United States
kWUpMQ Environmental Protection
Agency
May 2017
EPA841-R-16-112
Green Infrastructure in Parks:
A Guide to Collaboration, Funding, and Community Engagement
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
EPA would like to thank the following people who contributed their time and expertise for this report:
Rich Dolesh, National Recreation and Park Association
Kevin O'Hara, National Recreation and Park Association
Kyle Barnhart, The Trust for Public Land
Peter Harnik, The Trust for Public Land
Alisha Goldstein, PE, District of Columbia Department of Energy and Environment
Kevin Burke, Atlanta BeltLine, Inc.
Andy Szatko, City of Omaha, Nebraska, Environmental Services
Brad Buschur, Groundwork Lawrence
Betty Hanacek, Park Pride
Erika Kucowski, Langan Engineering & Environmental Services
Jayne Spector, Langan Engineering & Environmental Services
Robert Cantoreggi, Town of Franklin, Massachusetts, Department of Public Works
Kate Sjoberg, Town of Franklin, Massachusetts, Department of Public Works
This report was developed under EPA contracts EP-C-11-009 and EP-C-12-055.
Image Credits:
Cover photo by Martina Frey, Tetra Tech • p. ii photo by U.S. Department of Agriculture •
p. 1 photo by Brad Wardynski, Tetra Tech • pp. 2-3 photos by Martina Frey, Tetra Tech •
pp. 7 and 19 photos by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency •
Back cover photos by Philadelphia Water Department
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CONTENTS
Introduction																	.....1
How Green Infrastructure Can Enhance Parks....									........2
Relationship Between Parks and Green Infrastructure	4
Common Questions About Green Infrastructure	5
Getting Started......															......7
1.	Identify and Engage Partners 													 8
Moving Forward 						11
2.	Build Relationships	11
3.	Leverage Funding Opportunities	12
4.	Identify Green Infrastructure Opportunities	13
5.	Plan for Maintenance	18
6.	Undertake High-Visibility Pilot Projects	21
Useful Resources	22
Parks Green Infrastructure Actions Checklist	23

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INTRODUCTION
This guide is intended to encourage partnerships
between park agencies and storrnwater agencies aimed
at promoting the use of green infrastructure on park
lands. Green infrastructure can help to maximize the
environmental, economic, and social benefits of parks.
By building strong partnerships, agencies can improve
park lands and access to parks, better manage
storrnwater, increase community resiliency to shifting
weather patterns, and provide funding to implement
and maintain park enhancements that benefit the
community.
The guide offers information on why partnerships
between storrnwater managers and parks managers can
be beneficial and how you can create such
partnerships. The guide presents an overview of green
infrastructure and describes practices that can be used
to manage storrnwater in parks. In addition, you will find
information on factors that influence the selection of
appropriate green infrastructure practices, such as
maintenance requirements.
The guide is designed to provide you with a stepwise
approach for building relationships with potential
partners, and includes information on how to identify
and engage partners, build relationships, involve the
community, leverage funding opportunities, and identify
green infrastructure opportunities. It includes
recommendations on the types of projects that are most
likely to attract positive attention and funding, and
which provide a wide range of benefits.
Case studies are included to illustrate the approaches
presented in the guide. These real-life examples portray
how partnerships between municipal storrnwater
agencies and parks departments have improved
recreational resources in the community, enhanced
environmental protection, and reduced risks and
burdens.
For those who wish to go deeper into a topic, the guide
includes short descriptions and links to external
resources that provide more detail on the material
presented within.

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HOW GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE CAN ENHANCE PARKS
Enhances Recreation Value
Green infrastructure can be used to create or
enhance amenities in parks. For example, hiking or
biking trails can be built incorporating green
infrastructure. Restoration of degraded areas can
, provide wildlife habitat and viewing areas and
! opportunities for outdoor education. Green
infrastructure practices can be designed to reduce
pollutants discharged into waterbodies and reduce
—|| the threat of illness from recreational contact due
to wading, swimming, or boating.
Buried streams and springs can be unearthed and
restored to provide interactive water features such
¦ as wetlands, ponds, and creeks for public use.
Natural drainage ways and infiltration practices can
be used to help maintain adequate flows to these
waterbodies.
Creates Attractive Park Features
a Green infrastructure practices designed to infiltrate
runoff can include a diverse palette of native plants
and locally adapted plants of many textures and
colors. These bioretention areas can be designed
with pathways and benches for public enjoyment
and planted to attract beneficial wildlife such as
butterflies or other pollinators.
*
Drainage and infiltration areas can be designed to
f ^ enhance the topography of the park and provide
picnicking and play areas, as well as visual or
physical barriers to create special areas for
I meditation or wildlife viewing. Trees, shrubs, and
ornamental grasses, in addition to being visual
amenities, can be used to reduce noise and
cut-throughs.
Enhances Social and Environmental Equity
Green infrastructure can be used to enhance public
wellbeing in underserved or underprivileged
communities. These communities often lack
adequate park access and facilities. Newly created
and rehabilitated parks can enhance the health of
local residents by providing opportunities for
physical activity, interactions with nature, and
destination community gathering places.
Reduces Maintenance
Green infrastructure can be used to help reduce
maintenance at parks. Stormwater utility funds can
be used to improve drainage, reduce erosion, and
eliminate standing water. The health of vegetation
can be improved through better drainage and the
maintenance burden can be reduced. Good drainage
systems that promote infiltration or overland flow
can help reduce mosquito breeding habitat and
disperse water over a larger vegetated area and
potentially reduce irrigation needs. Converting high
maintenance vegetation (such as turf) to lower
maintenance native vegetation can reduce the need
for supplemental water and other inputs such as
fertilizers and pesticides. Mowing and weeding
frequency might also be reduced. Green
infrastructure areas can help reduce problems
caused by high runoff or sedimentation of streams.

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Improves Drainage
Permeable pavement, soil amendments, enhanced
infiltration, and underground stormwater storage
systems can be used to mitigate drainage problems
or nuisance flooding in parking areas, walkways,
and playing fields. Urban soils are often compacted
and hard to maintain. Improving the drainage of
turf fields can result in fewer field closures after
rain storms and reduce the need for seasonal turf
maintenance, re-tilling, and aeration. Addressing
issues of standing water on pavement or in low-
lying areas improves public safety and helps to
eliminate mosquito breeding habitat.
