3-EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Technical Fact Sheet -
2,4,6-T rinitrotoluene (TNT)
September 2017
TECHNICAL FACT SHEET -2,4,6-TNT
Introduction
This fact sheet, developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office (FFRRO),
provides a summary of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), including its physical
and chemical properties; environmental and health impacts; existing
federal and state guidelines; detection and treatment methods; and
additional sources of information. This fact sheet is intended for use by
site managers and field personnel who may address TNT contamination
at cleanup sites or in drinking water supplies.
Major manufacturing of TNT began in the United States in 1916 at the
beginning of World War I. Production increased between World War I
and World War II. TNT was produced and used in enormous quantities
during World War II (EPA 2005). In demilitarization operations
conducted up to the 1970s, explosives were removed from munitions
with jets of hot water. The effluent flowed into settling basins and the
remaining water was disposed of in unlined lagoons or pits. The effluent
from TNT manufacturing and demilitarization acted as a major source of
munitions contamination in soils and groundwater at munition plants
(EPA 2005).
TNT is still widely used in U.S. military munitions and accounts for a
large portion of the explosives-related contamination at active and
former U.S. military installations. With its manufacturing impurities and
environmental transformation products, TNT presents various health and
environmental concerns.
What is TNT?
TNT is a yellow, odorless solid that does not occur naturally in the
environment. It is made by combining toluene with a mixture of nitric
and sulfuric acids (ATSDR 1995).
It is a single-ring nitroaromatic compound that is a crystalline solid at
room temperature (CRREL 2006).
TNT is one of the most widely used military explosives, partly
because of its insensitivity to shock and friction. It has been used
extensively in the manufacture of explosives since the beginning of
the 20th century and is used in military shells, bombs and grenades
(ATSDR 1995; Cal/EPA 2010).
Disclaimer: The U.S. EPA prepared this fact sheet using the most recent publicly-
available scientific information; additional information can be obtained from the source
documents. This fact sheet is not intended to be used as a primary source of
information and is not intended, nor can it be relied upon, to create any rights
enforceable by any party in litigation with the United States. Mention of trade names
or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
At a Glance
~	Synthetic product that does not
occur naturally in the environment.
~	Used extensively in the
manufacture of munitions and
accounts for a large part of the
explosives contamination at active
and former U.S. military
installations.
~	Sorbed by most soils, limiting its
migration to water.
~	Not expected to persist for a long
period in surface waters because of
transformation processes.
~	1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene (1,3,5-TNB)
is one of the primary
photodegradation products of TNT
in environmental systems.
~	Classified as a Group C (possible
human) carcinogen.
~	Primarily damages the liver and
blood systems if inhaled or
ingested.
~	The primary laboratory methods for
analysis include liquid and gas
chromatography.
~	Potential treatment technologies
include in situ bioremediation,
granular activated carbon
treatment, composting and
incineration.
United States	Land and Emergency	EPA 505-F-17-009
Environmental Protection Agency	Management (5106P)	September 2017
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Technical Fact Sheet - 2,4,6-TNT
It has been used either as a pure explosive or in
binary mixtures. The most common binary
mixtures of TNT are cyclotols (mixtures with RDX)
and octols (mixtures with octahydro-1,3,5,7-
tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine [HMX]) (ATSDR
1995).
In addition to military use, small amounts of TNT
are used for industrial explosive applications, such
as deep well and underwater blasting. Other
industrial uses include chemical manufacturing as
an intermediate in the production of dyestuffs and
photographic chemicals (HSDB 2012).
TNT is commonly found at hand grenade ranges,
antitank rocket ranges, artillery ranges, bombing
ranges, munitions testing sites and open
burn/open detonation (OB/OD) sites (CRREL
2006, 2007b; EPA 2012c).
Production of TNT in the United States is currently
limited to military arsenals; however, it may be
imported into the United States for industrial
applications (Cal/EPA 2010; HSDB 2012).
Effluent from TNT manufacturing is a major source
of munitions constituent contamination in soils and
groundwater at military ammunition plants (EPA
2005).
