PM*-1953*6
Waste Oil Heaters: Organic, Inorganic, and
B loassay Analyse# of Coabust ion Samples
Battel 1 e Columbus Labs., OH
Prepared for
Industrial Environmental Research Lab.
lie seai ch Tr .angle Park, WC
N .»> * ».

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F PA-hiH)/I>-84- 1 3U
MASTE OIL HEATERS:
ORGANIC. INORGANIC, ANO BIOASSAY
ANALYSES OF COMBUSTION SAMPLES
by
Marcus Cooke
Wtrren E. Bresler
T 1*0thy L. Htyes
BATTEllE
Columbus Laboratories
Columbus, Ohio 43201
Robert E.
Judy L. Mumford
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
* Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
"Health Effects Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
f'PA i i'ni r i. !
1SIK STK IAi. KS V IH ilNMK'Vl AI RKSKAKCH LABORATORY
'»n Ii K 
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TECHNICAL REPORT OATA
/Pti-eu rr#J Imunt tumt un thr rrirrti br/un completing'
1 WI'OKt NO 2
EPA-6OO/D-8.-130

Waste Oil Heaters: Organic. Inorganic, and Bioassay
Analyses of Combustion Samples
• MtPOriT DAT!
hav 1984
• MR'ORMINC ORGANISATION COOI
7 AkiTMONlSI
M. Cooke, W. E. Bresler, and T. L. Hayes (Battelle);
and R. E. Hall and J. L. Mi mford* (EPA)
¦ '(RPOflMlNO ORGAN'/ATiON NO
¦ PI MtOMMINC. O"0ANlZATlON SAMl ANO «DD*(tl
Battelle- Columbus 1 aboratories
505 King Ave.
Columbus, OH 43201
10 OMAMk '.IUINTNO
11 CONTAACT/GHANT NO
68-02-3628. Task 12
1 J &»0*S0AiNG AGt*C* NAMI and aoohiis
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
1] Tvrt O* Nt»ONT ANO M niOO COVtNtCi
Published paper; 9/82 - 3/84
14 SPONSORING AOCNCV coot
EPA/600/13

 IIM-I |»-?S|
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NOTICE
This document has been reviewed in accordance with
U.S. Environaental Protection Agency policy and
approved for publication. Mention of trade nanes
or comercial products does nor constitute endorse-
ment or recoanendation for use.
ii
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I. Introduction
In recent years federal, state, and local agencies have focused
attention on emissions from the combustion of waste crankcase oil. Due
to the sharp rise 1n the price of natural gas, fuel oil, and electricity,
businesses that have an abundant supply of waste crankcase o
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2
vaporizing pot burner. The vaporizing pot burner retained a significant
amount of the trace elements 1n the pot residue. The study also showed
that, even though total organic emissions from the two burners are similar,
higher levels of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were found 1n
discharges of the vaporizing pot burner.
FIGURE 1 COMPARISON OF total MASS OF ELEMENTS DETERMINED BY
ICAP FOR THE AIR ATOMIZING HEATER BURNING AUTOMOTIVE
AND TRUCK CRANKCA5C OIL.
As • result of the Phase 1 screening studies, 1t was decided that
a Phase 2 follow-on study was needed to provide more Information about
specific chemical species 1n waste crankcase oil emissions. PAHs were
analyzed In more detail, elemental analyses (including Pb, Fe, Cd, Zn,
CI, and 3r) were performed on the air atoni-tlon burner discharges, and
analyse* were conducted to measure possible rganolead constituents and
to determine the distribution of Iron oxidate* states (Fe(II) and Fe(III)).
