^vSmartVVay
Transport Partnership
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
2018 SmartWay Truck Carrier
Partner Tool:
Technical Documentation
U. S. Version 2.0.17 (Data Year 2017)
www.epa.gov/smartway
¦^sSmartWayn
United States
Environmental Protection
M * Agency
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"^^SmartWay
Transport Partnership
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
2018 SmartWay Truck Carrier
Partner Tool:
Technical Documentation
U. S. Version 2.0.17 (Data Year 2017)
Transportation and Climate Division
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office ofTransportation and Air Quality
EPA-420-B-18-004
January 2018
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2017 SmartWay Truck Carrier Partner Tool
Technical Documentation
Version 2.0.17 (Data Year 2017)
United States Version
1-12-2018
1.0 Overview
This document provides detailed background information on the data sources, calculation
methods, and assumptions used within the SmartWay Truck Tool, version 2.0.17. The
SmartWay Truck Tool utilizes the most up-to-date emission factors, in combination with
detailed vehicle activity data, to estimate emissions and associated performance metrics. The
primary purpose of the Tool is to help fleets calculate actual pollutant emissions for specific
truck types and applications and track their emissions performance over time. Shippers can, in
turn, use the data that truck carriers report using these Tools to develop more advanced
emissions inventories associated with their freight activity and to track their emissions
performance over time.
The Tool allows the user to evaluate fleet performance in terms of different mass-based
performance metrics for CO2, NOx, PM (PM10 and PM2.5), and black carbon (BC) including:1
Grams per mile
Grams per average payload ton-mile
Grams per thousand cubic foot-miles
Grams per thousand utilized cubic foot-miles
The Tool can also generate estimates of emissions associated with the total miles, loaded miles,
and revenue miles traveled by a fleet. Fleet performance can then be assessed at the truck-
class and/or fuel-type level, or on an aggregated basis across all classes and fuels.
The Tool also collects extensive information on fleet operations and truck body types, allowing
detailed segmentation of Partner fleets for more appropriate, equitable comparisons. For
example, fleets that cube-out with low payloads (e.g., those hauling potato chips) will be able
to compare themselves to similar fleets on a simple grams per mile basis, rather than a mix of
fleets that includes fleets that routinely weigh-out. Similarly, fleets that operate in primarily
short-haul, urban environments at relatively low average speeds will have fundamentally
1 At this time the Truck Tool does not calculate performance metrics for specialty fleets that track their activity in
terms of hours of use rather than miles traveled or freight hauled (e.g., refuse haulers and utility fleets). Future
modifications may be made to the current Tool to accommodate such fleets.
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different emission rates and constraints than long-haul fleets operating at highway speeds. By
collecting detailed information on fleet operations (short vs. long, TL vs. LTL, urban vs. highway,
etc.), as well as truck class (2b through 8b) and body type (dry van, reefer, flatbeds, etc.),
individual fleets can compare their performance to other, similar fleets, which can help them to
better manage their emissions performance.
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2,0 Data Inputs and Sources
The SmartWay Truck Tool user provides most vehicle characteristic, operational, and activity
data needed for emissions performance estimation (see Section 3 for more information). The
Tool calculates emissions by multiplying fleet activity data with EPA-approved emission rate
factors that are stored in look-up tables within the Tool.
The Tool contains different types of emission rate factors for different pollutants. CO2 factors
are expressed in grams of CO2 per gallon of fuel.2'3 NOx, PM, and BC factors are expressed in
grams of pollutant per mile traveled for operating emissions, and in grams per hour for idle
emissions. In general, CO2 factors are independent of the truck types, classes, and operational
practices in a fleet. NOx, PM and BC factors, however, vary depending upon a number of
parameters, including:
Truck class
Engine model year/emission certification standard
Vehicle speed
Vehicle driving pattern (referred to as "drive cycle")
In addition, PM and BC emissions will also vary with the application of PM control retrofits,
including diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC), closed crankcase ventilation (CCV), and diesel
particulate filters ( "PM traps" or flow-through filters). In the Tool, PM control retrofits are
assumed to have the same impact on operating and idle emission factors, and control
effectiveness for PM is assumed to equal the effectiveness for BC.4
2.1 CO2 Factors
EPA populated the SmartWay Truck Tool with CO2 factors that are based on fuel consumption.
These factors and their sources and are summarized below in Table 1.
2 At this time other greenhouse gases such as methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N20) and black carbon are not included
in the current Truck Tool.
3 The Truck Tool also estimates emissions associated with battery-electric trucks. In this case pollutant emissions
(CO2, NOx and PM) are determined based on the kWhrs used for charging.
4 Future versions of the Tool may account for differences in retrofit effectiveness for running versus idle emissions,
and differences between PM and BC control effectiveness.
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Table 1. CO2 Factors by Fuel Type*
g/gal
Source5
Gasoline
8,887
(i)
Diesel
10,180
(ii)
Biodiesel (B100)
9,460
(iii)
Ethanol (E100)
5,764
(iv)
CNG
7,030
(v)
LNG
4,394
(vi)
LPG
5,790
(vii)
* 100% combustion (oxidation) assumed
Note that the Tool calculates tailpipe emissions from biofuel blends (gasoline/ethanol,
diesel/biodiesel) by applying separate emission factors to the user-specified volume of each
blend component. The Tool then adds the emissions from each blend component together to
determine total CO2 emissions. Therefore, emission factors for specific blend ratios are not
needed for CO2.6
Within the Tool, users may provide their CNG fuel use estimates in terms of gasoline-gallon
equivalent (GGE) (on a Btu basis), diesel-gallon equivalent (DGE), or in standard cubic feet (scf).
If CNG consumption is expressed in DGE or scf, the Tool uses the following factors to convert
the CNG fuel estimates to GGE.
For CNG:
Diesel-Gallon Equivalent (DGE) to Gasoline-Gallon Equivalent (GGE)
5 i) Final Rule on Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards and Corporate Average Fuel Economy
Standards (75 FR 25324, May 7, 2010). The gasoline factor used in this rule was sourced from the California Air
Resources Board and is based on measurement of carbon from a gasoline test fuel (indolene).
ii) Fuel economy calculations in 40 C.F.R 600.113 available at
http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2004/julqtr/pdf/40cfr600.113-93.pdf.
iii) Tables IV.A.3-2 and 3-3 in A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions, available at
http://www.epa. gov/oms/models/analvsis/biodsl/p02001 .pdf
iv) Final Rule on Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases (70 FR 56260, October 30, 2009). Full source
documentation is available on pp. 31-32 in the Technical Support Document, Petroleum Products and Natural Gas
Liquids: Definitions, Emission Factors, Methods and Assumptions, available at
www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/downloads09/documents/SubpartMMProductDefinitions.pdf.
v) Calculations of Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions for the 2005 Gasoline and Diesel Baselines in the Notice of
Availability of Expert Peer Review Record supporting the proposed revisions to the Renewable Fuel Standard
Program (74 FR 41359) available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2005-0161-0925.1 (Spreadsheet "Emission Factors").
vi) Assuming 74,720 Btu/gal lower heating value (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/properties.html). and
0.059 g/Btu (from CNG calculation, source v).
vii) Table C-l in the Final Rule on Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases (70 FR 56260, October 30, 2009).
Full source documentation is available in Table A-39 and pg. A-60 of the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas
Emissions and Sinks: 1990 - 2007 available at
http://epa.gOv/climatechange/emissions/downloads/US_GHG_Inv_Annexes_1990-2007.pdf
6 The Tool also estimates the barrels of petroleum required to make the reported gallons of diesel and gasoline based
on national averages: 19 gallons of gasoline and 10 gallons of diesel assumed per barrel of petroleum - see
http://205.254.135.24/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=24&t= 10 and http://205.254.135.24/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=327&t=9.
4
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1 DGE = 1.112 GGE7
Note: 1 GGE = 125,000 BTU and 1 DGE = 139,000 BTU, so 1 DGE = 1.112 GGE
(139,000/125,000).
Cubic Feet (cuft) to Gasoline-Gallon Equivalent (GGE)
123.57 cuft = 1 GGE8
For LNG, users may provide their fuel use estimates in terms of physical gallons, gasoline-gallon
equivalent (GGE) (on a Btu basis), diesel-gallon equivalent (DGE), or in pounds (lbs). If LNG
consumption is expressed in GGE, DGE, or pounds, the Tool uses the following factors to
convert the LNG fuel estimates to physical gallons.
For LNG:
Diesel-Gallon Equivalent (DGE) to Physical Gallon
1 DGE = 1.7 Gallons LNG9
Gasoline-Gallon Equivalent (GGE) to Physical Gallon
1 GGE = 1.5 Gallons LNG10
Pounds (lbs) to Physical Gallon
3.49 lbs LNG = 1 LNG Gallons11
2.2 NOx, PM and BC Factors
The SmartWay Truck Tool contains NOx, PMio, PM2.5 and BC12 emission factor outputs for on-
road operation from EPA's MOVES2014a model for diesel and E1013 for all heavy truck classes
(2b - 8b) under national default temperature and fuel conditions, for model years 1987 through
2019, for the 2018 calendar year (see Appendix A for a full list of factors). The emission factors
are broken out by general drive cycle type (urban or highway), and average speed range, as
discussed below.
7 Midwest Energy Solutions. Energy Volume & Weight, http://www.midwestenergysolutions.net/cng-
resources/energy-volume-weight
8 Alternative Fuels Data Center. Gasoline and Diesel Gallon Equivalency Methodology.
http://www.afdc.energv.gov/fuels/equivalencv methodology.html
9 Midwest Energy Solutions. Energy Volume & Weight, http://www.midwestenergysolutions.net/cng-
resources/energy-volume-weight
10 Midwest Energy Solutions. Energy Volume & Weight, http://www.midwestenergysolutions.net/cng-
resources/energy-volume-weight
11 Midwest Energy Solutions. Energy Volume & Weight, http://www.midwestenergysolutions.net/cng-
resources/energy-volume-weight
12 Black carbon factors are assumed to equal the elemental carbon gram per mile factors output by the MOVES
model.
