&EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency Technical Fact Sheet - Perchlorate September 2017 TECHNICAL FACT SHEET - PERCHLORATE Introduction This fact sheet, developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office (FFRRO), provides a summary of the contaminant perchlorate, including physical and chemical properties; environmental and health impacts; existing federal and state guidelines; detection and treatment methods; and additional sources of information. This fact sheet provides basic information on perchlorate to site managers and other field personnel who are addressing perchlorate contamination at cleanup sites or in drinking water supplies. What is perchlorate? ~ Perchlorate is a naturally occurring and man-made anion that consists of one chlorine atom bonded to four oxygen atoms (CIO4"). Manufactured forms of perchlorate include perchloric acid and salts such as ammonium perchlorate, sodium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate (EPA FFRRO 2005; ITRC 2005). ~ Perchlorate is commonly used in solid rocket propellants, munitions, fireworks, airbag initiators for vehicles, matches and signal flares (EPA FFRRO 2005; ITRC 2005). It is also used in some electroplating operations (ATSDR 2008; ITRC 2005). ~ Of the domestically produced perchlorate, 90 percent is manufactured for use in the defense and aerospace industries, primarily in the form of ammonium perchlorate (GAO 2005; ITRC 2005). ~ Perchlorate may occur naturally, particularly in arid regions such as the southwestern United States (Rao and others 2007). ~ Perchlorate is found as a natural impurity in nitrate salts from Chile, which are imported and used to produce nitrate fertilizers, explosives and other products (EPA FFRRO 2005; ITRC 2005). Disclaimer: The U.S. EPA prepared this fact sheet using the most recent publicly-available scientific information; additional information can be obtained from the source documents. This fact sheet is not intended to be used as a primary source of information and is not intended, nor can it be relied upon, to create any rights enforceable by any party in litigation with the United States. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. At a Glance ~ Both naturally occurring and man- made anion. ~ Contamination has been found at sites involved in the manufacture, maintenance, use and disposal of ammunition and rocket fuel. ~ Highly soluble in water; migrates quickly from soil to groundwater. ~ Primary pathways for human exposure include ingestion of contaminated food and drinking water. ~ Affects thyroid gland by interfering with iodide uptake. ~ EPA issued Interim Drinking Water Health Advisory. ~ Various states have screening values or cleanup goals for perchlorate in drinking water or groundwater. ~ Various detection methods available. ~ Common treatment technologies include ion exchange, bioremediation and membrane technologies. United States Environmental Protection Agency Land and Emergency Management (5106P) 1 EPA 505-F-17-003 September 2017 ------- Technical Fact Sheet - Perchlorate Exhibit 1: Physical and Chemical Properties of Perchlorate Compounds (ATSDR 2008; EPA FFRRO 2005; ITRC 2005; NIOSH 2014) Property Ammonium Perchlorate Sodium Perchlorate Potassium Perchlorate Perchloric Acid Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) numbers 7790-98-9 7601-89-0 7778-74-7 7601-90-3 Physical description (physical state at room temperature) White orthorhombic crystal White orthorhombic deliquescent crystal Colorless orthorhombic crystal or white crystalline powder Colorless, oily liquid Molecular weight (g/mol) 117.49 122.44 138.55 100.47 Water solubility (g/L at 25°C) 200 2,100 15 Miscible in cold water Melting / Boiling point* (°C) Melting point: 130 Melting point: 471 to 482 Melting point: 400 to 525 Melting point: -112 Boiling point: 19 Vapor pressure at 25°C (mm Hg) Very low Very low Very low N/A Specific gravity (g/cm3) 1.95 2 2.52 1.77 Octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow) -5.84 -7.18 -7.18 -4.63 *Different melting point temperatures are identified in literature. Abbreviations: g/mol - grams per mole; g/L - grams per liter; °C - degrees Celsius; mm Hg - millimeters of mercury; g/cm3 - grams per cubic centimeter. Existence of perchlorate in the environment Perchlorate is highly soluble in water, arid relatively stable arid mobile in surface arid subsurface aqueous systems. As a result, perchlorate plumes in groundwater can be extensive (ITRC 2005). For example, the perchlorate plume at a former safety flare manufacturing site (the Oiin Flare Facility) in Morgan Hill, California, extends 10 miles (Cal/EPA 2016b). Because of their low vapor pressure, perchlorate compounds and the perchlorate anion do not volatilize from water or soil surfaces to air (ATSDR 2008; ITRC 2005). Perchlorate released directly to the atmosphere is expected to readily settle through wet or dry deposition (ATSDR 2008). High concentrations of perchlorate have been detected at current and Formerly Used Defense Sites historically involved in the manufacture, testing and disposal of ammunition and rocket fuel or at industrial sites where perchlorate is manufactured or used as a reagent during operations (ATSDR 2008; ITRC 2005). Types of military and defense-related facilities with known releases include missile ranges and missile and rocket manufacturing facilities. However, since site-specific documentation may not be available and based on historical uncertainties, it is generally difficult to identify specific military sites with known perchlorate releases (ITRC 2005). From 1997 to 2009, the Department of Defense reported perchlorate detections at 284 (almost 70 percent) of its installations sampled (GAO 2010). In addition, the past disposal of munitions in either burial pits or by open burning and open detonation may have resulted in releases to the environment. The amount of perchlorate released can vary depending on the length of time the disposal area was used and the types of munitions disposed of in the area (ITRC 2005). Nitrate is commonly found as a co-contaminant in water with perchlorate because ammonium nitrate is a main component in rocket fuel and explosives (DoDESTCP 2013). Studies have shown perchlorate accumulates in some food crop leaves, tobacco plants and in broad-leaf plants (ATSDR 2008). Surveys conducted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration have detected perchlorate in food crops and milk (Murray and others 2008). 2 ------- Technical Fact Sheet - Perchlorate As of October 2009, perchlorate had been detected at varying levels in drinking water, groundwater, surface water, soil or sediment at private and federal facilities in 45 states, three U.S. territories and Washington D.C. The maximum concentrations reported in any media ranged from less than 4 parts per billion (ppb) to 2.6 million ppb (GA0 2010). EPA reported perchlorate detections at 40 hazardous waste sites on the EPA National Priorities List as of June 2010 (GAO 2010). What are the routes of exposure and the potential health effects of perchlorate? Primary pathways for human exposure to perchlorate are ingestion of contaminated food and drinking water (ATSDR 2008; EPA FFRRO 2005). After perchlorate is ingested, it quickly passes through the stomach and intestines and enters the bloodstream (ATSDR 2008). The thyroid gland is the primary target of perchlorate toxicity in humans. Thyroid hormones play an important role in regulating metabolism and are critical for normal growth and development in fetuses, infants and young children. Perchlorate can interfere with iodide uptake into the thyroid gland at high enough exposures, disrupting the functions of the thyroid and potentially leading to a reduction in the production of thyroid hormones (ATSDR 2008; Cal/EPA 2015; National Research Council 2005). Potassium perchlorate was historically used to treat hyperthyroidism because of its ability to inhibit thyroid iodide uptake (ATSDR 2008; National Research Council 2005). Studies conducted on rodents showed that perchlorate concentrations below that required to alter thyroid hormone equilibrium are unlikely to cause thyroid cancer in human beings (ATSDR 2008; EPA IRIS 2005). Short-term