v>EPA Technical Fact Sheet - Environmental Protection 1,2,3-Trichloropropane (TCP) September 2017 TECHNICAL FACT SHEET - 1,2,3-TCP Introduction This fact sheet, developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office (FFRRO), provides a summary of the contaminant 1,2,3-trichloropropane (TCP), including physical and chemical properties; environmental and health impacts; existing federal and state guidelines; detection and treatment methods; and sources of additional information. This fact sheet is intended for use by site managers and other field personnel in addressing TCP contamination at cleanup sites or in drinking water supplies and for those in a position to consider whether TCP should be added to the analytical suite for site investigations. TCP is a contaminant of interest to the government, private sector and other parties. It is a persistent pollutant in groundwater and has been classified as "likely to be carcinogenic to humans" by EPA (EPA 2009). What is TCP? ~ TCP is exclusively a man-made chlorinated hydrocarbon, typically found at industrial or hazardous waste sites (Dombeck and Borg 2005; ATSDR 1992). TCP is often present at sites contaminated by other chlorinated solvents (Dombeck and Borg 2005). ~ TCP has been used as an industrial solvent and as a cleaning and degreasing agent; it has been found as an impurity resulting from the production of soil fumigants (NTP 2016; HSDB 2009). ~ TCP is used as a chemical intermediate in the production of other chemicals such as liquid polymers (NTP 2016; HSDB 2009). Disclaimer: The U.S. EPA prepared this fact sheet using the most recent publicly-available scientific information; additional information can be obtained from the source documents. This fact sheet is not intended to be used as a primary source of information and is not intended, nor can it be relied upon, to create any rights enforceable by any party in litigation with the United States. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. At a Glance ~ Produced as a chemical intermediate. ~ Formerly used as a paint and varnish remover, solvent and degreasing agent. ~ Evaporates readily from surface soil and surface water and travels quickly from subsurface soil to groundwater. ~ In the pure form, likely to exist as a dense nonaqueous phase liquid. ~ Primary human exposure routes are inhalation of ambient air and ingestion of drinking water. ~ EPA has classified TCP as "likely to be carcinogenic to humans." ~ Short-term exposure may cause eye and throat irritation; long-term exposure has led to liver and kidney damage and reduced body weight in animal studies. ~ A federal maximum contaminant level (MCL) has not been established for TCP in drinking water; federal and state health- based screening levels have been established. ~ Remediation technologies available to treat TCP contamination in groundwater and soil include granular activated carbon (GAC), dechlorination by hydrogen release compound (HRC®), reductive dechlorination by zero valent zinc and others. United States Environmental Protection Agency Land and Emergency Management (5106P) 1 EPA 505-F-17-007 September 2017 ------- Technical Fact Sheet - 1,2,3-TCP Exhibit 1: Physical and Chemical Properties of TCP (EPA 2017b; NTP 2016; Dombeck arid Borg 2005; HSDB 2009) Property Value Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) number 96-18-4 Physical description (at room temperature) Colorless to straw-colored liquid Molecular weight (g/mol) 147.43 Water solubility at 25°C (mg/L) 1,750 (slightly soluble) Melting point (°C) -14.7 Boiling point (°C) 156.8 Vapor pressure at 25°C (mm Hg) 3.1 to 3.69 (high) Specific gravity at 20°C (g/cm3) 1.3889 Octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow) 1.98 to 2.27 (temperature dependent) Soil organic carbon-water partition coefficient (log Koc) 1.70 to 1.99 (temperature dependent) Henry's law constant at 25°C (atm-m3/mol) 3.43 x 10"4 (HSDB 2009; Dombeck and Borg 2005) Abbreviations: g/mol - gram per mole; mg/L - milligrams per liter; °C - degrees Celsius; g/cm3 - grams per cubic centimeter; mm Hg - millimeters of mercury; atm-m3/mol - atmosphere-cubic meters per mole. Existence of TCP in the