This case study is part of a
series focused on ecological
revitalization as part of
contaminated site remediation
and reuse; these case
studies are being compiled
by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA)
Technology Innovation and
Field Services Division
(TIFSD). The purpose of these
case studies is to provide
site managers with ecological
reuse information, including
principles for implementation,
recommendations based
on personal experiences, a
specific point of contact and
a network of sites with an
ecological reuse component.
This is the story of ecological revitalization at the Tennessee Valley Authority
(TVA) Kingston Fossil Plant Fly Ash site in Roane County, Tennessee.
Proactive responses to a catastrophic spill have recovered hundreds of acres of
habitat for ecological and recreational use.
On December 22, 2008, a dike containing about 20 million cubic yards of
coal ash from TVA's power plant operations failed at the site. The release of
material - about 5.4 million cubic yards of bottom ash and fly ash - created
a wave of water and ash that choked the adjacent Emory River, disrupted
electrical power, ruptured a natural gas line and water line, and covered a
railway and local roadways.
The ash spill had significant effects on the community and the environment.
Aquatic organisms, shorelines and local utilities were buried in coal ash.
Urgent cleanup was needed to reestablish utilities and ensure the protection
of human health and the environment. EPA, TVA and the Agency's state and
local partners responded immediately. In May 2009, EPA and TVA entered
into an Administrative Order on Consent (AOC) requiring TVA to perform
cleanup and restoration efforts under the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). The cleanup process
ensured that consideration of the revitalization and reuse of the site and the
surrounding area were an integral part of all response activities.
Today, less than a decade later, the site is home to a 240-acre capped landfill,
Roane County's Swan Pond Recreation Area and Lakeshore Park, see Figure
1. Natural areas at the site provide an interconnected ecosystem that supports
diverse wildlife habitat and recreation opportunities.
*>EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
TVA Kingston Site Case Study
Revitalization of the Wetlands, Embayments
and Emory River
Topics Highlighted in
this Case Study:
• Green Cleanups
• Wetland Revitalization
• Shoreline Revitalization
• Use of Native Plants
• Wildlife Habitat
Figure 1. Aerial view of the coal ash spill in 2008 (left). Capped landfill and
recreation area at the site in 2015 (right). (Source: EPA)
April 2017 EPA 542-F-16-003
www. clu-in. ors/ecotools 1
Ecological
Revitalization
Ecological revitalization is
the process of returning land
from a contaminated state to
one that supports functioning
and sustainable habitat.
-------
ECOLOGICAL REVITALIZATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES CASE STUDY
Background
The site is located at the headwaters of Watts
Bar Reservoir near the confluence of the Clinch
and Emory Rivers in Iiarriman, Roane County,
Tennessee, see Figure 2. The TVA Kingston Fossil
Plant generates about 10 billion kilowatt-hours of
electricity per year, enough to supply more than
670,000 homes in the Tennessee Valley.
The TVA Kingston Fossil Plant started operating
in 1955; it provided power for the Department of
Energy's Reservation in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
In 1955, TVA's Kingston Fossil Plant was the
largest coal-burning power plant in the world; it
held this distinction for more than a decade. In the
late 1950s, the plant began discharging coal ash
directly into the Swan Pond Embayment (bay).
Discharge regulations later changed, and TVA
created a waste cell in the bay for the coal ash.
Over time, the waste cell contents replaced most
of the water in the bay.
Swan ¦
? Pond
•; *
Embayrne
RESERVOIR
On December 22, 2008, a containment dike
around part of the waste cell failed. Cleanup took
place in phases; initial actions focused on clearing
waterways for navigation and responding to
immediate risks. Longer-term responses included
activities to ensure landfill stabilization and
ecological revitalization.
Figure 2. Topography of the area in 1941, before TVA began
discharging waste into Swan Pond Embayment. (Source: U.S.
Geological Survey)
What is Coal Ash?
It is the material left after coal is burned. It can
contain fine powdery material, coarse angular
ash, molten ash and wet sludge. The material
contains naturally occurring metals - arsenic,
chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel,
selenium, thallium, vanadium and zinc - as well
as naturally occurring radionuclides.
