Compound 1080 and 1031: Position Document 1
I. BACKGROUND
A. Chemical and Physical Properties
Compound 1080, (sodium fluoroacetate) was first used
as a rodenticide in the 1940's. It is a hygroscopic,
nonvolatile solid that decomposes at about 200*C. Compound
1080 is odorless, essentially tasteless, soluble in water,
and slightly soluble in organic solvents*
Compound 1081 (fluroacetamide), a hydrolysis product of
1080, was developed in the early 1950's* It is a white
crystalline solid that merits at 109°C. It is soluble in
water and alcohols but insoluble in 'organic solvents.
-Compound 1081 is volatile at room temperature.
Much of the information in this document pertains
to Compound 1080* However, because of the chemical and
pharmacological similarities of 1030 and 1081, it is
reasonable to anticipate that 10 81 may cause adverse effects
similar to those caused by 1080*
The chemical formulas fo.r 1080 and 1081 are:

-------
0	0
w	"
FH -C-C-O-Na	FH C-C-NH
2	2	2
(1080)	(1081)
Compound 1080 accumulates to some extent in animals and
poses a high secondary hazard to animals that eat poisoned
organisms. It is decomposed by soil microorganisms but
is relatively persistent (Appendix A).
B. Registered Uses
Although both compounds are systemic insecticides, only
rodenticidal uses of 1030 and 1081 are registered in the
United States* However, 1081 has been used in other countries
to control -aphids on sugarbeets, beans, and strawberries.
Currently 3 registrants have 3 Federally registered
1080 products, and 30 registrants have 51 State-registered
1080 products for Federal registration pursuant to 40 CFR
162.17 (California, 46; Nevada, 4; and Colorado, 1). In
addition there is one pending application for Federal
registration of 1080, There are 2 Federally
registered 1081 products vhich are held by two registrants;
no State-registered 1081 products were submitted to EPA
under 40 CFR 162.17.
The 1080 products are used in baits to kill chipmunks, ground
squirrels, pocket gophers, kangaroo rats, cotton rats, Norway
rats, roof rats, house mice, field mice, and other unspecified
mammals. Use directions for intrastate products permit both
ground and aerial application. Products containing 1081 are
used in poisoned baits against Norway and roof rats.

-------
The 1081 /abels specify that the prouuct is effective
against sewer rats but its- use is not specifically restricted
to sewers.
C. Production
Information concerning production, sales, and diatribu-
tion, which is required to be submitted to EPA by Section
7(c) of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide
Act (FIFRA) is entitled to confidential treatment under the
provisions of Sections 7(d) and 10 of FIFRA* Accordingly,
such information may not be made available to the public.
The production information concerning 1030 and 1081 has been
summarized in a separate memorandum for use within SPA
(Appendix B)•
D* Referral to Office of Special Pesticide Reviews
Compounds 1030 and 1081 were referred to the Office of
Special Pesticide Reviews by the Reregistration Task Force
because of the chemicals' potential for causing secondary
poisoning effects.
*1* REGULATORY HISTORY
The principal focus of .Fe-deral regulatory history
involving Compounds 1080 and 1081 has been on their predaci-
dal uses. While the Agency recognizes that predator control
programs, which use meat baits, are not the same as rodent
control programs, jrhich use grain and liquid baits, the

-------
regulatory history oŁ the predator uses or Compounds 1080
and 1081 are Included as background Information*
In response to the public outrage caused by the 1971 al-
ledged misuse of the predacide thallium sulfate that resulted
in the deaths of about 20 eagles,, the Secretary of the Depart-
ment of the Interior and the chairman of the Council on Envi-
ronmental Quality established a committee, chaired by Or.
Stanley Cain, to evaluate the environmental and economic im-
pact of predator control programs and policies. In January
1972* the Cain Report (Appendix A) recommended that
".••immediate Congressional action be sought to
remove all existing toxic chemicals from registra-
tion and use for operational predator control. We
further recommend that these restrictions extend to
those toxicants used in field rodent control whose
action is characterized by secondary poisoning of
scavengers.. .(emphasis added) .
In June 1971, EPA established a review committee for
strychnine, cyanide, and 1030. The committee recommended
the cancellation of all uses of thallium sulfate products
and the predacldal uses of 1080« strychnine, and sodium
cyanide (Appendix C).
In the fall of 1971, several environmental groups,
subsequently represented by the Environmental Defense