exposure to high doses of ammonium, sodium or potassium perchlorate may cause eye, skin and respiratory tract irritation, coughing, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Perchloric acid is corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract, and short-term exposure to high doses may cause sore throat, coughing, labored breathing, deep burns, loss of vision, abdominal pain, vomiting or diarrhea (NIOSH2014). Are there any federal and state guidelines and health standards for perchlorate? EPA assigned perchlorate a chronic oral reference dose (RfD) of 0.0007 milligrams per kilogram per day (mg/kg/day). The RfD is an estimate of a daily exposure level that is likely to be without non- cancer health effects over a lifetime (EPA IRIS 2005). The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) has established a minimal risk level (MRL) of 0.0007 mg/kg/day for chronic- duration oral exposure (365 days or more) to perchlorate. An MRL is an estimate of the daily human exposure to a hazardous substance that is likely to be without appreciable risk of adverse non-cancer health effects over a specified duration of exposure (ATSDR 2008, 2016). In 2011, EPA determined that perchlorate meets the Safe Drinking Water Act criteria for regulation as a contaminant. EPA then worked with the FDA to develop a dose-response model to analyze the effects of perchlorate on thyroid hormone production. In 2017, EPA completed a peer review to evaluate EPA's draft dose-response model. A future peer review will evaluate EPA's draft approach for deriving a Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG) for perchlorate in drinking water (EPA 2017a). In 2008, EPA established an Interim Drinking Water Health Advisory of 15 micrograms per liter ((jg/L) for perchlorate. Exposure to this level for more than 30 days, but less than a year, is not expected to cause any adverse non-cancer effects. Health Advisories serve as informal guidance to assist managers of water systems; they are not legally enforceable standards (EPA 2008, 2012). EPA has calculated a tapwater screening level of 14 (jg/Lfor perchlorate and perchlorate salts (EPA 2017b). EPA's Office of Land and Emergency Management recommends a preliminary remedial goal (PRG) of 15 (jg/L at Superfund sites where there is an actual or potential drinking water exposure pathway, and where no applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements exist under federal or state laws (EPA 2009). California (6 |jg/L) and Massachusetts (2 |jg/L) have established enforceable standards for 3 ------- Technical Fact Sheet - Perchlorate perchlorate in drinking water (Cal/EPA 2016c; Massachusetts DEP 2016). Various states have adopted screening values or cleanup goals for perchlorate in drinking water or groundwater, ranging from 0.8 to 71 (jg/L: State Guideline (|jg/L) Source Alabama 24.5 AD EM 2008 California 1 (public health goal) Cal/EPA 2016a Colorado 4.9 CDPHE 2016 Florida 4 FDEP 2005 Illinois 4.9 IL EPA 2016 Indiana 15 IDEM 2016 Kansas 11 (residential) 71 (non-residential) KDHE2015 Maine 0.8 MDEP 2016 Maryland 2.6 MDE 2008 Nebraska 6.4 NDEQ 2012 Nevada 18 NDEP 2015 New Mexico 25.6 NMED 2012 Pennsylvania 15 PADEP 2011 State Guideline (|jg/L) Source Texas 17 TCEQ 2016 Utah 14 UDEQ 2012 Vermont 2 (interim preventive action level); 4 (interim enforcement standard) VTDEC 2015 Virginia 15 VDEQ 2014 West Virginia 11 WVDEP 2014 Wyoming 23.3 WDEQ 2016 EPA has calculated soil screening levels of 55 miiiigrams per kilogram (mg/kg) for residential areas and 820 mg/kg for industrial areas for perchlorate and perchlorate salts (ammonium, potassium, sodium and lithium) (EPA 2016b). Various states have adopted screening values or cleanup goals for perchlorate in soil, ranging from 0.1 to 150 mg/kg for residential areas, and from 5 to 2,000 mg/kg for industrial areas. What detection and site characterization methods are available for perchlorate? Drinking water, groundwater and surface water: ¦ EPA Method 314.0 - Ion Chromatography (EPA 2016a) ¦ EPA Method 314.1 Rev 1.0 - Inline Column Concentration/Matrix Elimination Ion Chromatography