IMPACT OF LEAD AND OTHER METALLIC SOLDERS
ON WATER QUALITY
by
Noiman E. Murrell
H2M Group/Hoizmachex, McLendon, Murrell, P.
Melville, New York 11857-5076
Cooperative Agreement CR-8100958-01-1
Project Officer
Marvin C. Gardels
Drinking Water Research Division
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
This study was conducted in cooperation
Kith the South Huntington Water District
Huntington Station, New York 11746
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
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DISCLAIMER
The information in this document has been funded wholly or in part
by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under Assistance
Agreement Number CR810958-01-1 to the South Huntington Water District. It
has been subject to the Agency's peer and administrative review and has been
approved for publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or
commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for
use,
ii
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FOREWORD
The United States Environmental Protection Agency is charged by
Congress with protecting the Nation's land, air and water systems. Under
a mandate of national environmental laws, the Agency strives to formulate
and implement actions leading to a compatible balance between human
activites and the ability of natural systems to support and nurture life,
The Clean Water Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act and the Toxic Substances
Control Act are three of the major congressional laws that provide the
framework for restoring and maintaining the integrity of our Nation's water,
for preserving and enhancing the water we drink, and for protecting the
environment from toxic substances. These laws direct the EPA to perform
research to define our environmental problems, measure the impact, and
search for solutions.
The Water Engineering Research Laboratory is that component of EPA's
Research and Development program concerned with preventing, treating and
managing municipal and industrial wastewater discharges; establishing
practices to control and remove contaminants from drinking water and to
prevent its deterioration during storage and distribution; and assessing the
nature and controllability of releases of toxic substances to the air, water
and land from manufacturing processes and subsequent product uses. This
publication is one of the products of that research and provides a vital
communication link between the researcher and the user community.
The study reported herein focuses upon a major problem in drinking
water at the faucet of the consumer. As a result of lead solder utilized
to connect piping in residential and non-residential interior plumbing,
levels of lead and other contaminants greater than desirable are introduced
into potable water due to leaching. These effects can be reduced by the ban
on lead solder in potable water supply piping. Metal leaching can be
mitigated by the water utility reducing the corrosivity of the drinking
water supplied to the consumer. Reducing this contamination by lead in the
drinking water will help the health and welfare of the consuming public.
E. Timothy Oppelt, Director
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
iii
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ABSTRACT
A study of the impact of lead and other metallic solders on water
quality was conducted under actual field conditions at test sites in the
South Huntington Water District and at private well test sites in Suffolk
County on Long Island. Test sites were selected to provide approximately
ten sites in each of nine age groups from new construction to more than 20
years old.
Long Island's groundwater supply is generally low pH, low alkalinity,
low hardness water which is extremely corrosive without treatment. Tests
were conducted after an overnight period of non-use at first draw and seven
time periods after first draw. Lead was tested in all eight time-series
samples, with cadmium and copper tested in the first draw water. Water
quality parameters checked for were pH, alkalinity, Langelier Saturation
Index, hardness, chlorides and total dissolved solids.
The South Huntington Water District adjusted its pH treatment for at
least a month prior to initiating any phase of the study in an attempt to
minimize transition effects on the house service and interior plumbing.
Sites were tested after maintaining treatment at three pH ranges (6.4 and
less, 7.0 to 7.4, 8.0 and greater).
In the second phase of the investigation, a more controlled four-loop
study was conducted with the same corrosive Long Island water. Each loop
consisted of 22 solder joints so tin/lead solders could be compared with
three substitute solders for metal leaching. The three alternate solders
were tin/antimony, tin/silver, and tin/copper.
Results of the overall investigation indicated the need for a "Lead
Solder Ban" and also a need for water utilities to reduce the corrosivity
of their water. In 258 tests at 104 sites, 90 test results (or 34.9
percent) of first draw samples exceeded the current 50 pg/L drinking water
standard for lead. If the Recommended Maximum Contaminant Level becomes 20
pg/L for lead, 135 test results (or 52.3 percent) of first draw samples
would exceed that standard.
There is an apparent relationship between the age of the lead solder
and its ability to leach lead into the premises' drinking water. If the
recently enacted "Lead Solder Ban" is effectively enforced by municipal
plumbing departments, four or five years later, there would be little need
to be overly concerned with the leaching of lead from existing lead solder.
Water utilities with corrosive water should increase the pH and alka-
linity in their water. Testing for both lead and copper leaching In the
same homes at three different levels of corrosivity indicates a significant
reduction in the lead and copper leaching with less corrosive water.
iv
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The four loop solder test results Indicate that tin/antimony solder,
tin/silver solder and tin/copper solder can be used at proper pH and alka-
linity with only minor metal leaching.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Cooperative Agreement CR
810958-01-1 in cooperation with the South Huntington Water District. Work
on this project was done under a subcontract by Holzmacher, McLendon and
Murrell with the South Huntington Water District, This report covers the
period from October 1983 to October 1987, and work was completed as of March
1988.
v
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CONTENTS
Page
Disclaimer 11
Foreword lit
Abstract . iv
Contents vi
Figures . viii
Tables . . .' Ix
Abbreviations and Symbols ..... ...... xii
Acknowledgement xiii
1. Introduction 1
General Problem. . 1
Corrosion. ..... ... 1
October 1982 Lead Poisoning. . . ......... 1
Complainant Home 1
Subdivision and Nearby Testing. ... 2
Home Under Construction 4
Town of Smithtown Lead Solder Ban 4
Long Island Testing by H2M 4
Long Island Confirming Tests by Others 4
Suffolk County Water Authority 7
Suffolk County 7
Nas sau County Department of Health 7
Town of Hempstead Lead Testing 8
World Wide Lead Problem 9
Lead Findings Throughout the United States 9
Health Effects of Lead ..... 9
Initiation of This Study ............ 10
2. Conclusions and Recommendations 11
Pipe Loop Studies, 11
Metal Leaching From Faucets .15
Additional Topics 16
3. Methodology 17
Checking Solder in Homes .19
pH Modification 19
Seri es Sampling 19
Pipe Loop. 20
Loop Testing Procedures 20
Laboratory Methodology 26
Lead, 26
Flame Analysis (EPA Method 239.1) 26
Graphite Furnce (Electrothermal Atomization Analysis
(EPA Method 239.2) 27
4. Results and Discussion. 28
Phase I - Low pH Sample 30
Phase II - Medium pH Sample 32
Phase III - High pH Sample 33
pH, Age of Household and Lead Leaching 35
vi
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4. Results arid Discussion (concluded) Page
Alkalinity 35
Faucet Effects. 37
Cadmium Leaching, 39
Copper Leaching 41
First Draw Copper 41
Stray Electrical Current . 42
Pipe Loop Studies 44
Lead in Solder 44
Tin/lead Solder 44
Highest Lead Values in Other Loops 45
Tin/Antimony Solder Loop . 45
Silver/Copper Solder Loop Test .46
Tin/Copper Solder Loop Test . 47
Arsenic in Solders 47
References 49
Appendix A , , , 51
Appendix B 56
vii
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
FIGURES
Page
Time Series Lead at Smithtown Residence 3
Time Series Lead Results at Home Under Construction 5
Time Series Lead Results at Office Building 6
First Draw Lead Tests ..... ......... 12
Lead Leaching v. Age at Various pH's .13
First Draw Lead During 258 Tests 14
Test Site Locations in South Huntington Water District. ... 18
Time Series Schematic at an 1800 mL/min Rate of Sampling . . 21
Set-Up for First Draw Time Series Sampling for Lead in
Drinking Water 22
Schematic Drawing of Typical Loop in Four Loop Study .... 23
Four Loop Study Apparatus 24
Influent (Top) and Effluent (Bottom) of Four Loop Apparatus. 25
Cadmium Results at Test Site 32W18 40
Cooper Leaching and Stray Electrical Currents. , 43
Copper at Three pH's for Same Test Sites 48
viii
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TABLES
1 Initial Time Interval Lead Sampling 2
2 Nassau County First Draw Lead Values 8
3 Town of Hempstead Lead Leaching 8
4 Average Copper Leaching in Copper Loop Studies , . 15
5 Sampling Sequence . 19
6 Lead in Solder at Test Households 28
7 Lead in Solder by Year of Construction 28
8 Water Quality Parameters for Testing ... 29
9 Number of Homes Sampled in Early Phase of Study 30
10 Percentage of Test Homes with Results Greater Than 50 and 20
fig/L of Lead at Low pH (6.8 & Less) - 9 Age Categories 31
11 Percentage of Test Homes with Results Greater than 50 and 20
Hg/L of Lead at Low pH (6.8 & Less) - 3 Age Categories 32
12 Percentage of Test Homes with Results Greater than 50 and 20
Hg/L of Lead at Medium pH (7.0 - 7.4) - 9 Age Categories .... 32
13 Percentage of Test Homes with Results Greater than 50 and 20
fig/L of Lead at Medium pH (7,0-7.4 and Less) -3 Age Categories . 33
14 Percentage of Test Homes with Results Greater than 50 and 20
fig/L of Lead at High pH (8.0 and Greater) - 9 Age Categories , . 34
15 Percentage of Test Homes with Results Greater than 50 and 20
pg/L of Lead at High pH (8.0 and Grater) - 3 Age Categories . . 34
16 Percentage of Test Homes with Results Greater Than 20 fig/L
of Lead ............. 35
17 Average Alkalinity of Water During Testing . 36
18 Percentage of Test Homes with Results Greater Than 50 and
20 /ig/L of Lead Versus Alkalinity 37
19 Percentage of Test Homes with Results Greater Than 50 and
20 fig/L of Lead at 10 Seconds After First Draw 38
20 Average Lead in Drinking Water at Ten Seconds After First
Draw in Three Age Groups in Three pH Ranges 38
21 Cadmium in First Draw Sampling at South Huntington Water
District Test Sites 39
22 Cadmium in Samples at Private Well Sites 41
23 Copper (mg/L) Levels in First Draw Sample at Various
Ranges of pH 42
24 Average Lead Leaching in Tin/Lead Loop at Various pH's
and Time Intervals 44
25 Antimony From Tin/Antimony Loop 46
ix
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TABLES (Continued)
A-1 Trace Metals Analysis Conditions , . 52
B-l Lead at Time Interval after First Draw, 1983 Constructed
Test Sites (0-1 Year) pH 6.4 and less 57
B-2 Lead at Time Interval after First Draw, 1982 Constructed
Test Sites (1-2 Years) pH 6.4 and less 58
B-3 Lead at Time Interval after First Draw, 1981 Constructed
Test Sites (2-3 Years) pH 6.4 and less ...... 59
B-4 Lead at Time Interval after First Draw, 1980 Constructed
Test Sites (3-4 Years) pH 6.4 and less 60
B-5 Lead at Time Interval after First Draw, 1979 Constructed
Test Sites (4-5 Years) pH 6.4 and less 61
B-6 Lead at Time Interval after First Draw, 1977 Constructed
Test Sites (6-7 Years) pH 6.4 and less 62
B-7 Lead at Time Interval after First Draw, 1974 Constructed
Test Sites (9-10 Years) pH 6.4 and less 63
B-8 Lead at Time Interval after First Draw, 1967-69 Constructed
Test Sites (14-17 Years) pH 6.4 and less 64
B-9 Lead at Time Interval after First Draw, 1952-62 Constructed
Test Sites (20 Years +) pH 6.4 and less 65
B-10 Lead at Time Interval after First Draw, 1983 Constructed
Test Sites (0-1 Year) pH 7.0 - 7.4 66
B-11 Lead at Time Interval after First Draw, 1982 Constructed
Test Sites (1-2 Years) pH 7,0 - 7.4 67
B-12 Lead at Time Interval after First Draw, 1981 Constructed
Test Sites (2-3 Years) pH 7.0 - 7.4 68
B-13 Lead at Time Interval after First Draw, 1980 Constructed
Test Sites (3-4 Years) pH 7.0 - 7.4 69
B-14 Lead at Time Interval after First Draw, 1979 Constructed
Test Sites (4-5 Years) pH 7.0 - 7.4 . 70
B-15 Lead at Time Interval after First Draw, 1977 Constructed
Test Sites (6-7 Years) pH 7.0 - 7.4 71
B-16 Lead at Time Interval after First Draw, 1974 Constructed
Test Sites (9-10 Years) pH 7.0 - 7.4 72
B-17 Lead at Time Interval after First Draw, 1967-69 Constructed
Test Sites (14-17 Years) pH 7.0 - 7.4 73
B-18 Lead at Time Interval after First Draw, 1952-62 Constructed
Test Sites (20 Years +) pH 7.0 - 7.4 74
B-19 Lead at Time Interval after First Draw, 1983 Constructed
Test Sites (0-1 Year) pH 8 and greater 75
B-20 Lead at Time Interval after First Draw, 1982 Constructed
Test Sites (1-2 Years) pH 8 and greater 76
B-21 Lead at Time Interval after First Draw, 1981 Constructed
Test Sites (2-3 Years) pH 8 and greater 77
B-22 Lead at Time Interval after First Draw, 1980 Constructed
Test Sites (3-4 Years) pH 8 and greater 78
B-23 Lead at Time Interval after First Draw, 1979 Constructed
Test Sites (4-5 Years) pH 8 and greater 79
x'
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TABLES (Concluded)
B-24 Lead at Time Interval after First Draw, 1977 Constructed
Test Sites (6-7 Years) pH 8 and greater 80
B-25 Lead at Time Interval after First Draw, 1974 Constructed
Test Sites (9-10 Years)pH 8 and greater 81
B-26 Lead at Time Interval after First Draw, 1967-69 Constructed
Test Sites (14-17 Years) pH 8 and greater .82
B-27 Lead at Time Interval after First Draw, 1952-62 Constructed
Test Sites (20 Years +) pH 8 and greater 83
B-28 Lead at Time Interval after First Draw, Private Well
Supply - County of Suffolk ..... 84
xi
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
Abbreviations
AA -- atomic absorption spectrophotometry
EPA -- United States Environmental Protection Agency
gal - - gallons
H2M -- H2M Group/Holzmacher, McLendon & Murrell, P.C.
L -- liters
LSI -- Langelier Saturation Index
MCL -- maximum contaminant level
mg/L -- milligrams per liter
NCHD -- Nassau County Health Department
SCDHS -- Suffolk County Department of Health Services
sec -- second
SHWD -- South Huntington Water District
pg/L -- micrograms per liter
ug/dL -- micrograms per deciliter
U.S.EPA -- United States Environmental Protection Agency
yr -- year
Symbols
Ca -- calcium
CaC03 - - calcium carbonate
Cd -- cadmium
C03 - - carbonate
Cu - - copper
Pb -- lead
pH -- -log (H+)
xii
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study could not have been accomplished without the assistance of
personnel at both the South Huntington Water District and H2M Group/
Holzmacher, McLendon & Murrell, P.C. and concerned personnel in the United
States Environmental Protection Agency in Cincinnati, Ohio, and Washington,
D.C. The author expresses his gratitude to Dr. Marvin C. Gardels of the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for acting as Project Director and
Commissioner George Kopp of the South Huntington Water District for acting
as Project Manager.
I gratefully acknowledge the help of -Superintendent Vincent Crimaudo
of the South Huntington Water District in obtaining test sites, scheduling
the sampling and adjusting the water treatment for the various phases of the
project, and Robert Smith of the Water District on the three sampling
phases.
I wish to express may appreciation to the Suffolk County Department
of Health Services for its cooperation in the private well aspects of the
program.
The cooperation of H2M Group personnel Fran Marrotta and Karen Marrotta
in the three sampling phases, including computer input/output, plus the
computer-generated graphics by Stephen P. Olafsen and Linda J. Farmer and
overall supervision of Eugene R. Olafsen are gratefully appreciated. My
thanks also goes to H2M Labs personnel for the myriad of tests and to Stuart
W. Murrell for coordinating and expediting the testing and results. 1 am
particulary appreciative of Marie A. DeBonis, who spent many a night and
weekend on the word processor generating the report and last, but not least,
to John J. Molloy, P.E., for his indispensable help and assistance during
the project and constructive comments in reviewing the report.
xiii
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL PROBLEM
Lead, far in excess of the current 50 fig/L Maximum Contaminant Level
(MCL) in the Federal Drinking Water Standards, has been found leaching from
lead solder through testing from Maine to California. Lead solder is
utilized to connect copper piping in residential and commercial plumbing
systems for a potable water supply. Young children, in their formative
years, are especially susceptible to lead poisoning (1).
CORROSION
Lead leaching is one part of the total corrosion problem. Corrosion
is a phenomenon commonly associated with a metal and its environment, and
is of considerable importance in water supply (2). In 1979, the National
Bureau of Standards (NBS) reported that annual cost of damage caused by
corrosion in the water supply field totaled about $700 million (3).
However, these costs cover only effects on distribution systems. Often,
a far greater portion of corrosion cost is incurred through damage to
plumbing systems in homes.
Corrosive water can cause either health or aesthetic problems for the
consumer, plus economic problems in distribution pipelines and in home
plumbing systems. Corrosion of materials in plumbing and distribution
systems can increase the concentrations of metal compounds in the water
because lead, cadmium and other heavy metals are present in various amounts
in pipe solder and other piping appurtenances such as faucets and fittings.
There is concern for the possible health hazards created by corrosion and
subsequent leaching and ingestion of these materials.
Several studies have documented the impact of metallic solder on water
quality. This report presents the results of an intensive study of this
problem conducted by H2M (Holzmacher, McLendon & Murrell), the South
Huntington Water District, Long Island, New York, and the Suffolk County
Health Department. The study was precipitated by a case of lead poisoning
of a child in Smithtown, New York.
OCTOBER 1982 LEAD POISONING CASE
Complainant Home
H2M/Holzmacher, McLendon & Murrell, P.C.'s involvement with metallic
solders, and particularly lead solder, began in October 1982 when a western
Suffolk County (New York) Water District called H2M Lab about a consumer
complaint of lead poisoning. Water as a source of lead was at first dis-
counted, since the Water District had a 15-year record of lead-free distri-
tution samples. It is now realized that this was due to following standard
1
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sampling procedures of running the water three to five minutes prior to
sampling. This normally provides a distribution system sample instead of
the house service water consumed by many children and adults.