Exhibit 1: Physical and Chemical Properties of TNT
(ATSDR 1995; HSDB 2012; Ware 1999)
Property
Value
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) number
118-96-7
Physical description (physical state at room temperature)
Yellow, odorless solid
Molecular weight (g/mol)
227.13
Water solubility at 20°C (mg/L)
130
Octanol-water partition coefficient (Log Kow)
1.6 (measured)
Soil organic carbon-water coefficient (Koc)
300 (estimated)
Boiling point (°C)
240 (explodes)
Melting point (°C)
80.1
Vapor pressure at 20°C (mm Hg)
1.99 x 10-4
Specific gravity at 20°C
1.654
Henry's law constant (atm-m3/mol at 20°C)
4.57 x 10"7
Abbreviations: g/mol - grams per mole; mg/L - milligrams per liter; °C - degrees Celsius; mm Hg - millimeters of mercury; atm-m3/mol -
atmosphere -cubic meters per mole.
Existence of TNT in the environment
~	TNT can be released to the environment through
spills, disposal of ordnance, OB/OD of ordnance,
leaching from inadequately sealed impoundments
and demilitarization of munitions. The compound
can also be released from manufacturing and
munitions processing facilities (ATSDR 1995).
~	As of 2016, TNT had been identified at 30 sites on
the EPA National Priorities List (NPL) (EPA 2016).
~	Based on the partition coefficients identified by
most investigators, soils have a high capacity for
rapid sorption of TNT. Under anaerobic conditions,
TNT that is not sorbed by the soil is usually
transformed rapidly into its degradation by-
products (Price and others 1997; USACE 1997).
~	Most TNT may be degraded in the surface soil at
impact areas; however, small quantities can reach
shallow groundwater (CRREL 2006).
~	Once released to surface water, TNT undergoes
rapid photolysis to a number of degradation
products. 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene (1,3,5-TNB) is one
of the primary photodegradation products of TNT in
environmental systems (ATSDR 1995; EPA
2012c).
~	Generally, TNT is broken down by biodegradation
in water but at rates much slower than photolysis.
In surface waters, TNT is degraded by photolysis
and has a half-life of 0.5 to many hours. The
biological half-life of TNT is much longer, ranging
from several weeks to 6 months (CRREL 2006;
EPA 1999).
~	Biological degradation products of TNT in water,
soil, or sediments include 2-amino-4,6-
dinitrotoluene, 2,6-diamino-4-nitrotoluene, 4-
amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene and 2,4-diamino-6-
nitrotoluene (EPA 1999).
~	TNT does not seem to bioaccumulate in animals,
but may be taken up and metabolized by plants,
including garden, aquatic and wetland plants, and
some tree species (CRREL 2006, EPA 2005).
~	Soils contaminated with TNT and TNT primary
degradation products have been found to be toxic
to certain soil invertebrates, such as earthworms
(HSDB 2012).
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Technical Fact Sheet - 2,4,6-TNT
Based on its low octanol-water partition coefficient
(Kow) and low experimental bioconcentration
factor, TNT is not expected to bioconcentrate to
high levels in the tissues of exposed aquatic
organisms and plants (ATSDR 1995; HSDB 2012).
What are the routes of exposure and the potential health effects of TNT?
The toxicity of TNT to humans was well
documented in the 20th century, with more than
17,000 cases of TNT poisoning resulting in more
than 475 fatalities from manufacturing operations
during World War I (ATSDR 1995).
The primary routes of exposure in manufacturing
environments are inhalation of dust and ingestion
and dermal sorption of TNT particulates;
significant health effects can include liver atrophy
and aplastic anemia (ATSDR 1995; HSDB 2012).
There is limited evidence regarding the
carcinogenicity of TNT to humans; however,
urinary bladder papilloma and carcinoma were
observed in female rats. EPA has assigned TNT a
weight-of-evidence carcinogenic classification of C
(possible human carcinogen) (EPA IRIS 2002).
The California Office of Environmental Health
Hazard Assessment lists TNT as a chemical
known to cause cancer for purposes of the Safe
Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of
1986 (Cal/EPA 2016).
~	Animal study results indicate male test animals
treated with high doses of TNT developed serious
reproductive system effects (EPA 2005; HSDB
2012).
~	When TNT reaches the liver, it breaks down into
several different substances. Not all of these
substances have been identified. Most of these
substances travel in the blood to the kidneys and
leave the body in urine within 24 hours (ATSDR
1995).
~	At high levels in air, workers involved in the
production of TNT experienced anemia and liver
function abnormalities. After long-term exposure to
skin and eyes, some people experienced skin
irritation and developed cataracts (ATSDR 1995).
Are there any federal and state guidelines and health standards for TNT?