Helps to Educate the Public
Placing signs where green infrastructure is used
raises public awareness of the importance and type
of measures that reduce stormwater pollution.
Green infrastructure at parks can demonstrate
features easily transferrable to homes and
businesses. Green infrastructure demonstrations
and signage can help the local municipality meet
stormwater program requirements for public
education. Maintenance of green infrastructure can
also help create green jobs and educate the new
green work force.
Improves Water Quality
Stormwater volume and pollutant reductions can
be achieved with green infrastructure to help local
municipalities meet regulatory requirements. Park
spaces offer a wealth of pervious surface that can
be used to absorb rainwater and runoff from
adjacent developed landscapes that currently drain
directly to piped collection systems.
Benefits the Overall Environment
Green infrastructure can be used to reduce urban
heat island impacts by incorporating vegetation,
especially trees, where pavement or conventional
turf landscapes existed before. Vegetated green
infrastructure can also sequester carbon via C02
uptake during photosynthesis, which traps carbon
in the biomass and helps reduce greenhouse gases.
Green infrastructure planted with native and locally
adapted plants can attract beneficial wildlife such
as birds, butterflies, and other pollinators.
Provides Economic Benefits
Green infrastructure can be installed to earn
stormwater utility credits in stormwater fee areas,
and the parks could receive funds from such
programs. Parks with green infrastructure might be
able to apply for maintenance funding or have their
best management practices (BMPs) maintained by an
outside party, depending on the type of BMPs and
the types of approaches taken by the local
municipality. Where rainwater harvesting has been
incorporated, captured water can be used for
irrigation or other graywater uses, reducing costs
associated with potable or recycled water use.
Upgraded stormwater management systems could
also reduce maintenance costs or reduce capital
costs to upgrade essential stormwater management
infrastructure. Destination parks could also stimulate
community-level investments due to the desirability
of being near the park.

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Relationship Between Parks and Green Infrastructure
A typical park already contains open space areas that absorb stormwater and offer water quality, habitat, and aesthetic
benefits. Park infrastructure—parking lots, roads, buildings, playing fields, courts, and other man-made surfaces—can be built or
retrofitted to treat stormwater or drain to enhanced pervious surfaces. The following are some opportunities to enhance park
features using green infrastructure.
Parking Lots
•	Bioretention in landscaped areas,
medians, and roundabouts
•	Permeable pavement in parking stalls,
overflow parking, and walkways
•	Trees in landscaped areas
•	Amended soils to improve infiltration,
pollutant removal, and plant health
Visitor Centers
•	Bioretention demonstration gardens
•	Pollinator gardens that treat stormwater
•	Green roofs
•	Rainwater barrels and cisterns
•	Planter boxes in space-limited areas
Greenroof
Playing Fields
•	Temporary detention storage
•	Permeable pavement in parking stalls,
overflow parking, and walkways
Wetlands and Drainage Systems
•	Natural areas along stream channels
•	Constructed wetlands created in existing
drainage areas
•	Wildlife habitat areas that serve as
stormwater runoff areas
Managed Recreation Area
Detention
Wetland
sntion
:land
Renderings by Heather Conn and Nicole Chapman, Tetra Tech. Playing field
photo by Alisha Goldstein, USEPA. Cistern photo by Jason Wright, Tetra Tech.

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Common Questions About Green Infrastructure
What do I need to know about green infrastructure, and what does the public need to know about green infrastructure
and how it relates to parks?
Why choose green over gray infrastructure?
There are a variety of benefits of choosing green
infrastructure over traditional gray infrastructure (e.g.,
concrete pipes), including:
•	It's more attractive, effective, and multifunctional.
•	It provides habitat for beneficial wildlife.
•	It can reduce maintenance and eliminate mosquito
breeding habitat.
•	It can incorporate existing park features—both
natural elements and man-made infrastructure.
•	Using it can reduce infrastructure costs compared
to gray infrastructure.
Will it attract nuisance wildlife?
Not if you design and maintain it correctly according to
local standards and the following guidelines:
•	Choose the right mix of plants to attract beneficial
wildlife (e.g., birds, pollinators).
•	Select green infrastructure elements that
eliminate standing water that could serve as
mosquito breeding habitat, and design facilities to
drain in 72 hours. Ensure permanent pools don't
become stagnant.
•	Nuisance wildlife can occur in all parks. Good
design and attentive management such as
eliminating food sources and providing securely
covered trash receptacles can reduce or eliminate
problems.
•	Inspect practices regularly to remedy any
problems.
Will the stormwater features be unattractive or
create safety hazards?
Not if you use green infrastructure, because:
•	Green infrastructure practices are typically
integrated into the landscape and rely mainly on
soils, vegetation, and infiltration to reduce runoff.
•	Traditional stormwater management creates
detention basins and wet ponds that are often
unsightly and need fences to keep out the public.
•	Green infrastructure features can be designed with
aesthetics in mind and can even incorporate
benches, art, or sculptural designs.
How do you ensure public safety and limit
liability?
•	If possible, design features to infiltrate runoff.
•	Design stormwater elements that minimize the
risk potential for park users such as eliminating trip
hazards, adding crushed stone paths, or designing
boardwalks or viewing platforms.
•	Create water areas (e.g., permanent pools, water
features) with the public in mind. Careful design,
clear sight lines, and natural features such as
wetland fringes can reduce or eliminate hazards.
•	Limit access to gently sloping bank areas around
water features by adding natural screens and
barriers, and allow public access where it can be
controlled or monitored by park staff.
Mosquito Control
Green infrastructure can
be designed to limit mosquito
breeding. Green infrastruc-
ture design standards allow
for standing water for short
periods of time—usually 48 to 72
hours—which is much shorter than the time needed
for mosquitoes to develop from larvae to adults.
When designed to this standard and properly
maintained, green infrastructure ensures that water
is infiltrated into the ground quickly enough to limit
nuisance insects.
Mosquito control via green infrastructure also
reduces the need for parks managers to use
insecticides for mosquito control—an overall benefit
to health, safety, and the environment.
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Who will pay for the project?
•	Stormwater utilities often have program funding
that can be used to construct and maintain
stormwater features in parks.
•	In some cases, stormwater management agencies
may provide direct funding to parks to operate and
maintain stormwater management features that
the stormwater utility builds in the park or areas
adjacent to the park.
•	Depending on the jurisdiction, costs can be shared
across agencies.
