UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON D.C. 20460
OFFICE OF THE ADMINISTRATOR
SCIENCE ADVISORY BOARD
May 3, 2012
EPA-SAB-12-006
The Honorable Lisa P. Jackson
Administrator
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
Subject: Science Advisory Board Comments on the President's Requested FY 2013 Research
Budget
Dear Administrator Jackson:
The Science Advisory Board (SAB) has a long history of reviewing the President's budget request for
the EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) and for EPA's National Center for Environmental
Economics (NCEE). The SAB conducts this review to assess the adequacy of the requested budget to
meet the need for EPA research to support the agency's mission to protect human health and the
environment.
The SAB remains highly supportive of the EPA's 2011 realignment of ORD research programs into four
transdisciplinary, systems- and sustainability-oriented programs (Air, Climate and Energy; Safe and
Sustainable Water Resources; Sustainable and Healthy Communities; and Chemical Safety for
Sustainability) related to EPA's major priorities and the continuation of two existing ORD programs,
Human Health Risk Assessment and Homeland Security. The SAB supports aligning the FY 2013
President's Budget with these six programs. The SAB also emphasizes that ORD will need to invest in
social, behavioral and decision sciences to assure the success of its programs; an enhanced research
partnership with NCEE would be an important step in this direction.
The President has requested a budget of $576.6 for ORD in FY 2013. This request represents a modest
increase in the ORD's budget despite a budget reduction for EPA as a whole. Although the President's
FY13 budget request calls for a 1.2 percent reduction from the FY12 enacted budget for EPA overall,
there is a 1.7 percent increase in the Science and Technology programs within the agency, and a 1.4
percent increase for ORD. ORD's percentage of the agency's budget authority (6.9 percent) is slightly
increased relative to recent years.
Although the small requested increase in EPA research funding for FY 2013 recognizes the importance
of research to EPA's mission in a time of reduced budgets, funding for ORD in real dollars has declined
28.5 percent (in Gross Domestic Product-indexed dollars) from a high in 2004. This long-term decline
has limited and will continue to limit the research that can be conducted to support the agency's effort to