EPA assigned TNT an oral reference dose (RfD)
of 5 x10-4 milligrams per kilogram per day
(mg/kg/day) (EPA IRIS 2002).
EPA assigned an oral slope factor for carcinogenic
risk of 3 x 10-2 mg/kg/day, and the drinking water
unit risk is 9.0 x 10-7 micrograms per liter (|jg/L)
(EPA IRIS 2002).
EPA risk assessments indicate that the drinking
water concentration representing a 1 x 10-6 cancer
risk level for TNT is 1.0 (jg/L (EPA IRIS 2002).
EPA has established drinking water health
advisories for TNT, which are drinking water-
specific risk level concentrations for cancer (10-4
cancer risk) and concentrations of drinking water
contaminants at which noncancer adverse health
effects are not anticipated to occur over specific
exposure durations (EPA 2012a).
¦	EPA established a lifetime health advisory
guidance level of 0.002 milligrams per liter
(mg/L) for TNT in drinking water. The health
advisory for a cancer risk of 10-4 is 0.1 mg/L.
¦	EPA also established a 1 -day and 10-day
health advisory of 0.02 mg/L for TNT in
drinking water for a 10-kilogram child.
For TNT in tap water, EPA has calculated a risk-
based carcinogenic screening level of 2.5 (jg/L
(EPA 2017).
EPA has calculated a residential soil screening
level (SSL) of 21 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg)
and an industrial SSL of 96 mg/kg. The soil-to-
groundwater risk-based SSL is 1.5 x 10"2 mg/kg
(EPA 2017).
EPA has not established an ambient air level
standard or screening level for TNT (EPA 2017).
Since TNT is explosive, flammable and toxic, EPA
has designated it as a hazardous waste once it
becomes a solid waste, and EPA regulations for
disposal must be followed (EPA 2012b).
Various states have established groundwater
standards including the following:
State
Guideline (pg/L)
Source
Indiana
9.8
IDEM 2016
Mississippi
2.23
MDEQ 2002
Missouri
2
MDNR2014
Nebraska
2.2
NDEQ 2012
New Mexico
18.3
NMED 2012
Pennsylvania
2
PDEP2011
Texas
0.012
TCEQ 2016
West Virginia
2.2
WVDEP 2014
Some states have established soil guidelines.
Residential soil standards range from 7.2 mg/kg
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Technical Fact Sheet - 2,4,6-TNT
(North Carolina) to 110 mg/kg (Pennsylvania)	1,400 mg/kg (Pennsylvania) (NCDENR 2016 and
(NCDENR 2016 and PDEP 2011). Industrial soil	PDEP2011).
standards range from 96 mg/kg (North Carolina) to
What detection and site characterization methods are available for TNT?
~	TNT is commonly deposited in the environment as
discrete particles with strongly heterogeneous
spatial distributions. Unless precautions are taken,
this distribution causes highly variable soil data,
which can lead to confusing or contradictory
conclusions about the location and degree of
contamination. As described in SW-846 Method
8330B, proper sample collection (using an
incremental field sampling approach), sample
processing (which includes grinding) and multi-
incremental subsampling are required to obtain
reliable soil data (EPA 2006).
~	High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
and high-resolution gas chromatography (HRGC)
have been paired with several types of detectors,
including mass spectrometry (MS),
electrochemical detection (ED), electron capture
detectors (ECD) and ultraviolet (UV) detectors to
detect TNT in water (ATSDR 1995).
~	EPA SW-846 Method 8330 is the most widely
used analytical approach for detecting TNT in soil.
The method specifies using HPLC with a UV
detector. It has been used to detect TNT and
some of its breakdown products at levels in the
low parts per billion (ppb) range in water, soil and
sediment (EPA 2006, 2012c).
~	Another method commonly used is EPA SW-846
Method 8095, which employs the same sample-
processing steps as Method 8330 but uses
capillary-column gas chromatography (GC) with
an ECD to analyze for explosives in water and soil
(EPA 2007, 2012c).
~	Specific field screening methods for TNT include
EPA SW-846 Method 8515 to detect TNT in soil
by a colorimetric screening method and EPA SW-
846 Method 4050 to detect TNT in soil by
immunoassay (USACE 2005).
~	Colorimetric methods generally detect broad
classes of compounds such as nitroaromatics or
nitramines. As a result, these methods are able to
detect the presence of the target analytes and also
respond to many other similar compounds.