{Photo Source: EPA)
2
Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston Fossil Plant Fly Ash Site Case Study
-------
ECOLOGICAL REVITALIZATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES CASE STUDY
Initial Response
TVA, state anc! local emergency management agencies helped nearby residents affected by the release and took
actions to reduce further contamination, see Figure 3.
River flows were managed by controlling nearby dams. Ash migration was controlled by constructing a weir, or low
dam - Weir #1, across the Emory River and Dike #2 across the embayment, see Figure 4. Damaged railroads, roads
and utilities, including gas lines and waterlines, were repaired. Floating ash residue (cenospheres) and debris from
the river systems were collected. TVA installed stormwater management systems, dust control systems and dike
stabilization. Community outreach provided for safety and housing of affected residents.
Figure 3. Remaining ash in cell where the breach occurred in 2008 (left). Flow of ash into the Emory River from the
breach (right). (Source: EPA)
Cleanup Actions
As required by the AOC, TVA conducted the cleanup
in three phases. Site stakeholders worked to maintain
a positive relationship with community members
and kept them informed throughout the planning and
implementation phases of cleanup. Feedback from
community meetings and outreach efforts helped guide
cleanup decisions and end use considerations.
Phase h Time-Critical Cleanup
Phase 1 cleanup began in August 2009, with a time-
critical removal action. It involved mechanical
excavation, hydraulic dredging, rapid materials handling
and disposal of 3.5 million cubic yards of ash from the
Emory River. This removal alleviated upstream flooding
and mitigated downstream ash transport. TVA dewatered
ash removed from the river on site and loaded it onto
1. EPA, 2014. Project Completion Fact Sheet. Available at
https://semspub.epa.gov/worM)4/11015836.pdf.
Why Was the Cleanup
Conducted Under Superfund?
The Superfund program was selected as the
preferred regulatory framework because of its
comprehensive human health and ecological
risk assessment process and its proven
abi ty to actively engage and involve multiple
stakeholders in large, complex environmental
cleanup projects.1
Did You Know?
The subsurface stabilization slurry wall
installed in Phase 2 was designed to withstand
liquefaction forces caused by a 6.0-magnitude
earthquake on the East Tennessee fault line
and a 7.6-magnitude earthquake on the New
Madrid fault line.
Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston Fossil Plant Fly Ash Site Case Study
3
-------
ECOLOGICAL REVITALIZATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES CASE STUDY
!.tenoxyjlle;
Kingston, TN ~
Wetland and
A Wild life Area
QEastM
lEmlSawTentl
Former"
x Borrow Area]
Berkshire!
Recreation
I!
[Emtjayment]
Ifcm'oiWi
Lakeshore
Swan Pond Circle Road1.
Middle
Embayment
Landfill Cap
iWAIKinaston
Figure 4: Site Map (Source¦ EPA)
0 1,500 3,000 Feet Legend
NORTH ' ' ' ' ' Time-Critical Removal Action
Sources: Esri, DigitalGlobe, CeoEye, Earthstar Geographies, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, | j Non-Time-Critical Removal Action
USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, swisstopo, the GIS User Community,
DeLorme, AND, Tele Atlas, First American, UNEP-WCMC and Tennessee Valley Authority.
Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston Fossil Plant Fly Ash Site Case Study
-------
ECOLOGICAL REVITALIZATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES CASE STUDY
rail cars for disposal at the Arrowhead Landfill in Perry
County, Alabama. TVA completed ash removal under the
time-critical phase in May 2010, which coincided with re-
opening of the Emory River for navigation and recreation.
Railroad transportation and off-site ash disposal efforts
took place throughout the cleanup and finished in
December 2010.
Phase 2 - Non-Time-Critical
Removal Action
Phase 2 involved mechanical excavation of about 2.3
million cubic yards of ash in the north and middle Swan
Pond Embayments (see Figures 4 and 5), Recovered ash
was dried to optimum moisture content, spread into thin
lifts and compacted on site in a 240-acre disposal cell. The
disposal cell was re-engineered with a 12-mile subsurface
stabilization slurry wall It is the largest slurry wall in the
United States. Most Phase 2 activities were finished by
December 2014.