13 All gasoline consumption in the United States and Canada is now assumed to consist of E10. Pure gasoline (EO)
emission factors are no longer used in the Truck Tool. References to "gasoline" in the Tool and the associated
documentation refer to E10.
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Short-duration (less than 60 minutes) idle emission factors for NOx, PM and BC were developed
separately by model year, truck class, and fuel type (diesel and gasoline). MOVES2014a does
not currently provide short duration idle factors in terms of grams per hour, so MOVES2014a
was run using the Project Level scale with a single link and with an average speed of zero. Runs
were performed for typical winter and summer conditions, taking the average of outputs from
those runs to obtain g/hr factors.
MOVES2014a does provide emission factors for long-duration idle for long-haul diesel trucks.
These factors are applied separately to the long-duration idle hour estimates provided for Class
8b trucks within the Truck Tool.14 Short-duration factors are applied across the board for the
remaining truck class types.
Note that hybrid electric trucks are assumed to have no short-duration idle emissions (due to
assumed engine auto-shut off), although long-duration idle (and regular exhaust15) emissions
are assumed unchanged relative to their conventional vehicle counterparts. Finally, battery-
electric trucks are assumed to have no idle emissions of either kind.
The resulting idle factors are presented in Appendix B.
Version 2.0.17 of the Truck Tool also calculates the NOx, PM and BC emissions associated with
transportation refrigeration (reefer) units. The MOVES2014a emissions model was used to
develop emission rates for these units for the 2018 calendar year, following these steps:
A national average model run was performed for the Industrial sector, including gasoline
and diesel fueled equipment;
The A/C refrigeration (reefer) unit standard classification codes (SCCs) were extracted
from the output files - 2265003060 (gasoline) and 2270003060 (diesel);
Grams per day outputs for weekdays and weekends for each of the 12 months were
converted to grams per year by aggregating emissions over day types to arrive at an
average day value, multiplying by the number of days in each month, and summing over
month. This resulted in annual grams of emissions (of NOx, PMio, and PM2.5) and grams
of fuel consumed (in terms of brake specific fuel consumption or BSFC), for each fuel
type;
BSFC was converted from grams to gallons fuel using the MOVES energy density values
of 2,819 g/gal and 3,167 g/gal for gasoline and diesel, respectively.
14 NOx factors for long-term extended idling are higher than short-duration factors (at least for late model engines),
since engine operation temperatures and loads at idle are generally not high enough to activate late-model emission
controls such as SCR and EGR.
15 While there is evidence that NOx emissions may be decreased through the use of hybrid electric technology, EPA
has not performed emission testing to assess this effect. Therefore hybrid NOx and PM/BC exhaust emission rates
are assumed to equal conventional vehicle equivalents in the current Truck Tool.
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Grams/gallon emission factors were then calculated for each pollutant by dividing the
annual grams of emissions of NOx, PMio and PM2.5 by the annual gallons of fuel
consumed for gasoline and diesel.
Black carbon emissions associated with reefer activity were scaled from PM2.5 reefer emissions,
applying conversion factors for nonroad equipment from the Commission for Environmental
Cooperation (0.349 for diesel engines and 0.122 for gasoline engines).16
Table 2 provides the fuel factors used in the latest Truck Tool.
Table 2. Weighted Average Reefer Fuel Factors (g/gallon)
Fuel
NOx
PM10
PM2.5
BC
Diesel
54.670
1.952
1.893
0.661
Gasoline
17.817
1.023
0.941
0.115
The next section describes the process followed to select the on-road emission factors from
MOVES2014a for use in the Truck Tool. Emission factors in grams per mile were developed for
E10 and diesel fuel types for all MOVES source types that correspond to the regulatory heavy
duty vehicle classes, 2b-8b inclusive. The MOVES source types modeled are shown in the table
below. Of these, school buses, refuse trucks and motor homes represent only a small fraction
of total activity.
Table 3. MOVES Source Types Associated with Class 2b - 8b Vehicles
Source Type ID
Source Type Name
31
Passenger Truck
32
Light Commercial Truck
43
School Bus
51
Refuse Truck
52
Single Unit Short-haul Truck
53
Single Unit Long-haul Truck
54
Motor Home
61
Combination Short-haul Truck
62
Combination Long-haul Truck
16 Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC), 2015. North American Black Carbon Emissions Estimation
Guidelines: Methods for Estimating Black Carbon Emissions. Prepared for the CEC by Eastern Research Group,
Inc. Final Report, May 2015.
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Separate factors were developed for "Urban" and "Highway/Rural" roadway types. These
factors were apportioned according to MOVES operating mode groups, which correspond to
speed ranges of 0-25 mph, 25-50 mph, and 50+ mph.
Emission factors calculated by the model, output by MOVES source type, were then converted
to a MOBILE6 vehicle class basis. In this way, the Truck Tool can select appropriate emission
factors for use by:
weight class
model year
road type (urban vs. highway/rural)
speed distribution
The following describes the methodology for the emission factor calculation.
Calculation of MOVES emission factors by operating mode
In calculating emission factors, the primary goal is to disaggregate factors by the percentage of
time a given type of vehicle spends operating at certain speeds. The ranges of speeds analyzed
include 0-25 mph, 25-50 mph, and greater than 50 mph. These speed ranges correspond to
MOVES operating modes #11-16, 21-29, and 30-40 inclusive, where each operating mode is
defined by both the speed of the vehicle and its vehicle specific power (VSP). First, for a given
source type and model year, the fraction of emissions attributable to each range of speed was
determined. Emissions for a vehicle can be expressed in Equation 1:
Equation 1
E = AiEi + A2E2 + A3E3 + A1E1 + AbEb
Where:
E* = uncorrected17 mass emissions calculated based on operating mode and emissions
contribution by speed bin
A1-3 = the sum of activity fractions (in seconds) over speed range n. (Ai and Ab represent the
activity associated with the individual operating modes for idling and braking,
respectively.)
E1-3* = the weighted average emissions over a given speed range n. (Ei and Eb represent the
emissions associated with the individual operating modes for idling and braking,
respectively.)
The following figure shows a range of emissions and activity fractions for an example source
type and model year. The operating mode (or VSP bin) are shown on the x-axis. The dashed red
17 Subsequent adjustment factors are presented in Equation 3 below.
8
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line presents the fraction of vehicle activity associated with a given operating mode, while the
black circles present average HC emissions for each operating mode.
9
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Figure 1. Example Emissions and Activity Fractions by Operating Mode
0.0028
0.0027
0.0026
0.0025
0.0024
0.0023
^ 0.0022
CD 0.0021
^ 0.0020
^ 0.0019
0.0018
(/) 0.0017
0.0016
0.0015
0.0014
0.0013
0.0012
0.0011
0.0010
0.0009
0.0008
^ 0.0007
<£ 0.0006
0.0005
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
0-0001
0.0000
o
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o
A
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< 25
V \
\ °
\ O
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25 - 50 mph
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/ \
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0 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 30 33 35 37
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For our purposes, An from Equation 1 is obtained by retaining the "opmodefraction2" table
from the "MOVESExecution" database, which is created by the Operating Mode Distribution
Generator (OMDG) during a MOVES run. This table contains operating mode fractions by source
type, roadway type, average speed bin, and pollutant/process. The fractions from this table are
normalized using average speed distributions from the "avgspeeddist" table, and the sum of
the normalized operating mode fractions in each speed bin constitutes An.
En" is derived from data obtained from the default MOVES "emissionratebyage" table. This
table contains emission rates by pollutant process, operating mode, and age group for a wide
variety of sourcebinlDs. For this analysis, a MySQL query was used to select sourcebinlDs
corresponding to the source type, fuel type, and calendar year of interest, and limited our rate
selection to the 4-5 year age group. The emissions obtained here were then converted to a
source type basis (from their current sourcebinID basis); this was done by retaining the
"sourcebindistribution" table from the MOVESExecution database, which is created by the
Source Bin Distribution Generator (SBDG) during each MOVES run, and weighting the activity
fractions for each source type and model year combination in this table with the data from the
"emissionratebyage" table described above. Having finished this mapping, an emission rate is
generated, by source type and model year, for each operating mode (corresponding to the
circles in the figure above). Since En" for each speed range represents the average emissions of
the range weighted by the activity in that range, the weighted average emissions can be
calculated from the 0-25 mph speed bin, Ei\ as follows in Equation 2:
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Equation 2
F ^ ^11^11 + ^12^12 + ^13^13 +RUTU + ^15^15 + ^16^16
16
ZRn
11
Where:
Rn = The activity fraction for operating mode n, obtained from the "opmodedist2" table
Tn = The emissions for operating mode n.
Other speed bins will use different operating modes in their calculations; the equation above is
merely an example illustrating the calculation method for the first speed bin. Having calculated
an appropriate En" for each speed range for a given source type and model year, Equation 1 can
be used, along with the appropriate activity fraction, to arrive at a total uncorrected emissions
value. In and of itself, this emission factor has little value in estimating emissions. However, it
can be used along with the modeled emission factor for a particular source type and model
year to arrive at an overall adjustment factor, as shown in Equation 3:
Equation 3
Where:
E = The modeled emission, obtained from MOVES outputs, for an individual source type and
model year
E*= The uncorrected emissions for an individual source type and model year, calculated
using operating mode distributions and emission factors from the "emissionratebyage"
table
This overall adjustment factor, in turn, can be applied to each individual emissions component,
En", as shown in Equation 4:
Equation 4
En = ZEn*
The adjusted emissions, En, are subsequently used to calculate a total, corrected emission
factor for a given source type and model year combination, as described by Equation 5:
Equation 5
E = AiEi + A2E2 + A3E3 + A1E1 + AbEb
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In this way, a representative emission factor is calculated by operating mode/speed group. This
will allow the Truck Tool to adjust the default operating mode percentages (An) to more
accurately represent a user-provided speed profile for the vehicles they are evaluating. Default
operating mode percentages may also be used, as calculated above.