-------
Fund (EDF), petitioned the EPA Administtmcor to cancel the
registrations of Compound 1030, strychnine, thallium sulfate,
and cyanide products for use as rodenticidea or destroyers
of any vertebrate life because of other effects on nontarget
organisms (Appendix D). A notice of the Agency1s intent to
hold a hearing to determine whether to cancel certain
rodenticides was issued in June 1973 (38 FR 16796). The
hearing was indefiately postponed the following December
because of the lack of evidence required to reach a responsi-
ble regulatory decision. EDF renewed its petition for
cancellation in March 1976 (Appendix E). the Administrator
responded that 1080, 1081, and strychnine would be reviewed
in the. reregistration and perhaps the rebuttable presumption
processes (Appendix F).
In Febuary 1972, the President issued Executive Order
11643 (37 FR 2875)i which ordered all agencies to ban the
use of chemical toxicants on Federal lands or in any Federal
mammal or bird damage control programs where the toxicant
was being used to kill a predatory mammal or bird. Although
this Order was primarily directed at coyote control programs
it prohibited rodent control by chemicals when they have the
potential for secondary poisoning* It was modified by
Executive Orders 11870 (40 FR 30611) and 11917 (41 FR
22239). Executive Order 11870 allowed heads of executive
agencies to authorize emergency use of chemical toxicants
and permitted the use of sodium cyanide on Federal lands for

-------
1 year on *** experimental basis. Executive Order 11917
allowed the use of sodium cyanide in the H-44 device on
Federal lands for mammalian predator control.
In March 1972, the EPA Administrator suspended and
cancelled the registrations of predacidal uses of all sodium
cyanide, strychnine, and 1080 products (37 FR 5713),
thereby prohibiting their sale and distribution in inter-
state commerce,
The EPA Registration Division is currently reviewing a
request for a specific exemption to use 1030 against stray
and feral dogs in Guam (41 FR 27121) and the State of Texas
has applied for an experimental use permit to use 1080 as a
predacide.
III, SUMMARY OF SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE BY REBUTTABLE
PRESUMPTION CRITERIA
A. Acute Toxicity: Hazard to Wildlife
Sections 162.11 (a)(3)(i)(B)(1) and (2) provide
that a rebuttable presumption against registration shall
arise if the pesticide occurs as a residue immediately
following application in or on the feed of a mammalian or
avian species representative of species likely to be exposed
to such feed in amounts equivalent to the average daily
intake of such species at levels equal to or greater than
(1) the acute oral LD for mammalian species or (2) the
50
subacute dietary LC for avian species.
50

-------
Ia order Co consider these acute criteria* it is
necessary to know which noncarget animals are likely to
be exposed and che feeding habies of these organisms,
in addition to the LD 's for the mammals and the subacute
50
dietary LC 's for Che birds.
50
The Agency is not aware of subacute dietary LC data
50
on many of the suspected noncarget avian species and acute
oral LD data on many of the suspected nontarget mammalian
50
species for Compound 1080. However, the toxicity values
for related nontarget organisms are Chought to be-similar-
to those for target species. There are two reasons for
this assumption: (1) Chere is a narrow range of LD*
50
values for 1080 among birds and mammals tested (0.05 mg/kg
for nutria to 20*0 mg/kg for turkey vultures; those of
most mammals and birds tested ranges from 0.1 to 6.0 mg/kg)
(Appendix G) and (2) species of the same genera are biologi-
cally similar* Thus, although results of LD and LC
50	50
studies are not available for all nontarget organisms,
the acute toxicity data on related species can reasonably
reasonably be applied to nontarget organisms that are ex-
posed.
Ingestion of treated bait could occur in two ways:
direct feeding on exposed bait or indirect feeding on bait,
such as when a predator feeding on a ground squirrel acquires
grain contained in Che cheek pouches or eats contaminated
tissues•