In addition to the chemical analysis, a microbial mutagenicity
assay was performed on the samples collected. The Salmonella typhlmurlum
mutagenicity test developed by Ames et §1_. (3) been wldeTy used to
evaluate the mutagenicity and potential carcinogenicity of pur* chemicals
and complex environmental sa pies. This assay detects substances that
cause framvshift and base-pair substitution mutation 1n histidlne-
requlrlng mutants, that revert to prototrophy as a result of exposure
to the mutagen. The Ames assay was used In this study to evaluate the
potential carcinogenicity of the combustion products from the truck and
automotive waste crankcase oils.
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3
IV. Test Measurements
In addition, data were obtained for an EPA Level 1 assessment. This
required the use of a glass Source Assessment Sampling System (SASS) train
with subsequent data reduction by Battelle-Columbus Laboratories. The
analysis Included: spark source mass spectroscopy (SSMS) jslng an AEI
Model MS-702R 1nstr«nt to screen elemental constituents; Inductively
coupled argon plasma (I CAP) spectrometry using a Jarrell-Ash Model 975
Instrument to analyze elemental species; and atomic absorption spectroscopy
(AAS) using a Perkln-Elmer Model 5000 Instrument tc provide mercury (Hg),
arsenic (As), and antimony (Sb) emissions data. Total ch omatographable
organic (TCO) analyses, gravimetric (GRAV) analyses, Infrared (IR) analyses,
and low resolution mass spectroscopic (LRMS) analyses were performed to
obtain Information about organic emissions.
A slipstream of the stack effluent was ducted Into a dilution tunnel
where a flow of filtered dilution air as allowed to mix with the heater
discharge at a ratio of 10:1. The i e dilution tunnel effluent was
collected 1n a Massive Air Volume Sanv • (MAVS). The MAVS 1s a device
normally used for ambient air sampling. It contains Teflon-coated metal
plates which act as an electrostatic precipitator (ESP). This allows
large amounts of particulate to be collected which can t>e easily removed
for chemical and bloassay analysis. The dilution tunnel simulates the
dilution and mixing that would occur if the flue gas were discharged
directly Into the environment. Organic bloassay samples used 1n this
study were collected on a 51 cm x 51 cm (20 1n. x 20 1n.) Teflon-
coated Pal 1 flex filter.
The sampling conditions for the two stack effluent samplers (SASS
train and dilution tunnel) are given 1n Table I for both types of waste
oil heaters firing the automotive and truck waste cp
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TABLE I SAMPLING DATA
ling Condition
Vaporising Burner
AutoaotTve Truck
Air Atoalzinc Burner
Automotive	truck
Average stack temperature, *C (*F)
Alnor readlnq, ¦/¦In (ft/aln)
at stack conditions
Stack dlaaeter, ca (1n.)
Tctal vol we sampled, SASS,
(ft3)
Total volifft saapled. dilution
tunnel
Iim umo}i
.V* (ftJ)
VoliMtric flon rate (Q) at STP
(20*C, 1 ata.). «H/sec (ft*/sec)
Fuel feed rate, 1/ltr (gal/hr)
414 (777)
129 (424)
126 (4450)
416 (781)
126 (412)
80 (2800)
339 (642)
84 (275)
15.2 (5.98) 15.2 (5.98) 22.9 (9.02)
30 (1060) 32 (1100) 15 (530)
77 (2700)
2.5 (0.66) 2.5 (0.65) 5.91 (1.56)
332 (630)
88 (288)
22.9 (9.02)
29 (1020)
117 (4130)
0.015 (0.53) 0.014 (0.49) 0.024 (0.85) 0.024 (0.85)
5 i\ (1.56)
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e
•
tr
c
t
0
t:
t
cr>
b.
o
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
~
SASS TRAIN
DILUTION FILTEP
a
Vapo.-izinq
Burner-Truck
111
1.13
$
Vapori / inq
Burner-
Automotive
Air Atomi/inq
Burner-
Automotive
UJL
1.00
£
Air Atomi/inq
Burner-Truck
FIGURE 2 COMPARISON OF TOTAL ORGANIfS fn EACH TEST RUN SAMPLED
By SASS TRAIN AND DILUTION TI'NNEl
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6
(I) Analysis Of air atomization gaseous dtirhir^i for
organolead composition.