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protect human health and the environment. These limitations pose a vulnerability for EPA at a time
when the agency faces significant science questions with long-term implications for protecting the
environment and public health. Climate change, the relationship of energy and the environment,
cumulative health impacts, environmental justice, ecosystem services, and ecosystem health are complex
issues that require well-focused research to help address current and future environmental problems.
The enclosed report provides specific comments on each of the six ORD research programs and the
NCEE's Economics and Decision Sciences program. We highlight some major comments and
overarching findings in this letter.
•	The President's budget request for the Air, Climate and Energy research program was $105.9M.
The SAB supports this 7.2 percent increase in total resources from the FY 2012 enacted budget.
These resources will support important multi-pollutant research, advanced monitoring initiatives,
research to understand the potential for air emissions related to hydraulic fracturing, and climate
change adaptation tools. Underfunded areas are climate change mitigation, full lifecycle analysis
for energy options, and research in the economic, social and decision sciences that will help
ensure the success of the program.
•	The President's budget request for the Safe and Sustainable Water research program was
$121.2M. The SAB finds this 6.8 percent increase in total resources from the FY 2012 enacted
budget appropriate for funding research on hydraulic fracturing, sustainable water resources and
sustainable water infrastructure systems. Additional resources, however, will be needed to fully
explore the public health implication of water reuse and the water-energy nexus.
•	The President's budget request for the Sustainable and Healthy Communities research program
was $184.1M. This represents a reduction of 2.5 percent from the FY 2012 enacted budget. The
Sustainable and Healthy Communities research program can achieve its ambitious goals only if it
effectively integrates work with the other ORD programs in the many areas where their goals
and tasks are interdependent. This critically important program is highly dependent on
ecosystems research, and yet the budget for ecosystems research has declined 58 percent over the
last decade. This program cannot meet its goals to conduct research to support environmental
protection with these declining investments. The ongoing success of the Sustainable and Health
Communities program will depend on greater ORD commitment of resources to integrated
transdisciplinary research, community-based research and ecosystem research.
•	The President's budget request for the Chemical Safety for Sustainability research program was
$94.2M. The SAB finds the requested 2.7 percent increase from the FY 2012 enacted budget to
be reasonable. This research program is critical to the EPA's core mission, which requires
evaluation of the potential impacts on human health and the environment of thousands of
chemicals in existence and under development. This research program also can advance two
other priorities: cumulative risk assessment (through better understanding of the properties of
mixtures of chemicals) and sustainability (through identifying chemicals with safer or more
sustainable properties). The SAB supports, however, additional funding for EPA research on the
fate of nanomaterials in the environment; an important niche for the EPA given that other federal
agencies are funding development of nanotechnology applications.
•	The President's budget request for the Human Health Risk Assessment research program was
$43.8M. The SAB supports the President's budget request for a 2 percent increase from the FY
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2012 enacted budget. Although this small increase in the requested 2013 budget will allow ORD
to maintain its strategic directions, it will not allow ORD to make use of research results from the
Chemical Safety and Sustainability Program to advance human health risk assessment.
•	The President's budget request for the Homeland Security research program was $26.4M. The
SAB finds the President's budget request inadequate. The request identifies an essentially flat
budget with a 0.1 percent reduction from the FY 2012 enacted budget. This represents a small
decrease in funding for this program two years in a row. The requested budget will permit the
EPA to advance much of the strategic research identified in the strategic plan, but will not allow
the program to reposition its research towards developing science to support resilient
infrastructure and allow communities to better adapt to extreme perturbations caused by
disasters.
•	Finally, the SAB finds that the modest level of funding ($3M) requested for economics and
decision sciences research in the EPA's NCEE is not adequate to advance understanding of the
many important research questions faced by the EPA. The President's request, however, is a
significant improvement over funding levels in recent years. The SAB recommends an increased
commitment across all ORD programs to research in social, economic and decision sciences and
improved coordination between ORD and NCEE in strategic research planning. Human systems
are the primary drivers of the environmental challenges that the EPA is charged with managing.
As a consequence, effective environmental management requires a thorough understanding of
how human systems operate and how to design programs to effectively interact with human
systems. ORD will need to invest in social, behavioral and decision sciences to assure the
success of its programs; an enhanced research partnership with NCEE would be an important
step in this direction.
It is appropriate that the resource decisions for FY 2013 ORD programs were strategic, investing in
some research programs while decreasing resources to others, rather than level across the board. Based
on the information ORD provided, however, the SAB is concerned about the apparent decreased or
absent support for research noted above. A decrease in or an absence of support in these areas will
jeopardize the EPA's ability to meet its environmental priorities. The SAB is highly supportive of the
increased investment in extra-mural Science to Achieve Results (STAR) Grants and calls for an increase
in the STAR Fellowships as well. These programs foster ORD interactions with the wider scientific
community and are important for stimulating innovation and cross-program integration.
Because ORD's restructured research programs are so new and ambitious, the FY 2013 budget does not
contain a great amount of detail describing research activities and the breakout of funding within
programs. As the SAB provides additional advice to ORD on these new research programs, the SAB
will be interested in better understanding: the relative allocation of resources among the six programs;
the process by which budgets are reallocated as multi-year research activities are ended or initiated; the
role of lead programs for cross-program activities; and specific examples of activities that integrate the
six programs from an implementation and resource allocation perspective. This information will be
necessary for the SAB to provide future advice on areas where research investments should be reduced
or increased.
At EPA's request, the SAB plans to hold a joint public advisory meeting with ORD's Board of Scientific
Counselors on July 10-11, 2012 to provide additional advice on strategic research planning. At that time
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the SAB may have additional advice that may be useful to the agency in budget planning for FY 2014
and beyond.
The SAB is pleased to have again reviewed the EPA research budget and looks forward to continued
work with you to strengthen the agency's vital research base that supports your priorities. We look
forward to receiving your response to this review and continuing our interactions with EPA to develop
future advice on the agency's science program.
Sincerely,
/Signed/
/Signed/
Dr. Deborah L. Swackhamer
Chair
Dr. Taylor Eighmy
Chair
SAB Research Budget Work Group
Science Advisory Board
Enclosure
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NOTICE
This report has been written as part of the activities of the EPA Science Advisory Board (SAB),
a public advisory group providing extramural scientific information and advice to the
Administrator and other officials of the Environmental Protection Agency. The SAB is
structured to provide balanced, expert assessment of scientific matters related to problems facing
the Agency. This report has not been reviewed for approval by the Agency, and, hence, the
contents of this report do not necessarily represent the views and policies of the Environmental
Protection Agency, nor of other agencies in the Executive Branch of the Federal government.
Mention of trade names of commercial products does not constitute a recommendation for use.
Reports of the SAB are posted on the EPA website at http://www.epa. gov/sab.
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Science Advisory Board
Research Budget Work Group
CHAIR
Dr. T. Taylor Eighmy, Senior Vice President for Research, Office of the Vice President for
Research, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
MEMBERS
Dr. Terry Daniel, Professor of Psychology and Natural Resources, Department of Psychology,
School of Natural Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
Dr. Costel Denson, Managing Member, Costech Technologies, LLC, Newark, DE
Dr. Barbara L. Harper, Risk Assessor and Environmental-Public Health Toxicologist, and
Division Leader, Hanford Projects, and Program Manager, Environmental Health, Department of
Science and Engineering, Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR),
West Richland, WA
Dr. Kimberly L. Jones, Professor and Chair, Department of Civil Engineering, Howard
University, Washington, DC
Dr. Nancy K. Kim, Senior Executive, Health Research, Inc., Troy, NY
Dr. Cecil Lue-Hing, President, Cecil Lue-Hing & Assoc. Inc., Burr Ridge, IL
Dr. James R. Mihelcic, Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South
Florida, Tampa, FL
Dr. Christine Moe, Eugene J. Gangarosa Professor, Hubert Department of Global Health,
Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
Dr. Horace Moo-Young, Dean and Professor, College of Engineering, Computer Science, and
Technology, California State University, Los Angeles, CA
Dr. Eileen Murphy, Director of Research and Grants, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy,
Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
Dr. James Opaluch, Professor and Chair, Department of Environmental and Natural Resource
Economics, College of the Environment and Life Sciences, University of Rhode Island,
Kingston, RI
Dr. Duncan Patten, Research Professor, Hydroecology Research Program , Department of Land
Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
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Dr. Stephen M. Roberts, Professor, Department of Physiological Sciences, Director, Center for
Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
Dr. Peter Thorne, Professor and Head, Occupational and Environmental Health, College of
Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
Dr. Paige Tolbert, Professor and Chair, Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of
Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
SCIENCE ADVISORY BOARD STAFF
Dr. Angela Nugent, Designated Federal Officer, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Science Advisory Board, Washington, DC
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Science Advisory Board
CHAIR
Dr. Deborah L. Swackhamer, Professor and Charles M. Denny, Jr., Chair in Science,
Technology and Public Policy, Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs and Co-Director of
the Water Resources Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
SAB MEMBERS
Dr. George Alexeeff, Acting Director, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment,
California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA
Dr. David T. Allen, Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas,
Austin, TX
Dr. Pedro Alvarez, Department Chair and George R. Brown Professor of Engineering,
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX
Dr. Joseph Arvai, Svare Chair in Applied Decision Research, Institute for Sustainable Energy,
Environment, & Economy, Haskayne School of Business, University of Calgary, Calgary,
Alberta, Canada
Dr. Claudia Benitez-Nelson, Full Professor and Director of the Marine Science Program,
Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
Dr. Timothy J. Buckley, Professor and Chair, Division of Environmental Health Sciences,
College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
Dr. Patricia Buffler, Professor of Epidemiology and Dean Emerita, Department of
Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
Dr. Ingrid Burke, Director, Haub School and Ruckelshaus Institute of Environment and Natural
Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
Dr. Thomas Burke, Professor and Jacob I and Irene B. Fabrikant Chair in Health, Risk and
Society Associate Dean for Public Health Practice, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public
Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
Dr. Terry Daniel, Professor of Psychology and Natural Resources, Department of Psychology,
School of Natural Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
Dr. George Daston, Victor Mills Society Research Fellow, Product Safety and Regulatory
Affairs, Procter & Gamble, Cincinnati, OH
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Dr. Costel Denson, Managing Member, Costech Technologies, LLC, Newark, DE
Dr. Otto C. Doering III, Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University,
W. Lafayette, IN
Dr. Michael Dourson, President, Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment, Cincinnati, OH
Dr. David A. Dzombak, Walter J. Blenko, Sr. Professor of Environmental Engineering ,
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, PA
Dr. T. Taylor Eighmy, Senior Vice President for Research, Office of the Vice President for
Research, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
Dr. Elaine Faustman, Professor and Director, Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk
Communication, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
Dr. John P. Giesy, Professor and Canada Research Chair, Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and
Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
Dr. Jeffrey K. Griffiths, Professor, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine,
School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA
Dr. James K. Hammitt, Professor, Center for Risk Analysis, Harvard University, Boston, MA
Dr. Barbara L. Harper, Risk Assessor and Environmental-Public Health Toxicologist, and
Division Leader, Hanford Projects, and Program Manager, Environmental Health, Department of
Science and Engineering, Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR),
West Richland, WA
Dr. Kimberly L. Jones, Professor and Chair, Department of Civil Engineering, Howard
University, Washington, DC
Dr. Bernd Kahn, Professor Emeritus and Associate Director, Environmental Radiation Center,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
Dr. Agnes Kane, Professor and Chair, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,
Brown University, Providence, RI
Dr. Madhu Khanna, Professor, Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
Dr. Nancy K. Kim, Senior Executive, Health Research, Inc., Troy, NY
Dr. Cecil Lue-Hing, President, Cecil Lue-Hing & Assoc. Inc., Burr Ridge, IL
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Dr. Floyd Malveaux, Executive Director, Merck Childhood Asthma Network, Inc., Washington,
DC
Dr. Judith L. Meyer, Professor Emeritus, Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia,
Lopez Island, WA
Dr. James R. Mihelcic, Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South
Florida, Tampa, FL
Dr. Christine Moe, Eugene J. Gangarosa Professor, Hubert Department of Global Health,
Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
Dr. Horace Moo-Young, Dean and Professor, College of Engineering, Computer Science, and
Technology, California State University, Los Angeles, CA
Dr. Eileen Murphy, Director of Research and Grants, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy,
Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
Dr. James Opaluch, Professor and Chair, Department of Environmental and Natural Resource
Economics, College of the Environment and Life Sciences, University of Rhode Island,
Kingston, RI
Dr. Duncan Patten, Research Professor, Hydroecology Research Program, Department of Land
Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
Dr. Stephen Polasky, Fesler-Lampert Professor of Ecological/Environmental Economics,
Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
Dr. C. Arden Pope, III, Professor, Department of Economics, Brigham Young University,
Provo, UT
Dr. Stephen M. Roberts, Professor, Department of Physiological Sciences, Director, Center for
Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
Dr. Amanda Rodewald, Professor of Wildlife Ecology, School of Environment and Natural
Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
Dr. Jonathan M. Samet, Professor and Flora L. Thornton Chair, Department of Preventive
Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
Dr. James Sanders, Director and Professor, Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, Savannah,
GA
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Dr. Jerald Schnoor, Allen S. Henry Chair Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Co-Director, Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University
of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
Dr. Gina Solomon, Senior Scientist, Health and Environment Program, Natural Resources
Defense Council, San Francisco, CA
Dr. Daniel O. Stram, Professor, Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Biostatistics,
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
Dr. Peter Thorne, Professor and Head, Occupational and Environmental Health, College of
Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
Dr. Paige Tolbert, Professor and Chair, Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of
Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
Dr. John Vena, Professor and Department Head, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics,
College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
Dr. Robert Watts, Professor of Mechanical Engineering Emeritus, Tulane University,
Annapolis, MD
Dr. R. Thomas Zoeller, Professor, Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts,
Amherst, MA
SCIENCE ADVISORY BOARD STAFF
Dr. Angela Nugent, Designated Federal Officer, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Science Advisory Board, Washington, DC
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Table of Contents
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS	IX
1.	BACKGROUND	1
2.	OVERVIEW	3
3.	SPECIFIC COMMENTS ON THE EPA'S RESEARCH PROGRAMS	5
3.1.	Air, Climate and Energy	5
3.2.	Safe and Sustainable Water Resources	8
3.3.	Sustainable and Healthy Communities	11
3.4.	Chemical Safety for Sustainability	14
3.5.	Human Health Risk Assessment	18
3.6.	Homeland Security	20
3.7.	Economics and Decision Sciences	22
4.	OVERARCHING COMMENTS RELATED TO BUDGET CONSIDERATIONS
AND INTEGRATION OF RESEARCH PROGRAMS	27
REFERENCES	30
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
ACE
Air, Climate and Energy
CSS
Chemical Safety for Sustainability
FTE
Full-time Equivalent
HHRA
Human Health Risk Assessment
HS
Homeland Security
IRIS
Integrated Risk Information System
NCEE
National Center for Environmental Economics
ORD
Office of Research and Development
SHC
Sustainable and Healthy Communities
SSWR
Safe and Sustainable Water Resources
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Science Advisory Board Comments on the President's Requested FY 2013
Research Budget
1. Background
Historically, the Science Advisory Board (SAB) has reviewed the President's annual research
budget request for the EPA. The annuals reviews have focused on research programs in the
Office of Research and Development (ORD) and on the Economics and Decision Sciences
program within the Office of Policy. Since 2007, in parallel with the budget reviews, the SAB
also has advised ORD on strategic research directions. The Board provided advice on this topic
most recently in a report developed jointly with ORD's Board of Scientific Counselors (U.S.
EPA SAB 201 la). The review of the President's FY 2013 request is informed by, but is separate
from, ongoing efforts to provide strategic advice to ORD. It focuses on the adequacy of the
President's FY 2013 budget for advancing the EPA's strategic research directions and achieving
the priority science outputs identified in the President's Budget. These ORD priority science
outputs support EPA's decision making.
For this report, the SAB reviewed the FY 2013 EPA Budget in Brief and the President's FY 2013
budget request for each of ORD's six research areas (Air, Climate and Energy; Safe and
Sustainable Water Resources; Sustainable and Healthy Communities; Chemical Safety for
Sustainability; Human Health Risk Assessment; and Homeland Security). The SAB also
reviewed the President's FY 2013 request for a seventh research area, Economics and Decision
Sciences, directed by the National Center for Environmental Economics (NCEE) in the EPA's
Office of Policy.
ORD supplemented the President's budget request with strategic research action plans released
in February 2012 to provide an overview for all of ORD's research programs (U.S. EPA 2012f)
and more detailed information for each of the six programs (U.S. EPA 2012a, 2012b, 2012c,
2012d, 2012e, and 2012g). ORD's program-specific research action plans provide a problem
statement for each of the research areas and identify the research vision. The plans describe the
statutory and policy context, major partnerships, research themes, and priority science questions
within each theme. Most important for this budget review, the strategic research plans provide
tables identifying expected ORD outputs by upcoming fiscal years. The SAB also reviewed the
President's FY 2013 request for the Economics and Decision Sciences research program and a
short Program Overview for that research program. The SAB received briefings from
representatives of the EPA's Office of the Chief Financial Officer, ORD and NCEE and received
supplementary information on budget trends from ORD. All these review materials are available
on the SAB website.1
Review and background materials for this review are available at:
http://vosemite.epa.gov/sab/sabproduct.nsf/a84bfeel6cc358ad85256ccd006b0b4b/ad9f4d64737919c2852579660Q4b
53e 1 !QpenDocument&Date=2012-03-01 (accessed 03/03/12)
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An SAB Research Budget Work Group met via teleconference on March 1, 2012, March 2,
2012, and March 8, 2012, to receive briefings and to discuss a draft report. The chartered SAB
held a quality review meeting to review and approve this report on March 22, 2012.
Table 1 provides an overview of the President's requested FY 2013 ORD budget by
Program/Project. Section 3.7 of this report provides the President's requested FY 2013 budget
for the Economics and Decision Sciences research program.
Table 1. Overview of the ORD Budget by Program/Project
Totals may not add exactly due to rounding
Program/Project
FY 2011 E
SM
nacted
FTE
FY 2012
SM
Enacted
FTE
fy:
Presi
But
SM
2013
dent's
iget
FTE
Change
2012 tc
SM
from
2013
FTE
Air, Climate & Energy Research
$106.3
311.2
$98.8
306.6
$105.9
308.4
$7.0
1.8
Safe & Sustainable Water Resources
Research
$117.3
435.7
$113.5
436.3
$121.2
443.5
$7.7
7.2
Sustainable & Healthy Communities
Research
$195.1
633.4
$188.9
612.7
$184.1
620.9
-$4.8
8.2
Chemical Safety for Sustainability
Research
$89.2
284.1
$91.7
291.2
$94.2
293.5
$2.5
2.3
Human Health Risk Assessment
$47.1
196.6
$42.9
193.4
$43.8
195.9
$0.9
2.5
Homeland Security
$26.7
64.3
$26.6
64.1
$26.4
64.7
-$0.2
0.6
National Priorities
$0.0
0.0
$5.0
0.0
$0.0
0.0
-$5.0
0.0
Total
$581.7
1925.3
$567.5
1904.3
$575.6
1926.9
$8.1
22.6
For this review, the SAB addressed four questions for each program area:
•	How well will the requested budget permit the EPA to advance its strategic research
directions as reflected in the Strategic Research Action Plan for the ORD program area
(or the NCEE Economics and Decision Sciences research program overview) and the
priorities identified in the President's Budget? Are there any areas where the EPA should
increase investments or reduce investments, based on demonstrated accomplishments or
clearly identified needs?
•	Are the changes since the FY 2012 enacted budget appropriate, taking into consideration
overall resources, full-time equivalents (FTEs), and intramural and extramural resources?
•	Are there well-defined objectives/work products for next year's budget? Can these
objectives/work products be achieved with the given resources?
•	Are there opportunities to leverage the EPA resources with other resources, particularly
other federal resources?
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2. Overview
The President's Fiscal Year (FY) 2013 budget request calls for a 1.2 percent reduction from the
FY 2012 enacted budget for the EPA as a whole, a 1.7 percent increase in Science and
Technology programs within the agency and a 1.4 percent increase for ORD. ORD's percentage
of the EPA budget authority (6.9 percent) is slightly increased relative to recent years and there
is a requested small increase in ORD full-time equivalent (FTE) employees (an increase of 1.1
percent from the FY 2012 enacted budget to 1926.9 FTEs in the FY 2013 President's budget
request). Although the small increases requested for ORD recognize the importance of research
to the EPA's mission, funding for ORD in real dollars has declined 28.5 percent (in GDP
indexed dollars) from the high in 2004 to the President's FY 2013 budget request for ORD in
2013 (a total of $575.6 or $422.3 in GDP-indexed dollars). The President's budget request, in
light of inflation, supports ORD in a time of budget deficits but limits the research that can be
conducted to support the EPA's efforts to protect human health and the environment.
In general, the SAB finds that the President's FY 2013 budget request will allow ORD to meet
many but not all of the priorities identified in the strategic research action plans and the outputs
noted in the President's budget request. The SAB identifies the following research priorities as
under-funded and discusses them in more detail in this report: climate change mitigation, study
of the full- lifecycle analysis of energy options; water reuse and the water-energy nexus; funding
for ecosystem research community-based interactions within the Sustainable and Healthy
Community Program; the fate and transport of nanomaterials in the environment; research that
will enable the Human Health Risk Assessment program to integrate into assessments the
science products generated by the Chemical Safety for Sustainability program; research on
resiliency as a key component of Homeland Security; and social, behavioral and decision
sciences. The SAB underscores that all of ORD's research programs identify a sustainability
focus, and this sustainability focus requires consideration of the human dimension. The
President's research budget request for FY 2013 does not identify resources for the needed
integration of the social, behavioral, and decision sciences in the EPA's research programs.
Research on human behavior, institutions, markets and trading mechanisms is critical to the
success of ORD's research programs as they relate to the EPA's regulatory and strategic goals.
Social, behavioral and decision sciences need to be developed and more explicitly represented
and integrated into ORD research (U.S. EPA SAB 201 la, see especially Appendix A). In the
near term, closer collaboration with the EPA's NCEE and mutual leveraging of resources can
provide ORD with access to expertise in economics, also strengthening the NCEE program.
The SAB welcomes the President's continued support for the Science to Achieve Results
(STAR) grants and STAR fellowship programs. There is an 8 percent increase in STAR grants
from the FY 2012 enacted budget to $67.0M in the FY 2013 President's budget request and
STAR Fellowships are held constant at $14.0M. These programs, which foster ORD interactions
with the wider scientific community, are important for stimulating innovation and cross-program
integration. The SAB considers it a priority to increase STAR fellowships, if possible, because
support for environmental scientists at an early stage in their careers is a cost-effective way to
advance ORD's strategic goals.
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Section 3 of this report provides specific comments on the President's requested budget as it
relates to the EPA's seven research programs. Section 4 of this report provides overarching
comments related to budget considerations and integration of research programs.
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3. Specific Comments on the EPA's Research Programs
3.1. Air, Climate and Energy
ORD's strategic research action plan for Air, Climate and Energy (U.S. EPA 2012a) identifies
the following problem statement, vision, and policy relevant research themes. Table 2 provides
an overview of the requested budget for the program.
Air, Climate and Energy: problem statement, vision and themes
Problem statement: Protecting health and the environment from the impacts of climate change and air quality in a
sustainable manner are central 21st century challenges. These challenges are complicated by the interplay
between air quality, the changing climate, and emerging energy options.
Vision: EPA provides the cutting-edge scientific information and tools to support EPA's strategic goals of
protecting and improving air quality and taking action on climate change in a sustainable manner.
Policy-relevant research themes:
•	Assess impacts - Assess human and ecosystem exposures and effects associated with air pollutants and
climate change at individual, community, regional, and global scales;
•	Prevent and reduce emissions - Provide data and tools to develop and evaluate approaches to prevent
and reduce emissions of pollutants to the atmosphere, particularly environmentally sustainable, cost-
effective, and innovative multipollutant and sector-based approaches; and
•	Respond to changes in climate and air quality - provide human exposure and environmental modeling,
monitoring, metrics and information needed by individuals, communities, and governmental agencies to
adapt to the impacts of climate change and make public health decisions regarding air quality.
Table 2. Budget overview for the Air, Climate and Energy Program
Dollar totals may not add exactly due to rounding.
Program/Project
FY 2011
$M
Actuals
FTE
FY 2012
SM
Enacted
FTE
FY 20
Preside
Budg
SM
13
ฆnt's
et
FTE
Chan
2012
SM
ge from
to 2013
FTE
Global Change
$19.4