Immunoassay methods are more compound
specific (EPA 2005).
~	The EXPRAY is a simple colorimetric screening kit
that can support qualitative tests for TNT in soils. It
is also useful for screening surfaces. The tool's
detection limit is about 20 nanograms (EPA 2005).
~	Tested field-screening instruments for TNT include
GC-IONSCAN, which uses ion mobility
spectrometry, for the detection of TNT in water
and soil, and the Spreeta Sensor, which uses
surface plasma resonance (SPR) for the detection
of TNT in soil (EPA 2000; EPA 2001).
~	Recent experiments have reported rapid and
ultrasensitive TNT detection in the field using gold
nanoparticles and spectroscopy in all
environmental samples (Lin and others 2012;
Yang and others 2014; and Jamil and others
2015).
What technologies are being used to treat TNT?
In situ bioremediation is an emerging technology
for treatment of groundwater contaminated with
explosives, including TNT (EPA 2005; DoD
ESTCP 2012).
Biological treatment methods such as bioreactors,
bioslurry treatment and passive subsurface
bio barriers have proven successful in reducing
TNT concentrations (EPA 2005; DoD ESTCP
2010).
Composting has proven successful in achieving
cleanup goals for TNT in soil at field
demonstrations (EPA 2005; FRTR 2007).
Incineration can be used on soil containing low
concentrations of TNT (EPA 2005; FRTR 2007).
Granular activated carbon (GAC) is a common ex
situ method to treat explosives-contaminated
groundwater (FRTR 2007).
In situ chemical oxidation can also be used to treat
TNT. Fenton oxidation and treatment with iron
metal (FeO) has been used to remediate TNT-
contaminated soil and water (EPA 2005, EPA
NCER 2016).
Pine bark has been used as a substitute for GAC
treatment in experimental batches (Chusova and
others 2014).
Phytoremediation of TNT-contaminated water and
soil is being evaluated as a potential treatment
technology. Studies indicate phytoremediation has
the potential to be a suitable remediation strategy
for TNT contaminated sites (DoD SERDP 2009;
HSDB 2012; Zhu and others 2012).
In a laboratory scale study, TNT biodegraded
under anaerobic reduction with whey as a
substrate (Innemanova and others 2015).
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Technical Fact Sheet - 2,4,6-TNT
~ In a 28-day laboratory experiment, a combination	phytoremediation revealed significant decreases in
of bioaugmentation-biostimulation coupled with	TNT concentrations (Nolvak and others 2013).
Where can I find more information about TNT?
~	Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). 1995. "Toxicological Profile for
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT)." www.atsdr.cdc.gov/
toxprofiles/TP.asp?id=677&tid=125
~	California Environmental Protection Agency
(Cal/EPA). 2010. "Evidence on the Carcinogenicity
of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene."
oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-
65/chemicals/tnthid080110. pdf
~	Cal/EPA. 2016. "Chemicals Known to the State to
Cause Cancer or Reproductive Toxicity."
oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-
65//p65single10212016.pdf
~	Chusova, O., Nolvak, H., Nehrenheim, E., Truu. J.,
Odlare, M., Oopkaup, K., and M. Truu. 2014.
"Effect of pine bark on the biotransformation of
trinitrotoluene and on the bacterial community
structure in a batch experiment." Environmental
Technology. Volume 35 (19). Pages 2456 to 2465.
~	Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable
(FRTR). 2007. Remediation Technologies
Screening Matrix and Reference Guide, Version
4.0. "Section 2.10, Explosives."
www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section2/2 10. html
~	Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB). 2012.
"2,4,6-T rinitrotoluene."
toxnet. nlm. nih.gov/newtoxnet/hsdb. htm
~	Indiana Department of Environmental
Management (IDEM). 2016. "IDEM Screening and
Closure Level Tables."
www.in.gov/idem/landgualitv/fiies/risc screening t
able 2016.pdf
~	Innemanova, P., Velebova, R., Filipova, A.,
Cvancarova, M., Pokorny, P., Nemecek, J., and T.
Cajthami. 2015. "Anaerobic in situ biodegradation
of TNT using whey as an electron donor: a case
study." New Biotechnology. Volume 32 (6). Pages
701 to 709.
~	Jamil, A.K., Izake, E.L., Sivanesan, A., and P.M.