with Suppressed Conductivity Detection (EPA 2016a) ¦ EPA Method 314.2 - Two-Dimensional Ion Chromatography with Suppressed Conductivity Detection (EPA 2016a) ¦ EPA Method 331.0 Rev. 1.0 - Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray lonization/Mass Spectrometry (EPA 2016a) Drinking water: EPA Method 332.0 - Ion Chromatography with Suppressed Conductivity and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (EPA 2016a) Surface water, groundwater, wastewater, salt water and soil: EPA SW-846 Method 6850 - High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray lonization/Mass Spectrometry (EPA 2016c) Surface water, groundwater, salt water and soil: EPA SW-846 Method 6860 - Ion Chromatography/ Electrospray lonization/Mass Spectrometry (EPA 2016c) The presence of high amounts of other anions, such as chloride, sulfate or carbonate, may interfere with the analysis of perchlorate (EPA 1999). Researchers have developed methods to distinguish man-made and natural sources of perchlorate in water samples using chlorine and oxygen stable isotope ratio analysis (BohIke and others 2005; ITRC 2005; Sturchio and others 2014). What technologies are being used to treat perchlorate? ~ Ex Situ Treatment ¦ Ion exchange using perchlorate-selective or nitrate-specific resins is a proven method for removal of perchlorate from drinking water, groundwater, and surface water (ITRC 2008). ¦ Ex situ bioremediation is being used to treat a large perchlorate plume in southern Nevada (NDEP2017). ¦ Membrane technologies including electrodialysis and reverse osmosis have been used to remove perchlorate from groundwater, surface water and wastewater; however, these all require subsequent disposal of the perchlorate removed (EPA FFRRO 2005; ITRC 2008). Although standard granular activated carbon (GAC) does not efficiently remove perchlorate, the adsorptive capacity of GAC may be increased through the addition of a surface- active coating to produce a modified or tailored GAC. Tailored GAC has proven to be effective for treating perchlorate in water; however, it ------- Technical Fact Sheet - Perchlorate produces a waste stream requiring management (Hou and others 2013; ITRC 2008). ¦ Laboratory-study results indicate that an electrically switched ion exchange system using a conductive carbon nanotube nanocomposite material could be used for the large-scale treatment of wastewater and drinking water. This approach would produce less secondary waste than conventional ion exchange processes (DoD SERDP 2011). ¦ A recent field study demonstrated the effective treatment of perchlorate-contaminated groundwater to below detection limits using a large-scale weak base anion resin ion exchange system. This system allows efficient and economical regeneration of the spent resin (DoD ESTCP 2012b). ¦ A fluidized bed biological reactor treatment train successfully treated low concentrations of perchlorate in groundwater to meet the California drinking water standards (6 |jg/L) in a field study. The microbial process completely destroyed the perchlorate molecules, so no subsequent treatment or waste disposal was needed (DoD ESTCP 2009b). ¦ Laboratory study results indicate that ultraviolet laser reduction can be used to decompose low levels of perchlorate (below 100 |jg/L) in water. This technology is currently undergoing laboratory testing and has not yet been commercialized or used in full-scale systems (ITRC 2008). One laboratory study found that ultraviolet light and sulfite are able to degrade perchlorate when used together, but not when used alone (Vellanki and others 2013). ~ In Situ Treatment ¦ Enhanced in situ bioremediation using ubiquitous perchlorate-reducing microbes can be an effective method for degrading perchlorate in groundwater and soil, at a lower cost than ex situ methods (DoD SERDP 2002; ITRC 2008; Stroo and Ward 2008). ¦ A laboratory study found that adding acetate or hydrogen as electron donors can increase perchlorate removal efficiency in groundwater (Wang and others 2013). ¦ Field study demonstration results indicate that a horizontal flow treatment well system can