Two separate samples taken by the consumer in his own home showed lead
levels of 1900 and 1600 jig/L (parts per billion), which were far greater
than the current safe drinking water standard of 50 (ig/L. H2M Lab personnel
followed standard procedures of running the water three to five minutes
prior to sampling. This resulted in 27 pg/L lead in that sample. At that
point, it confirmed studies by others that lead concentration was a function
of "time". Tests at three locations in the home at first draw and after one
minute of flow resulted in lead as indicated in Table 1.
TABLE 1. INITIAL TIME INTERVAL LEAD SAMPLING
First Draw Lead
One Minute Lead
Location
(Mg/L)
<^g/L)
Bathroom - Cold
900
64
Upstairs Bathroom - Cold
3900
14
Upstairs Bathroom - Hot
500
90
In the complainant's home, a time series test for lead was run after
approximately a four-hour period of non-use. The first draw value of lead
was 300 mb/L, and it took about 48 seconds for the lead value to reduce to
below the current MGL as indicated in Figure 1.
Since the distribution system water and water at the inlet side of
the meter in the basement actually tested for minimal lead, lead solder in
the home's copper plumbing was suspected as the source of the lead. A
visual inspection in the basement indicated lead caked on a newly installed
water filter.
Subdivision and Nearby Testing
All 18 homes in the generally eight-year old subdivision were then
tested for lead in their drinking water. Two existing occupied homes with
first draw lead values above the current 50 yg/L MCL both had recent
plumbing additions. A new home under construction had an even higher first
draw lead value of 7100 pg/L.
Other older homes and hydrants within the Water District were tested
for lead, and the results indicated that the water in the distribution
system was essentially lead-free.
2
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250
z
O
CD
cr
UJ
c_
C/3
f
QC
<
Q_
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CD
5,
Q
<
200
LEAD IN
WATER SAMPLE
150
100
50/ug/L DRINKING
WATER STANDARD
FIGURE 1
30 40 50
TIME (SECONDS)
TIME SERIES LEAD SAMPLE IN UPSTAIRS
BEDROOM BATHROOM SMITHTOWN RESIDENCE
.3
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House Under Construction
A new home under construction in the original complainant's subdivision
was again checked after obtaining the 7100 fig/L first draw value for lead.
In a time series test for lead, the first draw value was 2500 /*g/L and it
took about 80 seconds to approach the current MCL, as indicated in Figure
2. -
Town of Smithtown Lead Solder Ban
Within six weeks of the initial lead complaint, a preliminary
investigation was conducted by H2M and a November 30, 1982, and a Report
was sumitted to the Town Board of the Town of Smith town (4) . The Town
Board advertised and scheduled a public hearing to propose to limit the
lead content in solder for drinking water services to 0,2 percent. On
December 26, 1982, the lead solder ban was approved and made effective
immediately in the town of Smithtown.
LONG ISLAND TESTING BY H2M
Long Island's source of potable water is its sole source aquifer,
which is characterized by its low pH and soft water. In order to confirm
that the lead leaching problem might be associated with water chemistry
rather than one water utility, first draw tests were conducted by H2M Lab
at a number of locations served by seven other Long Island water utilities.
First draw values for lead ranged from 2,000 Mg/L in new residences to <2
^g/L in 20 year old residences.
A controlled test was run on a 23-month old copper plumbing system in
H2M's office building after a 71-1/2 hour shutdown, which is equivalent to
many long weekends. The first draw lead result was 120 fig/L, with a second
high of 200 fig/L at 1-1/2 minutes. The plumbing was measured in the
ceiling, and solder joints were located until the service met the main
source of water. After calculating the amount of water in the system
between soldered joints versus the measured rate of low, it was calculated
that the highest level (200 pg/L at 1.5 minutes) for lead coincided with the
location where there was the greatest number of solder joints. The lead
results from the office building are indicated in Figure 3.
The water from an older portion of the plumbing system that was four
years old was calculated as the water tested after the two-minute point on
Figure 3,
LONG ISLAND CONFIRMING TESTS BY OTHERS
In late November and early December, 1982, H2M alerted the Nassau and
Suffolk County Health Departments, 13 Long Island towns with a total popula-
tion of 2.5 million and the water suppliers of the findings on the leaching
of lead from lead solder. It was natural for most to doubt the
findings .since they also had not found high lead values in distribution
4
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2400
2100
1800
1200
300
FIGURE 2.
20 30 40 50 60 70
TIME (SECONDS)
TIME SERIES LEAD SAMPLE IN UPSTAIRS BEDROOM
BATHROOM RESIDENCE UNDER CONSTRUCTION
5
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200
160
DD
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W
I
DC
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Q.
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CD
o
<
120
FIGURE 3.
1 I 1 1 «'
1 2 3 4 5
TIME (MINUTES)
TIME SERIES LEAD SAMPLE IN KITCHEN
SINK-MELVILLE OFFICE BUILDING
(23 MONTH AND 4 YEAR OLD PLUMBING)
6
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systems under normal sampling procedures of three to five minutes of
flushing prior to sampling.
Suffolk County Water Authority
The Suffolk County Water Authority, which supplied water wholesale to
the western Suffolk Water District serving the initial complainant's home,
first did split sampling with H2M Lab to confirm that the lab testing was
correct. They also conducted independent testing on water collected from
a one-year old garage of the Kings Park School District. The first draw was
280 ng/L lead, with the one-minute test being 25 pg/L lead.
Suffolk County
The Suffolk County (New York) Department of Health Services found 200
to 600 pg/L in the water in the new Shirley Health Center.
On December 28, 1982, the Suffolk County Legislature adopted a resolu-
tion encouraging all ten towns to consider amending their building codes to
ban lead solder.
The Suffolk County Department of Health Services released a fact sheet
entitled "Lead in Drinking Water Supplies" on January 3, 1983, and
recommended the modification of existing building codes to limit the lead
content in solder used for water systems to 0.2 percent or less. In
addition, the Department of Health Services held a seminar on "Lead
Corrosion" on May 3, 1983.
Nassau County Department of Health
The Nassau County Department of Health initiated lead sampling in late
December 1982. A total of 240 separate samples were collected from 59
different sampling locations in 35 premises served by 14 different public
water systems. The significance of the lead leaching problem in newer homes
is exemplified by some of the higher values for lead leaching as contained
in Table 2.
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TABLE 2. NASSAU COUNTY FIRST DRAW LEAD VALUES
Percent
Lead Hardness Lead in Age
Location p g/L pH mg/L Solder (yrs)
Locust Valley
17000
7
0
41
60.3
0
Port Washington
4400
6
8
49
61.7
1
Manorhaven
3500
6
8
49
47.9
0
Woodbury
2900
7
3
64
58.4
0
N. Port Washington
930
7
0
49
50.3
0
North Hills
750
6
7
23
56.2
0
North Hills
530
6
7
23
60.0
0
Additional investigations were made on lead from lead service lines,
faucets, hose bibs, meters, curb stopes, etc. In August 1985, a report
(5) was issued by the Nassau County Department of Health with a
recommendation that lead in solder be limited to 0.5 percent.
Town of Hempstead Lead Testing
The Town of Hempstead Water Department (6) collected 128 samples for
lead from the water in 64 premises in all six of the Town's Water Districts,
Samples were taken of the first draw water and after 60 seconds of flushing
to check for lead. The higher results in this survey also point to a
greater problem in newer homes and are indicated in Table 3.
TABLE 3. TOWN OF HEMPSTEAD LEAD SAMPLING
Building Time Before Lead g/L)
Water District Age First Draw 0 Min. 1 Min.
East Meadow
8 mos.
8 hrs.
2010
7
East Meadow
8 mos.
24 hrs.
1500
240
Uniondale
3 yrs.
8-10 hrs.
1049
<5
East Meadow
8 mos.
8-10 hrs.
810
<5
East Meadow
8 mos.
24 hrs.
760
380
Roosevelt Field
6 mos.
12 hrs.
569
385
Roosevelt Field
6 mos.
12 hrs.
338
<5
East Meadow
3 DOS ,
24-48 hrs.
186
174
8
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WORLD-WIDE LEAD PROBLEM
During November 1982, H2M initiated an AWWA computer search of studies
related to lead/lead solder. Studies have been made in the Netherlands,
Scotland, England, British Columbia, Ontario, Washington (Seattle) and
Carroll County, Maryland. A Medline and Toxline Computer search also
uncovered lead studies in Norway, Germany and Denmark.
High lead values had been obtained in first draws of water after a
period of non-use. These lead leaching values were higher with low pH's
(6,4 and less) and soft water.
LEAD FINDINGS THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES
Others throughout the United States began to check for lead in first
draw drinking water in part due to:
a. publicity during 1982 and 1983 on the lead leaching findings on
Long Island,
b. a USEPA seminar on "Plumbing Materials and Drinking Water Quality"
(7) in Cincinnati during May 1984,
c. three lead solder presentations at AWWA national conferences in
June 1985 (8) and June 1987 (9, 10),
d. a presentation on "Impact of Metallic Solders on Water Quality"
(11) at the ASCE National Conference on Environmental Engineering
at Boston in July 1985.
HEALTH EFFECTS OF LEAD
The effect of lead on infants and children cannot be overemphasized.
These adverse effects, which have been extremely well documented, point to
afflictions ranging from anemia and colic to encephalopthy, nephropathy and
neuropathy (1) . Even though the elimination of lead from paints and
gasoline is important, the high blood levels of lead found in children and
pregnant women may not always be attributable to these sources. The
University of Wales and Wharfdale General Hospital published a study in 1984
(12) utilizing a control group of 192 women, which suggested that the levels
of lead in blood were more appreciably contributed by water than air. Air
lead exposure from gasoline exhaust fumes (from a sampling of homes
adjoining roads with approximately 40,000 vehicles per day diminishing to
27,000, 15,000 and 500 OIT 16SS daily in cul-de-sacs) promoted lesser amounts
of blood leads in the subjects than small amounts of lead in the drinking
water. The lead in the drinking water resulted from lead water services,
and primarily lead solder joints.
The 1979 New England Journal of Medicine (13) reported on the study
by Dr. Herbert Needleman and others of 2,146 children and the correlation
9
-------
between high dentine lead levels and their teachers' ratings of 11 negative
classroon behaviors,
The 1982 New England Journal of Medicine (14) reported on the study
by Dr. Herbert Needleman and others of elevated lead levels in children's
shed teeth. Those children having high tooth lead levels increased by
fourfold the risk of having I.Q. scores below 80,
The June 8, 1984, issue of The Journal of the American Medical Associa-
tion (15) tracked 5,182 consecutive deliveries at the Boston Hosptial for
Women and reported on the association of lead in the drinking water with
minor birth defects.
In the literature search for medical studies on the health effects
from lead in drinking water, H2M obtained the summary (16) from Stobhill
Hospital/ Glasgow Health Department/Ruchill Hospital in Scotland. In
comparing the water-lead levels in homes occupied by 77 mentally retarded
children with those homes of 77 non-retarded children, the study indicated
that water-lead content was significantly higher in the retarded group.
Pediatric Research (17) reports that the St. Louis Children's Hospital/
Washington University School of Medicine completed autopsies of 66 Sudden
Infant Death Syndrome infants and 23 infants who died suddenly from other
causes between the ages of 4 and 26 weeks. The infants who died of Sudden
Infant Death Syndrome had 43,9 percent more lead in their livers and 68,5
percent more lead in their ribs.
The January 25, 1985, issue of the Journal of the American Medical
Association (18) reported that the University of Michigan's Schools of
Medicine and Public Health found increases in blood pressure, with increased
blood lead levels, in black and white men and women aged 21 to 55 years.
The current 50 ^ig/L standard for lead has been proposed to be lowered
to 20 pg/L (19), and nay even be lowered to 10 /ig/L. All health effects
information related to lead coupled with the leaching of lead from lead
solder indicated the need to study the issue and develop options for
controlling lead in drinking water.
INITIATION OF THIS STUDY
In January 1983, a meeting was held with EPA personnel in Cincinnati,
Ohio, to discuss the investigations and to suggest further research focusing
on the effect of age, pH and hardness of the water supply on leaching from
lead solder. The South Huntington Water District agreed to participate and
a proposal for a cooperative study was submitted to EPA in March 1983. The
"Lead solder Aging Study" was approved by EPA to commence October 1, 1983,
and this report presents the results of that study.
10
-------
SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Numerous studies have demonstrated that lead leaches from lead solder
into drinking water. In this study, sequential samples were taken from
selected homes for up to 120 seconds. Based on first draw samples, 34.9
percent of the samples exceeded the current 50 ^g/L drinking water standard
for lead. If the HCL was lowered to either 20 ftg/L or 10 ^g/L, 52.3% and
70.15% of the samples, would exceed the respective level. The 20 fig/h & 10
Hg/L levels were chosen to indicate how sensitive compliance would be if the
MCLs were lowered. These first draw samples were taken from 68 homes served
by a public supply and 14 by private wells receiving low pH water (6.8 or
less); 90 homes with a medium pH (7.0 to 7.4); and 86 homes at a high pH
(8.0 and greater). The composite results are presented in Figure 4. Figure
4 indicates the increasing non-compliance as the lead standard is lowered.
There also appears to be a relationship between the age of lead solder
and its ability to leach lead into drinking water. To illustrate this
effect, the homes tested were categorized by age. As seen in Figure 5, the
average value of lead (at ten seconds after first draw) decreases in all pH
ranges as the age of the homes sampled increases. In Figure 5 the ten
second sample was used to eliminate the effect of lead leaching from
faucets.
An overview of the lead test results at three different pH's within
the indicated ranges of first draw samples is given in Figure 6. The
average alkalinity (expressed as calcium carbonate) for each pH range is
indicated on the figure.
It can be generally concluded that lead leaching is reduced by age
and by increasing pH and alkalinity (expressed as calcium carbonate).
PIPE LOOP STUDIES
In addition to sampling in homes, four pipe loops were constructed
with 22 soldered joints per loop. Different solder types were used in each
loop. The following types of solder were used: tin/lead; tin/antimony;
silver/copper and tin/copper. In this test, tin/lead solder was compared
to three substitute solders for metal leaching. The effect of holding time
on leaching and leaching rate of various types of solder was evaluated.
On the tin/lead solder loop, the range of average (of six samples)
lead values varied In each time period and, in general, decreased with an
Increase of pH. The loop finding for lead solder in relation to pH tends
to confirm the findings from actual field testing in homes.
For the tin/antimony and silver/copper solder there was no appreciable
leaching of metal. For the tin/copper solder there was a sharp decrease
in copper leaching ^?ith an increase of pH from approximately 5»2 to 8.6
11
-------
34.88 %
FIRST DRAW LEAD
50.1 - 4500 ugA
17.44 %
FIRST DRAW LEAD
20.1 - 50.0 ug/L
17.83 %
FIRST DRAW LEAD
10.1 - 20 ug/L
29.85 %
FIRST DRAW LEAD
0-10 ug/L
FIGURE 4. 258 FIRST DRAW LEAD TESTS AT
LOW, MEDIUM AND HIGH pH
12
-------
350
300
250.
<
ec
o
"~r I
CO
ra 9E
5. u.
a c
< £
H LU
-* <
200.
CO
Q
£ o
> o
-------
100-
90
80
^ 70 i
(/)
5 60
Li_
O
LU
Q
<
2
Ld
O
Q£
UJ
CL
50
40"
30
20"
10
CN
A.
PH
Average Alkalinity
(mg/L as CaCOa)
PRIVATE
SH WD WELLS
02
^ LOW pH {6.8 AND LESS}
MEDIUM pH (7.0-7.4)
27.7
HIGH pH (8.0 and GREATER) 29.5
w
«
^t*+
7,±
16.4
«
J 0-10 10.1-20 20.1-49.9 50-99 100-499 500-4500
FIRST DRAW LEAD {pg/L)
FIGURE 6. FIRST DRAW LEAD FOR 258 TESTS
AT LOW, MEDIUM AND HIGH pH LEVELS
14
-------
and a slight increase in copper leaching with time intervals from 4 hours
to 24 hours standing time (Table 4).
TABLE 4. AVERAGE COPPER LEACHING IN COPPER LOOP STUDY
IN MILLIGRAM PER LITER (mg/L)
4 8 12 24
pH Hours Hours Hours Hours
5.1-5.3 3.32 4.54 4.72 4.81
6.3-6.6 1.46 1.81 2.10 2.06
7.0-7.4 0.56 0.16 0.64 0.65
8.5-8.6 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.10
METAL LEACHING FROM FAUCETS
Lead in the first-draw sample (125 mL) may in part be caused by the
faucet as has been indicated in other studies where only the faucet was
tested (4). Even if this is a substantial amount, the lead found in the
10 second and subsequent time series samples confirm the leaching of lead
from solder.
Of the first-draw samples in homes 31.8 percent contained less than
detectable levels of cadmium. Cadmium results in the first draw water were
as follows:
a. 13 homes had between 1.3 Mg/L and 4.2 pg/L cadmium;
b. a home with a private well had 14.0 Mg/L cadmium;
c. a home with a private well had 14.4 fj.g/L cadmium; and
d. homes with public water supply source had values of 35.0 pg/L at
8.3 pH and 42.5 Mg/L at 5,6 pH.
Testing for first draw copper in the South Huntington Water District
homes, at three different pH ranges, indicated 86.8 percent of the homes
exceeded the current secondary copper MCL (1 mg/L) at pH's of 6.4 and less.
Only one test in 176 exceeded 1.0 mg/L copper at pH's in the pH range 7.0-
>8.0.
The information obtained in this investigation clearly show that, in
most cases, the first 125 mL of water contains the highest lead concentra-
tions. Therefore, it pays to flush the pipes prior to taking a drink,
expecially after overnight standing. This procedure should be carried out,
even as water is being treated to reduce corrosion. Because of differences
in number of solder joints, the quality of soldering and differences in
water quality, the information obtained from one test site will not apply
to another site. Therefore monitoring is important.
15
-------
Additional Topics
More pipe loop studies should be carried out using inhibitors such as
silicates and other phosphates. These studies should be done in various
locations with different water quality parameters. The sites chosen for
such studies should be at locations with known lead problems. The
information obtained through pipe loop studies and laboratory data should
then provide guidance in full-scale treatment of water going into the
distribution system. Monitoring is very important in following the process
of reducing lead at the consumer's tap.