Fredericks. 2015. "Rapid detection of TNT in
aqueous media by selective label free surface
enhanced Raman spectroscopy." Talanta. Volume
134. Pages 732 to 738.
~	Lin, D., Liu, H., Qian, K., Zhou, X., Yang, L., and J.
Liu. 2012. "Ultrasensitive Optical Detection of
Trinitrotoluene by Ethylenediamine-Capped Gold
Nanoparticles." Analytica Chimica Acta. Volume
744. Pages 92 to 98.
~	Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality
(MDEQ). 2002. "Risk Evaluation Procedures for
Voluntary Cleanup and Redevelopment of
Brownfield Sites."
~	Missouri Department of Natural Resources
(MDNR). 2014. "Rules of Department of Natural
Resources, Code of State Regulations."
s1 .sos. mo.gov/cmsi mages/ad rules/csr/current/1 Oc
sr/10c20-7a.pdf
~	Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality
(NDEQ). 2012. "Voluntary Cleanup Program
Remediation Goals."
~	New Mexico Environment Department (NMED).
2012. "Risk Assessment Guidance for Site
Investigations and Remediation."
www.env.nm.gov/HWB/documents/NMED RA Gu
idance for SI and Remediation Feb 2012 .pdf
~	Nolvak, H., Truu, J., Limane, B., Truu, M.,
Cepurnieks, G., Bartkevics, V., Juhanson, J., and
O. Muter. 2013. "Microbial community changes in
TNT spiked soil bioremediation trial using
biostimulation, phytoremediation and
bioaugmentation." Journal of Environmental
Engineering and Landscape Management.
Volume 21 (3). Pages 153 to 162.
~	North Carolina Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (NCDENR). 2016. "Preliminary
Soil Remediation Goals Table."
ncdenr.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-
pubiic/Waste%20Management/DWM/SF/IHS/guid
ance/SoilT able%20APRI L%202016%20-Final-
1 pcbl. pdf
~	Pennsylvania Department of Environmental
Protection (PDEP). 2011. "Statewide Health
Standards."
www.dep.pa.gov/Business/Land/LandRecvciing/St
andards-Guidance-Procedures/Paoes/Statewide-
Health-Standards.asox
~	Price, C.B., Brannon, J.M., and C.A. Hayes. 1997.
"Effect of Redox Potential and pH and TNT
Transformation in Soil-Water Slurries." Journal of
Environmental Engineering. Volume 123. Pages
988 to 992.
~	Texas Commission on Environmental Quality
(TCEQ). 2016. "Texas Risk Reduction Program
Protective Concentration Levels."
www.tceg.texas.gov/assets/public/remediation/trrp
/pels, pdf
~	U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). 1997.
"Review of Fate and Transport Processes of
Explosives." Installation Restoration Research
Program. Technical Report IRRP-97-2.
acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/ciient/search/asset/1004548
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Technical Fact Sheet - 2,4,6-TNT
Where can I find more information about TNT? (continued)
USACE. 2005. Military Munitions Center of
Expertise. Technical Update. "Munitions
Constituent (MC) Sampling."
uxoinfo.com/bloacfc/ciient/enclosures/MC%20Tec
h%2QUpdate%2QFinal USACEMarOSSamplino.pd
f
USACE Cold Regions Research and Engineering
Laboratory (CRREL). 2006. "Conceptual Model for
the Transport of Energetic Residues from Surface
Soil to Groundwater by Range Activities."
ERDC/CRRELTR-06-18. www.dtic.mil/coi-
bi n/GetT R Doc?Locatio n=U 2&doc=GetTR Doc. pdf&
AD=ADA472270
USACE CRREL. 2007a. "Photochemical
Degradation of Composition B and Its
Components." ERDC/ELTR-07-16.
www.dtic.mii/cai-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=
U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA472238
USACE CRREL. 2007b. "Protocols for Collection
of Surface Soil Samples at Military Training and
Testing Ranges for the Characterization of
Energetic Munitions Constituents." ERDC/CRREL
TR-07-10. www, itrcweb. oro/ism-
1/references/GetTRDoc. pdf
U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Environmental
Security Technology Certification Program
(ESTCP). 2010. "Passive Bio barrier for Treating
Coming led Perch lorate and RDX in Groundwater
at an Active Range (ER-201028)." www.serdp-
estcp.ora/index.php/Proaram-
Areas/Environmental-Restoration/Contaminated-
G rou ndwater/E merging-1 ssues/ER-201028/ER-
201028/f lanouageVena-US
DoD ESTCP. 2012. "In Situ Bioremediation of
Energetic Compounds in Groundwater." ER-
200425. www.serdp-
estcp.org/index. php/content/download/15135/1737
25/file/ER-200425-FR. pdf
DoD Strategic Environmental Research and
Development Program (SERDP). 2009.
