Fast Facts
1990-2015
National-Level U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory

<-i ¦ . \ r-	Nitrous Oxide (N .O)	„„ ..	. .
Fluormated Gases	2	Methane (CH )
Electricity
Transportation

I
Carbon Dioxide (C02)
21%
7%
H
6%
Industry
Agriculture
Commercial Residential
Total Emissions
£L C07 million metric tons
of CO2 equivalent
2 3 OA x from2014
. j /o ^ |eve|s
2015
C02from Fossil Fuel
Combustion
77% of total emissions
9 QO/n JL from 2014
£.*J> m V levels
CO Removals by Forests and
Other Lands
11.8% of total <
1990 to 2015
3.5% t
Total
emissions
5.6% t
Total C02
emissions
6.5%*
C02emissions
from fossil fuel
combustion
To learn more about the inventory, scan the QR code to the left,
visit www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks, or
explore the data at www3.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/inventoryexplorer.

United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
April 2017
EPA 430-F-l 7-002

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U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
by Gas
U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks (MMT C02 Equivalents)
8,000
7,000
6,000-
5,000
4,000-
3,000
2,000-
1,000-
0
iHFCs, PFCs, SF6, and IMF,
Methane
l Nitrous Oxide
l Carbon Dioxide
Oi-ojM'jiO'Oscoaoi-CNco'jin-ONcoaoi-CMco'jio
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOl— I— I— I— I— I—
oooooooooooooooooooooooooo
i— i— i— i— i— i— i— i— i— i— CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CN CN CM CM CM
U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions/Sinks
by Chapter/IPCC Sector
¦ Waste ¦ Industrial Processes ¦Agriculture
I Energy ¦ Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (sinks)

8,000 "I

7,000 -

6,000 -

5,000 -
O"
cT
4,000 -
<>

»—
3,000 -
:>
5
2,000 -

1,000 -
0 ¦
-1,000 ¦
oi-csco^ju)'ONcoo>oi-csp)'}io-ONcoo-o>-Mco^rio
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOi— i— i— i— i— i—
0000-OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
1—	I— I— I— I— I— I— I— I— r-CNCNCVICVICVICVICNCNCNCNCVICNCNCNCNCN
2015 U.S.CO2 Emissions
from Fossil Fuel Combustion by
Fuel Type and End-Use Sector
I Petroleum
Natural Gas
O
O
t—
s
s
2.000
Relative Contribution
by Fuel Type
.736
1,600
1,200
&
Note: Electricity generation also includes emissions of less than 0.5 MMT C02 Eq. from geothermal-
based electricity generation.
U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Allocated to Economic Sectors
8,000
7,000
6,000-
5,000
4,000-
3,000'
2,000'
1,000-
0-
1 Residential
Industry
Commercial
iTransportation
¦ Agriculture
1 Electric Power Industry
Oi— MCTJIOONCOO-Or- NCO^Ii)ONCOO>Or- CM CO "n!" LO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOt—
oooooooooooooooooooooooooo
I— I— I— I— I— I— I— I— I— I— CNCVICVICVICVICVICNCVICNCNCNCVICNCNCNCN
Note: Does not include U.S. territories.
U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
with Electricity Distributed to
Economic Sectors
¦Agriculture ¦Residential ¦Commercial
¦ Transportation I Industry

8,000-.