16
-------
SECTION 3
METHODOLOGY
.111 order to develop an understanding of the effects of water chemistry,
plumbing system age and solder type on lead leaching, a work plan was
developed to observe these effects by sampling the solder in individual
homes. Since copper plumbing systems are almost exclusively connected by
lead solder, the field sample was supplemented with an evaluation of
specially constructed pipe loops to evaluate leaching from alternative
solders.
The homes tested were in the South Huntington Water District and
Suffolk County, The South Huntington Water District water supply is
composed of wells that feed water to a series of storage tanks from which
the water is distributed to individual homes. Household testing was
conducted in three phases. Phase I consisted of selecting 63 homes in the
South Huntington District and 14 households in Suffolk County served by
private wells. The pH range of the water serving the homes tested in Phase
I was from 5.0-6.8. In order to test the effect of pH changes on lead
leaching, pH levels of the treated water were increased in two steps. Of
course the pH of the private wells could not be modified so in the second
phase of the test all of the homes samples were in the South Huntington
District. The homes in phase II included the original 63 plus 27 more to
total 90 homes. In Phase II the pH was raised to 7.0-7.4. In Phase III the
pH was raised to greater than 8.0 but four households declined to
participate reducing the total number sampled in Phase III to 86. Homes were
selected so that approximately an equal number of homes fell into the
following age categories: 0-1; 1-2; 2-3; 3-4; 4-5; 6-7; 9-10; 14-17; >20
years of age. These homes were also selected to provide a reasonable geo-
graphic distribution of the customers in South Huntington as well.
South Huntington Water District which serves 19.9 square miles obtains
its water supply from various undergound formations from 18 deep wells. A
map showing household locations and well sites is shown in Figure 7.
Sites selected consisted primarily of homes in the $150,000 to $500,000
price range. The median family income per census tract in 1980 ranged from
$23,785 to $40,127.
A two-page letter was sent to home owners to explain the project and
the need to inspect the plumbing system and then test at three different
times from a water faucet that would not be turned on during the night or
in the morning until after the samples were collected. Excellent
cooperation was received from water consumers who allowed their premises
to be used in the study.
After initial testing at low pH, each water consumer received a second
letter (April 1984) explaining the results and providing lead test results.
Each consumer was also advised that "we believe it would be prudent to allow
17
-------
43^ 3
W
2
15
20
20
2 2
20
6,0
1 1 1 3
1 15
2
15
15
W
0 w
20
2
20
3 W
20
1 20 4
9 3
1 2
W
2 3 6
20
0 15
20
9 efi
a O
15
20
W
W
6
1 5
LEGEND
W = WELL SITE
AGE OF SITE
0 0-1 YEAR
1 1-2 YEARS
2 2-3 YEARS
3 3-4 YEARS
4 4-5 YEARS
6 6-7 YEARS
9 9-10 YEARS
15 14-1 7 YEARS
20 20+ YEARS
FIGURE 7. TEST SITE LOCATIONS IN SOUTH
HUNTINGTON WATER DISTRICT
18
-------
water to run at least a minute or two prior to first use in the morning for
drinking or cooling, or after any lengthy period of non-usage".
CHECKING SOLDER IN HOMES
Prior to sampling, all homes were checked to verify that lead solder
was in fact used in the household plumbing. It was relatively easy to
scrape the excess exposed solder from the solder joints in the basement.
The percent lead used in solder was tested by using an atomic
absorption spectrophotometer (Appendix A).
pH MODIFICATION
Long Island water is soft and naturally acidic with a pH ranging from
4.5 to 6.5. Public water suppliers normally treat this water to raise the
pH to the New York State Health Department recommended pH range of 6.5 to
8.5. The Nassau County Department of Health required a pH of at least 7.5.
In general on Long Island, pH is increased by the addition of either
lime, caustic soda or soda ash. The South Huntington Water District
utilized caustic soda to increase the pH to the 7.0 to 7.4 range for at
least thirty days prior to the second round of sampling.
Additional treatment using caustic soda by the South Huntington Water
District increased the pH to 8.0 and greater for at least thirty days prior
to testing in the third phase. It was difficult to hold the pH at 8 and
greater due to the unbuffered water source.
SERIES SAMPLING
In order to evaluate the effects of lead leaching over time at each
home, eight 125 mL samples were collected as indicated in Table 5 after
first removing the faucet strainer.
TABLE 5. SAMPLING SEQUENCE
Sample Sequence
Time After First Draw
(Seconds "5
1
0 (first draw)
2
10
3
20
4
30
5
45
6
60
7
90
8
120
19
-------
Figure 8 shows a schematic of the time series of samples that were
utilized in the study. The length of time for each sample and period of
time between samples is shown in Figure 8.
The sampling equipment for time series sampling is shown in Figure 9.
First draw samples were also tested for copper and cadmium. In between
taking 125 mL samples (Figure 8), a quart container was used to obtain a
sample to check out various water quality parameters including pH, langelier
saturation index and halogen-sulfate alkalinity ratio.
PIPE LOOP
Four pipe loops were constructed as shown in the schematic in Figure
10. This loop allowed for an evaluation of tin/lead solder, as well as
three substitute solders, and the evaluation of potential leaching of
contaminants from all four solders.
The same plumber was used on all four loops with instructions to do
a fast, normal job without being either too sloppy or too meticulous.
Piping from the source in the pipe trench to the test loop apparatus
was plastic. The pipe loop was composed of copper piping and the four
solders used were tin/lead, tin/antimony, silver/copper, and tin/copper.
The completed test apparatus is shown in Figure 11.
Water was added at the top of the loop, held for a specific period of
time, and removed at the bottom. The pH of the influent and effluent water
was checked. By calculating the amount of water between joints and
measuring the effluent, six 125 mL samples were obtained from each loop as
near to a joint as possible. The influent and effluent ends are shown in
Figure 12.
Loop Testing Procedures
1. After construction and installation of the four loops, the solder
utilized was tested to verify that it was in fact the proper type
for the study.
2. Each loop was flushed with approximately 100 gallons of raw water
(approximately 5.1 pH). This volume of water approximates the
maximum amount of water normally used by a plumber to flush a new
installation.
3. To stabilize leaching conditions in the piping, water was left
in each loop for four weeks. In order to obtain samples from
different portions of the loop, six 125 mL samples were obtained
near the solder joint in a given loop. In addition, one test in
each loop was analyzed for copper, hardness, pH, alkalinity, total
dissolved solids, sulfate, chloride and arsenic.
20
-------
120
125 ml SAMPLE
90
125 ml SAMPLE
60
125 ml SAMPLE
45
125 ml SAMPLE
30
125 ml SAMPLE
20.
10
0
125 ml SAMPLE
125 ml SAMPLE
125 ml SAMPLE
to
w
5
a
LU
o
3
-3
1
CL
D
U
LU
o
z
D ~i
O
00
z
Q.
EC.
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D
O
z
o
_l
<
LL
<
X
FIGURE 8. TIME SERIES SCHEMATIC AT
1800 ml/min RATE OF SAMPLING
21
-------
FIGURE 9. SET-UP FOR FIRST DRAW TIME SERIES
SAMPLING FOR LEAD IN DRINKING WATER
22
-------
10'0"
WORKING LENGTH
U
c
CO
CO
! I CD
CO
"yl*-
00
FLOOR ^ ,,
FIGURE 10. SCHEMATIC DRAWING OF TYPICAL LOOP
IN FOUR LOOP STUDY
23
-------
FIGURE 11. FOUR LOOP STUDY APPARATUS
24
-------
FIGURE 12, INFLUENT (TOP) AND EFFLUENT (BOTTOM)
OF FOUR LOOP APPARATUS
25
-------
4. Samples were taken after 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours at pH of approxi-
mately 5.1.
5. Treated water at approximately 6.5 pH (minimum recommended by
the New York State Department of Health) was added to the four
loops and permxtted to stand for four weeks to ass i s c in
developing stabilized conditions in the piping. Samples that
were than taken at 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours were then using same
tests as in (3).
6. A similar approach was utilized for waters with pH of
approximately 7.5 and 8.5.
7. Samples for cadmium were taken once on each loop for each pH.
8. In addition, one sample per run for lead was taken from the
(antimony, silver and copper loops) for each pH,
LABORATORY METHODOLOGY
Samples analyzed from this project principally included metals (lead,
cadmium, copper, antimony and silver, as well as calcium) and inorganics
(pH, total alkalinity, chlorides, sulfates and total dissolved solids). The
project also included analysis of various solder materials for metals (lead,
tin, copper, antimony and silver - Appendix A).
The specific methods employed are outlined in the following sections.
Lead
Water samples with lead values between 0.05 and 1.0 mg/L are diluted
by an appropriate amount and analyzed by "graphite furnace AA". Samples
less than 0,05 mg/L are analyzed without dilution by "graphite furnace AA".
Solder samples are digested in nitric acid, diluted and run by AA flame for
screening and by graphite furnace if low level.
Flame Analysis (EPA Method 239.1)
The instrument is calibrated to read directly in concentration. This
is accomplished by first analyzing one to three standards to establish a
"calibration curve" within the instrument. The validity of this curve is
verified by analyzing five standards from the detection limit to the upper
end of the curve. Once validity of the calibration curve is established,
samples are then analyzed by direct aspiration into the flame. The reading
produced is the value for lead in milligrams per liter. Quality control
checks were run as part of this procedure.
26
-------
Graphite Furnace (Electrothermal Atomization) Analysis (EPA Method 239,2)
Samples for which graphite furnace analysis is necessary require a
slight amount of preparation. A "matrix modifier", 1% lanthanara nitrate,
is sample is recorded on a strip chart recorder and a printer. The printer
records the peak height in absorbance units.
A calibration curve was prepared by plotting the peak height of blanks
and standards versus concentration. The concentration of lead in the
samples is determined from this curve. Specific instrument operating
parameters are presented in Table A-l (Appendix A),
27
-------
SECTION 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
During December 1983 and the first three months of 1984, 96 potential
test homes had their household plumbing solder checked for lead content.
One sample of solder was checked in each household. Only one of the 96
sites had less than 0,5 percent lead in the solder. The tin/antimony solder
at this household had 0,11 percent lead content. The percent lead in the
solder of the homes examined is Indicated in Table 6,
TABLE 6. LEAD IN SOLDER AT TEST HOUSEHOLDS
Test Sites
Lead in Solder
Number
Percent
0 to 0.5 percent
0.50 to 39.9 percent
40.0 to 49.9 percent
50.0 to 59.9 percent
60.0 to 69.9 percent
70.0 to 79.9 percent
1
0
16
43
35
1
96
1.04
0.00
16.67
44.79
36.46
1.04
100.00
Table 7 shows the percent of lead in the solder for the households
tested by age of home.
Table 7. LEAD IN SOLDER BY YEAR OF CONSTRUCTION
Year of
Construction
Percentage of Lead
in Solder
Averape
Median
Ranee
1983
56.1 ,
58.50
46.5 -
62.2
1982
56.4
57.70
48.6 -
61.3
1981
54.5
57.90
41.9 -
62.6
1980
56.3
56.55
46.6 -
68.4
1979
58.7
60.15
48.2 -
62.3
1977
57.1
57.50
47.8 -
62.7
1974
60.8
59.75
51.8 -
73.1
1967-1969
61.5
62.60
55.5 -
66.5
1962 and Older
57,7
60.55
45.8 -
66.9
The Suffolk County Department of Health Services personnel obtained
drinking water samples from 14 homes with private wells. Solder samples
could be readily obtained from all but three homes. For the 11 homes where
lead solder samples were obtained, the lead in the solder ranged from 42.4
28
-------
to 64.3 percent with an average lead content of 56.7 percent and a median
lead level of 59.4 percent.
Table 8 contains water quality values obtained during the study.
TABLE 8. WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS FOR TESTING
Parameter
Mean
Average
Range
Private Wells CoH 5.6 - 6.8)
pH (units)
6.2
6.2
5.6-6.8
alkalinity (mg/L as CaC03)
18
16.4
6-33
Langelier Saturation Index
-3
-3.2
(-4.4) - (2 .1)
Total Dissolved Solids
137.5
144.4
35-415
Chlorides - mg/L
16.5
15.5
4-32
Sulfates - mg/L
22
28.9
3-101
South HuntinEton (dH 6.4 & less)
pH (units)
5.8
5.9
5.1-6.4
alkalinity (mg/L as CaC03)
7
8
1-25
Langelier Saturation Index
-4.3
-4.2
(-5)-(-3)
Total Dissolved Solids
46.5
53.8
22-131
Chlorides
3
3.3
<2-15
Sulfates
<2
0.8
<2-12
South Huntington (pH 7.0-7.4)
pH (units)
7.1
7.1
7.0-7.4
alkalinity (mg/L as CaC03)
27
27,7
0-51
Langelier Saturation Index
-2.4
-2.4
(-3.1)-(-1.6)
Total Dissolved Solids
71
72.4
6-168
Chlorides
7
8,1
4-27
Sulfates
3.
4.7
<2-27
South Huntington (bH 8.0 & Ereater)
pH (units)
8.5
8.5
8.0-9.1
alkalinity (mg/L as CaC03)
28
29,5
5-46
Langelier Saturation Index
-1.0
-1.0
(-1.9)-(-0.3)
Total Dissolved Solids
154.5
130.2
8-229
Chlorides
8.5
9.6
3-21
Sulfates
3
5.0
1-17
29
-------
Table 9 contains the number of homes sampled in each phase of the
s tudy.
TABLE 9. NUMBER OF HOMES SAMPLED IN EARLY PHASE OF STUDY
Age of Phase I Phase II Phase III
Test Site pH 6.8 and Less pH 7.0-7.4 pH 8.0 and Greater
0-1
13
10
10
1-2
10
10
9
2-3
7
10
10
3-4
7
10
8
4-5
8
10
10
6-7
11
10
10
7-10
10
10
10
11-17
8
10
9
20 Plus
8
10
10
Total
82
90
86
PHASE I - LOW pH SAMPLE
In order to evaluate the effect of household plumbing age, pH, alka-
linity, flushing time, etc., the number of homes exceeding 50 Mg/L, and 20
/ig/L, and 10 pg/L was calculated. The effect of these variables on lead
leaching is presented in the following sections.
The percentage of test homes with samples exceeding both 50 pg/L and
20 Mg/L is stratified by age groups in Table 10.
30
-------
Table 10. PERCENTAGE OF TEST HOMES WITH RESULTS GREATER THAN
50 and 20 pg/L OF LEAD AT LOW pH (6.4 & Less)--9 AGE CATEGORIES
Lead Age Percentage of Homes
Level Test Site
in fig/L (years)
First
Draw
10
Sec
20
Sec
30
Sec
45
Sec
60
Sec
90
Sec
120
Sec
50 0-1
100
100
100
86
67
71
71
71
1-2
57
57
29
29
14
29
29
14
2-3
71
43
43
29
29
29
29
29
3-4
86
71
29
43
14
29
29
0
4-5
57
0
14
0
0
0
0
0
6-7
44
22
22
0
0
0
0
0
9-10
43
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
14-17
57
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
20 & older
43
29
0
0
0
0
0
0
20 0-1
100
100
100
100
188
86
86
86
1-2
100
71
86
71
57
29
43
29
2-3
86
71
57
57
43
43
43
29
3-4
100
86
85
71
71
71
29
43
4.5
85
57
28
43
42
43
14
0
6-7
78
44
33
33
11
11
11
0
9-10
71
28
14
14
14
14
0
0
14-17
71
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
20 & older
86
29
28
0
14
0
14
0
From the data in Table 10 it appears that leaching levels decrease
with increasing age of household. The data in Table 11 illustrates this
point more clearly where the households are categorized according to 0-1,
1-5 and 6->20 years and older.
31
-------
Table 11. PERCENTAGE OF TEST HOMES WITH RESULTS GREATER THAN
50 fig/L AND 20 jjg/L OF LEAD AT LOW pH (6.4 & Less)--3 AGE CATEGORIES
Lead Age of Percentage of Homes
Level
Test Site
First
10
20
30
45
60
90
120
in oe/L
(years')
Draw
Sec
Sec
Sec
Sec
Sec
Sec
Sec
50
0-1
100
100
100
85
67
71
71
71
1-5
68
43
29
17
21
18
21
11
6-20 & older
47
20
7
0
0
0
3
0
20
0-1
100
100
100
100
100
86
86
86
1-5
93
71
64
61
54
46
32
25
6-20 & older
77
30
23
16
13
10
10
3
PHASE II - MEDIUM pH SAMPLE
At a pH of 7.0 to 7.4 the percentage of homes exceeding 50 /jg/L and
20 pg/L lead levels by age are shown in Table 12.
Table 12. PERCENTAGE OF TEST HOMES WITH RESULTS GREATER THAN 50 pg/L
AND 20 ftg/L OF LEAD AT MEDIUM pH (7.0-7.4)--9 AGE CATEGORIES
Lead Age of Percentage of Homes
Level
Test Site
First
10
20
30
45
60
90
120
in fig/L
(years)
Draw
Sec
Sec
Sec
Sec
Sec
Sec
20
50
0-1
90
60
40
20
0
0
0
0
1-2
50
30
10
0
0
0
0
0
2-3
10
20
10
10
0
0
0
0
3-4
20
10
10
20
10
20
20
0
4-5
20
10
0
0
10
0
0
0
6-7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9-10
20
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
20 & Older
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
0-1
100
90
90
60
30
20
10
10
1-2
80
60
40
10
20
0
10
0
2-3
30
20
10
10
10
0
0
0
3-4
50
20
20
30
20
30
30
20
4-5
30
10
10
0
10
0
0
0
6-7
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9-10
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14-17
40
20
20
10
0
0
0
0
20 & Older
20
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
The age effect is more clearly shown in Table 13.
32
-------
Table 13. PERCENTAGE OF TEST HOMES WITH RESULTS GREATER THAN 50 jig/L
AND 20 fig/L OF LEAD AT MEDIUM pH (7.0-7.4 & Less)--3 AG if CATEGORIES
Lead Age of Percentage of Homes
Level Test Site
First
10
20
30
45
60
90
120
in Mg/L (years)
Draw
Sec
Sec
Sec
Sec
Sec
Sec
Sec
50 0-1
90
60
40
20
0
0
0
0
1-5
25
17
8
8
5
5
5
5
6-20 & older
10
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
20 0-1
100
90
90 -
60
30 .