$18.3

$20.3

$2.0

Clean Air
$91.1

$78.5

$82.9

$4.3

Other
$9.2

$2.0

$2.8

$0.7

Air, Climate & Energy Research Totals
$119.8
311.2
$98.8
306.6
$105.9
308.4
$7.0
1.8
5

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How well will the requested budget permit the EPA to advance its strategic research directions
as reflected in Air, Climate and Energy strategic research action plan and the priorities
identified in the President's Budget? Are there any areas where the EPA should increase
investments or reduce investments, based on demonstrated accomplishments or clearly identified
needs?
The requested budget will permit the EPA to advance many of the strategic research directions
reflected in the strategic research action plan (U.S. EPA 2012a). For the clean air subprogram,
these include a focus on multi-pollutant approaches, hydraulic fracturing impacts and a shift to
new, more efficient ways to monitor air quality. For the global change subprogram, this includes
work at the local, regional and national level on climate change impacts and adaptation. For the
energy subprogram, work on impacts of biofuels is included.
The clean air program is one of the EPA's biggest success stories with estimated economic,
social and environmental benefits far outweighing the costs. The ORD investment in the
underlying science supporting the National Ambient Air Quality Standards has had enormous
returns (Heintz et al. 2011; U.S. EPA 2011) and must be continued. The requested budget
supports this priority.
For climate change research, the President's budget focuses on adaptation and does not highlight
plans for climate change mitigation and global-level work described in the strategic research
action plan and listed as FY 2013 outputs. The EPA has clarified that mitigation-related research
is being added to adaptation-related research already being conducted, because of EPA's
expanded role in mitigation, resulting from the Endangerment Finding (U.S. EPA 2009). The
SAB views this dual focus positively and would welcome additional research on climate
changemitigati on.
Life-cycle assessment across energy technologies, which is mentioned in the strategic research
action plan, does not appear to be a priority in FY 2013 based on the budget narrative. The Air,
Climate and Energy program should have a major role in this line of research, in collaboration
with Safe and Sustainable Water, Sustainable and Healthy Communities and Human Health Risk
Assessment.
Economic and social sciences work warrants greater emphasis in the Air, Climate and Energy
program. Understanding how to effect behavioral change is central to the Administrator's goals
to take action on climate change and improve air quality. Effective approaches to decrease
vehicle miles traveled, for example, will advance both goals.
Are the changes since the FY 2012 enacted budget appropriate, taking into consideration overall
resources, FTEs, and intramural and extramural resources?
Given resource constraints, the Air, Climate and Energy program is attempting to accomplish
important work efficiently, leveraging other resources and partnerships. There is a 7.2 percent
increase in total resources from the FY 2012 enacted budget to $105.9M in the FY 2013
President's budget request, relative to 1.4 percent overall increase in entire ORD budget. There is
6