7,000-
&
hi
6,000-
o
5,000-
o
I—
4,000-
E

E
3,000-

2,000-

1,000-
Oi— MtlHO-OMOO-Oi— CNoO"NtLOONCOOOi— CNrO"NtLO
00-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-OOOOOOOOOOO'—	1— 1— 1— 1— 1—
oooooooooooooooooooooooooo
1—	I— I— I— I— I— I— I— I— I— CNCVICVICVICVICVICNCNCVICNCNCNCNCNCNCN
Note: Does not include U.S. territories.
+Does not exceed 0.05 MMT CO; Eq.
"There was a change in methods between 2014 and 2015 for estimating the
share of gasoline used in the transportation, industrial, and commercial sectors,
creating a break in the time series. See the Energy chapter of the Inventory Report
for more information.
b Emissions from wood biomass, ethanol, and biodiesel consumption are not
included specifically in summing energy sector totals. Net carbon fluxes from
changes in biogenic carbon reservoirs are accounted for in the estimates for land
use, land-use change, and forestry.
0 Emissions from international bunker fuels are not included in totals.
d Total gross emissions exclude land use, land-use change, and forestry. Net
emissions include this category.
Note: Totals may not sum due to independent rounding.
Gas/Source
1990
2005 1
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
CM
o
o
5,123.0
6,131.8||
5,569.5
5,362.1
5,514.0
5,565.5
5,411.4 1
Fossil Fuel Combustion 4740.3
5746.9
5227.1 5024.6 5156.5 5202.3 5049.8
Electricity Generation
1820.8
2400.9
2157.7
2022.2
2038.1
2038.0
1900.7
Transportation0 1493.8
1887.0
1707.6 1696.8 1713.0 1742.8 1736.4
Industrial0
842.5
828.0
775.0
782.9
812.2
806.1
805.5
Residential 338.3
357.8
325.5 282.5 329.7 345.4 319.6
Commercial0
217.4
223.5
220.4
196.7
221.0
228.7
246.2
U.S. Territories 27.6
49.7
40.9 43.5 42.5 41.4 41.4
Non-Energy Use of Fuels
117.6
138.9
109.8
106.7
123.6
119.0
125.5
Iron and Steel Production and Metallurgical Coke Production 101.5
68.0
61.1 55.4 53.3 58.6 48.9
Natural Gas Systems
37.7
30.1
35.7
35.2
38.5
42.4
42.4
Cement Production 33.5
46.2
32.2 35.3 36.4 39.4 39.9
Petrochemical Production
21.3
27.0
26.3
26.5
26.4
26.5
28.1
Lime Production 11.7
14.6
14.0 13.8 14.0 14.2 13.3
Other Process Uses of Carbonates
4.9
6.3
9.3
8.0
10.4
11.8
11.2
Ammonia Production 13.0
9.2
9.3 9.4 10.0 9.6 10.8
Incineration of Waste
8.0
12.5
10.6
10.4
10.4
10.6
10.7
Urea Fertilization 2.4
3.5
4.1 4.3 4.5 4.8 5.0
Carbon Dioxide Consumption
1.5
1.4
4.1
4.0
4.2
4.5
4.3
Liming 4.7
4.3
3.9 6.0 3.9 3.6 3.8
Petroleum Systems
3.6
3.9
4.2
3.9
3.7
3.6
3.6
Soda Ash Production and Consumption 2.8
3.0
2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8
Aluminum Production
6.8
4.1
3.3
3.4
3.3
2.8
2.8
Ferroalloy Production 2.2
1.4
1.7 1.9 1.8 1.9 2.0
Titanium Dioxide Production
1.2
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.6
Glass Production 1.5
1.9
1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3
Urea Consumption for Non-Agricultural Purposes
3.8
3.7
4.0
4.4
4.0
1.4