•	Grants might be available from the state or other
granting organizations, such as nongovernmental
agencies that have an interest in enhancing the
park and the community in general. Examples of
such funds include community revitalization, smart
growth, or watershed restoration funds.
•	A wider range of grants could be available because
of the multifunctional nature of such projects (e.g.,
park enhancement, watershed, and neighborhood
improvement grants).
Who will pay for maintenance?
Parks managers often are concerned about the lack of
funds available to maintain their parks. Maintenance of
stormwater features in parks can be funded by
numerous methods which vary by the institutional
arrangements in a given jurisdiction. For example:
•	If the community has a stormwater utility, money
can be set aside for green infrastructure
maintenance.
•	If both parks agencies and stormwater agencies
receive general funds, a maintenance budget can
be negotiated and allocated according to each
agency's responsibilities.
•	When deciding to engage in creative management
arrangements such as these, be sure that funds
are budgeted before the project is constructed and
that long-term operation and maintenance needs
are incorporated into the continuing operating
budget. This will help ensure that adequate funds
are allocated to the agency responsible for the
maintenance burden.
Who will perform maintenance?
Maintenance arrangements will be determined by the
institutional structure of the jurisdiction. For example:
•	If funds are allocated to supplement the existing
park maintenance activities, park maintenance
staff or contractors managed by the park can
perform the necessary maintenance.
•	Most green infrastructure practices can be
maintained by landscape professionals who have
received some supplemental training specific to
the stormwater practices being implemented.
•	In other cases, the stormwater agency might want
to either directly manage maintenance or oversee
maintenance to ensure proper functioning of the
stormwater management practices.
•	Maintenance responsibilities can also be divided
between the park maintenance staff and staff
trained or managed by the stormwater utility,
depending on the practices employed. For
example, maintenance of bioretention facilities
typically can be taken care of by the regular
landscape crews as long as they understand what
to mow and weed and how to identify problems.
More difficult maintenance activities, such as the
use of vacuum sweepers for permeable pavements
or the maintenance of water features, could be
performed by the stormwater utility.
•	Ideally, the details, responsibilities, and funding
allocations should be worked out in a
memorandum of understanding (MOU) or other
such agreement between agencies (see page 18).
Should we be concerned about maintenance
becoming a burden?
All landscape and stormwater features require
maintenance. Green infrastructure features usually are
not more maintenance intensive, especially if they are
designed correctly:
•	Most vegetative practices like rain gardens are
maintained like any landscaping—weeding,
pruning, digging, and removing trash.
•	Rainwater harvesting practices require simple
cleaning of gutters and downspouts.
•	Permeable pavement is low maintenance but can
benefit from occasional vacuum sweeping.
Special equipment, excepting vacuum sweepers,
generally is not needed. Municipal governments often
have the in-house expertise and equipment. If not, the
work can be contracted to an outside company.
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GETTING STARTED
Adding green infrastructure practices in a park is a multi-step process that involves a variety of stakeholders. The first
phase of any project involves identifying partners. Engaging with partners from the outset of the project will ensure that
the necessary expertise is available to guide the project from an idea through its implementation. The second phase
includes relationship building, leveraging funds, identifying which green infrastructure practices to use, and planning for
maintenance. Selection of high-visibility pilot projects can draw attention to the work being undertaken and encourage
community support.
The following sections walk through the steps in the process. Case studies are provided to highlight examples of
successfully projects.
Opportunities
4. Identify Green Infrastructure
1. Identify and Engage Partners
3. Leverage Funding Opportunities
5. Plan for Maintenance
6. Undertake High-Visibility
Pilot Projects
Figure 1. Process for implementing green infrastructure.

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1. Identify and Engage Partners
Establishing partnerships is critical to determining whether there is interest and funding to incorporate green
infrastructure into park lands. The impetus for using green infrastructure can come from elected officials, a park
superintendent, a stormwater utility manager, the water regulatory agency, or the department of conservation or
natural resources.
The following are example partnerships:
•	A stormwater utility approaches a park superintendent because the agency sees opportunities to manage
significant volumes of water on park areas.
•	An elected official has a vision of a park with water features and a sustainability plan that promotes the
revitalization of the community through the enhancement of the park.
Case Study: Indianapolis Cultural Trail
The Indianapolis Cultural Trail: A Legacy of Gene &
Marilyn Glick is an 8-mile bike and pedestrian path in
downtown Indianapolis, Indiana. The trail, completed in
2013, links the city's six cultural districts, neighborhoods,
the city's 40 miles of greenway trails, and other areas of
the downtown. Each of the cultural districts maintains a
unique identity, with various amenities including
shopping, recreation, entertainment, and dining. By
linking these districts, residents and visitors to the city
can more easily enjoy a healthy lifestyle and access both
open spaces and cultural activities. Activities such as fun
runs and spring cleanups engage the community in being
active and in protecting and maintaining the trail. The
trail has been recognized with a number of awards, and
the New York Times included Indianapolis and the trail
on its list of 52 Places to Go in 2014.
The construction of the trail resulted in a number of amenities, including:
•	5 acres of new landscaping
•	86 bike racks
•	7 public art projects along the trail
•	A bikeshare program with 29 stations that includes subsidized passes for low-income residents
In addition to new landscaping, designers installed 25,400 square feet of stormwater planters. These planters better
enable stormwater to slowly drain into the ground, reducing stormwater runoff, flow rate, volume and pollutants, and
recharging groundwater supplies.
The trail is the result of efforts by a number of public and private collaborators, including the city of Indianapolis, Central
Indiana Community Foundation, and several not-for-profit organizations. Initial planning for the project took place in
2001-2003, with $4 million raised for initial study and design. In 2004, the city gave permission for the trail to be built on
the city right-of-way, and the groundbreaking took place in 2007. The total project cost was $63 million, with $27.5
million in private funding and $35.5 million in federal transportation funding (including a $20.5 million TIGER grant from
the U.S. Department of Transportation).
Indianapolis, Indiana
Figure 2. Cyclist riding the Indianapolis Cultural Trail alongside
stormwater planters. (Source: Clark Wilson, USEPA)
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Environmental Justice
Historically, many cities have had limited park
space and recreational amenities in
economically disadvantaged neighborhoods. In
more recent years, there has been an increase
in active community engagement in these
underserved areas to improve previously
neglected or derelict spaces and to reimagine
how these areas can become public park
space.