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an increase in person-years of 0.5 percent to 308.4 FTEs in the FY 2013 President's budget
request, relative to the FY 2012 enacted budget.
The requested modest increase in Clean Air funds (6.0 percent increase from the FY 2012
enacted budget to $82.9M in the FY 2013 President's budget request) is needed. It is required to
provide the scientific and methodological basis for moving to multi-pollutant approaches and the
research supporting a shift toward less expensive alternative approaches to monitoring air
quality, two important activities. The requested investment of $3.76M in research on hydraulic
fracturing impacts on air quality is appropriate. This research is needed so that the EPA can
provide science to support decisions made by policy makers and practitioners. Since the use of
this technology is proceeding rapidly, the EPA should ensure that sufficient funds are devoted to
lay the foundation of the science needed to evaluate the effects of this new technology and
inform possible future risk management decisions.
While the percent increase for Global Change is relatively large (10.9 percent), the absolute
amount of the budget ($20.3M, or about five percent of the ORD budget) is low relative to the
magnitude of the problem and the EPA's role under the Endangerment Finding and relative to all
the other ORD programs.
EPA has provided a sufficient rationale for eliminating several programs (e.g., the Mercury
Research Program, fluid modeling facility) and significantly reducing others (e.g., development
of exposure assessment tools, which will be integrated into larger efforts, such as multi-pollutant
health studies and fieldwork to characterize emissions and exposure to key sources of air
pollution).
Are there well-defined objectives/work products for next year's budget? Can these
objectives/work products be achieved with the given resources?
The President's Budget identifies a number of important objectives and work products for FY
2013. These appear achievable with the proposed budget based on the limited information
provided to the SAB. The objectives and work products are well defined but, in some instances,
they could be more specific, for example, in the development of information and tools to help
communities address impacts of climate change on air and water quality. In other instances, there
is a need for information in the President's Budget to correspond more clearly with the strategic
research action plan.
Are there opportunities to leverage the EPA resources with other resources, particularly federal
resources?
The SAB supports the ORD's use of systematic, clearly identified mechanisms to foster
collaboration across ORD programs. Such mechanisms are critical to encourage system-wide
approaches. The majority of Air, Climate and Energy activities lend themselves to systems
approaches and to collaboration across ORD programs (e.g., the multi-pollutant approach
requires collaboration with the Human Health Risk Assessment, Safe and Sustainable Water
Resources and Sustainable and Healthy Communities and life-cycle analysis of different energy
options requires collaboration with all ORD programs).
7

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EPA is aware of the many existing opportunities to leverage other federal resources in the areas
of air pollution, climate change and energy, and is actively engaged in efforts to coordinate and
maximize impact, including collaboration with the National Institute of Environmental Health
Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Department of Energy, Federal Highway
Administration, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the U.S. Global Change
Research Program.
Because cook stove emissions worldwide have significant impacts on both human health and
climate change, the SAB commends ORD's efforts to leverage public and private resources
through its active involvement in the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves. In addition, because
cook stove emissions may differ during use in different geographical and cultural contexts and
adoption of cook stove technology is critical for the success of this intervention, the EPA should
consider the suggestion by SAB last year that the Air, Climate and Energy program engage
science and engineering graduate students in the Peace Corps Master's International programs in
its cook stove work. The SAB advises the program to build on an existing 2010 Memorandum of
Understanding between the EPA and the Peace Corps.
3.2. Safe and Sustainable Water Resources
ORD's strategic research action plan for Safe and Sustainable Water Resources (U.S. EPA
2012e) identifies the following problem statement, vision, and policy relevant research themes.
Table 3 provides an overview of the requested budget for the program.
Safe and Sustainable Water Resources: problem statement, vision and themes
Problem statement: Increasing demands for sources of clean water combined with changing land use practices,
growth, aging infrastructure, and climate change and variability, pose significant threats to the Nation's water
resources. Failure to manage our Nation's waters in an integrated, sustainable manner will limit economic
prosperity and jeopardize both human and aquatic ecosystem health.
Vision: SSWR uses an integrated, systems approach to research for the identification and development of the
scientific, technological and behavioral innovations needed to ensure clean, adequate and equitable supplies of
water that support human well-being and resilient aquatic ecosystems.
Policv-relevant research themes:
•	Sustainable water resources - Ensure safe and sustainable water quality and availability to protect
human and ecosystem health by integrating social, economic and environmental research for use in
protecting and restoring water resources and their designated uses (e.g., drinking water, aquatic life,
recreation, industrial processes) on a watershed scale.
•	Sustainable water infrastructure systems - ensure that water of sufficient quality is available to meet
human uses and needs and maintain resilient aquatic ecosystems.
8

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Table 3. Budget overview for the Safe and Sustainable Water Resources Program
Dollar totals may not add exactly due to rounding.
Program/Project
FY 20111-
SM
actuals
FTE
FY 2012
SM
Enacted
FTE
FY 2
President'
SM
013
s Budget
FTE
Chan
2012
SM
ge from
to 2013
FTE
Drinking Water
$50.9

$50.2

$51.6

$1.5

Water Quality
$66.6

$63.3

$69.5

$6.3

Safe & Sustainable Water Resources
Research Totals
$117.5
435.7
$113.5
436.3
$121.2
443.5
$7.7
7.2
How well will the requested budget permit the EPA to advance its strategic research directions
as reflected in the Safe and Sustainable Water Resources Strategic Research Action Plan and the
priorities identified in the President's Budget? Are there any areas where the EPA should
increase investments or reduce investments, based on demonstrated accomplishments or clearly
identified needs?
In the strategic research action plan for Safe and Sustainable Water Resources (U.S. EPA
2013e), ORD identifies seven issue areas2 that impact water resources and build the foundation
for the research approach. The program encompasses two broad, interrelated research themes:
Sustainable Water Resources and Sustainable Water Infrastructure Systems. Each theme is then
mapped to priority science questions. The SAB is impressed with the breadth of interactions in
developing these research priorities. Input was considered from EPA scientists, EPA regions, the
EPA's Office of Water, other federal programs, as well as other stakeholders across water
associations, utilities, water research foundations, environmental groups, tribes, industry and
state agencies.
The requested allocation of funds within the Safe and Sustainable Water program is appropriate.
The increase of $4.3M to investigate the impacts of hydraulic fracturing within the Safe and
Sustainable Water Resources programs complements the research investment related to hydraulic
fracturing in the Air, Climate and Energy program. This prioritization is consistent with
comments from the SAB and fosters collaboration and crosscutting research among ORD
programs. The requested increase of $2.0M for a Southern New England Program for Innovative
Estuarine Approaches (identified in the FY 2013 EPA Budget in Brief as the Center for
Innovative Estuarine Approaches) and the requested increase of $1.8M for regional projects and
research to monitor and understand the benefits of existing integrated natural, green and grey
infrastructure are important. The estuary program involves a partnership with EPA Region 1
where the science is being designed to integrate with specific decision needs. Research on
comparing different water infrastructures is important for optimizing sustainable water
infrastructure.
The decision to reduce funding for the Beaches Program reflects completed efforts to support a
legally mandated criteria document. ORD reports that separate resources will be designated for
2 Increasing demand for sources of clean water; changing land use practices; growth; aging infrastructure; increasing
energy and food demands; increasing chemicals in commerce, and climate variability and change
9

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conducting research on microorganisms. Some of these resources include developing indicator
methods that can be used in monitoring exposure in ambient and drinking water resources.
The prioritization and allocation of resources in the requested budget are strategic and map well
to the problem statement and expected research outcomes listed in the strategic research action
plan. The Safe and Sustainable Water Resources program must prioritize research that addresses
the impacts on water quality of increasing demand for clean water sources, changing land use
practices and aging infrastructure. Although strong consideration of crosscutting areas such as
hydraulic fracturing is important, ORD also should support research on monitoring and emerging
contaminants such as endocrine disruptors and pharmaceutical compounds.
Water reuse is a priority research area that is mentioned both in the strategic research action plan
and in the President's Budget for ORD. However, it is not clear from the budget information
provided to the SAB whether there is funding to support research for this priority area. The EPA
recently co-sponsored a study by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) on water reuse (NAS
2012). The NAS report outlines 14 research priorities for water reuse for the EPA to consider in
budget planning. Although other groups are active in the area of water reuse (e.g., WateReuse
Association and WateReuse Foundation), there is a need for scientific leadership from federal
agencies, especially in the area of research on the potential health impacts associated with reuse
of municipal wastewater and graywater. While there are already significant resources and
leadership provided in the area of water reuse by state agencies, professional associations, and
the practitioner community in and outside the United States, there is a need for leadership on
public health issues associated with water reuse. The EPA is in a unique position to partner with
federal agencies such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to address critical
research needs related to assessing and reducing potential health risks that may be associated
with using reclaimed water. Accordingly, the SAB advises EPA to devote meaningful resources
to this priority and assume a strategic leadership role appropriate for its mission to protect human
health and the environment.
SAB strongly supports the use of a systems-based approach to nutrient management as described
in the President's Budget. Such a systems approach should include investments in research on
human systems as well as natural systems. It is not clear from materials provided to the SAB
whether the requested budget for nutrient research includes social, behavioral and decision
sciences research on understanding the behavior of people and larger human systems, and
designing and implementing new institutional approaches, such as nutrient trades and nutrient
markets. Such research is especially significant given the importance of non-point pollution and
the need to develop effective, innovative mechanisms and institutions for prevention and control.
Overall, the requested level of funding for the Safe and Sustainable Water Resource program
will enable the program to reach its prioritized research goals.
Are the changes since the FY 2012 enacted budget appropriate, taking into consideration overall
resources, FTEs, and intramural and extramural resources?
There is a 6.8 percent increase in total resources from the FY 2012 enacted budget to $121.2M in
the FY 2013 President's budget request. The President's Budget also requests an increase of 6.2
10