Phosphoric Acid Production 1.5
1.3
1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0
Zinc Production
0.6
1.0
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.0
0.9
Lead Production 0.5
0.6
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Silicon Carbide Production and Consumption
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Magnesium Production and Processing +
+
+ + + + +
Wood Biomass, Ethanol, and Biodiesel Consumption
219.4
230.7
276.4
276.2
299.8
307.1
291.7
International Bunker Fuels0 103.5
113.1
111.7 105.8 99.8 103.2 110.8
ch4
780.8
680.9
672.1
666.1
658.8
659.1
655.7
Enteric Fermentation 164.2
168.9
168.9 166.7 165.5 164.2 166.5
Natural Gas Systems
194.1
159.7
154.5
156.2
159.2
162.5
162.4
Landfills 179.6
134.3
119.0 120.8 116.7 116.6 115.7
Manure Management
37.2
56.3
63.0
65.6
63.3
62.9
66.3
Coal Mining 96.5
64.1
71.2 66.5 64.6 64.8 60.9
Petroleum Systems
55.5
46.0
48.0
46.4
44.5
43.0
39.9
Wastewater Treatment 15.7
16.0
15.3 15.1 14.9 14.8 14.8
Rice Cultivation
16.0
16.7
14.1
11.3
11.3
11.4
11.2
Stationary Combustion 8.5
7.4
7.1 6.6 8.0 8.1 7.0
Abandoned Underground Coal Mines
7.2
6.6
6.4
6.2
6.2
6.3
6.4
Composting 0.4
1.9
1.9 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.1
Mobile Combustion0
5.6
2.8
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.0
Field Burning of Agricultural Residues 0.2
0.2
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Petrochemical Production
0.2
0.1
+
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
Ferroalloy Production +
+
+ + + + +
Silicon Carbide Production and Consumption
+
+
+
+
+
+
*
Iron and Steel Production and Metallurgical Coke Production +
+
+ + + + +
Incineration of Waste
+
+
+
+
+
+
*
International Bunker Fuel? 0.2
0.1
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
n2o
359.5
361.6
364.0
340.7
335.5
335.5
334.8
Agricultural Soil Management 256.6
259.8
270.1 254.1 250.5 250.0 251.3
Stationary Combustion
11.9
20.2
21.3
21.4
22.9
23.4
23.1
Manure Management 14.0
16.5
17.4 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.7
Mobile Combustion0
41.2
35.7
22.8
20.4
18.5
16.6
15.1
Nitric Acid Production 12.1
11.3
10.9 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.6
Wastewater Treatment
3.4
4.4
4.8
4.8
4.9
4.9
5.0
Adipic Acid Production 15.2
7.1
10.2 5.5 3.9 5.4 4.3
N20 from Product Uses
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
Composting 0.3
1.7
1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9
Incineration of Waste
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
Semiconductor Manufacture +
0.1
CM
O
CM
O
CM
O
CM
O
CM
O
Field Burning of Agricultural Residues
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
International Bunker Fuels? 0.9
1.0
1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
HFCs, PFCs, SF6, and NF3
99.7
138.9
171,
169.4
171.7
179.6
184.7
HFCs
46.6
120.0
154.3
155.9
159.0
166.7
173.2
Substitution of Ozone Depleting Substances
0.3
99.7
145.3 150.2
154.6 161.3 168.5
HCFC-22 Production 46.1
20.0
8.8 5.5 4.1 5.0 4.3
Semiconductor Manufacture 0.2
0.2
co
o
co
o
CM
o
CM
O
CM
O
Magnesium Production and Processing
0.0
0.0
+ + 0.1 0.1 0.1
PFCs
24.3
6.7
6.9
6.0
5.8
5.8
5.2
Semiconductor Manufacture
2.8
3.2
3.4
3.0
2.8
3.2
3.2
Aluminum Production 21.5
3.4
3.5 2.9 3.0 2.5 2.0
Substitution of Ozone Depleting Substances
0.0
+
+ + + + +
sf6
28.8
11.7
9.2
6.8
6.4
6.6
5.8
Electrical Transmission and Distribution
23.1
8.3
6.0 4.8 4.6 4.8 4.2
Magnesium Production and Processing 5.2
2.7
2.8 1.6 1.5 1.0 0.9
Semiconductor Manufacture
0.5
0.7
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7
nf3
+
0.5
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.6
Semiconductor Manufacture
+
0.5
0.7 0.6
0.6 0.5 0.6
Total Emissions'1
6,363.1
7,313.3
6,776.7
6,538.3
6,680.1
6,739.7
6,586.7
LULUCF Emissions 10.6
23.0
19.9 26.1 19.2 19.7 19.7
LULUCF Carbon Stock Change (830.2)
(754.0)
(769.1) (779.8) (782.2) (781.1) (778.7)
LULUCF Sector Net Total (819.6)
(731.0)
(749.2) (753.8) (763.0) (761.4) (758.9)
Net Emissions (Sources and Sinks)
5,543.5 |
| 6,582.3 |
| 6,027.6
5,784.5
5,917.1
5,978.3
5,827.7

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Global Warming Potentials (100-Year Time Horizon)
Global warming potential (GWP) is defined
as the cumulative radiative forcing effects of
a gas over a specified time horizon resulting
from the emission of a unit mass of gas
relative to a reference gas. The GWP-weighted
emissions of direct greenhouse gases in
the U,S. Inventory are presented in terms of
equivalent emissions of carbon dioxide (CO,),
using units of million metric tons of carbon
dioxide equivalents (MMT CO,, Eq.).
Conversion:
1 million metric tons = 106 metric tons = 109 kg
The molecular weight of carbon is 12, and the
molecular weight of oxygen is 16; therefore,
the molecular weight of CO,,- is 44 (i.e., 12
+ [16 x 2]), as compared to 12 for carbon
alone.Thus, the weight ratio of carbon to
carbon dioxide is 12/44.
Conversion from gigagrams of gas to million
metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents:
/ Gg \	/ MMT \
MMT C0,Eq,= (of gasj x (GWP) x (] 000 Ggj
Source:
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (2007)
C02 1
ch4
25
n2o
298
HFC-23
14,800
HFC-32
675
HFC-43-10mee
1,640
HFC-125
3,500
HFC-134a
1,430
FIFC-143a
4,470
HFC-152a
124
PIFC-227ea
3,220
HFC-236fa
9,810
cf4
7,390