Citizens can benefit from living or working near
park spaces by participating more in healthy
physical activity, experiencing a positive sense
of community, and having more equitable
access to environmental resources such as
parks and open space. Park spaces offer areas
where neighbors can gather for play, exercise,
social interaction, or other leisure activities.
Studies have shown that having access to parks
or green space can contribute to improved
psychological health and wellbeing of those
who live or work nearby by reducing stress.
When community members come together to
correct environmental damage or to
rehabilitate and redesign parks, they are able
to actively participate in the decision-making
process and gain a voice in improving the local
environment and community livability.
•	The state or local department of transportation has a
project that requires offsite mitigation of stormwater, and
the park could be the best and most affordable place in
which to locate stormwater management practices. In this
case, the department of transportation might be strongly
motivated to provide incentives in the form of park
enhancements and maintenance concessions so that the
parks manager clearly sees reasons to engage in such
partnerships.
•	The parks manager approaches the local utility regarding
potential opportunities for funding to support restoration
of stream channels, eroded areas, or areas prone to
flooding (e.g., recreational fields that are frequently
rendered unusable by floodwaters).
Park agencies can work with local governments and quasi-
governmental utility agencies that are responsible for managing
stormwater to prevent flooding and meet water quality
regulations. This might be a public works, engineering, or
planning department; drainage district; or water and sewer
authority. Many stormwater agencies have an interest in
implementing green infrastructure and might be able to fund or
cost-share the design, construction, or maintenance of green
infrastructure.
Stormwater agencies will be aware of priority areas that could
benefit from green infrastructure, such as those with known
water quality problems, undersized or failing drainage
infrastructure, and a history of localized flooding or combined
sewer overflows. Once these areas are identified, stormwater
agencies can work with parks agencies to narrow down potential
locations for green infrastructure and provide advice on site
suitability, design, and engineering considerations. They can also identify possible green infrastructure funding from
stormwater-related revenue or dedicated grant/loan programs.
Stormwater agencies can contact park agencies—either individual park managers or park agency leadership—depending
on the scale of desired efforts. They might want to look at a single park for a project or evaluate parks citywide for green
infrastructure opportunities. Ultimately, multiple levels of park management will need to be involved in the decision
making.
Governmental Agency Partners
Other agencies and departments can have a stake in green infrastructure and park enhancements.
•	The local executive office (mayor, commissioner, etc.) might want to promote clean water, sustainability, and
green jobs to maintain green infrastructure.
•	Transportation departments can partner with parks to achieve better drainage along problematic roads or
intersections. Underutilized open space at interchanges can be used for both stormwater management and
recreation. Transportation departments might have funds to mitigate the impacts of transportation projects on
sensitive areas such as wetlands and wildlife habitat. These funds might be used to create constructed wetlands,
stormwater/habitat ponds, or other green infrastructure elements in parks.
•	School districts can partner with parks departments to create living laboratories and green infrastructure park
projects that are part of an environmental curriculum. These features can also promote physical education and
interaction with nature.
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Business Improvement Districts
Business improvement districts (BIDs) can offer a
unique funding source to maintain and improve
parks. A BID is a group of businesses in a given area
that pay a fee to fund local projects. In some areas,
businesses have been shown to benefit from the
proximity to park space, and those businesses have
organized to collect fees from members to invest in
local improvement.
For example, in the Washington, DC area, the
Capitol Riverfront BID manages 10 acres of park
space that attracts both residents and nonresident
visitors to enjoy the park areas and local events.
These parks, located in urban areas that were
formerly underdeveloped, are attractions for a
growing community of new residents and
businesses.
In New York City, the Friends of Hudson Park are
seeking to create a similar model with the Hudson
River Park BID. This BID would collect fees from for
residents of neighborhoods bordering Hudson River
Park, rather than from local businesses. A recent
study of the area found that residential property
values have increased since the park had been
restored with open green space, bike lanes, and
commercial areas. Advocates say that the BID could
raise $5 million dollars per year of the $14 million
dollars needed to run and maintain the park
annually.
•	Community colleges and technical schools can work
with parks to establish a green jobs training program for
green infrastructure design, installation, and
maintenance.
•	Public health agencies might want to see
underperforming parks revitalized or have new parks
created in underserved neighborhoods.
•	Planning agencies might seek to maximize the use of
open space that is vacant or dilapidated. Or they could
want to connect systems of parks and open space to
capitalize on the environmental and social benefits
gained by adding green infrastructure elements.
•	Sustainability agencies might want to incorporate green
infrastructure into economic development plans and
achieve green infrastructure targets through park
improvements or park creation (e.g., converting
brownfields). Partnerships with parks can achieve
sustainability goals in a number of ways, including
providing minimum per capita areas of green space, park
access within a maximum distance, or tree canopy
coverage.
Community Partners
Community groups can be important partners who serve as
advocates for park improvements, the use of green
infrastructure, and the creative use of interdepartmental
funds. For example:
•	Neighborhood and community associations can lend
public support for park enhancements and recruit
volunteers to help construct and maintain the features.
•	Business improvement districts can be a funding source
for park development, improvements, or maintenance.
Funding generally comes from financial assessments on businesses and property owners who might benefit from
their proximity to the park.
•	Watershed groups recognize the need to mitigate stormwater impacts from developed areas to protect water
resources. These groups can apply for or allocate grant funding for green infrastructure projects and mobilize
volunteers to assist with construction and maintenance.
•	Friends of parks and other recreation, conservation, or environmental groups can recruit volunteer labor for help
with project implementation and maintenance.
•	Urban forestry advocates and Arbor Day groups could support tree-planting to enhance the urban tree canopy.
•	Local businesses and garden clubs could provide plants and volunteers for green infrastructure features.
There are many real-life examples of how park agencies and stormwater agencies collaborated to identify green
infrastructure opportunities, build better relationships, leverage funding opportunities, and solve a diverse set of other
challenges through the use of green infrastructure in parks. The case study examples featured on the following pages
highlight successful collaborative efforts to incorporate green infrastructure into the design of parks to improve
stormwater management, enhance park aesthetics, and foster community access and use of park space, while lowering
operating costs using green infrastructure practices in lieu of gray infrastructure.
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MOVING FORWARD
2. Build Relationships
Once you have identified potential partners, these partners can be engaged by working with them to identify common
mutually beneficial goals. Parks supervisors and other potential partners can also explore creative funding arrangements
to secure adequate funding to implement park projects that meet the goals of the respective partners.
