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Emissions Inventory Branch, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, April, 1992. [Note:
this document is currently being revised at the time of this printing.]
2.	AP-42. Supplement A, Appendix C.2, "Generalized Particle Size Distributions." U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, October, 1986.
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4.0	POLLUTANT EMISSION FACTOR DEVELOPMENT
4.1	CRITERIA POLLUTANT EMISSIONS DATA
No data on emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide
nor carbon monoxide were found for the manufacture of miscellaneous lead products. Emission
data for the remaining criteria pollutants, lead and particulate matter, are discussed below.
Lead.
The lead emission factors in this revision were obtained from the previous version of Section
12.17 (July 1979.) The references cited in the emission factor Table 2.3-1 were not available for
this revision; therefore, a verification of the factors could not be performed. Due to the
unavailability of the references, coupled with the fact that these references are almost 20 years old,
PES has downgraded all of the emission factors from "C" to "E" for this revision. As discussed in
Section 2.4, PES received documentation that can manufacturers no longer use lead solder in can
manufacturing. Therefore, the can manufacturing industry was deleted from the miscellaneous lead
products section of AP-42.
Three metallic lead products have been assigned SCC codes in this revision, they are as
follows;
Ammunition - SCC# 3-04-041-01 in units lb/ton of lead processed
Bearing metals - SCC# 3-04-042-01 in units lb/ton of lead processed
Other sources of lead - SCC# 3-04-042-02 in units lb/ton of lead processed.
Particulate Matter.
The particulate emission factors in this revision were obtained from the previous revision of
Section 12.17 (July 1979.) The references cited in the emission factor Table 2.3-1 were not
available for this revision, therefore, a verification of the factors could not be performed. Due to
the unavailability of the references, coupled with the fact that these references are almost 20 years
old, PES has downgraded all of the emission factors from "C" to "E" for this revision. As discussed
in Section 2.4, PES received documentation that can manufacturers no longer use lead solder in
can manufacturing. Therefore, the can manufacturing industry was deleted from the miscellaneous
lead products section of AP-42.
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4.2	NONCRITERIA POLLUTANT EMISSION DATA
Hazardous Air Pollutants.
Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) are defined in the 1990 Clean Air Act (CAA)
Amendments. The VOC/PM Speciation Database (SPECIATE) identifies phosphorus, chlorine,
chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, arsenic, selenium, cadmium, antimony, mercury, and lead as
occurring in emissions from type metal production and lead cable coating operations. All of these
metals/chemicals are listed in CAA Title III as being HAPs. Lead is discussed in Section 4.1
Criteria Pollutant Emission Data. No quantitative data for the remaining HAPs were found from
which to develop emission factors.
Global Warming Gases.
Pollutants such as methane, carbon dioxide, and N20 have been found to contribute to
overall global warming. No data on emissions of these pollutants were found for miscellaneous
lead manufacturing processes.
Ozone Depletion Gases.
Chlorofluorocarbons have been found to contribute to ozone depletion. No data on emissions
of these pollutants were found for the miscellaneous lead manufacture processes.
4.3	REVIEW OF SPECIFIC DATA SETS
The emission factors in this revision were obtained from the previous version of Section
12.17 (July 1979.) The references cited in the emission factor Table 2.3-1 were not available for
this revision, precluding a review of specific data sets. As discussed in Section 2.4, PES received
documentation that can manufacturers no longer use lead solder in can manufacturing. Therefore,
the can manufacturing industry was deleted from the miscellaneous lead products section of AP-42.
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4.4	DATA GAP ANALYSIS
The emission factors in this revision were obtained from the previous version of Section
12.17 (July 1979.) The references cited in the emission factor Table 2.3-1 were not available for
this revision, precluding a verification of the emission factors. Due to the unavailability of the
references, coupled with the fact that these references are almost 20 years old, PES has
downgraded all of the emission factors from "C" to "E" for this revision.
Because of the age of the available data and the low ratings of the current emission factors, PES
suggests obtaining more recent source test reports from the industries comprising the miscellaneous
lead category of AP-42. Like can manufacturers, other industries are most likely reducing or
eliminating the use of lead in the manufacturing of miscellaneous lead products. Current source
tests will provide a more accurate assessment of lead use in the manufacturing of miscellaneous
lead products.
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TABLE 4.4-1
LIST OF CONVERSION FACTORS
Multiply:
by:
To obtain:
mg/dscm
4.37 x 10"4
gr/dscf
m2
10.764
ft2
acm/min
35.31
acfm
M3
3.281
ft3
kg
2.205
lb
kPa
1.45 x 101
psia
kg/Mg
2.0
lb/ton
Mg
1.1023
ton
Temperature conversion equations:
Fahrenheit to Celsius:
oC = (°F- 32)
1.8
Celsius to Fahrenheit:
°F = 1.8(°C) + 32
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4.5
REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 4
1.	N.J. Kulujian. Inspection Manual for the Enforcement of New Source Performance
Standards: Portland Cement Plants. EPA Contract No. 68-02-1355, PEDCo-Environmental
Specialists, Inc., Cincinnati, OH. January 1975.
2.	Atmospheric Emissions from Lead Typesetting Operation Screening Study. EPA Contract
No. 68-02-2085. PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc., Cincinnati, OH. January 1976.
3.	W.E. Davis. Emissions Study of Industrial Sources of Lead Air Pollutants. 1970. EPA
Contract No. 68-02-0271. W. E. Davis Associates. Leawood, KS. April 1973.
4.	E.P. Shea. Emissions from Cable Covering Facility. EPA Contract No. 68-02-0228.
Midwest Research Institute. Kansas City, Mo. June 1973.
5.	Control Techniques for Lead Air Emissions. EPA-450/2-77-012A. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. December 1977.
6.	Compliance Stack Testing Report for Lead Emissions from the Kester Solder Plant.
Brantford, Ontario, performed by The Environmental Applications Group, Ltd., July, 1991.
7.	Stack Test Report for Electrum Recovery Works. Rahway, NJ, performed by Trace
Technologies, Inc., September 1990.
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