(S) Detalled bioassay analysts of the -*SS and dilution
tunnel samples collected in the Level 1 study.
To complete the spec 1 at 1 on measurements outlined above, two special soling
system were used to collect suitable samples. A Modified Method t> train
(WIS). Shown in rigure 3, was used to collect the samples #or PAH and metals
analysis. WS samples Mere collected for both air itemization and vaportimg
pot burners in order to meagre PAH emission levels. MetaH spedation tests
were performed only in the air atomization tests since Level 1 data revealed
elevated metal discharges from air atomization burning.
FIRURL 3. THE MODIFIED METHOD 5 (MMS) TRAIN.
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The samplin? conditions used for the vaporising pot W*5 samples
irt give* in Table H, while the air atomijation p#6 sampling conditions
art give* 1n Tabl# III.
The organolead samples required development of a cryogenic sampling
system designed to condense the large taotmt of water found In • combustion
source. Several desigrs tested would trap a plug of ice, thus closing off
the flow stream. The cryogenic sampler used in this study 1s shown
schematically in figure * and 1s fully discussed in the EPA report
describing this study (4).
v. Analytical HMhods
^articulate ^missions
Trie substances o' interest in the analysis of the ms particulate
f11 ter samples were those species whim had been detected in the Phase 1
study at relatively hifh levels in waste oil combustion emissions:
Iodine (!). caO»1i* (Cd). iron (Ft), *1nc (Zr), lead (Pb). chlorine (T1),
and bromine (lr). Since iron «as identified as one of the predominant
¦etallic elements in waste oil combustion emissions, an attempt was made
to identify the relative amounts of the Fe species in the particulate
emission samples Consequently, two analyses were conducted on the IW5
particulate samples: i-ray fluorescence analysis of the seven elemental
moes of interest and a ferrous ton (>>',:I)) determination to allow i
calculation of the Fe(II)/Fe(:11) ratio ir the emissions.
I-Pay Fluorescence Analyses-
X-ray fluorescence analyses were performed on three PttS filter
catches from the air atomijation heater tests. Two of the filter samples,
designated No. 3 and No. i, were partial runs with weights of 0.6527 g and
0.5931 g, while No. t represented a camolete test run and had a net
weight of 0 8719 g. The analyses were conducted with a Kevei Energy
Dispersive i-ray Analyier. This 1nstn*ent possesses the capability of a
computer-controlled fundamental parameter program to obtain quantitative
results.
Ferrous Ion Analysis--
The ferrous ion (Fe(II)) content of the three air atomiiation IMS
filter samples was determined using a bathopiienanthrollne photometric
method. The principle of the method is btsed on the formation of ferrou
bethophenanthroline complex In a solution buffered at pH 5 with subsequent
extraction in chloroform. The absorbance of the complex at 533 m wis used
to estimate the ferrous 1on content from a prt fously prepared calibration
curve. The calibration curve war constructed using ferrous ammoMi* sulfate
as a standard. The filter samp1 *re prepared by weighing the filter and
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8
TABLE II. TBT CONDITIONS FOR VAPORIZING
POT COMBUSTION EXPERIMENTS
Run 1	Run 2
Barometric pressure, HPa (1n. Hg)	0.102	(30.2)	0.102 (30.1)
Stack temperature. °C (°F)	411	(711)	419	(786)
Stack velocity, m/sec (ft/sec)	3.7	(12.2)	3.7 (12.2)