Case Study: Partnering to Create Herron Park	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
In 2009, the city of Philadelphia proposed a 20-year plan to
improve stormwater management and water quality in local
streams and rivers. This approach focused on using green
infrastructure to change the city's drainage and provide other
benefits to the local community. The Philadelphia Recreation
Department and the Philadelphia Water Department
collaborated on the redevelopment of Herron Park in
Philadelphia, a 1.12-acre park that was largely covered in
concrete. The departments worked together to blend new
recreational and aesthetic amenities with stormwater
management elements. The park features:
•	A playground.
•	A porous surface basketball court.
•	A push-button activated "sprayground" that only runs
when people are present.
•	More than 80 native and adapted trees, shrubs, grasses,
and a rain garden with more than 3,000 water-tolerant
native plants.
•	A vegetated swale.
•	An infiltration trench.

Both the basketball court and playground meet multiple goals.
The porous asphalt surface on the basketball court allows water
to pass through to the soil below, including water from an
adjacent street that is redirected to the court. The pervious
safety surface of the playground is made from recycled tires to
meet playground safety requirements and infiltrate water. Other
green design elements include a vegetated swale that serves as a
passive lawn area and slows stormwater before it enters the
drainage system. A new infiltration trench with a perforated pipe
laid in gravel replaced a traditional concrete drain, allowing
stormwater to soak into the soil beneath the porous play surface while ensuring proper drainage. The green
infrastructure elements help retain the first inch of rainfall from the site itself as well as runoff from 1.17 acres of
adjacent, impervious land. The park reconstruction, which cost $1.1 million, helps the Philadelphia Water Department
meet its legal obligation under a 2011 consent decree with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to reduce
combined sewer overflows into the Delaware River by 85 percent.
Figure 3. Top: east entrance of the park in 2011 after
new green infrastructure elements were installed.
Bottom: conditions in 2009, before renovation. (Source:
Langan Engineering)
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3. Leverage Funding Opportunities
Partnerships with sister departments, nongovernmental organizations, and other state or local entities can lead to funds
that can be used to improve the park or create and operate new parks that incorporate multifunctional green
infrastructure components. For example:
•	Water providers can fund infiltration-based green infrastructure projects such as rain gardens and bioswales that
recharge groundwater supplies.
•	Stormwater utilities can use a portion of their dedicated fee to build green infrastructure that treats runoff from
impervious surfaces in high-priority areas.
•	Watershed and environmental groups can apply for grants to implement green infrastructure projects that
benefit downstream waters, create wildlife habitat, reduce urban heat, and expand the tree canopy.
Case Study: Collaborative Funding at Cromwell Park	Shoreline, Washington
These improvements enhance stormwater management, control flooding that had been problematic in the past, and
improve overall water quality. Stormwater flows into the constructed wetland areas, which filter the water and serve as
a holding basin, allowing for infiltration. The wetland increases the capacity of the stormwater system by retaining one
acre-foot of water without expanding any of the gray infrastructure. In addition to these benefits, the local community
can enjoy the many recreational improvements, such as an irrigated sports field, walking paths/trails, play equipment,
landscaping, picnic facilities, benches, and drinking fountains. Restoration of the natural wetland, native plantings, and
paths that complement the natural features of the park support an enhanced natural habitat. Cromwell Park is jointly
maintained by the Parks and Recreation Department and the Surface Water Utility.
Cromwell Park in Shoreline, Washington, is a 9-acre
park designed to combine stormwater detention and
treatment with recreation. One goal in the original
design of the park was to capitalize on the existing
wetland and subterranean bog as a way to improve
stormwater management in this area of town, rather
than adding gray infrastructure. The park, which was
constructed for $1.65 million with joint funding from
the 2006 Parks and Open Space Bond Levy and the
Surface Water Utility, includes a number of green
infrastructure practices:
•	A 1.33-acre constructed bioretention facility
(constructed wetland) and enhanced natural
wetlands.
•	Bioswales to guide, capture, and filter
stormwater.
•	Curb cuts to facilitate stormwater inflow to
infiltration areas.
•	Porous pavers to further promote soil infiltration,
Figure 4. Cromwell Park from above. (Source: Gaynor, Inc.)
rather than piping flows to nearby streams.
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4. Identify Green Infrastructure Opportunities
Where should green infrastructure be installed in parks? Below are some ideas to get the most benefit from green
infrastructure at your site.
Capture Runoff
Look for opportunities where runoff from park land and adjacent rights-of-way can be directed to pervious park spaces
or other green features designed to retain stormwater. For example:
•	Use curb cuts to direct water from roadways to landscaping or other pervious areas.
•	Create a vegetated swale along the perimeter of the property with ornamental shrubs, grasses, and other
landscaping elements to collect and infiltrate offsite run-on or runoff.
•	Build a rain garden to capture runoff and feature plants that attract butterflies or birds.
Case Study: Treating Offsite Runoff at Hunter Point South Waterfront Park	Long Island City, New York
Hunter Point South Waterfront Park, in Queens, New
York, is a 5.5-acre park located directly on the
waterfront in a former industrial area of Long Island
City. The park provides a multi-use open space that
incorporates an array of design features to
encourage recreational activities, manage
stormwater, and conserve water and power.
Hunter Point South Waterfront Park includes a multi-
use, grassy oval framed by a continuous path and a
pleated steel roof shade pavilion. The oval field
serves as a landscaped play area for most of the year,
but it can also handle storm surges on the flood-
prone site. Adjacent to the oval, a canopied pavilion
houses Parks Department offices, restrooms, and a
cafe. The structure is designed to withstand uplift in
case of flooding, and its roof directs rainwater into
bioswales that manage stormwater onsite. The park
also features a play area, basketball courts, adult fitness facilities, a children's playground, and a dog run.
At the park's perimeter, a bioretention area filters stormwater from the new Center Boulevard and surrounding streets,
minimizing impacts on the city's drainage infrastructure. Photovoltaic panels located on the pleated roof of the pavilion
generate 37,000 kWh per year, powering more than half of the park's energy needs.
Figure 5. Hunter Point South Waterfront Park. (Source: ESTO)
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Target Hard Surfaces
Impervious surfaces generate the most runoff. Reducing the amount of impervious surface at the park can have a big
impact on water quality and localized flooding. Options include:
•	Evaluate parking demand and convert underused parking spaces to landscaped area.