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FTE over the FY 2012 enacted for a total of 443.5 FTE in the FY 2013 President's budget
request.
The overall increase is appropriate, especially given the difficult current economic environment.
The Safe and Sustainable Water Resources program represents a merger of mature and effective
water research programs with a strong history of conducting good science, and delivering
important information in a timely manner. Specific allocation of resources to support hydraulic
fracturing, ecosystem research and green infrastructure is appropriate.
Are there well-defined objectives/work products for next year's budget? Can these
objectives/work products be achieved with the given resources?
The strategic research action plan for the Safe and Sustainable Water Resources program is
noteworthy for the clarity of outcomes related to science questions presented in the Table of
Outputs and Outcomes. This table is designed around the two overarching themes and seven
science questions related to these themes. It presents a comprehensive roadmap of about 50 of
the outputs and expected outcomes, i.e., the expected results or consequences that a partner or
stakeholder will be able to accomplish due to ORD research. This table covers the period 2012
through 2017. These should be achievable with the proposed budget.
Are there opportunities to leverage the EPA resources with other resources, particularly federal
resources?
The EPA has made a major shift in its operational culture/philosophy, first by consolidating
programs and second by making a strong commitment to engage in collaborative and partnering
research, both among its programs, and with other federal agencies. The strategic research action
plan for the Safe and Sustainable Water Resources program documents the program's strong
efforts to actively engage other federal agencies in these collaborative and partnering ventures.
The SAB would appreciate some indication of management and budget implications of
collaborations, both within the EPA and with other federal agencies.
ORD's Net Zero work highlights two issues related to sustainability: water reuse and energy
consumption. This program involves collaboration with the Department of Defense to pilot
technologies useful to communities. ORD should continue to build such partnerships and should
reach out to agencies such as the Bureau of Land Management, professional societies and
utilities that have existing activities and expertise in this area.
3.3. Sustainable and Healthy Communities
ORD's strategic research action plan for Sustainable and Healthy Communities (U.S. EPA
2012g) identifies the following problem statement, vision, and policy relevant research themes.
Table 4 provides an overview of the requested budget for the program.
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Sustainable and Healthy Communities: problem statement, vision and themes
Problem statement: Communities make social, economic, and environmental trade-offs in a resource-constrained
world. These trade-offs are often not well characterized in terms of the implications and interactions between
human health, ecosystem services, economic vitality, and social equity. Conventional decision-making often does
not adequately characterize these complex interactions.
Vision: The Sustainable and Healthy Communities Research Program (SHC) will inform and empower decision-
makers in communities, as well as in federal, state and tribal community-driven programs, to effectively and
equitably weigh and integrate human health, socio-economic, environmental, and ecological factors into their
decisions in a way that fosters community sustainability.
Policy-relevant research themes:
•	Data and Tools to Support Community Decisions: data, methods, and indicators, spatial analyses, and
decision tools to assist communities in developing effective approaches to achieve their sustainability
goals.
•	Forecasting and Assessing Ecological and Community Health: information and methods to help
communities assess how the natural and built environments affect the health and well being of residents
and to identify sound and sustainable management options.
•	Implementing Near-Term Approaches to Sustainable Solutions: methods and guidance to address
existing sources of land and groundwater contamination that advance innovative approaches to reduce
new sources of contamination and enable the recovery of energy, materials, and nutrients from existing
waste streams. This research provides scientific support to EPA program and regional offices, states and
tribes.
•	Integrated Solutions for Sustainable Outcomes: will assess the state of the art for sustainable practices
for four high-priority community decision areas with environmental impacts: waste and materials
management; infrastructure, including energy and water; transportation options; and planning and
zoning for buildings and land use. It will use whole-system modeling to integrate these four areas to
better achieve outcomes with multiple benefits and to develop and test methods to estimate the Total
Resource Impacts and Outcomes of alternate decisions (TRIO methods).
Table 4.: Budget overview for the Sustainable and Healthy Communities Program
Dollar totals may not add exactly due to rounding.
Program/Project
FY 20111
SM
Actuals
FTE
FY 2012
SM
Enacted
FTE
FY 2(
Presid
Budc
SM
)13
snt's
let
FTE
Chan
2012
SM
ge from
to 2013
FTE
Human Health
$52.9

$45.3

$44.5

($0.8)

Ecosystems
$68.7

$60.8

$60.2

($0.6)

Other research budgeted in the Science
and Technology account*
$70.8

$64.1

$60.5

($3.6)

Other research budgeted in non Science
& Technology accounts
$23.1

$18.7

$18.9

$0.2

Sustainable & Healthy Communities
Research (Totals)
$215.5
633.4
$188.9
612.7
$184.1
620.9
($4.8)
8.2
*FY 2012 and FY 2013 do not include $0.5M for conferencing activities management out of the Office of the Chief Financial Officer.
12

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How well will the requested budget permit the EPA to advance its strategic research directions
as reflected in SHC Strategic Research Action Plan and the priorities identified in the
President's Budget? Are there any areas where the EPA should increase investments or reduce
investments, based on demonstrated accomplishments or clearly identified needs?
The President's requested FY 2013 budget identifies a reduction of 2.5 percent from the FY 2012
enacted budget to $184.1M. The President's Budget also requests an increase of 8.2 FTE over
the FY 2012 enacted for a total of 620.9 in the FY 2013 President's budget request.
This innovative transdisciplinary program has an ambitious mission and requires sustained
funding to be successful. Reductions of any size, however small, limit its success. Within the
constraints of the FY 2013 budget, the Sustainable and Healthy Communities Program will be
able to achieve the goals of the strategic plan only if it is able effectively to integrate work with
the other ORD programs in the many areas where their goals and tasks are interdependent.
Tracking nutrient flows (e.g., through the nitrogen cascade) is just one example of a complex
goal that will require efforts from many other programs and agencies. In many cases, the
Sustainable and Healthy Communities program will take the lead in cross-program
collaborations, and this cannot be accomplished without some cost. A concern is that integration
and collaboration across programs is not explicitly identified among the tasks in the strategic
plan and the cost of these activities does not seem to be specifically called out in the budget.
True cross-program integration of scientific activities along with sharing of data can only take
place when goals such as water and air quality for communities and ecosystems are planned in
concert with other appropriate ORD programs, laboratories and research facilities, as well as
relevant EPA offices and other federal and state agencies. Effective and efficient integration can
leverage limited and declining budgets to accomplish the important and challenging tasks set out
for the Sustainable and Healthy Communities program. But making that happen is not free.
ORD has identified that all ORD ecosystem research funds are contained within the Sustainable
and Health Communities program. The President's FY 2013 budget request for $60.2M for
ecosystem research represents an essentially flat budget, as compared to the FY 2012 enacted
budget. Taking a longer perspective, however, the President's FY 2013 budget request for
ecosystem research represents only 58 percent of the FY 2000 enacted budget. The proposed
reduction provides inadequate funding for research that supports multiple EPA regulatory
programs and that the SAB has characterized as transdisciplinary with the "potential to be
transformative for environmental decision making" (U.S. EPA SAB 2009). Ecosystem services
research is critical for understanding the ways in which policy and management choices affect
the type, quality and magnitude of the goods and services that ecosystems provide to sustain
human well-being. Furthermore, these cuts jeopardize EPA's sustainability research program
efforts.
Are the changes since the FY 2012 enacted budget appropriate, taking into consideration overall
resources, FTEs, and intramural and extramural resources?
There are no major changes since the FY 2012 enacted budget, but the success of this program
depends on greater ORD commitment of resources to integrated transdisciplinary research,
community-based research and ecosystem research.
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Are there well-defined objectives/work products for next year's budget? Can these
objectives/work products be achieved with the given resources?
The strategic research action plan for the Sustainable and Healthy Communities program
provides detailed plans and outputs for FY 2013 associated with the program themes presented in
the text box at the beginning of this section. While a detailed breakdown of resources was not
provided at this level of analysis, rough indications for levels of effort were provided, ranking
Theme 2 (Forecasting and Assessing Ecological and Community Health) as the highest, followed
by Theme 3 (Implementing Near-Term Approaches to Sustainable Solutions) and Theme 1 (Data
and Tools to Support Community Decisions), with Theme 4 (Integrated Solutions for Sustainable
Outcomes) generally receiving the lowest proportion of FY 2013 resources. Theme 2 is clearly at
the core of the program and central to the EPA mission of protecting human health and the
environment. The activities planned under Theme 2 will be challenging and likely to be in high
demand across the Agency now and well into the future. Theme 3 has the largest number of
specified outputs for FY 2013, many of which are in direct response to program office and other
agency needs for science to support current and near-term regulatory activities. Themes 1 and 4
both involve newer research directions where methods and data are being developed as a
foundation for future research. In sum, the general allocation of resources across research themes
within the program for FY 2013 seems to be appropriate and well justified.
The strategic research plan identifies numerous important outputs to address the agency's
concerns for children's health and environmental justice (Theme 2, Topic 2.2 identifies
"Enhancing Children's Health" and "Securing and Sustaining Environmental Justice" as
subtopics with multiple expected outputs). However, all of these outputs indicate multi-year time
horizons (e.g., from FY 201 lto FY 2016), making it difficult to determine what activities are to
be funded by the FY 2013 budget. It will be important for the Sustainable and Healthy
Communities program to determine and report annual milestones for these and other multi-year
activities so that progress can be effectively tracked and evaluated.
Are there opportunities to leverage the EPA resources with other resources, particularly federal
resources?
The strategic research action plan for this program identifies a number of important
collaborations and partnership agreements with other Federal agencies; including the
U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration. Along with several other ORD programs, the Sustainable and
Healthy Communities program will partner with the Department of the Army in the Net Zero
Initiative, specifically to develop and demonstrate innovative waste management technologies,
consistent with the Sustainable and Healthy Community's goals related to waste and materials
management. Such collaborations between federal agencies increase efficiency and should
continue to be encouraged.
3.4. Chemical Safety for Sustainability
ORD's strategic research action plan for Chemical Safety for Sustainability (U.S. EPA 2012b)
identifies the following problem statement, vision, and policy relevant research themes. Table 5
provides an overview of the requested budget for the program.
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Chemical Safety for Sustainability: problem statement, vision and themes
Problem statement: Although chemicals are essential to modern life, we lack innovative, systematic, effective,
and efficient approaches and tools to inform decisions that reduce the environmental and societal impacts of
chemicals while increasing economic value.
Vision: EPA science will lead the sustainable development, use, and assessment of chemicals by developing
and applying integrated chemical evaluation strategies and decision support tools.
Policv-relevant research themes:
The CSS program identified three research areas (developing the scientific knowledge, tools, and models
needed to conduct integrated, timely, and efficient chemical evaluations; improving methods for assessment
and informing management for chemical safety and sustainability; and providing targeted high-priority
research solutions for immediate and focused attention). The program also identified eight research themes:
•	Inherency
•	Systems Models
•	Biomarkers
•	Cumulative Risk
•	Life Cycle Considerations
•	Extrapolation
•	Dashboards
•	Evaluation
Table 5. Budget overview for the Chemical Safety for Sustainability Program
Dollar totals may not add exactly due to rounding.
Program/Project
FY 2011
SM
Actuals
FTE
FY 2012
SM
Enacted
FTE
fy;
Presic
Buc
SM
!013
lent's
get
FTE
Chang
20121
SM
efrom
s 2013
FTE
Endocrine Disruptors
$10.7