Meter temperature. °C (#F)	38	(101)	40	(104)
Isokinetic variation, I	112.7	109.7
Corrected dry volume, scm (scf)	3.6	(126)	4.0 (143)
Moisture volume, scm (scf)	0.29	(10.4)	0.31 (11.1)
Flue gas composition
H?0, %	7.7	7.2
C02, 1	7.3	7.0
0?. *	11.7	11.8
CO, pp
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9
TABLE III. TEST CONDITIONS FOR AIR ATOMIZmTION
COWUSTION EXPERIMENTS
Run 1	Run 2
Barometric pressure, HPa (1n. Hg)	0.102	(30.2)	0.102 (3C..1)
'tack temperature, *C (#F)	266	(511)	266	(5i1)
.•loclty, m/sec (ft/sec)	1.4	(4.6)	1.4 (4.6)
Meter temperature, *C (°F)	40	(104)	*0	(1C4)
Isokinetic variation, X	657 361
Corrected dry volume, scm (scf)	4.3	(151)	3.3 (117)
Moisture volume, scm (scf)	0.40	(14)	0.34 (12)
Flue gas composition
H.O, X	8.3	9.3
CO2. 1	10-11	10-11
02. 1	6.8	6.8
CO, ppm (v/v)	50	50
Calculated molecular Might	28.36	28.24
Auto crankcase oil used, 1 (gal)	22	(5.81)	31	(3.21)
Test time, minutes	220	311
Rate, 1/hr (gal/hr)	7.3	(1.6)	7.3 (1.6)
Average aP • orifice plate,	520	(2.1)	92 (0.37)
Pa (in. HjO)
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10
TRAP 2
TRAP 1
CRYOGEN
FIGURE 4. CRYOGENIC SAMPLING TRAIN FOR C0UEC.!"G
VOLATILE ORGANOLEAD EMISSIONS.
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11
digesting the sample In SO ml of IS HC1 under « CO? ato«sphere. The cooled
solution was diluted to 100 ¦!, fro* which a 20 ¦! aliquot was treated with
the bathophenanthrollne reagent.
PAH Emissions
The four PttS train samples collected In the coabustlon tests were
analyzed for PAN by high resolution gas chromatography mss spectrometry
(MCC/NS). To prepare for this analysis, the XA0-2 resin sample was
extracted with methylene chloride, along with the partlculate-laden filter,
1n a Soxhlet extractor. The filter was re-extracted separately with benicne
to remove PAN compounds not extracted by methylene chloride. The resin-
filter extract was combined with the extracts of the aqueous Implnger.
This combined sample, which contained most of the organic burden, was
analyzed by gas chromatography and gravlmetry to determine condenslble
organlcs. The combined organics sample and the benzene filter extract
were then combined and reduced to about 1 «1 with a Kuderna-Danish
concentrator, and to a final volume of 0.5 ¦! by directing a gentle
stream of nitrogen across the top of the sample. An Internal standard
was spiked Into the saaple at this point before analyses by HRGC/HS.
Organplead Compounds
As with the sampling system for organolead compounds, an analytical
method had to be developed for the determination of these compounds. Itad
alkyls are a coown fuel additive, used as an antiknock'ng irgredient in
gasoline. The principal -.pedes used commercially are the aeihyl and
ethyl substltuents, predominantly tetramethjl (TKL). trlmethylethyl (TWl).
dimethyl diethyl (DMOCL), methyltrlethyl (HTEL). and tetraethyl (TEL) lead.
THe aethod most CQmonly used to measure alkyl lead compounds 1s gas
chromatography (GC) coupled to an atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) (5).
The AAS acts as a sensitive detector for lead. Radiiuk et aJL used cryogenic
sampl1ng and GC/AAS to measure ambient alkyl lead with a graphite furnace
technique to demonstrate Instrument sensitivity of 40 pg Pb, which corresponded
to about 0.5 ng/m3 1n a 70 liter air sample (§*. After experimenting with the
GC/AAS Interfaces proposed 1n the literature, a modification was used 1n this
study which Improved Instriawnt sensitivity for direct flame atomlzatlon.