•	Convert low-traffic stalls and lanes to permeable pavement.
•	Use pervious asphalt or concrete for basketball courts and other paved areas.
Another way to reduce the impact of impervious surfaces is to direct the runoff they generate to pervious areas rather
than the storm drain system or nearby waterbodies. Options include:
•	Disconnect gutter downspouts so that water flows over landscaped, pervious areas or is captured for later use.
•	Reconfigure parking lots (e.g., cut curbing at strategic spots) so runoff drains to landscaped areas.
•	Grade walkways and plazas to drain toward turf grass, natural areas, and other pervious areas.
The park is owned and managed by the city of Atlanta and
supported by the Historic Fourth Ward Park Conservancy. The land
for the park was donated by Georgia Power and BB&T, with
funding provided by the Atlanta BeltLine Partnership Capital
Campaign, the Department of Watershed Management, Park
Improvement Bonds, and the Atlanta BeltLine Tax Allocation
District. It is estimated that the green infrastructure features in the
park saved Atlanta more than $15 million compared with installing conventional gray infrastructure drainage
alternatives. Development of the park has allowed Atlanta to meet a federal consent decree regarding combined sewer
overflows and waste treatment.
Figure 6. Top: Historic Fourth Ward Park. Bottom:
conditions before construction. (Source: Steve Carrol,
HDR)
Case Study: Converting Concrete to Green Space at Historic Fourth Ward Park
Completed in 2011, Historic Fourth Ward Park is a 17-acre urban
park located along Atlanta's BeltLine, a former railway being
redeveloped as a multi-use trail. It is situated in a lowland area that
had experienced flooding and sewer overflows during storms.
The site of the park was originally a mix of industrial and
commercial property, including areas that had become vacant or
blighted. City planners wanted to provide the surrounding
neighborhood with a multipurpose green space in which residents
could gather, while at the same time improving stormwater
management. The park includes:
•	A 2-acre stormwater retention pond bordered by plantings
and a walkway that can capture runoff from a 100-year
storm.
•	An underground cistern that allows for the reuse of
nonpotable water, and rain gardens with constructed
wetlands.
•	An increase in pervious groundcover.
•	Recreational amenities including open meadows and lawns,
an amphitheater, a skate park, playgrounds, and a multi-
use field.
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Take Advantage of Areas with Infiltration Potential
Are there areas of your park with great drainage, such as those with sandy soils? These spots can infiltrate a large
amount of stormwater and are preferred locations for green drainage practices. Locating these features in a well-
drained area saves money because the native soil can be used, and temporary standing water after storms is minimal.
Case Study: Recharging Water Supplies with Treated Stormwater	Los Angeles, California
Figure 7. Top: Sun
Valley Park
vegetated swales.
Bottom:
underground
infiltration gallery.
(Source:
Los Angeles County
Flood Control
District)
Sun Valley Park in Los Angeles County, California, was converted to a
multi-use site that reduces flooding, treats stormwater, and conserves
water while continuing to provide recreational benefits. The park
collects runoff from a 21-acre drainage area. The stormwater is piped
into a treatment system to remove pollutants. Treated water then
flows to infiltration basins located underground beneath the soccer
and baseball fields to recharge the groundwater aquifer. The project
also includes enhancements to recreational amenities, including new
sport fields, seating, lighting, and signage. Project benefits include:
•	Reduced flooding
•	Water conservation (30 acre-feet/year)
•	Native plant landscaping
•	Recreational ballfields, lighting, bleachers
The project was completed in 2006 for
approximately $7 million, it was funded by a
Department of Water Resources Local
Groundwater Assistance Grant, a Proposition 12
Grant through TreePeople, and the Los Angeles
County Flood Control District.
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Case Study: Enhancing Infiltration at Elmwood Park
Omaha, Nebraska
The city of Omaha completed the Elmwood Park
project in combination with a neighborhood sewer
separation project to help reduce combined sewer
overflows while providing an amenity in a residential
neighborhood. The city's Public Works Department
collaborated with the Parks, Recreation, and Public
Property Department to construct several new storm
sewers that divert stormwater from approximately
30 acres of the existing combined sewer system to
the nearby Elmwood Park. Infiltration and treatment
of that stormwater is provided by dry detention
ponds, bioretention gardens with native plantings,
and a series of grade-control slotted weirs that allow
water to pass after reaching a certain depth.
The system is designed to handle flows from a 100-
year storm—a significant improvement over the
previous combined sewer's inability to handle flows
from a 10-year storm. The project removes a large
volume of flow from the overburdened sewer system,
and the diversion project enabled city designers to
install smaller gray infrastructure upgrades in the
downstream portions of the system due to the
reduced demand. The park is a highly visible and well-
used recreational facility, and the diversion project
has become a visual focal point that is enjoyed by
residents who watch the water cascade through the
weirs during a rain storm. Carefully selected
vegetation enhances the park's visual appearance.
The final project cost was $1.2 million, and city
officials estimate $550,000 in savings over a
traditional gray infrastructure solution to combined
sewer overflows. The project eliminated the need to
upgrade existing gray infrastructure in downstream
areas at additional cost. Officials also say that the
system is working well and requires minimal
maintenance.
Figure 8. Top: view from the bottom of the system which is planted
with a variety of deep-rooted native plants. Bottom: conditions before
the project. (Source: City of Omaha Stormwater and CSO Programs)
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Protect Riparian Areas and Floodplains
In some locales, riparian areas have been replaced, destroyed, or negatively impacted by development and
redevelopment projects. Green infrastructure practices such vegetated buffers and living shorelines can be used to
protect and restore riparian areas and floodplains.
Case Study: Restoring Natural Drainage in Gene Green Beltway 8 Park	Houston, Texas
Gene Green Beltway 8 Park, 230 acres of park land in
Houston, was created in 1997 by Harris County
Precinct Two and the Harris County Flood Control
District in an area that was previously underserved by
parks. Phase I construction included the core of the
park, which was completed in August 2008 at a cost of
$5.5 million.
The park serves dual functions of flood control and
recreation and is a buffer between Liberty Lake
subdivision and Carpenter's Bayou. Approximately
two-thirds of the park is a detention basin that can
withstand periodic flooding.
