EPA/600/R-17/169 | April 2016 | www.epa.gov/reseaixh OfcrM United States Environmental Protection Aqencv Sustainability Tools Inventory Initial Gap Analysis Office of Research and Development National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory / Western Ecology Division ------- EPA/600/R-17/169 April 2016 Sustainability Tools Inventory Initial Gap Analysis by Oneida Total Integrated Enterprises Milwaukee, WI 53226 and RTI International Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 EP-D-11-060 (Task 4, Work Assignment 037) Project Officer Allen Brookes Western Ecology Division National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory Corvallis, OR 97333 ------- Notice/Disclaimer Statement This document has been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, and approved for publication. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Data Quality Statement: Every attempt was made to gather information on all relevant tools, but it is possible the sources were not comprehensive and some relevant tools were missed. Abstract This report identifies a suite of tools that address a comprehensive set of community sustainability concerns. The objective is to discover whether "gaps" exist in the tool suite's analytic capabilities. These tools address activities that significantly influence resource consumption, waste generation, and hazard generation including air pollution and greenhouse gases. In addition, the tools have been evaluated using four screening criteria: relevance to community decision making, tools in an appropriate developmental stage, tools that may be transferrable to situations useful for communities, and tools with requiring skill levels appropriate to communities. This report was submitted in fulfillment of EP-D-11-060 by Oneida Total Integrated Enterprises and RTI International under the sponsorship of the United States Environmental Protection Agency. ------- F oreword The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is charged by Congress with protecting the Nation's land, air, and water resources. Under a mandate of national environmental laws, the Agency strives to formulate and implement actions leading to a compatible balance between human activities and the ability of natural systems to support and nurture life. To meet this mandate, EPA's research program is providing data and technical support for solving environmental problems today and building a science knowledge base necessary to manage our ecological resources wisely, understand how pollutants affect our health, and prevent or reduce environmental risks in the future. The National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL) within the Office of Research and Development (ORD) conducts systems-based, effects research needed to achieve sustainable health and wellbeing. Research encompasses both human and ecosystem health, in that they are inextricably linked. This document provides an initial gap analysis in the area of community sustainability decision support tools. It provides a reference to communities for existing decision support tools, and a set of gaps for those wishing to develop additional needed tools to help communities to achieve sustainability. iv ------- Table of Contents Notice/Disclaimer Statement iii Table of Contents v Acknowledgments viii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Tool Identification and Screening 1 1.2 Screening Criteria for Inclusion in Inventory 1 1.3 Inventory Descriptive Fields 2 1.4 STAR Community Rating System 4 1.5 Gaps Identified 5 2. Buildings & Infrastructure Tools 8 2.1 Potential Uses of Building Tools 8 2.2 Tool Usability 8 2.3 Comprehensiveness of Analysis Capabilities 11 2.4 Tools Analysis 13 2.4.1 Energy and Buildings Tools 13 2.4.2 Energy Use Tools 13 2.4.3 Roofs Impact on Energy Use Tools 14 2.5 Renewable Energy Tools 14 2.5.1 Renewable Energy Tools 14 2.5.2 Storm water Management Tools 15 2.5.3 Building & Site Material Use - Tools 17 2.5.4 Whole Buildings & Site Tools 17 2.5.5 Buildings & Site as Part of the Community Tools 18 2.6 Gaps Analysis 19 2.7 Conclusions 22 3. Land Use Tools 23 3.1 Potential Uses of Land Use Tools 23 3.2 Tool Usability 23 3.3 Comprehensiveness of Analysis Capabilities 26 3.4 Tool Analysis 28 3.5 Land Use Scenario Tools 28 3.6 Scenario Impact Tools 28 3.7 Gaps Analysis 31 3.8 Conclusions 32 4. Transportation Tools 33 4.1 Potential Uses of Transportation Tools 33 4.2 Tool Usability 34 4.3 Comprehensiveness of Analysis Capabilities 37 4.4 Tools Analysis 39 4.5 Gaps Analysis 42 4.6 Conclusions 43 5. Waste Management Tools 44 5.1 Potential Uses of Waste Management Tools 44 5.2 Tool Usability 45 5.3 Comprehensiveness of Analysis Capabilities 48 5.4 Tools Analysis 50 5.5 Integrated/LCA-Based Waste System Tools 50 v ------- 5.5.1 Targeted Waste Tools 52 5.6 Gaps Analysis 52 5.7 Conclusions 53 6. References 54 Appendix A: Tools Screen 55 Table of Figures Figure 1-1. Venn diagram of the intersection of four sustainability sectors and 72 sustainability tools.... 6 Figure 1:2- Heat map of 68 sustainablity tools (4 tools were not evaluated) showing the number of STAR keywords (Goals and Objectives) for each tool 7 Figure 1:3- Bubble chart of the STAR Goals and number of STAR Objectives for 72 sustainability tools 7 Tables Table 1.1. Four screening criteria for tool exclusion 1 Table 1.2. Database fields containing information collected for 72 sustainability tools 2 Table 1.3. STAR Community Rating System framework of goals and objectives 4 Table 2.1 .Existing READ Fields - Buildings & Infrastructure 9 Table 2.2. Evaluation Metrics Developed by OTIE - Buildings & Infrastructure 10 Table 2.3 Desirable Tool Analysis Capabilities by STAR Categories - Buildings & Infrastructure 12 Table 3.1 Existing READ Fields - Land Use 24 Table 3.2. Evaluation Metrics Developed by OTIE - Land Use 25 Table 3.3. Desirable Tool Analysis Capabilities by STAR Categories - Land Use 27 Table 4.1. Existing READ Fields - Transportation 35 Table 4.2. Evaluation Metrics Developed by OTIE - Transportation 36 Table 4.3. Desirable Tool Analysis Capabilities by STAR Categories - Transportation 38 Table 5.1. Existing READ Fields - Waste Management 46 Table 5.2. Evaluation Metrics Developed by OTIE - Waste Management 47 Table 5.3. Desirable Tool Analysis Capabilities by STAR Categories - Waste Management 49 vi ------- Acronyms and Abbreviations CE Community Elements DOT Department of Transportation EPA US Environmental Protection Agency GHG Greenhouse Gas GIS Geographic Information System ITS Intelligent Transportation Systems LCA Life Cycle Assessment LID Low-Impact Development MPO Metropolitan Planning Organizations ORD Office of Research & Development OTIE Oneida Total Integrated Enterprises READ Registry of EPA Applications, Models and Databases REDD Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation SHCRP Sustainable and Health Communities Research Program STAR Sustainability Tools for Assessing & Rating Communities SWM Stormwater Management VMT Vehicle Miles Traveled vii ------- Acknowledgments Allen Brookes (EPA) Project lead. David Eskew (OTIE) coordinated and managed development of the Sustainability Tools Inventory, Gaps Analysis. Lisa Wainger (OTIE) provided technical guidance for conduct of the search for tools and served as the lead for developing the evaluation criteria, and co-authored the Land Use Tools chapter. Don Catanzaro (OTIE) prepared the overall introduction and summary of the tool characteristics and co- authored the Land Use Tools chapter. Alan Britt (OTIE) led the inventory and evaluation of the Building and Infrastructure tools chapter. Mari Westin (OTIE) and Steve Whayland (OTIE) co-authored the Building and Infrastructure Tools chapter. Steven Bartell (OTIE) authored the Transportation Tools chapter. Keith Weitz (RTI International) authored the Waste Management Tools chapter. The authors would also like to thank Eric Morris and Jean Mayo (OTIE) for conducting the search for tools and maintaining the Excel database of information on tool characteristics, as well as, Emily Zimmermann (OTIE) for assembling the document and editorial support. viii ------- 1 .Introduction As part of the Sustainable and Healthy Communities Research Program (SHCRP), the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Office of Research & Development (ORD) is producing an inventory and evaluation of software tools relevant to community decision making that promote sustainability, especially in the four key areas (a k a sectors) of transportation, land use, waste disposal, and buildings & infrastructure. These evaluated tools address activities that significantly influence resource consumption, waste generation, and hazard generation including air pollution and greenhouse gases. A major role of this inventory is to provide the sustainability user community with information and data about software tools that will help them in making decisions about what tool is appropriate to address their issue(s). SHCRP's plan is to make this inventory open and accessible to all via one or more public-facing EPA websites. Recognizing that software tools share many commonalities, it is important that tools be categorized in ways that users will be able to easily find tools both relevant and useful. Tools can be categorized by the problems they are designed to solve, by the type of user, by the data needed to use the tool, by the documentation available for the tool, etc. While the listing of tools and categorization is important to users such as communities, this report serves a different function and is intended to identify whether the suite of tools identified and screened address a comprehensive set of community concerns or whether "gaps" exist in the tools' analytic capabilities. To facilitate the identification of gaps, we produced a sustainability tool inventory database. The database has some overlap with the Registry of EPA Applications, Models and Databases (READ) in that it shares some database fields with the databases housed within READ. The final database of community decision models has been incorporated into READ. This "gap" report analyzes identified tools to determine the relevance for each tool and identifies overall database deficiencies, or gaps, in reference to the four decision sectors. 1.1 Tool Identification and Screening The intended audience for the database of sustainability tools includes government officials, community organizers, non-profit agencies, and interested community members, including residents and businesses. We did not target advanced tools aimed at experts such as architects, engineers and other scientists, unless those tools also included a component that could be used by those with limited specialized expertise. For example, a building design tool may provide default numbers that a non-specialist might use to understand tradeoffs in building design. The tool might also provide an interface, intended for an architect or engineer, in which to enter values for specific materials that will be used in a building plan. If the first option or both options were available, we included the tool. If the tool only included the latter capability, we excluded it to focus on general knowledge. The search/data gathering phase involved three parts: 1) evaluating review articles or reports on related topics; 2) searching databases and directories of tools identified by reports, articles or discussions with knowledgeable parties such as planners, EPA personnel, and modelers, and; 3) searching professional association web sites for additional databases and directories. As previously reported, 17 reports and 57 websites were reviewed for collections of sustainability tools.1 1.2 Screening Criteria for Inclusion in Inventory Using simple criteria during the search process, we excluded 308 identified tools (Table 1:1). Our screening criteria were based on goals established by Allen Brookes and Betsy Smith (EPA office of Research and Development) which included a vision for an ideal final database which consisted of a comprehensive set of tools and information resources for communities. In this first phase of database development, we focused on a priority goal to identify tools that could quantify impacts of possible alternatives. 1 ------- Table 1.1. Four screening criteria for tool exclusion Criterion Description Number of Tools (see Appendix A) Scope Relevance Tools which calculate impacts to compare alternative decisions. Tools aimed at addressing decisions relevant to one or more of the four decision sectors (land use, transportation waste management, buildings). Tools which are not based primarily on a basic biophysical model that would be difficult to use to support a decision (e.g., a model calculating dissolved organic carbon). Out of Scope: 134 Development Stage Tools which are in a form that can be used now. Tools which are new or regularly updated; or, if not, is the only tool that calculates a relevant impact. Tools which could be located. Lacking Development Stage: 42 Transferability Tools which could be transferred to another case study by changing the data used and without substantial changes to the model/tool. Actual tools (e.g. not a book, paper, or website with links to other tools, etc.) Tools which are not overly broad (e.g. Microsoft Excel, Autodesk). Tools which produce output available to the user. Not Transferable: 131 Difficulty of Use or Time Required to Use Tools were not generally screened by effort except in cases where the model required extraordinary levels of data collection and model calibration particularly as it applies to transferring the model to a new study area (e.g., some types of watershed models can take a year to prepare to run) Expert System: 1 1.3 Inventory Descriptive Fields After screening, a total of 72 tools were included in the final sustainability tools database which is currently planned to be housed within the EPA's Registry of EPA Applications, Models and Databases (READ). The EPA's READ database was designed for another purpose and thus the existing fields will be used as needed, as they apply to the tool database (Table 1:2). Other fields are to be added to suit existing needs. Data for each of the 72 tools were collected by a single analyst over seven months. Table 1.2. Database fields containing information collected for 72 sustainability tools Field Name Domain Notes Date User Analyst's Name Information Resource Identifier READ field Information Resource Title READ field Information Resource Short Title READ field Name READ field Acronym READ field Short Description for Reports READ field Ownership Type Internal; External READ field Information Resource Type READ field Base Cost of Software $0; $1 - $499; $500 - $1499; $1500 - $4000; > $4000 New field. Returns will include models of equal or lesser cost. Other Cost Considerations New field. Explain complex cost structure (e.g., if software is free to some types of users, etc.) 2 ------- licld Name l)om;iiii Noles (»pen Source Yes; No; Partial New field Alternative Names READ field Sustainability Sector Buildings & Infrastructure; Land use; Transportation; Waste Management New field Constrained Keywords STAR keywords (see below) will be used in addition to analyst generated keywords. Keywords Free text entry Organization READ field. Contact Person READ field Phone Number READ field Email READ field Internet READ field Life Cycle Beta; Mature; Available, but no Longer Supported READ field Last Known Software Update READ field READ Info Updated New field. Date tool reviewed Operating Environment Desktop; Browser; Mobile New field Compatible Operating Systems Windows; Mac; UNIX/Linux; iOS; Android; N/A READ field Other proprietary software requirements (if any) ESRI ArcGIS; Excel; Access; Other READ field Model Inputs New field Data requirements None - All Data Provided; Low - Data Generally Publicly Available; Med - Not Publicly Available, but Routinely Available; High - New Data Must Be Created New field wModel Output Types Data (spreadsheet, database); Indicators; Indices, Aggregate Scores; Priority Ranks; Monetary Values, ROI; Graphs; Maps; GIS layers; 3-D Visualizations, Movies; Checklists; Narratives, Reports New field Output Variables New field. Source of Support Materials New field. URL (multiple URLs for alternative sources of user guides) Types of Support Materials Documentation; Tutorials; Case Studies; Knowledge Base / Wiki; User Forum; Technical Support; Training Courses New field. Model Evaluation READ field Model Structure Web Calculator; Spreadsheet Calculator; Web-Based GIS Tool; GIS Analysis Tool; Simulation Model; Other READ field. Time Scale Point in Time; Annual; Multi-Year; Other; Insufficient Information New field. Spatial Extent Building; Site; Neighborhood; City; County; State; Region; Nation; Continent; Globe New field. Target User READ field Technical skills needed to apply model Spreadsheet Calc/Basic Math; Basic GIS; Intermediate GIS; Advanced GIS; Basic Statistics; Advanced Statistics; Model Calibration; Software Coding; None; Other Specialized Knowledge New field. Interfaces to other Resources READ field 3 ------- 1.4 STAR Community Rating System Throughout this analysis, we have used the STAR Community Rating System (STAR Communities, 2012) as an organizing concept to assist in evaluating whether tools in any of the four decision sectors of transportation, buildings & infrastructure, land use, waste management conform to community needs in terms of matching up with sustainability goals. The STAR system is a comprehensive approach to rating community sustainability. STAR metrics cover conditions that can be observed and measured (e.g., physical environment, school condition) as well as conditions that are best captured with surveys or observational studies (e.g., community engagement). The STAR Community Rating System is built on a framework of sustainability goals, objectives (Table 1:3), and more detailed evaluation measures (not shown). Information regarding the STAR goals/objectives/evaluation measures relevant to each of the 72 tools was captured during the tool inventory process. The evaluation done by OTIE on these 72 tools is qualitative and somewhat preliminary based on current understanding of the individual tools. Certain information regarding the tools is unavailable without purchase of the software. Table 1.3. STAR Community Rating System framework of goals and objectives STAR Goal Area STAR Objectives Built Environment Ambient Noise and Light Community Water System Compact and Complete Communities Infill and Redevelopment Public Spaces Transportation Choices Climate and Energy Climate Adaptation Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Greening the Energy Supply Industrial Sector Resource Efficiency Resource Efficient Buildings Resource Efficient Public Infrastructure Waste Minimization Economy and Jobs Business Retention and Development Green Market Development Local Economy Quality Jobs and Living Wages Targeted Industry Development Workforce Readiness Education, Arts and Community Arts and Culture Community Cohesion Educational Opportunity and Attainment Historic Preservation Social and Cultural Diversity Equity and Empowerment Civic Engagement Civil and Human Rights Environmental Justice Equitable Services and Access Human Services Poverty Prevention and Alleviation 4 ------- STAR Goal Area STAR Objectives Health and Safety Active Living Community Health and Health System Emergency Prevention and Response Food Access and Nutrition Indoor Air Quality Natural Systems Green Infrastructure Invasive Species Natural Resource Protection Outdoor Air Quality Water in the Environment Working lands (Agricultural and Forest) 1.5 Gaps Identified Our inventory of sustainability tools found a total of 72 tools which were spread fairly evenly across the four sustainability sectors: 30 with Buildings & Infrastructure (41%), 16 dealt with Land Use (22%), 23 with Transportation (32%), and 16 with Waste Management (22%). While our spread across the four sectors was relatively even, overall, most tools focused on only a single sector (63 tools, 88%), with very few tools involved in two or more sectors (9 tools, 12%) (Figure 1:1). This concentration was most pronounced in the Buildings and Infrastructure sector, with 27 out of the 30 (90%) tools only being within the Buildings and Infrastructure sector, and somewhat less concentrated in the Waste Management sector tools with 12 out of the 16 tools (75%) focused solely on Waste Management. Land Use and Transportation sectors were only slightly less concentrated on their sectors (63% and 61% respectively). Our assessment of the sustainability tools available to communities is that most are created to work primarily within a single sector and that multi-disciplinary tools that work across several fields are lacking. 5 ------- ACS? Vz ^ / 28 0 0 11 0 0 21 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 Figure 1-1. Venn diagram of the intersection of four sustainability sectors and 72 sustainability tools. The numbers in each ellipse represent the number of tools identified. Each of the 72 tools was assessed with respect to STAR Goals and Objectives and a high degree of concentration was observed (Figure 1:2). Of the 72 tools, none were found to touch upon all seven STAR goals, and over 80% of all tools crossed fewer than three STAR Goals - 15 had three STAR Goals (21%), 24 had two STAR Goals (33%), and 18 had only one STAR Goals (25%). Of the seven STAR Goals three in particular seem to be less represented: Economy and Jobs; Education, Arts and Community; Equity and Empowerment (Figures 1:2 and 1:3). 6 ------- Figure 1.1 - Heat map of 68 sustoinoblity tools (4 tools were not evaluated) showing the number of STAR keywords (Goals and Objectives) for each tool. o $ CD to ^ ai en •- g U £ .2. O O u w Q) £ 3 # & ft fa Built Climate Natural Environment and Systems Energy Health Economy Education, Equity and and Arts and and Safety Jobs Community Empowerment Figure 1.2 - Bubble chart of the STAR Goals and number of STAR Objectives for 72 sustain ability tools. 1 ------- 2.Buildings & Infrastructure Tools 2.1 Potential Uses of Building Tools The tools in this category must provide users with information that address a broad spectrum of needs in relation to healthy and sustainable communities. At one end is information relevant to building performance, such as energy inputs & costs, thermal efficiency, lighting optimization, life cycle costs, water efficiency, and environmental impacts. At the other end are impacts on socioeconomic factors, urban context and character, effects of scale and density, and visual aesthetics. These are less easily codified and measured, yet they factor heavily into a municipality's ability to attract people and industry, and the potential to become a more healthy and sustainable community. Between these extremes are issues of multi-modal transportation ease & accessibility, open space preservation, stormwater management, parking, infrastructure integration & access, and other 'site' issues that may be well-documented, but not necessarily addressed with tools employed at the building scale. For the purpose of this report, "buildings & infrastructure" has been defined as the building shell and structure, and the site area. This includes the materials that make up the building and the building and site mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems that support and allow the building to operate properly. It also includes site features, such as hardscape, landscape, and stormwater management systems, which support, enhance, and provide access to the building. End users of the tools in this sector face a wide variety of issues, and possess varying requirements for information at multiple levels of complexity. The tools that ultimately populate the database must reflect those variations. The target audience for this web-accessed inventory has been identified as government officials, community organizers, non-profit agencies, and interested community members, including residents and businesses. Users in this broad target audience may require a variety of output types from a given tool. A few of the possibilities are: Data to pass along to a constituent; Data to support policy or a compelling case for action; Narratives or conclusions to pass along to a constituent; Narratives or conclusions to support policy or a compelling case for action. Municipal decision-makers can, to a degree limited by budget and political constraints, control the program for municipally-owned buildings. These buildings typically represent a minority of design and construction projects in any community. To expand sustainable building practices in non-public commercial buildings, municipalities occasionally must leverage compelling arguments, essentially to inspire private-sector building owners to exceed sustainability requirements. To ensure that decision-makers have sufficient information to maximize their sustainability efforts across the spectrum of impact, they must have access to the most comprehensive body of information possible. To that end, we must identify any gaps in relevant information provided by the tools in our database. Identification of these gaps will allow us to articulate the necessary steps to create additional tools that provide complete and comprehensive guidance to those charged with making our communities more sustainable. 2.2 Tool Usability We identified a total of 30 tools that could be classified as building and infrastructure-related tools, and evaluated those using metrics already incorporated into READ (Table 2:1) and new metrics that we 8 ------- created to reflect usability, cost-effectiveness, and integrity (Table 2:2). We created summary statistics of this new database to illustrate the state of the field, as captured by efforts to date. As shown in Tables 2:1 and 2:2, the majority of the tools identified are free desktop- or browser- based tools that operate on the Windows platform. About 2/3 of the tools do not allow open access to the source coding. More than half of the tools include documentation, such as a user's guide, and several provide tutorials, training courses and/or technical support. The most common model outputs generated are tabular results, graphs, and narrative reports; in addition, the stormwater tools generate maps. The tools identified for the building and infrastructure structure are mainly simulation models, 2/3 of the tools, with a few being spreadsheet or web based calculators. There are 10 GIS analysis tools which all look at stormwater. Most of the tools, 22 out of 30, do not require any other software to run the model. Table 2.1. Existing READ Fields - Buildings & Infrastructure Field Description Summary Statistic Life Cycle Stage of development of the software tool at the time of database update 0/30 30/30 0/30 0/30 Beta Mature Available but No Longer Supported Insufficient Information Last Known Software Update Summarized in year ranges 0/30 13/30 3/30 2/30 12/30 Current year l-3yr 3-5yr >5yr Insufficient Information Compatible Operating Systems Native operating system (OS) for desktop and mobile tools. Browser-based tools are shown as N/A since they operate independently of the OS. 22/30 4/30 2/30 0/30 0/30 6/30 2/30 Windows Mac UNIX/Lenux iOS Android N/A Insufficient Information Other proprietary software requirements (if any): Additional software needed to run the model. 3/30 3/30 3/30 22/30 Excel ERSI ArcGIS Other None Model Evaluation Indicates whether independent, peer-reviewed evaluations of the tool had been published at the time of database update. 23/30 Tools have evaluations available Model Structure General categories of tool type 20/30 1/30 3/30 10/30 1/30 Simulation Model Speadsheet Calculator Web Calculator GIS Analysis Tool Web-Based GIS Tool Interfaces to Other Resources Indicates whether a tool imports, exports or otherwise interfaces with any other software tools. 14/30 Tools interface with other resources 9 ------- Table 2.2. Evaluation Metrics Developed by OTIE- Buildings & Infrastructure Field Description Summary Statistic Base Cost of Software Minimum cost of acquiring software/system (excluding add-on modules). Some tools offer student discounts or variable pricing, which is noted in another field. 17/30 3/30 3/30 0/30 0/30 7/30 So S1-S499 $500-$ 1499 $1500-$4000 > $4000 Insufficient Information Open Source Source code accessible? 8/30 19/30 3/30 2/16 Yes No Partial Insufficient Information Operating Environment Platforms on which software tool is operable. 24/30 7/30 1/30 0/30 Desktop Browser Mobile Insufficient Information Data Requirements None= all data provided Low = Data generally publicly available Med = Not publicly available but routinely available High = New data must be created 4/30 5/30 9/30 11/30 1/30 None Low Medium High Insufficient Information Model Output Types Method of displaying returns generated by software tool. 16/30 1/30 3/30 1/30 1/30 19/30 12/30 6/30 6/30 0/30 18/30 1/30 Data (spreadsheet database) Indicators Indices, Aggregate Scores Priority Ranks Monetary Value, ROI Graphs Maps G IS Layers 3-D Visualizations, Movies Checklists Narratives, Reports Other Types of Support Materials Support available from the developer, user community, or elsewhere. 16/30 7/30 14/30 9/30 10/30 13/30 12/30 4/30 Documentation Case Studies Tutorials Knowledge Base / Wiki User Forum Technical Support Training Courses Insufficient Information Time Scale Projection period(s) for modeling tools. May not be applicable to all tool types. 18/30 22/30 15/30 5/30 4/30 Point in Time Annual Multi-Year Other Insufficient Information Spatial Extent Geographical unit(s) in which the model is applicable. 18/30 17/30 13/30 14/30 4/30 4/30 4/30 1/30 1/30 1/30 0/30 Building Site Neighborhood City County State Region Nation Continent Globe Insufficient Information Technical skills needed to apply model User capabilities required for proper application of software tool. 6/30 1/30 2/30 0/30 0/30 0/30 0/30 0/30 18/30 4/30 0/30 Spreadsheet Calc/Basic Math Basic GIS Intermediate GIS Advanced GIS Basic Statistics Advanced Statistics Model Calibration Software Coding None Other Specialized Knowledge Insufficient Information 10 ------- 2.3 Comprehensiveness of Analysis Capabilities Throughout our analysis, one benchmark that we have used is the STAR Community Rating System (STAR Communities, 2012). This rating system helps us to evaluate whether tools conform to community needs in terms of matching up with sustainability goals. The STAR system is a comprehensive approach to rating community sustainability. STAR metrics cover conditions that can be observed and measured, as well as conditions that are best captured with surveys or observational studies. The following section characterizes the combined capabilities across the selected Buildings & Infrastructure Tools. Table 2:3 qualitatively describes the attributes of the individual tools as defined by the STAR categories. It is worth noting that the results of this collective tabulation of selected tool capabilities can help identify gaps that need to be addressed in order to have the comprehensive information necessary for making decisions leading towards a more sustainable community. The characterization in Table 2:3 is qualitative and somewhat preliminary based on current understanding of the individual tools (e.g. for some tools extensive information about capabilities cannot be accessed until the tool has been bought/downloaded). More detailed analysis of the tools might revise the following tabulation, but the current characterization serves as a useful starting point for the gap analysis of Buildings & Infrastructure tools. As illustrated in the table, most of the selected Buildings & Infrastructure sector tools are designed to address the environmental aspects of the "Climate and Energy" category, where there is also a direct impact. The STAR category "Built Environment" is mainly focused on land-use issues rather than buildings; however, the design of buildings and its infrastructure has direct effects on several of the objectives/elements within this category. For the category "Health and Safety" there are objectives with a strong correlation to the Buildings & Infrastructure sector however, this is not really covered in any way by the building related tools selected in this project (except to the extent it is addressed by the tools which are mainly land use sector tools). The Buildings & Infrastructure sector also has a direct impact on objectives within the category "Natural Systems", but this is only sparsely addressed apart from the storm water-related tools. For the analysis of tools related to stormwater management, we have selected elements of the STAR system which are most applicable to stormwater planning. Four objectives/elements within three STAR system categories have been identified to evaluate stormwater tools capabilities: safe stormwater management under the "Built Environment" category, vulnerability reduction under the "Climate and Energy" category, and green infrastructure and chemical pollutants integrity under the "Natural Systems" category. 