Conversion of Emission Factors from Source Type to Weight Class Basis
Ultimately, emission factor lookup tables are required for use in the Truck Tool by weight class,
fuel type, and model year. However, modeled output from MOVES is aggregated by source
type. Therefore a post-processing Tool was developed to convert vehicle emission factors from
source types to weight class based on internal MOVES tables. The conversion methodology
used in this Tool is described below.
First, the adjusted emissions and activity output from MOVES are combined, by pollutantID, by
joining the "movesoutput" and "movesactivityoutput" tables by calendar year, source type, fuel
type and model year. The sourcetype and model year for each record are combined in a new
field, sourcetypemodelyearlD.
Next, the emissions and activity output from the first step are combined with the MOVES
"sizeweightfraction" table by joining on the sourcetypemodelyearlD. The "sizeweightfraction"
table contains, for a given combination of source type and model year, the fraction of vehicles
apportioned across weightclasslD. Given the weightclassID, the portion of emissions and
activity attributable to a given range of vehicle weights is determined, and subsequently, those
weights (along with fuel type) are mapped back to MOBILE6 vehicle classes, which are based on
GVWR. (This is achieved with a separate lookup table, "M6VehType", which is derived from
Appendix B, Table 3 of the EPA's MOBILE6.2 User's Guide.) For each calendar year,
sourcetypemodelyearlD and pollutantID, the sizeweightfraction is multiplied by the emissions
(in grams) and activity (in miles) to obtain EmissionFrac and ActivityFrac, respectively.
Finally, the EmissionFrac and ActivityFrac calculated above are summed by yearlD, pollutantID,
fueltypelD, and MOBILE6 vehicle type (e.g., HDDV8b). This provides total emissions and activity
independent of the MOVES source type or vehicle model year. Finally, the aggregated
emissions are divided by the activity to arrive at g/mi emission factors presented in Appendix A.
Modeling E10 Emission Rates
In a MOVES run that uses nationwide defaults for fuel supply, the model includes dozens of fuel
formulations on a by-fuel region basis in its calculations. In addition to diesel fuels, many
counties in the model defaults are characterized by varying market shares of and E10 and
E15.18
18 Only 2001+ model year light-duty vehicles may use E15 fuel, and it is only sold at a handful of stations in
Midwest states. See http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/ethanol el5.html.
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In order to isolate Gasoline emission factors, the new Fuels Wizard included in MOVES2014a
was used to alter the ethanol percentage of fuels nationwide to zero.
Sensitivity Analysis Results
The relative emissions impact of different speed regimes were evaluated for four road types -
urban arterial, urban freeway, rural arterial, and rural freeway. To simplify the sensitivity
analysis, MOVES outputs were generated for diesel long-haul combination trucks, model year
2012, run for the 2014 calendar year, using national average defaults (e.g., fuel specifications,
temperatures, etc.). The results of the analysis are shown for NOx and PM2.5 below.
Figure 1
Default NOx Contribution by Speed Bin
18
16
14
12
I
0 8
0 6
04
0 2
0
¦ IDLE
~ BRAK
~ 5070
~ 2550
~ 0025
Urban Art
Urban Frwy Rural Art
Road type
Rural Frwy
13
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Figure 2
Default PM2.5 Contribution by Speed Bin
0.02 -|
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012 |^=^=r
! 0.01 1
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0 -I 1 1 1
UrbanArt Urban Frwy Rural Art Rural Frwy
Road type
As shown in the above charts, the emissions for urban freeways, rural arterials, and rural
freeways are all heavily dominated by high speed (50 - 70 mph) operation.19 In addition, actual
emission levels are relatively insensitive to road type across these three types. However, speed
distribution appears to have a significant bearing on emissions for urban arterial operation.
Accordingly, the recommendation for Truck Tool application was to develop fully disaggregated
emission factor look up tables (retaining all four road types), and then weight urban freeway,
rural arterial, and rural freeway road type operations in order to aggregate emission lookup
tables within the SmartWay Tool to reflect "urban" (i.e., urban arterial) and "other" road types.
In addition, under this approach users can choose default speed distributions for these
selections, or specify the percent of operation by major speed range (0 - 25, 25 - 50, 50 - 70).
Given the relative insensitivity to speed for the "other" category, specifying speed distributions
would only be permitted for urban arterial operation.
Under this approach, the user is given the follow input options:
Specify % Highway/Rural ("other") operation fraction
Specify % urban operation distribution by speed bin, or select "default speed
distribution"
Data entry is handled through the addition of a popup screen for non-default selections (see
the Truck Tool User Guides for details).
19 This finding is consistent with the 2008 SmartWay Partner data submissions, wherein 87% of Partners selected
the 50+ mph category as the most representative of their non-urban operations.
IDLE
~ BRAK
~ 5070
¦ 2550
~ 0025
14
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2.3 Alternative Fuels
Heavy truck emission factors are not available from MOVES2014a for certain alternative fuels,
including E85, natural gas, and LPG. Accordingly, EPA used adjustment factors from a number
of sources described below to estimate NOx and PM/BC factors for these other fuels.
NOx and PM emission factors for biodiesel are based on the findings from an EPA study, A
Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions (EPA420-P-02-001, October
2002). This study developed regression equations to predict the percentage change in NOx and
PM emission rates relative to conventional diesel fuel, as a function of biodiesel blend
percentage, expressed in the following form:
Equation 6
% change in emissions = {exp[a x (vol% biodiesel)] -1} x 100%
Where:
a = 0.0009794 for NOx, and
a = -0.006384 for PM and BC20
Using Equation 6, adjustment factors were developed for biodiesel blends based on the
percentage of the biofuel component,21 and then these adjustment factors were applied to the
appropriate conventional diesel emission factors in Appendix A (see Section 2.2 for the sources
of conventional diesel emission factors). Note that the fleet-average blend value is assumed to
be the same for all truck classes, since the biofuel consumption data is not collected at the
truck class level. (This assumption holds for ethanol consumption data inputs as well.)
MOVES2014a now incorporates specific modeling assumptions for biodiesel, including options
for modeling 5 and 20 percent biodiesel (B5 and B20). While the pre-2007 vehicle estimates are
consistent with EPA's 2002 study findings, MOVES does not estimate an emissions effect on
2007+ model year diesel trucks because the literature does not show observed consistent or
significant biodiesel effects on theses engines.22'23 Accordingly, the Truck Tool only applies
adjustment factors for diesel engine model years prior to 2007.
20 BC emission rates as a function of biodiesel blend have not been identified at this time and are currently assumed
identical to the PM relationship.
21 Biodiesel blend percentage is calculated by dividing BlOO-equivalent gallons by total fuel gallons at the fleet level
- see the Truck Tool User Guides for details regarding biodiesel use inputs.
22
McCormick, R. and A. Williams, 2011. Impact of Biodiesel on Modem Diesel Engine Emissions. Project ID:
FT011. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO. May 9, 2011.
http://energv.gov/eere/vehicles/downloads/impact-biodiesel-modern-diesel-engine-emissions.
23 CARB 2011. Final Report for the CE-CERT Engine Testing Portion for the CARB Assessment of the Emissions
from the Use of Biodiesel as a Motor Vehicle Fuel in California Biodiesel Characterization and NOx Mitigation
Study. Final Report Prepared for CARB. October.
15
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For gasoline-ethanol blends, the SmartWay Truck Tool only accepts fuel consumption estimates
for E10 and E85 since, unlike biodiesel where the biofuel fraction can vary significantly, ethanol
is generally blended with gasoline at two discrete levels: 10% (E10) and 85% (E85). As discussed
in Section 2.2 above, NOx and PM factors for E10 were output directly from MOVES2014a.
Given the lack of heavy-duty E85 test data, adjustment factors for E85 were based on emissions
estimates for light-duty vehicles cited by the US DOE Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles
Data Center.24 These estimates come from a technical paper published in the Journal of Air &
Waste Management.25 Relative to conventional gas vehicles, the authors of this paper estimate
that vehicles running on E85 provide an average NOx reduction of 54% (based on 73 vehicle
tests), and an average PM reduction of 34% (based on 3 vehicle tests). These adjustment
factors are applied to the appropriate gasoline engine emission factors in Appendix A to
develop emission factors for E85.
Emission adjustment factors were used for gaseous fuels (LPG, CNG and LNG), developed by the
National Renewable Energy Lab and University of West Virginia based on field studies on
natural gas vehicles.26 For this assessment, it was assumed that CNG and LNG emissions were
identical. In addition, it was also assumed LPG vehicle emissions would be equal to natural gas
vehicle emissions.27 To be conservative, the smallest emission reduction estimates were
selected from the natural gas vehicle field test data (86% for PM and 17% for NOx) relative to
comparable diesel vehicles. These adjustment factors are applied to the diesel emission factors
in Appendix A and B to develop emission factors for these fuels.