This modified Interface consisted of a 0.3 cm (1/8 in.) (O.D.), stainless
steel GC tube mounted directly Into the base of the AAS burner and attached
to the GC colian. The effluent from the GC column 1s passed through this
tube and the entire effluent uniformly aspirated across the flame front.
The GC/AAS system used was a Varlan Model 1400 GC Interfaced to a
Perkln Elmer Model S000 AAS. The GC was equipped with a 0.9 m (3 ft) x
0.64 cm (0.25 In.) (0.0.) stainless steel column packed with 101 (M/tf)
Carbowax 20M on 100/120 mesh Porasil C. The column was held 1sot.«*rma1 at
130*C and hellua (120 ml/mln) was the carrier gas. The reference standard
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12
used for calibration ms provided by the Ethyl Corporation (l*.A-5W(T313))
and contained 1.53 ag Pb per al of solution in Isooctane. The concentra-
tions, retention tines, and estimated detection Halts for the Individual
tetraalkyl lead species in the reference alxture are given in Table IV.
TABLE IV. AlKYL LEAD HEFEREHCE MIXTURE -
*.A-500(T31 3)
Concentration,	Retention T1at, Detection L1n1t,
Co^ound	ug/nl	n1r.	ng
TH.
114
0.61
11
t*l
336
0.78
22
OMDCL
548
1.17
30
MTEL
408
1.78
47
TEL
123
3.00
81
Chroma tograms showing the separation and rapid elutlon {<« m1n)
capabilities of the GC/AAS system are shown In Figure 5. The upper
chroaatograa shows a 50 ul Injection representing 5.7-27.4 ug of the
alkyl lead compounds. The lower chroaatogran shows a 5 ul Injection
representing 0.6-2.7 ug of each compound. At high sample loading on the
GC coluan, as shown 1n the upper chroaatogran, TML and TttfL show overlap
and loss of resolution. Resolution Is restored by reducing the aaount of
sample analyzed.
VI. Mutagenicity Bloassay Method
The fuel and organic extracts of the SASS samples (XAD only), and
the filter saaples from the dilution tunnel, for combustion of autoaotlve
and truck waste crankcase oils, using both atoalilng and vaporizing burners
were bloai ;«yed for autagenlclty (7). The standard Salynella typhi murium
plate nco.poratlng assay with minor aodlflcatlons (1,8} was performed.
The filter and resin saaples were Soxhlet extracted with dlchloroaethane
for 24 hours. The extract was then solvent-exchanged Into diaethyl sulfoxide
(DMSO). The organic extracts and the 0MS0 slurry of the waste oils were
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13
d)T«tram«thy1-lMd — TML
$)Trifn«thyl«ithyt-lMd — TMEL
Dim«thyldi«thyMMd — DfciDEL
M*thyttrf«thyMMd — MTL
)Tatra«thyi*lMd — TIL
50 yl injection
S y1 Injection
MIN
FIGURE S. CHRONATOHAMS OF TETRAALKVl LEAD
COMPOUNDS IN THE GC/AAS SYSTEM.
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14
tested, with and without S9 metabolic activation (the Aroc lor-Induced rat
liver 9000 i g homogenate) 1n Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA98.
The data were analyzed using the nonlinear wdel to determine the slope of
the dose response curve (9!.
VII. Results
Orqanolead Compounds
Analysis of cryogenic samples from the air atonrizatlon burner tests
Indicated that no organolead compounds were present 1n the emissions.
Since alkyl lead species are most likely not formed 1n the combustion
conditions found 1n burning waste crankcase oil 1n the air atomizer combustor,
the presence of these compounds would be an Indication of unbumed organolead
additives In the waste o11 fuel. To determine If organolead compounds
were present In the crankcase oil used to fuel the air itemization burner,
the waste oil was analyzed directly with the GC/AAS system and produced no
measurable alkyl lead slgrjl. The fuel oil then was spiked with a known
addition of the Ethyl Reference Standard and analyzed by direct Injection
onto the GC/AAS analytical system. The chromatogram from that a ialysis
Is given 1n Figure 6. This chromatogram shows measurable peak, (eicept
for TEL) near the detection limit.