The park design includes stormwater filtering with native prairie grass, recycled concrete riprap berms, a meandering
stream with native vegetation, and bioswales in the parking lot. The stream runs through the park and detention basin
to Carpenter's Bayou and filters and dissipates stormwater from the adjacent Liberty Lakes subdivision and the park
facilities.
The detention basin area has flooded several times—including during Hurricane Ike in 2008—but the features within the
basin have survived intact, despite the assault by the "costliest hurricane in Texas history." Future master plan activities
include excavating a lake/wetland for additional stormwater filtration within the detention basin, and preserving a
pristine stand of old-growth cypress within the Carpenter's Bayou oxbow.
Other features include:
•	An amphitheater stage and seating
•	A BMX track
•	Trails
•	Sports fields
•	Wetland plantings that filter stormwater
•	A meandering stream
Figure 9. Gene Green Beltway 8 Park. (Source: Landscape Online)
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MOUs
A memorandum of understanding (MOU) is an
important tool to clearly identify each
department's or agency's roles and
responsibilities. Parks and stormwater
departments or agencies are not the only ones
that might be involved. If the green infrastructure
project overlaps or affects the right-of-way,
transportation agencies might also need to be
included to ensure that their input is sought and
their objectives, responsibilities, and requirements
are documented.
Elements of an MOU
•	Describe the property and features for which
responsibility is shared.
•	Detail funding sources and amounts for
design/construction and maintenance,
including requirements for each.
•	List each department's objectives, roles and
responsibilities, and legal requirements.
•	Define methods of communication or
collaboration.
•	State the term of agreement, e.g., from date
of signature until...
•	Outline procedures for modifying, extending,
or severing the agreement.
5. Plan for Maintenance
Define Roles and Responsibilities
It is important to determine who will operate and maintain
the project over the long term and define roles and
responsibilities. Some agencies document the installation
and maintenance roles and responsibilities using MOUs to
clarify who (e.g., stormwater agency, park agency,
department of transportation, public works department) is
responsible for inspecting and maintaining green features.
The MOU can include a maintenance schedule to ensure that
all parties know what is needed to ensure the long-term
function of the green infrastructure features.
Perform Maintenance and Repairs
Ensuring the health of vegetation is one of the key factors in
the successful performance of green infrastructure practices.
Maintaining vegetation is an important component of a
maintenance program. Typical maintenance activities
include watering during the establishment phase, conducting
assessments of plant health, pruning, mulching to control
weeds, removing unwanted vegetation, and planting
replacements as necessary. To promote plant health and
properly manage runoff, porous soils need to be assessed
and replaced if they become clogged. Infiltration and
drainage features often need to be checked for clogging—
they might require trash, debris, and sediment removal and
sometimes structural and erosion-related repairs.
Ensure Optimal Performance
Green infrastructure infiltrates runoff through soils or other filtration media to filter out pollutants and retain
stormwater; therefore, the permeability and overall health of the soil is critical to performance. Infiltration rates can
diminish over time if the surface of an infiltration feature becomes clogged with fine sediment, organic matter (leaf
litter), or other materials that prevent percolation. Soils can also become compacted if they are subject to excessive foot
or vehicle traffic. Soils might need to be excavated, scraped, aerated, tilled, or replaced if standing water is present
several days after a storm, indicating poor drainage. Permeable pavement might need to be vacuumed or, in the most
challenging cases, removed and reinstalled to restore permeability.
Engage Community Service Organizations
In many areas, parks agencies have opportunities to hire individuals from community service organizations, youth
conservation corps, or other youth summer employment programs. This type of engagement provides younger people
with valuable opportunities to improve the communities in which they live, provides skills training and job experience,
and results in citizens who are knowledgeable about the environment.
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; ¦:
Capitalize on the Potential for Green Jobs
Green infrastructure maintenance lends itself well to
workforce training, because the work typically does not
require advanced training or education beyond high
school. Green infrastructure maintenance jobs can be
filled with young, seasonal workers through a summer
hiring program for teens and college students. Park and
stormwater agencies can partner with workforce
development agencies to provide access to operation
and maintenance jobs with long-term career potential
for disadvantaged community members. In addition to
maintenance, there is long-term, career-oriented green
job potential because landscaping, landscape design,
engineering, and construction-related skills can be
taught and learned through the construction of green
infrastructure in parks.
Developing a green jobs workforce can have a positive
impact on the environment and local communities. As
the use of green infrastructure increases, so does the
demand for a skilled green workforce. When parks
managers implement green infrastructure in park areas,
employment opportunities arise for individuals to install
and maintain features. Green jobs can range from
entry-level (e.g., landscape maintenance) to highly
skilled positions (e.g., installation of pervious concrete
and green roofs); plus, programs exist to provide
training so workers can ensure proper functionality of
green infrastructure elements.
Many programs target the underemployed urban
workforce to provide job skills and instiil a sense of
community ownership. Programs can offer classroom-
based learning, hands-on training, and certifications, as
well as assist in job placement. For instance, State
University of New York, College of Environmental
Science and Forestry (SUNY ESF), and its partners have
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developed a program to train underemployed residents
of Syracuse, NY—the Green Train Landscaping and
Urban Ecology (GLUE), The program focuses on training
the underemployed workforce, while at the same time
promoting environmental stewardship. The program
emphasizes the use of green infrastructure to address
water quality issues caused by stormwater runoff in the
Onondaga Lake Watershed.
Other programs focus on education of young persons to
provide a future green workforce. As part of its
NatureWORKS program, the nonprofit group Jobs for
the Future has been studying the potential for green
jobs, seeking to identify current and emerging trends in
the green infrastructure workforce and examining the
potential for job creation in this area. Its recent
publication, Greenprint: A Plan to Prepare Community
College Students for Careers in the Clean Economy.
provides recommendations for how community colleges
can implement educational programs to prepare
graduates for green jobs. The group plans to publish
similar documents on the full range of public and
private installation and maintenance and inspection
jobs in green infrastructure, including details of several
national certification efforts currently underway.
Certifications in green jobs are available from a number
of organizations, including the National Green
Infrastructure Certification Program (NGICP). NGICP has
established national certification standards for green
infrastructure workers involved in construction,
inspection, and maintenance of green infrastructure.
The goals of this program are to (1) establish a career
path for skilled workers related to green infrastructure,
(2) support the development of proficient green
workforces, (3) ensure that international best practice
standards are met, and (4) advance the establishment
of sustainable communities by promoting green
infrastructure as an environmentally and economically
beneficial stormwater management option.