Note, however, that the emissions associated with alternative fuels may be different for older
trucks (with minimal emission controls) and newer trucks (with extensive control systems in
place) due to recent vehicle emission standards. Newer studies suggest there are differences
by model year in the emission rates of gaseous fuel vehicles. A 2014 study performed by West
Virginia University28 using Class 8 trucks found that a model year 2011 dual-fuel (5% diesel,
95% LNG) high-pressure direct injection (HDPI) truck emitted 63% and 48% less NOx and PM,
respectively compared to a MY 2011 diesel truck equipped with an SCR and DPF. Both vehicles
operated on the urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS). The same WVU study found that
a MY 2011 natural gas engine equipped with a three-way catalyst (TWC) emitted 79% and 56%
less NOx and PM compared to the MY 2011 diesel truck, also on the UDDS.
Based on this new information, the Tool uses a simple average across the two engines tested in
the WVU study, resulting in a 71% reduction for NOx and a 52% reduction for PM, and applies
these new reduction values to comparable diesel emission factors for 2010 and later model
24 See http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/vehicles/emissions e85.html. last validated December 22, 2011.
25 http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/pdfs/technical paper feb09.pdf.
26 http://www.conaturalgascoalition.com/clean.html. last validated 3-4-16.
27 The PM and NOx estimates cited by this source for LPG vehicles were actually slightly lower than for natural gas
vehicles - http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/vehicles/emissions propane.html. However, based on engineering
judgment it was assumed that LPG PM and NOx emissions would be similar to comparable CNG vehicles.
28 Carder, D.K., M. Gautam, A. Thiruvengadam, M. Besch. In-Use Emissions Testing and Demonstration of
Retrofit Technology for Control of On-Road Heavy-Duty Engines. Prepared for the South Coast Air Quality
Management District. July.
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year gaseous fuel trucks. For model years prior to 2010, the adjustment factors of 17% for NOx
and 86% for PM are retained.
Emission estimates for battery-electric trucks are based on national average electric generation
mix profiles from USDOE's GREET model, as described in Appendix C.
Black carbon (BC) emissions associated with gaseous fuels are determined by multiplying the
ratio of elemental carbon (EC) and PM2.5 emission factors from MOVES2014a for CNG transit
buses, for calendar year 2018. The ratio EC to PM2.5 varies by model year group (0.0925 for
pre-2002 model years, and 0.1112 for 2002+ model years), so these different factors are
applied for the different engine age groups as appropriate in order to determine BC levels for
these fuel types.
2.4 PM Control Effectiveness
The Truck Tool applies adjustment factors to the PM emission factors in Appendix A and B for
any pre-2007 diesel truck for which Partners have installed a specific retrofit control device.
The following adjustment factors were obtained from EPA OTAQ (presented as a % reduction in
emissions; see Section 3.2 below for details):
Diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) - 25%
Closed crankcase ventilation (CCV) - 5%
Diesel particulate filter (DPF) - 90%
References from EPA's Clean Diesel Program are generally consistent with the DOC and DPF
effectiveness estimates above (20 - 40% for DOCs, and 85% or more for DPFs).29,30 Note that
an independent estimate of CCV effectiveness was not identified, as EPA and CARB only verify
CCVs when packaged with DOCs.31
The Tool applies the above adjustment factors to pre-2007 PM operating and idle emission
estimates. The Tool also allows for situations where CCVs are applied in combination with
either DOCs or DPFs. In such a case, the reduction effectiveness is calculated additively. For
example, if pre-control operating emissions were 1.0 g/mile for a diesel truck, and a CCV and
DOC were applied, the resulting emission rate would be:
Equation 7
1.0 x [1 - (0.25 + 0.05)] = 0.07 g/mile, post-control
29 EPA 2010a, National Clean Diesel Campaign Technical Bulletin: Diesel Oxidation Catalyst General Information.
See https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-03/documents/420f 10031 .pdf.
30 EPA 2010b, National Clean Diesel Campaign Technical Bulletin: Diesel Particulate Filter General Information.
See https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-03/documents/420flQ029.pdf.
31 See https ://www.epa. gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/420b 13025 .pdf.
17
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However, the Truck Tool assumes that DOC and DPF application are mutually exclusive.
At this time the relative effectiveness of the controls addressed above are assumed to be equal
for PM and BC.
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3.0 Emission and Activity Estimation
The emission rates and adjustment factors discussed above are combined with appropriate
activity data (provided by the Partners) to calculate mass emissions at the fleet and/or partner
level for CO2, NOx, PM, and BC as described below.
3.1 C02
CO2 is calculated within the Truck Tool utilizing emission factors expressed in grams per gallon
of fuel, (with the exception of battery-electric trucks), as discussed in Section 2.1 above. The
general equation for calculating CO2 emissions using reported fuel consumption values is
Equation 8
Eco2 = ((F-B)xEFf) + (BxEFb)
Where:
Eco2 = grams C02 per year
F = Total Fuel (Gallons per year)
B = Biofuel (Gallons per year)
EFf = Fossil Fuel Emissions Factor (g/gal based on fuel type)
EFb = Biofuel Emissions Factor (g/gal based on biofuel type)
Emissions for all pollutants for battery electric trucks are calculated by multiplying the reported
kWhrs used for charging by the associated g/kWhr factor (see Appendix C).
In most instances reefer fuel is aggregated with vehicle fuel inputs in the Truck Tool, with the
reefer fuel type assumed to be the same as the vehicle fuel type. However, reefer units
associated with LPG and electric trucks are assumed to use diesel fuel (by far the most common
type of reefer engine). Accordingly, any reefer fuel use reported for LPG and electric trucks is
included in the total CO2 calculation using the diesel fuel factors in Equation 8.
Fuel Allocator
The Truck Carrier Tool asks users to enter Gallons of Diesel Used by truck class in order to
estimate CO2 emissions. This information may be entered directly if available. However, if the
user does not have this information but does know total fuel use and MPG by truck class, the
Truck Tool's Fuel Allocator can be used to apportion fuel use across truck classes.
In the Fuel Allocator, the user enters total fuel consumption and truck class MPG estimates.
The allocator then calculates the fuel used for each class based on the total fuel and class MPG.
If the total fuel calculated matches the total fuel entered to within 2%, the allocator indicates a
"Match". However, instead of writing the exact calculated value seen in the Fuel Allocator to
the Activity screen, the Tool adjusts the class fuel amounts (and therefore MPG) so the sum
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matches the Total Fuel entered exactly, and then writes these values on the Activity screen.
That means, the MPG entered into the Fuel Allocator, and the calculated fuel used seen on the
Fuel Allocator, are not necessarily equal to the MPG and the fuel used that is written to the
Activity Screen.
If the user re-opens the Fuel Allocator at this point, the Allocator brings in the MPGs listed on
the Activity Screen, NOT the MPGs the user input into the calculator the first time (although it
doesn't overwrite the saved MPGs entered on the worksheet, if the user presses Cancel). For
remaining calculations in the Tool, the values shown on the Activity Screen are used. The
Allocator values the user entered are saved for the XML file, but aren't used for further
calculations. Separately in the XML, the MPG and fuel totals that were put onto the Activity
Screen are also written.
3.2 NOx, PM and BC
Unlike CO2 emissions which only vary with fuel type, NOx, PM and BC emission rates also vary
substantially depending upon engine model year and/or emission certification level, vehicle
class, drive cycle, speed, and operation mode (running or idle). For this reason, EPA developed
lookup tables in the Truck Tool with emission factors that correspond to user-supplied inputs
regarding their fleet activity. The NOx, PM and BC emission rates expressed in grams per mile
were combined with the appropriate mileage metric (i.e., total miles) in order to estimate mass
emissions. The general equation for calculating NOx emissions is as follows:
Equation 9
Enox = I [(Mc X ((GPMh X HDC) + (GPMui x UDCi) + (GPMuz x UDC2) + (GPMU3 x UDC3) + (GPMU4 x UDC4)))
x Tcy/ Tct) + (GPH, xH, x TCY) + (GPH, xH, x TCY)]
Where:
Enox = grams NOx per year for a given truck class
£ = summation across model years
Mc = Miles driven for Truck Class C per year
GPMh = Grams/mi (by truck class & engine yr) for Highway/Rural Driving
HDC = Highway drive cycle % (% of miles under highway/rural driving)
GPMui/2/3/4 = Grams/mi (by truck class & engine yr) for Urban Driving by mode (1 = 0-
25 mph; 2 = 25 - 50 mph; 3 = 50+ mph; 4 = deceleration)
UDCi/2/3/4 = Urban drive cycle % (% of miles under urban driving conditions, by mode (1,
2, 3, 4))
TCy = Number of trucks for a given Class/Year combination
Tct = Number of trucks total for a given Class
GPH sdi Grams per hour (by truck class & engine year) for short-duration Idling32
Hsdi = Hours of short duration Idling per year (average per truck per year by class)
32 The idle calculation for Class 8a and lighter trucks does not distinguish between short and long duration idling,
and all idle hours are multiplied by the short duration idle factor for these trucks. Hybrid electric trucks are assumed
to have no short-duration idling emissions, while battery-electric trucks have no idling emissions of any kind.
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GPH ldi Grams pGr hour (by truck class & engine year) for long-duration Idling
Hldi = Hours of long duration Idling per year (average per truck per year by class)
PM emissions for non-diesel vehicles are calculated using an equation identical to that for NOx,
utilizing PM emission factors. PM emission for diesel vehicles may be adjusted for PM control
effectiveness, as shown below. (BC emissions are calculated in identical fashion.)