®Tet re methyl-lead — TML
©Trimethylethyl-lead — TMEL
@ Dimethyldiethyl-lead — DMDEL
@ Methyltriethyl-I««d — MTL
(5) Tetreethyl - lead — TEL
MIN
FIGURE 6. GC/AAS CMROAATOGRAA Of TNI SPIKED
WASTE Oil FUEL BY DIRECT 1KJECTI0N.
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II
If organolead compounds were present In the fuel, they would be at
extremely low levels. Fro* the GC/AAS Method detection Halts cited earlier,
this Method should Measure approxlnately 20 uQ THl/mS 1n flue gas emissions
and about 25 mq THL/1 In the waste oil fuel. Fro* the previous Level 1
analysis of air atomizatlon burners using the saMe autonoblle crankcase
oil for fuel (1), a flue gas lead concentration of 140 mg/m3 and a waste
oil concentration of about 3 g/1 were found. These concentrations, total
lead 1n waste oil fuel and flue gas discharge, are far above tne demonstrated
method detection limits for the GC/MS method. If lead were appreciably
present 1n an organometalllc form 1n these samples. It should be Measurable.
These data Indicate that organolead compounds could be only a minor constituent
of the air atomizer discharges measured 1n this study. No organolead analyses
were made on vaporizing pot burner emissions.
Organolead compounds have been estimated to be a small percentage
(0.1-U5) of total ambient lead (10-12). Radzluk *i tl. (6) found that tail-
pipe emissions of alkyl lead are a minor fraction of ambient organolead
levels. Volatile lead compounds in the ambient air arose from vaporization
of gasoline and volatile lead losses from liquid fuels, not from combustion
1n internal combustion engines. The same effect would be expected from
waste oil combustion. Waste crankcase 011 combustion should be of "*lnor
concern for producing organolead emissions in the ambient air.
Ferrous Ion Analyses
The results of the analysis of the ferrous ion (Fe(II)) content in
the MM5 particulate samples from the air atomization heater are given in
Table V.
TABLE V. FERROUS IOH CONTENT OF FILTER SAMPLES
Sample
Number
Total Filter
Height, g
Fe(II) Content
Total wg/g
»9 (PP«)
Total Fe
Content,*
w9
3
0.6527
62
95
11.900
S
0.5932
52
88
9,100
6
0.8719
74
85
19,200
a As determined by X-ray fluorescence
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16
These data Indicate that Fe(II) 1s present at relatively Insignificant
levels 1n emissions from the air atomlzatlon heater fueled with automotive
miU ol i. Comparison of Fe(II) data with the X-ray fluorescence results
for total Fe content shows that Fe(II) constitutes only a minor portion of
the Fe content 1n these emissions. Since Iron 1s expected to be converted
primarily to 1on1c forms in combustion processes, an ass«pt1on can be made
that only a relatively small amount of Iron will be 1n the elemental state.
Consequently, the amount of Fe(III) 1n the sample can be estimated by sub-
tracting the Fe(II) content from the total Fe content. The resulting values
for Fe(III)are relatively large, and the Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratios would, there-
fore, be small. The predominant font of Fe 1n the waste oil combustion
emissions 1s, therefore, Fe(III).
PAH Emissions
PAH emissions are of concern since several members of this class
of organic compounds are considered to be manMHan carcinogens. The
results of PAH analyses are presented 1n Table VI. In general, the vaporizing
pot samples showed higher concentrations of Individual PAM species than the
air atomlzatlon samples. Since Runs 1 and 2 were Intended to be duplicates,
and were very similar In test conditions and sampling parameters, the
observed test-to-test differences reflect the variability of these data.