effectively deliver electron donor and promote the in situ biological reduction of perchlorate in groundwater (DoD ESTCP 2009c). ¦ A field study evaluated the use of gaseous electron donor injection technology for the anaerobic biodegradation of perchlorate in vadose zone soil. Results showed an average perchlorate destruction of more than 90 percent within the targeted 10-foot radius of influence within five months (DoD ESTCP 2009d). ¦ A field study evaluated the use of an emulsified oil biobarrier to enhance the in situ anaerobic biodegradation of perchlorate and chlorinated solvents in groundwater. Within 5 days of injection, perchlorate was degraded from an initial concentration range of 3,100 to 20,000 (jg/L to below detection limits (less than 4 |jg/L) in the injection and nearby monitoring wells (DoD SERDP 2008). ¦ A field study demonstrated that enhanced in situ bioremediation of perchlo rate-impacted groundwater is effective using either an active or semi-passive approach. The active approach used on-going groundwater recirculation and delivery of an electron donor; perchlorate concentrations as high as 4,300 (jg/L were reduced to less than 4 (jg/L within 50 feet of the electron donor delivery/recharge well. The semi- passive approach involved periodic delivery of electron donor; perchlorate concentrations were reduced from levels over 800 (jg/L to an average concentration of 3.4 (jg/L (DoD ESTCP 2009a, 2012a). ¦ Laboratory and field studies have demonstrated the potential for using monitored natural attenuation to treat perchlorate in groundwater (DoD ESTCP 2010). ¦ Several bench-scale tests have demonstrated the potential effectiveness of phytoremediation and constructed wetlands to treat perchlorate- contaminated media; limited field study demonstrations have been implemented (ITRC 2008). Recent laboratory study results indicate that the wetland plant, Eichhorriia crassipes, may be an effective plant for constructing a wetland to remediate high levels of perchlorate in water based on its high tolerance and accumulation ability (He and others 2013). ~ DoD's environmental research programs have funded many projects to research the remediation of perchlorate. For more information, see www.serdp-estcp.ora/Featured- Initiatives/Cleanup-lnitiatives/Perchlorate and www.serdp-estcp.ora/T ools-and- Trainina/Environmental-Restoration/Perchlorate. 5 ------- Technical Fact Sheet - Perchlorate Where can I find more information about perchlorate? Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2008. "Toxicological Profile for Perchlorates." www.atsdr.cdc.aov/toxprofiles/tp162. pdf ATSDR. 2016. "Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs)." www, atsdr. cdc. gov/mrls/index. asp Alabama Department of Environmental Management (ADEM). 2008. "Alabama Risk- Based Corrective Action Guidance Manual." adem.alabama.aov/proarams/land/landforms/arb camanual.pdf Bohlke, J.K., Sturchio, N.C., Gu, B., Horita, J., Brown, G.M., Jackson, W.A., Batista, J., and P.B. Hatzinger. 2005. "Perchlorate Isotope Forensics." Analytical Chemistry. Volume 77. Pages 7838 to 7842. pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ac051360d California Environmental Protection Agency (Cal/EPA). 2015. "Public Health Goal: Perchlorate in Drinking Water." oehha.ca.aov/water/pubiic-health-aoal-fact- sheet/final-technical-support-document-public- health-qoal-perchlorate Cal/EPA. 2016a. "A Compilation of Water Quality Goals." www.waterboards.ca.aov/water issues/proa ram s/water quality goals/ Cal/EPA. 2016b. "Olin Perchlorate Site." www.waterboards.ca.gov/rwgcb3/water issues/ proorams/oiin corp/index.shtml Cal/EPA. 2016c. "Perchlorate in Drinking Water." www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking water/certiic/ drinkingwater/Perchlo rate .s html Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE). 2016. "The Basic Standards for Ground Water." 5 CCR 1002-41. www.colorado.gov/pacific/sites/default/files/41 2 016%2812%29. pdf Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP). 