Equation 10
Erm = I [(((Mc X ((GPMh X HDC) + (GPMui x UDCi) + (GPMuz x UDC2) + (GPMU3 x UDC3) + (GPMU4 x
UDC4))) x Tcy/ Tct) + (GPHsdi xHsdi x Tcy) + (GPHldi xHldi x Tcy)) x (1 - ((0.25 x TDOc / TCT) + (0.05 x TCCv /
Tct) + (0.9 x Tdpf / Tct)))]
Where:
Epm = grams PM per year for a given truck class
Tdoc = Number of trucks using Diesel Oxidation Catalysts by class
Tccv = Number of trucks using Closed Crankcase Ventilation by class
Tdpf = Number of trucks using Diesel Particulate Filters by class
0.25 = Effectiveness of DOCs (25%) at reducing particulate matter
0.05 = Effectiveness of CCVs (5%) at reducing particulate matter
0.9 = Effectiveness of DPFs (90%) at reducing particulate matter
Note the above calculation methodology assumes that the same highway/urban drive cycle
fractions apply across all model years of a given truck class. Similarly, the method assumes that
estimated idle hours apply equally to all model years of a given truck class.
The above methodology also utilizes estimates for the fraction of miles traveled associated with
different road types and speed categories, as shown in the equations above. The Truck Tool
user must provide an estimate of the percent of total miles associated with highway/rural
driving for each truck class. The user may also provide percentages for the miles spent driving
in urban conditions (e.g., unrestricted access, surface roads in well-traveled urban areas), for
different speed categories (0 - 25 / 25 - 50 / 50+ mph). This information may be obtained from
analysis of truck ECM or possibly GPS data. If urban speed distribution data is not available, the
user may select to use default distributions, obtained from the MOVES model. The default
speed distributions for urban operation (as defined in Section 2.2 above) varies with vehicle
class and model year. However, the variation over model years is very slight (typically with a
range of 1 to 2 percent for the largest speed category), the percentages were averaged over all
model years for a given speed category/vehicle type combination for use within the Truck Tool.
Table 4 presents the resulting default urban speed distributions by speed category for each
truck class, for both diesel and gasoline vehicles. Note that the Truck Tool utilizes the diesel
default speed distributions for LPG, LNG, and CNG.
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Percent
Vehicle Class
Speed Group
by Class*
Diesels
0-25
35%
HDDV2b
25-50
38%
50+
13%
Deceleration
15%
0-25
41%
HDDV3
25-50
36%
50+
12%
Deceleration
11%
0-25
42%
HDDV4
25-50
35%
50+
12%
Deceleration
11%
0-25
42%
HDDV5
25-50
35%
50+
12%
Deceleration
11%
0-25
42%
HDDV6
25-50
35%
50+
12%
Deceleration
10%
0-25
42%
HDDV7
25-50
35%
50+
12%
Deceleration
10%
0-25
44%
HDDV8a
25-50
35%
50+
12%
Deceleration
9%
0-25
45%
HDDV8b
25-50
34%
50+
12%
Deceleration
8%
Percent
Vehicle Class
Speed Group
by Class*
Gasoline
0-25
43%
HDGV2b
25-50
31%
50+
10%
Deceleration
15%
0-25
45%
HDGV3
25-50
34%
50+
11%
Deceleration
11%
0-25
45%
HDGV4
25-50
34%
50+
11%
Deceleration
10%
0-25
46%
HDGV5
25-50
33%
50+
10%
Deceleration
11%
0-25
46%
HDGV6
25-50
33%
50+
10%
Deceleration
11%
0-25
45%
HDGV7
25-50
32%
50+
10%
Deceleration
14%
0-25
45%
HDGV8a
25-50
34%
50+
11%
Deceleration
10%
0-25
43%
HDGV8b
25-50
31%
50+
10%
Deceleration
15%
* May not sum to 100 due to rounding error
Table 4. Default Speed Category Distributions by Vehicle Class for Urban Operation
(MOVES2010a basis)33
As seen in the above table, the MOVES model assumes that some fraction of vehicle operation
is associated with "deceleration" events, evaluated independently from other operation due to
their unique emission rate patterns.34 However, it is assumed that most Truck Tool users will
33 These values represent the urban component of driving only. If the user specifies a non-zero percentage for
Highway/Rural driving, the values in the above table are automatically renormalized, so as to make the sum across
urban and highway operation modes equal to 100%.
34 MOVES also assigns some fraction of emissions to idle operation. However, operating fractions and emission
factors associated with idle in MOVES outputs are expressed in grams per mile rather than grams per hour. Thus, in
order to utilize the grams per hour emission factors developed especially for use in the Truck Tool, MOVES outputs
associated with idle operation were removed and the operating mode fractions for the four remaining categories
were renormalized to equal 100%.
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not know their fleet's deceleration fraction. As such, the Truck Tool will adjust any values input
by the user to include a deceleration fraction based on MOVES model percentages. If the user
selects the default urban speed distributions, the Truck Tool will adjust the urban values from
Table 4 to account for the percentage of miles specified for Highway/Rural operation as well.
The following provides an illustrative example for calculating PM emissions for diesels given a
specific set of road type/speed category distributions. NOx and BC emission calculations follow
the same procedure.
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User specifies 1 Class 8b diesel, model year 2011, traveling 100,000 mi/yr.
User specifies the following Road type/speed category distributions:
40% highway/rural
30% 0-25 mph
20% 25-50 mph
10% 50+ mph
For highway/rural operation, the lookup value from MOVES is 0.0187 g/mi for PM2.5
For urban operation, the lookup values are as follows (2016 calendar year basis):
0-25: 0.0272 g/mi
25-50: 0.0463 g/mi
50+: 0.0233 g/mi
deceleration: 0.0015 g/mi
Now the urban speed distribution percentage inputs must to account for deceleration, as follows:
0-25: 30% x sum of default percentages for the three speed bins (but excluding default deceleration fraction) = 30% x (45% + 34% + 12%) = 27.3%
25-50: 20% x sum of default percentages (45% + 34% + 12%) = 18.2%
50+: 10% x sum of default percentages (45% + 34% + 12%) = 9.1%
deceleration: the remaining percentage, which equals 100% - 40% (highway) - 27.3% -18.2% - 9.1% = 5.4%
Now apply these percentage weights to the total mileage, and then multiply by the corresponding emission factors to obtain mass, as follows:
Highway/rural component: 0.40 x 100,000 x 0.0187 = 748 grams
0-25 urban component: 0.273 x 100,000 x 0.0272 = 743 grams
25 - 50 urban component: 0.182 x 100,000 x 0.0463 = 843 grams
50+ urban component: 0.091 x 100,000 x 0.0233 = 212 grams
Deceleration urban component: 0.54 x 100,000 x 0.0015 = 81 grams
Therefore total = 2,627 grams of PM2.5 (This value will then be summed with any other model year/vehicle class combinations and converted to short tons.)
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As discussed in Section 2.3, the Truck Tool assumes that BlOO-equivalent biodiesel volumes are
distributed proportionately across all diesel vehicle classes. For example, if a fleet uses 100 B-
100 equivalent gallons of biodiesel, and 1,000 gallons of fuel total, the Tool assumes that B10
(100 / 1,000 = 10%) is the blend used by each truck class. Accordingly, emission rate
adjustment factors are calculated for B10 using Equation 6, and applied to the diesel emission
factors for each vehicle class.
Finally, note that the PM factors output by the MOVES model for use in the Truck Tool are
expressed in terms of PM2.5. The MOVES2014a model assumes a fixed ratio of PM10 / PM2.5 for
a given fuel type, as summarized below:
Gasoline -1.1304
Diesel -1.087
CNG-1.1304
These factors are applied directly to the PM2.5 emission factors to obtain mass emission and
performance metrics for PM10 within the Truck Tool. In addition, it was assumed that LNG and
LPG have PM ratios equivalent to the CNG value. The ratio for biodiesel was assumed to equal
that for diesel.
3.3 Activity Calculations
The Truck Tool requires users to provide specific activity information on fuel consumption,
miles traveled, payload, cargo volume, average used cargo volume %, road type/speed, and idle
hours at the vehicle class level for the emissions performance assessment (see Section 4.0
below). While the user may provide direct data inputs for any or all of these activity
parameters, the Truck Tool also allows the user to select default values for payload and volume
determination, in the absence of fleet-specific information. (Direct inputs for payload are
highly preferred over the use of calculator defaults.) The data sources and assumptions used to
develop these default values are discussed below.
Default Payload Distributions
Average payloads can vary widely among fleets, even within a given vehicle class, depending
upon commodity type and body/trailer type. (While the Truck Tool does collect commodity
information, this information is not used in determining payloads.) With the exception of LTL
and Package carriers, exact data entries were used from the 2011 Truck Tool submissions to
obtain payload distributions for the 2017 Tool.35 This data was categorized by fuel type, truck
class, body-type, and SmartWay ranking category. Body-type refers to the categories presented
in the Truck Tool payload calculator (e.g., Step Van, Beverage, Combination Flatbed, etc.).
Ranking category is based on the Fleet Description inputs (e.g., Truckload Dry Van, Dray, Mixed,
etc.). 1,850 unique records were identified using this categorization of the 2011 Partner data.
35 An evaluation of carrier payload data in 2016 found the vast majority of fleets selected from the tool's default
ranges rather than providing exact values. Accordingly the available 2016 data was not robust enough to use as the
basis for an update to the existing ranges provided in the tool.
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This data was then reviewed and four outliers were identified and removed from the data set.36
Next, the data was grouped by truck class and body type and examined for notable differences
in payload values across ranking categories. However, with the exception of certain Class 8
trucks, no truck class/body-type/ranking category combination had greater than 20
observations. Therefore, it was concluded that there was not an adequately large data set
available for establishing ranking-category specific payload distributions for Truck Classes 2b-7.
In these cases, payload data were aggregated across all ranking categories for each truck
class/body-type combination.
The larger population of Class 8 trucks in the 2011 data set allowed for a differentiation of
payload distributions across ranking categories. Considering both available sample size and
average payloads, the following unique truck class/body-type/SmartWay ranking category
groupings were established.