environment TCP is riot likely to sorb to soil based ori its low soil organic carbori-water partition coefficient; therefore, it is likely to either leach from soil into groundwater or evaporate from soil surfaces (ATSDR 1992; HSDB 2009). As a result of low abiotic and biotic degradation rates, TCP may remain in groundwater for long periods of time (ATSDR 1992; Samin and Janssen 2012). TCP in pure form is likely to exist as dense nonaqueous phase liquid and thus, will sink to the bottom of a groundwater aquifer because its density is greater than that of water (Cal/EPA 2016a). TCP is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere and is subject to photodegradation by reaction with hydroxy I radicals, with an estimated half-life ranging from 15 to 46 days (NTP 2016; HSDB 2009; Samin and Janssen 2012). TCP is unlikely to become concentrated in plants, fish or other aquatic organisms because it has a low estimated bioconcentration factor (BCF) range of 5.3 to 13 (ATSDR 1992; HSDB 2009). What are the routes of exposure and the potential health effects of TCP? Exposure to the general population primarily occurs through vapor inhalation or ingestion of contaminated water (ATSDR 1995; NTP 2016). Exposure is most likely to occur near hazardous waste sites where TCP was improperly stored or disposed of, or at locations that manufacture or use the chemical (ATSDR 1992; NTP 2016). EPA has classified TCP as "likely to be carcinogenic to humans" based on the formation of multiple tumors in animals (EPA 2009). The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services states that TCP is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals (NTP 2016). The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists classified TCP as a Group A3 carcinogen: a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (HSDB 2009). The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health considers TCP a potential occupational carcinogen (NIOSH 2010). TCP is recognized by the State of California as a human carcinogen (Cal/EPA 2016b). Animal studies have shown that long-term exposure to TCP may cause liver and kidney damage, reduced body weight and increased incidences of tumors in numerous organs (ATSDR 1992; NTP 2016; EPA 2009). Short-term inhalation exposure to high levels of TCP may cause irritation of eyes, skin and the respiratory tract, and depression of the central nervous system (HSDB 2009; NIOSH 2010). In addition, it may affect concentration, memory and muscle coordination (Cal/EPA 2016a). 2 ------- Technical Fact Sheet - 1,2,3-TCP Are there any federal and state guidelines and health standards for TCP? The EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) lists a chronic oral reference dose (RfD) of 4 x 10"3 milligrams per kilogram per day (mg/kg/day) and a chronic inhalation reference concentration (RfC) of 3 x 10-4 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3) (EPA 2009). The cancer risk assessment for TCP is based on an oral slope factor of 30 mg/kg/day (EPA 2009). The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) has established a minimal risk level (MRL) of 0.0003 ppm for acute-duration (14 days or less) inhalation exposure to TCP and an MRL of 0.06 mg/kg/day for intermediate-duration (>14 days to 364 days) oral exposure to TCP (ATSDR 2017). EPA has established drinking water health advisories for TCP, concentrations of drinking water contaminants at which noncancer adverse health effects are not anticipated to occur over specific exposure durations. EPA established a 1- day and a 10-day noncancer health advisory of 0.6 milligrams per liter (mg/L) for TCP in drinking water for a 10-kilogram (kg) child (EPA 2012). EPA's drinking water equivalent level (DWEL) for TCP is 0.1 mg/L based on lifetime exposure and noncancer effects (EPA 2012). EPA has calculated a residential soil screening level (SSL) of 5.1 x 10"3 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) and an industrial SSL of 0.11 mg/kg. The soil-to-groundwater risk-based SSL is 3.2 x 10-7 mg/kg (EPA 2017b). EPA has also calculated a residential air screening level of 3.1 x 10_1 micrograms per cubic meter ((jg/m3) and an industrial