2005. "Groundwater and Surface Water Cleanup Target Levels." www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/guick topics/rules/do cuments/62-777/62- 777 Tablel GroundwaterCTLs.pdf He, H., Gao, H., Chen, G., Li, H., Lin, H., andZ. Shu. 2013. "Effects of Perchlorate on Growth of Four Wetland Plants and Its Accumulation in Plant Tissues." Environmental Science and Pollution Research. Volume 20 (10). Pages 7301 to 7308. link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-013- 1744-4 Hou, P., Cannon, F.S., Brown, N.R., Byrne, T., Gu, X., and C.N. Delgado. 2013. "Granular Activated Carbon Anchored with Quaternary Ammonium/Epoxide-Forming Compounds to Enhance Perchlorate Removal from Groundwater." Carbon. Volume 53. Pages 197 to 207. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008 622312008615 Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IL EPA). 2016. "Non-TACO Class I and Class II Groundwater Objectives." www.epa.illinois.gov/topics/cleanup- programs/taco/other-chemicals/index Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM). 2016. "Remediation Closure Guide." Table A-6: IDEM OLQ 2016 Screening Levels. www.in.gov/idem/landguaiitv/fiies/risc screening table 2016.pdf Interstate Technology Regulatory Council (ITRC). 2005. "Perchlorate: Overview of Issues, Status, and Remedial Options." www.itrcweb.org/GuidanceDocuments/PERC- 1.pdf ITRC. 2008. "Remediation Technologies for Perchlorate Contamination in Water and Soil." www.itrcweb.org/GuidanceDocuments/PERC- 2. pdf Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE). 2015. "Risk-Based Standards For Kansas: RSK Manual -5th Version." www.kdheks.gov/remedial/download/RSK Manu al 15.pdf Maine Department of Environmental Protection (MDEP). 2016. "Maine Remedial Action Guidelines (RAGs) for Sites Contaminated with Hazardous Substances." www.maine.gov/dep/soills/publications/guidance /rags/ME-RAGS-Revised-Final 020516.pdf Maryland Department of the Environment (MDE). 2008. "Cleanup Standards for Soil and Groundwater." www.phaseonline.com/assets/Site 18/files/MDE %20June%202008%20VCP%20Cleanup%20St andards.pdf Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (DEP). 2016. Water Resources: Perchlorate Information. www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/massdep/water/dri n king/perch lorate-information.htm I 6 ------- Technical Fact Sheet - Perchlorate Where can I find more information about perchlorate? (continued) Murray, C.W., Egan, S.K., Kim, H., Beru, N., arid P.M. Bolger. 2008. "US Food arid Drug Administration's Total Diet Study: Dietary Intake of Perchlorate and Iodine." Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology. Volume 18. Pages 571 to 580. www.nature.com/ies/iournal/v18/n6/ pdf/7500648a.pdf National Research Council. 2005. "Health Implications of Perchlorate Ingestion." www.nap.edu/catalog/11202/health-implications- of- perchlorate-i naestion National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2014. International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC). www, cdc. gov/niosh/i pcs/default. htm I Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality (NDEQ). 2012. "VCP Remediation Goals." cleg. ne.gov/Publica. nsf/xsp/.ibmmodres/domino/O pe n Attach me nt/Publica.nsf/D243C2B56E34EA848 6256F2700698997/Bodv/ATT IY3 JX. pdf Nevada Division of Environmental Protection (NDEP). 2015. "Defining a Perchlorate Drinking Water Standard." ndep.nv.gov/uploads/env- sitecleanup-active-bmi-perchlorate/perchlorate- drinking-water-standard.pdf NDEP. 2017. "Black Mountain Industrial (BMI) Complex: Perchlorate." ndep.nv.gov/environmental-cleanup/site-cleanup- program/active-cleanup-sites/bmi- complex/perchlorate New Mexico Environment Department (NMED). 2012. "Risk Assessment Guidance for Site Investigations and Remediation." www.env.nm.gov/HWB/documents/NMED RA Gu idance for SI and Remediation Feb 2012 .pdf Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP). 2011. "Statewide Health Standards." www.dep.pa.gov/Business/Land/LandRecvciing/St andards-Gu idance-Procedures/Paoes/Statewide- Health-Standards.asox Rao, B., Anderson, T.A., Orris, G.J., Rainwater, K.A., Rajagopalan, S., Sandvig, R.M., Scanlon, B.R., Stonestrom, D.A., Walvoord, M.A, and W.A. Jackson. 