-------
Table 1 shows the appropriate amount of an oat bait
containing 0.11Z 1080 which is needed to kill selected
target and nontarget animals. These species are illustra-
tive of the potential hazard to similar nontarget species
throughout the United States when 1080 is used. Values
cited were computed using the methodology and graph contained
in Appendix H. Thus it can be reasonably anticipated that
bait containing 1080 at concentrations equivalent to or above
the LB or- &C will be available to nontarget organisms.
50	50
Because of the large number of applications for Federal
registration of California-registered 1080 products, State
and Federal officials in California were contacted regarding
the hazard to nontarget species from 1080 rodent control
programs. The officials generally agreed that applicators
must exercise caution in rodent control programs when these
particular nontarget species reside in or near the treatment
area (Appendix X).
3. Effects on Nontarget Organisms
40 CFR Section 162.11 (a)(3)(ii)(C) provides: "A
rebuttable presumption shall-arise if a pesticide3s ingre-
dients ...[c]an reasonably be anticipated to result in signifi
cant local, regional, or national population reductions in
nontarget organisms, or fatality to members of an endangered
species."

-------
Table 1. Approximate Amount; of an oat bait containing
needed to kill adult individuals of the species shown
Assumed	Lethal
Weight of	Dose A
Species	Animal	(mg/kg]P
(kg)
§ "*rmophilu8 beechey 1	b
(.jlifornla ground	0.500	0.35
squirrel)
S» nelsonl	b
(San Joaquin Valley	0*121	0*35
antelope squirrel
S. leucu.rus	b
(Whltetall antelope	0.103	0.35
squirrel)
c
Dlpodomys nltratoldes	0.036	1.00
(Fresno kangaroo rat) .
c
D» ingens	0.155	1.00
(Giant kangaroo rat)
O	• c
P. Stephens!	0.062	1.00
(Stephen s kangaroo rat)
b
Lophortlx calitornlcus 0.176	4.63
(California quail) .
a)	These figures are based on the J.D or LD «
100	50
b)	LD for species or a closely related species
50
c)	LD for species or a closely related species
100
d)	For oats, 1 g - 35-50 seeds
0.11% 1080
Lethal	Daily Feed	Multiples
Amount	Consump-	of Lethal
of Balt/Anl- tlon (g)	Dose Which
mal (g)^	May Be Con-
sumed Dally
0.16	30.00	187
0.03	8.47	223
0*03	10.3 ,	312
0.03	5.76	174
0.14	14.72	104
0.05	8.06	144
0.74	15.84	21

-------
1• Significant Population Reductions in Kontarget
Organisms
The acute oral and subacute feeding data on various
organisms for 1Q80 and 1081 (Appendix J) suggests that a
hazard to nontarget animals through direct or indirect
ingestion of either 1080 or 1081 might reasonably be antici-
pated. notwithstanding the fact that the Agency is aware
of no conclusive field data on the effects of 1080 and 1081
on nontarget organisms, the Working Group has decided that
the risk criterion for reduction of nontarget organisms has
been met and that a rebuttable presumption exists. The
Working Group encourages the submission of additional data
related to this presumption.
2• Fatalities to Members of an Endangered Species
Compound 1080-treated grains, e.g., wheat, oats, and
barley, are used to control ground squirrels in areas
inhabited by endangered species of carnivores or scavengers.
Frank. Schltoskey, Jr., (Appendix K) conducted a study
that indicates that 1080 can result in fatalities to members
of an endangered species. Specifically, a subspecies of kit
fox (Vulpes macrotis arsipus) related to the endangered San
Joaquin kit fox (V« marcrotis tautlcia) was killed when fed a
kangaroo rat (Dispodomys sp.) containing 0.74 rag 1080. The
related subspecies was used to avoid decreasing the existing
numbers of the San Joaquin kit fox. Th.is amount of 1080 would
be contained in 0*7 gm (25-30 seeds) of an oat bait containing
0.112 1080. As indicated in Table 1, a kangaroo rat would be