air screening level of 1.3 (jg/m3 (EPA 2017b). For tap water, EPA has calculated a screening level of 7.5 x 10"4 micrograms per liter (|jg/L) (EPA 2017b). No federal maximum contaminant level (MCL) has been set for TCP in drinking water (EPA 2017a). EPA included TCP on the fourth Contaminant Candidate List (CCL4), which is a list of unregulated contaminants that are known to, or anticipated to, occur in public water systems and may require regulation under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) (EPA 2016b). In addition, EPA added TCP to its Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR) 3, requiring many large water utilities to monitor for TCP with a minimum reporting level of 0.03 (jg/L. EPA uses the UCMR to monitor contaminants suspected to be present in drinking water that do not currently have health-based standards under the SDWA (EPA 2016a). California has established a state MCL of 0.005 (jg/L (Cal/EPA 2017). Hawaii has established a state MCL of 0.6 (jg/L (HDH 2014). Various other states have established health- based levels in drinking water ranging from 3 x 10"5 (jg/L in Texas (TCEQ 2017) to 40 (jg/L in New York (NYDEC 2016). Several states (Nebraska, North Carolina and West Virginia) (Nebraska 2012; North Carolina 2016; West Virginia 2014) have established residential SSLs similar to EPA's regional screening levels (RSLs). Some states developed levels much higher, ranging from 0.05 mg/kg in New Mexico (2017) to 1,300 mg/kg in Michigan (2013). What detection and site characterization methods are available for TCP? EPA SW-846 Method 8260B uses gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MS) for the detection of TCP in solid waste matrices (EPA 1996). EPA Method 551.1 uses liquid-liquid extraction and GC with electron-capture detection, for the detection of TCP in drinking water, drinking water during intermediate stages of treatment and raw source water (ATSDR 2011; EPA ORD 1990). EPA Method 504.1 uses microextraction and GC, for the detection of TCP in groundwater and drinking water (ATSDR 2011; EPA ORD 1995). EPA Method 524.3 uses capillary column GC/MS, for the detection of TCP in treated drinking water (EPA OGWDW 2009). CDPH uses liquid-liquid extraction and GC/MS and purge and trap GC/MS, for trace-level detection of TCP in drinking water (CDPH 2002a, b). 3 ------- Technical Fact Sheet - 1,2,3-TCP What technologies are being used to treat TCP? Treatment technologies for TCP in groundwater include traditional methods such as pump and treat, permeable reactive barriers, in situ chemical oxidation and bioremediation (reductive dechlorination) (Cal/EPA 2016a). TCP in water can be removed using granular activated carbon (GAC); however, TCP has only a low to moderate adsorption capacity for GAC and may require a larger GAC treatment system, increasing treatment costs (Dombeck and Borg 2005; Cal/EPA 2016a; Tratnyek and others 2008). In a full-scale study, hydrogen release compound (HRC®) successfully reduced TCP to non-detect levels through the promotion of anaerobic reductive dechlorination of TCP in groundwater (Tratnyek and others 2008). Treatment for TCP in water using ultraviolet radiation and chemical oxidation with potassium permanganate has achieved some success for low-flow systems (Dombeck and Borg 2005; Cal/EPA 2016a). Bench-scale tests have also investigated chemical oxidation with Fenton's reagent for the treatment of TCP in groundwater. A study found that Fe(2+) was the most effective type of iron at reducing TCP (Khan and others 2009; Samin and Janssen 2012). Bench-scale tests have shown evidence of TCP degradation in water to levels as low as 0.005 (jg/l using advanced oxidation processes involving ozone and hydrogen peroxide (Cal/EPA 2016a; Dombeck and Borg 2005). Bench-scale tests using zero-valent iron have shown limited degradation of TCP in saturated soil and groundwater (Sarathy and others 2010; Tratnyek and others 2008, 2010). Bench- and field-scale studies have identified granular zero valent zinc as an effective reductant for remediation of TCP in groundwater, with more rapid degradation compared with granular zero-valent iron and limited accumulation of intermediate products (ATSDR 2011; Sarathy and others 2010; Salter- Blanc and others 2012; Tratnyek and others 2010). Recent studies are investigating the use of genetically engineered strains of Rhodococcus for the complete biodegradation of TCP under aerobic conditions (Samin and Janssen 2012). Where can I find more information about TCP? Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 1992. "Toxicological Profile for 1,2,3-Trichloropropane." www, atsdr. cdc. gov/toxprofiles/tp57. pdf ATSDR. 1995. ToxFAQs "1,2,3-Trichloro- propane." www, atsdr. cdc. qov/toxfaqs/tfacts57. pdf ATSDR. 2011. "Addendum to the Toxicological Profile for 1,2,3-Trichloropropane." www.atsdr. cdc.aov/toxprofiIes/1 2 3 trichlorooropane add endum.pdf ATSDR. 2017. "Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs)." www, atsdr. cdc. aov/mrls/pdfs/atsdr mrls. pdf California Department of Public Health (CDPH). 2002a. "Determination of 1,2,3-T richloropropane in Drinking Water by Continuous Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry." www.waterboards.ca.aov/drinkina water/certiic/ drinkinawater/documents/drinkinowaterlabs/TCP bvLLE-GCMS.pdf ~ CDPH. 2002b. "Determination of 1,2,3- Trichloropropane in Drinking Water by Purge and Trap Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry." www.waterboards.ca.aov/drinkina water/certiic/ drinkinawater/documents/drinkinawaterlabs/TCP bvPT-GCMS.Pdf ~ California Environmental Protection Agency (Cal/EPA). 2016a. State Water Resources Control Board. "Groundwater Information Sheet 1,2,3-Trichloropropane." Division of Water Quality. Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program, www.water boards.ca.aov/aama/docs/coc tco123.pdf ~ Cal/EPA. 2016b. "Chemicals Known to the State to Cause Cancer or Reproductive Toxicity." oehha. ca. aov/propositio n-65/proposition-65-1 ist ~ California Environmental Protection Agency (Cal/EPA). 2017. State Water Resources Control Board. 1,2,3,-Trichloropropane. www.waterboards.ca.aov/drinking water/certiic/ drinkinawater/123TCP.shtml 4 ------- Technical Fact Sheet - 1,2,3-TCP Where can I find more information about TCP? (continued) Dombeck, G., arid C. Borg. 2005. "Multi- contaminant Treatment for 1,2,3 TCP Destruction Using the HiPOx Reactor." National Groundwater Association (NGWA) Conference on MTBE and Perchlorate: Assessment, Remediation, and Public Policy with permission of the NGWA Press. citrix. nawa. ora/awol/pdf/062181324. pdf Hawaii Department of Health (HDH). 2014. Administrative Rules. Title 11. Chapter 20. Rules Relating to Potable Water Systems. Page 20-20. health.hawaii.aov/opppd/fiies/2Q15/06/11-20- 2014.pdf Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB). 2009. "1,2,3-Trichloropropane." toxnet. nlm. nih.gov/newtoxnet/hsdb. htm Khan, E., Wirojanagud, W., and N. Sermsai. 2009. "Effects of Iron Type in Fenton Reaction on Mineralization and Biodegradabiiity Enhancement of Hazardous Organic Compounds." Journal of Hazardous Materials. Volume 161 (2 to 3). Pages 1024 to 1034. Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. 2013. Cleanup Criteria Requirements for Response Activity. www, michigan.gov/deg/0.4561.7-135-3311 4109- 251790—,00.htm I National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2010. "1,2,3-T richloropropane." NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0631.html National Toxicology Program (NTP). 2016. "14th Report on Carcinogens." Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. ntp.niehs.nih.gov/pubhealth/roc Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality. 2012. Voluntary Cleanup Remediation Goals. deo. ne.gov/Publica. nsf/ksp/. ibmmodres/domino/O pe n Attach me nt/Publica.nsf/D243C2B56E34EA848 6256F2700698997/Bodv/ATT IY3 JX. pdf New Mexico Environment Department. 2017. Soil Screening Levels, www.env. nm.gov/hazardous- waste/guidance-documents/ New York Department of Environmental Conservation (NYDEC). 2016. Water Quality Standards.govt.westlaw.com/nvcrr/Document/l4ed 90418cd1711 dda432a117e6e0f345?viewTvpe=Fu IIText&oriainationContext=documenttoc&transition T vpe=CateoorvPaoeltem&contextData=fsc. Defaul t)&bhcp=1 ~ North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality. 