2007. "Widespread Natural Perchlorate in Unsaturated Zones of the Southwest United States." Environmental Science & Technology. Volume 41 (13). Pages 4522 to 4528. pubs.acs.orQ/doi/abs/10.1021/esQ62853i Stroo, H.F., and C.H. Ward, Eds. 2008. "In Situ Bio re mediation of Perchlorate in Groundwater." www, sori noe r. com/us/book/9780387849201 Sturchio, N.C., Beloso, A., Heraty, L.J., Wheatcraft, S., and R. Schumer. 2014. "Isotopic Tracing of Perchlorate Sources in Groundwater from Pomona, California." Applied Geochemistry. Volume 43. Pages 80 to 87. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S08832 92714000225 Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ). 2016. "TRRP Protective Concentration Levels." www.tceq.texas.gov/remediation/trrp/trrppcls.html U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) (Cox, E., Krug, T., and D. Bertrand). 2009a. "Comparative Demonstration of Active and Semi-Passive In Situ Bioremediation Approaches for Perchlorate-Impacted Groundwater (Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant)." ER-200219. www, serdp-estcp. org/Prooram- Areas/Environmental-Restoration/Contaminated- G rou ndwater/E me roi no-lssues/ER-200219/ER- 200219 DoD ESTCP (Webster, T.S., and P. Togna). 2009b. "Demonstration of a Full-Scale Fluidized Bed Bioreactor for the Treatment of Perchlorate at Low Concentrations in Groundwater." ER-200543. www, serdp-estcp. org/Prooram- Areas/Environmental-Restoration/Contaminated- Groundwater/Emergina-lssues/ER-200543 DoD ESTCP (Hatzinger, P., and J. Diebold). 2009c. "In Situ Bioremediation of Perchlorate in Groundwater." ER-200224. www.serdp- estcp. org/Program-Areas/Enviro nmental- Restoration/Contaminated- G rou ndwater/E me rai no-lssues/ER-200224/ER- 200224/flanguageyena-US DoD ESTCP (Evans, P., Cai, H., Hopfensperger, K., Opitz, E., Titus, T., and R. Brennan). 2009d. "In Situ Bioremediation of Perchlorate in Vadose Zone Soil Using Gaseous Electron Donors." ER-200511. www, serdp-estcp. oro/Prooram- Areas/Environmental-Restoration/Contaminated- G rou ndwater/E merging-lssues/ER-200511/ER- 200511 DoD ESTCP (Lieberman, T.M., Knox, S.L., and R.C. Borden). 2010. "Evaluation of Potential for Monitored Natural Attenuation of Perchlorate in Groundwater (Indian Head)." ER-200428. www, serdp-estcp. oro/i ndex. php/Prooram- Areas/Environmental-Restoration/Contaminated- G rou ndwater/E me roi no-lssues/ER-200428/ER- 200428 7 ------- Technical Fact Sheet - Perchlorate Where can I find more information at ~ DoD ESTCP (Cox, E, arid T. Krug). 2012a. "Comparative Demonstration of Active and Semi- Passive In Situ Bioremediation Approaches for Perchlorate Impacted Groundwater: Active In Situ Bioremediation Demonstration (Aerojet Facility)." ER-200219. www.serdp-estcp.org/Program- Areas/Environmental-Restoration/Contaminated- G rou ndwater/E merging-1 ssues/ER-200219/ER- 200219 ~ DoD ESTCP (Rine, J., Coppola, E., and A. Davis). 2012b. "Demonstration of Regenerable, Large- Scale Ion Exchange System Using WBA Resin in Rialto, CA." ER-201168. www.serdp- estcp.org/Program-Areas/Environmental- Restoration/Contaminated- G rou ndwater/E merging-1 ssues/ER-201168 ~ DoD ESTCP (Evans, P., Smith, J., Singh, T., Hyung, H., Arucan, C., Berokoff, D., Friese, D., Overstreet, R., Vigo, R., Rittman, B., Ontiveros- Valencia, A., Zhao, H.-P., Tang, Y., Kim, B.-O., Van Ginkel, S., and R. Krajmalnik-Brown). 2013. "Perchlorate Destruction and Potable Water Production Using Membrane Biofilm Reduction." ER-200541. www.serdp-estcp.org/Prooram- Areas/Environmental-Restoration/Contaminated- G rou ndwater/E merging-1 ssues/ER-200541 /ER- 200541 ~ DoD Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) (Cox, E.). 2002. "In Situ Bioremediation of Perchlorate-Impacted Groundwater." ER-1164. www.serdp- estcp.org/Program-Areas/Environmental- Restoration/Contaminated- G rou ndwater/E merging-1 ssues/ER-1164 ~ DoD SERDP (Borden, R.C). 2008. "Development of Permeable Reactive Barriers Using Edible Oils." ER-1205. www.serdp-estcp.org/Prooram- Areas/Environmental-Restoration/Contaminated- G rou ndwater/E R-1205/ER-1205/flanouageVeng- US ~ DoD SERDP (Lin, Y.). 