Removal Timeline
1955: TVA Kingston Fossil Plant built
2008: Largest coal ash spill in U.S.
history; initial response follows
2009-2010: Phase 1 cleanup takes place
2010: Emory River reopens for
navigation and recreation
2010-2014: Phase 2 cleanup takes
place
2013: Long-term monitoring begins (part
of Phase 3)
2014: Lakeshore Park opens
Figure 5. Dredging during cleanup. (Source: EPA)
Phase 3 - Non-Time-Critical Removal
Action and Assessment
A comprehensive human health and ecological risk
assessment was conducted on ash not removed during
the initial time-critical dredging work. The ash present
was found to be commingled with contamination from
the Department of Energy (DOE) Oak Ridge Reservation
site. Oak Ridge Associated Universities conducted
independent medical screening and concluded that there
were no adverse health impacts caused by the coal ash
spill.2 Analysis also included extensive geochemistry
2. EPA, 2014. Project Completion Fact Sheet. Available at
https://semspub.epa.gov/work/04/11015836.pdf.
Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston Fossil Plant Fly Ash Site Case Study
Local Materials and Relations
TVA purchased rock for buttressing, aggregate,
weir construction and other activities from a local
quarry on Swan Pond Road.
TVA used one million yards of clay and topsoil
for the cap from the neighboring Gupton Farm
(Berkshire Slough or "Borrow Area") purchased by
TVA, reducing the number of truck trips by 10,000.
TVA built an underpass to move ash and dirt so
it did not travel on public roads and added rail
sidings to reduce closures of local roads.
-------
ECOLOGICAL REVITALIZATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES CASE STUDY
studies, sediment and pore water bioassays, benthic macroinvertebrate assessments, two-dimensional sediment-
ash fate and transport modeling, and groundwater modeling.
Long-term monitoring began in 2013. The goal was to determine the need for additional actions to address any
residual contamination in the Emory River. Five years after the spill, monitoring data showed that river ecology
was already returning to baseline conditions.3 Annual monitoring of the river system will continue for up to 30
years to confirm that risks associated with the residual ash remains low and that ash-related concentrations of
metals decline with time. Groundwater monitoring and maintenance of the on-site coal ash disposal cell will also
be conducted over the long term.4 A local fish advisory is in place in because of contamination from nearby past
industrial operations.
Ecological Revitalization
TVA chose to conduct extensive revitalization efforts beyond EPA's cleanup requirements in the AOC. A team of
biologists, landscape architects and engineers worked together to integrate plantings and ecological aspects as
components of the cleanup activities. The ecosystem in the bay was prepared by planting a mosaic of forested,
scrub-shrub and emergent wetland plant communities. Specifics included construction of weirs to control water
levels in the North Embayment and additional wetlands in the former borrow area. TVA conducted ecological
activities from January 2014 to June 2015.
Final steps included planting trees and seeds
in disturbed areas. Today, wildlife sightings
continue to increase. Reported rare bird sightings
have included white ibises, cattle egrets and an
abundance of herons (little blue, black-crowned
night and green).
Ecological revitalization activities included:
• Replanting of shorelines and upland
areas with native species (see Table 1
and Appendix A). Upland areas were
planted with seed mixes designed
to provide forage for local wildlife,
including deer and birds.
• Conservation of existing wetlands by
controlling water flow and plantings of
native species.
• Establishment of aquatic habitat. For
example, trees cut during cleanup were
placed in the water for fish habitat
(fish attractors). Vernal pools (seasonal
shallow ponds) and wetlands were
established where ash was excavated.
3,4, EPA, 2014. Project Completion Fact Sheet. Available
at https://semspub.epa. gov/work/04/11015836.pdf.
Native Pollinators
Native pollinators provide Americans with a
significant amount of our food supply, contribute to
the economy and perform key roles in ecosystems.
By helping to keep plant communities healthy and
able to reproduce naturally, native pollinators assist
plants in providing food and cover for wildlife,
preventing erosion and keeping waterways clean.