Class 8a Dry Van Single body-types: differentiate LTL (9.9 tons average) and non-LTL
(12.4 tons average) categories. No differentiation across categories for other body-
types.
Class 8b Dry Van Single body-types: differentiate Heavy-bulk (24.1 tons),
LTL/Moving/Package (15.0 tons), Tanker (24 tons), and all other categories (18.5 tons).
Class 8b Specialty body-types: differentiate Auto Carriers (16.2 tons), Heavy/Mixed (30.3
tons), Flatbed (21.6 tons), and all other categories (25.6 tons).
Class 8b Dry Van Double body-types: differentiate TL/Reefer/Mixed (27.7 tons) and all
other categories (19.4 tons)
Class 8b Other body-types: differentiate Heavy/Flatbed/Mixed (27.4 tons) and all other
categories (21.5 tons).
Based on this data, Table 5 presents the payload averages, standard deviations, minimum and
maximum values by truck class/body-type/and-or ranking category.37 Note that the average
values and standard deviations presented below are not weighted by fleet size.
Table 5. Average Payload and Standard Deviation (short tons) by Vehicle Class/Body-
Type/Ranking Category (2011 SmartWay Partner Data - Exact Payload Entries)
Body-Type (Bin Category)
Avg Payload (tons)
Std Dev
Class 2
b
Flatbed
1.19
0.69
Step Van
1.14
0.48
Walk-In Van
1.05
0.48
Conventional Van
0.77
0.41
Other
0.58
0.49
36 Three Class 2b entries were removed due to suspiciously high payloads (16, 13, and 5 tons). One Class 8b truck
was also removed (1 ton) due to an incongruous text explanation ("none used").
37 Given the lack of data on non-diesel heavy-duty vehicles, payload ranges are assumed to apply to all fuel types.
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Body-Type (Bin Category)
Avg Payload (tons)
Std Dev
Class:
Step Van
1.65
0.53
Walk-In Van
1.64
0.57
Conventional Van
1.50
0.83
Other
1.08
0.90
Class 4
Flatbed
2.68
1.53
Step Van
2.24
1.19
Walk-In Van
1.70
0.80
Conventional Van
2.27
0.90
Other
1.16
0.76
Class 5
Walk-In Van
1.99
1.08
Conventional Van
3.39
0.99
Other
2.91
1.19
Class 6
Flatbed
4.67
1.71
Reefer
4.84
1.80
Walk-In Van
4.01
1.68
Single-Axle Van
3.78
1.19
Other
4.17
1.48
Class 7
Beverage
6.10
2.22
Flatbed
7.05
0.85
Reefer
6.03
1.27
Tanker
7.45
0.92
Single-Axle Van
5.53
1.83
Other - straight truck
8.30
4.63
Combination Flatbed
5.22
0.41
Combination Reefer
3.58
1.01
Dry Van - Single
5.44
2.57
Other - combo
5.90
1.15
Class 8a
Flatbed
10.04
5.88
Tanker
12.12
5.43
Single-Axle Van
8.09
3.80
Other - straight truck
9.76
4.08
Beverage
12.30
4.40
Combination Flatbed
12.51
1.41
Dry Van - Single (other than LTL)
12.42
4.66
Other - combo
12.68
4.56
Class 8
b
Dry Van - Single (Heavy-Bulk)
24.1
2.98
Dry Van - Single (other bins)
18.46
3.97
Dry Van - Double (Tanker)
24.06
2.96
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Body-Type (Bin Category)
Avg Payload (tons)
Std Dev
Dry Van - Double (Mixed-TL-Reefer)
27.74
13.33
Dry Van - Double (Other bins)
19.39
3.82
Dry Van -Triple
27.10
3.20
Combination Reefer
20.10
2.82
Combination Flatbed
22.50
4.23
Combination Tanker
24.90
2.89
Chassis
21.80
5.28
Specialty (Other bins)
25.62
2.72
Other(Other bins)
21.50
8.41
Specialty (Auto bin)*
18.22
5.29
Specialty (Fleavy-bulk bin)*
29.23
7.15
Specialty (Moving bin)*
14.57
2.70
Specialty (Flatbed bin)
21.56
2.58
Other (Fleavy-Flatbed-Mixed bins)
27.41
6.36
* calculated using 2014 calendar year data, for new body type additions to the
payload calculator.
The values above serve as the basis for the default payload ranges provided in the Truck Tool
payload calculator. For most vehicle class/body-type/ranking category combinations,38 seven
default ranges are offered for Partner selection:
Range 1: from 0 tons to (Average payload - 2 x standard deviation);
Range 2: from (Average payload - 2 x standard deviation) to (Average payload -
1 x standard deviation);
Ranges 3-5: evenly split in three sections, from (Average payload - 1 x standard
deviation) to (Average payload + 1 x standard deviation);
Range 6: from (Average payload + 1 x standard deviation) to (Average payload +
2 x standard deviation); and,
Range 7: from (Average payload + 2 x standard deviation) to (Average payload +
3 x standard deviation).
Once a particular range is selected, the payload calculator determines the midpoint of the
range in order to estimate class level average payloads. The midpoint payload values for each
body type are weighted by one of the four allocation methods specified by the user in the
payload calculator: # miles, # trips, % operation, and # vehicles by body type. The weighted
sum is then used as the class level average payload, which in turn is used directly in determining
grams per ton-mile performance metrics for the fleet.
Payload data based on bills of lading and entered directly into the payload calculator are
validated using the same data described above (see Section 3.4).
38 In a few instances, the calculated lower bound value for Range 2 was less than zero. In these cases the lower
bound value for Range 2 was set to zero and the Payload Calculator indicates Range 1 as "N/A".
28
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LTL and Package Fleet Payloads
For most payload validations in the Tool, ranges are calculated by class and by body type as
described above. LTL and package delivery payload validation ranges were updated using data
from the 2015 tools, and are calculated on a simple truck class basis, as there was not enough
LTL and Package Delivery Partner information to break payload out by body type. Therefore,
each body type in a class is validated using the same range, as shown in Table 6 below.
Table 6. Payload Validation Ranges (Short Tons) for LTL and Package Delivery Fleets
Truck Class
Avg Payload
#Obs
Standard Dev
Rl Min
R2 Min
R3 Min
R4
Min
R5
Min
R6 Min
R7 Min
2B
0.96
12
0.195
>0
0.565
0.761
0.891
1.021
1.151
1.249
3
1.57
19
0.303
>0
0.967
1.270
1.472
1.674
1.876
2.027
4
1.92
11
0.679
>0
0.562
1.241
1.693
2.146
2.598
2.937
5
2.79
10
0.790
>0
1.212
2.002
2.529
3.055
3.582
3.977
6
3.72
70
0.678
>0
2.362
3.040
3.492
3.945
4.397
4.736
7
5.44
64
0.981
>0
3.481
4.462
5.116
5.770
6.424
6.914
8A
9.78
63
2.170
>0
5.437
7.607
9.054
10.501
11.948
13.033
8B
15.79
110
3.532
>0
8.729
12.261
14.615
16.970
19.324
21.090
The lower payload ranges (for "Rl" and "R2") were set so as to identify less than 20% of the
observed LTL/package fleets during validation. The middle R3-R5 ranges extend from one
standard deviation less than the average payload to one standard deviation greater than the
average. The upper payload values for "R6" range from the payload average plus one standard
deviation to the average plus 1.5 standard deviations. The range for "Rl" extends above the
"R6" maximum value. The maximum R7 range values are taken directly from the original R7
maximum values described above by class and by body type.39
Starting with the 2015 Truck Tool fleets with a SmartWay Category designation of LTL must also
provide estimates for the average weight per shipment and the average number of shipments
per truck. These values will be used to help refine the payload validation ranges for Shippers
using LTL carriers. As a validation check, the Truck Tool compares the average payload per truck
derived from these inputs (i.e., average weight per shipment x average shipments per truck)
with the average payload calculated from the Activity screen. If the difference is greater than
+/- 20% a validation warning is provided.
39 For two body types under Class 7 trucks (Combination Flatbed and Combination Reefer), the original Range 7
max value is less than the new Range 6 max value. (R7 max is 6.45 and 6.61 respectively, while the new R6 max
value for all class 7 body types is 6.914). Therefore, for just these two body types within Class 7, instead of using
the original Range 7 max, we use the Range 7 max that would be calculated from the new table values. This is
calculated as Avg + 2.5 x standard deviation, based on the table above (7.896 in this case). [Note it is Avg + 2.5 x
standard deviation instead of Avg + 3 x standard deviation because of the 1.5 sigma rule for Range 6. Therefore the
Range 7 max value is simply 1 standard deviation larger than the Range 6 max.]
29
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Default Cargo Volumes40
The Truck Tool also provides a volume calculator to estimate the cubic feet associated with the
common straight truck body types (classes 2b through 7) identified using the 2011 Partner
dataset, as well as typical trailer, container, carrier, and tanker sizes, for combination trucks
(classes 8a and b).41 Cargo volumes in cubic feet are relatively easy to estimate for many
combination trucks. Per unit interior volume defaults are assumed for standard dry vans - no
high cubes, reefers, etc.), and containers. Trailer calculations assume an 8' x 9' cross-section,
and the exterior length less 1/2 foot. 20 and 40 foot container dimensions are referenced in
many places, such as http://www.mussonfreight.com/containers/containers.html.42 Table 7
summarizes the default volumes assumed for a number of standard trailers, containers,
tankers, and bulk carriers.