11 ------- Table 2.3 Desirable Tool Analysis Capabilities by STAR Categories - Buildings & Infrastructure Star Community Rating System Goals & Objectives Buildings & Infrastructure Tools Based on the STAR Community Rating System Goals & Objectives. More information on Evaluation Measures and the STAR Community Rating System is available at http://vwvw. sta rco mmu n iti es. o rg/rati n g -sy ste m/f ra me wo rk ATHENA BASINS BEES BLCC5 Civil Storm CommunityViz Cool Roof Calculator + LD Eco-Bat eQuest eSight FRESA HSPF InfoSWMM LISA MetroQuest MIKE URBAN PCSWIMM RSC cc in Storm and Sanitary Analysis SUSTAIN SWC IAIIAIMS TREAT Urban Footprint VE-Toolkit VE-Ware WinSLAMM XPSWMM Built Environment X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Ambient Noise and Light X X Community Water System X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Compact and Complete Communities X X Infill and Redevelopment X Public Spaces X Transportation Choices X Climate and Energy X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Climate Adaptation X X X X X Greehouse Gas Mitigation X X X X X X X X X Greening the Energy Supply X Industrial Sector Resource Efficiency X X X Resource Efficient Buildings X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Resource Efficient Public Infrastructure X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Waste Minimization X X X X Economy and Jobs X Business Retention and Development Green Market Development Local Economy X Quality Jobs and Living Wages Targeted Industry Development Workforce Readiness Education, Arts and Community X Arts and Culture Community Cohesion Educational Opportunity and Attainment Historic Preservation Social and Cultural Diversity X Equity and Empowerment X Civic Engagement Civil and Human Rights Environmental Justice Equitable Services and Access X Human Services Poverty Prevention and Alleviation Health and Safety X X X X X X Active Living X Community Health and Health System Emergency Prevention and Response X X X X Food Access and Nutrition Indoor Air Quality X Natural and Human Hazards Safe Communities Natural Systems X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Green Infrastructure X X X X X X X X 1 nvasive Species Natural Resource Protection X X X X X X X X X Outdoor Air Quality X X X X Water in the Environment X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Working lands (Agricultural and Forest) 12 ------- 2.4 Tools Analysis This section briefly outlines the capabilities of the selected individual building tools. Understanding these capabilities is important to support current efforts related to sustainable building planning within the larger context of overall community health and sustainability. Additionally, knowledge of current capabilities can help identify gaps in the available building tools. For this analysis, the building tools that are evaluated in this report have been classified into different categories depending on what kind of capabilities they offer: • Energy and Buildings o Energy Use o Roofs Impact on Energy Use o Renewable Energy • Stormwater Management • Building & Site Material Use • Whole Buildings & Site • Buildings & Site as Part of the Community Several of the tools found in this research (23 out of 30) consider only one aspect of buildings & infrastructure, e.g. many focus on energy use in buildings and others on stormwater management. Four tools attempt to addresses the environmental impact from the whole building or building use, by covering more than one aspect (e.g. both energy and water) or by a Life Cycle Analysis approach. Three of the tools included in the Building & Infrastructure sector address buildings at a larger scale, as a part of the surrounding community. These three tools are mainly covered in the land use section: Community Viz, MetroQuest and Urban Footprint. 2.4.1 Energy and Buildings Tools This category covers tools which only analyze the energy aspect of buildings. Some address energy use in general, others specialize in the impact from roof design on energy use and heat island effect, and one is intended to evaluate different options for renewable energy on site and the impact on energy use. 2.4.2 Energy Use Tools Three of the tools in this category (EnergyPlus, eQuest and VE-Ware) analyze the effects on building energy use from different building and building mechanics (HVAC) design. Another tool (TREAT) analyzes the same, but with a focus on retrofitting. The fourth tool is for managing and evaluating energy use in an existing building or group of buildings. • EnergyPlus (E+) - EnergyPlus is an energy analysis and thermal load simulation program, that also models water use. Based on a user's description of a building from the perspective of the building's physical make-up and associated mechanical and other systems, EnergyPlus calculates heating and cooling loads necessary to maintain thermal control set-points, conditions throughout 13 ------- a secondary HVAC system and coil loads, and the energy consumption of primary plant equipment. • Quick Energy Simulation Tool (eQuest) - eQuest is a building energy analysis tool that can perform detailed analysis of building design technologies using building energy use simulation techniques, but without requiring extensive experience in the "art" of building performance modeling. • VE-Ware - VE-Ware is a whole-building annual energy and carbon usage tool. It appears that this tool is no longer available but has been replaced by VE for engineers and VE for architects. • Targeted Retrofit Energy Analysis Tool (TREAT) - TREAT is energy audit software for comprehensive energy analysis and building modeling. With thorough building material libraries, single-family and multifamily versions, and the ability to project savings from combined retrofits, TREAT is a comprehensive and flexible software platform. • eSight - eSight is desktop or web-based energy management software with the ability to monitor consumption against production or degree day data. It can help understand where savings can be made and monitor on-going usage. 2.4.3 Roofs Impact on Energy Use Tools The three tools in this category all calculate the influence from roof design on building energy use. • Cool Roof Calculator - The Cool Roof Calculator estimates cooling and heating savings for flat roofs with non-black surfaces. This version of the calculator is for small and medium-sized facilities that purchase electricity without a demand charge based on peak monthly load. • Roof Savings Calculator (RSC) - The Roof Savings Calculator was developed as an industry- consensus roof savings calculator for commercial and residential buildings using whole-building energy simulations. An annual simulation of hour-by-hour performance is calculated for the building properties provided based on weather data for the selected location. • Solar Reflectance Index Calculator (SRI) - The SRI calculator is an Excel-based simulation model that can be used to estimate the surface temperature of the roof product under prescribed conditions. This can be used not only to estimate heating and cooling needs as a result of roof design, but also to measure the impact on the heat island effect. 2.5 Renewable Energy Tools • Federal Renewable Energy Screening Assistant (FRESA) - FRESA assists in identifying renewable energy technologies appropriate for implementation at a facility or building. It allows users to evaluate several renewable energy systems to reduce electricity, fuel use, and greenhouse gas emissions at a building or facility. 2.5.1 Renewable Energy Tools • Federal Renewable Energy Screening Assistant (FRESA) - FRESA assists in identifying renewable energy technologies appropriate for implementation at a facility or building. It allows users to evaluate several renewable energy systems to reduce electricity, fuel use, and greenhouse gas emissions at a building or facility. 14 ------- 2.5.2 Stormwater Management Tools We would want to consider tools that could provide useful output information related to stormwater management (SWM) for: Peak Flow Control, Water Quantity Control, Water Quality Control, Erosion & Sediment Control, Onsite Infiltration and Stormwater/Roofwater Reuse. These types of tools being considered for a building and its site, could also be used on a regional or community basis, for decision making regarding the built environment on a larger scale (e.g.: a subdivision, campus, a business park, industrial park, mixed use development, or a whole community). The following Stormwater Management (SWM) tools are included as part of this analysis: BASINS, Civil Storm, HSPF, InfoSWMM, MIKE URBAN, PCSWMM, Storm and Sanitary Analysis, SUSTAIN, SWC, SWMM, WinSLAMM and XPSWM. • BASINS — EPA's watershed modeling program that includes tools and utilities for assessing watershed conditions to help users understand water quality issues and pollution sources in a watershed, assess monitoring programs, identify data gaps, and develop watershed-water quality modeling strategies. • CivilStorm — Storm and Sanitary systems modeling tool for MicroStation by Bentley users • HSPF — Watershed model program endorsed by EPA for simulating point and nonpoint source pollutants. The model is used for developing total maximum daily load (TMDL) plans for impaired water bodies. • InfoSWMM - A stormwater modeling program, based off of EPA's SWMM program, developed by INNOVYZE • MIKE URBAN - An urban water modelling program that is good for looking at issues of combined sewers and sewer system overflows. It covers all water networks in the city, including water distribution systems, storm-water drainage systems, and sewer collection in separate and combined systems, developed by DHI • PCSWMM - A stormwater modeling program, based off of EPA's SWMM program, developed by CHI • Storm and Sanitary Analysis— Storm and Sanitary systems modeling tool for AutoCAD Civil 3D, by Autodesk users. • SUSTAIN - EPA's watershed analysis program that assists with developing and implementing plans for flow and pollution control measures to protect source waters and meet water quality goals. • SWC - EPA's National Stormwater Calculator (SWC) is a desktop application that estimates the annual amount of rainwater and frequency of runoff from a specific site anywhere in the United States (including Puerto Rico). Estimates are based on local soil conditions, land cover, and historic rainfall records. • SWMM - EPA's Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is used throughout the world for planning, analysis and design related to stormwater runoff, combined and sanitary sewers, and other drainage systems in urban areas. There are many applications for drainage systems in non- urban areas as well. It is a dynamic hydrology-hydraulic water quality simulation model. It is used for single event or long-term (continuous) simulation of runoff quantity and quality from 15 ------- primarily urban areas. It has recently been extended to model the hydrologic performance of specific types of low impact development (LID) controls. • WinSLAMM - Water quality modeling program developed in Wisconsin to better understand the relationships between sources of urban runoff pollutants and stormwater runoff quality. The program can aid a user in identifying pollutant sources and evaluating the effects of different stormwater control practices and runoff management strategies. • XPSWMM- A stormwater modeling program, based off of EPA's SWMM program, developed by XP SOLUTIONS. 2.5.2.1 Safe Stormwater Management Proper stormwater management can help reduce on-site building & community flooding and prevent building site runoff pollutants from entering local surface waters. The first step to reduce community flooding is to quantify the stormwater impacts and outcomes at both the building site and community levels. Several SWM tools such as: XP-SWMM, PCSWMM, InfoSWMM, provide good 2-dimensional flood routing, to simulate overland/street flow over complex topography. These tools are then able to automatically define overland flow/street flow paths to predict flood inundation patterns. Tools should also be equipped with stormwater system design capability to size suitable hydrological structures in order to safely convey stormwater on a site or in a community-specified design system for a given storm event. The better SWM tools for this use are: SWMM, XPSWMM, PCSWMM, InfoSWMM, Mike Urban, SSA, and CivilStorm. For the purposes of measuring the water quality component of the safe stormwater management element, preventing pollutants from entering local surface waters, two tools have been widely used for this application (WinSLAMM, HSPF). 2.5.2.2 Vulnerability Reduction This element requires planning and design for a building site or a community to demonstrate a measurable reduction in climate change vulnerability related to commercial & residential building flooding and stormwater infrastructures. This section would focus on whether the tool provides a built-in climate change engine to predict the potential effects of climate change on stormwater. Three current tools (Mike Urban, NSC, and BASINS) allow users to build climate change scenarios, either by applying change factors or by selecting built-in climate models in the tool. 2.5.2.3 Green infrastructure Under this consideration, building developers and the community need to design and maintain a network of green infrastructure features that integrate with the built environment to conserve ecosystem functions and provide associated benefits to human populations. To quantify the benefits of various green infrastructures (GI) throughout the community, the tools are expected to provide a SWM-water quality module and a Low Impact Development (LID)/Best Management Practice (BMP) module. The following website provides a good reference for what is meant by GI & LID Best Management Practices and techniques: http://www.lid-stormwater.net/lid_techniques.htm. Most SWM tools include a LID control simulation module that allows users to input dimensions of LID practices; however, the Mike Urban simulation tool has served as a base model on several green infrastructure assessment cases by converting the practice's storage volumes into equivalent soil interception depths. 2.5.2.4 Chemical Integrity - Pollutants In terms of meeting the chemical (pollutant) integrity sector goal, the building development community is required to demonstrate that the total pollutant loadings are below Total Maximum Daily Load 16 ------- (TMDL) levels, or demonstrate a steady decrease in pollutant levels towards a long-term goal of below TMDL levels. Reduction in Total Suspended Solids (TSS) is also a measurement used by the tools to show the effectiveness of a stormwater system for a building or community. All models except NSC have capability to simulate water quality variables of major concern (total dissolved solids and total phosphorus). WinSLAMM is the only modeling tool that evaluates runoff volume and pollution loading for each source area (roof, paved parking, etc.) within each land use, and for each rainfall event. The software was built strongly on actual field observations, with minimal reliance on pure theoretical processes. 2.5.3 Building & Site Material Use - Tools • Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES) - BEES measures the environmental performance of building and site materials/products by using the environmental life-cycle assessment approach specified in ISO 14040 standards. This tool analyzes the life cycle of products: raw material acquisition, manufacture, transportation, installation, use, and end of use disposal. Environmental and economic performances are combined into an overall performance measure using the ASTM standard for Multi-Attribute Decision Analysis. Currently the tool is aimed at designers, builders, and product manufacturers and the user need to know and input very detailed data. However, if the database is built up with more materials and products, it could become useful for communities in the future. • LCA in Sustainable Architecture (LISA) - LISA (LCA in Sustainable Architecture) is a streamlined LCA decision support tool evaluating construction and operation impacts. It was developed in response to requests by architects and industry professionals for a simplified LCA tool to assist in green building design. The following environmental indicators are calculated: resource energy use, greenhouse gas emissions, water use, suspended particle matter, non- methane VOC, NOx, and SOx. Note: Since the screening of tools was performed, this tool and site have been closed down and are not available. • ATHENA Impact Estimator for Buildings 4 - This tool, which is mainly a material life cycle impact assessment tool, is described below under "Whole Building and Site" as it has the option to include input from energy modeling. 2.5.4 Whole Buildings & Site Tools The tools that have been included in this category all analyze two or more different aspects of a building, its site, and the site utilities that serve a building. • ATHENA Impact Estimator for Buildings 4 - ATHENA is an assessment and decision- support tool for selection of material mixes and other design options that will minimize a building's potential life-cycle environmental impacts. Operating energy consumption can be included by inputting results from an energy consumption modeling tool, but mainly ATHENA looks at the impacts from the material use. However, because of this option it allows the user to better understand the inherent trade-offs between, for example, adding more insulation and reduction in operating energy use. The tool takes into account the environmental impacts of the following life cycle stages: material manufacturing, including resource extraction and recycled content; related transportation; on-site construction; maintenance and replacement effects; and 17 ------- demolition and disposal. The following environmental impact measures are calculated: global warming potential, acidification potential, human health respiratory effects potential, ozone depletion potential, smog potential, and eutrophication potential. • Eco-Bat - Eco-Bat is designed to perform the life-cycle impacts analysis of a building and site, especially during the conceptual phase. It can be used by architects and engineers who want to assess the environmental impacts of a new building or existing building project. In addition to environmental impact from energy use, it considers the impact on the environment from materials manufacturing, transport, replacement and elimination. Currently four environmental indicators are calculated: embodied energy, carbon footprint, water usage, and resource consumption. It uses the database Ecoinvent to get information about different materials and products. • VE-Toolkit - (similar tools now provided, from the same company, named VE for engineers and VE for architects) - These tools conduct performance analysis from CAD models at early design stages. It can be used to quantify and test feasibility of design ideas across energy use, CO2 emissions, occupant comfort, daylight levels, airflow, and water use. • Building Life Cycle Cost - BLCC conducts economic analyses by evaluating the relative cost effectiveness of alternative buildings and building-related systems or components. Typically, BLCC is used to evaluate alternative designs that have higher initial costs but lower operating costs over the project life than the lowest-initial-cost design. BLCC include both energy and water use. 2.5.5 Buildings & Site as Part of the Community Tools These tools are primarily land use planning tools, but they also touch upon buildings and building sites in various aspects. The three tools are mainly described and analyzed in the land use section (for Community Viz and MetroQuest also to some extent in the transportation section). • CommunityViz - CommunityViz is primarily a GIS-based land use planning tool. This tool permits the specification of land-use scenarios and analyzes the implications of scenarios in terms of site suitability, infrastructure availability, stormwater & environmental impact, growth, energy use, pollution emissions (including GHGs), population demographics, jobs, build-out analysis, dwelling units, and population density. Its relevance for buildings is in mainly in where to locate the building site within a community. • Urban Footprint - The Urban Footprint model is a land use planning, modeling, and data organization framework designed to produce results for the following metrics: land consumption; vehicle miles traveled (VMT); greenhouse gas emissions; building energy and water consumption, transportation and utilities; public health impacts and costs; local fiscal impacts. This tool addresses the building and building site in some detail by including building energy and water consumption as well as household costs for housing. • MetroQuest - MetroQuest is an online community engagement platform for planning projects. A MetroQuest configuration is comprised of a series of 4 to 5 screens that guide participants through the process of learning about a project and providing valuable input to planners. It is primarily designed for community engagement in developing plans, and has limited analysis capabilities. 18 ------- 2.6 Gaps Analysis A review of the buildings & infrastructure tools found in this research project reveals that, even though the selected tools offer some useful analysis capabilities there are critical gaps. Several STAR goals (categories) and objectives, relevant to the buildings & infrastructure, are not covered at all, or not covered well. In general, the STAR categories "Built Environment" and "Climate & Energy" are rather well represented while the other five categories are very sparsely addressed or not at all addressed. However, even within the STAR categories "Built Environment" and "Climate & Energy", there are objectives which are not considered adequately by any building and infrastructure tool identified in this search and screening. In addition to the gaps in how well the STAR categories and objectives are addressed, there are gaps in another aspect. Most of the tools only regard one specific feature of buildings & infrastructure, e.g. energy use. There are few tools that address the whole building's environmental impact in a more encompassing and holistic way, which would be beneficial for a community. The four tools ATHENA, Eco-Bat, VE-Toolkit, and BLCC analyze more than one aspect of the building and, with the exception of BLCC, calculate several indicators for environmental impact. However, none of them covers all aspects of a building. ATHENA mainly focuses on building material but can incorporate energy use from another simulation program, but it does not take into account water use in the building. It calculates several important environmental indicators, but lacks indicators for indoor environmental impact like occupant comfort, daylight levels and air quality. The only tool covering indoor environmental impact is VE-Toolkit. This tool also looks and both energy and water, but on the other hand it does not include environmental impact from material use. Eco-Bat models the environmental impact from both energy use and materials but is limited to three indicators: embodied energy, carbon footprint, and resource consumption. BLCC, on the other hand calculates the impact from both energy and water use, but only on the life-cycle cost, no environmental indicators are modeled and materials are not included. None of the four tools described above includes the building site in regards to rainwater, greenspace etc. Sustainable landscaping is another practice where there is a gap in tools available. It would be very valuable for site planning to have tools that quantifies the savings in operation and maintenance costs related to e.g. watering, mowing and treating turf grass compared to landscaping that is native to the area and well-suited to the site conditions and surrounding climate. Sustainable landscaping also influences the so-called heat island effect; see further discussion below in regards to climate change. The STAR category that is best covered by the selected buildings & infrastructure related tools is "Climate & Energy." Several tools exist that can quantify both energy use and the associated greenhouse gas emissions. There are tools to be used for energy calculations during the design phase, for retrofitting and for existing systems. In addition, one tool has been identified (FRESA) which can evaluate different options for renewable energy on site and the impact on energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. The main issue for recommending energy modeling tools for communities will be to accurately describe the different tools so that the user can choose the one that is right both for the present application and the knowledge base and skills of the user. The STAR communities rating system has an objective under "Climate & Energy" to reduce water consumption. (This also comes up under the objective "Community Water Systems" in the STAR category "Built Environment") Even though water consumption has a large impact on climate change through the use of energy to treat, transport and heat water, only three tools, eSight, VE-Toolkit and BLCC, were identified with the capability to partly assess water use in buildings. In addition, BLCC only looks at the life-cycle cost. Urban Footprint also addresses water use, but on the community level. There is definitely a gap in the tool capabilities regarding modeling of water consumption. This is an 19 ------- important issue for communities, not only due to the water/energy nexus and the impact on climate change but also concerning the widespread situation with old water infrastructure in addition to future potential water shortages, partly caused by climate change. Another objective under "Climate and Energy" regards waste minimization. In general, this is discussed and analyzed in the waste section; however, there are some special issues in regards to buildings. For example, waste from construction and demolition of buildings constitutes a large portion of the waste going to landfills. Tools with a life-cycle analysis (LCA) approach to building materials would therefore be valuable for communities. Two such tools were identified that would be usable for communities; ATHENA and Eco-Bat. Previously a third tool, LISA, was available, but the site has closed down. The LISA tool was positively referred to a few years ago in many books, summary papers, and lists of tools by different organizations, being described as a simplified and easy to use LCA tool. (See for example the AIA Guide to Building Life Cycle Assessment in Practice, 2010, and Desktop Tools for Sustainable Design, K. Gowri, 2005.) This shows how important it is to identify and support tools that are valuable for communities, so that they are not disappearing. (Several attempts have been made to find information about the current situation of the LISA tool but the research center which provided the tool does not exist any longer and no information has been located.) Another tool, BEES, analyzes building materials and products life cycle impact, but is currently targeted towards experts. A database in being built with common building products, and this tool could potentially become useful for communities in the future. Another special issue regarding buildings & infrastructure and waste management, is how the use of "green" building materials, and the "green" process of building & infrastructure demolition, will impact the composite of the waste streams to both landfills and recycling facilities in the future. This is an aspect that is not yet well understood since these materials, systems and processes are relatively new in the market; however, these "green" construction methods and materials will influence the waste management system and thereby building material LCA tools. One topic within climate change considerations that is not covered in the STAR rating system, but which nonetheless is a strong consideration for sustainable tools, is heat island effect in urban areas. While green roofs and low-albedo "white" roofs are covered in several of the tools; no tools have been identified which includes measuring the impact of "cool daylighting," designing for canopy trees and other vegetation on the site, and using light-colored paving, as a way of mitigating the heat island effect of building, driveway and parking lot development. To a large extent the content of the STAR category "Built Environment" is focused on land-use issues rather than buildings & infrastructure with the objectives" Compact and Complete Communities, Infill and Redevelopment, Public Spaces, and Transportation Choices. Buildings & infrastructure does have an impact on these objectives but these tools do not have any capabilities in these areas except for what is covered by the land use tools (see the land use section for further discussion). Two objectives are directly impacted by buildings & infrastructure, Ambient Noise and Light, and Community Water Systems. Among the tools identified in this project, none specifically calculated the effect from building design on ambient noise levels or light pollution. With the rising concern about light pollution and its negative effect on natural systems, this is a topic for which an easy-to-use tool for communities would be desirable. Regarding community water systems, only one of the selected tools, VE-Toolkit, analyzes water consumption as a function of building design, (see discussion above in reference to the STAR category "Climate Change"). However, there are many tools that look at stormwater, and the impact that a building and its site have on stormwater runoff. There is a substantial gap in the tools being evaluated, when considering tools that can assist in providing good output related to a building and site's impact on stormwater management- peak flow, quantity, quality and erosion & sediment control, as well as measuring stormwater that is kept onsite 20 ------- through infiltration or reuse. The Stormwater, Erosion & Sediment Control tools being considered should aid in reaching the STAR Community Rating System objectives under 'Built Environment' (Community Water System), 'Climate and Energy' (Climate Adaptation, Resource Efficient Buildings, Resource Efficient Public Infrastructure) and 'Natural Systems' (Green Infrastructure, Natural Resource Protection and Water in the Environment). An example of a very basic tool for estimating and determining approximations for impact and required Best Management Practice (BMP) sizing related to stormwater quantity runoff is the HydroCAD software program. There are many SWM tools equipped both with the spatial-distributed hydrological and hydraulic modeling features. Also, most SWM tools have a variety of standard closed and open conduit shapes, natural channels, as well as hydraulic structures (like weirs, ponds, etc.) to represent the layout of the drainage systems. There does appear to be a gap in available tools that provide current applicable hydrological modules that can estimate region-specific and site specific runoff characteristics, on a small-site scale, based on: precipitation, land use types and soil conditions at each user-defined sub- catchment. The most effective tool for determining and measuring the way in which a building and site development is meeting the EPA, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) water quality requirements for construction activities and development, appears to be WinSLAMM. The challenges and gap with WinSLAMM is that it is not user-friendly for a planner or a user to run, there is a cost associated with the program and it takes quite a bit of input to run the program. A program such as the National Stormwater Calculator (NSC), that is relatively easy to use and gives good approximate numbers in its outcomes, assisting planners and general users in decision making, could be very valuable. Most of the SWM tools available only simulate and assist with design for Low Impact Design (LID) controls, using storage and outflow components explicitly (for example: rain gardens, rain barrels, porous pavement, infiltration trenches, and ponds). Tools with accurate simulations of Green Infrastructure (GI), like downspout disconnection and green roofs, do not seem to be available. This is often accomplished by modifying the percent of impervious area in the sub-catchment, to represent directing runoff from impervious area to pervious area, but this "work around" is really not an accurate way to measure the benefit of these types of Best Management Practices (BMP's). Building site stormwater management systems that use natural processes (rain gardens, bioswales, bioretention basins) can be modeled using tools such as WinSLAMM. Manufactured devices for stormwater treatment don't necessary have third party impartial tools that can measure their effectiveness. In areas of the country where urban areas have combined sewer systems, creating a green infrastructure; with green roofs, stormwater reuse systems, porous pavements and other infiltration systems are typically more cost-effective than building a new and separate storm sewer piping system. The one tool that most effectively considers the combined impact and benefits of several different Best Management Practices (BMP's) included as part of a green infrastructure system is WinSLAMM. Reuse of graywater and roofwater for toilet flushing and landscaping irrigation in buildings and onsite, could also be defined as a green infrastructure system, but not many stormwater modeling tools consider stormwater reuse as a best management practice. Within the STAR category "Health & Safety", the only objective directly related to buildings & infrastructure is "Indoor Air Quality". The VE-toolkit has some capabilities for this through ventilation modeling. Another aspect of indoor air quality is the off-gassing from different materials and chemicals, something that none of the tools addresses. There is a lack of knowledge about potential health consequences from exposure to materials inside buildings, but it appears that this is an increasing concern. This is apparent, for example, in the focus on this topic in the updates made to the latest version 21 ------- of the LEED rating system. This is a field that is changing rapidly, and tools targeting this issue are possibly currently being developed. The other objectives in this category (Active Living, Community Health and Health System, Emergency Prevention and Response, Food Access and Nutrition, Natural and Human Hazards, Safe Communities) will only be indirectly influenced by how buildings are designed and function. In addition, these impacts are not easily quantified, and none of the tools identified have the capabilities to model these outcomes except what is included in the community planning tools Community Viz and Urban Footprint. For the three STAR categories "Economy & Jobs", "Education, Arts & Community" and "Equity and Empowerment" there are no capabilities among the tools found within the buildings & infrastructure section. The objectives in these three STAR categories are much harder to measure and quantify when it comes to building and site development, however they are essential for a healthy and sustainable community. There is clearly a gap in the current tools being considered when looking to measure: equity for all users, healthy buildings to live, work, or play, in office spaces where productivity and job growth can be maximized, how absenteeism & turnover is minimized, and where the building users have easy access to open spaces, nature, and the arts. Similarly, there appears to be no effective tools for site selection when considering available infrastructure, access to multi-modal transportation, and minimizing impact to existing environmental and historical features. Tools modeling these topics would be valuable in planning and decision making by developers, business owners and planners, for where best to locate a given building use and type. These questions are considered in the Land Use section, but on a larger scale. Possibly some of the land use tools identified could be adjusted to be used for a more detailed, smaller scale. The objectives under the STAR categories "Health & Safety", "Economy & Jobs", "Education, Arts & Community" and "Equity and Empowerment" are not traditionally considered when buildings are being modelled and designed; nevertheless, these are very important for communities that aspire to become more healthy and sustainable. The tool search did not specifically target socioeconomic models, and tools might exist which were not discovered. 