Source: http://www.plants.usda.gov/pollinators/
Native Pollinators.pdf (Photo Source: Pixabay)
6
Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston Fossil Plant Fly Ash Site Case Study
-------
ECOLOGICAL REVITALIZATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES CASE STUDY
• Planting of nearly 7,000 trees across 15 acres, using over 40 tree types. Planting hardwood trees and
understory shrubs promotes natural successional growth of hardwood forest.
• Installation of osprey and heron platforms in strategic locations throughout relevant habitat to fulfill the
need for nesting habitat and encourage use of the sufficient feeding opportunities in area streams and
rivers.
• Revegetation of five miles of shoreline using native plants and seed mixes. The plants provide much-
needed habitat for pollinators. The seed mixes included wildflowers that attract flies, bees, beetles and
butterflies. Riparian zones create shading, which cools waterways, provide shelter for birds and protect
shorelines from erosion. Table 1 lists planting areas and structural elements. Appendix A provides
detailed seed mix listings.
• Construction of a vegetative wall (instead of rip rap) for shoreline stabilization.
Table 1. Planting Quantities and Structures (Acres)5
North
Embayment
Middle
Embayment
East
Embayment
Total Area
Description
Borrow Area
(Acres) and
Structures
Wetland/Shrub Mix
--
0.45
-
-
0.45
Subxeric/Xeric
--
7.57
5.56
-
13.13
Mesic/Submesic
—
5.54
6.53
0.72
12,79
Hydric
10.40
0.58
-
-
10.98
Screen
-
--
-
0.61
0.61
Reforest
--
2.92
4.05
3.93
10.90
Steep Slope Seed Mix
19.10
--
-
-
19.10
Live Stakes
-
-
-
0.19
0.19
Vernal Pool (Hydric Plant)
-
0.90
0.21
-
1.11
Osprey Nesting Platform
-
-
1
-
1
Heron Platform
--
2
1
3
Mosaic Wetlands
6
5
—
11
Simulated Snag
Simulated Fallen Tree
--
2
5
1
8
5. TVA. 2015. Kingston Ash Recovery Project Natural Resources Damages Assessment Monitoring, Maintenance, and Reporting
Plan, Appendix A. Available at https://www.fws.gov/cookeville/pdfs/TVA%20RCDP Final 2015 0526.pdf.
Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston Fossil Plant Fly Ash Site Case Study
7
-------
ECOLOGICAL REVITALIZATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES CASE STUDY
Wetlands
Control water flow, help prevent
flooding and provide wildlife
habitat.
Vernal Pools
Provide areas for amphibians to
live and breed.
Reforestation
Reduces erosion, provides valuable
habitat and reduces nutrient
runoff.
(Photos Source: TV A)
Ecological Revitalization Components at the Site
Fish Attractors
Provide preferred fish habitat.
Bird Attractors
Provide optimum osprey and
heron nesting areas.
Riparian Zone lantings
Reduce nutrient runoff and provide
shade and habitat for creatures
living on land and in water.
8
Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston Fossil Plant Fly Ash Site Case Study
-------
ECOLOGICAL REVITALIZATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES CASE STUDY
Recreational Components
In addition to the AOC's cleanup requirements, TVA elected to develop detailed plans that created significant
recreational amenities for the community (see Figures 4 and 6). Heavy machinery brought in for the cleanup was
used to grade land for trails, parking areas and ball fields. Today, the public enjoys access to these park resources
as well as extensive green space, wildlife habitat and environmental education opportunities.
Lakeshore Park includes:
Two miles of paved walking trails.
Two docks and four fishing piers
Boat ramp, canoe and kayak launches.
Pedestrian bridge (used often for fishing).
Picnic areas.
Parking and restroom facilities.
Did You Know?
TVA donated $500,000 of surplus material to
Roane County and volunteered $350,000 to
repave Swan Pond Road/Circle.
Roane County is constructing a sports complex on 60 acres of land designated as part of the Swan Pond Recreation
Area. When completed, the complex will house a festival field, soccer and softball fields, and playground areas.