Case Study: Starting with a Small-Scale Project at Fletcher Field	Franklin, Massachusetts
In the town of Franklin, Massachusetts, a rain garden was
installed at Fletcher Field, a multi-use park that includes a
playground, a baseball field, and basketball court, and picnic
area. Installation of this rain garden with native shrubs and
plants provided aesthetic improvements while simultaneously
capturing runoff from the parking lot. This project was
constructed in 2010 at a cost of $16,000. The town was able to
maximize resources by having Department of Public Works crews
install the soils, mulches, signs, and plants. This project highlights
multiple benefits of implementing green infrastructure: the
opportunity for site-specific stormwater management,
improvement of green space for the community to enjoy, and
public education.
Figure 10. Fletcher Field rain garden. (Source: City of
Franklin, Massachusetts)
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6. Undertake High-Visibility Pilot Projects
Think about selecting one or more high-visibility sites for a pilot project. Successful pilot projects in areas with high foot
traffic can help to garner support from the community for more green practices. Partner with the media to explain the
purpose and benefits of the projects, and highlight the community partnerships, donors, and volunteers involved in
making the projects happen.
Case Study: Creating a Waterfront Green Showcase at Ferrous
In 2015, Groundwork Lawrence (GWL) completed the
redevelopment of Ferrous Site Park, a former foundry
constructed in 1845. Since the early 2000s, GWL has partnered
with the city of Lawrence, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts,
and community partners to establish a park at the site. During
that time, GWL has used the site as a laboratory for youth
education programs that explore the ecology of the urban area.
Redevelopment addressed brownfield concerns and met the
city's overall goals of transforming the entire North Canal mill
district into a thriving mixed-use, transit-oriented development.
Funding for the $2.75 million project came from the city of
Lawrence, the National Park Service, Groundwork USA, and the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Over a period of 24 months,
the site was redeveloped to include recreation areas and green
features, including:




Site Park	Lawrence, Massachusetts
Ferrous Terrace: This overlook at the historic canal spillway
has a pavilion providing shelter for summertime education
programs and community gatherings.
Wild Arboretum: Rows of trees that thrive in urban
conditions and provide food for a range of animals. The
tree species will be labelled to teach about urban forestry
and ecology.
Ferrous Hill: The sand castings from the former industrial
foundry adjacent to the park have been reshaped as a
meadow mound with panoramic views.
Wild Woodland: A remnant woodland habitat
representative of the species that grew on the site before
park development.
River Edge Forest: Preserved and restored riparian habitat along the Spicket and Merrimack rivers.
Pathways: Central to the park's design is a new looping pathway network that provides safe and universal access
to excellent views of the rivers and the waterfall at the end of the North Canal.
Rain Garden: This feature will intercept and infiltrate stormwater from a 50-year storm event from the adjacent
industrial property. Previously the water was discharged directly into the Merrimack River via asphalt swales.
Figure 11. Top: Ferrous Site Park area before
redevelopment. Bottom: park conditions after
redevelopment. (Source: Groundwork Lawrence)
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USEFUL RESOURCES
City parks, clean water
City Parks. Clean Water: Making Great
Places Using Green Infrastructure
Trust for Public Lands 2016
Tools, Strategies and Lessons Learned
from EPA Greer Infrastructure
Technical Assistance Projects
Tools. Strategies and Lessons Learned
from EPA Green Infrastructure
Technical Assistance Projects
USEPA 2015
How cities use parks for...
Green Infrastructure
How Cities Use Parks
for Green Infrastructure
American Planning Association,
City Parks Forum
SERA
Laws & Regulations About EPA
Related Topics: G3 Program
Green Jobs in Your Community
You will need Adobe Reader to view some of the files on this page. See
tPA's About POI- Dane to learn more.
GREEN JOBS M
n this page:
v- ¦'XC ±
Green Jobs Research
¦ -H
Benefits for Businesses
Trainjpg and Education Opportunities
Green Job Resources

Green infrastructure is often perceived as costly and "job-killing", but the
case for its cost effectiveness, multiple community benefits, and job creatic
re proving that green infrastructure is:
•	Costeffectiveforimprovingwaterquality
•	Making communities healthier, safer, and m
•	Spurring economic development
i potential is not mere wishful thinking. A
Green Jobs in Your Community
USEPA
Green Infrastructure
Opportunities that
Arise During Municipal
Operations
SEPA;™""™
Green Infrastructure Opportunities
that Arise During Municipal Operations
USEPA 2015
Greenforce Initiative
Jobs for the Future 2016
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PARKS GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE ACTIONS CHECKLIST
Consider the following actions at your park to implement green infrastructure:

Action
Benefit to Parks
~
Convert turf areas with high maintenance requirements to
bioretention areas or other naturalized areas
Reduces maintenance and other costs associated
with the management of turf
~
Install cisterns or rain barrels to collect roof runoff for
irrigation
Reduces potable or recycled water use
~
Install permeable pavement or pavers
Reduces runoff, pavement maintenance, and use
of deicers
~
Amend soils to improve infiltration
Eliminates standing water and mosquito breeding
habitat
~
Install bioretention in underutilized perimeter areas
Reduces runoff and flooding and beautifies low-
use landscaped areas
~
Include educational signage describing BMPs and
stormwater impacts
Creates opportunities for environmental education
~
Install green roofs
Increases lifespan of roof, lowers energy cost, and
manages stormwater
~
Remove unnecessary impervious surfaces
Reduces runoff and decreases erosion
These green infrastructure actions can help park agencies meet one or more of the following goals and priorities,
including:
•	Enhancing park aesthetics with natural drainage.
•	Providing recreational opportunities in underserved communities.
•	Meeting the demand for better park features.
•	Reducing landscape and facility maintenance.
•	Improving drainage in low-lying areas.
•	Eliminating mosquito breeding habitat.
•	Improving the quality of compacted urban soils.
•	Providing habitat for ecological diversity.
•	Sharing costs among agencies.
•	Providing ideal locations for green stormwater management.
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In 2005 the Philadelphia Water Department created the
1-acre Saylor Grove stormwater treatment wetland in a
boggy area of the city's Fairmount Park. The wetland
serves as a public amenity while also treating a portion
of the 70 million gallons of stormwater runoff generated
by 156 acres of urban lands upstream of the park.
Before (2001)
SEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds
May 2017
EPA 841-R-16-112

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