2.7 Conclusions Overall there is a gap in identified tools, within the building ^infrastructure sector, which have the capability to model a comprehensive outcome of a given set of sustainable building and infrastructure practices. Such an output could be used not only for community planning purposes but also to educate the building users and the general public, such that sustainable practices can be better understood, further innovated, and provided in an even better way for future building and site development. Most tools address only one aspect of buildings and infrastructure (e.g. energy use or stormwater quantity) but there are a few that are more encompassing (e.g. VE-Tools and ATHENA). In addition, most tools only have capability to calculate one or a couple of environmental impact indicators, such as global warming potential or phosphorous levels in water, disregarding others that would also be important for a healthy and sustainable community. In general, there are several tools in the building ^infrastructure sector that model traditional technical objectives coved by the STAR goals/categories "Built Environment" and "Climate & Energy", but there are few that can give any data for many of the socioeconomic objectives addressed in "Health & Safety", "Economy & Jobs", "Education, Arts & Community" and "Equity and Empowerment". Tools that capture the triple bottom line of society, economy and environment, and take a more holistic approach to "quality of life" and a healthy and sustainable community are missing. 22 ------- In addition to the broad scope gaps described above, specific gaps in the identified tools include: • Tools that model water use, especially the impact on climate change, are largely missing. • Stormwater modeling tools that can be used on a "small-scale" building site and that are easy to use and effective in providing good estimates for the types of BMP' s and the size or scale of SWM that is needed. • Impact on indoor air quality is missing from material LCA tools. (There is a growing interest in this aspect which has led to increased research and new tools are potentially being developed currently.) None of the tools that model buildings life cycle impact on the environment includes all of these three aspects: energy use, water use and material use. 3.Land Use Tools 3.1 Potential Uses of Land Use Tools Local governments must make difficult choices regarding how scarce land resources can support multiple uses including residences, businesses, infrastructure, and open space. Furthermore, planners must decide how different types of land use activities will be distributed to maximize social benefits and minimize harms. In addition to supporting desirable places to live and work, sustainable land use planning will consider the ability of the landscape to provide valued ecosystem services such as protection of drinking water quality, outdoor recreation opportunities, wildlife protection, and support of human health. Addressing sustainable land use typically requires consideration of a variety of policies and their effectiveness to achieve sustainability goals. A common approach used by land use planners is to consider various scenarios and what-if analyses to evaluate policy options using a variety of measurable outcomes, such as ball fields per child or total impervious area. Through such metrics, local governments and others can use land use tools to conduct deliberations regarding zoning, permitting, and related decisions. In addition, such tools can foster public engagement to design, communicate, and facilitate local land use decisions. Land use tools can demonstrate the effects of alternative land use policy scenarios on quality of life, including social, financial, health, and environmental outcomes. To address the many questions that arise as part of land use decision-making, users and potential users of land use tools desire tools that serve a variety of purposes. This understanding led OTIE to evaluate aspects of tool capabilities in two ways. First, we examine aspects of tools that affect their usability such as costs of use, available level of support, and functionality. Second, we evaluate whether available tools address a comprehensive set of community concerns and whether gaps exist in analysis capabilities. For this analysis of a suite of land use tools, we have selected elements of the STAR Community Rating System that are most applicable to land use planning; and have adjusted or supplemented those metrics with other sources in order to represent concerns that typically arise in land use planning discussions. Thus, we have retained the STAR categories for organizing community concerns but have omitted extraneous metrics and added new metrics pertinent to this database. 3.2 Tool Usability The review and evaluation of candidate tools identified 16 land use tools that were consistent with the screening-level criteria developed. This system is designed to fit within an existing EPA tool database, 23 ------- READ, and we have adopted fields from that system to characterize basic tool properties. We used a subset of the applicable metrics from READ (Table 3:1) and added metrics to reflect usability, cost- effectiveness, and integrity (Table 3:2). Summary statistics on characteristics of this set of tools reflect the state of the field. As shown in Tables 3:1 and 3:2, the majority of the tools identified are free desktop tools that operate on the Windows platform. Most tools include documentation, such as a user's guide, and most generate regional-scale maps as output. About 30% are Excel-based spreadsheet calculators, at least three of which allow open access to the spreadsheet coding. Not shown in the summary statistics is that half of software tools are scenario-based planning tools. These tools allow users to compare conditions for a range of development patterns and levels of growth. Table 3.1. Existing READ Fields - Land Use Field Description Summary Statistic Life Cycle Stage of development of the software tool at the time of database update 1/16 10/16 0/16 5/16 Beta Mature Available but No Longer Supported Insufficient Information Last Known Software Update Summarized in year ranges 1/16 5/16 0/16 2/16 8/16 Current year l-3yr 3-5yr >5yr Insufficient Information Compatible Operating Systems Native operating system (OS) for desktop and mobile tools. Browser- based tools are shown as N/A since they operate independently of the OS. 11/16 4/16 1/16 0/16 0/16 3/16 2/16 Windows Mac UNIX/Lenux iOS Android N/A Insufficient Information Other proprietary software requirements (if any): Additional software needed to run the model. 5/16 8/16 8/16 4/16 Excel ERSI ArcGIS Other None Model Evaluation Indicates whether independent, peer- reviewed evaluations of the tool had been published at the time of database update. 9/16 Tools have evaluations available Model Structure General categories of tool type 1/16 5/16 0/16 9/16 3/16 Simulation Model Speadsheet Calculator Web Calculator GIS Analysis Tool Web-Based GIS Tool Interfaces to Other Resources Indicates whether a tool imports, exports or otherwise interfaces with any other software tools. 7/16 Tools interface with other resources 24 ------- Table 3.2. Evaluation Metrics Developed by OTIE-Land Use Field Description Summary Statistic 9/16 So Minimum cost of acquiring software/system 0/16 S1-S499 Base Cost of (excluding add-on modules). Some tools offer 2/16 $500-$ 1499 Software student discounts or variable pricing, which is 1/16 $1500-$4000 noted in another field. 1/16 3/16 > $4000 Insufficient Information 7/16 Yes Open Source Source code accessible? 6/16 0/16 2/16 No Partial Insufficient Information 12/16 Desktop Operating Environment Platforms on which software tool is operable. 4/16 1/16 1/16 Browser Mobile Insufficient Information None= all data provided 3/16 None Data Requirements Low = Data generally publicly available 2/16 Low Med = Not publicly available but routinely available 7/16 4/16 Medium High High = New data must be created 0/16 Insufficient Information 6/16 Data (spreadsheet, database) 2/16 Indicators 1/16 Indices, Aggregate Scores 2/16 Priority Ranks 0/16 Monetary Value, ROI Model Output Method of displaying returns generated by 7/16 Graphs Types software tool. 12/16 7/16 1/16 0/16 2/16 0/16 Maps GIS Layers 3-D Visualizations, Movies Checklists Narratives, Reports Other 14/16 Documentation 5/16 Case Studies Types of Support Materials Support available from the developer, user community, or elsewhere. 5/16 2/16 3/16 3/16 3/16 Tutorials Knowledge Base / Wiki User Forum Technical Support Training Courses 4/16 Point in Time Time Scale Projection period(s) for modeling tools. May not be applicable to all tool types. 6/16 6/16 0/16 7/16 Annual Multi-Year Other Insufficient Information 3/16 Building 5/16 Site 7/16 Neighborhood 9/16 City Spatial Extent Geographical unit(s) in which the model is applicable. 10/16 10/16 12/16 1/16 1/16 1/16 4/16 County State Region Nation Continent Globe Insufficient Information 6/16 Spreadsheet Calc/Basic Math 1/16 Basic GIS 5/16 Intermediate GIS 1/16 Advanced GIS Technical skills needed to apply User capabilities required for proper application of software tool. 0/16 0/16 Basic Statistics Advanced Statistics model 2/16 0/16 1/16 0/16 4/16 Model Calibration Software Coding None Other Specialized Knowledge Insufficient Information 25 ------- 3.3 Comprehensiveness of Analysis Capabilities We developed a core set of questions to evaluate the scope of land use tools (Table 3:3). These questions cover all the STAR categories of community well-being, but omit many metrics used in the full rating system. We have selected and developed quality of life categories and metrics that are feasible to use in scenario analysis, since that is the most common focus of land use planning tools. 26 ------- Table 3.3. Desirable Tool Analysis Capabilities by STAR Categories - Land Use STAR Community Rating System Goals & Objectives Land Use Tools Based on the STAR Community Rating System Goals & Objectives. More information on Evaluation Measures and the STAR Community Rating System is available at http://www.starcommunities.org/rating- sy stem/framework CommunityViz ComPlan C-Plan + h- LLJ IDRISI LandUse Analyst MetroQuest NatureServe Vista RapidFire SolVES SPARC INDEX Uplan: Urban Growth Urban Footprint UrbanSim Wildlife Habitat BET WMOST Built Environment X X X X X X X X X X X X X Ambient Noise and Light Community Water System X X X X Compact and Complete Communities X X X X X X X X X X Infill and Redevelopment X X X X X X X Public Spaces X X X X X X X X Transportation Choices X X X X X Climate and Energy X X X X X X Climate Adaptation X X Greehouse Gas Mitigation X X X X X Greening the Energy Supply Industrial Sector Resource Efficiency Resource Efficient Buildings X X X Resource Efficient Public Infrastructure X X Waste Minimization Economy and Jobs X X X X X Business Retention and Development Green Market Development Local Economy X X X X X Quality Jobs and Living Wages X X Targeted Industry Development Workforce Readiness X Education, Arts and Community X X X X X X Arts and Culture X X Community Cohesion X X Educational Opportunity and Attainment Historic Preservation X Social and Cultural Diversity X X Eguity and Empowerment X X Civic Engagement X Civil and Human Rights Environmental Justice Eguitable Sen/ices and Access X Human Services Poverty Prevention and Alleviation Health and Safety X X X X X X X X X Active Living X X X X X X X Community Health and Health System Emergency Prevention and Response X X X Food Access and Nutrition X Indoor Air Quality Natural and Human Hazards Safe Communities Natural Systems X X X X X X X X X X X Green Infrastructure Invasive Species X Natural Resource Protection X X X X X X X Outdoor Air Quality X X X Water in the Environment X X X X Working lands (Agricultural and Forest) X X 27 ------- 3.4 Tool Analysis Land use shares 6 of its 16 tools with other sectors due to the interrelated nature of the decision sectors. Of the tools included in the land use sector, some are primarily aimed at helping communities develop potential land use scenarios (i.e., envisioning options), while others primarily serve to evaluate the impacts of scenarios after they are implemented. Any tool that evaluates impacts can also be used iteratively to inform scenario development, so the division is not concrete. 3.5 Land Use Scenario Tools • Planning Analytical Resources Core INDEX (SPARC INDEX) - SPARC is a cloud-served data transformation service that supports urban and regional scenario planning with INDEX Online. It includes capabilities to browse maps and employment characteristics of communities and to improve data used in planning scenarios. • MetroQuest - MetroQuest is an online community engagement platform for planning projects including selected elements of land use planning such as park locations or transportation networks. MetroQuest is designed to educate the public and collect informed input quickly. Participants can see the impact of their choices (using a series of metrics) in real time and learn about the alternatives and tradeoffs based on their own priorities. A MetroQuest configuration is comprised of a series of 4 to 5 screens, tailored to the project, that guide participants through the process of learning about a project and providing valuable input to planners. It uses attractive graphics and streamlined user interface tools to engage participants. • Conservation Planning System (C-Plan) - C-Plan is conservation decision support software that links with GIS to map options for achieving explicit conservation targets. The system calculates the irreplaceability value of landscape elements in terms of characteristics such as species composition, vegetation types, etc. Irreplaceability is a measure of the rarity of conservation elements and the opportunity to protect multiple conservation elements in a single place. • ComPlan - ComPlan, also known as CorPlan, estimates regional land development potential using community elements (CEs) as its building blocks. Each element is defined by a quarter- mile diameter area and is illustrated by a photograph and plan diagram that conveys its visual characteristics. The modelers wanted to define the CEs at a pedestrian scale, and they chose a quarter mile as the maximum distance for pedestrian accessibility. Each CE is given unique land use, infrastructure, and socioeconomic data. Local community input was used to identify and define the characteristics of CE types ranging from urban to rural. These units served as the foundation for modeling regional development scenarios. Results are used as inputs into a transportation model to estimate travel demand. Users can test alternative development scenarios by reassigning community elements. ComPlan is based on the concept that modes of transportation are highly dependent on land use choices. In other words, if you want transit, a certain development density of housing and commercial use is required. Note: since the screening of tools was performed, this tool and site have been closed down and are not available. 3.6 Scenario Impact Tools • CommunityViz - CommunityViz is primarily a GIS-based land use planning tool. This tool permits the specification of land-use scenarios and analyzes the implications of each scenario in terms of site suitability, growth, energy use, pollution emissions (including GHGs), population 28 ------- demographics, jobs, build-out analysis, dwelling units, and population density. Additionally, Community Viz has structural and functional components that address the transportation implications (e.g., required infrastructure, transit times, congestion, emissions) of proposed land- use scenarios. Community Viz supports land use planning via sketch planning, 3-D visualization, suitability analysis, impact assessment, and growth modeling. • Envision Tomorrow - Envision Tomorrow comprises a set of urban and regional planning tools that can be used to model the feasibility of proposed development on a site-by-site basis. This tool can also be used to create and evaluate multiple land use scenarios. Envision Tomorrow permits testing and refining transportation plans, including transportation choices by evaluating transportation affordability, vehicle miles traveled, parking, and GHG emissions. In addition, Envision Tomorrow permits analysis of complex regional plans and addresses compact and complete communities, returns on investment, predicted growth, affordable housing, efficient buildings, regional air quality, and jobs. • Urban Footprint - The Urban Footprint (UF) is an interactive software urban planning platform that is primarily web-based, but is also advertised as an open-source application that operates across a variety of operating systems (e.g., Windows, MAC, Linux, iOS, Android). The UF comprises separate, but integrated, planning components that provide for analysis of land consumption, fiscal impacts, building energy use (residential, commercial), water use, public health, and transportation outcomes of alternative planning scenarios. The UF characterizes urban spaces at 150m resolution and provides for input of highly detailed data describing multiple planning attributes for each modeled sector. • Nature Serve Vista - NatureServe Vista is an ArcGIS extension that automates advanced spatial analyses for planners and managers. It is a decision-support system which helps users integrate species, ecosystem, and cultural feature conservation with many types of planning, ecosystem based management, ecosystem based adaptation, and scenario-based planning. It allows users to weight and integrate diverse values and goals for alternative land uses, making it suitable to integrate multiple conservation elements, development objectives, and other aspects of land-use change, including climate change. • LandUse Analyst - LandUse Analyst is a multi-category land use evaluation system integrated within the Argus ONE GIS environment. It allows the user to conduct a detailed land use analysis of land use scenarios designed to fit a series of nested objectives. The user imports a scenario from Arclnfo or CAD or uses the tool interface to graphically outline the suitability zones for each category of land use elements. Land use categories are assigned weights representing the location suitability and LandUse Analyst automatically calculates the suitability of the land use scenario over the entire evaluated area. Results are visualized as graduated colors over a base map. The system allows the user to view the suitability for each single category of land use elements and hence to on-line perform powerful What-If analysis. • Land Change Modeler - Land Change Modeler is used for conducting land use change analysis as a result of conservation and planning efforts. The tool allows the user to rapidly analyze land cover change trends, simulate future land change scenarios, model REDD (CO2) emission scenarios, and model species impacts and biodiversity. It is unusual in providing the capability to empirically model relationships between land use drivers and outcomes as a result of planning interventions, incentives and constraints, such as reserve areas and infrastructural changes. Land use change results can be expressed as classified maps or as probabilities of land use change. • RapidFire - The RapidFire model is a user-friendly, spreadsheet-based tool that is used to produce and evaluate statewide, regional, county, and jurisdiction-level scenarios. It emerged out 29 ------- of the need for a comprehensive modeling tool that could inform state, regional, and local agencies and policy-makers in evaluating climate, land use, and infrastructure investment policies. It incorporates data and research-based assumptions about the future to test the impacts of varying land use patterns and policies across a range of critical metrics. • Social Values for Ecosystem Services (SolVES) - GIS-based tool designed to assess, map, and quantify the perceived social values for ecosystem services, such as aesthetics, biodiversity, and recreation. These values can be analyzed for various stakeholder groups as distinguished by their attitudes and preferences regarding public uses. SolVES derives a quantitative, 10-point, social- values metric, the "value index", from a combination of spatial and non-spatial responses to public value and preference surveys and calculates metrics characterizing the underlying environment, such as average distance to water and dominant land cover. • Visualizing Ecosystem Land Management Assets (VELMA) - VELMA can be used to help improve the water quality of streams, rivers, and estuaries by making better use of both natural and engineered green infrastructure (Gl) to control loadings from nonpoint sources of pollution. It is designed to help users assess green infrastructure options for controlling the fate and transport of water, nutrients, and toxics across multiple spatial and temporal scales for different ecoregions and present and future climates. • Wildlife Habitat Benefits Estimation Toolkit - The Wildlife Habitat Benefits Estimation Toolkit is a set of user-friendly Excel models that allows users to generate monetized economic values generated by specific natural areas. Values include residential property value premiums associated with open space; 2) net economic benefits of wildlife-associated recreation activities (fishing, hunting, wildlife-viewing); 3) the number of wildlife-associated recreation visits supported by a conservation area; and 4) the value of selected ecosystem services provided by terrestrial and aquatic habitat or wetlands. • Watershed Management Optimization Support Tool v. 1 (WMOST) - The objective of WMOST is to serve as a tool for local water resources managers and planners to screen a wide range of potential water resources management options across their watershed or jurisdiction for cost-effectiveness as well as environmental and economic sustainability. Examples of options that could be evaluated with the tool include projects related to stormwater, water supply, wastewater, and water-related resources such as Low-Impact Development (LID) and land conservation. • UrbanSim - UrbanSim is a simulation platform for supporting planning and analysis of urban development, incorporating the interactions between land use, transportation, the economy, and the environment. It is intended for use by Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs), cities, counties, non-governmental organizations, real estate professionals, researchers, and students interested in exploring the effects of infrastructure and policy choices on community outcomes such as motorized and non-motorized accessibility, housing affordability, greenhouse gas emissions, and the protection of open space and environmentally sensitive habitats. • UPlan: Urban Growth Model - UPlan is a simple rule-based urban growth model. The needed space for each land use type is calculated from simple demographics and assigned based on the net attractiveness of locations to that land use (based on user input), locations unsuitable for any development, and a general plan that determines where specific types of development are permitted. A few tools model future growth based on past land use change and/or characteristics that make a parcel or pixel attractive for conversion to a developed use (Land Change Modeler, UPlan, UrbanSim). These tools can be used to evaluate the likely effect on development of government policies and activities (e.g., 30 ------- based on public transportation development, water and sewer development). In this way, they can be used to judge how to effectively implement a desired plan. Tools aimed at guiding communities through scenario development fall along a continuum that ranges from flexible complex tools (CommunityViz, Envision Tomorrow) to less flexible simple tools (RapidFire, LandUse Analyst). The more complex tools contain a range of capabilities for envisioning land use change and evaluating outcomes. The MetroQuest tool is primarily designed for community engagement in developing plans and has limited analysis capabilities. Tools aimed at evaluating impacts of past land cover change or future scenarios tend to focus on a few outcomes. The Land Change Modeler, for example, compares two land use images (e.g., two points in time) to model impacts on species habitat, overall biodiversity, and greenhouse gas emissions. Some tools have an emphasis on environmental outcomes (Nature Serve Vista, C-Plan) or water supply and stormwater management (WMOST). Two of the tools offer the capability to evaluate social or economic values associated with some types of land use (SolVES) or land use change (Wildlife Habitat Benefits Toolkit). These are representative of a larger set of economic analysis tools and analysis approaches that use existing economic valuation studies to characterize values of unstudied sites - a technique known as benefit transfer. However, users should be aware that benefit transfer tools that characterize the value of entire landscapes based on land cover are not applying rigorous economic methods, since valuation tools are only appropriate for calculating changes in land use and must be tailored to local conditions to be robust (Freeman 2003). The Urban Footprint tool appears to offer the broadest range of impact analyses for land use maps or scenarios as part of the core software. Alternatively, the scenario planning tools Community Viz and Envision offer similarly broad analysis capabilities, but only when used in conjunction with add-on programs or tools. 3.7 Gaps Analysis The database of land use tools reviewed here reveals that available tools offer some useful analysis capabilities but also have some critical gaps. The capabilities that are most available in software tools include: land use projections; scenario visualization (most often as GIS maps); and synthesis of suitability/preference ratings by land parcel (generated from either technical or community processes). Tools are likely to embed components that address planning concerns such as preserving open space, managing transportation needs (covered more thoroughly under Chapter 8 Transportation Tools), and creating opportunities for infill development. Environmental impacts are covered to some degree, as several tools address species habitat impacts and two tools can be used to examine greenhouse gas emissions. By comparing the tool outputs with Table 3:2, it became clear that many metrics that communities wanted to consider in planning were not easily quantified with available tools. We identified gaps in land use planning tools which fail to adequately address noise or light pollution analysis, walkability, effects on home values, or infrastructure costs. On the other hand, the flexible land use planning tools, such as Envision and Community Viz, are effectively modeling frameworks that can be expanded to meet a wide variety of analysis needs. These tools include optional modules that directly address some key issues (e.g., job projections) or may be easily conducted on any created land use scenarios using GIS tools (e.g., degree of historic district preservation, green infrastructure development). Some tools considered water demand (Urban Footprint and WMOST), although not necessarily in a comprehensive manner. 31 ------- Generally, the tools lack the ability to take a comprehensive look at health, safety, social, economic, and environmental impacts. In particular, it is not clear that certain cumulative effects are well captured, such as the net effect of planning choices on water quality in receiving water bodies or effects on regional air quality, although many tools that would not be considered land use planning tools are available to conduct such environmental analysis on land use scenarios. Our tools search did not specifically address energy and climate; therefore, we may not have adequately captured the state of the science for addressing the community concerns about resource efficiency. (See Chapter 6 Buildings & Infrastructure for further discussion). Nonetheless, our search reveals that land use planning tools are not routinely incorporating aspects of more specialized tools such as flood vulnerability mapping, infrastructure costs, health outcomes, or environmental quality. We note that a thorough planning process often brings in personnel and conducts separate analyses to create a comprehensive assessment of all concerns, but the available software tools either do not incorporate such analyses or require development of add-on analyses (including GIS assessments) in order to take a similarly comprehensive look at sustainability metrics during planning. Thus, tools are needed that estimate a more comprehensive set of metrics as well as more information about likely solutions. A simple approach to improve such tools could be to provide options to add simple overlays representing planning practices that are known to be generally effective at addressing common concerns. For example, an overlay might be used to roughly estimate the water quality improvements of adding permanent vegetated buffers to a specified proportion of streams. Even if such a scenario were impractical to fully implement, it would provide guidance on the potential effectiveness of policies and incentives. A long-term research goal to advance such tools could be to improve their ability to represent likely human responses to policies and physical design of cities (e.g., similar to Sim City) as a means to evaluate the best methods to achieve desired plans. The Land Change Modeler contains elements of this goal and suggests that behavioral response models that are based on empirical evidence from multiple communities (i.e., where planning techniques have been applied) and that are adapted to local conditions are within reach. Such tools could simulate aggregate behavioral responses to common planning mechanisms such as sewer and transportation placement, density restrictions, or growth boundaries. Although such generic modeling is likely to be impractical for representing many specific local conditions, it would be a means to synthesize and transfer some of the knowledge gained by jurisdictions about the effectiveness of particular legal and planning mechanisms for achieving desired sustainability goals. 3.8 Conclusions The land use tools that we have evaluated can be divided into two categories. They are either comprehensive tools for scenario planning that may have limited quantitative analysis tools as part of the core capabilities, or they are quantitative analysis tools with a narrow focus on a particular outcome such as greenhouse gas emissions. In combination, such tools meet a variety of planning needs. However, tools are not necessarily designed to work together. In other words, a planning scenario that emerges from a public engagement process may or may not have the detail or specifications needed to support calculations of a specific environmental or social impact. Finally, tools appear to lack the necessary elements to evaluate cumulative or net effects on regional resources such as air and water quality. 