$16.9

$16.3

($0.6)

Computational Toxicology
$22.4

$21.2

$21.3

$0.1

Other Research
$52.1

$53.7

$56.7

$3.0

Chemical Safety for Sustainability Research
(Totals)
$85.2
284.1
$91.7
291.2
$94.2
293.5
$2.5
2.3
How well will the requested budget permit the EPA to advance its strategic research directions
as reflected in Chemical Safety for Sustainability Strategic Research Action Plan and the
priorities identified in the President's Budget? Are there any areas where the EPA should
increase investments or reduce investments, based on demonstrated accomplishments or clearly
identified needs?
The requested budget will allow the EPA to advance its strategic research directions. Given the
current fiscal climate, the President's budget request for a 2.7 percent increase from the FY 2012
enacted budget to $94.2M in FY 2013 seems reasonable. The President's Budget also requests an
15

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increase of 2.3 FTE over the FY 2012 enacted for a total of 293.5 FTE in the FY 2013
President's budget request. This research program is critical to the EPA's core mission, which
requires evaluation of the potential impacts on human health and the environment of thousands
of chemicals in existence and being developed. Computational toxicology and predicted
inherency (i.e., the physical, chemical and biological properties of a chemical that influence
exposure, effects and sustainability) may facilitate a move away from animal testing and its
associated financial costs and ethical concerns. This research program also can advance two
other priorities: cumulative risk assessment, through research on chemical mixtures, and
sustainability, through identifying chemicals with safer or more sustainable properties.
Are the changes since the FY 2012 enacted budget appropriate, taking into consideration overall
resources, FTEs, and intramural and extramural resources?
Within the requested budget for this program, the changes from the FY 2012 enacted budget
appear reasonable and reflect informed trade-offs across research activities. The SAB supports
the requested increase of $4.1M for sustainable molecular design. ORD and the Chemical Safety
for Sustainability program in particular have a major role in sustainability research. Because this
program area has high visibility and importance, delivering products of well-conducted research
on a timely basis is critical and should help both private and public entities move towards
sustainability. Sustainable molecular design research also will provide results that support other
ORD research outputs.
One significant reduction within this research program in the President's FY2013 requested
budget is a reduction of $0.6M for nanomaterial properties. ORD identified its current primary
role in nanotechnology as identifying the fate of nanomaterials in the environment, an important
niche for EPA given that other federal agencies are funding development of nanotechnology
applications. The Chemical Safety for Sustainability program is also undertaking research on
acute toxicity testing of nanomaterials and mechanisms of action. Understanding these properties
of nanomaterials is needed for evaluating ecosystem and public health risks. The program's
recent accomplishments for nanotechnology include assessing the impact of nano cerium-doped
diesel emissions on an air shed, providing studies to support program office decisions about
registering products containing silver nano particles, and the results of using bimetallic
nanomaterials for the in situ treatment of poly-chlorinated biphenyls. The need for such
assessments is likely to become greater as the use and production of nanomaterials increases. If
requests for research on nanomaterials increase or if the research generated by the Chemical
Safety for Sustainability program identifies public health or ecosystem concerns from
nanomaterials, significant increases in resources beyond the level requested in the President's
Budget are likely to be necessary for this program area.
Although the Chemical Safety for Sustainability program will have continued investments in
extramural and intramural exposure research related to endocrine-disruptive chemicals, the
President's Budget also identifies a reduction of $0.7M for efforts to evaluate real world
exposures to endocrine disrupting chemicals for humans and wildlife. This research, if fully
funded, would provide key information on their toxicity and chemical properties for use in risk
assessment. Reduced resources in this area will delay research outputs. Such delays are
regrettable but understandable given the fiscal climate.
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Are there well-defined objectives/workproducts for next year's budget? Can these
objectives/work products be achieved with the given resources?
There is one output identified in the strategic research action plan for FY 2012 (Approaches for
standardized testing of nanomaterials) and three outputs identified for FY 2013: (1) Prioritization
of regulatory chemical inventories based on in vitro molecular signatures (patterns of response)
for endpoints of cancer, developmental toxicity, reproductive toxicity; (2) Quantify acute toxicity
of selected nanomaterials; and (3) Data, methods, and science to inform PCB exposure and
mitigate risk to children to support EPA regional decisions. Assuming the FY 2012 outputs are
completed on schedule, the requested resources for FY 2013 should be sufficient.
It is less clear if the resources are sufficient to complete progress towards all the outputs
identified in the strategic research action plan. The Chemical Safety for Sustainability program
has 107 outputs scheduled to be completed by FY 2017. Seventy-eight (73 percent) is to be
completed in FY 2016. These are ambitious targets, but the program seems to have processes in
place to consider the needs of its partners and customers, to monitor progress and to identify
scientific, management, or resource issues that may hinder the successful completion of these
outputs.
Two well-defined outputs that merit special commendation are related to Theme 7 (Dashboards)
and Theme 8 (Evaluation). The strategic research action plan describes dashboards as interactive
websites that "provide partners with accessible, useful graphical depictions of all available
chemical data (e.g., information and studies) related to the user's specific queries to help answer
the chemical-related question." The evaluation theme identifies the following desired outcomes:
"initial and follow up Pro forma surveys of program office, regional and external partners" and
"A program office and regional partners outreach and engagement plan." The SAB commends
the Chemical Safety for Sustainability program for these themes, which respond to the SAB and
ORD Board of Scientific Counselors' concerns (U.S. EPA SAB 201 la, 201 lb) that "there is no
proactive budget initiative to develop ways of employing the results of the CSS program,
including high throughput data, into hazard or risk assessment."
Activities related to these themes are important to the success of the Chemical Safety for
Sustainability program. The SAB welcomes additional detail about these activities at future
discussions of ORD strategic research directions. Of special interest is the design of Dashboards
being developed for intended users and the information in the strategic research action plan does
not describe them in detail. Will the Dashboards include data from new approaches for
developing toxicity information, including new information related to chemical/physical
properties related to "inherency"? How will the quality or accuracy of those data be
characterized? How will Dashboards be made available to clients and stakeholders, other federal
agencies, states and territories, academia, and the general public? These questions are of special
interest to the SAB and have budget implications.
17

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Are there opportunities to leverage the EPA resources with other resources, particularly federal
resources?
The Chemical Safety for Sustainability program appears to be coordinating and partnering within
the EPA and other federal agencies as well as other public and private entities. The SAB advises
the program to continue and expand this coordination and leveraging of resources at every
opportunity.
3.5. Human Health Risk Assessment
ORD's strategic research action plan for Human Health Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA 2012d)
identifies the following problem statement, vision, and policy relevant research themes. Table 6
provides an overview of the requested budget for this program.
Human Health Risk Assessment: problem statement, vision and themes
Problem statement: EPA's decisions must be based on scientifically defensible evaluations of data that are
relevant to assessing human health impacts. The current demand for human health assessments of individual
chemicals and chemical mixtures is not being fully met.
Vision: The HHRA research program will generate timely, credible human health assessments of individual
chemicals and chemical mixtures to support priority EPA risk management decisions, thereby enabling EPA to
better predict and prevent risk.
Policy-relevant research themes:
•	Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) health hazard and dose-response assessments;
•	Integrated Science Assessments (ISAs) of criteria air pollutants;
•	Community Risk and Technical Support (CRTS) for exposure and health assessments; and
•	Modernizing Risk Assessment Methods (Methods).
Table 6. Budget overview for the Human Health Risk Assessment Program
Dollar totals may not add exactly due to rounding.
Program/Project
FY 2011
$M
Actuals
FTE
FY 2012
SM
Enacted
FTE
FY 2(
Preside
Budc
SM
113
jnt's
let
FTE
Cha
201,
SM
nge from
Mo 2013
FTE
Human Health Risk Assessment (Science
and Technology account)
$46.1

$39.6

$40.5

$0.9

Human Health Risk Assessment (Non
Science and Technology account)
$3.7

$3.3

$3.3

0

Human Health Risk Assessment Totals
$49.9
196.6
$42.9
193.4
$43.8
195.9
$0.9
2.5
18