2011. "Novel Electrochemical Process for Treatment of Perchlorate in Waste Water." ER-1433. www, serdp-estcp. oro/Prooram- Areas/Environmental-Restoration/Contaminants- on-Ranges/ER-1433 ~ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1999. "Method 314.0 Determination of Perchlorate in Drinking Water Using Ion Chromatography." Revision 1.0. www.epa.gov/dwanalvticalmethods/analvtical- perchlorate? (continued) methods-developed-epa-analvsis-unregulated- contaminants ~ EPA. 2008. "Interim Drinking Water Health Advisory For Perchlorate." EPA 822-R-08-025. nepis.epa.gov ~ EPA. 2009. "Revised Assessment Guidance for Perchlorate." www.epa.gov/fedfac/revised- assessment-auidance-perchlorate ~ EPA. 2012. "2012 Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories." EPA 822-S-12- 001. www.epa.gov/dwstandardsregulations/drinking- water-contaminant-human-health-effects- information ~ EPA. 2016a. "Analytical Methods Developed by EPA for Analysis of Unregulated Contaminants." www.epa.gov/dwanalvticalmethods/analvtical- methods-developed-epa-analvsis-unregulated- contaminants ~ EPA. 2016c. "Validated Test Methods Recommended for Waste Testing." www.epa.gov/hw-sw846/vaiidated-test-methods- recommended-waste-testing ~ EPA. 2017a. Perchlorate in Drinking Water. www.epa.gov/dwstandardsregulations/perchlorate- drinking-water ~ EPA. 2017b. Regional Screening Levels (RSLs) - Generic Tables (June 2017). www.epa.gov/risk/reaional-screenino-levels-rsls ~ EPA Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office (FFRRO). 2005. "Perchlorate Treatment Technology Update - Federal Facilities Forum Issue Paper." EPA 542-R-05-015. www.epa.gov/remedvtech/perchlorate- treatment-technoloav-update ~ EPA. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). 2005. "Perchlorate (CI04) and Perchlorate Salts." cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris2/chemical Landing. cfm?s ubstance nmbr=1007 ~ U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO). 2005. "Perchlorate: A System to Track Sampling and Cleanup Results Is Needed." GAO-05-462. www, oao. gov/new. items/d05462. pdf ~ U.S. GAO. 2010. "Perchlorate: Occurrence Is Widespread but at Varying Levels; Federal Agencies Have Taken Some Actions to Respond to and Lessen Releases." GAO-10-769. www.gao.gov/assets/310/308652. pdf 8 ------- Technical Fact Sheet - Perchlorate Where can I find more information i ~ Utah Department of Environmental Quality (UDEQ). 2012. "UDEQ Voluntary Cleanup Program Frequently Asked Questions." www.dea.utah.gov/ProaramsServices/proarams/ cercla/voluntarvcleanup/docs/2012/Q2Feb/vcp- faqs.pdf ~ Vellanki, B.P., Batchelor, B., and A. Abdel- Wahab. 2013. "Advanced Reduction Processes: A New Class of Treatment Processes." Environmental Engineering Science. Volume 30 (5). Pages 264 to 271. online, liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/ees.2012. 0273 ~ Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation (VTDEC). 2015. "Interim Groundwater Quality Standards." dec.vermont.gov/water/laws ~ Virginia Department of Environmental Quality (VDEQ). 2014. "VRP Table 2.6: Selection of perchlorate? (continued) Contaminants of Concern." www.deg.state.va. us/Portal s/O/DEQ/Land/Re me diationPrograms/VRPRisk/Screen/vrp26.xlsx ~ Wang, R., Chen, M., Zhang, J.W., Liu, F., and H.H. Chen. 2013. "Microbial Perchlorate Reduction in Groundwater with Different Electron Donors." Applied Mechanics and Materials. Volumes 295 to 298. Pages 1402 to 1407. www.scientific.net/AMM.295-298.1402 ~ West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection (WVDEP). 2014. "VRP Table §60-3B, De Minimis Table." www.dep.wv.gov/dlr/oer/voluntarvmain/Pages/d efault.aspx ~ Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality (WDEQ). 2016. "VRP Soil and Groundwater Cleanup Level Tables." deg.wvoming.gov/shwd/voluntarv-remediation- program/resources/fact-sheets/ Additional information on perchlorate can be found at EPA's www.cluin.org/perchlorate. Contact Information If you have any questions or comments on this fact sheet, please contact: Mary Cooke, FFRRO, at cooke. marvt@epa.gov. 9 ------- |