-------
//
expected to consume more Chan 0.7 gm per day. The t#D of the kit
50
fox is 0*22 mg/kg. Therefore 0*74 org exceeds the LD of an
50
average size (1*7 kg) kit fox. Consequently) in the event a
poisoned animal dies above ground, the San Joaquin fox could
be exposed to potentially lethal amounts of 1080*
C. Lack of Emergency Treatment
40 CFR 162.11(a) (3) (iii) provides: "A. rebuttable
presumption shall arise if a pesticide's ingredient(s)...
thjas no known antidotal* palliative or first aid treatment
for amelioration of toxic effects in man resulting from a
single exposure."
The Working Group on strychnine and Compounds 1080
and 1081 has considered the following six factors in
determining whether this criterion has been met or exceeded:
availability of the pesticide, dose likely to be consumed,
time factor* efficacy of treatment, availability of emergency
treatment, and case histories.
1» Availability of the Pesticides
Federally registered 1080 and 1081 products may be used
by licensed pest control operators (LPCO) only. The 1080
products registered in California are to be used only under
the supervision of persons authorized by an appropriate
State official. There is one 1080 product registered in
Colorado which may be used by trained operators only and the
1080 products registered in Nevada may be used only by
government agents or with a permit.

-------
Because *.0 30 products are federally registered for
domestic use, accidental child exposure is possible.
Directions for federally registered 1081 products state
that the product is one of the most effective preparations
for direct poisoning of rats in sewers, but does not specifi
cally prohibit domestic use by trained operators* State-
registered 1080 products are primarily for noadomestic uses
but not all labels limit use to nondomestic areas. The
Working Group concurs that formulated 1080 products should
not be available to homeowners. This restriction would
minimize the possibility that a child will be exposed to the
packaged formulation.
2. Dose Likely	Consumed
Both 1080 and 1081 are available to pest control
operators as concentrates^ intended for bait preparation.
Accidental ingestion of the concentrates could obviously
result in exposure to much more that the minimal lethal
dose.
Bait preparations which are ready for application range
in 1080 concentration from 0.025 to 0.19Z. A conservative
estimate of the amount of the average accidental exposure to
these products would be consumption of one tablespoon (about
15 g) of 0.22 bait. This is equivalent to 30 mg 1080, which
is much more than the lethal dose for a 10 kg child based on

-------
Che 0*7 mg/kg LD for humans reported in the 0*S* Department
50
Interior (USD!) rev lev of 1080 (Appendix G)«
the recommended concentration of 1031 in baits that are
ready for use is 2%* Use directions call for placing 4 oz
bait at intervals in the treatment areas. Accidental
consumption of one bait placement by a 10 kg child would
result in ingestion of more than the minimal lethal dose*
3» Time Factor
Compound- 1030 is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestl
nal tract* . After a lethal dose is absorbed into the blood-
stream., the victim will invariably die* Thus Immediate
treatment is essential* Vomiting must be induced vithin a
few minutes to prevent- absorption from the gastrointestinal
tract*
Symptoms of 1030 or 1081 poisoning do not appear until
a latent period ranging from 30 minutes to over 2 hours has
elasped. this lack of symptoms prior to absorption of a
lethal dose from the gastrointestinal tract may prevent
the victim from getting, any treatment prior to the absoptlon
.of the fatal dose into the bloodstream*
Efficacy of Treatment
Vomiting or gastric lavage will reduce the quantity of
1030 or 1081 absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract if
they are done quickly*

-------
Barbiturates may ameliorate the effect of convulsive
episodes and have prevented death in a study on fluoroacetate-
poisoued dogs when given quickly and when the 1080 dose was
four times the LD or less (Appendix L).
50
Acetate ion therapy, the ingestion of aonoacetin or
ethanol and sodium acetate, has prevented death in animal
studies (Appendix M). The Agency is not aware of any human
poisoning cases where acetate, ion therapy was used.
5. Availability of Emergency Treatment
First aid treatment consisting of keeping the patient
at rest, inducing vomiting, aud administering magnesium
sulfate or another cathartic is readily available.
Physicians may readily administer barbiturates, alcohol-
acetate ion ingestion, and stomach lavage. Monoacetin is
not available in a pharmaceutical grade product. A commer-
cial grade that has not been sterilized is sold, but it
is not generally available to hospitals.
6• Case Histories
Human poisoning espisodes from 1080 and 1081 are
summarized in Table 2.
USDI reported on accidents from use of 1080 during 1946-49
the first 4 years of its use (Appendix N). Of the 22 cases
reported, 4 were suicides and 16 of the 18 accidental cases