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How well will the requested budget permit the EPA to advance its strategic research directions
as reflected in HHRA Strategic Research Action Plan and the priorities identified in the
President's Budget? Are there any areas where the EPA should increase investments or reduce
investments, based on demonstrated accomplishments or clearly identified needs?
The President's Budget requests a 2 percent increase from the FY 2012 enacted budget to
$43.8M in FY 2013 and 2.5 additional FTEs. The requested 2013 budget allows ORD to
maintain its strategic directions but not to address upcoming issues. The last two years have seen
relatively flat budgets for this program, although more work is expected, given the need to
incorporate expected outputs from the Chemical Safety and Sustainability Program. The SAB
has emphasized the need to invest in modernizing the human health risk assessment approach to
move beyond the one-pollutant-at-a-time framework (U.S. EPA 201 lb). It is encouraging to see
that the President's Budget addresses the issue of chemical mixtures and multi-pollutant
assessment approaches, however, it is unclear how innovation and modernization of the risk
assessment program will be achieved. The complex computational toxicology and Tox21 tools
ultimately will need to be applied by the Human Health Risk Assessment program. Streamlining
of the Integrated Risk Information System process will bring some efficiency, but given the
limited information provided to the SAB, it is difficult to assess whether the modernization effort
will get the attention it warrants. As the SAB noted in the budget review last year, such
modernization is critically important. A tight partnership between the Human Health Risk
Assessment program and the Chemical Safety for Sustainability program is necessary for success
in this effort.
Are the changes since the FY 2012 enacted budget appropriate, taking into consideration overall
resources, FTEs, and intramural and extramural resources?
The Human Health Risk Assessment program makes key contributions to the EPA's strategic
goals, but requested funding would be reduced for some activities. These reductions may cause
delays in final products. There would be a $0.3M reduction for generating Integrated Science
Assessments supporting National Ambient Air Quality Standard reviews, including the multi-
pollutant Integrated Science Assessment for nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides and a $0.4M
reduction for methods and model development. Because some of the wording in the strategic
research action plans and President's Budget is vague, it is not clear whether some initiatives are
in need of additional funds or how much flexibility there is to address emerging risk assessment
issues.
The continual monitoring and compilation of the literature on human health and ecological
effects through the Health and Environmental Research Online (HERO) project should provide a
mechanism to ensure that the EPA is aware of major findings that would have a substantial effect
on the standard-setting process.
19

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Are there well-defined objectives/work products for next year's budget? Can these
objectives/work products be achieved with the given resources?
The objectives for this program are focused and limited, but significant. There are well-defined
work products for FY 2013 for the Integrated Risk Information System and Integrated Science
Assessments. The basic work can continue with the current budget, but it is not clear how new
work (e.g., on chemical mixtures) can be initiated with a flat budget. Products for risk
assessment modernization are less clear, and as a result, this work could be neglected as
deadlines for other products lead to those activities receiving more attention. Furthermore, it is
not clear how the Human Health Risk Risk Assessment program will incorporate the findings
from the Chemical Safety for Sustainability program into risk assessments. This new activity
may be expensive initially. Given the flat budget and no shortage of chemicals to assess, the
SAB is concerned that the more innovative work on multiple chemicals and high throughput
analysis results will suffer.
Are there opportunities to leverage the EPA resources with other resources, particularly federal
resources?
As noted above, the partnership with the Chemical Safety for Sustainability program needs to be
very tight and there is also a need to coordinate closely with the Air, Climate and Energy
program regarding Integrated Science Assessments supporting National Ambient Air Quality
Standards. The Human Health Risk Assessment program needs fluid collaboration and
interactions with each of the other ORD programs. This should be a prime example of the
implementation of systems thinking at ORD. There may also be opportunities for closer
partnerships between the Human Health Risk Assessment program and Homeland Security in
developing chemical assessments.
The SAB recommends that ORD explore opportunities to work more collaboratively with the
Food and Drug Administration and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to accelerate
development of Integration Risk Information System assessments.
3.6. Homeland Security
ORD's strategic research action plan for Homeland Security (U.S. EPA 2012c) identifies the
mission and policy relevant research themes. The strategic research action plan did not provide a
problem statement and vision. Table 7 provides an overview of the requested budget for this
program.
20

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Homeland Security: mission and themes
Mission: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has a responsibility to help communities prepare for
and recover from disasters, including acts of terrorism. EPA's role includes helping to protect water systems from
attack, assisting water utilities to build contamination warning and mitigation systems, and leading remediation
of contaminated indoor and outdoor settings and water infrastructure. Critical science gaps exist in all these
areas. EPA's Homeland Security Research Program (HSRP) was established to conduct applied research and
provide technical support that increases the capability of EPA to achieve its homeland security responsibilities.
The HSRP helps build systems-based solutions by working with Agency partners to plan, implement and deliver
useful science and technology products.
Policy-relevant research themes:
•	Securing and Sustaining Water Systems;
•	Characterizing Contamination and Determining Risk; and
•	Remediating Indoor and Outdoor Environments.
Table 7. Budget overview for the Homeland Security Program
ORD actuals are unavailable in source document
(Budget in Brief}, so enacted totals are noted here.
Program/Project
FY 2011
SM
Enacted
FTE
FY 2012
SM
Enacted
FTE
F\
Preside
SM
'2013
it's Budget
FTE
Chan
2012
SM
ge from
to 2013
FTE
Homeland Security
$26.7
64.3
$26.6
64.1
$26.4
64.7
-$0.2
0.6
How well will the requested budget permit the EPA to advance its strategic research directions
as reflected in the Homeland Security Strategic Research Action Plan and the priorities
identified in the President's Budget? Are there any areas where the EPA should increase
investments or reduce investments, based on demonstrated accomplishments or clearly identified
needs?
The President's budget request identifies a 0.1 percent reduction from the FY 2012 enacted
budget to $26.4M in FY 2013 and 0.7 additional FTEs. This represents an essentially flat budget.
The requested budget will permit the EPA to advance much of the strategic research identified in
the strategic plan but not to reposition the program to address key questions relating to
sustainability and Homeland Security.
The President's Budget narrative states that the Homeland Security Research Program will re-
envision research so that science products have application to a broad set of disasters that could
be related to terrorism, the result of accidents, or natural disasters. The strategic research action
plan and research investments primarily focus on "remediation science." This focus on
remediation science has been at the expense of research to reposition the Homeland Security
program towards developing science to support resilient infrastructure and to help communities
better adapt to extreme perturbations caused by disasters. Budget cuts make developing this
science a more difficult challenge.
21

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Dissemination of knowledge and products to the states and communities should remain a high
priority for the Homeland Security program. However, no information was provided on specific
allocation of resources to this effort.
Are the changes since the FY 2012 enacted budget appropriate, taking into consideration overall
resources, FTEs, and intramural and extramural resources?
The President's Budget identifies a reduction of $0.35M in decontamination research, which is
appropriate considering the maturation of this research effort. In contrast, though the water
quality program has demonstrated an ability to produce quality and useful products for users, the
President's Budget only identifies an increase of $0.16M for the water security program and an
increase of only 1.1 FTE.
Are there well-defined objectives/work products for next year's budget? Can these
objectives/work products be achieved with the given resources?
The President's Budget identifies a number of important objectives and outputs for FY 2013,
principally related to decontamination and water infrastructure research. These are achievable
given the historical successes of the Homeland Security program and the requested budget, based
on the limited information provided. The President's Budget, however, does mention that the
Homeland Security program will focus on research to address managing large volumes of
contaminated food and agricultural wastes and the need to sample and analyze this waste. The
SAB cautions that taking on additional responsibilities at a time that the Homeland Security
program is experiencing budget reductions requires careful management attention. This new
activity should be leveraged with resources from agencies such as U.S. Department of
Agriculture and the Food and Drug Administration.
Are there opportunities to leverage the EPA resources with other resources, particularly federal
resources?
The disaster-response research community has investigated the question of resilient communities
from a social science perspective (United Nations 2007; Morrow 2008; Norris 2010; Twigg
2009). The SAB advises the Homeland Security program to engage with that group of research
scholars, the governmental (e.g., the Federal Emergency Management Agency),
nongovernmental entities (e.g., Community and Regional Resilience Institute), and others,
making use of their findings.
The SAB commends the Homeland Security program for its existing partnerships with the
Department of Homeland Security and Department of Defense and other organizations to
leverage resources. The Homeland Security program should build on these strong partnerships
by prioritizing methods to disseminate relevant knowledge generated by these partner
organizations to users more closely affiliated with the EPA.
3.7. Economics and Decision Sciences
The Office of Policy did not provide to the SAB a strategic research action plan for the
Economics and Decision Sciences research program. Instead, it provided the mission statements
22

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below and a program overview that identified activities of the program. Table 8 provides an
overview of the requested budget for this program.
NCEE and the Economics and Decision Sciences Research Program
NCEE Mission: The mission of EPA's National Center for Environmental Economics (NCEE) is to contribute to
better environmental decision-making by advancing the theory and practice of economics and risk analysis within
the Agency. NCEE achieves its research mission by conducting, supporting, and applying research in
environmental economics and environmental science, with a focus on human and ecosystem health; and
improving economic analysis and risk assessment by identifying better ways to link the social and natural
sciences.
Economics and Decision Sciences Program: The STAR Economics and Decision Sciences (EDS) research
program supports research by external social scientists that environmental decision-makers can use in real-world
situations. The EDS program assists EPA in estimating costs and benefits of proposed actions, identifies costs
savings of non-regulatory approaches, and assists in optimizing the use of its enforcement compliance resources.
Table 8. Budget overview of the Economics and Decision Sciences Program


FY 2007
Enacted
SM
FY 2008
Enacted
SM
FY 2009
Enacted
SM
FY 2010
Enacted
SM
FY 2011
Enacted
SM
2012
(estimate)
SM
FY 2013
President's
Budget
SM
(a)
EDS-
extramural $
$2.3#
-
-
$1.2
$0.5
-
$1.0
(b)
NCEE -
research,
funded with
extramural $
$0.2
$0.7
$0.2
$0.6
$1.9
TBD
$2.0
(c) =
(a+b)
Extramural
research -
Subtotal
$2.5
$0.7
$0.2
$1.8
$2.4
TBD
$3.0
(d)
NCEE other
program
support (non-
research),
funding with
extramural $
$2.7
$1.6
$1.3
$2.0
$1.0
TBD
$2.0
(c+d)
Total
$5.2
$2.3
$1.5
$3.8
$3.4
TBD
$5.0

NCEE staff (#
FTEs)*
35 FTEs
38 FTEs
36 FTEs
36 FTEs
32 FTEs
32 FTEs
32 FTEs
Notes:
#	2007 funding provided by ORD. Figures in subsequent years are funds provided as part of NCEE's budget.
*	Staff with technical background in economics or other science field. Majority of technical staff (~85%) are economists - no major
changes in distribution between 2007-2013.
23