32 ------- ^Transportation Tools 4.1 Potential Uses of Transportation Tools This section identifies and describes various tools available to help communities assess current local conditions in relation to sustainable transportation. Hopefully, communities will be able to use these tools to help understand the likely outcomes of policy alternatives directed at improving transportation systems within a broader framework of healthy and sustainable communities. Sustainable transportation challenges manifest across a range of community needs, scales, and modes of transportation. Local governments routinely operate fleets of various types of service vehicles (e.g., police, fire departments, sanitation, and public transit). Private small businesses often operate similar, but more specialized fleets (e.g., product or service delivery), while larger corporations might locally operate fundamentally different and larger commercial vehicles (e.g., long-haul trucking, commercial rail, cargo and passenger aircraft). Finally, individual modes of transportation currently emphasize personal automobiles, but also encompass walking, cycling, and use of private (e.g., taxis) and public transportation. Sustainable transportation tools should have the capability to address each of these transportation systems individually. Tools are also needed that examine the complex interrelationships among these diverse modes of transportation to meet systemic community sustainability goals that pinpoint transportation. Addressing sustainable community transportation can involve a variety of policies directed at multiple sustainability goals with corresponding measures of performance (metrics). For example, sustainable transportation might imply a reduction in total vehicle miles traveled (VMT) measured across all transportation sectors. Increased efficiencies in terms of per capita VMT or tons of freight hauled per VMT could also indicate improvements in transportation systems. Providing increased options and alternative modes of transportation (including technological advances, e.g., hybrid and electric vehicles) across the user community could increase community sustainability. Minimizing the human health and environmental impacts (e.g., air quality, GHG emission) of transportation appear as valued contributions to sustainable transportation. Building and maintaining transportation infrastructure within a comprehensive approach to sustainable land-use management represents a key sustainability goal. Ideally, tools should be available to address each of these community demands for increased sustainability of transportation. Sustainable transportation is one component within the broader health and sustainability vision of the SHCRP (e.g., Flanders et al. 2013). Community sustainability requires recognition of the complex feedbacks and interrelationships among the many structural and functional components that define health and sustainability at this scale. This SHCRP project separately addresses available tools that focus on transportation, buildings, waste (materials) management, and land-use. Meaningful efforts directed at comprehensive community health and sustainability goals will require tools that can characterize the feedbacks and interrelationships under current conditions and, more importantly, describe how the likely outcomes of management alternatives will be influenced by these kinds of community structural and functional interactions. Correspondingly, users of tools identified by this project will be confronted by a range of health and sustainability challenges and will require information presented at different degrees of detail. The set of selected transportation tools must be able to meet these varied challenges and information requirements. Likely users of the identified tools include government officials, community organizers, non-profit agencies, and interested community members, including residents and businesses. The set of sustainability tools will have to be able to meet the varied needs and address specific interests across this 33 ------- diverse user community. This report briefly outlines capabilities of selected transportation tools in relation to community health and sustainability goals consistent with the SHCRP vision. Importantly, this endeavor was not undertaken solely to identify and elaborate the benefits of individual tools to the end-users. A central focus in identifying and evaluating individual tools was to identify gaps in current capabilities to support sustainable transportation activities. Identification of these gaps may facilitate the development of additional tools that provide for more comprehensive guidance in the realization of future transportation systems in support of healthy and sustainable communities. 4.2 Tool Usability This section identifies and briefly describes the usability of selected transportation tools (models) in relation to community health and sustainability. The review and evaluation of candidate tools identified 23 transportation models that were consistent with the screening-level criteria developed and applied across the sectors of community sustainability addressed by this report. Tables 4:1 and 4:2 summarize attributes of the transportation tool that determine their relative accessibility (e.g., cost, open source), type of implementation, ease of use, nature of outputs, and required user skills. The selected tools are primarily mature simulation models that run on desktop computers in a Windows environment. Several tools are essentially spreadsheets or calculators; three are GIS analysis tools; three tools provide a web- enabled browser. The transportation tools are primarily stand-alone models that do not depend on additional software, although several models can interface with software (e.g., GIS, spreadsheets) to facilitate analysis and presentation of model results. Contrastingly, input data requirements vary widely among the selected tools, and are generally substantial. Only four of the models includes all data required for implementation. The selected transportation tools are generally free or relatively inexpensive (<$1,500) and may appear to include access to the source code. The tools generally require only a basic understanding of mathematics and/or spreadsheet calculations. The models are well-documented and a range of training materials are available, including user manuals, case studies, and tutorials. Four models provide wiki support. Training courses are available for five of the selected transportation tools. These attributes of the selected transportation tools define the relative effort required for implementation. Clearly, ease of implementation will factor into the tendency of the potential users to apply the selected tools to address community healthy and sustainability issues. With a fundamental focus on transportation, it is not surprising that the selected tools tend to focus on neighborhood, city, county or regional spatial scales, with a decided emphasis on regional applications. However, the Urban Footprint provides for site descriptions with 150 m spatial resolution. Corresponding temporal scales emphasize annual or multi-year applications, although several tools are described somewhat ambiguously in terms of time-scales. The transportation models produce a range of outputs potentially useful in addressing transportation challenges to promote healthy sustainable communities. Model outputs for the selected transportation tools emphasize narratives, reports, maps, graphs, and spreadsheets. Nine of the models interface with external software (e.g., GIS) for additional analysis and presentation of results. 34 ------- Table 4.1. Existing READ Fields - Transportation Field Description Summary Statistic Life Cycle Stage of development of the software tool at the time of database update 1/23 19/23 0/23 3/23 Beta Mature Available but No Longer Supported Insufficient Information Last Known Software Update Summarized in year ranges 0/23 7/23 3/23 2/23 11/23 Current year l-3yr 3-5yr >5yr Insufficient Information Compatible Operating Systems Native operating system (OS) for desktop and mobile tools. Browser- based tools are shown as N/A since they operate independently of the OS. 15/23 7/23 2/23 0/23 0/23 6/23 2/23 Windows Mac UNIX/Lenux iOS Android N/A Insufficient Information Other proprietary software requirements (if any): Additional software needed to run the model. 6/23 2/23 0/23 0/23 Excel ERSI ArcGIS Other None Model Evaluation Indicates whether independent, peer-reviewed evaluations of the tool had been published at the time of database update. 9/23 Tools have evaluations available Model Structure General categories of tool type 9/23 5/23 1/23 3/23 3/23 Simulation Model Speadsheet Calculator Web Calculator GIS Analysis Tool Web-Based GIS Tool Interfaces to Other Resources Indicates whether a tool imports, exports or otherwise interfaces with any other software tools. 9/23 Tools interface with other resou rces 35 ------- Table 4.2. Evaluation Metrics Developed by OTIE-Transportation Field Description Summary Statistic Base Cost of Software Minimum cost of acquiring software/system (excluding add-on modules). Some tools offer student discounts or variable pricing, which is noted in another field. 16/23 1/23 1/23 0/23 1/23 4/23 So S1-S499 $500-$1499 $1500-$4000 > $4000 Insufficient Information 13/23 Yes Open Source Source code accessible? 4/23 3/23 3/23 No Partial Insufficient Information Operating Environment Platforms on which software tool is operable. 17/23 7/23 1/23 1/23 Desktop Browser Mobile Insufficient Information Data Requirements None= all data provided Low = Data generally publicly available Med = Not publicly available but routinely available High = New data must be created 4/23 2/23 8/23 7/23 2/22 None Low Medium High Insufficient Information Model Output Types Method of displaying returns generated by software tool. 12/23 3/23 1/23 1/23 0/23 6/23 6/23 2/23 1/23 0/23 5/23 0/23 Data (spreadsheet database) Indicators Indices, Aggregate Scores Priority Ranks Monetary Values, ROI Graphs Maps G IS Layers 3-D Visualizations, Movies Checklists Narratives, Reports Other Types of Support Materials Support available from the developer, user community, or elsewhere. 15/23 5/23 5/23 4/23 2/23 3/23 5/23 7/23 Documentation Case Studies Tutorials Knowledge Base / Wiki User Forum Technical Support Training Courses Insufficient Information 8/23 Point in Time Time Scale Projection period(s) for modeling tools. May not be applicable to all tool types. 7/23 5/23 1/23 10/23 Annual Multi-Year Other Insufficient Information Spatial Extent Geographical unit(s) in which the model is applicable. 3/23 6/23 8/23 8/23 9/23 10/23 12/23 4/23 2/23 2/23 8/23 Building Site Neighborhood City County State Region Nation Continent Globe Insufficient Information Technical skills needed to apply model User capabilities required for proper application of software tool. 9/23 0/23 4/23 0/23 1/23 1/23 2/23 0/23 4/23 2/23 3/23 Spreadsheet Calc/Basic Math Basic GIS Intermediate GIS Advanced GIS Basic Statistics Advanced Statistics Model Calibration Software Coding None Other Specialized Knowledge Insufficient Information 36 ------- 4.3 Comprehensiveness of Analysis Capabilities The following section characterizes the combined capabilities across the selected transportation tools. Table 4:3 qualitatively describes the attributes of the individual tools as defined by the STAR categories as well as additional metrics deemed relevant to transportation systems for healthy and sustainable communities. Importantly, the results of this collective tabulation of selected tool capabilities can help identify gaps that need to be addressed in order to develop comprehensive and necessary transportation analysis skills directed towards community healthy and sustainability. The characterization in Table 4:3 is qualitative and somewhat preliminary based on current understanding of the individual tools. More detailed analysis of the tools might revise the following tabulation, but the current characterization serves as a useful starting point for gap analysis for transportation tools. (Table is based on STAR metrics but includes other considerations) 37 ------- Table 4.3. Desirable Tool Analysis Capabilities by STAR Categories - Transportation STAR Community Rating System Goals & Objectives Transportation Tools Based on the STAR Community Rating System Goals & Objectives. More information on Evaluation Measures and the STAR Community Rating System is available at http://www.starcommunities.org/rating~ system/framework AFLEET AirCRED C2RouteApp CACP Clean Cities Area of Interest CommunityViz EERPAT + h- LLJ GEMIS GHG Emissions from Transport or Mobile Sources Calculator GREET IDAS INVEST ITHIM MetroQuest MOVES RapidFire RUBMRIO SmartGAP SPARC INDEX STEAM StreetMix Urban Footprint Built Environment X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Ambient Noise and Light X X Community Water System X X X X Compact and Complete Communities X X X X X X X Infill and Redevelopment X X X X X Public Spaces X X X X X Transportation Choices X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Climate and Energy X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Climate Adaptation X Greehouse Gas Mitigation X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Greening the Energy Supply X X Industrial Sector Resource Efficiency Resource Efficient Buildings X X X Resource Efficient Public Infrastructure X X X X X X X X X Waste Minimization X Economy and Jobs X X X X X X X X Business Retention and Development Green Market Development Local Economy X X X X X Quality Jobs and Living Wages X X Targeted Industry Development Workforce Readiness X Education, Arts and Community X X X X Arts and Culture Community Cohesion X Educational Opportunity and Attainment Historic Preservation X Social and Cultural Diversity X X Eguity and Empowerment X X X Civic Engagement X X Civil and Human Rights Environmental Justice Eguitable Services and Access X Human Services Poverty Prevention and Alleviation Health and Safety X X X X X X X X Active Living X X X X X X Community Health and Health System Emergency Prevention and Response X X X Food Access and Nutrition X Indoor Air Quality Natural and Human Hazards X Safe Communities Natural Systems X X X X X X X X X X X X X Green Infrastructure Invasive Species X Natural Resource Protection X X Outdoor Air Quality X X X X X X X X X X X X Water in the Environment Working lands (Agricultural and Forest) 38 ------- 4.4 Tools Analysis This section briefly outlines the capabilities of the selected individual transportation tools. Understanding these capabilities is important to support current efforts related to sustainable transportation planning within the larger context of overall community health and sustainability. Additionally, knowledge of current capabilities can help identify gaps in the available transportation tools. • CommunityViz - CommunityViz is primarily a GIS-based land use planning tool. This tool permits the specification of land-use scenarios and analyzes the implications of scenarios in terms of site suitability, growth, energy use, pollution emissions (including GHGs), population demographics, jobs, build out analysis, dwelling units, and population density Additionally, CommunityViz has structural and functional components that address the transportation implications (e.g., required infrastructure, transit times, congestion, emissions) of proposed land- use scenarios. CommunityViz supports land use planning via sketch planning, 3-D visualization, suitability analysis, impact assessment, and growth modeling. • Envision Tomorrow - Envision Tomorrow comprises a set of urban and regional planning tools that can be used to model the feasibility of proposed development on a site-by-site basis. This tool can also be used to create and evaluate multiple land use scenarios. Envision Tomorrow permits testing and refining transportation plans, including transportation choices, transportation affordability, vehicle miles traveled, parking, and GHG emissions. In addition, Envision Tomorrow permits analysis of complex regional plans and addresses compact and complete communities, returns on investment, predicted growth, affordable housing, efficient buildings, regional air quality, and jobs. • SPARC INDEX - SPARC is a cloud-served data transformation service that supports urban and regional scenario planning with INDEX Online. INDEX can be used for land-use scenario planning, estimating vehicle miles travelled, evaluating income, developing population census, and assessing transportation, including public transit and commuting. In addition, INDEX examines brownfields, natural resource conservation, housing, employment, population, water, wetlands, agriculture, hurricanes, climate, energy, infrastructure, emergency services, culture, education, work force, public health, and social services. • INVEST - INVEST is a practical, web-based, collection of voluntary best practices designed to help transportation agencies integrate sustainability into their programs and projects. INVEST can be used by transportation agencies, such as DOTs, MPOs, Council of Governments, public works departments, and their consultants and partners to evaluate and assist in integration of sustainability concepts into program planning and project analysis. INVEST can be used to evaluate the economic, social, and environmental implications of transportation plans. Additionally, this tool permits evaluation of highway infrastructure planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance. • EERPAT - EERPAT was developed to assist state transportation agencies with analyzing greenhouse gas reduction scenarios and alternatives for use in the transportation planning process. EERPAT also addresses the development of state climate action plans and scenario planning exercises directed towards measuring the GHG reduction potential of various transportation strategies to meet state greenhouse gas reduction goals and targets. EERPAT serves as a policy analysis tool to evaluate GHG reduction implications and VMT associated with alternative transportation system characteristics and transportation demand. 39 ------- • MOVES - The MOVES system estimates emissions of a broad range of pollutants by mobile sources (i.e., automobiles, trucks, and motorcycles). MOVES allows analysis of emissions at multiple scales of transportation systems. This transportation tool is used to evaluate regulatory compliance with state implementation plans, examine conformity with transportation planning, analyze fuel economy standards, and estimate emissions associated with refueling infrastructure. • IDAS - IDAS is a sketch-planning software analysis tool that transportation practitioners can use to estimate the benefits and costs of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) investments. ITS are smart applications aimed at better management of traffic and alternative modes of transportation. IDAS develops inventories of ITS equipment needed for proposed deployments and identifies cost-sharing opportunities. The tool works with the outputs of existing transportation planning models and compares or screens ITS deployment alternatives. IDAS can predict relative costs and benefits for more than 60 types of ITS investments. The tool provides documentation for transition from planning to detailed design and implementation of its investments. • STEAM - The Surface Transportation Efficiency Model (STEAM) uses information developed through the travel demand modeling process to compute the net value of mobility and safety benefits attributable to regionally important transportation projects. The STEAM addresses travel times, vehicle operating costs, pollutant emissions, energy consumption, and noise associated with alternative transportation plans. The tool also considers traffic congestion, GHG emissions, access to jobs, and levels of risk associated with the estimated results of STEAM applications. • SmartGAP - SmartGAP is a tool for evaluating the impact of various smart growth policies. SmartGAP is designed to be a high-level evaluation at a regional scale that can bridge the distance between evaluating smart growth policies during a regional visioning process and evaluating smart growth policies at a project or alternative level in a regional transportation plan. SmartGAP focuses on travel demand, population demographics, and connectivity associated with regional transportation plans. • TRANUS - TRANUS is an integrated land-use and transportation system model. This transportation tool simulates interactions between land-use, real estate development, and subsequent transportation demands. TRANUS was designed more specifically to evaluate land- use and transportation planning alternatives from economic, financial, and environmental perspectives. The model permits analysis of passenger and freight movements across multiple interacting modes of transportation. TRANUS represents public transportation systems with multiple transfers, waiting times, and integrated travel costs (i.e., fares). The model can be applied across a wide range of scales, from detailed urban sites to regional and national implementation. • ITHIM - ITHIM provides integrated health impact assessments of transport systems by characterizing changes in travel patterns, physical activity, road traffic injury risk, and urban air pollution. These health impacts are also examined in relation to possible implications of greenhouse gas emissions. ITHIM can either be used as a stand-alone model or it can be linked to other transport and health models. ITHIM can be used for development of scenarios, for estimation of changes in exposures, and for modelling health outcomes. • Urban Footprint - The Urban Footprint (UF) is an interactive software urban planning platform that is fundamentally web-based, but is also advertised as an open-source application that operates across a variety of operating systems (e.g., Windows, Mac, Linux, iOS, Android). The UF comprises separate, but integrated, planning components that provide for analysis of land consumption, fiscal impacts, building energy (residential, commercial), water use, public health, 40 ------- and transportation outcomes of alternative planning scenarios. The UF characterizes urban spaces at 150 m resolution and provides for input of highly detailed data describing multiple planning attributes for each modeled sector. The UF transportation component examines relationships between planning designs (sketches) and associated VMT, mode of travel choice, congestion, and emissions of pollutants, including GHGs. The travel model addresses residential and employment concentrations, mixes of commercial and residential housing, walkability and non-motorized transportation, proximity to public transportation, and relationships between travel choices and household size and income. The transportation model also estimates costs of automobile ownership, maintenance, and fuel. The UF transportation model has been evaluated through comparison of predicted and observed vehicle miles traveled for major regions of California (e.g., Calthorpe 2012). • StreetMix - StreetMix is a streetscape design visualization tool. Add bike paths, widen sidewalks or traffic lanes, and learn how all of this can impact your community. • GHG Emissions from Transport or Mobile Sources Calculator -This spreadsheet tool calculates C02, CH4 and N20 emissions from privately owned vehicles; public transport by road, air, rail or water; agricultural and construction equipment. • Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation Model (GREET) - To fully evaluate energy and emission impacts of advanced vehicle technologies and new transportation fuels, the fuel cycle from wells to wheels and the vehicle cycle through material recovery and vehicle disposal need to be considered. GREET allows researchers and analysts to evaluate various vehicle and fuel combinations on a full fuel-cycle/vehicle-cycle basis. • Alternative Fuel Life-Cycle Environmental and Economic Transportation (AFLEET) - AFLEET is a spreadsheet tool that examines both the environmental and economic costs and benefits of alternative fuel and advanced vehicles. The tool uses data from Argonne's Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET) fuel-cycle model to generate necessary well-to-wheels petroleum use and GHG emission coefficients for key fuel production pathways and vehicle types. In addition, Environmental Protection Agency's MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) and certification data are used to estimate tailpipe air pollutant emissions. Various sources are used to provide default cost data, including the Clean Cities Alternative Fuel Price Report and American Recovery and Reinvestment Act awards. • AirCRED - The AirCred model estimates emissions benefits from the fleet use of alternative- fuel vehicles. The model is designed to assist states in estimating emissions credits for non- attainment areas and to help fleet operators meet the Department of Energy's Energy Policy Act fleet-conversion and alternative-fuel market penetration goals. • RapidFire - The RapidFire model is a user-friendly, spreadsheet-based tool that is used to produce and evaluate statewide, regional, county, and jurisdiction-level scenarios. It emerged out of the need for a comprehensive modeling tool that could inform state, regional, and local agencies and policy makers in evaluating climate, land use, and infrastructure investment policies. • Random-Utility-Based Multiregional Input-Output (RUBMRIO) - RUBMRIO is a freely available, open-source transportation-economic model that simulates the flow of goods, labor, and vehicles across a multiregional area. RUBMRIO simulates trade across regions/zones, as motivated by foreign and domestic export demands. • C2RouteApp - Route optimization software mainly geared toward waste management. 41 ------- • Clean Air and Climate Protection Software (CACP) - CACP is an emissions management tool that calculates and tracks emissions and reductions of greenhouse gases and criteria air pollutants associated with electricity, fuel use, and waste disposal. • Global Emission Model for Integrated Systems (GEMIS) - Perform complete life-cycle computations for a variety of emissions, and determine the resource use, analyze costs, and allow for aggregation of emissions into so-called C02 equivalents, S02 equivalents, and tropospheric ozone precursor potential (TOPP), and by a calculation of external costs. 4.5 Gaps Analysis The preceding description and evaluation of the selected transportation tools helped identify important gaps in current capabilities for transportation models to support healthy and sustainable communities (e.g., Table 4:3). Not surprisingly, the selected transportation tools demonstrate a wide range of capabilities for the STAR categories that include the built environment, climate, and energy with particular emphasis on the air quality (e.g., pollutants, GHGs) aspects of transportation systems. The tools also usefully emphasize infrastructure costs associated with transportation systems. At the same time, the tools do not substantially address water supply, water efficiency, walkability, or neighborhood diversity in relation to transportation impacts, although the Urban Footprint begins offers some capabilities across these topics. The transportation tools do not address STAR categories defined as education, arts, and community (e.g., availability of community venues, historic district preservation). Equity and empowerment aspects of sustainable communities are not well addressed by the selected tools. Several of the health and safety categories (e.g., access to health care, emergency response times, access to recreation) would appear to be reasonable attributes for transportation tools directed towards sustainable community planning; however, these categories are not well represented by the current tool selection. Implementation of transportation tools to support community health and sustainability would seem to benefit from capabilities that characterize interactions or impacts of transportation systems on natural systems. However, except for air quality, the selected tools appear largely silent regarding these interactions or potential impacts. Interactions between transportation system design and associated green infrastructure opportunities also seems to be an area ripe for future tool development. Protection and preservation of natural habitats should also be considered in the design and implementation of sustainable transportation systems. Yet, these categories are not well-represented by the current tool selection. The Urban Footprint provides some initial capabilities in relating transportation systems to land consumption, including the potential for preserving natural systems or creating "green spaces" as part of healthy and sustainable community planning. In addition to categories identified by the STAR evaluation (i.e., Table 4:3), there are additional topics that could be usefully addressed by transportation tools used in support of sustainable and healthy communities. Many of these topics have been recognized by Flanders et al. (2013) as part of their comprehensive analysis of sustainable transportation systems. Several of these topics (i.e., gaps, needs) include the following. There seems to be an opportunity for possible double accounting of concrete production in relation to estimates of GHG emissions, where emissions associated with production are assessed "at the factory" and again as part of an overall GHG assessment of concrete used in developing new transportation infrastructure (e.g., roads, over-passes, bridges). Tools seem to be lacking in the ability to evaluate upstream production and supply chain impacts associated with fleet modifications and overall life cycle analysis of ongoing and future fleet changes (e.g., increases of hybrid and electric vehicles). Similarly, the implications of home electric car charging and overall demands on the grid need to be incorporated into existing transportation tools. Correspondingly, tools are needed to evaluate 42 ------- opportunities and explore broader energy policy for encouraging the implementation of "green" electricity (e.g., solar) to meet increased demands for electric charging stations across local, regional, and national scales. Existing land-use tools (e.g., Community Viz, Envision Tomorrow, Urban Footprint) that have transportation components need to be modified to determine if local land-use plans can accommodate needs for carbon sequestration to offset local transportation GHG emissions and simultaneously meet other land-use needs for sustainable and healthy community development. Tools are needed that emphasize water quality impacts of transportation and supporting infrastructure. Tools are also needed to assess the human health and psychological effects of noise produced by transportation. As noted under the STAR evaluation of the current tool selections, additional models are needed to incorporate the social determinants of quality of life (e.g., access to health care, employment opportunities, social interactions) into transportation planning integrated with the other sectors in overall planning for sustainable and healthy communities. From more of a policy and governance perspective, tools are needed that address how local governments can help accelerate adoption of new vehicle technologies and develop the infrastructure (e.g., hydrogen fueling and electric charging stations) necessary to facilitate the increased adoption of new technologies by individual owners, as well as private and commercial fleet managers. 4.6 Conclusions Through the process of identifying, evaluating, and selecting transportation tools that can assist in the planning and implementation of sustainable and healthy communities, it has become apparent that transportation assessment capabilities are important components of several multi-use planning tools (e.g., Community Viz, Envision Tomorrow, Urban Footprint). These multi-use planning tools can likely contribute substantially in sustainable transportation planning within the broader context of healthy and sustainable communities. One potential path forward would be to "fill in the gaps" by adding additional functionality to these comprehensive models. For example, the Walk Score (www.walkscore.com) could be made accessible from several of the land-use and transportation tools (e.g., Community Viz, Urban Footprint) to fill this gap. Walk Score provides ratings (0-100) for any location that describe not only options for walking, but also the availability of public transportation or biking access to accomplish daily errands or reach frequented destinations (e.g., schools, shopping, entertainment). In addition, any of the identified gaps that pertain to transportation planning within a broader land-use context (e.g., transportation infrastructure, water infrastructure, carbon sequestration) could likely be accommodated by modifications of the existing comprehensive land-use planning tools. In contrast, some aspects (e.g., emission, VMT, congestion) of transportation planning in relation to healthy and sustainable communities can be addressed using the selected tools that are comparatively narrow in scope (e.g., MOVES, STEAM). Corresponding future tool development could emphasize construction of similarly focused models that address individual gaps in great detail. A comprehensive set of focused transportation tools could be used individually or in combination to examine the sustainability and health of community planning activities. 