-------
Table 2. iluman poisoning from Compounds 1080 or 1081



Causativ e

Pestle Ide-




Case Ingestion
Dose
Agent Verification
Related
Fatal
Status
Mode
Source
1080
1.
yes
unknown
yes

yes
yes
adult
suicide
USDI
2.
yes
unknown
yes

yea
yea
adult
suicide
USD1
3.
yes
unknown
yea

yea
yes
adult
suicide
USD!
L .
yes
unknown
yes

yes
yes
adult
suicide
USD1
5^
yes
unknown
yes

yes
yes
child
accident
USDI
6.
yes
unknown
yes

yes
yes
child
accident
USDI
7.
yes
unknown
yes

yes
yes
child
accident
USDI
8 .
yes
unknown
yes

yes
yes
child
acc ident
USDI
9.
yes
unknown
yes

yes
yes
child
acc ident
USDI
10.
yes
unknown
yes

yes
yes
child
acc ident
USDI
11.
yes
unknown
yes

yes
yes
child
accident
USDI
12.
yes
unknown
yes

yes
no
child
accident
USDI
13.
yes
unknown
yes

yes
no
child
accident
USDI
14.
yes
unknown
yes

yes
no
child
accident
USDI
15.
yes
unknown
yes

yes
no
child
accIdent
USDI
16.
yes
unknown
yes

yea
no
child
accident
USDI
17.
Of these 6
unknown
yes

yes
yes
child
accident
USDI
ia
cases (17-
unknown
yes

yes
yes
child
acc ident
USDI
19.
22) , 5 invol-
unknown
yes

yes
yes
child
accident
USDI
20.
ved inges-
unknown
yea

yes
yes
child
accident
USDI
21.
tions in one
unknown
yes


yes
adult
accident
-USDI
22.
the mode of
exposure was
unknown.
unknown
yes

yea
no
adult
accident
USDI
23.
yes
unknown
yes

yes
no
child
accident
literature
24.
yes
unknown
yes

yes
no
child
accident
literature
25.
yes
unknown
yes

yes
yes
adult
suicide
literature
26.
yes .
436 tug
yes

ye#
yes
adult
accident
Reg. Div~








file
27.
un known
unknown
yes

yes
no
child
acc ident
PERSa
28.
unknown
unknown
yes

probable
no
adult
accident
PERS
1081
1.
yes
unknown
yes

yes
yea
child
accident
PERS
2.
yes
unknown
yes

yes
yes
child
acc ident
PERS
3.
yes
unknown
yes

yes
yes
child
acc ident
PERS
a) Pesticide Episode Reporting System

-------
involved children* twelve of the accidental cases resulted
from exposure to the souffle cup used In belting. Four of
the accidental cases resulted from drinking 1080 solutions
from beverage bottles and one from eating 1080-soaked bread*
the route of exposure in the remaining cases is unknown. In
these accidental exposure cases, 11 of the children died and
5 recovered; 1 adult died and 1 recovered.
Reports of three cases of human poisoning have been
published (Appendix 0). two of these cases were accidents
involving children* One ca.se was a suicide. Of the accident
cases, one 8-year-old child was found chewing on a 1080 bait
placed for rabbit control. the child vomited enroute to
the hospital where he received prompt medical attention.
After several weeks, the child still exhibited paralysis
from the waist down and damage to the nervous system. the
amount of 1080 ingested was unknown, and the physician
reported that he would have used monoacetin if it had been
av ailable.
In the second accident case, an 8-month-old child was
found chewing a 1080 bait cup placed behind the refrigerator
for rodent control by an LPCO 10 months previously. the
family immediately induced emesis by manual gagging, the
child was latter flown to a large medical center where she
was extensively examined and treated. After-release from
the hospital, the patient's intellectual and motor perfor-
mance did not appear to have been diminished.