2016. Preliminary Soil Remediation Goals. ncdenr.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs- pubiic/Waste%20Management/DWM/SF/IHS/guid ance/SoilTabie%20APRIL%202016%20-Finai- 1 pcbl. pdf ~ Salter-Blanc, A.J., Suchomel, E.J., Fortuna, J.H., Nurmi, J.T., Walker, C., Krug, T., O'Hara, S., Ruiz, N., Morley, T., and P.G. Tratnyek. 2012. "Evaluation of Zero-valent Zinc for Treatment of 1,2,3-Trichloro propane-Contaminated Groundwater: Laboratory and Field Assessment." Groundwater Monitoring and Remediation. Volume 32 (4). Pages 42 to 52. ~ Samin, G., and D.B. Janssen. 2012. "Transformation and Biodegradation of 1,2,3- Trichloropropane (TCP)." Environmental Science and Pollution Research International. Volume 19 (8). Pages 3067 to 3078. ~ Sarathy, V., Salter, A.J., Nurmi, J.T., Johnson, G.O., Johnson, R.L., and P.G. Tratnyek. 2010. "Degradation of 1,2,3-Trichloropropane: Hydrolysis, Elimination, and Reduction by Iron and Zinc." Environmental Science Technology. Volume 44. Pages 787 to 793. ~ Texas Commission of Environmental Quality (TCEQ). 2017. Protective Concentration Levels. www.tceq.texas.gov/remediation/trrp/trrppcls.html ~ Tratnyek, P.G., Sarathy, V., and J.H. Fortuna. 2008. "Fate and Remediation of 1,2,3- Trichloropropane." Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds-2008. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds. Monterey, CA. May 2008. ~ Tratnyek, P.G., Sarathy, V., Salter, A.J., Nurmi, J.T., Johnson, G., DeVoe, T., and P. Lee. 2010. "Prospects for Remediation of 1,2,3- Trichloropropane by Natural and Engineered Abiotic Degradation Reactions."SERDP Project ER-1457. www.serdp- estcp.org/content/download/9291/110767/fiie/ER- 1457-FR.pdf ~ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1996. Method 8260B. "Volatile Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS)." Revision 2. www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2Q15- 12/documents/8260b. pdf 5 ------- Technical Fact Sheet - 1,2,3-TCP Where can I find more information < ~ EPA. 2009. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). 1,2,3-Trichloro propane; CASRN 96-18-4. cfpub.epa.aov/ncea/iris/iris documents/docume nts/subst/0200 summary, pdf ~ EPA. 2012. "2012 Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories." www.epa.aov/dwstandardsreaulations/drinkina- water-contaminant-human-health-effects- information#dw-standards ~ EPA. 2016a. Methods and Contaminants for the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule 3 (UCMR 3). www.epa.aov/dwucmr/third- unreaulated-contaminant-monitorina-rule ~ EPA. 2016b. Contaminant Candidate List 4-CCL 4. www.epa.gov/ccl/contaminant-candidate-iist- 4-ccl-4-0 ~ EPA. 2017a. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations, www.epa.gov/ground-water-and- drinking-water/national-primarv-drinkinq-water- regulations ~ EPA. 2017b. Regional Screening Levels (RSLs). www.epa.gov/risk/regional-screening-levels-rsls ~ EPA. Office of Groundwater and Drinking Water (OGWDW). 2009. Method 524.3. "Measurement of Purgeable Organic Compounds in Water by TCP? (continued) Capillary Column Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry." Version 1.0. Technical Support Center, www.nemi.gov/methods/ method pdf/10417 ~ EPA. Office of Research and Development (ORD). 1990. Method 551.1. "Determination of Chlorination Disinfection Byproducts, Chlorinated Solvents, and Halogenated Pesticides/Herbicides in Drinking Water by Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Gas Chromatography with Electron-Capture Detection." Revision 1.0. National Exposure Research Laboratory, www.nemi.gov/ methods/method pdf/4809/ ~ EPA. ORD. 1995. Method 504.1. "1,2- Dibromoethane (EDB), 1,2-Dibromo-3- chloropropane (DBCP), and 1,2,3- Trichloropropane (123TCP) in Water by Microextraction and Gas Chromatography." Revision 1.1. National Exposure Research Laboratory. ~ West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection. 2014. www.dep.wv.gov/dlr/oer /voluntarvmain/Documents/Effective%20June%2 01 %202014%20De%20Minimis%20Table- V2.zip Contact Information If you have any questions or comments on this fact sheet, please contact: Mary Cooke, FFRRO, at cooke. marvt@epa.gov. 6 ------- |