20
10
10
1-5
48
27
20
13
15
8
10
5
6-20 & older
23
5
5
3
3
0
0
0
PHASE III - HIGH pH SAMPLE
At a pH of 8.0 and greater the percentage of test: sites exceeding 50
the pg/L and 20 pg/L levels are given in Table 14.
33
-------
Table 14. PERCENTAGE OF TEST HOMES WITH RESULTS GREATER THAN 50 /ig/L
AND 20 fig/L OF LEAD AT HIGH pH (8.0 & GREATER)--9 AGE CATEGORIES
Lead , Age of Percentage of Homes
Level Test Site First 10 20 30 45 60 90 120
in Mg/L (years) Draw Sec Sec Sec Sec Sec Sec Sec
0-1
100
80
10
0
0
0
0
0
1-2
22
11
11
11
11
0
11
0
2-3
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3-4
13
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
4-5
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6-7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9-10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14-17
33
11
11
0
0
0
0
0
20 & Older
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0-1
100
100
60
10
20
10
20
0
1-2
67
22
11
11
11
11
11
11
2-3
30
10
20
0
0
10
0
0
3-4
25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4-5
30
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6-7
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9-10
10
0
11
0
10
10
0
10
14-17
33
22 .
11
11
0
0
0
0
20 & older
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
As with the other pH levels the effect of age of household plumbing
is very clearly seen in Table 15.
Table 15. PERCENTAGE OF TEST HOMES WITH GREATER THAN 50 AND 20 yug/L
OF LEAD AT HIGH pH (8.0 & GREATER)--3 AGE CATEGORIES
Lead Age of Percentage of Homes
Level
Test Site
First
10
20
30
45
60
90
120
in pg/L
(years)
Draw
Sec
Sec
Sec
Sec
Sec
Sec
Sec
50
0-1
100
80
10
0
0
0
0
0
1-5
16
3
3
3
3
0
3
3
6-20 & older
13
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
20
0-1
100
100
60
10
20
10
20
0
1-5
38
8
8
3
3
5
3
5
6-20 & older
21
5
5
3
3
3
0
3
34
-------
pH, AGE OF HOUSEHOLD AND LEAD LEACHING
pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) present in
water and is expressed as -log (H+). Since the hydrogen ion is the major
substance that accepts the electrons given up by & metal when it corrodes,
pH is an important factor in the corrosivity of water. The following table
is intended to illustrate the effect of pH and age on lead leaching more
clearly using the 20 fig/h cut off level.
Table 16 supports the general conclusions that increases of pH reduces
lead leaching and that this effect is more pronounced in older homes.
Table 16. PERCENTAGE OF TEST HOMES WITH RESULTS GREATER
THAN 20 fig/L OF LEAD
Percentage
Age of
Homes pH
Cvears)
First
Draw
10
Sec
20
Sec
30
Sec
45
Sec
60
Sec
90
Sec
120
0-1 6,8 & less
100
100
100
100
100
86
86
86
7,0-7.4
100
90
90
60
30
20
10
10
8.0 & greater
100
100
60
10
20
10
20
0
1-5 6.8 & less
93
71
64
61
53
46
32
25
7.0-7.4
48
28
20
13
15
8
10
5
8.0 & greater
39
8
8
3
2
5
3
5
6-20 6.8 & less
77
30
23
16
13
10
10
3
7.0-7.4
6c greater
23
5
5
3
2
0
0
0
8.0 & greater
21
5
5
3
2
3
0
3
ALKALINITY
Low alkalinity water is reported to have a direct or indirect role in
the corrosion of various metals including lead. It has been further
reported that an alkalinity of 20 to 30 mg/L as CaC03 is desirable as a
minimum to help form a CaC03 coating and thereby reduce corrosion (2).
Three of the South Huntington Water District wells have raw water
alkalinities of 2 mg/L as CaC03 and ten have alkalinities under 10 mg/L.
The untreated average alkalinity at low pH and private well sites, versus
alkalinity after treatment is shown in Table 17.
35
-------
Table 17. AVERAGE ALKALINITY OF WATER DURING TESTING
Location
Test Condition
Average Alkalinity
mg/L as CaC03
South Huntington Water
District
Low pH (untreated)
8
Suffolk County
Private Wells (untreated)
16
South Huntington Water
District
Medium pH (treated)
28
South Huntington Water
District
High pH (untreated)
30
Alkalinity analyses was not obtained in eight of the 258 samples con-
ducted for lead. In the remaining 250 samples, the alkalinity in mg/L as
CaC03 was subdivided into six increments of 0 through 60 mg/L, which
resulted in only three tests in the 41 to 50 mg/L range and one at 51 mg/L.
Although these values are reported in Table 18 for information purposes the
values in these last two ranges are essentially meaningless.
36
-------
Table 18. PERCENTAGE OF TEST HOMES WITH RESULTS GREATER
THAN 50 fig/h AND 20 pg/L OF LEAD VERSUS ALKALINITY
Lead Percentage of Homes
Level Time After 0-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60
in (ig/L First Draw mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L
50
First Draw
63
31
19
33
100
0
10 sec
34
29
12
17
0
0
20 sec
23
14
8
2
0
0
30 sec
18
7
4
2
0
0
45 sec
13
11
2
2
0
0
60 sec
16
7
0
2
0
0
90 sec
20
11
2
2
0
0
120 sec
10
7
1
0
0
0
Number
of
Tests
56
28
108
54
3
1
20
First Draw
86
57
37
39
100
0
10 sec
54
32
19
24
33
0
20 sec
46
29
17
19
0
0
30 sec
45
21
10
6
0
0
45 sec
35
25
8
7
0
0
60 sec
32
18
5
6
0
0
90 sec
30
11
4
6
0
0
120 sec
24
7
4
1
0
0
Number
of
Tests
56
28
108
54
3
1
Even with the uniqueness of each site with different workmanship by
the plumber and different numbers of soldered joints clustered at different
location, there appears to be a general trend of reduced leaching of lead
with increased alkalinity,
FAUCET EFFECTS
Recent studies have indicated the possibility of leaching of lead,
cadmium, nickel and zinc from faucets. If it is assumed that the first
draw sample of 125 mL may have been partially contaminanted by the faucet,
the second 125 mL sample at ten seconds after the first-draw could be
utilized to determine the percentage of sites exceeding given levels of lead
in drinking water.
37
-------
At ten seconds after first draw, the percentage of South Huntington
Water District test sites exceeding the 50 ng/L drinking water MCL for lead
and 20 ng/L lead level for test sites clustered into three age groups (0 to
1 year, 1 to 5 years, 6 to 20 years and older) is given in Table 19.
TABLE 19. PERCENTAGE OF TEST HOMES WITH RESULTS GREATER
THAN 50 AND 20 ^g/L OF LEAD AT 10 SECONDS AFTER FIRST DRAW
Lead
Level Age of Test Percent of Homes
in ^g/L
(years)
pH 6.8 & Less
pH 7.0-7.4
pH 8.0 & Greater
50
0-1
100.0
60.0
80.0
1-5
42.9
17.5
2.7
6-20 &
older 20.0
2.5
2.6
20
0-1
100.0
90.0
100.1
1-5
71.4
27.5
8.1
6-20 &
older 30.0
5.0
5.1
As with the previous analysis Table 19 shows a reduction in lead leach-
ing with both with an increase of age of solder and increase in pH.
In the previous analysis age of solder appears to be a factor in
minimizing lead leaching. This effect is examined more directly in Table
20 using the second time series sample.
TABLE 20. AVERAGE LEAD IN DRINKING WATER AT TEN SECONDS AFTER
FIRST DRAW IN THREE AGE GROUPS IN THREE pH RANGES
Age of
Test Site
(years)
Average
pH
Average
Lead
Average
pH
Average
Lead
(/ig/L)
Average
pH
Average
Lead
(/ig/L)
0-1
6.0
318
7.2
109
8.8
85
1-5
5.9
67
7.2
45
8.6
34
6-20 & greater
5.8
26
7.1
5
8.4
,6
As suggested earlier there appears to be a relationship between the
increase of the age of the solder and a reduction in the leaching of lead
in drinking water.
38
-------
CADMIUM LEACHING
Cadmium is one of the metals that various studies have indicated as
possibly leaching from faucets (20). The current Maximum Contaminant Level
for cadmium is 10 fig/L, while the World Health Organization's guideline for
cadimum in drinking water is 5 /jg/L. A Recommended Maximum Contaminant
Level (MCLG) for cadmium of 5 fig/L was proposed in the November 13, 1985,
Federal Register (21),
From eight homes within the South Huntington Water District, ten first
draw samples indicated cadmium above the detectable limit of 1 fig/h, with
eight samples falling between 1.0 and 4.2 /ig/L, as indicated in Table 21.
Table 21. CADMIUM IN FIRST DRAW SAMPLING AT SOUTH HUNTINGTON
WATER DISTRICT TEST SITES
pH 6.8 &
Less
pH 7.0-7.4
pH 8.0 &
Greater
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadmium
Test Site
(Mg/L)
dH
Ug/L)
dH
(Mg/L)
oH
32 W 18
42.5
5.6
<1
7.1
35.0
8.3
125BR
4.2
5.9
2.0
7.0
<1
8.4
1 BC
2,0
6.0
<1
7.0
<1
8.9
237 MR
<1
5.6
2.3
7.3
<1
8.8
3 SS
NT
NT
1.4
7.3
<1
8.4
3 LC
NT
NT
1.0
7.2
<1
8.8
13 MS
<1
5.5
<1
7.1
2.3
8.0
36 KR
<1
5.6
<1
7.3
1.3
8.7
NT - Not Tested
Since the first draw sample at the 32 W 18 test site had a high cadmium
value at a pH of 5.6, a time series samples were analyzed for cadmium. The
results are shown in Figure 13.
The cadmium test results were below the current drinking water MCL of
10 /ig/L cadmium after the first draw sample. It would appear from the
results that the high first draw value for cadmium was caused by the faucet.
At eight of 14 private well sites, cadmium above the detectable limit
(1 /ig/L) was found in the first draw sample in a range between 1.3 jig/L and
14.4 fig/L. The first draw sample results and any subsequent test result
after first draw in the time series are given in Table 22.
39
-------
45 _
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
TIME (SECONDS)
FIGURE 13. CADMIUM RESULTS ATTEST SITE 32W18
40
-------
Table 22. CADMIUM IN SAMPLES AT PRIVATE WELL TEST SITES
Private
Test Site FA CA FL WR JS NS AA SY LI MD NC WR PA RD SL EM
pH: 6.4 6.1 6,6 6.0 5.8 5.9 5.9 6.0
Cadmium
Sample
(uz/L)
Cadmium Concentration--ue/L
First Draw
14.4
14.4
2.8
2.6
2.5 2.3
1.5
1.3
10 sec
1.5
2.0
<1
2.0
<1 <1
1.3
<1_
20 sec
<1
<1
1.8
<1
1.3
30 sec
1.8
<1
1,3
45 sec
1.8
..
1.3
--
60 sec
1.9
--
1,2
--
90 sec
1.8
..
1.3
--
100 sec
1.9
1.3
COPPER LEACHING
Copper in drinking water is generally the result of corrosive water
reacting with copper piping plus brass faucets and fittings. Copper
corrosion may increase with low pH, low hardness and low alkalinity. This
effect has been reported in other studies (20).
Copper is an essential element for nutrition at trace levels. Taste
and staining problems start at about 1 mg/L of copper, and toxic effects
occur at high dose levels. The current secondary drinking water MCL for
copper is 1 mg/L based upon taste and odor. The World Health Organization
does not have a health guideline for copper; however, they have a proposed
guideline value of 1 mg/L based on the ability of copper to stain laundry
and plumbing fixtures above that value. In the November 13, 1985, Federal
Register, the U.S.EPA proposed a 1.3 mg/L Recommended Maximum Contaminant
Level for copper based on gastrointestinal disturbances and other acute
toxic effects (21).
First Draw Copper
Copper values in the first draw samples in the South Huntington Water
District plus 14 test sites with private wells is summarized in Table 23.
41
-------
Table 23. COPPER (mg/L) LEVELS IN FIRST DRAW SAMPLE
AT VARIOUS RANGES OF pH
Copper Levels in mg/L
Test Sites pH 0.0- 0.5- 1.0- 1.31- 2.0- 3.0- 4.0- 5.0-
Locations Range 0.49 0.99 1.30 1.99 2.99 3.99 4.99 more
Private
Wells
5.6-6.!
South
Huntington 6,4 &.
Water Dist Less
5 13
20 11
South
Huntington 7.0 to
Water Dist 7.4
81
South
Huntington 8.0 &
Water Dist Greater 83
TOTAL (258)
169
2
21
5 16
23 13
Note that, at pH levels of 6.8 and less in the South Huntington Water
District test sites, 86.8 percent exceeded the current secondary drinking
water MCL for copper, and 82.4 percent would exceed the proposed Recommended
Maximum Contaminant Level for copper. At pH's of 7.0 and greater in the
South Huntington Water District test sites, only one of the home sites
exceeded the secondary drinking water MCL for copper. That test site had
1.79 mg/L copper at 8.3 pH, 0.10 mg/L copper at 7.1 pH, and 2.12 mg/L copper
at 5.6 pH, An intermittent electrical grounding problem at this site is
suspected.
STRAY ELECTRICAL CURRENTS
After finding high copper values during the initial (low pH) tests,
Water District personnel checked for stray electrical currents on the water
service pipe at five sites with copper in the first draw greater than 4
mg/L. Where samples were still available, the 30, 60, 90 and 120 seconds
time samples were also tested for copper. The age of the site, amperage of
the service line, pH and copper values based on these samples is indicated
in Figure 14.
42
-------
7 _
0-1 YEAR -1 0 amp. pH = 5.8
0-1 YEAR -0.0 amp. pH = 6.2
2-3 YEARS-0,5 amp. pH = 5.7
1 7 YEARS-0.0 amp, pH = 5.5
28 YEARS 1 0 amp. pH = 5.5
6_
CD
LU
o
o
3 _
2 _
0
60
30
90
120
TIME(SECONDS)
FIGURE 14. COPPER LEACHING AND STRAY
ELECTRICAL CURRENTS
43
-------
A definitive conclusion regarding the effect of stray currents is diffi-
cult to make based on these data. However, for the homesites in the 0-1 age
category (discounting pH effects) it appears that stray current may
contribute to elevated leaching levels.
PIPE LOOP STUDIES
Four loops were constructed using four types of solders to provide a
means of comparing the leaching of tin/lead solder against three possible
substitute solders (tin/antimony, silver/copper and tin/copper). The four
control loops were constructed by the same plumber with the same number of
joints at the same spacing. The same corrosive Long Island groundwater was
utilized as in the home testing program. Water was left standing in the
loops for varying periods of time.
Lead in Solder
The average lead content of the solders used in the pipe loop study
was as follows:
a. tin/lead solder - 60.8 percent lead
b. tin/antimony solder - 0.10 percent lead
c. tin/copper solder - 0.04 percent lead
d. silver/copper solder - > 0.002 percent lead
Tin/Lead Solder
On the tin/lead solder loop, the average lead in six samples at each
pH for each time period of standing water is reflected in Table 24.
Table 24. AVERAGE LEAD LEACHING IN TIN/LEAD LOOP AT VARIOUS
pH's AND TIME INTERVALS
Lead Concentration--ue/L
pH
pH
pH
pH
Hours
5.2
6.4
7.4
8.6
24
983
322
42
15
12
933
200
28
14
8
900
169
33
7
4
752
140
12
8
2
NT
36
22
NT
1
NT
8
9
NT
NT - not tested
In a four-week time period (not shown in Table 24), the average lead
was 1900 fig/L at 5.0 pH. Note in Table 24 that in all time periods of
standing water except for the 1 hour sample, the lead leaching deceases
44
-------
with an Increase of pH. Also, In each pH range, nearly all values of lead
leaching increase with time.
If a 20 iig/L MGL for lead or lower is implemented, it probably could
not be met at a pH of 5.2, would be exceeded between 1 and 2 hours of
standing water at a pH of 6.4, would be exceeded somewhere between 1 and
8 hours of standing water at a pH of 7.4, and probably could be met up to
24 hours of standing water at a pH of 8.6.
Highest Lead Values in Other Loops
The highest lead values in the three substitute solder loops were also
determined. In the silver/copper solder loop, the highest lead in 23 loop
samples was 15 fig/L lead at 5.3 pH in 4 hours. In the tin/copper solder
loop, the three highest leads in 25 loop tests were (a) 42 /ig/L lead at 7.4
pH in 4 hours, (b) 20.5 /ig/L lead at 5.2 pH in 12 hours, and (c) 18.3 /ig/L
lead at 5.1 pH in 8 hours. In the tin/antimony solder loop, the three
highest leads in 27 loop tests were (a) 57.5 /ig/L lead at 5.3 pH in 4 hours,
(b) 17.3 ^g/L at 5.1 pH in 4 weeks, and (c) 11 /ig/L at 5.1 pH in 8 hours.
Tin/Antimony Solder Loop
The tin/antimony solder used in constructing the tin/antimony loop
contained 6.0 percent antimony, 86.2 percent tin and 0.1 percent lead.
The amount of antimony or the number of samples with less than the 4
Mg/L antimony detectable limit in the six samples in each of the
tin/antimony detectable limit in the six samples in each of the tin/antimony
loop tests is shown in Table 25.
45
-------
Table 25, ANTIMONY FROM TIN/ANTIMONY LOOP
Number of Samples
Sampling Less than 4 /ig/L Other Results
Period (hours) pH Antimony (ag/L Antimony
4
5.3
6
4
6,3
6
4
7.4
6
4
8.5
6
8
5.1
6
8
6.4
5
5
8
7.4
6
8
8.6
6
12
5.2
6
12
6.4
3
4,4,7
12
7.4
6
12
8.6
6
24
5.2
6
24
6.6
2
4,9,14,17
24
7.4
6
24
8.6
6
(weeks)
4
5.1
5
6
4
6.4
1
16,20,23,37,44
4
7.4
1
36,52,53,56,68
4
8.5
1
21,29.5,29.5,30,34
As noted in Table 25, most of the six samples in each tin/antimony
loop were below the detectable limit of 4 ft g/L antimony. There is an
obvious increase in antimony that appears to start leaching at 96 hours or
four days. On the abnormally long four-week period, the antimony levels
appears to peak at approximately 7.4 pH.