Region 4 Excellence in Site Reuse Award
EPA awarded its Excellence in Site Reuse award to TVA in June 2015 for community
revitalization and ecological revitalization efforts that went above and beyond cleanup
requirements. (Photo Source-. EPA)
Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston Fossil Plant Fly Ash Site Case Study
9
-------
ECOLOGICAL REVITALIZATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES CASE STUDY
Figure 6: Recreation Area Map (Source: TVA)
TVA
Swan Pond Recreation Area
WCTIAN0S
FISHING Pltfi
OESTRIAN BRIDGE
TRAtl
END OF TRAIL
WETLANDS
IRAIl
IBAILME AD PARKING
WtIR t
WtTlANOS
TRAH.
CANOE MAYA*
LAUNCH
TRAIL
RIS1ROOMS
( AHOE/KATAK
LAUNCH
LIGHTED C AR
BOAT TRAILER
PARKING
BOAT RAMP WITH
DOCK
1 AKFSHGRt PARK
M MITH
10
Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston Fossil Plant Fly Ash Site Case Study
-------
ECOLOGICAL REVITALIZATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES CASE STUDY
Lessons Learned
1. Integrate cleanup and reuse.
Coordinating ecological revitalization efforts with
site cleanup maximized efficiencies and reuse. For
example, the coordinated use of heavy machi nery for
cleanup, restoration and revitalization efforts saved
time and money.
2. Rely on diverse expertise for complex cleanups.
Having a project team of biologists, landscape
architects and engineers working together at the site
helped optimize cleanup and revitalization efforts.
3. Community input is invaluable.
Sustained input from the community helped guide cleanup decision-making and made sure that restoration and
reuse efforts reflected local priorities.
4. Consider potential community impacts of cleanup activities and adjust plans accordingly.
At the site, separating cleanup-related traffic from local traffic by creating dedicated cleanup related roads
reduced road impacts and the chance of accidents. It also helped build trust with the community and minimized
disruptions in people's lives.
Communication and
Community Support
Throughout cleanup efforts, the public was
kept informed of activities through over 400
community updates, more than 50 public
meetings, over 100 site tours, a Community
Outreach Center and dedicated websites on
TVA, Tennessee Department of Environment &
Conservation and EPA web pages.
Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston Fossil Plant Fly Ash Site Case Study
11
-------
ECOLOGICAL REVITALIZATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES CASE STUDY
Appendix A: Seed Plantings®
Area Planted
Scientific Name - Common Name
Trees and Shrubs Planted in
Acer rubrum - Red Maple
Reforested Areas and Used as
Acersaccharinum - Silver Maple
Screens
Amelanchier arborea - Serviceberry
Amorpha fruticosa - False Indigo Bush
Asimina triloba - Pawpaw
Callicarpa Americana - American Beautyberry
Calycanthus floridus - Eastern Sweetshrub
Carpirtus caroliniana - American Hornbeam
Carya glabra - Pignut Hickory
Carya ovata - Shag bark Hickory
Celtis laevigata - Sugarberry
Cercis Canadensis - Eastern Redbud
Corn us amomum - Silky Dogwood
Cornus florida - Flowering Dogwood
Crataegus phaenopyrum - Washington Hawthorn
Diospyros virginiana - Common Persimmon
Fagus grandifolia - American Beech
Halesia Carolina - Carolina Silverbell
Hamamelis virginiana - American Witchhazel
Ilex opaca - American Holly
Itea virginica - Virginia Sweetspire
Juglans nigra - Black Walnut
Lindera benzoin - Northern Spicebush
Liriodendron tulipifera - Tuliptree
Magnolia acuminata - Cucumber Tree
Nyssa sylvatica - Blackgum
Ostrya virginiana - Hophornbeam
Oxydendrum arboreum - Sourwood
Photinia pyrifolia - Red Chokeberry
Physocarpus opulifolius - Common Ninebark
Pinus strobus - Eastern White Pine
Pinus taeda - Loblolly Pine
Pinus virginiana - Virginia Pine
Platanus occidentalis - American Sycamore
Prunus americana - American Plum
Quercus alba - White Oak
Quercus falcata - Southern Red Oak
6. TVA, 2015. Kingston Ash Recovery Project Natural Resources Damages Assessment Monitoring, Maintenance, and Reporting Plan,
Appendix A. Available at https://www.fws.gov/cookeville/pdfs/T'VA%20RCDP Filial 2015 0526.pdf.