"Engineering Transgenic Plants for the Sustained
Containment and In Situ Treatment of Energetic
Materials." Final Report. SERDP Project ER-1318.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
1999. Office of Research and Development.
Federal Facilities Forum Issue. "Field Sampling
and Selecting On-site Analytical Methods for
Explosives in Water." EPA 600-S-99-002.
www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-
06/documents/explosives in water.pdf
EPA. 2000. Office of Research and Development.
Explosives Detection Technology. "Barringer
Instruments. GC-IONSCAN." Environmental
Technology Verification Report. EPA 600-R-00-
046. archive.epa.gov/nrmrl/archive-
etv/web/pdf/01 vs barringer.pdf
EPA. 2001. Office of Research and Development.
Research International, Inc. TNT Detection
Technology. "Texas Instruments Spreeta Sensor."
Environmental Technology Verification Report.
EPA 600-R-01-064. archive.epa.gov/nrmrl/archive-
etv/web/pdf/01 vr ti.pdf
EPA. 2005. "EPA Handbook on the Management
of Munitions Response Actions." EPA 505-B-01-
001.
nepis. epa. gov/Exe/ZvPDF. cgi/P100304J. PDF?Do
ckev=P100304J.PDF
EPA. 2006. SW-846. Method 8330b. "Appendix A:
Collecting and Processing of Representative
Samples for Energetic Residues in Solid Matrices
from Military Training Ranges."
www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-
07/documents/epa-8330b. pdf
EPA. 2007. Method 8095. "Explosives by Gas
Chromatography."
www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-
12/documents/8095. pdf
EPA. 2012a. "2012 Edition of the Drinking Water
Standards and Health Advisories."
www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-
09/documents/dwstandards2012. pdf
EPA. 2012b. Waste Types - Listed Wastes.
www, gpo. oov/fdsvs/pko/CFR-2012-title40-
vol27/xml/CFR-2012-title40-vol27-part261 .xml
EPA. 2012c. "Site Characterization for Munitions
Constituents." EPA Federal Facilities Forum Issue
Paper. EPA-505-S-11-001.
www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/site
characterization for munitions constituents.pdf
EPA. 2016. Superfund Information Systems.
Superfund Site Information.
cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/srchsites.cfm
EPA. 2017. Regional Screening Level Summary
Table, www.epa.gov/risk/reoional-screening-
levels-rsls
EPA. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS).
2002. "2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) (CASRN 118-
96-7)."
cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/iris documents/documents
/subst/0269 summary, pdf
EPA. National Center for Environmental Research
(NCER). 2016. "Final Report: Fate and Transport
of Munitions Residues in Contaminated Soil."
cfpub.epa.gov/ncer abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction
/display, a bstractDeta i l/a bstract/5251/report/F
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Technical Fact Sheet - 2,4,6-TNT
Where can I find more information about TNT? (continued)
~	Ware, G.W. 1999. "Reviews of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology: Continuation of
Residue Reviews." Volume 161.
~	West Virginia Department of Environmental
Protection (WVDEP). 2014. "Voluntary
Remediation and Redevelopment Rule."
www.dep.wv.gov/dlr/oer/voluntarvmain/Paqes/defa
ult.aspx
~	Yang, X., Wang, J., Su, D., Xia, Q., Chai, F.,
Wang, C., and F. Qu. 2014." Fluorescent
detection of TNT and 4-nitrophenol by BSA Au
nanoclusters." Dalton Transactions. Issue 43.
Pages 10057 to 10063.
~ Zhu, B., Peng, R., Fu, X., Jin, X., Zhao, W., Xu, J.,
Han, H., Gao, J., Xu, Z., Bian, L., andQ. Yao.
2012. "Enhanced Transformation of TNT by
Arabidopsis Plants Expressing an Old Yellow
Enzyme." PLoS One. Volume 7 (7).
Contact Information	
If you have any questions or comments on this fact sheet, please contact: Mary Cooke, FFRRO, at
cooke. marvt@epa.gov.
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