Silver/Copper Solder Loop Test
The silver/copper solder contained 6.9 percent silver and 88,0 percent
copper. The current drinking water MCL for silver is 50 pg/L with no
proposed Recommended Maximum Contaminant Level listed in the November 13,
1985. Federal Register.
Twenty-three tests were conducted on the silver/copper solder loop,
including four ranges of pH (5.3, 6.3, 7.4 and 8.5) and nine time intervals
of standing water (four hours through four weeks). In 138 samples, only two
46
-------
showed silver above the detectable limit of 2 ;jg/L. Two of six samples at
pH 8.5 in the 12-hour standing water test indicated 104 pg/L and 3.1 tig/L
of silver. The other four tests in this particular loop test were less than
the detectable limit.
Tin/Copper Solder Loop Test
The tin/copper solder used in constructing the tin/copper loop
contained 3.0 percent copper, 94,7 percent tin and 0.04 percent lead.
The current secondary drinking water MCL for copper is 1 mg/L based
on taste and odor, and not health effects. The proposed Recommended Maximum
Contaminant Level in the November 13, 1985, Federal Register is 1.3 mg/L
copper based on gastrointestinal disturbances and other acute toxic effects.
The leaching of copper from both tin/copper solder and the copper
piping in the loop at various times of standing is shown by Figure 15.
In the range of four hours to 24 hours, the copper leaching increases
only slightly with time, but increases greatly with a reduction in pH. This
pH effect confirms the findings in the field testing of first draw copper.
Six copper samples were taken in each tin/copper solder loop test.
Only one sample was tested for copper in each of the other three loop tests.
In general, copper leaching in the tin/lead solder loop and the tin/antimony
solder loop was only slightly less than in the tin/copper solder loop. It
appears that little or no copper leaches from the copper solder, and nearly
all the copper leaching is from the copper piping itself.
Arsenic in Solders
There has been some recent concern regarding arsenic as a trace
constituent in some solder materials. The current drinking water MCL for
arsenic is 50 pg/L with the proposed Recommended Maximum Contaminant Level
listed in the November 13, 1985, Federal Register to be 50 pg/L. In the
four solders utilized in the loop test, there was less than detectable
(<0.002 percent) arsenic in the tin/copper and tin/silver solders, 0.005
percent arsenic in the tin/antimony solder, and 0.009 percent in the
tin/lead solder. Arsenic was checked for in 102 loop tests which
encompassed the four different solders at the four pH ranges at periods of
standing water from one hour to four weeks, and all tests results were less
than the detectable limit of 2 /xg/L for arsenic.
47
-------
9,
8
7
6
5,
4.
3
2
1
0
i mg/L
SECONDARY
MAXIMUM
CONTAMINANT
LEVEL
5,5 6.0
6.5 7.0 7.5
pH UNITS
8.5 9.0
FIGURE 15, COPPER LEACHING VERSUS pH
48
-------
REFERENCES
1. Levin, Ronnie, Reducing Lead in Drinking Water: A Benefit Analysis.
EPA 230-08-86-019, United States Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Policy Planning and Evaluation, Washington, DC 20460,
December 1986, p. 345
2. Larson, T. E, , Corrosion Phenomena--Causes and Cures, In: Water
Quality and Treatment: A Handbook of Public Water Supplies, prepared
by the American Water Works Association, McGraw Hill Book Company, New
York, 1971, pp. 295-312.
3. Singley, J. Edward and Lee Ting-Ye, Pipe Loop System Augments Corrosion
Studies, JAWWA, August 1984, pp. 76-83
4. Holzmacher, McLendon and Murrell, P. C, , Lead in Drinking Water Due
to Lead-Tin Soldered Joints Utilized in Internal Residential and Other
Plumbing, November 30, 1982.
5. Alarcon, M, J., M.C.E., P.E. Nassau County Department of Health Report
of Investigation of Drinking Water Contamination by Lead/Tin Solder,
Nassau County, New York, 1985, 57 pp. + App.
6. Ibid., Appendix B-l - B-16.
7. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Off ice of Drinking Water. Plumb-
ing Materials and Drinking Water Quality: Proceedings of a Seminar,
Cincinnati, OH 1985, 192 pp.
8. Murrell, N. E. , P.E., Impact of Lead Solder and Lead Pipe on Water
Quality. In: 1985 Conference Proceedings, AWWA, Washington, DC,
1985, pp. 217-228.
9. Murrell, N. E. , P.E., Impact of Metallic Solders on Water Quality.
In: 1987 Annual Conference Proceedings, AWWA, Kansas City, Missouri,
1987, pp. 39-43.
10. Murrell, N. E., P.E., Get the Lead Out! In: 1987 Annual Conference
Proceedings, AWWA, Kansas City, Missouri, 1987, pp. 939-945,
11. Murrell, N. E,, F.E., Impact of Metallic Solders on Water Quality.
In: Speciality Conference on "Environmental Engineering, EE Division,
ASCE, Boston, Massachusetts, 1985, pp. 1029-1036.
12. Elwood, P. C., J.E.J. Gallaeher, K. M., Phillips, B. E. Davies,
C. Toothhill. Greater Contribution to Blood Lead from Water than from
Air. Nature, 310(7): 138-140, 1984.
49
-------
13. Needleman, H. L, , M.D. , . G, Gunnoe, Ed.D., A. Leviton, M.D,, R.
Reed, Ph.D., H. Peresie, Ph.D., C. Haher, Ph.D., P. Barrett. Deficits
in Psychologic and Classroom Performance of Children with Elevated
Dentine Levels. New England Journal of Medicine, 300(13):584-695,
1979.
14. Needleman, H.L., M.D. Lead-Associated Intellectual Deficit, New
England Journal of Medicine, 306(2):367, 1982.
15. Needleman, H. L., M.D., M. Rabinowitz, Ph.D., A. Levition, M.D.,
S. Linn, M.D., S. Schoenbaum, M.D., The Relationship Between Prental
Exposure to Lead and Congential Anomalies. Journal of the American
Medical Association, 2151(6): 2959, 1984.
16. Beattie, A.D. , M. R. Moore, A. Goldberg, et. al. Role of Chronic Low-
Level Lead Exposure with Aetiology of Mental Retardation. Lancet,
1(3): 589-592, 1975.
17. Erickson, M. M. , A. Poklis, G. E. Gantner, A. W. Dickinson, L. S.
Hillman. Tissue Minteral Levels in Victims of Sudden Inflant Death
Syndrom I. Toxic Metals-Lead and Cadmium, Pediatric Research, 17:779-
846, 1983.
18. Harlan, W. R. , M.D. , J. R. Land i s, Ph.D., R. L. Schmouder, M.D. , Ph.D.,
et. al. Blood Lead and Blood Pressure/Relationship in Adolescent and
Adult U.S. Population. Journal of the American Medical Association,
253(1): 530-534, 1985.
19. 40 CRG Part 141. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations:
Synthetic Organic Chemicals, Inorganic Chemicals and Microorganisms:
Proposed Rule, 50 FR 26958, Table 8.
20. Samuels, E. R. , and J. C. Meranger. Preliminary Studies on the Leach-
ing of Some Trace Metals from Kitechn Faucets. Water Research, 18(1) ;
75-80, 1984.
21. 40 CFR Part 141. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations:
Snythetic Organic Chemicals, Inorganic Chemicals and Microorganisms,
Proposed Rule, 50 FR 47022.
22. Kish, G. R., J. Az. Macy, R. T. Mueller. Trace-Metal Leaching from
Plumbing Material Exposed to Acidic Groundwater in Three Areas of the
Coastal Plain of New Jersey. U.S. Geological Survey WRI 87-4146.
Trenton, New Jersey, 1987, pp. 9-15.
50
-------
APPENDIX A
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
Calf-lnm (EPA Method 215.1)
Instrument operating parameters for calcium analysis are presented in
Table A-1. The calibration and analytical procedures are the same as for
lead analysis by flame AA, except that lanthanam is added to both standards
and samples to suppress interference from phosphates.
Copper (EPA Method 220.1")
Instrument operating parameters for copper analysis are presented in
Table A-l. The calibration and analytical procedures are the same as for
lead analysis by flame AA.
Cadmium (EPA Method 213.21
Instrument operating parameters for cadmium analysis are presented in
Table A-l. The calibration and analytical procedures are the same as for
lead analysis by graphite furnace.
Antimony (EPA Method 204.2)
Instrument operating parameters for antimony are presented in Table
A-l. The calibration and analytical procedures are the same as for lead
analysis by grpahite furnace.
Silver (EPA Method 272.1)
Instrument operating parameters for silver are presented in Table A-
1. The calibration and analytical procedures are the same as for lead
analysis by graphite furnace.
Tin (EPA Method 282.2)
Instrument operating parameters for tin are presented in Table A-l.
The calibration and analytical procedures are the same as for lead analysis
by flame AA, except that nitrous oxide is used as the fuel.
51
-------
A-1. TRACE METALS ANALYSIS CONDITIONS
Wave
Band
GraDhite Furnace*
Element
Length
(nm)
Width
(nm)
Atomization
Mode
(Degrees C/Sec
Dry Char
-)
Atomize
Calibration
Standards
Detection
Limit
Lead
283.3
0.7L
Graphite
Furnace
125/30
500/30
2700/12
2,6,10,20,40,
50,70 ng/L
2 Mg/L
Lead
283.3
0.7L
Flame, Air
c2h2
0.2, 1,2,5,
10 mg/L
0.2 mg/L
Calcium
422.7
2. OH
Flame, Air
C2H2
0.2, 1,5,15,
30 mg/L
0.2 mg/L
Copper
324.7
0.7H
Flame, Air
c2h2
0.02,02,1,
2,5 mg/L
0.2 mg/L
Cadmium
228.8
0.7L
Graphite
Furnace
125/30
500/30
1900/10
1,2,4,8,
10 Mg/L
1 A»g/L
Antimony
217.6
0.7L
Graphite
Furnace
125/30
800/30
2700/10
4,12,20,40,
80 /ig/L
4 A«g/L
Sliver
328.1
0.7H
Graphite
Furnace
125/30
400/30
2700/10
2,6,10,20,40
50,70 ,ig/L
5 Mg/L
Tin
286.3
0.7H
Flame,
Nitrous
Oxide
c2h2
0.1,1,5,15,
30 mg/L
0.1 mg/L
-------
Inorganics/Wet Chemistry
The following standard methods are used;
pH - Method 423 (Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater, 15th Edition, 1981).
Total Alkalinity - Method 403 (Standard Methods for the Examination of
Water and Wastewater, 15th Edition, 1981)
Chlorides - Method 407D (Standard Methods for the Examination of Water
and Wastewater, 15th Edition, 1981
Sulfates - Method 426C (Standard Methods for the Examination of Water
and Wastewater,<( 15th Edition, 1981)
Total Dissolved Solids - Method 209B (Standard Methods for the Examina-
tion of Water and Wastewater, 15th Edition, 1981).
Sample Preparation
No special sample preparation is necessary prior to performing any of
the analyses mentioned above.
pH
Analysis for pH is performed using a digital pH meter and a
"combination pH electrode". The pH meter is first calibrated with buffer
solutions of known pH. Three buffers are used: pH 4.0, 7.0 and 10.0.
Prior to analysis, the buffers and samples are allowed to equilibrate to
room temperature. The temperature of one of the buffers is measured and the
"temperature compensation" knob on the pH meter is set to the temperature
of the buffer. The pH probe is then rinsed with distilled water, blotted
dry and inserted in the pH 7.0 buffer. The meter is adjusted to this value.
The pH 4.0 and 10.0 buffers are read on the meter. These values are
recorded. If the values are within specified criteria, analysis of samples
may continue. Prior to reading the pH of any. sample or buffer, the pH probe
is rinsed with distilled water and blotted dry. Readings are recorded when
the value displayed stabilizes (or "levels off").
Total Alkalinity
The total alkalinity is determined by titrating a sample with an acid
of known concentration to pH 4.5. The pH is monitored with a pH meter which
has previously been calibrated.
To begin an analysis, a 100 mL aliquot (adequate for most samples) is
added to a glass beaker containing a plastic coated magnetic stirring bar.
The beaker is placed on a magnetic stirrer so that the sample may be stirred
53
-------
during the titration, A burette is then loaded with 0.02 N sulfuric acid
titrant, and an initial reading is recorded from the burette. Titrant is
slowly added while the display on the pH meter is monitored. As the pH
value approaches 5.0, the tirant is added more slowly until the pH value
finally stabilizes at 4.5. The reading on the burette is then recorded.
The difference between the final and initial burette readings times 10 (for
100 mL sample aliquots) is equal to the total alkalinity expressed as
calcium c3irDonsu6. L^usi-i ty conciroi- chscks sir© lnCBrspcrssd wi.tn s stripiss ,
Chlorides
Method 407D in "Standard Methods" , 15th Edition, is used in conjunction
with a Technicon II Auto-Analyzer. Five standards in the range of 2 to 200
mg/L are prepared. Standards and a blank are transferred to the first six
tubes of a 40-sample tray. Samples are placed in the remaining tubes with
check standards and blanks every 15 samples. The first standard is used to
calibrate a strip chart recorder directly in concentration units. The sub-
sequent standards and blanks are used to construct a calibration curve to
verify linearity. Samples are read directly off the chart recorder in con-
centration. Quality control checks are interspersed with samples.
Sulfates
Sulfates are measured using Method 426C in "Standard Methods", 15th
Edition. This is a turbidimetric procedure, the sulfate concentration being
proportional to the turbidity produced. To a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask, 100
mL of sample (or a smaller volume made up to 100 mL) is added. To this, 5
mL of conditioning reagent is added. While stirring, one scoop of barium
chloride crystals is added and stirring is continued for one minute. The
maximum reading on the nephelometer during the next four minutes is
recorded.
Five standards in the range of 0 to 40 mg/L were prepared and measured
in the same manner as the samples. A standard calibration curve of percent
transmittance versus concentration is plotted on rectilinear graph paper,
since the output from the nephelometer is linear with respect to percent
transmittance. A sample blank from which the barium chloride is withheld
is used to correct for turbidity present in the original sample. The
concentration of sulfate in the sample is determined from the calibration
curve. Quality control checks are interspersed with samples.
Total Dissolved Solids
Total dissolved solids are determined using Method 209B (total Filter-
able Residue) in "Standard Methods", 15 Edition. A measured volume of
sample which has been filtered through a glass fiber filter (GFA) is added
to a predried and tared beaker. The sample is evaporated at 103 degrees
Centigrade to dryness, and is then further dried at 180 degrees Centigrade
for at least one more hour. The sample is cooled in a desiccator and
54
-------
weighed, The drying, cooling, and weighing cycle is repeated until a
constant weight is obtained. The result is reported in mg/L.
Internal Quality Control Checks
Internal quality control checks are employed to ensure that test opera-
tions function within expected accuracy and precision, and that the method
is applicable to the sample being analyzed. Five percent of all samples are
analyzed in duplicate for precision, and five percent of all samples are
spiked for accuracy.
Significant Figures
Throughout this report, considerable data, particularly on lead, is
presented. In order to avoid distortions created by the rounding effects
for comparison and interpretation of compliance with existing and proposed
MCL's, the custom on significant figures has been slightly modified.
For example, lead data have been presented for values greater than 10
/Jg/L in the format, XX.X pg/L, implying that there are three significant
figures. In fact, the analytical method would allow for only two
significant figures. Below 10 /ig/L, one significant figure would be
appropriate for lead based upon the analytical method.
55
-------
APPENDIX B
This Appendix contains the detailed results from the individual homes
sampled. The dotted line drawn across the tables indicates those homes for
which the complete times series could not be obtained.
56
-------
TABI.P. B-l. I'EAO AT TIMF. INTERVAL AFTER FIRST DRAW
1983 CONSTRUCTED TKST SITKS (0-1 YKAR)
pH 6.4 and loss
1
1 1
Load
(ug/L) at
Time Interval
after First
Draw
1
1
iTost SI to
1 1
1 PH |
0
Sctcs
1 10
1 Sees
I 20
1 Sr*cs
30 |
Sees i
45
SOCB
1 60 |
1 SdC8 j
90
Sees
120 |
Sees |
1
121 EC
1
1 1
1 6.2 |
ft ft
1200
I 900
1
I 600
j
188 |
1 1
1 84 |
| ft
81
1
66.5|
ft
|237 MR
I
1 1
1 5.6 |
i
1100
| 185
I 200
110 |
80
1 1
1 84 1
i i
109
1
92 |
ft
135 HD
j
1 1
1 6.2 |
900
I 198
1 94
j
38 |
25
1 1
1 16 |
¦ i
14
1
15 |
ft
|7 SL
j
1 1
1 6.2 |
i i
860
| 325
I 370
j
440 |
580
1 1
| 700 |
i
205
1
66 |
|17 KR
1 1
1 5.8 |
¦ i
600
| 400
I 350
1
365 |
260
1 1
1 131 |
i i
91
1
110 |
|277 RS
¦
1 1
1 6.3 |
i i
500
I 118
| 100
1
62 |
45
1 1
1 28 |
ft ft
22
1
40 |
1170 CR
1
1 1
1 5.9 |
84
I 100
| 133
200 |
235
1 1
1 250 |
145
133 |
1
|205 MM
i
1 6.1 |
¦
600
1
ft
1 1
1
1
|20 EC
j
1 1
1 6.3 |
i i
. 300
1
1
ft
I 1
1 1
1
1
|1 BC
1
1 1
1 6.0 |
1 1
500
1
1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
-------
TABLE B-2. LEAD AT TIME INTERVAL AFTER FIRST DRAW
1982 CONSTRUCTED TEST SITES (1-2 YEARS)
pH 6.4 and loss
1 t
Load
(ug/L) at
Time* Interval after First
Draw
|Tost Site
1 1
1 PH 1
0 I
Sacs |
10
Socs
| 20
| Socs
30
Sees
45
Socs
1 60 |
1 Socs |
90
Socs
120 |
Socs |
|116 OC
1 6.4 |
1
900 |
j
64
1
1 53
1
36.5
38.5
1 1
1 84 |
160
45 |
|37A CD
1 1
1 6.1 |
¦ i
745 |
|
72
1 32
j
23
14.5
1 1
1 12 |
¦ i
9.5
7 I
|14A HL
1 1
1 5.8 |
505 |
210
I 255
218
250
1 1
1 180 |
124
78 |
115 EA
1 5.9 |
165 |
129
I 40
68
22
1 16 |
13
13 |
|94 EA
1 6.1 1
¦ i
45.5 |
13
1 42
1
15
6.5
1 7 |
¦ i
3.5
4.5 |
|34 E22
1 1
1 5.8 |
i
1
34 1
. 24
| 22.5
1
25
25
1 1
1 20 |
¦ ¦
21
10 |
|4 LC
1 1
1 5.8 |
1 1
32 |
1
10
1. 7
1
10
7
1 1
1 14 |
1 1
9.5
4.3 1
-------
TABLE b~3 l»EAD AT TIMK INTERVAL AFTER FIRST DRAW
1981 CONSTRUCTED TEST SITES (2-3 YEARS)
pH 6.4 and loss
1 1
Load
(ug/L) at
Time Interval
after Fiist
Draw
1
Test Site
1 1
1 PH I
0
Sees
10
Sees
I 20
| SoCB
30
Sees
45
Sees
1 60 |
1 Sees |
90
Socs
1 120 |
I Sees j
10 RS
1 1
1 6.4 |
| |
280
46
1 24
i
22
31
1 1
1 44 |
1 |
31
1 1
1 19 1
| |
| 8 CL
1 1
1 5.7 |
1 1
205
45
1
1 52
I
21.6
16.8
1 1
1 H.6 |
|
9.8
1 1
1 6 |
I I
|
|W 16
1 1
1 5.8 |
1 1
165
115
1160
j
92
98
1 1
1 118 |
1 |
136
1138 |
| ft
|
|125 BR
j
1 1
1 5.9 |
¦ i
146
85
1120
¦
74
96.4
1 1
1 72 |
1 1
70
1 91.6 |
|83 MH
1
|178 OS
1
117 LP
1
1 1
1 6.0 |
¦ i
98
73
1
1 17
I
9
8,5
1 8 |
|
4
1 5 |
1 1
1 5.7 |
1 i
30.8
20
1
1 19
j
<2
18.5
1 1
1 8.9 |
1 |
7.2
1 1
1 6.6 |
1 1
1 5.8 |
12
6
1 3.2
1
4*2
8.2
1 1
1 6.5 |
1 1
6.4
1 1
1 6.5 |
-------
TABLE B-4.