-------
The low Incidence of fatalities among the published
cases may be misleading because the medical literature
rarely contains accounts of the cases in which treatment was
not successful*
EiPA Registration Divisions files contain an accident
report involving a Colorado man who ingested 436 mg 1080
from a bottle left in a grocery store by an LPCO. Emesis
was induced and the man returned home. Five hours later
ha exhibited generalized convulsions and vomiting. Ha
died enroute to the hospital (Appendix F)
The EPA. Pesticide Episode Reporting System (PERS) data
Includes two nonfatal episodes allegded to have been caused
by 1080 (Appendix Q). A child received medical attention
after being exposed to the pesticide, which had been used in
the home for squirrel control. In the second episode a man
alledg-ed that his feelings of tiredness and weakness and his
loss of hair were caused by his consumption of a chicken
which had eaten, flesh from an animal killed by 1080.
Also included in the PERS data Is an incident in which
three children in Oklahoma were fatally poisoned by ingesting
1080-treated vanilla wafers.- The children gained access to
a pickup truck owned by a pest control operator who was not
licensed in Oklahoma'. The treated wafers had been applied in
23 Oklahoma establishments (Appendix R) .

-------
n
7. WORKING GROUP CONCLUSIONS ON THE EMERGENCY TREATMENT
CRITERION
Most 1080 and 1081 products are only available to
LPCO's or persons authorized by State agricultural personnel.
However, for the following reasons the Working Group has
determined that a presumption against the registration or
continued registration of 1080 and 1081 products exists
because of their lack of emergency treatment:
-Once a fatal dose of 1080 or 1081 is absorbed into the
bloodstream, the victim will inevitably die;
-Symptoms of 1080 and 1081 poisoning may not occur
until after a fatal dose has been absorbed into the
bloodstream;
-The current 1080 and 1081 labels do not specific-
ally prohibit use around domestic dwellings where
exposure to children is likely; and
-Monoacetin, the potentially most effective medication
for 1080 and 1081 poisoning> is not available in a
pharmaceutical grade*

-------
.'9 Xc
Compounds 1030 and 1081: Position Document 1
List of Appendices
A.	Cain, SI „ A.f Chairman, 1972. Predator Control-1971:
Report to the Council on Environmental Quality and U.S.
Department of the Interior. Advisory Committee on
Predator Control, Institute for Environmental Quality,
The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. Selected
pages. -
B.	Production of Compounds 1030 and 1031 in 1974-75 and
Estimated Production for 1976. CONFIDENTIAL.
C.	Pesticide Regulation Division, U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency. 1971. Review of Registered Mammalian
Predatory Control Products (Sodium Cyanide, Strychnine,
1080) and All Registered Thallium Sulfate Products.
Loose-leaf publication. 33 pp. plus attachments.
0. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., et al. [Environmen-
tal Defense Fund]. Undated [1971]. Petition Requesting
the Suspension and Cancellation of Registration of
Sodium Monofluoroacetate (1080), Thallium Sulphate,
Strychnine and Cyanide. Loose—leaf publication. S3 pp.
S. Butler, W. A., Environmental Defense Fund . March 25,
1976. Letter to R, E. Train, Administrator, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
F. Train, R* E. May 3, 1976. Letter to W. A. Butler.
6* Atzert, S. P. 1971. A Review of Sodium Monofluoroacetate
(Compound 1080): Its Properties, Toxicology, and Use in
Predator and Rodent Control. Special Scientific Report--
Wildlife No. 146. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish
and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
Wildlife, Washington, D.C. 34 pp.
a. Tucker, R. K., Criteria and Evaluation Division, Office
of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency^
August 9, 1976. Request for Computation Method in
Support of RPAR Position Paper. Memo to H. Craven, Project
Manager, Office of Special Pesticide Reviews, Office of
Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
3 pp.
I-. Craven, H. Undated. Memorandum to the files of telephone
conversation with W. Griffith, Pesticide Branch, Game
Management Office, California Fish and Game, July 15,
1976. 2 pp.