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How well will the requested budget permit the EPA to advance its strategic research directions
as reflected in Economic and Decision Sciences program overview and the priorities identified
in the President's Budget? Are there any areas where the EPA should increase investments or
reduce investments, based on demonstrated accomplishments or clearly identified needs?
As indicated above, NCEE provided a mission statement but did not provide specific strategic
research objectives. It also provided a list of ongoing research projects for the Economics and
Decision Sciences Research Program and other activities conducted by NCEE staff.
The President's budget request of $3 million is very modest, and far from adequate for advancing
economics and decision sciences research sufficiently to support EPA needs. The President's
request, however, is a significant improvement over funding levels in recent years, and is at least
useful for advancing the narrow purposes for which this funding has been used, i.e., to help fund
workshops, provide supplementary funding for dissertation research and to provide early career
grants. These funds achieve as much as they do only because they are effectively leveraged with
other public and private funds, which makes this a very good investment of modest public funds.
The NCEE Program Overview indicates that activities involve much more economics than other
decision sciences. The SAB recommends increased collaboration of economists and other
decision scientists in many of these projects. For example, one very important project is trying to
understand why consumers and firms under-invest in energy saving technologies that appear to
be very good investments. By reducing energy use, such investments also reduce emissions and
help protect the environment. Hence, it is important for the EPA to understand why consumers
and businesses fail to take advantage of low-cost opportunities to reduce energy expenditures.
Social and behavioral scientists with training and experience in this area could make a valuable
contribution to these research questions. For example, there is a large literature in decision
sciences on behavior change that identifies barriers to change and develops strategies for
overcoming barriers. Given the resources, a team of economists and decision scientists would
make important advances in our understanding of how to design cost-effective (indeed, negative
cost) strategies for reducing pollution emissions through behavior change.
The SAB notes that since 2005 no funding has been provided for the Pollution Abatement Costs
and Expenditures survey that collects data on overall pollution abatement expenditures from over
20,000 manufacturing facilities. The EPA has used this survey data in some regulatory analyses
and for periodic reports on national or program costs (e.g., U.S. EPA 2011). Government and
academic researchers also rely upon these data, using them to analyze the impact of
environmental regulations on important economic and environmental outcomes (e.g., job growth,
competitiveness, environmental performance, opening and closing of manufacturing facilities
and productivity growth). This is an especially important research direction for the EPA since it
not only contributes to essential analyses required to assess the economic effects of proposed
regulations, but also can be used to improve the design of future regulations so that they are both
effective in meeting environmental goals and less burdensome to industry.
24

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Are the changes since the FY 2012 enacted budget appropriate, taking into consideration overall
resources, FTEs, and intramural and extramural resources?
The SAB welcomes the increase in extramural funding for this program area estimated for 2013
(a 33 percent increase from the FY 2011 enacted budget to $3.0M for FY 2013). This increase
will help to restore stability to an important EPA research program. This is a good investment of
public funds especially since most of the external funds are well leveraged.
Human systems are the primary drivers of the environmental challenges that the EPA is charged
with managing. The EPA regulatory actions focus primarily on changing the behavior of human
systems in order to protect the environment. As a consequence, effective environmental
management requires a thorough understanding of how humans systems operate, and how to
design regulations to effectively manage human systems. Research on economics and decision
sciences is essential to meeting this challenge, and SAB recommends that such research should
be a higher priority and with more substantial funding.
Are there well-defined objectives/work products for next year's budget? Can these be
accomplished with the given resources?
The documents provided to the SAB did not include a set of strategic research objectives, but
rather detailed a list of work products, including work products that are just starting up or that are
ongoing through 2013. Externally funded projects are mostly workshops, dissertation grants and
funding for early career research. The primary purpose is to help build capabilities of the next
generation of researchers, although ORD also capitalizes on the findings of these research
activities (especially by participating in workshops). However, the funded projects are not tied to
specific ORD research objectives and work products.
The extramural resources are very modest, but they can be of some help advancing research in
this area. Many important internal research projects are being carried out, and this research is
well tied to the NCEE mission.
Are there opportunities to leverage the EPA resources with other resources, particularly federal
resources?
The SAB notes that cooperative research across the EPA's research programs is essential to
meeting research goals. Although many of the ORD Research Programs identify the need for
social, behavior and decision sciences, the SAB understands that there is little coordination
between the National Center for Environmental Economics and ORD's Research Programs. For
example, SAB understands that the NCEE does not participate in ORD's strategic research
planning other than discussions with the Sustainable and Healthy Communities research program
on selected ecological valuation topics. Coordination between ORD and NCEE is essential for
meeting the research objectives with tightly constrained budgets.
Many agencies outside of the EPA may be interested in supporting research related to assessing
costs and benefits of actions, including non-market benefits, for example, Natural Resource
Damage Assessments by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of
25

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Agriculture research on ecosystem services, the National Science Foundation and the Army
Corps of Engineers. There are many opportunities for leveraging funds for economics and
decision science research on valuing ecosystem services, both within ORD (e.g., with the
Sustainable and Healthy Communities Program) and outside of ORD, and these should be
actively pursued.
26

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4. Overarching Comments related to Budget Considerations and
Integration of Research Programs
In 2011, ORD restructured its thirteen research programs into six consolidated research programs
with a commitment to a transdisciplinary, systems- and sustainability-oriented approach to
research. Figure 1 shows the distribution of funds identified for ORD in the President's FY 2013
requested budget. The SAB understands that the distribution of funds is, in great part, a result of
the 2011 restaicturing of research programs. The SAB generally supports the requested budget
allocations across the six programs and is interested to learn more in future years about re-
allocations across ORD programs as ORD's restructured research programs mature.
Human
Health Risk
Assessment
Air, Climate & Energy
Research
18%
Safe & Sustainable
Water Resources
Research
Sustainable & Healthy
Communities Research
Homeland Security
Rese arch
5%
Chemical Safety for
Sustain ability Research
16%
Figure 1. Percentage of FY 2013 Requested Funding for ORD by Program
Although ORD has committed to implementing a systems approaches to research, the President's
Budget as presently constructed could inadvertently create new silos, since the budget focuses on
27

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individual programs and cross-program activities are not described clearly. The SAB understands
that ORD will designate lead programs for many cross-cutting research areas (e.g., children's
health, climate change), but it is not clear how responsibilities and costs are to be shared across
participating programs. The lack of information about cross-program integration processes may
in part reflect the relative novelty of ORD's research structure. However, SAB review of the
President's requested research budget requires a more explicit and transparent exposition of the
processes and activities that implement integration and coordination across programs and a
clearer linkage of these activities to components of the budget. Integration processes should be
formalized, clearly supported by dedicated resources and carefully structured to encourage and
sustain cross-program collaboration and integration to avoid research silos. ORD's cross-
program approach to environmental justice illustrates this need. The Sustainable and Healthy
Communities program is designated as the lead program for ORD environmental justice
research, but ORD has not provided information about how integration across all of ORD's
activities will proceed.
Similarly, the President's Budget includes a discussion in the context of the Safe and Sustainable
Water Program of establishing "Communities of Practice" across ORD on the topics of model
protocols, hydrology and decision support. These collaborative efforts should enable
interdisciplinary linkages between programs, but the budget does not identify which ORD
program will lead the activities, and how the activity will be managed or supported by resources.
There may be a need for additional communities of practice to strengthen ORD capabilities
across research programs in key areas such as ecosystem services, evaluation, and economics
and decision sciences, but how budgets will support programs to build, maintain and access any
of these critical communities of practice is unclear to the SAB.
Although collaboration and integration require resources, they also will create synergies,
eliminate duplication, and save resources in the long term. Active collaboration and integration
are warranted not only among ORD programs, but across federal agencies as well. Some of the
EPA's crosscutting themes (e.g., sustainability, environmental justice, building tribal
partnerships, climate change) are multi-agency themes. Small amounts of funding from several
agencies could be pooled to provide useful amounts of money, particularly in the areas of
planning for food, fuel and energy security in climate-resilient communities. This strategy could
leverage some current EPA grants, such as Tribal General Assistance Program (GAP) funds that
are so small that they often have marginal results.
ORD's six strategic research action plans reference and build upon advice from the SAB and
ORD's Board of Scientific Counselors (SAB 2010 and 201 la), The SAB commends ORD for
developing these strategic research action plans, a critical first step in implementing the
integrated, transdisciplinary programs. Those plans that contained clear connectivity between
mission, programs and budgets and detailed information about collaborations across ORD
programs were most helpful to the SAB for this budget review. The SAB recommends that ORD
update annually the tables of expected research outputs in each strategic research action plan and
also identify key milestones for multi-year research outputs. Future budget development and
review could be made more efficient and transparent if a direct comparison between planned and
actual outputs could be made and progress toward multi-year objectives could be better
understood.
28

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The SAB plans to meet with ORD's Board of Scientific Counselors to develop additional advice
on strategic research planning for ORD research programs, especially research related to
integration across EPA research programs. At that time the SAB may have additional advice that
may be useful to the agency in budget planning for FY 2014 and beyond.
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REFERENCES
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Effects Under Planned Changes to the EPA's Air Pollution Rules. Ceres Report. 2011.
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Morrow, Betty Hearn. 2008. Community Resilience: A Social Justice Perspective. CARRI
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Norris, Fran H. 2010. Behavioral Science Perspectives on Resilience - Behavioral Science
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Twigg, John. 2009. Characteristics of a Disaster Resilient Community; A Guidance Note.
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File/AirClimateandEnergvStrapsf0213 12.pdf (accessed 03/03/12).
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Research Action Plan 2012-2016, EPA 601/R-12/006.
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ile/ChemicalSafetvforSustainabilitv0213 12.pdf (accessed 03/03/12).
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$File/HomelandSecuritvStrap0213 12.pdf (accessed 03/03/12).
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Research Action Plan 2012-2016, EPA 601/R-12/007.
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