LEAD AT TIME INTERVAL AFTER FIRST DRAW
1980 CONSTRUCTED TEST SITES <3-4 YEARS)
pH 6.4 and loss
I
1
1 1
Load (ug/l.) at
Timo Interval after First
Draw
1
1
iTCBt SitO
1
1 PH
o
Sees
| 10
1 Socs
| 20
I Socs
1 i 30 |
1 ! Socs 1
45 |
Socs 1
60 |
Socs 1
90
Socs
120 |
Socs 1
1
171 NS
1
113 TC
1
| 8 MC
1
|21 LS
1
|266 E17
1
112 MD
1
14 ML
1
1
1 5.7
j
355
1
1 65.6
1
1 48
j
1 ! 1
1 ! 27.6 |
1 ' 1
1
20.8 |
1
21.3 |
1
16
* '
15 |
ft
I 6.3
1
225
| 450
1
I 395
1 318 |
1 1 I
146 |
ft
100 |
ft
86.4
47.6 |
ft
1 5.9
1
190
1 74
1 32
i
1 ! 1
| 1 20 |
1 ' |
1
16 |
ft
1
17 |
|
11.5
1
7.5 |
1 5.9
j
106
1
I 82
1
1 32
¦
1, 26 |
23.5 |
ft
1
21 I
|
18
1
16 |
1 5,8
100
1 85
1
1 55
i
1 1
1 28 |
58.5 |
j
1
25 |
|
55
1
11.5 |
I 5.6
1
74
1 44
j
1
1 36
¦
1 30 |
1 ft
51 |
ft
1
36 |
ft
19
1
22.5 |
1 5.7
1
21
I 8.5
1
I 17.5
1
1 4.5 |
1 1
1
16 |
1
1
20 |
1
9
1
29 |
1
-------
TABLEB-5. LEAD AT TIME INTERVAL AFTER FIRJJT DRAW
1979 CONSTRUCTED TEST SITES (4-5 YEARS)
pll 6.4 and loss
1
1 1
Load
(ug/L) at Time Intorval
aftor First
Draw
1
1
|Tost Sito
1 1
1 PH 1
0
SOCS
1 10
I Socs
I 20 | 30 |
I Socs | Socs |
45
Socs
1 60 |
I Socs |
90
SOCB
120 |
Socs j
1
|40 E1S
1
|5 HD
1
112 MS
1
|32 MD
1
18 SC
1
|6 KC
1
|53 LD
1
1 1
1 6.0 |
1 1
315
1
1 37
1
1 71 | 38.5 |
i i i
24.5
1 1
1 48.5 |
1 |
24
1
13 |
A
1 1
1 5.8 |
ft 1
215
1 30
1 1 1
I 20 | 17 |
15
1 1
1 17.5 |
1 1
13
6.5 |
|
1 1
1 5.7 |
¦ i
91
| 22
i
I 18.4 \ 17.6 |
i i i
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
i ¦
9
12.5 |
1 1
1 5.7 |
i i
65
1
1 31
1 1 1
| 30 | 22.5 |
12
1 1
1 10 |
i i
8
1
6.5 |
1 1
1 5.6 |
i i
27
1 17
i
1 5 | 3 |
i i i
2
1 1
1 2.5 |
¦
<2
1
<2 |
1 1
1 6*0 |
1 i
26
1 io
¦
1 1 1
1 8.5 | 7 |
i i i
21
1 1
1 27 |
i
3.5
I
5.5 |
1 1
1 6.3 |
1
20
1
1 15
1
1 1 1
1 13.5 | 43 |
1 1 1
41
1 1
1 26 |
1 1
9
1
5 |
1
-------
TAB1.F B-6. LEAD AT TIME INTKRVAL AFTER FIRST DRAW
1977 CONSTRUCTED TEST SITES (6-7 YEARS)
pll 6.4 and loss
1
1
iTest SIto
1 1
1 1
1 PH 1
0
Sacs
Load (ug/L) at
Time Interval
aftor Fiist
Draw
1
120 |
Socs 1
1 10 |
1 floes |
20 |
Goes |
30
SOCB
1 45
I Socs
1 60 |
I SOCB |
90 |
Socs I
1
1104 DA
ft
1 1
1 5.8 |
i
261
1 1
1 52.5 1
j |
34.8|
24.5
1
1 18.2
1
1 12 I
1 1
1
13.2 |
1
11 1
1
1
|39 WS
i
1 1
1 5.5 |
j j
100
1 170 |
i
148 |
25.2
1 14.5
¦
1 1
1 15.7 |
1 |
1
16 |
i
16.5 |
ft
1
|12 SM
1
1 6.2 |
j
94
t 31 1
i i
12 |
! 11
i
1
1 8
i
1 1
1 10 |
i i
8.5 |
i
1
6.5 |
|
16 EA
j
1 5.6 |
i i
02
1 1
1 44 |
1 ' |
58 |
32
1
I 28
i
1 1
1 24 |
i >
1
17 |
i
16.5 |
A
|13 MS
j
1 5.5 |
I j
47.5
1 1
1 7 |
i i
4.51
3.5
1
1 2
l
1 1
1 2 |
¦ >
1
4 |
ft
1
<2 |
|10 RA
1 6.2 |
I i
32
1 3.9 |
j |
4 |
3.2
1 3.8
i
1 1
1 2.6 |
i i
1
5 |
ft
18 |
|3 MC
j
1 5.7 |
l i
15
1 10.5 |
i i
10 |
6.5
1 7.5
i
1 1
1 14.5 |
1
86 |
1
7 I
|44 BA
j__.
1 6.4 |
15
1 1
1 <2 |
<2 1
<2
1
1 <2
1 1
1 <2 |
1
<2 |
1
<2 |
|7 HA
1
1 5.1 |
1 1
. 34
1 ? 1
1 1
6.1|
4.2
I 3.8
1
1 8.5 |
2.5 |
1
6 I
1
-------
TAH1.K B-7. LEAD AT TIME INTERVAL AFTER FIRST DRAW
1974 CONSTRUCTED TEST SITES (9-10 YEARS)
pH 6.4 and loss
iTcst Site
1 1
1 1
1 PH I
0
Sctcs
Load
(ug/L) at
Time Interval
after First
Draw
120 |
Sees |
1 I"
I Sctcs
| 20
I Sees
1 1 30
I i Socs
45
SCC8
1 60 |
I Sees |
90
Sees
|7 PC
1 1
1 5.7 |
235
1 54
1
I 29.5
I i 25
1 1
24
1 1
1 21 |
i ¦
17
16.5 |
114 GW
1 1
1 «,0 |
ft 1
76
I 34.5
1
1 15
¦
1 10
9
1 1
1 7 |
i i
2
3 |
|25A ES
1 1
1 5.9 |
i i
65
I 8.8
1
| 5
j
II 4.9
5.2
1 1
1 3 |
i
4.6
6.6 |
|22 BA
1 1
1 6.3 |
j j
46
1 8
I 6.5
! I 6
5
1 1
1 4.5 |
i
2
a.i 1
|6 SM
1 6.4 |
i
36
I 10.5
1
1 3.5
i
| | <2
<2
1 1
1 <2 1
i i
2
<2 |
|10 00
1 1
1 5.7 |
j j
16
1 3.8
1
1 1.5
1 i s
3
1 1
1 3.5 |
i a
2
<2 |
|17 KS
1 6.3 |
1 1
6.5
1 4.9
1
I 3
1 4.8
3.8
1 1
1 6.5 |
1 1
3.7
2.8 |
-------
TABLE B-fl. LftAO AT TIME 1NTKRVAL AFTKR FIRST DRAW
1967-69 CONSTRUCTED TEST SITES (14-17 YEARS)
plf 6.4 and loss
iTest Site
1 1
1 1
1 PH I
0
Sec 8
Lead
(ug/L) at
Time Interval
after First
Draw
120 |
Sees |
10
Sees
| 20
I Socs
30
Sees
45
Se£a
1 60 |
1 Sees I
90
Sees
17 2 BA .
1 1
1 5.9 |
1300
86
1
I 44
44
40
1 1
1 39 |
34.5
36 |
|32 CS
1 1
1 5.6 |
i i
225
14.5
" ~ 1
1 9
1
"1
16.5
9.3
~ 1 1 -
1 11 1
i i
12.5
10 |
|36 KR
1 1
1 5.6 |
172
13.9
1 7.4
4.9
2
1 1
1 <2 |
<2
<2 |
|10 PR
1 I
1 5.3 |
1 i
108
9
1
1 6.7
i
7.7
8.3
1 1
1 8.2 |
¦
9.5
6.7 |
|34 RA
1 1
1 «.3 1
¦ i
27
12.5
1
| 5
6.3
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
¦
6.2
4.2 |
|183 MR
1 1
1 5.6 |
i I
7.6
3.1
1
| 5
¦
6.6
7
1 1
1 9.2 |
6.8
7.9 |
|1 MC
I 1
1 5.9 |
1 1
<2
3
1
1 <2
1
(2
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
1 1
<2
<2 |
\
-------
TAD1.P. B-9. LEAD AT TIME INTERVAL AFTER FIRST DRAW
1952-62 CONSTRUCTED TEST SITES (20 YEARS ~)
pll 6.4 and loss
1
1 1
Load
(ug/I.) at
Time Interval
after First
Draw
1
1
iTost Site
1 1
1 PH |
0
Sees
| 10
I Sctca
| 20
I Sees
1 30 |
I Eocs 1
45
Sees
1 60 |
j Sees |
90
Sees
120 |
Sacs I
1
| 2 IIA
1
|39 RS
1
|31 SS
1
|32 W18
1
|247 NY
1
113 HH
1
144 CS
1
1 1
1 5.5 |
1 |
175
1
I 71.4
1
1
I 26.1
1
1 1
1 19.6 1
1 1
10.1
1 1
1 17.0 |
1 1
13.2
1
9.2 |
|
1 1
1 5.8 |
1 A
00
1 10
|
1 8.6
|
1 1
1 7.3 |
| 1
5.8
1 1
1 5.8 |
| |
5.5
1
5 |
1 1
1 5.7 |
1 1
80
1 11
i
I 6.1
j
1 1
1 4 1
1 |
3
1 1
1 4.5 |
| |
4.2
1
4.1 1
1 1
1 5.6 |
1 1
48.5
1
1 51
i
| 28
1
1 1
1 17 |
¦ |
15
1 1
1 13 1
| |
10
1
12 |
1 1
1 5.7 |
1 1
40
1
1 16
i
1 12.3
1 H.6 |
1 1
11
1 1
1 10.5 |
1 1
16
13.4 |
1 1
1 6.0 1
1 i
23
1
1 8
i
1
| 4
1
1 1
1 3 1
1 1
4.7
1 1
1 2.5 |
| ft
6
1
<2 |
1 1
1 5.6 |
1 1
16.2
1
1 16
I 9.6
1
1 1
1 7.1 |
1 1
30.6
1 1
I 18.8 |
1 1
20.8
1
6.1 |
-------
TABLRB-10. LEAD AT TIME INTERVAL AFTER FIRST DRAW
1983 CONSTRUCTED TEST SITES (0-1 YEAR)
pH 7.0 - 7.4
1
1 1
Load (ug/L) at
TJmo Interval after First
Draw
1
1
ITost Site
1 1
1 PH 1
0
Socs
1 10
j Socs
| 20
I Socs
30 |
Socs I
45 | 60 |
Socs j Socs |
90 |
Socs |
120 |
Socs 1
1
| 21 EC
j
1 7.0 I
1 1
37
1
1 15
j
1
1 33
j
1
14 |
|
6 | 4 |
| 1
1
9 1
|
1
19 |
ft
|237 MR
1
1 1
1 7.3 |
1 1
1800
| 255
1
| 225
88 |
30.7 | 23.2 |
ft |
11.9 |
15.6 |
|35 HD
j
1 1
1 7.2 |
1 i
140
I 29.4
|
I 13.3
j
1
<2 |
1
6 I 6.7 |
| 1
1
6.9 |
1
<2 |
|7 SL
j
1 1
1 7.1 |
1 |
520
I 43.3
1
| 136
1
59.3 |
1 1
30.7 | 34.8 |
a i
1
72.8 |
1
50 |
117 KR
j
1 1
1 7.2 |
1 i
630
1 85
i
1 38
1
18 |
1
1 1
12 | 11 |
ft ft
1
8 I
1
8 I
| 277 RS
j
1 1
1 7.0 |
I i
148
1
| 220
1
I 195
1
i 35.3 |
1 1
19 | 14 |
ft |
1
9.8 |
1
7.8 |
|170 CR
j
1 1
1 7.4 |
130
| 78.5
| 25.6
25.6 |
14.5 | 15.1 |
1
13 |
14.3 |
|205 MM
1 7.4 |
1 |
187
1 22.5
j
| 80
¦
« |
37.8 | 10.5 |
17.9 |
<2 |
| 20 EC
j
1 I
1 7.1 |
1 |
. 547
I 210
| 22.7
¦
19.8 |
1
1 1
11.4 | 14 |
1
12 |
1
11.5 |
|1 BC
1 1
1 7.0 |
1 1
261
1 126
1
I 23.8
1
22.5 |
! |
15 | 10.6 |
1
10 |
1
1
6.8 |
1
-------
TABLE B-ll. LEAD AT TIME INTERVAL AFTER FIRST DRAW
1982 CONSTRUCTED TEST SITES (1-2 YEARS)
pH 7.0 - 7.4
1
Load (
up/L) at
Tlmn Interval after First
Draw
1
Teat Site
1
PH
0
Socs
10
SflCB
| 20
1 Sncs
1 30 |
1 Sncs |
45
Sacs
1 60 |
I Sncs j
90
Sees
120 |
Sncs j
116 OC
1 7.1
|
38
15.5
1
1 13.2
i
1 1
1 10.5 |
| |
10
1 1
17.5 |
i i
6.9
1
9.9 |
ft
37A CD
ft
1
1 7.4
ft
360
48
1
1 37
1
I ie.5 i
1 |
26
1 1
1 <2 |
i i
27
1
15 |
1
|14A HL
1 7.0
355
60
1 34.5
1 48 |
21.5
1 1
1 18 |
15
14 |
|15 EA
I 7.2
40
67
1 52.5
1 1
1 19 |
16.2
" 1 1 *¦
1 11.8 |
7.3
8.2 |
|94 EA
1
1 7.3
1
34.3
6.9
1 4.8
j
1 3.5 |
¦ i
3
1 3.2 |
i i
4
2.8 |
|
|34 E22
1
1 7.1
ft
12
9.5
1 10.5
i
1 1
1 7 |
¦ i
7
1 1
1 5 |
i i
4.5
1
4 |
14 LC
j..........
1 7.2
12.2
3
1
1 <2
1 1
1 <2 |
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
<2
1
3.2 |
188 OC
j
1 7.1
j
89
38
I 26.5
i
1 19 1
i i
13
1 12 |
i
15
10.5 |
120 OS
j
1 7.2
ft
195
32
1
1 15
1
1 1
1 9 |
| ft
7
1 1
1 6 |
i
5
1
4.5 |
|3 LC
1
I 7.2
_1 _J
1000
73.5
1 17.8
1
1 8.7 |
1 1
6.5
1 1
1 6.9 |
1 1
6.8
1
4.5 |
1
-------
TAB1.F B-12. LEAD AT TIME INTERVAL AFTKR FIRST DRAW
1981 CONSTRUCTED TEST S1TFS (2-3 YEARS)
pH 7.0 - 7.4
1
1 1
Load (ug/L) at
Time Interval
aft or First
Draw
1
1
ITost Sito
1 1
1 DH |
0
So cm
1 10
1 Socs
| 20
1 Socs
30
Socs
45
Socs
1 60 |
1 Soc s 1
90 |
Socs i
120 |
Socs 1
1
110 RS
1
|8 CL
1
|W 16
1
|125 BR
1
|83 MH
1
1178 OS
1
|17 LP
j...........