-------
. Undated, Surveillance of Pesticide* Programs:
Detection and Investigation of Fish and Wildlife Losses
Caused by Pesticides, Fiscal Year 1963-64, 4 pp.
		. Undated. Surveillance of Pesticide Programs
Detection and Investigation of Fish and Wildlife Losses
Caused by Pesticides, Fiscal Year 1964-65. 2 pp.
	. Undated. Surveillance of Pesticide Programs
Detection and Investigation of Fish and Wildlife Losses
Caused by Pesticides, Fiscal Year 1965-66. 3 pp.
	. Undated. Surveillance of Pesticide Programs
Evaluation of Pest Control Programs, July 1, 1965 - June
30, 1966. 3 pp.
Hagen, 3. Undated. Report No. 2: Field Investigation
of Aerial Application of Toxic Baits for Ground Squirrel
Control-San Luis Obispo County, 3 pp.
Pesticides Investigations Project, Fish and Game Division,
Department of Agriculture. August 13, 1966. Follow-up
Report-Field Investigation of Aerial Application of
Toxic Baits for Ground Squirrel Control-San Luis
Obispo County. Memorandum to E. G. Hunt, Game
Management Supervisor. 3 pp.
Pesticides Investigations, State of California. Undated.
Surveillance of Pesticide Programs: Detection and
Investigation of Fish and Wildlife Losses Caused by
Pesticides, Fiscal Year 1966-67. 3 pp.
.	Undated. Surveillance of Pesticide Programs:
Evaluation of Pest Control Programs, Fiscal Year
1966-67. 2 pp.
	. Undated. Surveillance of Pesticide Programs:
Detection of Fish and Wildlife Losses Caused by Pesticides
19 68. 2 pp.
	. Undated. Surveillance of Pesticide Programs:.
Current Fish and Wildlife Programs, 1968. 2 pp.
	;	. Undated. Surveillance of Pesticide Programs:
Evaluation of Pest Control Programs. 14 pp.
	. Undated. Surveillance of Pesticide Programs:
Detection of Fish and Wildlife Losses Caused by Pesticides
1969. 2 pp.
University of California and the California Department of
Agriculture. Undated. Evaluation of Pest Control
Programs, 19 69. 2 pp.

-------
JZ.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, University of California
at Davis, California Department of Agriculture and Kern
County Agriculture. Commissioner. October 8, 1971. Side
Effects of Rodent Control Programs on Wildlife, 1970.
2	pp.
California State and County Departments of Agriculture.
Undated. Detection of Fish and Wildlife Losses Caused by
Pesticides, 1971. 2 pp.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, California Department
of Agriculture, and Kern and Fresno County Agricultural
Commissioners* July 3, 1973* 3 pp.
U,S. Fish and Wildlife Service; California Department
of Agriculture; San Luis Obispo, Kern, and- Fresno County
Agricultural Commissioners; and University of California
Extension Service. Undated* Evaluations of Pest
Control Programs, January 1, 19 72 - June 30, 19 73.
3	pp. plus attachments.
California State and County Departments of Agriculture.
Undated* Detection of Fish and Wildlife Losses Caused
by Pesticides, July 1, 1973 —June 30, 1974. 3 pp.
Anonymous (California). Undated. Evaluations of Pest
Control Programs, July 1, 19 73 - June 39, 19 74. 3 pp.
California Department of Fish and Game. June 7, 1976.
Field Monitoring of Effects of 1030 (Sodium Monofluoro-
acetate) Treated Grain Baits for Ground Squirrel Control
in San Joaquin Kit Fox Range - Santa Barbara Co. - 1976.
Memorandum to Chief, Wildlife Branch. 4 pp.
California Department of Fish and Game, Pesticides
Investigations Branch. July 13, 19 76. San Luis Obispo
Ground Squirrel Control Program with 1030 Grain Baits --
19 76* Memorandum to Chief, Wildlife Management Branch.
2pp.
J. Tucker, 5.. K-, Criteria and Evaluation Division, Office
of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. November 13, 1973. Appraisal of Nontarget
Wildlife Field Effects Resulting from Rodenticide Uses
of 1080, Strychnine, and Cyanides. Memo to W. E. Reukauf
Office of General Counsel, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. 4 pp. plus attachments.
K. Schitoskey, F., Jr. 1975. Primary and secondary hazards
of three rodenticides to kit fox. J. Wildl. Manage.
39(2):416-418.
L. Tourtellottee, W. W., and J. M. Coon. 1951. Treatment
of fluoroacetate poisoning in mice and dogs. J. Pharm.
Eaptl. Therap. 101(1):82-91.