12
Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston Fossil Plant Fly Ash Site Case Study
-------
ECOLOGICAL REVITALIZATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES CASE STUDY
Area Planted
Scientific Name - Common Name
Trees and Shrubs Planted in
Quercus lyrata - Overcup Oak
Reforested Areas and Used as
Quercus michauxii - Swamp Chestnut Oak
Screens (continued)
Quercus nigra - Water Oak
Quercus phellos - Willow Oak
Quercus rubra - Northern Red Oak
Quercus shumardii- Shumard's Oak
Quercus stellata - Post Oak
Quercus velutina - Black Oak
Rhus copailinum - Winged Sumac
Rhus typhina - Staghorn Sumac
Sambucus nigra - American Black Elderberry
Sassafras albidum - Sassafras
Tilia americana - American Basswood
Viburnum dentatum - Southern Arrowwood
Viburnum nudum - Possumhaw
Viburnum prunifolium - Blackhaw
Steep Slope Mix - Roundstone Mix
Panicum anceps - Fall Panicum
199
Sorghastrum nutans - Indiangrass
Schizachrium scoparium - Little Bluestem
Bouteioua curtipendula - Sideoats Grama
Panicum virgatum - Switchgrass
Elymus virginicus - Virginia Wild Rye
Andropogon gerardii- Big Bluestem
Cassia fasciculata - Partridge Pea
Festuca rubra - Creeping Red Fescue
Heliopsis helianthoides - False Sunflower
Coreopsis lanceolata - Lanceleaf Tickseed; Lance Leaved Coreopsis
Helianthus maximiliani- Maximilian Sunflower
Bidens aristosa - Showy Tickseed
Desmanthus illinoensis - Illinois Bundleflower
Tridens flavus - Purple Top
Lotus corniculatus - Bird's Foot Trefoil
Vernonia aitissima - Iron Weed
Solidago nemoralis - Gray Goldenrod
Rudbeckia hirta - Blackeyed Susan
Pycnanthemum pilosum - Hairy Mountain Mint
Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston Fossil Plant Fly Ash Site Case Study
13
-------
ECOLOGICAL REVITALIZATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES CASE STUDY
Area Planted
Scientific Name - Common Name
Mesic/Subxeric Retention Basin Mix -
Roundstone Mix 133
Elymus virginicus - Virginia Wildrye
Andropogon glomeratus - Bushy Bluestem
Cassia marilandica - Wild Senna
Verbesina alternifolia - Yellow Wingstem
Iris virginica - Blue Flag; Virginia Iris
Bidens aristosa - Showy tickseed; Bearded Beggarticks
Panicum virgatum - Switchgrass
Vernonia altissima - Iron Weed
Carex vulpinoidea - Fox Sedge
Carexlurida - Lurid (Shallow) Sedge
Tradescantia ohiensis - Bluejacket; Ohio Spiderwort
Asclepias incarnata - Swamp Milkweed
Carex scoparia - Broom Sedge
Carex crinita - Fringed Sedge
Glyceria striata - Fowl Mannagrass
Scirpus atrovirens - Green Bulrush
Scirpus cyperinus - Woolgrass
Eupatorium coelestinum - Mistfiower; Blue Mistflower
Verbena hastata - Swamp Verbena; Blue Vervain
Penstemon digitalis - Smooth Beardtongue; Foxglove Beardtongue
Eupatorium fistulosum - Joe Pye Weed
Helenium autumnale - Common Sneezeweed
Ludwigia alternifolia - Seed Box
Juncus tenuis - Path Rush; Poverty Rush
Juncus effusus - Soft Rush
Mimulus rigens - Allegheny Monkey Flower
Subxeric/Xeric Deer and Turkey
Habitat Mix - Roundstone Mix 147
Cassia fasciculata - Partridge Pea
Heliopsis helianthoides - False Sunflower; Smooth Oxeye
Schizachyrium scoparium - Little Bluestem
Lespedeza capitata - Roundhead Lespedeza
Elymus virginicus - Virginia Wildrye
Desmanthus illinoensis - Illinois Bundleflower
Helianthus maximiliani - Maximilian Sunflower