43 ------- 5.Waste Management Tools 5.1 Potential Uses of Waste Management Tools Solid waste management is a responsibility and service provided by most municipalities in the U.S., although many locations have privatized or semi-privatized service provision. For the waste sector, decision makers must balance budgetary, contractual, political, environmental, and social considerations. As new waste collection and management technologies and strategies such as current Zero Waste initiatives (Ferry, 2011) municipalities require data and information to quickly assess the cost, environmental and social aspects of potential changes to their waste management strategy. Municipalities also are required to update their solid waste master plans at regular intervals according to individual State requirements. Data and tools are needed to support the waste sector to inform decisions from near-term operational aspects to long-term master planning. The tools in this category must provide users with data and information that addresses a broad spectrum of need. We identified and evaluated waste sector tools that best fit our screening criteria. These tools include both domestic and international options that allow municipal decision makers to assess the cost, environmental, and/or social impacts of waste management options. Most tools are designed to allow users the ability to tailor the data and assumptions for key parameters (e.g., waste composition). As such, tools that are not US-based may be tailored to reflect US conditions. However, a tools ability to accept user-specified inputs for a large number of parameters can increase the overall level of complexity and the skill set(s) needed for using these tools. End users of the tools in this sector possess varying needs for information at multiple levels of complexity, from generic assessments of individual options (e.g., composting) to development of detailed integrated solid waste management plans. A number of states prepare Statewide Solid Waste Management Plans and many states require municipalities to prepare and regularly update Solid Waste Management Plans (ASTSWMO, 2009). The tools that ultimately populate the database should be flexible enough to meet the varying needs of users. The target audience for this web-accessed inventory has been identified as municipal waste managers, consultants, waste industry, government and non- profit agencies, academia, and residents and businesses. End users in this broad target audience may require a variety of output types from a given tool. End-user groups that could be interested in using waste sector tools include: ¦ Municipal Waste Managers - Municipal waste managers have an ongoing interest in assessing the environmental performance of their operations and to evaluate and compare MSW collection and management alternatives, both as a decision support for planning purposes and to meet regulatory compliance. These tools can also assist them in communicating to stakeholders the relative environmental burdens associated with waste options and the overall contribution that waste management activities make to the environmental footprint of the municipality. Use of these tools can also demonstrate the contribution that waste management to achieving policy objectives (e.g. GHG emission reduction targets). ¦ Consultants - Many municipalities utilize consultants to analyze and assess waste generation, composition and management options particularly during the development of community solid waste management master plans. Consultants make use of their own internal [proprietary] analytical tools as well as free or commercially available external tools and software. ¦ Waste Industry - Firms in waste management industry often have an interest in demonstrating the environmental performance of their facilities and operations. Waste sector tools can help 44 ------- them to identify opportunities or potential vulnerabilities associated with their facilities and operations (e.g., economic risks associated with energy or materials market price fluctuations), as well as to benchmark their facilities and operations against others. Waste tools also facilitate communication about their operations with government agencies and other stakeholder groups. ¦ Policy Analysts - Government and other policy analysts could use waste tools to quantify and evaluate costs and environmental impacts of the waste sector. Environmental impacts often include air and water pollution, climate change, and resource (e.g. land) use. The tools could also be used to determine the contribution that waste management makes to environmental impacts as well as how waste sector policies (e.g., landfill ban for organics) would contribute to achieving overall environmental targets and objectives (e.g., GHG emissions reduction targets). ¦ Academic Community - Waste sector tools are a useful research and teaching tools that can be used to create a better understanding of the potential impacts and trade-offs of alternative waste management options and technologies. Tools can also be used to assess the contribution of waste management practices to larger issues such as alternative energy sources or global warming and to identify priorities for research and development of new techniques and technologies to reduce targeted impacts (or maximize target benefits). ¦ Residents and Businesses - Both residents and businesses may be interested in waste sector tools to provide information about waste management alternatives for different waste streams. Data and information from these tools could be used as learning tool as well as tools to identify alternatives for businesses to managing their waste streams in a cost efficient and environmentally responsible manner. The scope of tools required for this potentially daunting set of needs compels us to conduct a thorough, iterative evaluation to maximize the usefulness of the database to all stakeholders. The tools database will house the waste sector tools and identify their benefits to the end-users. Our goal, however, is not merely to create a "show-and-tell" mechanism for what exists. To ensure that decision makers have sufficient information to maximize their sustainability efforts across the spectrum of impact, they must have access to the most comprehensive body of information possible. To that end, we must identify any gaps in relevant information provided by the waste sector tools in our database. Identification of these gaps will allow us to articulate the necessary steps to create additional tools that provide complete and comprehensive guidance to those charged with making our communities more sustainable. 5.2 Tool Usability We identified a total of 16 tools that could be classified as waste management related tools, and evaluated those using metrics already incorporated into READ (Table 5:1) and new metrics that we created to reflect usability, cost-effectiveness, and integrity (Table 5:2). We created summary statistics of this new database to illustrate the state of the field, as captured by efforts to date. 45 ------- Table 5.1. Existing READ Fields - Waste Management Field Description Summary Statistic Life Cycle Stage of development of the software tool at the time of database update 1/16 13/16 0/16 2/16 Beta Mature Available but No Longer Supported Insufficient Information Last Known Software Update Summarized in year ranges 1/16 3/16 3/16 1/16 8/16 Current year l-3yr 3-5yr >5yr Insufficient Information Compatible Operating Systems Native operating system (OS) for desktop and mobile tools. Browser-based tools are shown as N/A since they operate independently of the OS. 11/16 1/16 0/16 0/16 0/16 2/16 3/16 Windows Mac UNIX/Lenux iOS Android N/A Insufficient Information Other proprietary software requirements (if any): Additional software needed to run the model. 5/16 0/16 0/16 0/16 Excel ERSI ArcGIS Other None Model Evaluation Indicates whether independent, peer-reviewed evaluations of the tool had been published at the time of database update. 3/16 Tools have evaluations available Model Structure General categories of tool type 9/16 5/16 1/16 1/16 1/16 Simulation Model Speadsheet Calculator Web Calculator GIS Analysis Tool Web-Based GIS Tool Interfaces to Other Resources Indicates whether a tool imports, exports or otherwise interfaces with any other software tools. 4/16 Tools interface with other resources 46 ------- Table 5.2. Evaluation Metrics Developed by OTIE- Waste Management Field Description Summary Statistic 10/16 So Minimum cost of acquiring software/system 0/16 S1-S499 Base Cost of (excluding add-on modules). Some tools offer 1/16 $500-$ 1499 Software student discounts or variable pricing, which is 0/16 $1500-$4000 noted in anotherfield. 2/16 3/16 > $4000 Insufficient Information 1/16 Yes Open Source Source code accessible? 9/16 2/16 4/16 No Partial Insufficient Information 12/16 Desktop Operating Environment Platforms on which software tool is operable. 3/16 1/16 3/16 Browser Mobile Insufficient Information None= all data provided 4/16 None Data Requirements Low = Data generally publicly available 0/16 Low Med = Not publicly available but routinely available 4/16 6/16 Medium High High = New data must be created 2/16 Insufficient Information 6/16 Data (spreadsheet, database) 2/16 Indicators 0/16 Indices, Aggregate Scores 1/16 Priority Ranks 6/16 Monetary Values, ROI Model Output Method of displaying returns generated by 7/16 Graphs Types software tool. 2/16 0/16 0/16 0/16 7/16 1/16 Maps GIS Layers 3-D Visualizations, Movies Checklists Narratives, Reports Other 11/16 Documentation 1/16 Case Studies Types of Support Materials Support available from the developer, user community, or elsewhere. 3/16 2/16 1/16 6/16 3/16 Tutorials Knowledge Base/Wiki User Forum Technical Support Training Courses 2/16 Point in Time Time Scale Projection period(s) for modeling tools. May not be applicable to all tool types. 7/16 4/16 2/16 7/16 Annual Multi-Year Other Insufficient Information 1/16 Building 5/16 Site 4/16 Neighborhood 4/16 City Spatial Extent Geographical unit(s) in which the model is applicable. 4/16 4/16 4/16 2/16 1/16 1/16 6/16 County State Region Nation Continent Globe Insufficient Information 6/16 Spreadsheet Calc/Basic Math 0/16 Basic GIS 1/16 Intermediate GIS 0/16 Advanced GIS Technical skills needed to apply User capabilities required for proper application of software tool. 0/16 0/16 Basic Statistics Advanced Statistics model 2/16 0/16 3/16 3/16 0/16 Model Calibration Software Coding None Other Specialized Knowledge Insufficient Information 47 ------- As shown in Tables 5:1 and 5:2, the tools identified include a mix of free and for-purchase desktop applications that operate on the Windows platform. Most tools include documentation, such as a user's guide, and most generate tabular results and some provide options for data charting as output. It is not clear that any of the tools allow open access to the spreadsheet coding. Not shown in the summary statistics is that more than half of the software tools are LCA-based waste management analysis and planning tools. These tools allow users to compare waste management options and integrated strategies on a life-cycle emissions and/or impacts basis, and in some cases cost. 5.3 Comprehensiveness of Analysis Capabilities We developed a core set of questions to use to evaluate the scope of waste sector tools, as shown in Table 5:3. These questions cover all the STAR categories of community well-being, but not all the metrics used in the rating system. As illustrated in the table, the existing waste sector tools generally cover the high-level categories directly related to waste management, including the built environment, climate and energy, and natural systems. Most waste sector tools are designed to account for the environmental aspects associated with waste management operations and strategies. A few tools account for costs associated with waste management, and none appear to account for the broader range of economic and social aspects. 48 ------- Table 5.3. Desirable Tool Analysis Capabilities by STAR Categories - Waste Management STAR Community Rating System Goals T , & Objectives Waste Management Tools Based on the STAR Community Rating System Goals & Objectives. More information on Evaluation Measures and the STAR Community Rating System is available at http://www.starcommunities.org/rating- system/framework C2RouteApp CACP EASETECH Electronics EBC Econometrics and funding support Food Waste Assessment Tool GEMIS Intea rated Waste Management Tool LandGEM MetroQuest MSWDST SimaPro Umberto NXT WAMPS WARM Waste Taraet-Settina Tool WRATE Built Environment X X X X X X X X Ambient Noise and Light Community Water System Compact and Complete Communities Infill and Redevelopment Public Spaces Transportation Choices X X X X Climate and Energy X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Climate Adaptation Greehouse Gas Mitigation X X X X X X X X Greening the Energy Supply Industrial Sector Resource Efficiency X Resource Efficient Buildings Resource Efficient Public Infrastructure X X Waste Minimization X X X X X X X X Economy and Jobs X X Business Retention and Development Green Market Development Local Economy Quality Jobs and Living Wages Targeted Industry Development Workforce Readiness Education, Arts and Community X Arts and Culture Community Cohesion X Educational Opportunity and Attainment Historic Preservation Social and Cultural Diversity Equity and Empowerment X Civic Engagement X Civil and Human Rights Environmental Justice X Equitable Services and Access Human Services Poverty Prevention and Alleviation Health and Safety X Active Living Community Health and Health System Emergency Prevention and Response Food Access and Nutrition X Indoor Air Quality Natural and Human Hazards Safe Communities Natural Systems X X X X X X X X Green Infrastructure Invasive Species Natural Resource Protection X X X Outdoor Air Quality X X X X X Water in the Environment X Working lands (Agricultural and Forest) 49 ------- 5.4 Tools Analysis Successful provision of service within budgetary constraints is a key focus for municipalities when it comes to waste management. Success in this context often means collecting waste from generators, keeping public areas free from litter and trash, and ensuring that all waste is managed in a timely manner. Municipalities must also meet mandated (or voluntarily set) performance metrics. As noted by EPA (2015), the overall rate of recycling is a common metric used by municipalities to measure the environmental performance of their waste management systems. However, the rate of recycling alone does not account for differences between materials and material- specific properties that govern energy consumption, emissions, recycling benefits, and other key parameters. Thus, recycling rate alone is limited as a proxy for overall waste system performance. A short-list of existing tools identified for this research is highlighted in this section. These include tools deemed more relevant and useful and were divided into the two broad categories of those that focus on: (1) integrated waste management systems; and (2) specific waste streams or operations. Almost all of the tools that fall into the first category of integrated waste management systems tools can be classified as life-cycle assessment (LCA) based tools. LCA is an approach for analyzing the energy consumption, emissions (often to the air, water, and land), and human and ecological impacts across the entire life cycle of a product or process. In the context of waste management, the LCA-based tools typically start with the generation of waste and consider all subsequent activities needed to collect, transport, and management the waste (or specific waste fractions). Some LCA tools (e.g., SimaPro) are designed for product and process LCAs and, although they include end-of-life data and modules, are not waste sector tools per se and thus not included in the short-list. 5.5 Integrated/LCA-Based Waste System Tools Highlighted tools that can be classified as integrated waste management systems and/or LCA-based tools include: ¦ Environmental Assessment System for Environmental Technologies (EASETECH) - EASETECH is a software application developed and made available by the Danish Technical University and designed for waste planners and analysts for conducting an LCA of waste management operations and integrated management strategies. The tool is made available only after the user completes a training course at a cost of approximately $5,550. The default data and assumptions used by the tool are representative of Denmark and Western Europe but may be replaced by the user with data from other locations as available. ¦ Municipal Solid Waste Decision Support Tool (MSW DST) - MSW DST is a free downloadable software application developed by EPA and made available through RTI International. The MSW DST is designed for use by waste planners and analysts for quantifying the cost and life cycle energy consumption, air emissions, water emissions and wastes for different waste management operations and integrated management strategies. Includes the ability to perform optimization analyses for cost, energy consumption, GHG emissions, and other air pollutants. The default data and assumptions used by the tool are representative of U.S. national averages and may be replaced with data from specific locations as available. ¦ Solid Waste Optimization Life-cyle Framework (SWOLF) - SWOLF is a software application currently under development at North Carolina State University. Similar to the MSW DST, SWOLF is designed for use by waste planners and analysts for quantifying the cost and life cycle energy consumption, air emissions, water emissions and wastes for different waste management operations and integrated management strategies. Future versions are to include 50 ------- dynamic optimization capabilities to allow users to capture changes in waste composition, energy systems, and other key factors over time. The default data and assumptions used by the tool are representative of U.S. national averages and may be replaced with data from specific locations as available. ¦ Solid Waste Management Planning Software (SWPlan) - SWPlan is a commercial software tool available at the cost of $475 from Scientific Software Group. SWPlan is designed for calculating the costs of integrated solid waste management systems. Based on information available, the tool uses proprietary algorithms in determining facility cost in relationship to capacity throughout and relies on U.S. national averages which the user can replace with their own values as available. ¦ Waste Reduction Model (WARM) - Warm is a free web- and spreadsheet-based calculator made available by the U.S. EPA for quantifying the life-cycle energy consumption and GHG emission reduction potential for various waste management operations and scenarios. The default data and assumptions used by the tool are representative of U.S. national averages and modification of these averages is more limited than other tools. ¦ Waste and Resources Assessment Tool for the Environment (WRATE) - WRATE is a software tool originally developed for the Environmental Agency (United Kingdom) and available through Golder Associates. A free demonstration version is available while an annual license for the standard version costs approximately $2,400. The default data and assumptions used by the tool are representative of UK conditions and may be replaced with data from specific locations as available. Detailed descriptions and comparisons for many of these LCA-based tools are provided in a recent comparative analysis prepared by EPA (2015). A unique feature of the LCA and related LCA-based MSW management tools is that not only are the direct environmental impacts from waste operations accounted for but also the "upstream" environmental impacts associated with energy and materials production that are inputs to the operations. In addition, where materials and/or energy are recovered from the waste stream, the "savings" associated with displacing materials and energy production are captured. Thus, the results from LCA-based tools include direct burdens from waste activities and operations (regardless of whether or not the activity or operation is located or takes place within the municipality) and indirect emissions and credits to other sectors (namely the materials manufacturing and utility sectors) that are most likely located outside of the municipality, region or even the country. The value of LCA-based tools for municipalities and other MSW management decision makers and stakeholders is that they can provide a comprehensive view of the environmental impacts associated with waste management. These tools can also provide insight into the key activities and operations that drive emissions/impacts as well as tradeoffs between available options. Most of the LCA-based tools provide results for energy consumption, multi-media emissions, and associated ecological and human health impacts. Some LCA-based tools are focused on more specific topics, such as EPA's WARM focus on GHG emissions. Others, such as ICLEI's CACP tool, capture the entire waste sector but are not LCA-based tools. In the case of CACP, this tool is a GHG inventory tool that accounts for only direct GHG emissions from waste facilities. Few tools in this category include economic or social metrics that are included in the STAR Community Rating System and otherwise important to communities and decision makers. The MSW DST and SWOLF tools do include cost (capital, labor, and equipment) but do not include other economic metrics such as job creation or loss and local market/economic development that are relevant to municipal decision makers. No waste sector tools were found that capture social impacts such as environmental 51 ------- justice, aesthetics, noise, odor, and traffic considerations. 5.5.1 Targeted Waste Tools Other potentially useful waste sector tools that are more targeted to specific topics include: ¦ Clean Air and Climate Protection (CACP) - Although detailed information about this tool was not readily available for review, CACP appears to be a tool designed for use by municipalities to prepare GHG inventories following the [Scope 1, 2, and 3] Greenhouse Gas Protocol developed by the World Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). The tool is available to ICLEI members only. ¦ Electronics Environmental Benefits Calculator - Electronics Environmental Benefits Calculator is a specific tool designed for use by institutional purchasers to quantify the environmental and economic benefits of alternatives for management of electronic equipment. ¦ Food Waste Cost Calculator - The Food Waste Cost Calculator, developed by EPA and designed for use by institutions and commercial entities (e.g., grocers), estimates the cost for various food waste diversion options. ¦ Landfill Gas Emissions Model (LandGEM) - LandGEM estimates landfill gas (e.g., methane) emissions. The EPA developed this tool. ¦ Hospital Waste Target-Setting Tool - Hospitals and medical centers can use the Hospital Waste Target-Setting Tool to set targets and management medical and non-medical waste streams and estimate costs for managing different waste streams and potential cost-reduction opportunities. ¦ Industrial Waste Reuse - This tool can be used to characterize the cost and environmental benefits associated with non-disposal end-use applications for industrial wastes. ¦ Fleet Route - Fleet Route is a for-purchase tool for optimizing waste collection vehicle routing to minimize total vehicle miles traveled for waste collection and thus minimize cost and fuel consumption. ¦ Routeware - specific for-purchase tool for optimizing waste collection vehicle routing to minimize total vehicle miles traveled for waste collection and thus minimize cost and fuel consumption. 5.6 Gaps Analysis In the context of municipalities and waste management decision making, most of the existing waste sector tools fall mainly in the realm of LCA-based decision support tools. These tools are designed to quantify the life cycle environmental attributes (and in some cases cost) for integrated waste management strategies. These tools can provide municipalities and waste sector stakeholders with the ability to assess larger-picture questions such as what is the overall environmental impact/benefit of alternative waste management strategies or which management strategy is best for a specific waste stream (e.g., food). A handful of other existing tools are designed for specific topics within the overall realm of waste management, primarily tools addressing special waste streams. Municipal waste managers and planners require tools that allow them to track performance metrics (e.g., recycling rate) as well as tools that support waste master planning and account for economic, environmental, and social attributes. Key limitations and gaps in the existing waste sector tools, in the context of the goals of EPA's SHCRP and other related initiatives such as the STAR Community Rating 52 ------- System, include: ¦ LCA nature of many tools - while LCA can provide municipalities with a more complete picture of the environmental impacts associated with waste management operations and strategies, existing tools are limited in their ability to present local versus national or global emissions. As such, these LCA tools are not designed for or directly usable for supporting common initiatives such as city GHG reporting. In addition, these tools typically do not include common waste management performance metrics (e.g., complaints, service provision) and economic or social aspects that are important to municipalities. ¦ Data sources - the use of proprietary and/or non-standardization of data by the existing tools creates differing results, but as noted by EPA (2015) directional results generally align among tools. Tools would benefit from being able import common data sets, as well as community or company specific data sets (e.g., for specific materials). ¦ Source reduction is not captured well by any of the identified existing tools. This would involve moving up the supply chain from the point of waste generation and allow for the analysis of policy measures (e.g., material disposal bans) and technical measures (e.g., materials substitution or reduction, design for recyclability). ¦ Existing tools are primarily developed for analyses of the MSW stream. Few tools exist for targeted waste streams that are typically handled as distinct and separate from MSW such as construction & demolition, electronics, medical, and industrial waste. No tools were found that can handle the full suite of waste streams. Some tools designed for MSW can capture some of these waste streams to the extent that there are similar wastes in the MSW stream (e.g., wood in MSW and C&D wastes). ¦ Environmental attributes captured by existing tools align with LCA practice and include emissions (air, water, land), impacts to human and ecological health. Other environmental attributes that are often missing include: o Land use, resource requirements, water use, odor, noise, and dust ¦ Economic impacts (e.g., jobs, business opportunities, etc.) are largely missing from existing tools as only per ton type costs (capital, labor, and equipment) are measured. Other economic measures that are missing include: o Capital investment, revenue, financial risks, job creation, economic/market development impacts, impact on property values ¦ Social impacts were not incorporated in any of the existing waste sector tools identified and reviewed. Key social measures that are missing and may be important to municipal decision makers include: o Public health and safety and risks, transportation congestion, environmental justice, demographic impacts, aesthetics/visual quality 5.7 Conclusions EPA's SHC Research Program strives to provide tools for community decision-makers to more effectively and equitably evaluate and integrate parameters across all three pillars of sustainability (i.e., economic, environmental, social). This includes decisions related to waste management. Some of the key environmental and economic measures that pertain to MSW management decision- making are captured by existing waste sector tools but no tools were identified that address all aspects. 53 ------- Instead, the majority of existing tools focus on developing LCAs for waste management systems or are dedicated to specific elements of waste management such as GHG emissions accounting, special wastes (e.g., electronics, food, medical, industrial) management and collection route optimization tools. Some tools, such as EPA's Food Waste Cost Calculator and SWPlan address cost only. Other tools, such as the MSW DST and SWOLF enable users to account for both cost and environmental attributes. No tools were identified that capture the broader range of economic and social impacts. 6.References ASTSWMO. 2009. Local Solid Waste Management Plan Guidance and Information: A Reference Sheet. Prepared by the Municipal Solid Waste Recycling Task Force of the ASTSWMO Solid Waste Subcommittee. Available at: http://astswmo.org/files/policies/Solid_Waste/2009-09-Local-SW- Management-Plan.pdf Calthorpe. 2012. Urban Footprint. Technical Summary. Model Version 1.0. Calthorpe and Associates, Berkeley, California. Ferry, David. 2011. The Urban Quest for 'Zero' Waste. In The Wall Street Journal. September 12, 2011. Available at: http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904583204576542233226922972 Flanders, N., J. Yang, R. Dodder, G. Furie, R. Baldauf, L. Bachle, A. Bostrom, L. Berry, C. Walters, J. Bare, T. Barzyk, R. Bruins, E. Cooter, F. DiCosmo, T. Eason, T. Fontaine, L. Jackson, N. Schumaker, and J. Weaver. 2013. Synthesis paper on sustainable transportation. Prepared for Sustainable and Healthy Communities Research Program - Theme 4. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Freeman, A. M. 2003. The measurement of environmental and resource values: theory and methods. RFF Press, Washington, D.C. K. Gowri, 2005, Desktop Tools for Sustainable Design. ASHRAE Journal January 2005. Sustainability Tools for Assessing and Rating Communities (STAR Communities) 2012. STAR Community Rating System v. 1.0. Washington, DC. US EPA. 2015. A Comparative Analysis of Life-Cycle Assessment Tools for End-of-Life Materials Management Systems. Report Number EPA /600/R-l5/232. Remediation and Redevelopment Branch Land Remediation and Pollution Control Division National Risk Management Research Laboratory Office of Research and Development. Cincinnati, OH. 54 ------- Appendix A: Tools Screen Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection SimLab Joint Research Centre of the European Commission https://ec.europa.eu/irc/en/samo/simlab SimLab provides a free development framework for Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis. SimLab is a professional tool for model developers, scientists and professionals, to learn, use and exploit uncertainty and sensitivity analysis techniques. out of scope out of scope SiteBuilder 3D Placeways, LLC htto://olacewavs.com/communitwiz/?i3 =site SiteBuilder 3D enables users to create photo-realistic, 3D interactive scenes from 2D map data. not a tool not a tool SLAMM-View Image Matters LLC htto://www.slammview.ore/ SLAMM-View is a web browser-based application that provides tools for improved understanding of results from research projects that employ the Sea Level Affecting Marshes Model (SLAMM). Version 2.0 of SLAMM-View was designed for a user- friendly, workflow-based approach to assess impacts of sea-level rise (SLR) on coastal areas with both visualization and analysis functionality. SLAMM- View provides simultaneous comparison between both current and future conditions out to the year 2100, and among different SLR scenarios (e.g., 0.4 meter vs. 1 meter), using interactive maps and tabular reporting capabilities. out of scope out of scope SMART- Salt Marsh Assessment and Restoration Tool Wells NERR httos ://scmd. nasa. eov/KevwordSearch/ Metadata. do?Portal=GCMD&Kevwor dPath=%5B Science Parameters%3 A+ Science Cateeorv%3D%27EARTH+S CIENCE%27%2C+Science Tooic%3 D%270CEANS%27%2C+Science Te rm%3D%27COASTAL+PROCESSES %27%2C+Science Variable Level 1 %3D%27ESTUARIES%27%5D&Entr vId=SMART&MetadataView=Full& MetadataT\DC=1 &lbnode=mdlb3 SMART is designed to support projects seeking to reestablish tidal flow and return an area to its native salt marsh habitat out of scope out of scope 55 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection SME- Spatial Modeling Environment University of Vermont - Thomas Maxwell httD://\vww. likbcz.com/AV/SDatial M odelins Book/2/ This environment which transparently links icon- based modeling enviromnents with advanced computing resources, allows modelers to develop simulations in a user-friendly, graphical enviromnent, requiring no knowledge of computer programming. not a tool not a tool SSFATE Applied Science Associates N/A SSFATE is an integrated system combining a Geographic Information System (GIS) with a computational model that predicts the transport, dispersion and settling of suspended sediments released to the water column as a result of dredging operations. out of scope out of scope The System for Assessing Vulnerability of Species (SAVS) US Forest Service htto://www.fs.fed.us/rm/erassland- shrubland-dcscrt/Droducts/sDCcics- vulnerabilitv/ The System for Assessing Vulnerability of Species (SAVS) quantifies the relative impact of expected climate change effects for terrestrial vertebrate species. out of scope out of scope Tomoye NewsGator htto://www.tomove.comA>roducts.html Tomoye Communities maximize the engagement and productivity of your communities; help you define (and refine) your strategy with our community growth model, ensuring you get the most from your community investment. not a tool not a tool STELLA ISEE Systems htto://www.iseesvstems.com/ The STELLA software is expressly designed for modeling the dynamics of highly interdependent systems. STELLA software provides a set of simple building blocks which faculty or students can use to piece together the relationships operating in an ecosystem. not a tool not a tool TownSquare MIG, Inc. htto://www.mi stownsauare.com/ Townsquare connects people, planning and ideas. It's an easy and cost-effective suite of web-based tools to coordinate staff; expand collaboration data sharing and analysis; and engage communities in understanding and participating in complex planning concepts and processes. not a tool not a tool TROPOMOD NORAD funded AquaPark project by Chris Cromey and Patrick White (Akvaplan-niva) N/A TROPOMOD is a particle tracking model which predicts flux to the sea bed from milkfish and tilapia farms in the tropics using information on bathymetry, cage layouts including cage length, width and net depth, current flows, feed input and other husbandry information, dispersion coefficients (kx, ky, kz) and out of scope out of scope 56 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection settling velocity of feed and feces. TxEMP- The Texas Estuarine Mathematical Programming Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas Water Development Board htto://cedb.asce.ors/csi/WWWdisr)lav. cei?9404346 Study the effect of freshwater inflow to the bays and estuaries in Texas and to help establish long-term objectives of maintaining and enhancing an ecologically healthy enviromnent for the estuaries. out of scope out of scope Transportation Research Record Journal 2242: Sustainability and Livability: Economic, Environmental, and Social Impacts, Transportation Research Board htto://trb.metaoress.com/content/r588r D748514/?D=7fff254f97ca4079ac06bb cb lc5a9b8d&oi=8 not a tool paper Research Results Digest 365: Sustainable Pavement Maintenance Practices National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) htto://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/16655 7,asD\ no output no output Sustainable Concrete Pavements: A Manual of Practice National Concrete Pavement Technology Center at Iowa State University htto://www.cr)techcenter.org/teclinical- librarv/documents/Sustainable Concret e Pavement 508.odf This guide provides a clear, concise, and cohesive discussion of pavement sustainability concepts and of recommended practices for maximizing the sustainability of concrete pavements. no output no output TRB Transportation Research E- CircularE-C152: Adapting Transportation to Transportation Research Board httD://onlincDubs.trb.ora/onlincDubs/cir culars/ecl52.t>df TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Research Results Digest 365: Sustainable Pavement Maintenance Practices highlights the current practice in sustainable pavement maintenance and preservation. not a tool not a tool 57 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection the Impacts of Climate Change: State of the Practice 2011 Assessment of Colorado Department of Transportation Rest Areas for Sustainability Improvements and Highway Corridors and Facilities for Alternative Energy Use, Colorado Department of Transportation litto ://www. co 1 o radodo t. i nfo/o ro erams/ research/odfs/2011/restareas not a tool not a tool Feasibility Study of Using Solar or Wind Power for Transportation Infrastructure National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) h 11 d : //o n 1 i nc d ub s. t rb. o r a/o n 1 i nc d ub s/ nc hro/docs/NCHRP25- 25(64) FinalHandbook.odf This tool is intended to be a resource for local, regional, state, and federal transportation agencies in their work in integrate existing and emerging technologies into innovative transportation applications, focusing on REIs as a net alternative power source. not a tool not a tool Transportation Planning and Sustainability Guidebook Federal Highway Administration httt>://www.fhwa.dot.eov/hei3/cliinate/s ustainabilitv/index.cfm The Sustainable Highways Initiative (SHI) supports programs and activities conducted across the Federal Highway Administration to facilitate balanced decision making among enviromnental, economic, and social values — the triple bottom line of sustainability. not a tool guidebook Enviromnental Corridor Management National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) h 11 d : //o n 1 i nc d ub s. t rb. o r a/o n 1 i nc d ub s/ nc hro/docs/NCHRP25-25(63) FR.ixlf This report presents a framework for conducting and documenting enviromnental management activities by corridor, focusing on the core maintenance practices of roadside management and the primary areas of attention for enviromnental performance measurement identified by AASHTO and FHWA: resource use and recycling; water quality; roadside enviromnental management; and energy. not a tool not a tool 58 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection Promoting Sustainable Transportation Through Site Design: An ITE Recommended Practice Institute for Transportation Engineers httDs://trid.trb.ora/vic\Y,asD\''id=76304 6 A guidebook to help municipalities and the land development industry better design non-residential development sites to promote accessibility by travel modes other than the single-occupant vehicle (SOV). not a tool not a tool Sustainability Peer Exchange Report, Resources Center for Enviromnental Excellence bv AASHTO h 11 d : //e mi ro n i lie n t. t ra n s do rta t i o n. o r a/c enter/oroducts oro erams/sustainabilitv oeer exchanee.asox not a tool report Innovative Practices for Greener Roads International Road Federation htto://www.irfnet.cli/files-ur)load/i3df- files/IRF BP Enviromnent Wcb.odf not a tool report Infrastructure 2009: A Pivot Point The Urban Land Institute htto://www.uli.ors/ResearcliAndPublic ations/RcDorts/~/mcdia/Documcnts/Rc search AndPublications/RcDorts/Inrrastr ucture/Infrastructure%202009.aslix not a tool report NCHRP Research Results Digest 304: Technologies to Improve Consideration of Enviromnental Concerns in Transportation Decisions, National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) h 11 d : //o n 1 i nc d ub s. t rb. o r a/o li 1 i nc d ub s/ nc hro/nchro rrd 304.odf not a tool paper Defining Sustainable Transportation Center for Sustainable Transportation. htto://cst.uwinnii3es.ca/docuinents/Defi nine Sustainable 2005.odf not a tool paper 59 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection TCRP Report 93: Travel Matters: Mitigating Climate Change with Sustainable Surface Transportation, Transit Cooperative Research Program lUtD://onlincDiibs.trb.ora/onlincDiibs/tcr D/tcro rot 93.ixir not a tool report Sustainable Transport Journal of Transport Geography httD://\vww. scicnccdircct.com/scicncc'.' ob=ArticleURL& udi=B6VG8- 3SX4MHJ- 3& user=10& rdoc=l& fmt=& orie= search& sort=d&view=c& acct=COOO 050221& version=l& urlVersion=0& userid= 10&md5=ab8b09bbba3 5d9eb 57281f3e459f7a90 not a tool not a tool Promoting the Concept of Sustainable Transportation within the Federal System. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Engineering Systems Division httD://csd.init.cdu/staaina/\\Ds/csd-\\D- 2006-13.t)df not a tool not a tool Issues in Sustainable Transportation. Victoria Transport Policy Institute http://www.vtpi.ore/sus iss.pdf not a tool paper Sustainable Development Principles and their Impact for Transport. Henrik Gudmundssona, Mattias Hojer lUtD://\v\v\v. scicnccdircct.com/scicncc'> ob=ArticleURL& udi=B6VDY- 3WT40M- T& user=10& rdoc=l& fmt=& oris =search& sort=d&view=c& acct=C00 0050221& version=l& urlVersion=0 & userid=10&md5=cba6ce012bf6cd4 db7b5574b74889bcd not a tool paper Moving Toward Sustainability: Transforming a Comprehensive Land Use and htto://trb.metai3ress.com/content/n8i326 ul3i828r387/ not a tool paper 60 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection Transportation Plan. Financing and Implementing Sustainable Development: A Local Planning Approach htto ://tti.tamu. edu/oublications/catalo eJ record detail.htm?id=15435 not a tool Weak Versus Strong Sustainability: Exploring the Limits of Two Opposing Paradigms. htto://books.eooele.com/books?hl=en &lr=&id=To3wOT>Slwc8C&oi=fnd&i3e =PRll&da=47.%09Neumaver.+E..+W eak+versus+Strons+Sustainabilitv: +Ex olorine+the+Limits+of+Two+Oroosin e+Paradiems.+2003.+Cheltenham:+Ed ward+Elsar. &ots=U VXWNbObu9&si e=ZSumeWHVwi OTCeWfOueHvRIe UCk not a tool book Transportation Invest in our Future. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials AASHTO h 11 d : //www. t ra n s do rta t i o n 1. o ra/t i F5 re d ort/ not a tool report ERSEM- European Regional Seas Ecosystem Model Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML) htto ://www. meece .eu/librarv/ersem. ht ml ERSEM (the European Regional Seas Ecosystem Model) is a mature plankton functional type model that represents the key processes of temperate shelf ecosystems; the main ones being some plankton community complexity, the microbial loop, variable nutrient stoichiometry, variable carbon, chlorophyll ratios and a comprehensive description of benthic biochemical and ecological processes. out of scope out of scope 61 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection Fishery Analyst for ArcGIS 9.x Mappamondo GIS litto ://www. manna mo ndo ais.it/Droduct s.htm Fishery Analyst is an ArcGIS 9.x extension developed to effectively analyze and visualize temporal and spatial patterns of fishery dynamics. out of scope out of scope Fledermaus Software Suite Ageotec htto://www.aseotec.coin/cms/index.i3h o/en/oroducts/asencies/software/fleder maus-3d-visualization-and-analvsis- software IVS 3D's Fledermaus suite of software provides interactive and intuitive tools for visualization, processing, quality control and analysis of multibeam sonar and related data. out of scope out of scope ORWARE 0. Erikssona, B. Frostella, A. Bjorklunda N/A It is a computer-based model for calculation of substance flows, enviromnental impacts, and costs of waste management. not available not available Global Water Tool CH2M HILL htft>://old.wbcsd.ors/work- oro sram/sector-oroi ects/water/slobal- water-tool.asD.x A free and easy to use tool for companies and organizations to map their water use and assess risks relative to their global operations and supply chains. out of scope out of scope Google Earth Google htft>://www. soosle.com/eartli/ not a tool not a tool Gaia Studio Michael Gerzon, Martin Feuchtwanger, Reno Sun httos ://ansel. co/saiastudio Cloud-based and user-friendly modelling software solution for forest management planning, serving the different stakeholders involved with the impact of changes in forest landscapes as well as policy makers. out of scope out of scope Habitat Digitizer Extension Ken Buja - NOAA httos ://www. arc sis. coin/home/item, ht ml?id=aaa88d03d6cd499db77f663bdc b77173 The Habitat Digitizer Extension is designed to use a hierarchical classification scheme to delineate aquatic habitats by visually interpreting georeferenced images such as aerial photographs, satellite images, and side scan sonar. out of scope out of scope 62 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection HEP USGS Habitat Evaluation Procedures Fort Collins Science Center, USGS htto://www.fort.uses.eov/Products/Soft ware/HEP/ The HEP accounting program uses the area of available habitat and Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) to compute the values needed for Habitat Evaluation Procedures (HEP) as described in the Ecological Services Manual (ESM 102) and the HEP training course Habitat Evaluation Procedures. out dated out dated Expert Choice Expert Choice lUtD://c\oc rtchoicc.com/aboiit-us/ Expert Choice software provides a structured approach and proven process for prioritization and decision- making. out of scope out of scope ILWIS- Integrated Land and Water Information System International Institute for Geo- Infonnation Science and Earth Observation (ITC) htto://52northorg/communities/ilwis Integrated Land and Water Information System (ILWIS) is a remote sensing and GIS software which integrates image, vector and thematic data in one unique and powerful package on the desktop. out of scope out of scope IDRISI Selva Clark Labs htft>://clarklabs.ore/t>roducts/idrisi.cfm IDRISI Andes is an integrated GIS and Image Processing software solution providing over 250 modules for the analysis and display of digital spatial information. out of scope out of scope IMPLAN IMPLAN Group LLC htto://i molancom/ IMPLAN is an economic impact assessment modeling system. It allows the user to easily build economic models to estimate the impacts of economic changes in their states, counties, or communities. out of scope out of scope IAN Integration and Application Network Conceptual Diagrams Integration and Application Network lUtD://ian. iimccs.edu/svmbols/ The IAN symbol libraries contain over 1500 custom- made vector symbols (in 32 categories) designed specifically for enhancing science communication skills. not a tool not a tool InfoGames Urban Interactive Studio lUtD://urbani ntcractiYCStudio.com/infou ames InfoGames are interactive workbooks, typically displayed as multi-step wizards, that present your content as fun infographics. out of scope out of scope 63 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection InVitro CSIRO lUtD://\vww.cmar.csiro.au/rcscarch/msc /invitro.htm InVitro is an agent based ecosystem-level management strategy evaluation modelling framework. It lias been specifically designed to consider multiple use management questions for the marine enviromnent. out of scope out of scope Inundation Toolbox Applied Science Associates N/A A software system that connects storm surge model predictions to GIS mapping and analysis capabilities to generate maps of areas at risk to inundation from the predicted surge. not available not available Kepler scientific workflow system Kepler and SEEK Projects https://kepler-proiect.ore/ Kepler is designed to help scientists, analysts, and computer programmers create, execute, and share models and analyses across a broad range of scientific and engineering disciplines. out of scope out of scope ISIS-FISH Ifremer htto://www.isis-fish.ors/en/ Spatial and seasonal simulation model describing the dynamics of resources, exploitation and management has been developed to explore the impact of a range of management measures upon fisheries dynamics out of scope out of scope LandScope America Nature Serve, National Geographic httt>://www.landscot>e.org/ LandScope America is a conservation guide to the country's natural places. This free, publicly available website seeks to increase the pace and effectiveness of land conservation, in part, through a nationwide map viewer that provides easy access to authoritative maps on conservation priorities, protected areas, threats, plants and animals, ecosystems, recreation and energy. not a tool not a tool LUPM- The Land Use Portfolio Model Western Region Geography htft>://eeo sraohv. wr.usss. eov/science/1 umn.html A tool for modeling, mapping, and communicating risk out of scope out of scope 64 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection LDW- Logical Decisions for Windows Logical Decisions http://www.loeicaldecisions.com/ Evaluate choices by considering many variables at once, separating facts from value judgments, and explaining your choice to others out of scope out of scope Maptalk W!SL Wageningen Software Labs and Alterra httos ://www. researcheate. net/oublicati on/40115211 ICT tools for Darticioat orv dla nnina out of scope out of scope Maptitude GIS & MAPPING SOFTWARE for Windows Caliper Corporation http://www.caliper.com/maptovu.htm General GIS software not a tool not a tool MAPTITE (Marsh Analysis and Planning Tool Integrating Tides and Elevations) NOAA - Ken Buja NA Simulate water level changes on an elevation model for resource management and research issues. Its primary purpose is to automate the process of connecting tidal datum and land elevations to produce marsh grass planting zones for coastal habitat restoration projects. not available no longer available Marine Integrated Decision Analysis System (MIDAS) Conservation International lUtD://DCODlc.bu.cdu/suchi/midas/indc\. html Software tool that was developed with three main objectives in mind: (1) to assist the Marine Managed Areas (MMAs) users and managers in understanding the critical factors that influence the MMA's effects so that they can plan accordingly; (2) to estimate likely MMA effects based on the ecological, socioeconomic and governance conditions; (3) and finally, to advise management plan revisions that will result in optimization of outcomes and outputs out of scope out of scope Marine Reserves and Local Fisheries - An Interactive Simulation Steven Phillips, Daniel R. Brumbaugh, Eugenia Naro- Maciel htto://www.amnh.org/our- research/center-for-biodiversitv- conservation This simulation-based educational tool allows users to experiment with the use of marine reserves as tools in fisheries management and to explore various biological and economic factors that influence population viability and fisheries sustainability. out of scope out of scope 65 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection MarineMap - Marine Protected Areas Decision Support Tool Will McClintock, MarineMap Project Manager http://www.seasketch.ore/home.html Web-based application used for designing marine protected areas (MPAs) out of scope out of scope Marine Conservation Agreements - A Practitioner's Toolkit The Nature Conservancy htto://www.mcatoolkit.ore/ Provides information for local, national, and international organizations regarding a promising strategy to protect ocean and coastal biodiversity from degradation and depletion. not a tool not a tool Maxent Phillips, Dudik & Schapire, supported bv AT&T Labs; Princeton U. lUtD://\vww.cs. Drinccton.cdu/~schaDirc/ maxent/ Maxent is a program that produces models of species geographic distributions based on presence-only data. It was designed specifically for modeling distributions when users have access to historical and/or current species localities, but do not have data on sites where the species is known to be absent. out of scope out of scope MEFISTO Francesc Mavnou - MEFISTO Consortium htto ://mefisto. software .informer, com/d ownload/ MEFISTO is a software package implementing a bioeconomic model for the Mediterranean fisheries. out of scope out of scope MECON - Model Economic Francesc Maynou - MEFISTO Consortium htto ://mefisto. software .informer, com/d ownload/ MECON is a simple bio-economic fisheries model. Its main purpose is to illustrate the dynamics of a fish stock subject to fishing by an economic agent. out of scope out of scope MGET- Marine Geospatial Ecology Tools Duke University - Jason Roberts http://meel.env.duke.edu/meet Marine Geospatial Ecology Tools (MGET), also known as the GeoEco Python package, is an open source geoprocessing toolbox designed for coastal and marine researchers and GIS analysts who work with spatially-explicit ecological and oceanographic data in scientific or management workflows. out of scope out of scope MIKE 21 / MIKE 3 DHI Water & Enviromnent htto://www.dhierouacom/Software/M arine/MIKE21. asox MIKE 21 is a professional engineering software package for the simulation of flows, waves, sediments and ecology in rivers, lakes, estuaries, bays, coastal areas and seas. out of scope out of scope 66 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection Minimum-Data Tradeoff Analysis Model (TOA-MD) Oregon State University - John Antle and Roberto Valdivia htto://aesci.oreeonstate.edu/tradeoffs/a bout-toa TOA-MD is a simulation model designed to carry out multi-dimensional impact assessment of agricultural and aquaculture technologies, analysis of ecosystem service supply, and climate impact and adaptation assessment. out of scope out of scope Mercury ORNL htto://mercurv.ornl.eov/ Mercury is a Web-based system to search for metadata and retrieve associated data. not a tool not a tool Sustaining America's Urban Trees and Forests USD A Forest Service htto/Avww.fs.fed.us/ooensoace/fote/re Dorts/nrs- 62 sustaining americas urban.odf not a tool report Evaluating Sustainable Development in the Built Environment 2nd Edition lUtD://\vww. rcscarchandmarkcts.com/Dr oduct/a49a97/evaluatine sustainable d evelomnent in the built not a tool book Indicators of Sustainable Development - Guidelines and Methodologies United Nations Division for Sustainable Development h 11 d : //e mi ro n 1 lie n t. t ra n s do rta t i o n. o r a/e nviromnental issues/sustainabilitv/doc s rcDorts.asD.x no output no output Sustainable Transportation Performance Indicators Centre for Sustainable Transportation N/A no output no output Sustainable Mobility and Indicator Systems in Transport Policy. htto://onlinelibrarv.wilev.com/doi/10.1 111/1.1468-2451.2003.05502003. x/Ml not a tool paper 67 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection DISTILLATE - Design and Implementation Support Tools for Integrated Local Land Use, Transport and the Enviromnent Institute for Transport Studies (ITS) at the University of Leeds lUtD://\vww.distil late. ac.uk/outDuts/Dro ducts.dIid not a tool Enviromnental and Sustainable Development Indicators for Canada. National Round Table on the Enviromnent and the Economy htft>://collectionscanada.ec.ca/webarchi ves2/2013032214490 l/httt>:/nrtee- trnee.ca/environment-and-sustainable- develomnent-indicators-index The National Round Table lias developed six proposed new formal economic measures or indicators. These indicators will augment familiar economic data such as gross domestic product (GDP) and the consumer price index (CPI). no output no output Sustainable Transportation: Conceptualization and Performance Measurement Texas Transportation Institute) htto ://tti.tamu. edu/oublications/catalo eJ record detail.htm?id=25602 Sustainable transportation attempts to address economic development, enviromnental stewardship, and social equity of current and future generations. not a tool comparison of 11-year-old models sc STREAM Cradle North America Inc. htto ://www. cradle-cfd. com sc STREAM can calculate the phenomena related to HVAC (airflow, heat transfer-including radiation and solar radiation humidity, condensation, contamination distribution and air quality indexes~for all sizes of buildings. not a tool fluid dynamics model GaBi4 PE Europe GmbH http://www.pe-europe.com out of scope LCA AQUALAND: The Massachusetts Aquatic Landscape Characterization Tool UMass Landscape Ecology Program httos://www.ebmtoolsdatabase.org/tool /aaualand-massachusetts-aauatic- landscaDC-charactcrization-tool AQU ALAND analyzes the contribution of upstream aquatic and terrestrial systems to aquatic habitats. out dated no update since 2003? 68 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection ATLSS (Across Trophic Level System Simulation) The Institute for Enviromnental Modeling University of Tennessee htto://atlss.ore/ A set of models designed to integrate three approaches for different trophic levels of the system: (1) process models for lower trophic levels (including benthic insects, periphyton and zooplankton), (2) structured population models for five functional groups of fish and macroinvertebrates, and (3) individual-based models for large consumers (wood storks, great blue herons, white ibis, American alligators, white-tailed deer, and Florida panther). not transferable not transferable BathyFusion Toolbox Applied Science Associates N/A out of scope out of scope Benthic Terrain Modeler (BTM) v. 3.0 NOAA, ESRI htto://ebmtoolsdatabase.org/tool/benthi c-terrain-modeler-btm-v-30 Collection of tools that ocean and coastal scientists and resource managers can use in concert with bathymetric data to classify and understand the benthic enviromnent out of scope out of scope Brainstorm Anywhere PlaceMatters lUtD://olacc matters, ora/bloa/ta a/brainst onn-anvwhere/ not a tool keypad polling CanVis National Agroforestry Center httos://coast.noaa.eov/dieitalcoast/tools /canvis Allows users to "see" potential changes, from coastal development (including a new building or marina) to sea level rise. out of scope out of scope Caribbean Decision Support System N/A not transferable not transferable 69 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection CATS- Consequences Assessment Tool Set Defense Tlireat Reduction Agency httDs://\vww. lcidos.com/Drodiicts/sccur itv/cats out of scope out of scope Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem Explorer NOAA lUtD://\v\v\v. think num.com/do\vnload/D resskit/case studv/tm noaa.odf out of scope out of scope CITYgreen American Forests lUtD://\vww.amc ricanfo rests, ora/ Now part of InVest tool suite. not available inactive CiviCRM CiviCRM httos ://civicrm. org/ out of scope out of scope ConnIe3 CSIRO httD://\\\\\\.csiro.au/connie/ Investigate patterns of marine spatial connectivity out of scope out of scope CORMAS Centre de cooperation internationale en recherche agronomique pour le developpement htto://cormas.cirad.fr/indexens.htm Simulation platform based on the VisualWorks programming environment which facilitates the construction of agent-based models and the design, monitoring and analyzing of agent-based simulation scenarios. not a tool not a tool CORMIX MixZon Inc. httt>://www.cormix.info/ USEPA-supported mixing zone model and decision support system for enviromnental impact assessment of regulatory mixing zones resulting from continuous point source discharges out of scope out of scope 70 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection CORSET - Coral Reef Scenario Evaluation Tool Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania htto://coral.aoml.noaa.eov/mt>ermail/c oral-list/2010-December/009448.html CORSET is a generic, biophysical model for coral reef systems which couples dynamics from local to regional scales. out of scope out of scope CPCe - Coral Point Count with Excel extensions National Coral Reef Institute http://www.nova.edu/ocean/cpce/ Windows-based software (PC use only) that provides a tool for the determination of coral cover using transect photographs out of scope out of scope CRiSTAL Community-based Risk Screening - Adaptation and Livelihoods International Institute for Sustainable Development (USD), The World Conservation Union (IUCN), Stockholm Enviromnent Institute (SEI- US) and Intercooperation httD://www.iisd.ora/cristaltool/ CRiSTAL is a project-planning tool that helps users design activities that support climate adaptation (i.e., adaptation to climate variability and change) at the community level. out of scope out of scope Criterium DecisionPlus (CDP) InfoHarvest Inc lUtD://\vww. inroharvest.com/ihroot/ind cx.aso Criterium DecisionPlus (CDP) decision management system helps you structure and communicate complex decisions between alternatives. out of scope out of scope Cumulative Impacts Assessment Tool National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis lUtD://\vww. nccas.ucsb.cdu/GloballVIari ne Estimates and visualizes the impact humans are having on ocean ecosystems out of scope out of scope 71 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection CVAT Community Vulnerability Assessment Tool Tashya Allen httos://coast.noaa.eov/data/docs/dieital coast/cvat-nhr.Ddf Community-wide risk and vulnerability assessments out of scope out of scope DELFT3D WL/Delft Hydraulics httD://\vww.dcltarcssvstcms.com/hydro /oroduct/621497/delft3d-suite Simulates two and three-dimensional flow, waves, water quality, ecology, sediment transport and bottom morphology and is capable of handling the interactions between those processes. out of scope out of scope GARP The University of Kansas Center for Research httD://\v\v\v. nhm.ku.edu/dcsktoDuaro/ Predict and analyze wild species distributions. out of scope out of scope CPCe - Coral Point Count with Excel extensions National Coral Reef Institute htto://cnso. nova.edu/ncri/index.html Windows-based software (PC use only) that provides a tool for the determination of coral cover using transect photographs. out of scope out of scope CRiSTAL Community-based Risk Screening - Adaptation and Livelihoods International Institute for Sustainable Development (USD), The World Conservation Union (IUCN), Stockholm Enviromnent Institute (SEI- US) and Intercooperation httD://\\\\\\. iisd.ora/c ristaltool/ Process for planners and managers to identify the links between the livelihoods of locals and climate. out of scope out of scope Criterium DecisionPlus (CDP) InfoHarvest Inc. htto://www.infoliarvest.com/iliroot/ind cx.aso Helps you structure and communicate complex decisions between alternatives. out of scope out of scope 72 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection Cumulative Impacts Assessment Tool UCSB National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis lUtD://\vww. nccas.ucsb.cdu/GloballVIari ne The Cumulative Impacts Assessment Tool estimates and visualizes the impact humans are having on ocean ecosystems. out of scope out of scope CVAT Community Vulnerability Assessment Tool NOAA - Tashya Allen htto://www.csc.noaa.eov/dieitalcoast/tr ainine/roadmao Step-by-step guide for conducting community-wide risk and vulnerability assessments. out of scope out of scope DELFT3D WL/Delft Hydraulics httD://\vww.dcltarcssvstcms.com/hydro /oroduct/621497/delft3d-suite Simulates two and three-dimensional flow, waves, water quality, ecology, sediment transport and bottom morphology and is capable of handling the interactions between those processes. out of scope out of scope GARP The University of Kansas Center for Research lUtD://\vww. nhm.ku.cdu/dcsktODaarD/ Predict and analyze wild species distributions out of scope out of scope Differential DPSIR A.M. Nobre lUtDs://\vww. ncbi.nl m. nih.aov/Diibmcd/ 19471999 The differential DPSIR is a tool for integrated ecosystem management and was developed to evaluate impacts on the coastal enviromnent. It consists of an adaptation of the Drivers-Pressure-State-Impact- Response to understand the inter-relations between ecological and economic dynamics of coastal zones. out of scope out of scope Digital Coast: Legislative Atlas NOAA Coastal Services Center N/A Web-based information-access tool that allows coastal resource managers to better understand the complex legal jurisdictions and regulatory framework of our nation's oceans and coasts by visualizing this information in a dynamic Web-mapping application. out of scope out of scope DIVA- Dynamic Interactive Vulnerability Assessment Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research htto://www.r)ik- DOtsdam.de/rcscarch/transdisciDlinarv- conccDts-and- methods/arcliiv/oroi ects/oroi ect- arcliive/favaia/diva To explore the effects of climate change on coastal enviromnents and societies out of scope out of scope 73 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection DNDC- Denitrification Decomposition model University of New Hampshire http://www.dndc.sr.unli.edu/ A computer simulation model of carbon and nitrogen biogeochemistry in agro-ecosystems that can be used for predicting crop growth, soil temperature and moisture regimes, soil carbon dynamics, nitrogen leaching, and emissions of trace gases. out of scope out of scope Dyna-Plan Anne-Helene Mathey and Michael Gerzon N/A Simulates forest ecosystem dynamics while also optimizing forest management. These include policies related to harvest flows, percent of harvested area, and logging impact distribution on the land out of scope out of scope EAR - Ecosystem Assessment & Reporting Tool N/A not available no longer available EASy Mapping Solutions for Marine Resources Dale Kiefer N/A Resource management and oceanography, pollution studies and coastal monitoring not available no longer available Atlantis Ecosystem Model Beth Fulton of CSIRO http://atlantis.cmar.csiro.au/ Modelling framework intended for use in management strategy evaluation (MSE) studies of marine ecosystems out of scope out of scope EcoGIS NOAA - Tim Haverland htto ://www. st. nmfs. noaa. sov/eco sis/ab out. htm The EcoGIS project is developing a set of GIS tools to better enable both fisheries scientists and managers to adopt ecosystem approaches to fisheries management. out of scope out of scope EcoNetwrk NOAA/GLERL, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland, GLFC, Michigan httos://ecmd.nasa.eov/records/NOAA EcoNetwrk.html Quantifies the structure and function of food webs by evaluating biomasses and energy flows out of scope out of scope 74 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection State University EcoSeed Villy Christensen or Zach Ferdana - Duke University N/A Ecoseed is a zoning tool for the EwE software package designed to evaluate placement of protected areas. not available no longer available EcoWin GEM- Geocheinical and Ecological Modelling http://www.ecowin.ore/resources.asp EcoWin2000 is an ecological model for aquatic systems, developed using an object-oriented approach. It resolves hydrodynamics, biogeochemistry and can incorporate population dynamics for target species. out of scope out of scope Eeelgrass Restoration Site Selection Model Fre Short - University of New Hampshire N/A This GIS spatial computer model allows coastal managers to rank the potential of different sites in an estuary for eelgrass restoration thereby maximizing the impact of their financial and operational resources. out of scope out of scope EngagingPlans Urban Interactive Studio http://urbaninteractivestudio.com/ EngagingPlans enables planners to launch and maintain interactive, place-based public involvement websites for gathering stakeholder feedback and sharing updates to the community. out of scope out of scope ERAEF: The Ecological Risk Assessment for the Effects of Fishing CSIRO Marine Research htto://www.seafish.org/media/Publicati ons/SR644 A Guide to ERAEF Mar ch 2011.Ddf ERAEF is a procedure for identifying and prioritizing the risks posed to marine ecosystems by commercial fisheries. out of scope out of scope Eonfusion Myriax, Inc litto ://www. eonfusion. com/ River/floodplain modeling, dambreak scenarios, spillway design testing, urban flood risk assessment out of scope out of scope 75 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection Eureka! Ecotrust httD://archi\e. ecotrust.ora/marincDlann ing/ A survey tool to enter data and evaluate the effect of fully-protected marine reserves (no-take zones) in situ. out of scope out of scope EwE Ecopath with Ecosim Ecopath httt>://www.ecot>ath.org/ Address ecological questions, evaluate ecosystem effects of fishing, explore management policy options, analyze impact and placement of marine protected areas, predict movement and accumulation of contaminants and tracers, model effect of enviromnental changes. out of scope out of scope International Sustainable Built Environment Conference Gulf Organization for R&D http ://www. isbe -conference .com/ not a tool no tools The Sustainability Consortium N/A not a tool Guide to Sustainable Transportation Performance Measures USEPA httr>://www.et>a.eov/smarterowth/trans bo oerfonnance.htm Addresses connection between smart growth and transportation. no output no output Method for Evaluation of Sustainable Transportation Stuart Samberg, Alon Bassok, Shawna Holman lUtD://trb. mctaDrcss.com/contcnt/ci8103 2r361663132/?r>=622522416e934e038 e851df5aa2c0019&r)i=0 not a tool lit review Leaner and Greener Center for Enviromnental Excellence h 11 d : //e mi ro n 1 lie n t. t ra n s do rta t i o n. o r a/o df/LeanerGreener.odf This report provides many examples, and the Kansas Department of Transportation's (KDOT) investment in ecologically friendly mowing practices offers a simple illustration. not a tool Report 76 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection Conference Proceedings on the Web 6: Transportation Systems for Livable Communities Transportation Research Board h 11 d : //o n 1 i nc d ub s. t rb. o r a/o n 1 i nc d ub s/co nf/cmv6.t>df not a tool Report The Role of Transportation Systems Management & Operations in Supporting Livability and Sustainability: A Primer Federal Highway Administration htft>://www.ot>s.fhwa.dot.eov/i3ublicati ons/flnvahoD 12004/fhwahoo 12004,odf no output no output MINOE Stanford University http://www.minoesoftware.com/ MINOE is an ecosystem-based management software program built to assist interested parties navigate through existing laws and regulations (and associated agencies). MINOE stands for Management Identification for the Needs of Ocean Ecosystems. not a tool not a tool Model Builder ESRI httD://\\\\\\.csri.com/ Model Builder is an application in ESRI's ArcGIS software that enables users to construct, execute, and share spatial models using process flow diagrams. not a tool not a tool Monitoring Resources Pacific Northwest Aquatic Monitoring Partnership (PNAMP) httr)s://www.mo nitorinsresources.org/ Monitoring Resources provides a network of information and tools to support many facets of ecological and biological monitoring. These resources include orientation and educational materials, a community forum, a place to document and share your monitoring methods, the ability to describe your monitoring projects and upload your sample sites, and tools for creating sample designs based on a master sample. out of scope out of scope 77 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection MPA EZ - the CCIF MPA Financial Management Tool ii httos://tranxfer.natureserve.org/downlo ad/loneterm/ebm%20tools/MPA%20E Z%20- %20The%20CCIF%20MPA%20Finan cial%20Tool%20Webinar%2018MavO 9/ The CCIF MPA Financial Management Tool is a pragmatic platform for managing marine protected areas (MPAs). not available