-------
M. Chenoweth, .1. B., e t al.
fluoroacetate poisoning:
glycerol monoacetate. J.
31-49,
N» Moore, R. 1950, Summary of "1080" Accidents: Presented
at the Rodent Control Conference of the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service in Dallas, Texas, January 31 - Febuary
2, 1950. Unpublished. 4 pp.
0. Reigart, J. R. , et a*l. 1975. Sodium fluoroacetate
poisoning. Am. J. Dis. Child. 12 9:12 24-12 26.
McTaggart, D. R. 1970. Poisoning due to sodium fluoroa-
cetate ("lOSO"). Med. J. Australia 2(14):641-642.
Harrison, J, W. E., et a1 . 19 52. Acute poisoning with
sodium fluoroacetate (compound 1080). J. Am. Med. Ass.
149(17 ):15 20-15 22.
?. Radford, F. P., Logan County? Colo., Coroner. Undated
(Received November 8, 1955). Letter to U.S. Department
of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver
Research Laboratory. 1 p.
Q. Pesticide Episode Response Branch, Operations Division,
Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. June 2, 1976. Episode Summary for
Reports Involving Sodium Fluroacetate: Report No. 69.
Loose—leaf publication. 11 pp.
R. Boland, J. J.» Acting Chief, Pesticide Use Analysis
Branch, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S". Environmental
Protection Agency. March 22, 1976. 1080 - Related
Child Fatalities, Durant, Okla. Memorandum to W. C.
Holmberg, Acting Director, Operations Division, Office
of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. 1 p.
Washington Star. March 22, 19 76. Rat Poison is Blamed
in Children's Deaths.
New York Daily News. March 23, 19 76. Poison Wafers
Kill 3 Children.
Boland, J. J. March 23, *1976. Update on Durant,
Okla., Incident. Memo to E. L. Johnson, Deputy Assistant
Administrator for Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental
Protection. Agency. "1 p.
	. Undated (typed March 24, 19 76). Update - Durant,
Okla., Poisoning Incident. Memo and attachments to E. L.
Johnson. 1 p. plus attachments.
1951. Fact^/s influencing
Practical treatment with
Pharm. Exptl. Therap. 102(1):
Johnson, E* L. March 26, 1976. Fatal Poisonings - Durant,
Okla. Memorandum to R-. E* Train 2 pp. plus attachments.

-------
50272-101
report documentation
PAGE
1. REPORT NO.	%
EPA/SPRD-80/11
P8
I. Recipient's Accession No.
4. Title and Subtitle
Compound 1080 and 1081: Position Document 1
7. Author(s)
5. Report Date
12/1/76
8. Performing Organization Rept. No.
9. Performing Organization Name and Address
Special Pesticide Review Division
Environmental Protection Agency
Crystal Mall #2
Arlington, VA
10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.
11. ContractCC) or Grant(Q) No.
(C)
(G)
12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address
Environmantal Protection Agency
401 M. St., S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
13. Type of Report & Period Covered
14.
15. Supplementary Notes
16. Abstract (Limit: 200 words)
Preliminary Risk Assessment: Examination of possible unreasonable_
risks associated with uses of pesticide and a gathering of all available
information to determine whether or not this or any other risk does
exist. Initiates literature search and evaluates risk data. Limited
information on exposure to forecast extent of risk.
17. Document Analysis a. Descriptors
0504
b.	Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms
0606
c.	COSATI Field/Group
18. Availability Statement
Release Unlimited
19. Security Class (This Report)
Unclassified
20. Security Ctass (This Page)
[Inr1ac
-------