Table 7. Default Average Cubic Feet (Class 8a - 8b trucks)
Type
Size
Cubic Feet
28ft
1,980
40ft
2,844
42ft
2,988
45ft
3,204
48ft
3,420
Trailers
53ft
3,780
57ft
4,068
28x28
3,960
48x28
4,824
40x40
5,688
48x48
6,840
28x28x28
5,940
20ft
1,159
40ft
2,347
Containers
45 ft43
3,031
48 ft
3,454
53ft
3,148
Small (3,000 gal)
401
Tankers
Medium (5,250 gal)
702
Large (7,500 gal)
1,003
Bulk
Carriers
Small (22'x8'10.25')
1,804
Medium (32'x8'xll')
2,816
Large (42'x8.5'xll.5')
4,106
40 The Truck Tool allows users to enter cargo volume in either cubic feet or TEUs, with one TEU assumed equal to
1,360 cubic feet - see http://www.dimensionsinfo.com/20ft-container-size/.
41 Default cargo volumes for Class 7 combination vehicles were not available, and were set equal to the average
volume for Class 8 combination tracks in the 2010 SmartWay database.
42 53 foot containers are assumed to have interior dimensions of 52' 5" x 7' 8" x 7' 10"
43 45 and 48 foot container references from http://www.shippingcontainers24.com/dimensions/45-foot/. and
http://www.containertech.com/container-sales/48ft-high-cube-container-domestic/
30
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Cargo volume capacity data is often not readily available for straight trucks, however. Such
trucks are highly variable in their configuration and when volume estimates are found, the data
often do not permit cross-referencing with vehicle class. Most highway infrastructure and
operating agencies, including enforcement, are concerned about weight (e.g., pavement and
structure damage), but not cubic capacity. The operating agencies are also concerned about
maximum dimensions, of length, height and width (for, respectively, turning radii, vertical
clearance, and lane width) but the shape of the box and its relation to the truck superstructure,
not these maximums, dictates cubic capacity. Little public research on the cubic capacity of the
box has been done, and thus little information is published.
A relatively small number of volume estimates were compiled from the 2011 Partner data (218
unique observations for truck class/body-type combinations). Of these observations 13 were
identified as outliers and removed from the data set (11 observations of less than 100 cu ft; one
Class 3 truck at 1,360 cu ft; and one Class 2b truck at 3,600 cu ft). Given the overall "thinness"
of the dataset, those truck class/body-type combinations with three or more observations were
used to estimate average cargo volumes. The following truck class/body-type combinations
had fewer than three observations in the Partner dataset.
Class 2b Flatbed
Class 3 Other
Class 4 Flatbed, Step Van, Other
Class 6 Flatbed, Walk-In Van
Class 7 Flatbed, Tanker
Class 8a Beverage
For these remaining truck class/body-type combinations available information was compiled as
it relates to cargo volume capacity for the common straight truck body types.
Without a comprehensive data source, such as the Partner data, other strategies needed to be
employed to develop examples, or ranges, of volume capacity for the remaining body
type/truck class combinations of interest. A literature review and vendor interviews were
performed to determine appropriate values for cargo volume capacity. The first step in the
literature review involved preparing a list of vendors responsible for designing, manufacturing,
or operating all the different truck types identified.
Cubic capacity is also dependent upon a variety of factors and is not uniform for even the same
make and model, as many truck manufactures will design to specifications based on a client's
unique needs for their cargo. For example, a client may request a manufacturer to design a
truck interior to best accommodate the delivery of a certain size of parcel, and install shelving
or otherwise compartmentalize to that end. Consideration was given to these factors during
the review.
The literature review encompassed Internet searches of vendors of the truck types described
above. Sources explored included truck manufacturers, dealers, and fleet lessors of vehicles
31
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such as Budget/U-haul/Enterprise/Ryder/E-Dart). Additionally, validation searches were
performed on websites outlining current truck sales to help identify the appropriate size/class
of the vehicles and applicable specifications. The following information was collected from
these searches for over 40 different vehicles currently available on the market:
Length, width, height of the cargo hold
Reported cargo space (cubic feet)
Gross Vehicle Weight
Payload
Manufacturer
Make/Model
Reference website
Outreach to key stakeholders in the commercial vehicle industry was also performed to further
validate the information collected from the literature and resource review. Contact was made
with representatives from Volvo Trucks North America; the American Transportation Research
Institute (ATRI); the Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance (CVSA); the Truck Manufacturers
Association (TMA); Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Truck Size and Weight; and a wide
variety of trucking manufactures and other vendors.
The results of this review are combined with the averages from the Partner data and are
provided in Table 8 below for straight trucks, classes 2b through 7. In those instances where
multiple vehicle models were identified for a given body type/vehicle class combination, simple
averages were calculated across models.
Table 8. Estimated Cargo Volumes (cubic feet) for Straight Truck Body Types, by Vehicle Class
Body- type
Average Cargo Volume (Cubic Feet)
Class 2b
Flatbed*
336
Step Van
479
Walk-In Van
580
Conventional Van
357
Other
303
Class 3
Step Van
468
Walk-In Van
706
Conventional Van
538
Other*
599
Class 4
Flatbed*
448
Step Van*
700
Walk-In Van
667
32
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Body- type
Average Cargo Volume (Cubic Feet)
Conventional Van
699
Other*
830
Class 5
Walk-In Van
655
Conventional Van
1,010
Other
691
Class 6
Flatbed*
672
Reefer
1,146
Walk-In Van*
1,496
Single-Axle Van
1,583
Other
1,257
Class 7
Beverage
1,576
Flatbed*
728
Reefer
1,413
Tanker*
267
Single-Axle Van
1,476
Other
1,486
*From literature/web review
Once a default cargo volume is selected, the volume calculator weights the volume estimates
for each body type by one of the four allocation methods: # miles, # trips, % operation, and #
vehicles by body type. The weighted sum is then used as the class level average cargo volume,
which in turn is used directly in determining grams per volume-mile performance metrics for
the fleet.
A list of websites utilized in the literature review is provided below.
Truck manufacturers:
www.gmc.com
www.chevrolet.com
www.ford.com
www.freightlinersprinterusa.com
www.silvercrowncoach.com
Fleet operators:
www.uhaul.com
www.pensketruckrental.com
www.budgettruck.com
www.hendersonrentals.co.nz
www.hackneybeverage.com
www.hackneyusa.com
33
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www.fedex.com
www.grummanolson.com
Other sources:
www.usedtruckdepot.com
www.usedtrucks.ryder.com
www.truckingauctions.com
www.truckpaper.com
www.motortrend.com
files.harc.edu/Projects/Transportation/FedExReportTask3.pdf
The detailed findings of the literature/web review are presented in Appendix D.
3.4 Data Validation
The SmartWay Truck Tool has a number of standard logical, range and value checks that must
be passed before Partners can submit their data to EPA. Many of these checks simply confirm
the presence of required data (e.g., total miles for each truck class selected), or the accuracy of
logical relationships (e.g., revenue miles <= total miles). The list of these basic checks is
provided below. Partners will not be able to finalize their fleet files until all associated errors
have been resolved. Also note that there is an implicit validation check on all numeric fields
because the system will not accept any non-numeric characters (including minus signs) within
these fields.
Table 9. Basic Range and Logical Checks - Conditions Resulting in Error or Warning Messages
Contact Information
User must enter at least two distinct contacts
Fleet Description
User must include a Partner Name.
Fleet Description
If entered, SCACs must be between 2 and 4 characters in length, and at least one
character must be a letter. Multiple SCACs must be separated by commas.
Fleet Description
If entered, MCNs must be between 6 and 7 digits.
Fleet Description
If entered, DOT numbers must be 7 digits or less.
Fleet Description
User must select a Fleet Type.
Fleet Description
User must indicate operational control over at least 95% of the fleet. (If Partner does
not have at least 95% operational control, Truck Tool may not be used for the fleet.)
Fleet Description
The Operation Category totals must add up to 100%.
Fleet Description
The Body Type totals must add up to 100%.
Fleet Description
If a value for the Special Hauler body type is entered, a description must be provided.
Fleet Description
Warnings are issued for any of the following Operation Type/Body Type
combinations. NOTE: This validation will only be invoked if there is a single selection
made for either Operation or Body Type - otherwise combinations can't be
determined with certainty. LTL/Chassis; LTL/Moving; LTL/Heavy; LTL/Specialized;
Dray/Flatbed; Dray/Moving; Dray/Utility; Package/Flatbed; Package/Chassis;
Package/Heavy; Package/Auto; Package/Moving; Package/Utility;
Package/Specialized.
34
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General Information
User must designate the operations split between U.S. and Canadian operations.
General Information
User must designate the Short-haul vs. Long-haul split.
General Information
User must select at least one fuel type.
General Information
User indicate if they broker-out some portion of the company's total freight volume,
and if so, what percent.
General Information
User indicate if they broker-out some portion of the company's total freight volume,
and if so, what percent.
General Information
For percent of total freight volume brokered-out, the percent must be less than or
equal to 5 percent, (warning)
Activity
nformation
All fields are required, so no field can be left blank. (If appropriate, a zero can be
placed in certain fields.)
Activity
nformation
For all numeric fields except Empty Miles, Biofuel gallons, and Idle Hours, the value
must be greater than zero. (An explanation must be provided for zero Empty Miles
and idle hours).
Activity
nformation
For mileage and gallons fields, enter exact rather than rounded values, (warning)
Activity
nformation
For Revenue Miles, the amount cannot exceed the number of Total Miles Driven.
Activity
nformation
Revenue Miles that are significantly outside the expected range for percent of total
miles for the given truck class (based on a lookup table) must be explained.
Activity
nformation
For Empty Miles, the amount must be less than the number of Total Miles.
Activity
nformation
Empty Miles that are significantly outside the expected range for the given truck class
(based on a lookup table) must be explained.
Activity
nformation
Distance per truck that is significantly outside the expected range for the given truck
class (based on a lookup table) must be explained.