1 1
1 7.1 |
ft ft
16.7
1
I 16.7
1
I 6.2
i
3.9
2.9
1 1
1 <2 |
¦ i
1
2 I
i
1
4.1 1
i
1 1
1 7.3 |
ft ft
33
1
1 7
1
1
1 8
7.5
3
1 1
1 3 |
i
<2 |
l
1
<2 |
1 1
1 7.2 |
ft ft
8.1
1 56
ft
1 5.5
, 3-0
<2
1 1
I <2 |
i
<2 |
¦
2.5 |
1 1
1 7.0 |
ft ft
20
1 6.1
I 10.3
¦
8
8.4
1 1
1 13.2 |
¦ i
11.2 |
9.9 |
i
I I
1 7.1 |
i i
<2
1
1 <2
i
1
1 <2
i
<2
<2 .
1 1
1 <2 |
i i
<2 |
i
1
<2 |
i
1 1
1 7.1 |
i i
7
1
1 6
i
1 3.3
i
3
<2
1 1
1 9.5 |
i i
1
<2 |
i
1
<2 |
1 1
1 7.4 |
9
1
| 4
I 3.5
3
3
1 1
1 2 |
1
2 I
1
<2 |
|510 BH
1
|16C CS
1
|444 JT
1 7.3 |
i i
550
1 1000
I
1310
104
42
1 9.5 |
¦ i
4.5 |
¦
1
3 |
ft
1 1
1 7.0 |
l
21
1
1 2
¦
1
1 2
¦
<2
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
¦ i
1
<2 |
i
1
<2 |
1 1
1 7.1 |
1 1
<2
1 3.8
1
1 <2
1_ _J
<2
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
1
<2 |
1
1
<2 |
1
-------
TABLE B-l 3.
LP.AD AT TJMF. INTERVAL AFTER FIR?:T DRAW
1980 CONSTRUCTED TEST SITES (3-4 YEARS)
pll 7.0 - 7.4
1
1 1
Load
(ug/L) at
Time Intorval
aftor First
Draw
1
1
iTost Sito
1
1 PH
0
Sacs
1 10
I Soca
| 20
1 Sees
1 30
See 8
45
Sec 8
1
1
60 |
Socs |
90
Socs
120 |
Sees 1
1
|71 NS
1
1
1 7.3
I
20
1 49.8
1
I 19.7
j
60
19.7
1
1
ft
1
65.5 |
ft
74
1
29.2 |
ft
1
|13 TC
1
1 7.0
1
71.6
1 14
I 21.3
54.7
49
1
1
ft
36 |
23
19.8 |
ft
|6 MC
1
1 7.1
1
32
1 9
1
1 6
i
6
5.5
1
1
ft
1
4 |
i
4.5
1
5.5 |
|
121 LS
j
I 7.0
1
14
1 10
1
1 4
i
4
3
1
1
ft
1
<2 |
¦
3.5
1
<2 |
|
1266 E17
I 7.0
j
9.6
1 <2
1
1 <2
i
<2
<2
1
1
ft
1
<2 |
<2
1
<2 |
ft
112 MD
j
I 7.0
ft
11
1 3.9
¦I
1 <2
¦
<2
<2
1
1
ft
1
4.1 1
ft
<2
1
3.1 1
14 ML
j _ ...
1 7.2
34.2
1 14.5
1 3.5
5.8
4
1
1
1
3 |
6.1
1
3.8 \
|WJ PT
j
1 7.0
j
14
I 8.5
1 12
I
6
<2
1
|
<2 |
<2
<2 |
|28 MD
j
1 7.0
i
300
| 77
1
14400
i
31
J 86
1
ft
1
104 |
68.4
1
47 |
1274 RS
I 7.2
1
24
1 <2
1
1 <2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
<2 |
1
<2
1
5 1
i
-------
TABLK B"1 A. LEAD AT TIME INTERVAL AFTF.R FIRST DRAW
1979 CONSTRUCTED TEST SITES (4-S YEARS)
pH 7.0 - 7.4
1
1 1
Lead
(ug/L) at
Time Interval
after First
Draw
1
1
ITest Site
1 1
1 PH 1
0
See 8
1 10
I Sees
| 20
1 Sees
30 |
Sec 8 |
45
Sec 8
1 60 |
I Sees |
90
Sees
120 |
Sees |
1
|40 E15
ft
1 1
1 7.0 |
j j
13.2
1
1 12.2
1
1
1 3.3
2 I
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
i
<2
1
<2 |
ft
|5 HD
|
1 7.0 |
j ft
19.7
1 3.9
1
1
1 <2
i
<2 |
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
¦
2.5
1
2.4 |
|12 MS
1
1 7.0 |
1 1
13
1 <2
|
1
1 <2
i
| <2 j
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
¦
<2
1
<2 |
|32 MD
j
1 7.2 |
¦ i
25.3
1 5.5
i
1
| 3
i
5.5 |
2.1
1 1
1 2.2 |
i ¦
2
1
<2 |
18 SC
j
1 7.1 |
i i
8
1
1 <2
l
1
1 <2
i
<2 |
4
1 1
1 <2 |
ft |
<2
1
3 |
16 KC
j
1 7.4 |
1 I
<2
1
1 <2
1
1 <2
i
<2 |
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
ft ft
<2
1
<2 |
|53 LD
j
1 7.3 |
4
I 4.6
1 3.9
2.1 |
73
1 1
1 <2 |
5
1
<2 |
134 HA
j
1 7.2 |
i i
463
1 11.5
i
1 9.5
ft
8.7 |
6
1 5 |
6.1
9.3 |
|25 WA
j
1 7.2 |
i i
53.6
1 94
1 26.9
|
14 |
10
1 1
1 9 1
<2
1
6.1 |
|7 KC
1
1 7.3 |
1 1
19
1 7.5
1
1
1 14
1
6 I
7
t 1
1 5 |
1 1
4
1
8 I
1
-------
TABLE B-15. LEAD AT TIME INTERVAL AFTER FIRST DRAW
1977 CONSTRUCTED TEST SITES (6-7 YEARS)
pll 7.0 - 7.4
1
1
iTest Site
1
1
PH 1
0
Sees
Load
(ug/L) at
Time Interval af
ter First
Draw
1
120 |
Sees I
1 10
1 Sees
I 20
1 See 8
30 |
Sec 8 I
45 |
Sees I
60 |
Sees |
90
Sees
1
1104 DA
j
1
7.1 1
A
44
1
1 7
i
1
1 7
i
1
6 |
4 |
1
4 |
3
1
<2 |
ft
|39 WS
|
7.1 I
|
8
1
1 2
1
1 <2
i
1
<2 |
i
<2 |
1
<2 |
|
<2
1
<2 |
|
|12 SM
i
7.0 |
1
8
1
| 4
i
1
1 <2
¦
1
<2 |
<2 |
1
<2 |
|
<2
1
<2 |
1
16 EA
j
7.2 |
i
5.5
1
I 3
i
1
| 3
i
1
2 1
3 |
1
<2 |
|
<2
1
<2 |
113 MS
1
7.1 I
j
4.6
1
1 <2
I
1
1 <2
i
1
<2 |
i
<2 |
<2 |
1
<2
1
<2 |
|10 RA
7.2 |
¦
6
1 <2
i
1 <2
i
1
<2 |
¦
<2 |
1
<2 |
ft
<2
1
<2 |
13 MC
j
7.2 |
j
11
1
1 2.1
1
1 <2
¦
1
<2 |
<2 |
1
<2 |
ft
<2
1
<2 |
144 BA
j
7.0 |
9
1
1 <2
1
1 <2
4 |
2.8 |
1
3 |
<2
2 I
|45 RS
j
7.3 I
1
18.7
1 3.5
i
1 2.6
i
<2 |
<2 |
<2 |
<2
<2 |
|46 BA
7.1 I
1
6.5
1
I 3
1
1
| 4
1
1 |
<2 |
1
<2 |
1
1
<2 |
<2
1
<2 |
1
-------
TABLE B-16. LEAD AT TIME INTERVAL AFTER FIRST DRAW
1974 CONSTRUCTED TEST SITES (9-10 YEARS)
pH 7.0 - 7.4
1
Load
(ug/L) at
Time Interval
after First
Draw
1
1
|Test Site
PH
0
Sees
1 10
i SCO 8
1
1
20
Sees
1 30
1 Sees
1 45
1 Sees
1 60 |
1 Sees |
90
Sees
1 120 |
I Sees 1
1
|7 PC
j
7.0
58
1 8
1
1
1
3.5
I 3
1
I 2.5
1 1
1 3 1
i i
2.5
1 1
1 <2 |
| |
114 OW
7.1
19
I 4
1
1
|
4.5
1 2.5
I 3
|
1 1
1 4.5 |
> ¦
2
1 1
1 5 |
1
|25A BS
j
7.1
34
1 8
1
1
1
3.5
I 3
1
1 2
i
1 2 |
1 ¦
3
1 1
1 6 |
| 22 BA
j
7.0
<2
1 <2
1
1
<2
1 <2
1
1 <2
¦
1 <2 |
¦
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
|6 SN
j
7.0
4.8
1 <2
1
1
1
3
1 <2
1
1 <2
i
1 1
1 <2 |
¦ t
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
110 00
j
7.4
11
1 5.9
1
1
1
<2
| 4
1
1 3
|
1 1
1 3.1 1
| |
2.6
1 1
1 3 1
|17 KS
j
7.0
10
1 7.5
1
1
7
I 4
1
| 5
1 1
1 10 |
11
1 1
1 4.5 |
|10 OS
j
7.1
.8
1 <2
1
1
<2
1 <2
1 <2
|
1 4.2 |
| |
<2
1 3.5 |
|67 OS
j
7.0
9.5
1 <2
1
1
I
<2
1 <2
1
1 <2
1 1
1 <2 |
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
|3 GW
7.1 | 17.2
1
1 5.9
1
1
1
5.9
1 11
1
1 10
1
1 1
1 6.1 |
7
1 1
1 10.5 |
1 1
-------
TABLE B-17. LEAP AT TIME INTERVAL AFTER FIRST DRAW
1967-69 CONSTRUCTED TEST SITES (14-17 YEARS)
pH 7.0 - 7.4
ITost Site
1 1
1 1
1 OH 1
0
Sees
Load
(ug/L) at
Time Interval
aft.or First
Draw
120 |
Socs 1
1 10
1 Sees
I 20
1 Socs
1
I ! SOCS
45
So OS
1 60 |
1 Sees I
90
Sees
172 BA
1 1
1 7.3 |
700
1
I 50.5
1
1 32
1 23
19
1 1
1 18.7 |
17.9
13.8 |
|32 CS
1 7.2 |
1 ft
24
| 3
1
I 19
1 <2
2.9
1 <2 |
i i
<2
<2 |
|36 KR
1 7.3 |
1 |
36
1 <2
i
1 2
I <2
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
i i
<2
2 I
|10 PR
1 7.2 |
| |
17
1
1 <2
1
. 1 <2
i
1 <2
2
1 1
13 1
i ¦
<2
<2 |
134 RA
1 7.2 |
j j
7
1
1 2
1
1 <2
¦
1 <2
<2
1 1
1 3.5 |
i ¦
<2
<2 |
|183 MR
1 7.0 |
j j
2.2
1
1 <2
i
1
1 <2
i
1 <2
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
12
<2 |
|1 MC
1 *7.0 |
<2
1
1 <2
1 7.3
1 <2
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
<2
<2 |
|36 CS
1 7.1 |
1 ' 1
69
1 46
1
I 27.5
i
1 18
14.5
1 12 |
¦ i
10
11 1
|3 OA
1 7.4 |
.18.2
1
| 3
1
I 3.2
i
1 <2
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
¦ i
<2
<2 |
|7 LS
1 7.2 |
1 1
7.5
1
1 <2
1
1
1 <2
1
1 <2
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
1 1
<2
<2 |
-------
TABLE B-18. LEAD AT TIME INTERVAL AFTKR FIRST DRAW
1952-62 CONSTRUCTED TEST SITES (20 YEARS ~)
pH 7.0 - 7.4
ITest Site
1
1
1 PH
0
Socs
Load
(ug/L) at
Time Interval
af tor
First
Draw
120 |
Socs 1
1 10
1 Socs
I 20
1 Socs
1 30 |
I Socs 1
45
Sees
1 60 |
1 Socs I
90 |
Socs i
| 2 HA
1
1 7.0
17
1
I 8.5
i
1
I 3.5
i
1 1
1 2 |
| 1
<2
1
1 <2
1
1
1
<2
1
1
1
3.2 |
|39 RS
1 7.2
j
126
1
1 5
i
1
| 3
I
1 3.3 |
1 |
4
1
1 <2
1
1
1
<2
1
1
|
<2 |
| 31 SS
1 7.0
1
<2
1
1 <2
i
1
1 <2
i
1 1
1 <2 |
ft ft
<2
1
1 <2
ft
1
1
ft
<2
I
1
<2 |
|32 W18
1 7.1
j
6
1
| 4
¦
1
1 <2
i
1 1
1 <2 |
¦ i
<2
1
1 <2
1
1
<2
1
1
<2 -M
|247 NY
I 7.2
1
7.1
1
1 <2
1
1
1 <2
i
1 1
1 <2 |
i i
<2
1
1 <2
1
1
3
1
.8 |
2.1 |
|13 HH
1 7.1
1
22
1 3.5
l
1
I 3.5
i
1 1
1 <2 |
i i
<2
1
1 <2
i
1
1
<2
1
1
<2 |
|44 CS
1 7.3
7.5
1
1 4
1
1 <2
1 1
1 7 |
<2
1
1 <2
1
1
4
1
1
<2 |
|3 BC
! 7*-4
20
I 3
¦
1 7
i
1 <2 |
i i
24
1 12
i
1
<2
1
<2 |
| 3 SS
1 7.3
1
6
1
1 <2
i
1
I 3
i
1 1
1 <2 |
<2
1
1 2.