The data 1n Table VI are corrected for a system blank analysis, but
are not corrected for method recoveries. Method losses were estimated by
the technique of labeled isotope addition. In this method, a known amount
of an atomic Isotope of the compounds analyzed 1s ;p1ked Into the PW5 train
after stapling. The recovery standard In this analysis was benzo(a)pyrene
(BaP-d]2)> These spikes were administered by liquid Injection of 40 ug
BaP-d)2 benzene solution onto the XAD-2 resin. Quantitative (approximately
1005) recoveries were found for the BaP-dj2 spikes.
The complexity of the waste ol1 combustion discharges 1s Illustrated
by the total 1on chroma togram of the air atomlzatlon sample shown 1n
Figure 7. This chromatogram represents a simpler peak pattern where
extracted 1on chromatography 1s used to Improve analytical sensitivity.
Salmonella Mutagenicity Assay
The uncombusted automotive oil showed low mutagenicity (0.09 revertants/, q
with exogenous activation and 0.03 revertants/wg without activation 1n stn<~
TA98) and the truck oil showed no mutagenic activity. The emissions from
both burner types using automotive and truck oils were mutagenic and container
direct-acting mutagens. In comparison with other combustion emissions and
based on revertants/yg organlcs, the mutagenicity of the organlcs extracted
from the particles from waste oil combustl.i was comparable to or more mutagenic
than the organlcs of the particles emitted from a residential wood stove, but
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1?
TABLE VI. RESULTS OF PAH ANALYSES
	Amount Detected, ug/w3 dry	
-Run !• VP-Run 2«AA-Run 1" AA-Ruft 2«
Naphthalene
12
6
5
4
Acenaphthene
—
—
0.3
0.2
Acenaphthylene
2
—
--
--
Fluorene
6
0.6
0.8
0.7
Phenanthrene
?0b
5
6
4
Anthracene
—
2
0.2
0.2
Fluoranthene
--
--
0.4
0.5
Pyrene
3
2
0.5
0.5
Benzo(a)anthracene
--
4
0.2
0.4
Chrysene
—
--
0.2
0.4
ieniof1uoranthenes
—
6
—
—
ienio(e)pyrene
S
6
--
0.01
Benzo(a}pyrene
6
8
-~
1
Perylene
..
6
__
0.6
IndenoO ,2,3-cd)pyrene
—
--
—
0.8
lenzo(gh1)perylene
..
--
0.1
0.6
Anthanthrene
—
—
0.1
1.1
Coronene
mm,


0.1
• VP * Vaporizing Pot Sample; AA • Air Atcm1zat1on Heater Saaple
b TMs apparent high result mbs verified by fragment 1on patterns
and appears to be an outlier.
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8
100

W
A
T5ST
is
1500
24
2600
33
2500 SCAN
41 TINE
FIGURE 7. HRGC/KS TOTAL ION CHROHATOGRAM OF A VAPOR IZIMG POT SAMPLE
lest mutagenic than froa aany dlesel
residential oil heater (13). In ord
rate, the mutagenicity of the organs
by the orfanlc emission rate (ug/m3).
rate of the SASS IAD and the dilution

•sollne engine exhausts or a
v calculate the mutagenic emission
racts (revertants/ug) was multiplied
•ir* 8 shows the mutagenic emission
• 1 samples froa waste oil co»t>ustlon
without metabolic activation.
in Salaonella tvphlaurlti TA98 with an
Comparison of the two types of fuels used shows that the ealsslons froa
autoaotlve oil combustion were consistently nore Mutagenic than the emissions
froa truck oil coabustlon. Within the saae type of fuel, either autoaotlve
or truck oil, the emissions froa the vaporltlng burner «ere more «jtagen1c
than the ealsslons froa the atoalzlng burner.
VIII. Discussion
The results froa this study can be siaaMrlxed according to the four
substances Investigated: particulate emissions. PAH emissions, organolead
compounds, and fuel samples.
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