cannot locate Multi-purpose Marine Cadastre tool NOAA Coastal Services Center httos://coast.noaa.eov/dieitalcoast/tools /mmc.html The Multipurpose Marine Cadastre Project (MMC) is a multi-agency effort to build a marine information system for the outer continental shelf and state waters. out of scope out of scope Morpho National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS) litto ://knb .ecoinfonnatics. org/morohor) ortal.iso Morpho helps scientists to create and manage data, and to share it with others. It was created to provide an easy-to-use, cross-platform application for accessing and manipulating metadata and data (both locally and on the network, so that it works equally well in the field and lab). not a tool not a tool Multispecies Virtual Population Analysis (MSVPA-X) Garrison Enviromnental Consulting N/A The MSVPA-X model is a trophic dynamics model focusing on interactions between fish species within exploited communities. The primary output is time and age-variant predation mortality rates for all modeled species. out of scope out of scope NAMEM: Network Analyst for Marine Ecosystem-based Management Dr. TimKeitt, UT Austin N/A NAMEM performs large-scale connectivity analysis of marine habitats using recent advances in the application of network theory to source-sink population structures. Results are provided as GIS outputs so that they can easily be incorporated into mapping and visualization products. out of scope out of scope Neighborhood America - Public Communication Management Neighborhood America http://www.neiehborhoodamerica.com/ A platform that transforms static websites into interactive involvement sites allowing citizens to voice their concerns/comments throughout the planning process. not a tool not a tool NetDraw Analytic Technologies litto ://www. analvtictech. com/ NetDraw is a free program for visualizing both 1- mode and 2-mode social network data. out of scope out of scope 78 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection Open OceanMap Ecotrust lUtD://\vww.ecotrust. ora/mari ncDlannin a/Ooc nOccanIVIaD.html Open OceanMap is a data collection tool used to effectively collect local expert knowledge in support of marine conservation planning processes. out of scope out of scope Mitigation Ratio Calculator Dennis M. King, NOAA N/A The Mitigation Ratio Calculator is a framework formula, and associated spreadsheet program that resource agencies can use to develop wetland mitigation ratios that are based on scientific and economic principles, can be applied using "best available" information, result in mitigation that will achieve the "no net loss" wetland goal, and are capable of withstanding technical and legal challenges. not available not available OzClim CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research httD://\\\\\\.csi ro.au/ozcli in/hoinc.do:is essionid=56EDEE8306177C0C2D35A C668720DE54 OzClim is a climate scenario generator for Australia that simplifies the process of calculating future climate change for application to impact models. out of scope out of scope Ramas GIS 5.0 Applied Biomathematics http://www.ramas.coin/ Ramas GIS links GIS data to a metapopulation model for viability risk analysis and extinction risk assessment. Identifies habitat patched in the landscape, allows modeling habitat dynamics, and integrates the spatial data with an age-or-stage structured metapopulation. not available no longer available Reef Resilience Toolkit The Nature Conservancy httos://toolkit.climate.sov/tool/reef- resilience-toolkit The Reef Resilience Toolkit provides the latest information guidance, and resources to help managers address the impacts of climate change and local threats to coral reefs. out of scope out of scope Restoration Prioritization Toolset GoMRC httD://\v\v\v. mil. uov/main/Dublicat ions/ external/technical rcDorts/PNNL- 17054.ndf The Restoration Prioritization Toolset is a GIS based decision support tool used to help prioritize restoration management activities within an area of interest. The toolset is focused on submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) and comprised of three models: Controlling Factors, Benthic Change and Prioritization. out of scope out of scope, not available 79 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection RESTORE Oregon State University - John P. Bolte N/A not available not available Sampling Design Tool for ArcGIS NOAA's Biogeography Branch httos ://coastalscience. noaa. eov/oroi ects /detail?kev=185 The tool provides a means to effectively develop sampling strategies in a geographic information system (GIS) enviromnent. out of scope out of scope SELES- Spatially Explicit Landscape Event Simulator Dr. Andrew Fall - Gowlland Technologies htto://www.eowlland.ca/about eowlla nd/SelesBrochure.odf The Spatially Explicit Landscape Event Simulator is a tool for constructing and running spatially explicit spatio-temporal landscape models that integrate natural and anthropogenic processes (e.g. fire, insect outbreaks, logging, succession) and track indicators (e.g. age class, habitat supply, timber volumes) over long time-frames and large spatial areas. SELES is useful as a tool for land-use planning scenario exploration sustainable forest management, natural disturbance modelling and habitat modelling. out of scope out of scope Sector Management Tool (Multi-species Community-Based Fisheries Monitoring and Managing Tool) Cape Cod Commercial Hook Fishermen's Association/Appl ied Geographies N/A provides real time management functionality to track multi-species fisheries quotas and interactions with protected species, as well as assist in community based management decision making. out of scope out of scope SBEACH- Storm- induced Beach Change Model Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, US Army Corp of Engineers htto://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a 222824.udf SBEACH (Storm-induced BEAch CHange Model) - simulates cross-shore beach benn, and dune erosion produced by storm waves and water levels. The latest version allows simulation of dune erosion in the presence of a hard bottom. out of scope out of scope ResNet GUI Biodiversity and Biocultural Conservation Laboratory, University of Texas httD://edhi ll.uithub. io/oro jccts/resiiet.ht ml The ResNet software package concerns a place prioritization procedure, which, in its original form, was developed in the late 1980s. It emphasizes the selection of places containing rare surrogates (the principle of 'rarity') and places, which add as many under-represented surrogates as possible to a set of not a tool not a tool 80 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection selected places (the principle of 'complementarity'). SimCLIM CLIMsy stems Ltd litto ://www. simclim. com/ SimCLIM is an "open-framework" modelling system that can be customized, maintained and applied by users for the purpose of examining impacts and adaptations to climate variability and change, including extreme climatic events. out of scope out of scope SimCoast Discovery Software Ltd. & View The World Ltd. htto://www.discovervsoftware.co.uk/Si mCoast.htm SimCoast is a fuzzy logic rule-based expert system designed to enable researchers, managers and decision-makers to create and evaluate different policy scenarios for coastal zone management. out of scope out of scope UMB- Universal Model Builder The Information Center for the Enviromnent (ICE). Department of Enviromnental Science & Policy, University of California, Davis lUtD://\vww.icc. iicdaYis.edu/umb/ UMB is a universal normalized-additive raster model that allows grouping and weighting on multiple levels. UMB attempts to be universal. It makes very minimal requirements of the input data and can be adapted to many uses based on the inputs and the user's desires. not a tool not a tool UNIBEST (UNIform Beach Sediment Transport) Deltares http://www.deltaressvstems.com/ The program UNIBEST-CL+ is a powerful tool to model longshore sediment transports and morphodynamics of coastlines. Shoreline migration is computed on the basis of computed longshore transports at specific locations along the coast. out of scope out of scope Visual Nature Studio 3D Nature, LLC http://3dnature.com/ terrain visualization software package not a tool not a tool 81 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection VTT: Software for Fisheries Analysis MEFISTO Consortium htft>://webco.faocot>emed.org/old codc med/en/activ/infodif/vit. htm VIT was designed to analyze exploited marine populations based on catch data, structured by ages or sizes, from one or several years. out of scope out of scope VSP- Visual Sample Plan Pacific Northwest National Laboratory httD://\SD.Dnnl. sov/ Visual Sample Plan (VSP) is a software tool that supports the development of a defensible sampling plan based on statistical sampling theory and the statistical analysis of sample results to support confident decision making. not a tool not a tool WEMo - Wave Exposure Model NOAA CSC - Amit Malhotra, Mark Fonseca httDs://Droducts.coastal science, noaa.ao v/wemo/ WEMo (Wave Exposure Model) is a simple hydrodynamic model that calculates the wind wave exposure of a site out of scope out of scope WEAP - Water Evaluation And Planning system Stockholm Enviromnent Institute http://www.weap21 ,ore/index.asp Freshwater management challenges are increasingly common. Allocation of limited water resources between agricultural, municipal and enviromnental uses now requires the full integration of supply, demand, water quality and ecological considerations. The Water Evaluation and Planning system, or WEAP, aims to incorporate these issues into a practical yet robust tool for integrated water resources planning. out of scope out of scope Multi-scale Integrated Models of Ecosystem Services (MIMES) Gund Institute for Ecological Economics, University of Vermont htto://www.afordablefutures.com/orien tation-to-what-we-do/services/mimes The Multi-scale Integrated Models of Ecosystem Services (MIMES) is a suite of models for land use change and marine spatial planning decision making. The models quantify the effects of land and sea use change on ecosystem services and can be run at global, regional, and local levels. The MIMES use input data from GIS sources, time series, etc. to simulate ecosystem components at under different scenarios defined by stakeholder input. not available little/no information available, no longer available? Waste Prognostic Tool Technische Universitat Darmstadt htto ://www. iwar.tu-darmstadt. de/lca- iwm/lca iwm/oroiect results/results/in dcx.cn.iso The LCA-IWM Waste Prognostic Tool is an estimation tool for the future generation of municipal solid waste in European cities. not transferable not transferable 82 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection Building Greenhouse Rating Sustainable Energy Development Authority - Australia htto://www.buildinsratins.ors/docume nt/australian-buildine-ereenhouse- ratine-scheme Provides assessments of the greenhouse intensity of office buildings by awarding a star rating on a scale of one to five. Buildings identified by the Australian Building Greenhouse Rating scheme with a high star rating will be more energy efficient and cheaper to run and will result in lower greenhouse gas emissions. not transferable not transferable Hazard Assessment Template NOAA CSC htto://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=69 1166 This Internet tool helps to construct websites that identify potential hazards for specific locations. The tool queries the hazards data to determine the hazards zone(s) for the location. Streamlines hazard identification process for planning, permitting, etc. not available no longer available Watershed Information System (WISE) Watershed Concepts AECOM httD://\vww. waters hcdconccDts.com/sof tware/WISE/Overview.html The Watershed Information System (WISE) is a comprehensive system to manage, access, and analyze large amounts of water resources data. not a tool not a tool World Construction Set 3D Nature, LLC htto://3dnature.com/ World Construction Set 6 is 3D landscape modeling, rendering and animation software. It creates detailed and realistic 3D models from animations. not a tool not a tool WQMAP Applied Science Associates htto://www.asascience.com/software/w a man/index. shtml WQMAP is an integrated modeling system designed to study surface water quality issues. The system allows the engineer or scientist to develop numerical grids, perform hydrodynamic simulations, conduct single constituent pollutant transport and multiple constituent eutrophication studies in a geographical context out of scope out of scope Walk Score Walk Score httDs://\vww. walkscorc.com/ Walk Score rates over 10,000 neighborhoods in almost 3,000 cities across the United States, Canada, and Australia so you can find a walkable home or apartment. not a tool not a tool Neighborhood Enviromnent Walkability Scale Confirmatory Factor Analysis UCSD httD://sall is. Licsd.edu/incasurc news.ht ml 98-question survey used to assess perceived enviromnental attributes that influence physical activity. The NEWS tool has been validated and determined to be generalizable to urban locations across the United States. not a tool not a tool 83 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection (NEWS-CFA) ParkScore The Trust for Public Land httt>://t>arkscore.tt>l.ore/ Locate neighborhoods underserved by parks and identify the best locations to invest in new facilities. Assess your park system's strengths and weaknesses. Compare your city with others around the country not a tool not a tool Community Park Audit Tool (CP AT) Robert Wood Johnson Foundation - Active Living Research, Andrew Kaczynski - Kansas State University, Sonja Wilhelm Stanis - University of Missouri htto://activelivinsresearch.ors/commun ity-Dark-audit-tool-coat The CP AT was developed as a tool that would enable diverse community stakeholders to audit local parks for their potential to promote physical activity, with an emphasis on the tool being user-friendly and focusing on youth physical activity. not a tool not a tool SimLab Vladimir Batagelj and Andrej Mrvar htto ://t>ai ek. imfm. si/doku.DhD'.'id=Dai e k Pajek is a program for analysis and visualization of large networks having some thousands or even millions of vertices. Pajek provides tools for analysis and visualization of such networks such as collaboration networks, citation networks, diffusion networks, data-mining (2-mode networks), etc. out of scope out of scope Leadership in Energy and Enviromnental Design - LEED U.S. Green Building Council htto://www.ussbc.ors/leed Comprehensive and flexible, LEED is a green building tool that addresses the entire building lifecycle recognizing best-in-class building strategies. At its core, LEED is a program that provides third-party verification of green buildings. Building projects satisfy prerequisites and earn points to achieve different levels of certification. not a tool not a tool 84 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection InterfaceFlor LEED Calculator Interface lUtDs://\vww. intcifaccnor.com/dcrault. asox? Section=2& Sub=6 The LEED Calculator shows how Interface can contribute to your LEED project and provides supporting documentation. It can also support your research for finding the best style for your project. not a tool not a tool PACE EH - Protocol for Assessing Community Excellence in Enviromnental Health CDC - National Center for Enviromnental Health (NCEH), National Association for County and City Health Officials (NACCHO) litto ://www. cdc. eov/nceh/ehs/ceha/P A CE EH.htm This methodology guides communities and local health officials in conducting coimnunity-based enviromnental health assessments. PACE EH draws on coimnunity collaboration and enviromnental justice principles to involve the public and other stakeholders in: Identifying local enviromnental health issues, setting priorities for action, targeting populations most at risk, and addressing identified issues. not a tool not a tool • Integrated Infrastructure Planning (IIP) various N/A a planning approach that builds on smart growth principles to pursue infrastructure investments that meet the needs of a growing population while minimizing potential impacts of climate not a tool not a tool Sustainable Sites Initiative - SITES American Society of Landscape Architects, Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center at The University of Texas at Austin and the United States Botanic Garden htto://www.sustainablesites.ore/ The Sustainable Sites Initiative (SITES) program is an interdisciplinary effort to create voluntary national guidelines and performance benchmarks for sustainable land design construction and maintenance practices. not a tool not a tool Sustainable Design and Green Building Toolkit for Local Governments. USEPA lUtDs://\Yww.cDa.aov/smartaro\Yth/sust ainable-desien-and-ereen-buildine- toolkit-local-eovernments The U.S. Enviromnental Protection Agency (EPA) developed the Sustainable Design and Green Building Toolkit for Local Governments (Toolkit) in order to assist local governments in identifying and removing barriers to sustainable design and green building within their permitting process. This Toolkit addresses the codes/ordinances that would affect the design construction, renovation, and operation and not a tool not a tool 85 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection maintenance of a building and its immediate site. LUCAS UNESCO httDs://l ibrarv.cccs.iitk.edu/storauc/471 DliDSTDDDDUt-cs-94-266.Ddr The Land-Use Change Analysis System (LUCAS) is a prototype computer application specifically designed to integrate ecological and socioeconomic information using Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS) for adaptive approaches to landscape management. out dated out of date ASSETS - Assessment for Estuarine Trophic Status NOAA, New University of Lisbon htto://www.eutro.org/ Screening model that can be used as an integrated approach for eutrophication assessment. out of scope out of scope Sustainable Management Approaches and Revitalization Tools - electronic (SMARTe) USEPA www.smarte.ore/smarte/home/index.x ml:isessionid=mthldf3148in SMARTe, is an open-source, web-based, decision support system for developing and evaluating future reuse scenarios for potentially contaminated land. SMARTe contains resources and analysis tools for all aspects of the revitalization process including planning, enviromnental, economic, and social concerns. not a tool not a tool ALCES Urban Forem Technologies htto://www.alces.ca/ ALCES Urban is an online mapping application that allows the user to visualize historic and future growth of towns and cities. not transferable not transferable AQUATOX USEPA httD://\\atcr.cDa.ao\/scitcch/datait/inod els/aauatox/index.cfm AQUATOX is a simulation model for aquatic systems. AQUATOX predicts the fate of various pollutants, such as nutrients and organic chemicals, and their effects on the ecosystem including fish, invertebrates, and aquatic plants. out of scope out of scope CLUE University Amsterdam Institute for Env Studies htto ://www. ivm. vu. nl/en/Orsanisation/ deoartments/sBatial-analvsis-decision- sliddo rt/C 1 iie/i ndcx .aso The Conversion of Land Use and its Effects modelling framework (CLUE) was developed to simulate land use change using empirically quantified relations between land use and its driving factors in combination with dynamic modelling of competition not transferable no transferability 86 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection between land use types. The model was developed for the national and continental level and applications for Central America, Ecuador, China and Java, Indonesia are available. DELTA David Simmons Consultancy, Ltd httD://da\idsi minonds.com/index. dIid'.'s ection=33 DELTA is designed to interact with any appropriate transport model in order to create a full model of interactions between land-use, economy and transport. Because land uses and economic activities take time to change, these interactions are modelled over time, as shown in Figure 1. DELTA provides land-use or economic inputs to the transport model, which generate demands for transport. The transport model provides measurements of accessibility and enviromnent to DELTA, which influence the location of households, production and jobs. not a tool not a tool Smart Location Database USEPA lUtD://\vww.cDa.aov/dccd/smartlocation database.htm#thesmartlocationdatabas e The Smart Location Database is a nationwide geographic data resource for measuring location efficiency. It includes more than 90 attributes summarizing characteristics such as housing density, diversity of land use, neighborhood design destination accessibility, transit service, employment, and demographics. not a tool not a tool SmartCode Center for Applied Transect Studies httD://\\\\\\. transect, ora/codes. html The SmartCode is a form-based code that incorporates Smart Growth and New Urbanism principles. It is a unified development ordinance, addressing development at all scales of design, from regional planning on down to the building signage. not a tool not a tool Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) World Bank Water Partnership Program htto://water.worldbank.ors/iuwm Takes a landscape view of water challenges by looking at competing water users in a given catchment or river basin. Through coordinated and flexible planning among water using sectors, IUWM allows for the optimal sequencing of traditional and new infrastructure with alternative management scenarios that leverage efficiencies and promote conservation. out of scope out of scope 87 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection Green Guide for Health Care Center for Maximum Potential Building Systems and Health Care Without Harm. htto://www.sshc.ors/tools.2.2overview Jhp The Green Guide for Health Care (GGHC.org) is a self-certifying toolkit that steers facilities through greener design, construction and operations. out of scope out of scope Waste Wise USEPA httos://www.era.eov/smm/wastewise Organizations can join WasteWise as a partner, endorser, or both. Partners demonstrate how they reduce waste, practice enviromnental stewardship, and incorporate sustainable materials management into their waste-handling processes. Endorsers promote enrollment in WasteWise as part of a comprehensive approach to help their stakeholders realize the economic benefits to reducing waste. not a tool not a tool - no output Greenhealth Tracker Practice Greenhealth httt>s://t>racticeereenhealth.ore/tools- resources/ereenhealth-tracker Greenhealth Tracker enviromnental data tracking tool helps your facility understand how hundreds of thousands of waste disposal dollars are being spent and organizes information by each type of waste. This information will allow you to see where to prioritize goals for waste minimization and justify addressing the specific contracts that contribute to particular waste streams. no output no output, no illustration of trade-off Diversion & Recycling Tracking Tool - (DART Waste Management htto://www.wm.com/enterDrise/constru ction/Diversion-and-Recvcline- Trackina-Tool.isD Track your construction diversion and recycling program online. View trends in your construction diversion and recycling program and benchmark your progress. no output no output, no illustration of trade-off Waste to Biogas Mapping Tool USEPA httos ://www3. eoa. sov/re sion9/bio sas/o uroose.html The Waste to Biogas Mapping Tool is an interactive map created to connect organic waste producers (e.g. grease rendering facilities or food processing facilities) and potential users (e.g. wastewater treatment facilities) for the purpose of biogas production through co-digestion. not a tool not a tool - no output Sustainability Dashboard Tools Sustainability Dashboard Tools, LLC. http://www. ereen2sustainable.com/ Track spending on waste disposal, energy usage and building maintenance, and identify where spending can be reduced no output no output, no illustration of trade-off 88 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection EPEAT Green Electronics Council, USEPA httD://\vww.CDcat.nct/ EPEAT is a comprehensive global environmental rating system that helps purchasers identify greener computers and other electronics no output no output, rating system TEAM Ecobilan htto ://ecobilan.owc .fr/en/boite -a- outils/tearaihtml LCA tool. TEAM enables the description of any industrial system and the calculation of its related life cycle inventories and potential enviromnental impacts according to ISO 14040 & ISO 14040 standards. out of scope too broad of a tool HOLIWAST French Geological Survey httDs://lca- net. coin/oroi ects/sho w/holiwast/ This HOLIWAST project intends to give direct decision making tools and policy support in the field of waste management, particularly effective but low cost waste treatment technologies, by applying tailor made assessment tools such as life-cycle-oriented Cost-Benefit-Analysis (CBA) and Cost-Effectiveness- Analysis (CEA). not a tool consortium, not a tool OpenTERRAwork s-OTW USEPA N/A A multi-scale Geographical Information System (GIS) toolset to expand the technical capacity of communities and the USEPA to predict hillslope- to watershed-scale effects of proposed, alternative, and legacy landscape designs involving significant terrain modification. out of scope support tool used to generate data; not a model LUAIRTOX Melvin R. Willis, PhD - UCSB N/A LUAIRTOX is an interactive spreadsheet model capable of generating individual air toxic emission factors for broad categories of industrial and commercial land uses, normalized by area. It enables a user to generate air toxics emission factors unique to the specific land use policies of a community or region as embodied in the set of permitted uses for each land use district generally specified in a zoning ordinance not available not available NARC Roadmap to Green Infrastructure National Association of Regional Councils htto://narc.ore/issueareas/environment/ areas-of-interest/sreen-infrastructure- and-landcare/ This tool will assist local government, regional councils and their communities to better understand how each federal agency defines, implements and funds green infrastructure. Through this Roadmap, NARC hopes to facilitate regions' understanding of the numerous benefits of green infrastructure and the ways in which it can be funded and implemented in not a tool not a tool, guidebook, no output 89 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection their communities. Strategic Solid Waste Management Supporting Software (SSWMSS) Tanaka N/A not available not available Solid Waste Optimization Life- cycle Framework - SWOLF James William Levis - North Carolina State University N/A Illustrate the use of the framework to analyze the economic and enviromnental impacts and trade-offs associated with SWM systems based on future changes to waste generation, waste composition, and energy projections; and to analyze the illustrative results to understand how variations in the energy system GHG policy, and SWM policy affect optimal SWM decisions. not a tool Doctoral Thesis - still in development Urban Interactive Studio Urban Interactive Studio, LLC http ://urbaninteractivestudio. com/ Civic engagement tool - disseminating information about projects or policies to the public, and collecting feedback; create an online map of local community attractions; no output no output The Boustead Model Boustead Consulting & Associates Ltd N/A not transferable black box model Landscape Atlas USEPA lUtD:/AvwwxDa.aov/cmaD/html/Dubs/d ocs/erouodocs/landecol/atlas/atlas.html Enviromnental assessment of the mid—Atlantic region of the United States not a tool not a software tool 90 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection Local Sustainability Planning Tool Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) htto://rtoscs.scae.ca.eov/Paees/Local- Sustainabilitv-Plannine-Tool.asox Sketch planning tool local jurisdictions and members of the public can utilize to analyze the impact of different land use scenarios on vehicle ownership, vehicle miles traveled (VMT), mode-use, and their associated effects on GHG emissions. not available no longer available/ supported Scenario Planning Model (SPM), Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) htto://www.scae.ca.eov/DataAndTools /Paees/ScenarioModel.asox The new SPM will provide local jurisdictions a powerful and dynamic scenario creation and modeling tool enabling users to easily create/review/revise local data, polices, and plans. The Model also lias advanced analytical capabilities to determine and quantify a wide range of potential benefits resulting from alternative transportation and land use strategies. not available planned release Spring 2014 Economic Profile System - Human Dimensions Toolkit Headwaters Economics htto://headwaterseconomics.ore/tools/e os-hdt Produces detailed socioeconomic reports of communities, counties, states, and regions, including custom aggregations and comparisons. Examines trends in employment, wages, and proprietors for agriculture, mining and energy, services, travel and tourism, government, and timber. Examines land ownership, land cover, ownership, and residential development. not a tool not a tool - no output/trade- off RUBMRIO - Random-Utility- Based Multiregional Input-Output ii N/A Land use/transportation models that use an input- output model to produce results primarily focused on forecasting economic and trade effects. not available little/no info available, can't find tool SPARTACUS - System for Planning and Research in Towns and Cities for Urban Sustainability LT Consultants Ltd., Helsinki, Finland httt>://www.fhwa.dot.eov/i3lannine/i3ro cesses/tools/toolbox/soartacus/index.cf m European project undertaken to analyze the implications of urban land use and transportation policies. The SPARTACUS research project included model development and policy testing in three European cities: Helsinki, Naples, and Bilbao. The project lias successfully demonstrated a number of analytical approaches that can be used to model metropolitan-level policies not only in Europe, but in the United States as well. not available no longer available/ supported 91 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection GreenLITES New York State Department of Transportation httos://www.dot.nv.eov/i3roerams/eree nlites Self-certification program that distinguishes transportation projects and operations based on the extent to which they incorporate sustainable choices. not a tool not a tool - no output/trade- off TELUS New Jersey Institute of Technology, US FHWA htto://www.telus- national. ore/index. htm TELUS is a research and innovation program whose mission is to develop and deploy a fully integrated information management and decision support system out of scope decision support tool California Urban Futures Model John Landis - UC Berkeley N/A Replicates realistic urban growth patterns and the impacts of development policy at various levels of government not available little/no info available, can't find tool EPANET USEPA httD://\vww.CDa. eov/nrmrl/wswrd/dw/e Da net.html Software That Models the Hydraulic and Water Quality Behavior of Water Distribution Piping Systems out of scope no sustainability element CEMDAP - Comprehensive Econometric Micro-simulator for Daily Activity- travel Patterns Chandra R. Bliat - UT Austin lUtD:/Avww.cc.utc\as.cdu/Drof7bhat/FU LL CEMDAP.htm Microsimulation implementation of a continuous-time activity-travel modeling system. It takes as input the disaggregate agent level socio-demographics, land use patterns, and transportation system level-of-service characteristics, and model parameters for a study area to provide as outputs the detailed individual level daily activity-travel patterns for all the individuals in the study area. not transferable not transferable A Multiclass Simultaneous Transportation Equilibrium Model Mohamad Hasan Hussain Dashti - College of Business Administration, Kuwait University N/A Explicitly combined trip generation step, to be a multiclass model in terms of socio-economic group, trip purpose, pure and combined transportation modes, as well as departure time, all interacting over a physically unique multimodal network. not transferable black box model, not available 92 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection UMOT - Unified Mechanism of Travel Zahavi - Mobility Systems, Inc. N/A The Unified Mechanism of Travel (UMOT) model is a transportation behavior model based around the idea of unchanging household travel budgets that can be applied in situations across both space and time. not available no longer available/ supported CONTRAM - CONtinuous TRaffic Assignment Model Mott MacDonald and TRL N/A CONTRAM provides the advanced dynamic traffic modelling features that are needed for applications such as: Highly congested networks with time varying traffic flows. Priority lanes for buses, high occupancy vehicles or HGVs, Fuel consumption and emissions statistics. Road user charging schemes. Modelling incidents. Driver information systems not available no longer available/ supported TCAPP ICF International httDs://fhwaaOT>s.fhwa.dot.eov/t>lanwor ks/ TCAPP is a decision support tool, built from the experiences of transportation partners and stakeholders. TCAPP can improve how you develop, prioritize, and inform transportation plans and projects, (rebranded to plan works) out of scope decision support tool HYGIEIA EPA CDC N/A The model's purpose is to examine links between ecosystem services and human health and well-being and then to project the possible health outcomes of various courses of action that a community might take. HYGIEIA is able to produce time-lapse maps of health outcomes in different scenarios, representing predictions across both space and time. not available little/no info available, can't find tool Health Economic Assessment Tool (HEAT) WHO htto://www.heatwalkinscvclins.ors/ This tool is designed to help you conduct an economic assessment of the health benefits of walking or cycling by estimating the value of reduced mortality that results from specified amounts of walking or cycling. The tool can be used in a number of different situations, for example: when planning a new piece of cycling or walking infrastructure; to