12,200
m
8,830

8,860
c-C4F«
10,300
c5f,2
9,160
§Fr
9,300
SF(
22,800
nf3
17,200
Carbon Information
Conversion Factors to Energy Units and Carbon Contents by Fuel Type
The values in this table provide conversion factors from physical units to energy equivalent units and from energy units to carbon contents.
These factors can be used as default factors, if local data are not available.
Fuel Type
Heat Content
Carbon (C) Content
Coefficients
Carbon Dioxide (C02) per Physical Unit
Solid Fuels
Million Btu/Metric Ton
kg C/Million Btu
kg C02/Metric Ton
Anthracite Coal
24.88
28.28
2,579.9
Bituminous Coal
26.33
25.44
2,456.1
Sub-bituminous Coal
18.89
26.50
1,835.5
Lignite
14.18
26.65
1,385.6
Coke
25.76
31.00
2,928.1
Unspecified Coal
27.58
25.34
2,562.5
Gas Fuels
Btu/Cubic Foot
kg C/Million Btu
kg C02/Cubic Foot
Natural Gas
1,037
14.46
0.0550
Liquid Fuels
Million Btu/Petroleum Barrel
kg C/Million Btu
kg CO/Petroleum Barrel
Motor Gasoline
5.06
19.46
361.0
Distillate Fuel Oil
5.83
20.17
431.2
Residual Fuel Oil
6.29
20.48
472.3
Jet Fuel
5.67
19.70
409.6
Aviation Gasoline
5.05
18.86
349.2
LPG
3.54
16.83
218.5
Kerosene
5.67
19.96
415.0
Still Gas
6.00
18.20
400.4
Petroleum Coke
6.02
27.85
614.7
Pentanes Plus
4.62
19.10
323.6
Unfinished Oils
5.83
20.31
434.2
Note: For fuels with variable heat contents and carbon content coefficients, this table presents 2015 U.S. average values. All factors are presented in gross
calorific values (GCV) (i.e., higher heating values). LPG = liquefied petroleum gases.
Energy Units


¦* V*—^ • —U '
jr-rT
£Unit Conversions
V
i

1 """ ^

t
f


5' **•
Btu
British thermal unit
1 Btu
MBtu
Thousand Btu
1 x 103 Btu
MMBtu
Million Btu
1 x 106 Btu
BBtu
Billion Btu
1 x 109 Btu
TBtu
Trillion Btu
1 x 1012 Btu
QBtli
Quadrillion Btu
1 x 1015 Btu
1 pound
= 0.454 kilograms
= 16 ounces

1 kilogram
= 2.205 pounds
= 35.27 ounces

1 short ton
= 0.9072 metric tons
= 2,000 pounds

1 cubic foot
= 0.02832 cubic meters
= 28.3168 liters

1 cubic meter
= 35.315 cubic feet
= 1,000 liters

1 U.S. gallon
= 3.78541 liters
= 0.03175 barrels
= 0.02381 barrels petroleum
1 liter
= 0.2642 U.S. gallons
= 0.0084 barrels
= 0.0063 barrels petroleum
! barrel
= 31.5 U.S. gallons
= 119 liters
= 0.75 barrels petroleum
1 barrel petroleum
= 42 U.S. gallons
= 159 liters

1 mile
= 1.609 kilometers
= 5,280 feet

1 kilometer
= 0.6214 miles
= 3,280.84 feet

1 square mile
= 2.590 square kilometers
= 640 acres

1 square kilometer
= 0.386 square miles
= 100 hectares

1 acre
= 43,560 square feet
= 0.4047 hectares
= 4,047 square meters
For more information on calculating C02 emissions per kwh, download eGRID at
www.epa.aov/eneray/earid.
For other related information, see www.epa.aov/climalechanae and http://unfccc.int.

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