1
1 |
<2
1
1
<2 |
11 CL
1 7.0
1
<2
1
1 <2
1
1
1 <2
1
1 1
1 <2 |
1
<2
1
1 <2
1
1
1
|
2
1
.3 |
I
5.8 |
-------
TABLE B-19. LEAD AT TIMF. INTERVAL AFTER FIRST DRAW
1983 CONSTRUCTED TEST SITES (0-1 YEAR)
pll 0.0 and groator
1 1
Load (ug/L) at
Time Interval after Fiiat
Draw
iTftSt Site
1 1
1 PH 1
0
SOCB
10 |
Sees |
20
SCC8
30 |
Socs I
45
SOC 8
1 60 |
1 Socs 1
90 |
Sees |
12Q |
Sees |
121 EC
1 1
1 9.0 |
1 1
1400
1
189 |
i
42.9
1
16.4 |
48.9
1 1
1 4 1
1 |
1
4 |
7 I
|237 MR
1 1
1 8.8 |
1 1
360
1
22 |
9
1
4 |
4
1 1
1 2.5 |
i i
1
<2 |
|
<2 |
|35 HD
1 1
1 8.8 |
i i
213
1
59 |
1
10
3 |
1
3
1 1
1 <2 |
¦ i
1
<2 |
ft
<2 |
|7 SL
1 1
1 8.0 |
i
179
69.6 |
¦
104
27.6 |
36.5
1 1
1 36.5 |
1
22.2 |
|
11 1
|17 KR
1 1
1 8.8 |
¦ i
73.2
57.4 |
1
16.5
6.6 |
3.4
1 1
1 <2 |
i i
1
3.4 |
<2 |
|277 RS
1 1
1 8.7 |
l i
900
24.5 |
1
13.5
1
5 |
1
4.5
1 1
1 3.5 |
¦ ¦
1
2 1
2 I
|170 CR
1 1
1 8.8 |
235
77.5 |
39.2
1 1
18.2 |
16
1 1
1 12 |
1
39 |
19.5 |
|205 MM
1 9il |
I i
330
67.5 |
1
40
13 1
¦
10.5
1 10.5 |
ft ' |
10 |
1 1
120 EC
1 1
1 8*9 |
i i
.481
223 |
>
22
10 |
I
7
1 1
1 5.7 |
i
1
8.7 |
4.8 |
|1 BC
1 1
1 8.9 |
1 1
100
1
57 |
1
22
10.5 |
1
8
1 1
1 8 |
1 1
1
7 . 1
1
7.5 |
-------
TABLE B-20. LEAD AT TIME INTERVAL AFTER FIRST DRAW
19B2 CONSTRUCTED TEST SITES (1-2 YEARS)
pH 8.0 and greater
1 1
Load (ug/L) at
Time Interval
after First
Draw
iTest Site
1 1
I PH I
0
Sees
1 10
1 SCC 8
I 20
I Sees
30
Sees
45
Socs
1 60 |
1 Sees |
90
Sees
120 |
Sees |
|116 OC
1 9.1 |
24
1
I 3.5
j
1 <2
<2
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
1 I
<2
<2 |
|37A CD
1 8.6 |
j j
45
I 14.3
j
1 5.4
. 3.7
2
1 1
1 2.9 |
1 1
<2
<2 |
I14A HL
1 8.5 |
3800
| 1000
1
11100
530
198
1 1
1 33 |
I |
89.6
27.6 |
|94 EA
1 8.7 |
j j
37.6
1
1 3
j
1 <2
<2
<2
1 <2 |
<2
<2 |
|34 E22
1 8.| |
j j
2.8
1 <2
i
1 <2
<2
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
i i
<2
<2 |
14 LC
1 8.? |
16
1 2.4
1 <2
<2
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
<2
<2 |
|88 OC
1 9.1 |
1 9 1
23.9
1 9.2
I 4.2
17.5
10.5
1 15.1 |
i i
4.9
3.7 |
|20 GS
1 8.6 |
j j
15.5
1 4.9
i
1 8.2
7.2
6
1 1
1 5.5 |
i i
3.5
<2 |
|3 LC
1 8.8 |
. 57
1
1 34
1
I 6.6
5.3
3
1 1
1 3.5 |
1 1
<2
<2 |
-------
TABLE B-21. LEAD AT TIME INTERVAL AFTER FIRST DRAW
1981 CONSTRUCTED TEST SITES (2-3 YEARS)
pH 8.0 and greater
1 1
Lead
(ug/L) at
Time Interval
after First
Draw
iTeet Site
1 1
1 PH 1
0
Sees
1 10
1 Sera
I 20
1 Sees
1 30
Sees
45
Sees
1 60 |
1 Sees |
90
Sees
120 |
Sees I
|10 RS
1 1
1 8*1 |
| ft
35
1
| 10.8
1
1
1 4.2
i
4.2
3.5
1 1
1 2.2 |
i ¦
2.6
2.2 |
18 CL
1 1
1 8.7 |
1 |
6
1 4.5
1
1 <2
i
<2
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
i i
<2
<2 |
|W 16
1 I
1 8.4 |
1 ft
17.4
I 2.2
1
1
1 <2
i
<2
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
¦
<2
<2 |
|125 BR
1 1
1 8.4 |
1 i
8.5
1 <2
1 i
1
1 <2
i
<2
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
¦ i
<2
<2 (
|83 MH
1 1
1 8.8 |
i i
13
1 io
i
1
1 <2
i
11
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
¦ t
<2
2.5 |
|178 OS
1 1
1 8.5 |
i i
<2
1
1 <2
¦
1
1 <2
¦
<2
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
ft |
<2
<2 |
117 LP
1 1
1 8.5 |
3.5
1
1 3
1
1 <2
<2
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
<2
<2 |
|510 BH
1 8.8 |
1 i
50.4
I 40.1
1
I 22.5
i
10.7
8.9
1 5.4 |
ft |
3.2
2.9 |
|16C CS
1 1
1 8.6 |
i i
39.4
I 2.1
i
1
1 <2
¦
<2
2.1
1 1
1 2.3 |
2
<2 |
|444 JT
l 1
1 8.8 |
1 1
9
1
1 <2
1
1 43.5
1
9.5
<2
1 1
1 30 |
1 1
<2
<2 |
-------
TABLE B-22. LEAD AT TIME INTERVAL AFTER FIRST DRAW
1980 CONSTRUCTED TEST SITES (3-4 YEARS)
pll 8.0 and greater
1
1 1
Load (ug/L) at
Tlmo Intorval
after Flint
Draw
1
1
iTost Site
1 1
1 PH 1
0
Socs
1 to
I Socs
20
Socs
30 |
Socs |
45
Socs
1 60 |
1 Socs I
90
Socs
1 120 |
I Sees {
1
171 NS
1
|13 TC
1
| 8 MC
1
| 21 LS
1
|266 E17
1
112 HD
1
14 ML
j
1 8.7 1
1 1
9.9
1
I 15.6
j
9
1
7 .9 |
i
6.4
1 1
1 16 |
ft ft
9
1 1
1 3.7 |
ft |
1 1
1 8.7 |
1 ft
58
1 . 11.5
ft
6
1
15 |
¦
8
1 1
1 6 |
i i
11.5
1 1
1 <2 |
1 1
1 8.6 |
ft ft
18
1
1 9
4
1
3 |
i
4.5
1 1
| <2 |
i i
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
1 1
1 8.5 |
ft ft
10.5
1 10
j
2
1
<2 |
¦
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
i >
<2
1 1
1240 |
1 1
1 8.0 |
| ft
2.4
1 2.3
i
<2
<2 |
¦
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
i >
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
1 1
1 0.3 1
i i
8
1
1 <2
¦
<2
1
<2 |
i
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
¦ i
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
1 1
1 9.0 |
23.5
1
I 5
<2
1
<2 |
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
|WJ PT
1
1 0.2 |
1 1
19.5
1 <2
1
<2
<2 |
1
12
1 1 1
1 1
8
1 <2 |
1 1
-------
TABLE B-23. LEAD AT TIME INTERVAL AFTER FIRST DRAW
1979 CONSTRUCTED TEST SITES (4-5 YEARS)
pll B.O and greater
1 1
Load
(ikj/I.) at
Time Interval
after First
Draw
iTost Sito
1 1
1 DH 1
0
Sacs
1 10
1 Sv.ce
| 20
1 Sees
1 30 |
1 SOCB |
45
Sees
1 60 |
I Sees I
90
Sees
120 |
Sees 1
|40 E15
1 1
1 8.4 |
I |
12
1
I 9.6
1
1
1 <2
1
1 1
1 2 |
I ft
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
1
<2
<2 |
|5 HD
1 1
1 8.4 |
I ft
24
1
| 4
>
1
1 <2
¦
1 1
i <2 |
ft ft
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
1
<2
<2 |
|12 MS
1 1
1 8.7 |
1 1
4.3
1 <2
1
1 <2
1
1 1
1 <2 |
ft ft
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
1
<2
<2 |
|32 MD
1 1
1 8.4 |
1 1
14.7
1
1 <2
1
1
1 <2
1 1
1 <2 |
| I
<2
1 <2 |
1 ¦
<2
<2 |
|8 SC
1 1
1 8.4 |
1 1
87
1
1 <2
1
1
1 <2
1
1 4.5 |
ft |
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
1 1
<2
<2 |
|6 KC
1 1
1 8.4 |
1 1
59.5
1 3.9
1
1 14.6
1
1 1
1 <2 |
1 1
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
¦ |
<2
10.5 |
|53 LD
1 1
1 8.8 |
17.5
1 2.2
1
1 <2
1 1
1 <2 |
<2
1 <2 |
<2
<2 |
|34 HA
1 8.2 |
1 1
15.8
1 4.1
1
I 10.1
1 <2 |
1 1
<2
1 <2 |
<2
<2 |
125 WA
1 1
1 8.6 |
1 1
. 9.4
1
1 11
1
1
1 4.5
1 1
1 3 t
1 1
<2
1 <2 |
<2
<2 |
|7 KC
l 1
1 8.4 |
1 I
10.8
1 13.5
1
1
I 3.2
1
1 1
1 3.1 |
1 1
5.1
1 1
1 4 |
1 1
6.1
7.3 |
-------
TABLE B-24. LEAD AT TIME INTERVAL AFTER FIRST DRAW
1977 CONSTRUCTED TEST SITES (6-7 YEARS)
pll 8.0 and groater
Load
(ug/L) at
Time Interval
aftor First
Draw
1
Test Site
1 1
1 PH I
o
Soca
10
SoCB
| 20
1 Soca
30 |
Soca 1
45
Soca
1 60 |
1 Sees 1
90 |
Socs j
120 |
Socs 1
104 DA
1 8.5 I
ft ft
20.5
3.5
1
I 2.2
i
1
<2 1
i
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
¦ i
1
<2 |
¦
1
<2 |
|
|39 WS
ft
1 1
1 8.5 I
ft ft
4.5
4
1
1 <2
¦
1
<2 |
i
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
¦ i
1
<2 |
1
<2 |
|12 SM
j
1 1
1 8.8 |
l i
8
<2
1
1 <2
1
<2 |
i
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
¦ i
1
<2 |
>
1
<2 |
|
|6 EA
ft
1 1
1 8.4 |
5
<2
1
1 <2
¦
1
<2 |
¦
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
> i
1
7.3 I
1
<2 |
|13 MS
j
1 1
1 8.0 |
I i
2.6
2
1
1 <2
i
<2 |
¦
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
i >
1
<2 |
1
<2 |
|10 RA
1 1
1 8.6 |
1 i
9
3
1
1 <2
i
1
<2 |
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
>
1
<2 |
1
<2 |
|3 MC
j
1 1
1 8.6 |
1 i
5.2
<2
1
1 <2
i
1
<2 |
i
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
1
<2 |
1
<2 |
144 BA
j - .....
1 1
1 8.1 |
41.7
<2
1
1 <2
<2 |
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
1
<2 |
1
<2 |
|45 RS
j
1 8.4 |
14.5
4.5
1 3.5
¦
3.2 |
2.2
1 2 |
3.2 |
<2 |
146 BA
1
1 1
1 8.4 |
1 1
<2
<2
1
1 <2
<2 |
1
<2
1
1 7.1 |
1 1
1
<2 |
"1
<2 |
1
-------
TABLP. B-25. LEAD AT TIME INTERVAL AFTER FIRST DRAW
1974 CONSTRUCTED TEST SITES (9-10 YEARS)
pH 8.0 and greater
1
I
Load
(ug/L) at
Time Interval
after Flist
Draw
1
1
iToat Site
1
1 PH
0
Socs
1 10
1 Soca
| 20
1 Soca
1 30
1 Soca
45
8oca
1 60 |
1 Soca 1
90
Socs
120 |
SOcs 1
1
|7 PC
1
I 8.4
ft
18
1
1 7.5
j
1
1 23
i
| 3
<2
1 1
1 34 |
ft 1
10
30.5 |
ft
1
|14 GW
I 8.0
|
22.7
I 2.2
1
| 5
j
1 <2
<2
1 1
1 2.1 |
I i
2
<2 |
I
1
|25A BS
|
1 8.2
ft
19
1 <2
j
I 2.1
i
1 <2
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
I i
<2
<2 |
|22 BA
ft
1 8.6
ft
<2
1 2.5
ft
I 2.5
i
| <2 '
2
1 1
1 2.5 |
I ¦
<2
1
<2 |
i
1
|6 SM
I 8.7
ft
5.5
1
1 <2
1
1 <2
1 <2
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
I i
<2
<2 .. |
' *# ft
1
110 oo
1
I 8.6
|
3.3
1
| <2
i
1
1 <2
i
1 <2
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
I i
<2
1
<2 |
ft
117 RS
1 8.5
3.2
1
1 <2
1
1 <2
1 <2
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
<2
1
<2 |
|10 GS
j
1 8.1
j
3.1
1 <2
i
1
1 <2
i
1 <2
<2
1 <2 |
i i
<2
|
<2 |
ft
|67 OS
I 8.0
j
3.5
1
1 <2
¦
1
1 <2
>
1 <2
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
i i
<2
1
<2 |
|3 GW
1 8.0
1
15.4
1 3.5
1
I 6.7
1
| 4
48.6
1 1
1 4.5 |
1 1
5
16.0 |
1
-------
TABLR B- 26. LEAD AT TIMR INTERVAL AFTER FIRST DRAW
1967-69 CONSTRUCTED TEST SITES (14-17 YEARS)
pll 8.0 and groator
1 1
Load
(ug/L) at
Timo Interval
after First
Draw
iToat Site
1 1
1 PH I
0
Socb
1 10
1 SflCB
| 20
1 Socb
30
Socb
45
Socb
1 60 |
1 Socb 1
90
Socb
120 |
Socb 1
|32 CS
1 1
1 8.4 |
900
1 133
1
1 56
¦
22
10
1 1
1 7.5 |
¦ i
5
8 * 1
|36 KR
1 1
1 8.7 |
1 1
80
1 <2
1
1 <2
¦
<2
<2
1 1
| <2 |
¦ ¦
<2
<2 |
|10 PR
1 8.4 |
4.3
1 <2
1
1 <2
¦
<2
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
¦ i
2.2
<2 |
|34 RA
1 1
1 8.4 |
I i
2.6
1 <2
1
1 2
¦
2.2
2.1
1 1
1 2.1 |
¦ i
2.2
<2 |
|183 MR
1 1
1 8.7 |
I i
2.5
1 <2
1
1 <2
¦
<2
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
¦ i
<2
<2 |
|1 MC
1 1
1 8.8 |
<2
1 <2
1
1 <2
<2
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
<2
<2 |
|36 CS
1 8.6 |
I i
54
1 43
I 13.5
¦
11.5
11
1 8.5 |
i i
6
5 |
|3 OA
1 1
1 8.2 |
1 |
9.8
1 6
1
1 <2
<2
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
¦ i
<2
<2 |
|7 LS
1 1
1 8.5 |
1 1
8
1 <2
1 <2
1
<2
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
1 1
<2
<2 |
-------
TABLE B.-27 . LEAD AT TIME INTERVAL AFTER FIRST DRAW
1952-62 CONSTRUCTED TEST SITES (20 YEARS 4)
pH 8.0 and greater
Lead
(ug/L) at
Time Interval
after First
Draw
iTest Site
1 PH
0
Sees
1 io
1 Sees
| 20
1 Sees
30 |
Sees |
45
Sees
1 60 |
1 Sees 1
90
Sees
120 |
Sees |
|2 HA
1 8.3
3.1
1
1 <2
1
1
1 <2
I
<2 |
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
<2
<2 |
|39 RS
1 8.4
82.4
1 4.7
i
1
| 5
¦
3.1 1
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
¦
<2
<2 |
|31 SS
1 8.6
2.2
1
1 <2
1
1 <2
¦
<2 |
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
¦
<2
<2 |
|32 N18
1 8.3
4500
1
1 <2
i
1
1 <2
i
<2 |
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
¦ i
<2
<2 |
1247 NY
1 8.4
4.1
1
1 <2
1
1 <2
¦
<2 |
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
¦
<2
<2 |
|13 HH
1 8.6
7
1
1 <2
i
1
1 <2
¦
<2 |
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
¦
<2
<2 |
|44 CS
1 8.6
3.2
1
1 <2
1
1 <2
<2 |
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
<2
<2 |
13 DC
1 8.6
3.5
1 <2
i
| 4
¦
<2 |
2.2
1 <2 |
¦
<2
<2 |
|3 SS
1 8.4
6
1 5.8
¦
1
1 <2
<2 |
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
<2
<2 |
11 CL
1 8.0
<2
1
1 <2
1
1 <2
1
<2 I
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
1 ¦
<2
<2 |
-------
TABLE
B- 28.
LEAD AT TIME INTERVAL AFTER FIRST DRAW
PRIVATE WELL SUPPLY - COUNTY OF SUFFOLK
Tost Site
Year |
Constructed|
dh
0
See 8
Lead (ug/L) at
Time
Interval
after
First
Draw |
1 10
1 Sites
1 20 |
ISOCS i
30
Sees
1 45 |
1 Sees 1
60
Sees
90
Sees
1 120 |
ISecs |
MP BM
1
1983 |
6.8
54
I 6.8
1 1
1 3.21
1 i
2.5
1 1
1 3.1 |
I i
3.2
2.4
1 1
1 2.1 |
I |
1
|SL EM
|
1983 |
6.0
11.3
I 2.1
1 5.1|
1 i
23.5
1 1
1 10 |
1 i
7.9
3.2
1 1
1 2.1 |
I |
1
| AA SY
|
1983 |
6.0
9.8
1 8.6
1 7.4|
i i
8
1 1
1 5.2 |
1 i
4.6
5.1
I i
1 5.3 |
I |
1
|KR SO
|
1982 |
6.2
41
1 133
1 24 |
j j
13.1
1 1
1 10.3 |
9.2
9.3
I 1
1 8.9 |
1 |
1
|JC RD
|
1982 |
6.2
15
1 9.1
1 11.7|
j j
9.8
1 1
1 7.2 |
1 |
6.4
6.6
1 I
1 9.7 |
1 |
1
|JS NS
|
1982 |
6.6
9.1
1 5.5
1 5.6|
i
3
1 1
1 3.9 |
I |
3.2
2.9
I 1
1 2.1 |
I i
1
|BR WR
|
1979 I
5.6
68.8
1 12
1 1
1 8 |
i
16
1 1
1 8 |
i
4.3
3.3
I !
1 2.5 |
I i
1
|OS OR
|
1977 |
6.5
2.5
| <2
1 1
1 <2 |
I i
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
1 |
<2
<2
I l
| <2 |
j j
1
|NC WR
ft
1977 |
5.9
5
1 <2
1 <2 |
i
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
1 |
2.5
2.5
110.9 |
i |
1
|SC WR
ft
1974 |
6.6
13
1 <2
1 1
1 <2 |
¦ i
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
l i
<2
<2
1 1
| <2 |
I i
1
| PL WR
I
1974 |
6.1
29.7
1 13
1 1
1 7 |
¦ i
5.5
1 1
1 4.9 |
i
7.2
122
I 1
1 5.5 |
l i
1
|LI MD
i
1974 |
5.8
9.3
1 <2
1 1
1 <2 |
¦ |
<2
1 1
1 <2 |
i i
<2
<2
1 1
| <2 |
i
1
|PH CA
I
1968. |
6.4
24
| 12.9
1 8.6|
i i
7.1
1 1
1 8.9 |
i i
16.8
18.1
1 1
118.2 |
i I
1
| PA RD
1
1962 |
5.9
58
| 6.1
1 1
1 3.1|
1 1
2.3
1 1
1 <2 |
1 1
<2
<2
1 1
| <2 |
1 1
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before complet1 '
1. REPORT NO, 2.
EPA/600/2-90/056
3- PB91-125724
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
IMPACT OF LEAD AND OTHER METALLIC SOLDERS OH
WATER QUALITY
5. REPORT DATE
1^0
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION COOE
7. AUTHORIS)
NORMAN E. MURRELL
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
H2M/Holzmacljer, McLendon, Murrell, P.C.
Melville, New York 11857-5076
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
CR-8100958
12, SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND AODRESS
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Office,of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, OH 45268
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/14
1S. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Project Officer: Marvin u. Gardels (513) 569-7217; FTS 684-7217
« '
16. ABSTRACT
~"A study of the relationship between water quality at the consumer's taps and the
corrosion of lead solder was conducted under actual field" conditions in 90 homes
supplied by public water in the South Huntington Water District (New York) and at 14
houses supplied by private wells in Suffolk County on Long Island (New York). The
i South Huntington Water District water supply is composed of wells that feed water to
| a series of storage tanks from which water is distributed to individual homes. The
, 90 homes were selected to provided 10 sites of 9 house construction age groups--from
^jaey? to those more than 20 years old. ^The study was done in three phases three
different pH ranges (5.0-6.8, 7.0-7.4, and 8.0 and greater). The phase I study was
preformed without any pH adjustments on the water sources. Phase 11 and III studies
consisted of raising the pH by the addition of caustic, soda and maintaining pH for
thirty days prior to the sampling. After an overnight period of nonuse, a series of
samples were collected at specific time intervals to evaluate the effect of time on
the leaching rate of lead. Data were collected on leaching of cadmium and copper and
water quality parameters were monitored. In the 2nd part of the investigation, a more
controlled, four-pipe loop study was conducted with the same corrosive Long Island
water. Each pipe loop consisted of approximately 60 feet of copper pipe with 22 solder
joints, each loop having a different type of solder: 1) tin/lead; 2) tin/antimony;
3) silver/copper, and 4) tin/copper. The four loop solder test results indicate the
ti n/anMmrmv 1 1 VP r/rnnnAT nriH fin/fnnner nan Kb ueorl ul rh Jinl y ni
------- |