Andropogon gerardii - Big Bluestem
Sorghastrum nutans - Indiangrass
Panicum virgatum - Switchgrass
Sporobolus compositus - Tall Dropseed; Composite Dropseed
Dalea purpurea - Purple Prairie Clover
Tradescantia ohiensis - Bluejacket; Ohio Spiderwort
Rudbeckia triloba - Browneyed Susan
Rudbeckia hirta - Blackeyed Susan
Chasmanthium latifolium - Indian Woodoats; River Oats
14
Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston Fossil Plant Fly Ash Site Case Study
-------
ECOLOGICAL REVITALIZATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES CASE STUDY
Area Planted
Scientific Name - Common Name
Hydric/Wetland Pond Edge Mix -
Iris virginica - Virginia Iris; Blue Flag
Roundstone Mix 131
Eupatorium perfoliatum - Common Boneset
Andropogon glomeratus - Bushy Bluestem
Cephalanthus occidentalis - Common Buttonbush
Lobelia cardinalis - Cardinalflower
Eleocharis palustris - Creeping Spike Rush
Tripsacum dactyloides - Eastern Gamagrass
Glyceria striata - Fowl Manna Grass
Carex vulpinoidea - Fox Sedge
Carex frankii- Frank's Sedge
Lobelia siphilitica - Great Blue Lobelia
Scirpus atrovirens - Green Bulrush
Eupatorium fistulosum - Joe-Rye Weed; Trumpetweed
Mimulus rigens - Allegheny Monkey Flower
Carex crinita - Fringed Sedge
Carex gynandra - Nodding Sedge
Tradescantia ohiensis - Ohio Spiderwort
Leersia oryzoides - Rice Cut Grass
Hibiscus moscheutos - Rosemallow; Crimsoneyed Rosemallow
Ludwigia alternifolia - Seed Box
Helenium autumnale - Common Sneezeweed
Juncus effusus - Soft Rush
Asclepias incarnata - Swamp Milkweed
Elymus virginicus - Virginia Wild Rye
Verbesina alternifolia - Wingstem; Yellow Wingstem
Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston Fossil Plant Fly Ash Site Case Study
15
-------
ECOLOGICAL REVITALIZATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES CASE STUDY
Additional Resources and References
December 2014 EPA and TVA Kingston Coal Ash Release Site Project Completion Fact Sheet
https://semspub epa.gov/work/04/11015836.pdf
EPA's EcoTools
http s: //cl u-i n. org/ecotool s/defaul t. cfm
Frequently Asked Questions About Ecological Revitalization of Superfund Sites
https://clu-in.org/download/remed/542f06002.pdf
June 2015 Kingston Recovery Site Aerials
http://www.bing. com/videos/search?q=tva+kingston+june+2015&qpvt=tva+kingston+iune+2015&view=
detail&mid=905ACCC IE 1FDFAE8DEE6905ACCC1E1F DFAE 8DEE6&FQRM = YRDG AR
March 2016 SRI Webinar: Ecological Revitalization and Contaminated Sites
https://clu-in.org/conf/tio/sri_031716
May 2015 TVA Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release Natural Resource Damage Assessment:
Restoration and Compensation Determination Plan
https://www.fws.gov/cookeville/pdfs/TVA%20RCDP_Final_2015_0526.pdf
Region 4 Profile Page
https://cumulis.epa. gov/supercpad/CurSites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0404167&msspp=
Sites in Reuse - TVA Kingston Site
https://semspubepa.gOv/work/04/l 1015034.pdf
Contact Information
Bill Denman, PE
EPA Region 4
Chief, Restoration & Sustainability Section
Superfund Redevelopment Coordinator
(404) 562-8939
denman.bill@epa.gov
Craig Zeller, PE
EPA Region 4
Remedial Project Manager
(404) 562-8827
zeller.crai2@epa.g0v
16
Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston Fossil Plant Fly Ash Site Case Study
------- |