value the reduced mortality from past and/or current levels of cycling or walking, such as to a specific workplace, across a city or in a country; to provide input into more comprehensive economic appraisal exercises, or prospective health impact assessments. out of scope out of scope 93 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection URBEMIS - Urban Emissions Model ii http://www.urbemis.com/index.htm Software used to calculate air emissions from land use sources out dated no apparent update since 2008 Community Energy and Emissions Inventory (CEEI) British Columbia Ministry of Enviromnent lUtDs://\vww. toolkit.be.ca/co mmunitv- enerev-and-emissions-inventorv- initiative The Community Energy and Emissions Inventory (CEEI) represents energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from community activities in on-road transportation, buildings and solid waste. Estimates of land-use change from deforestation activities and enteric fermentation from livestock under the Agricultural sector are also available at the Regional District level. not a tool not a tool - no output/trade- off Community Planlt htto://www.eamificationworldmaaco m/o ro i c c t/c o m nui n i t v -d 1 a n i t/ Community Planlt is a game that makes planning playful, and gives everyone the power to shape the future of their community. not a tool not a tool - no output/trade- off LoopDA National Institute of Standards and Technology htto://www.nist.eov/el/buildine enviro nmcnt/looDda software.cfm# This software tool can be utilized to determine the size of natural ventilation openings necessary to provide airflow rates that satisfy design objectives based on minimum ventilation and cooling load requirements, for example as determined using the Climate Suitability Tool. not a tool not a tool - no output/trade- off Building Greenhouse Rating Sustainable Energy Development Authority - NSW, Australia htto://www.absr.com.au Provides assessments of the greenhouse intensity of office buildings by awarding a star rating on a scale of one to five. Buildings identified by the Australian Building Greenhouse Rating scheme with a high star rating will be more energy efficient and cheaper to run and will result in lower greenhouse gas emissions. not a tool not a tool - no output/trade- off, not transferable? Green Energy Compass Performance Systems Development htto://r)sdconsultins.com/software/coin Dass/coiiiDass-tour-coiiiDass-inobilc/ Green Energy Compass analyzes single-family home energy use patterns in a simple, easy-to-use Web- based interface. Using building details and energy data from the home's utility bills, it benchmarks the home using the EPA's Home Energy Yardstick and provides reports to identify the best opportunities for saving energy and money. not a tool not a tool - no output/trade- off 94 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection ICLUS - Integrated Climate and Land Use Scenarios USEPA httt>://www.et>a. eov/elobal- adaDtation/iclus/ The EPA Global Change Research Program's Integrated Climate and Land Use Scenarios (ICLUS) project is developing scenarios broadly consistent with global-scale, peer-reviewed storylines of population growth and economic development, which are used by climate change modelers to develop projections of future climate. out of scope out of scope ECO Lab DHI lUtD://\vww.dhiaroiiD.com/iiDload/dhiso ftwarearchive/shortdescriotions/marine /MIKE213 FM EL Short Description .pdf out of scope out of scope ZIA for Buildings ZIA httDs://zia4bui ldiims.com/ ZIA's Quick Assessment helps facility owners, managers and staff understand how well their building operations and maintenance practices compare to LEED EB 0+M standards. Input data on a variety of categories ~ recycling, waste disposal, cleaning, purchasing, landscaping practices, mechanical systems, water fixtures ~ and receive a snapshot of how your facility would measure up if you were to pursue LEED certification today. no output no output/trade- off Autodesk Apps for LEED Automation Autodesk httos://beta.autodesk.com/callout/?calli d=73AlE2A95B1848FC8E4FE48D12 A4D95A The Autodesk Apps for LEED® Automation have direct access to LEED Online and aim to drastically simplify LEED documentation and project management. They help the LEED team monitor tasks, teams, milestones, documents and action items, while providing insightful and actionable reports, charts and dashboards. no output no output/trade- off Tracker Plus for LEED Southfacing Services Ltd htto://www.tracker- ulus.co.uk/index. t>ht)?i3=learn-more Tracker Plus is a comprehensive, end-to-end management system for BREEAM, LEED and Code for Sustainable Homes assessments. Covering the full assessment process, from project planning and option appraisal stage to final certification Tracker Plus streamlines the assessment process, facilitating interaction between the assessment administrator and the project team and dramatically reducing administrative tasks. no output no output/trade- off 95 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection IES TaP forLEED Integrated Enviromnental Solutions Limited httDs://www. icsve.com/so ftwarc/ies- tao/lccd IES TaP for LEED 2009 is a secure online collaborative portal to enhance management of the LEED workflow. Use IES TaP to streamline, manage and inform those involved in the LEED Certification process. no output no output/trade- off COMNET Portal Community Energy Services Network lUtDs://comnct.ora/comnct-Dortal The COMNET Portal is an online platform used to collect energy modeling simulation results, perform quality assurance checks, and submit the results to organizations and programs that requires energy modeling information. These include code jurisdictions, utility efficiency programs and national ratings such as the US Green Building Council's LEED program. no output no output/trade- off WORKflow Pro GreenWizard N/A WORKflow PRO helps design professionals plan for green goals, compare and assess products to find the best options, and submit design credits directly to LEED Online. no output no output/trade- off Greengrade LEED Management Software Textura Corporation http ://www2. ereenerade .com/public/ Greengrade® is a collaborative online LEED® management software tool that allows project teams to communicate, track and manage LEED project information. Greengrade significantly simplifies and streamlines the collection and submission of information necessary to obtain LEED certification in the United States and Canada. no output no output/trade- off GradeDec US Federal Railroad Administration htto://sradedec.fra.dot. eov/ A web-based application and decision support tool for the identification and evaluation of highway-rail grade crossing upgrades, separations and closures. Designed for the needs of federal, state and local authority decision makers, GradeDec.NET employs benefit-cost methodologies to assess grade crossing investment alternatives at the corridor level or in a region. out of scope out of scope - no element of sustainability HERS-ST Highway Economic Requirements System - State Version US FHWA htto://www.fhwa.dot.eov/infrastructure /asstmemt/hersindex.cfm HERS-ST is an engineering/economic analysis (EEA) tool that uses engineering standards to identify highway deficiencies, and then applies economic criteria to select the most cost-effective mix of improvements for system-wide implementation. HERS-ST is designed to evaluate the implications of alternative programs and policies on the conditions. out of scope out of scope - no element of sustainability 96 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection performance, and user cost levels associated with highway systems. The model will provide cost estimates for achieving economically optimal program structures, as well as predict system condition and user cost levels resulting from a given level of investment. Freight Performance Measures Web Based (FPMweb) Tool US FHWA httos://www.freiehtt>erformance.ore/fD mweb/user losinasox A data processing tool that determines average operating speeds for trucks that travel on interstate highways; these averages are calculated using confidential onboard data from several hundred thousand trucks. By accessing this system, transportation data analysts, researchers and other practitioners can determine where, when and how efficiently trucks are moving on selected interstate highways. out of scope out of scope - no element of sustainability NBIAS: National Bridge Investment Analysis System US FHWA httD://\v\v\v. flnva.dot. uov/tDm/resource s/nbias/ Analytical tool for predicting nationwide bridge maintenance, improvement, and rehabilitation needs, as well as other measures of effectiveness over a multiyear period for a range of budget levels. out of scope out of scope - no element of sustainability BrM US FHWA httD://aashto\\arcbridac.coin/ Pontis is a software application developed to assist in managing highway bridges and other structures. Pontis stores bridge inspection and inventory data based on the U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) National Bridge Inventory System (NBIS) coding guidelines. The system is designed to support the bridge inspection process, recommend a bridge preservation policy, predict future bridge conditions, and recommend projects to perform on one or more bridges to derive the most agency and user benefit from a specified budget. out of scope out of scope - no element of sustainability StratBENCOST National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) htto://bca.transr)ortationeconomics.org/ models/stratbencost StratBENCOST estimates the effects of proposed highway improvements and performs economic efficiency analyses. With the amount of required engineering and design detail held to a minimum, it is designed to assist in comparing large numbers of projects in the concept stage out of scope out of scope - cost benefit analysis tool 97 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection Priority Economic Analysis Tool (PEAT) N/A N/A Tool to calculate economic benefits and costs for highway project investments. The tool includes separate worksheets to analyze highway, bridge, intersections, and expansion types of investments. PEAT is designed to help agencies prioritize competing investment alternatives. out of scope out of scope - economic model Interchange Management System (IMScsTM) Cambridge Systematics, Inc. N/A The Interchange Management System (IMScsTM) is a web-based application that prioritizes interchanges by need and evaluates the potential impact and cost- effectiveness of proposed improvement projects. out of scope out of scope - no element of sustainability ITS Deployment Analysis System (IDAS) UFSHWA lUtDs://oDS. Pima.dot. aoy/traffica rial vsis tools/idas.htm IDAS is a sketch planning analysis tool that can be used to estimate the impacts, benefits and costs resulting from the deployment of ITS components. Among the effects calculated are travel time, safety, and enviromnental benefits, including effects on criteria pollutant emissions and fuel consumption. out dated last updated 2003 Transportation Economic Development Impact System (TREDIS) Economic Development Research Group, Inc. http://tredis.com/ TREDIS is a suite of tools that assesses economic impacts, benefits and costs of transportation policies, plans and projects from alternative perspectives. out of scope out of scope - no element of sustainability BCA.Net Transportation Economics Board lUtD://bca.transDortationcconomics.ora/ models/bca-net A web-based decision support tool that assists Federal, State and local authority decision-makers in evaluating the benefits and costs of highway projects. The BCA.Net system enables users to: manage the data for an analysis; select from a wide array of sample values; develop cases corresponding to alternative strategies for managing highway facilities; evaluate and compare the benefits and costs of improvements; and, provide summary indicators for informing resource allocation decisions. out of scope out of scope - cost benefit analysis tool Highway Freight Logistics Reorganization Benefits Estimation Tool UFSHWA htto://oi3s.fhwa.dot.eov/freieht/freieht analvsis/econ methods/bca losistics/in dex.htm The Highway Freight Logistics Reorganization Benefits Estimation Tool estimates total benefits associated with highway investment by establishing a relationship between elasticity of demand with respect to highway performance, elasticity of demand with respect to price, a set of other region-specific variables, and the conventionally out of scope out of scope - no element of sustainability 98 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection measured freight benefits resulting from travel time savings and other user benefits. JobMOD2 UFSHWA httDs://\DOStrcl. com/content/blo s/U ser %20Manual.doc J0BM0D2 is a model that makes quantitative estimates of the total employment income and jobs supported by federally funded highway improvement projects. out of scope out of scope - no element of sustainability Social Cost of Alternative Land Development Scenarios (SCALDS) Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade and Douglas Inc.; US FHWA httos://www.fhwa.dot.sov/scalds/scald s.html The model estimates monetary and non-monetary costs associated with urban land development at the metropolitan scale. The full cost accounting framework uses average cost data, derived from a variety of national studies, as the default values for the calculation of costs. not available still in beta stage Screening for ITS (SCRITS) UFSHWA htto://www.fhwa.dot.sov/steam/scrits.h tin SCRITS (SCReening for ITS) is a spreadsheet analysis tool for estimating the user benefits of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). It is intended as a sketch-level or screening-level analysis tool to allow practitioners to obtain an initial indication of the possible benefits of various ITS applications out of scope out of scope - no element of sustainability TranSight Regional Economic Model, Inc lUtD://\vww. rcmi.com/Droducts/transiah t tool for evaluating the total economic effects of changes to transportation systems. out of scope out of scope - economic model Vehicle Emissions Modeling Georgia Tech htft)://stresearchnews.satech.edu/resho r/rh-SDr99/tr-emis.html The Mobile Emission Assessment System for Urban and Regional Evaluation (MEASURE) estimates vehicle production of carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds and oxides of nitrogen in space and time. MEASURE differs from the U.S. Enviromnental Protection Agency's current model in that it estimates vehicle emissions as a function of vehicle operating modes - such as cruise and idle - rather than average vehicle speeds. out dated not updated since 1999 99 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH) National Weather Service htft>://www.nhc.noaa.eov/suree/slosh.t> hp Estimate storm surge heights resulting from historical, hypothetical, or predicted hurricanes by taking into account the atmospheric pressure, size, forward speed, and track data. These parameters are used to create a model of the wind field which drives the storm surge. out of scope out of scope Coastal Resilience 2.0 The Nature Conservancy htto://www.coastalresilience.org/ Allows you to examine storm surge, sea level rise, natural resources and economic assets. It also allows you to develop risk reduction and restoration solutions. out of scope out of scope Housing and Transportation Affordability Index Center for Neighborhood Technology http://htaindex.cnt.ore/#2 The H+T Index provides a comprehensive view of housing affordability, one that includes the cost of housing and transportation at the neighborhood level. no output no output/trade- off AWAST - Aid in the Management of Municipal Solid Waste Treatment Methods for a Global and Sustainable Approach ICLEI N/A The product module is a simulation software to be used in municipal decision-making processes for evaluating waste management systems and scenarios. The software is based on best practices in process analysis and simulation, including energetic and economic aspects, of the whole management system: collection, transport, recycling, biological treatment, thermal treatment, landfill. out dated transferability not updated since 2008 Methodology for the Analysis of Solid Waste (S.WA.-T00I) ICLEI htto://www.wastesolutions.ors/index.r) ho?id=tools#c291 The methodology describes an approach for the representative sampling of the 'residual solid waste'1 fraction of that portion of municipal solid waste described as "daily household and commercial waste"2. It also includes an approach for the manual sorting and analysis of such waste to determine the following: Waste Characterization (composition); Waste Quantification (amount produced) based on waste composition no output no output/trade- off Life Cycle Assessment tools for Integrated Waste Management ICLEI htto://www.iwar.tu- darmstadt.de/iwarinstitut/index.de.isB The "Life cycle assessment tools for the development of integrated waste management (LCA-IWM) strategies for cities and regions with rapid growing economies" are being currently developed and will consist of a waste prognostic model, which will allow the prediction of future waste generation, and a sustainability assessment tool. The latter will enable not transferable transferability? website in German 100 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection the economic, enviromnental and social assessment of various waste management scenarios. ORMA Tool: A tool to simulate the design of an Eco-Industrial Park ICLEI N/A Coordinated by the Citta delle Langhe, the Optimization of Resource use and Waste Management in an Eco Industrial Park (ORMA) project created a simulation of an eco-industrial park in an area with low industrial development, based on Material Flow Analysis, Life Cycle Analysis and statistical entropy analysis. An innovative waste treatment plant was integrated in the simulation to optimize and control flows of materials, energy and waste. not available not available? website not found A Handbook on the implementation of Pay-As-You- Tlirow as a tool for urban waste management ICLEI httos ://books. soo sle .com/books/about/ Handbook on the I mole mentation of Pav as.html?id=dOaJtsAACAAJ The Pay-As-You-Throw (PAYT) Handbook offers a synthesis of the research findings in a useful and understandable format for policy makers, municipalities and other entities that consider variable rate pricing as an option in urban management and planning. no output no output/trade- off Cascadia Scorecard Sightline Institute lUtD:/Avww.siahtlinc.ora/DiibtvDc/scorc card/ The Cascadia Scorecard is Sightline's sustainability report card for the Pacific Northwest. not a tool not a tool - scorecard, transferability LCA-LAND Technical University of Denmark, Department of Manufacturing Engineering N/A The model is useful for estimation of emissions from waste products disposed in landfills not available cannot locate tool WISARD (Waste - Integrated Systems Assessment for Recovery and Disposal UK Enviromnent Agency, Pricewaterhourse Coopers Ecobilan Group N/A WISARD is a life cycle assessment tool to analyze the enviromnental effects of managing household or municipal waste. It can be adapted to review other waste streams by varying the component mix within the waste stream in the tool and by using specific elements of the household waste stream to approximate to other components such as the inert not available not available? / transferability 101 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection waste streams associated with construction and demolition waste. EcoMundo X-pro EcoMundo N/A LCA of product designers out of scope out of scope - manufacturing/ design tool BREEAM - BRE Environmental Assessment Method Building Research Establishment htft>://www.bre.co.uk/t>aee.isi3?id=829 BREEAM (BRE Enviromnental Assessment Method) is the leading and most widely used environmental assessment method for buildings. It sets the standard for best practice in sustainable design and lias become the de facto measure used to describe a building's enviromnental performance. no output no output/trade- off LCA Calculator ICDC lUtD://\vww. lcacalculator.com/ The LCA Calculator is fast, user-friendly, life cycle analysis software, that helps designers and engineers to understand, analyze and compare enviromnental impacts of their products to help make 'greener' design decisions. out of scope out of scope - manufacturing/ design tool PROSA - Product Sustainability Assessment. Oeko-Institut lUtD://\vww.Drosa.ora/indc.\.DliD'.'id=24 9 LCA for product designers out of scope out of scope - manufacturing/ design tool CCaLC - Carbon Calculations over the Life Cycle of Industrial Activities University of Manchester http://www.ccalc.ore.uk/index.php The CCaLC tools enable quick and easy estimations of the carbon footprints. They provide powerful means for reducing and managing carbon footprints of products, processes or supply chains. All the tools follow the internationally accepted life cycle methodology as defined by ISO 14044 and PAS2050. They are simple to use by non-experts and all come with comprehensive databases, including the Ecoinvent database. out of scope out of scope - manufacturing/ design tool 102 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection LEGEP WEKA MEDIA GmbH & Co. KG htto://leeeade/?lane=en LEGEP is a tool for integrated life-cycle analysis. It supports the planning teams in the design, construction, quantity surveying and evaluation of new or existing buildings. The LEGEP database contains the description of all elements of a building (based on DIN 276); their life cycle costs (LCC) based on DIN 18960 and on the calculation rules of the German DGNB andBNB Sustainability Certification. not transferable transferability ECO-it PRe Consultants httt>://www.t>re-sustainabilitv.com/eco- it ECO-it allows you to model a complex product and most of its life cycle in a few minutes. ECO-it calculates the enviromnental load, and shows which parts of the product's life cycle contribute most. With this information you can target your creativity to improve the enviromnental performance of your product. out of scope out of scope - manufacturing/ design tool Carbonistics Bluehorse Associates littD://\v\v\v.carbonostics.com/ Carbonistics is a suite of online, user-friendly carbon accounting and product lifecycle assessment applications that deliver actionable information helping food companies make better decisions about their brands and businesses. out of scope out of scope - food VOC Tool Pius httD://\\\\\\.Dius- info.de/en/oius info Dool/tools/voc- tool/index.html Strategy for reducing the use of solvents in the manufacturing process out of scope out of scope - manufacturing/ design tool Integrum Integrum Management Systems Pty Limited htto://www.intesruinsvstems.com/intes rum/ Real time incident and action management and reporting, investigation management, risk & compliance management, controlled document management, audit management (and scheduling), contractor management, raining and performance management out of scope out of scope Regis 2.2 sinum AG littD:/Av\v\v.sinum.com/indc.\.DliD?id=4 3&L=1 Measure, control and communicate enviromnental performance out of scope out of scope - manufacturing/ design tool 103 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection EQWin EQWin Software Inc. (formerly Gemteck Enviromnental Software Ltd.) lUtD://\vww.ca\vi n-inc.com/ EQWin focuses in depth on the requirements for collecting, analyzing, storing and interpreting sample data from enviromnental monitoring programs where samples are taken periodically at specified points (stations) and measured for a wide variety of physical and chemical parameters. The software lias powerful, flexible, easy-to-use approaches to data import, data analysis, reporting and export. It has advanced exceedance reporting features. It is also ideal for very long-term data retention, making baseline and historical data as accessible as current data. no output no output/trade- off IDEMAT Delft University of Technology litto ://www. idemat. nl/ IDEMAT is a tool for material selections in the design process. It provides a database with technical information about materials, processes and components and allows the user to compare information. out of scope out of scope - manufacturing/ design tool LLamasoft GHG Emissions Modeling LLamasoft Inc. littt>s://www.llamasoft.com/ereenhouse -eas-emissions-ehe-modeline- software.html Calculate a supply chain network's carbon footprint. Determine the most cost-effective network that will meet a user-defined GHG emissions cap or percent- reduction target. Incorporate carbon offsets into cost and footprint calculations to optimize carbon offset purchases out of scope out of scope - manufacturing/ design tool Life Cycle Assessment Process Index Software - LCAPIX KM Limited http://www.kmlmtd.com/index.html The LCAPIX Module provides a standalone software application which can analyze processes on a product basis, determine enviromnental load centers, and allow for development of a comprehensive database. The database contains relevant process information in an easily storable, exchangeable, and analytical format. The software can support multiple internal industrial systems. out of scope out of scope - manufacturing/ design tool openLCA GreenDelta GmbH http://www.openlca.ore/home openLCA is a free, professional Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and footprint software with a broad range of features and many available databases out of scope out of scope - manufacturing/ design tool 104 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection Windchill LCA PTC lUtD://\vww. tristar.com/Droducts/Dtc- windcliill/windcliill-lca/ PTC Windcliill LCA empowers manufacturers to scale the production and usage of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) data and reports across the enterprise. Now you can efficiently assess the enviromnental impact of all parts and products, and analyze the potential impact of design alternatives throughout the product development process to fuel innovation and design for the enviromnent. out of scope out of scope - manufacturing/ design tool ECONOMIC INPUT-OUTPUT LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (EIO-LCA) Carnegie Mellon httir/Avww.ciolca.nct/ The Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment (EIO-LCA) method estimates the materials and energy resources required for, and the enviromnental emissions resulting from activities in our economy. A user-friendly on-line tool to quickly and easily evaluate a commodity or service, as well as its supply chain. out of scope out of scope - manufacturing/ design tool e3 Emission Calculator Logistics DFGE - Die Carbon Footprint Experten N/A The e3 emission calculator standardizes the process of detecting your emissions and can be easily incorporated in your existing corporate structure. The transparent and validated methodology allows you to comply already today with the standards of tomorrow. not transferable transferability VantagePoint: Carbon Scenario Planning Tool Carbon Descent litto ://www. carbondescent. ors.uk/oase sAantascDoint.htinl This piece of software is designed specifically for local and regional authorities to develop climate change mitigation strategies in a rigorous and authoritative manner. out of scope out of scope - climate change Autonomic USDOE, Argonne National Laboratory htto://www.transr)ortationanl.sov/inod elins simulation/PSAT/autonomie.htm 1 Autonomie lias been designed to be used as a single tool throughout the different phases of Model Based Design of the Vehicle Development Process (VDP). out of scope out of scope - manufacturing/ design tool PSAT & PSAT- Pro USDOE, Argonne National Laboratory htto://www.transr)ortationanl.sov/inod elins simulation/PSAT/index.html PSAT, one of the major tools of DOE has been used for numerous studies to assist DOE in identifying future research directions regarding plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) as well as Plug-in HEVs. out of scope out of scope - manufacturing/ design tool 105 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection VISION - USDOE, Argonne National Laboratory lUtD://\vww.transDortation.anl.aov/mod elins simulation/VISION/index.htinl The VISION model has been developed to provide estimates of the potential energy use, oil use and carbon emission impacts of advanced light- and heavy-duty vehicle technologies and alternative fuels through the year 2050. The model consists of two Excel workbooks: A Base Case of US highway fuel use and carbon emissions to 2050 and a copy (of the Base Case) that can be modified to reflect alternative assumptions about advanced vehicle and alternative fuel market penetration. out of scope out of scope - market research tool TDM Evaluation Model McTrans Center, University of Florida httos://www.fhwa.dot. eov/ENVIRON MENT/air aualitv/confonnitv/research /transDortation control measures/einis sions analvsis techniaues/descrirrtions tdm evaluation model, cfm The purpose of the TDM Model is to provide information on the probable impact of various Travel Demand Management strategies. It allows the user to review a wide range of possible TDM actions, alone or in combination as realistic programs. out dated not updated since 1993 TCM/Commuter Choice Model USEPA N/A The TCM/Commuter Choice Model is a spreadsheet- based software program developed for the EPA. It is designed specifically to analyze the travel and emission impacts of employer-based voluntary travel demand management strategies. out of scope out of scope TCM Analyst/EPA TCM Methodology Texas Transportation Institute (TTI) N/A The TCM Analyst is a spreadsheet-based sketch- planning tool to estimate the emissions benefits of Transportation Control Measures. not available no longer available Quick-HOV University of Florida - McTrans N/A Quick-HOV is a set of procedures and a software model for predicting and evaluating the impacts of HOV lanes on person travel, vehicle travel, auto occupancy, congestion delay, air quality, and fuel consumption. not available no longer available Simplified Method for Analysis of Regional Travel (SMART) Illinois DOT N/A The SMART (Simplified Method for Analysis of Regional Travel) Model was developed in the Chicago area to support air quality conformity modeling and is compatible with regional modeling datasets. It could be modified for similar application in other metropolitan areas. not transferable transferability 106 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection TSIS-CORSIM University of Florida - McTrans litto ://mctrans. ce .ufl. edu/featured/TSIS /Version6/index. htm Evaluate the impacts of changes in traffic volumes and transportation network characteristics (capacity, signal timing, etc.) on traffic flow patterns (vehicle speeds, acceleration and delay). out of scope out of scope - traffic engineering Bus Replacement Spreadsheet COMSIS, Pennsylvania DOT, Cambridge Systematics N/A The bus replacement spreadsheet estimates the emission impacts of one-for-one replacements within an existing bus fleet, or purchases of vehicles not dedicated to specific service improvements. The methodology can assess the replacement of older diesel buses with new diesel or alternative fuel buses. out dated last updated 1998 Idle Reduction Tools Argonne National Laboratory htto://www.transr)ortationanl.sov/ensi nes/idlins tools.html help drivers and organizations characterize the time they idle in order to identify the most cost-effective ways to improve their idling profile. out of scope out of scope - economic model SWIM (Solid Waste Integrated Management Model) Transport Research Centre - RMIT University Melbourne N/A to provide a structure for systems analysis of solid waste management problems at the municipal level. It can assist decision makers to evaluate the economic and enviromnental impacts of various waste management options. not available availability / transferability CENTURY Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory at Colorado State University htto ://www. nrel. colostate.edu/oroi ects/ centurv/ The CENTURY model is a general model of plant-soil nutrient cycling which is being used to simulate carbon and nutrient dynamics for different types of ecosystems including grasslands, agricultural lands, forests and savannas. It is composed of a soil organic matter/ decomposition submodel, a water budget model, a grassland/crop submodel, a forest production submodel, and management and events scheduling functions. out of scope out of scope WastePlan Tellus Institute N/A WastePlan is a user-friendly computer program designed to facilitate integrated solid waste planning and analysis. With WastePlan, an integrated solid waste management system can be "built" right on your computer screen. The system can be as comprehensive and detailed as the user desires depending upon the amount of operational and financial information input into the program. not available no longer available / supported 107 ------- Name Developer Website Function Simplified Reason Rejected Full Description of Rejection Waste Analysis Software Tool for Environmental Decisions (WASTED) N/A N/A It is a computer-based model that uses life-cycle assessment (LCA) methodology to estimate material flows and enviromnental impacts of municipal solid waste management. not available no longer available / supported EcoScan 3.0 TNO Industrial Technology htto://www.eco scan.nl EcoScan 3.0 analyzes the enviromnental impact and cost of products. The software tool can be used by managers and engineers who implement EcoDesign in real life product development. out of scope out of scope - manufacturing/ design tool IVAM LCA Data 4 IVAM Research and Consultancy on Sustainability htto://www.ivam.uva.nl/index.t>hi3?id= lcadatabase&L=l The IVAM database is a database for enviromnental life cycle assessment (LCA). It consists of about 1350 processes, leading to more than 350 materials. The data can be used for LCA applications in various sectors not available no longer available / supported OptiCx Optimum Energy LLC litto: //ootimumenerevco .com/ Streamline HVAC system operations, reduce carbon emissions, and achieve sustainability targets. out of scope doesn't affect decisions in the planning phase 108 ------- |