Activity
nformation
On the Biofuel Blend Worksheet, the total gallons of biofuel cannot exceed the
amount entered for Total Fuel on the Activity Information screen.
Activity
nformation
For Average used cargo volume percent, the value cannot exceed 100%.
Activity
nformation
For Average Used Cargo Volume Percent, the value must be less than 100% if user
indicated that the fleet is 100% Less-Than-Truckload (LTL). (By definition, LTL fleets
cannot have 100% average used cargo volume.)
Activity
nformation
Average Used Cargo Volume Percent that is significantly outside the expected range
for the given truck class (based on a lookup table) must be explained.
Activity
nformation
The implicit commodity density derived from the payload, volume, and average used
cargo volume inputs must be between 0.001 and 0.65 tons/cubic foot.44
Activity
nformation
For Idle Hours, the value cannot exceed 8,760.
Activity
nformation
For Idle Hours, values significantly outside the expected range for daily short
duration idle hours, daily long duration idle hours, and average number of days on
the road must be explained.
Activity
nformation
MPG must be greater than zero.
Activity
nformation
MPG that is significantly outside the expected range for the given truck class (based
on a lookup table) must be explained.
Activity Information
Reefer fuel inputs for each fuel type must be less than the total vehicle fuel volume
44 The upper bound density range was based on gold (~0.6 tons/cubic foot) and the lower bound range on potato
chips (-0.003 tons/cubic foot) - see http://www.aqua-calc.com/paqe/densitv-table/substance/Snacks-coma-
and-blank-potato-blank-chips-coma-and-blank-white-coma-and-blank-restructured-coma-and-blank-
baked.
35
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input.
Activity Information
Reefer fuel as a percent of total fuel that is significantly outside the expected range
for a given fleet (based on lookup table) must be explained.
Model Year & Class
Total truck count for each fleet cannot be zero.
Model Year & Class
Total truck counts for each selected truck class (those with a check mark) cannot be
zero.
PM Reduction
The number of trucks using any particular PM reduction strategy cannot be greater
than the number of trucks for the given class and model year.
PM Reduction
The sum of the trucks using either DOC or Particulate Matter Traps cannot be greater
than the number of trucks for the given class and model year.
PM Reduction
If user indicates that the company uses PM reduction equipment, there must be at
least one truck included on the PM Reduction sub-tab.
Payload & Volume
Calculators
User must provide a preferred allocation method for the information entered on the
calculators.
Payload & Volume
Calculators
The sum of the total miles or total trucks entered in the calculator must equal the
number entered on the Activity Information screen.
Payload & Volume
Calculators
The calculated average cannot be equal to zero.
Payload & Volume
Calculators
For percentages, the total must equal 100%.
Payload & Volume
Calculators
For each body type for which some information has been entered, all of the visible
field must be completed (including the explanation field if shown).
Payload & Volume
Calculators
Zero is not a valid value for any payload or volume.
Payload & Volume
Calculators
Values that are significantly outside the expected range for the given body type and
class must be explained.
Payload & Volume
Calculators
The body types indicated in the Volume Calculator must agree with those used in the
Payload Calculator.
Payload & Volume
Calculators
Ensure consistency between body-type selections in the Fleet Description section
with those from the Payload and Volume Calculators. For example, if 100% is
specified for Dry Van under Fleet Description, only Dry Vans (single, double, triple)
may be selected within the calculators. See Table 9.
Payload & Volume
Calculators
If "# of Vehicles in this class" is selected for both the Payload and Volume calculators
for a given truck class, the number of trucks entered into each calculator must agree.
Payload & Volume
Calculators
If "# of Vehicles in this class" is selected for either the Payload or Volume calculator,
the number of body-types selected cannot exceed the number of vehicles specified.
Payload & Volume
Calculators
If "# of miles in this class" is selected for both the Payload and Volume calculators for
a given truck class, the number of miles entered into each calculator must agree.
Payload & Volume
Calculators
If "# of Trips done by this class" is selected for both the Payload and Volume
calculators for a given truck class, the number of trips entered into each calculator
must agree.
Payload & Volume
Calculators
Ensure consistency between the body-type selections in the Class 8a/b payload
calculator and the corresponding Volume calculator - i.e., issue warnings for any
type of dry van, reefer or beverage selected in the payload calculator but no Trailers
specified in volume calculator.
Data Sources
Data sources for Total Miles Driven, Gallons of Fuel Used, Average Payload, and
Other Data must be specified.
36
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Validations have been added to the Truck Tool to ensure the selections in the 8a/8b volume
calculator are consistent with the selections in the payload calculator for those classes:
RED errors (must address):
If the user has values for 8a body type "Beverage" or "Dry Van - Single" in the Payload
calculator, they must have a value in the "Trailer" section of the volume calculator.
If the user has values for 8b body type "Dry Van - Single" or "Dry Van - Double" or "Dry
Van - Triple" in the Payload calculator, they must have a value in the "Trailer" section of
the volume calculator.
YELLOW warnings (comments/changes not mandatory):
If the user has values for 8a body type "Flatbed" or "Combination Flatbed" in the
Payload calculator, they must have a "Flatbed" checkbox checked in the "Trailer"
section of the volume calculator.
If the user has values for 8a body type "Single-Axle Van" or "Dry Van - Single" in the
Payload calculator, they must have a "Box" checkbox checked in the "Trailer" section of
the volume calculator.
If the user has values for 8a body type "Beverage" in the Payload calculator, they must
have a "Box" or "Reefer" checkbox checked in the "Trailer" section of the volume
calculator.
If the user has values for 8a body type "Tanker" in the Payload calculator, they must
have a value in the "Tanker" section of the volume calculator.
If the user has values for 8a body type "Other (straight truck)" or "Other (combo)" in the
Payload calculator, they must have a value in the "Bulk", "Auto Carrier", or "Other"
section of the volume calculator.
If the user has values for 8b body type "Dry Van - Single" or "Dry Van - Double" or "Dry
Van - Triple" in the Payload calculator, they must have a "Box" checkbox checked in the
"Trailer" section of the volume calculator.
If the user has values for 8b body type "Combination Reefer" in the Payload calculator,
they must have a "Reefer" checkbox checked in the "Trailer" section of the volume
calculator.
If the user has values for 8b body type "Combination Flatbed" in the Payload calculator,
they must have a "Flatbed" checkbox checked in the "Trailer" section of the volume
calculator.
If the user has values for 8b body type "Combination Tanker" in the Payload calculator,
they must have a value in the "Tanker" section of the volume calculator.
If the user has values for 8b body type "Chassis" in the Payload calculator, they must
have a value in the "Chassis" section of the volume calculator.
If the user has values for 8b body type "Specialty" or "Other" in the Payload calculator,
they must have a value in the "Bulk", "Auto Carrier", or "Other" section of the calculator
37
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As noted in Table 9, a warning is issued if an inconsistency is identified between body-types
specified within the Fleet Description Section and those within the Payload/Volume Calculators.
Warning conditions (associated with 100% body-type entries under Fleet Description) are
presented in Table 10 below. Warnings are also issued if a body type is specified in the Fleet
Description section that does not appear in the payload and volume calculators.
38
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Table 10. Consistent Body-Types Resulting in No Warning Messages
Acceptable selections -
Body Type
(100%)
2b
3
4
5
6
7
8a
8b
Dry Van
all except
flatbed
all
all except
flatbed
all
walk-in, single
axle van
beverage,
single axle van,
dry van single
single axle van,
beverage, dry
van single
dry van (single,
double, triple)
Refrigerated
other
other
other
other
reefer, other
reefer,
beverage,
combination
reefer, other
beverage,
other
combination
reefer, dry van
double, dry van
triple
Flatbed
flatbed
other
flatbed
other
flatbed
flatbed,
combination
flatbed
flatbed,
combination
flatbed
combination
flatbed
Tanker
other
other
other
other
other
tanker
Tanker
combination
tanker
Chassis
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
other
Other
chassis
Heavy-Bulk
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
other
Other
heavy-bulk
Auto Carrier
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
other
Other
auto carrier
Moving
all except
flatbed
all
all except
flatbed
all
all except
reefer, flatbed
single axle van,
dry van-single,
other
single axle van,
dry van-single,
other
moving, dry
van single, dry
van double, dry
van triple,
other
Specialty
Hauler
other
other
other
other
other
other
Other
Specialty, other
Utility
all
all
all
all
all except
reefer
single axle van,
combination
flatbed, other
single axle van,
combination
flatbed, other
dry van single,
combination
flatbed, other
39
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Additional, rigorous validation checks of key data inputs are also needed to ensure the overall
quality of the performance metrics calculated by the Truck Tool. Validation checks serve three
purposes to this end. First, unusually high or low values can be identified and flagged for the
user's attention before finalizing inputs. For example, a user may misplace a decimal,
inadvertently add an extra zero, or utilize the wrong units (e.g. reporting pounds instead of tons
for payload) upon data entry. By comparing these data entries to reliable industry averages
and distributions, these values can be flagged allowing users to quickly correct such errors.
Second, under certain circumstances Partners may operate their fleets under atypical
conditions, resulting in extreme (outlier) data values. For example, permitted heavy-haul
operations may routinely exceed industry-average payload values by 10 or more tons. By
flagging such data entries Partners have the opportunity to provide additional information
regarding their unique operating conditions through use of the Truck Tool comment fields.
Finally, independent criteria can be established to ensure that data inputs are never allowed to
exceed certain physically-constrained absolute limits. For example, a truck cannot exceed
roughly 500,000 miles per year, even with dual drivers and minimal maintenance time, simply
due to the available hours per year and highway speed limits. Data values above these
absolute maximum levels are not allowed by the Truck Tool, and users are required to modify
the associated inputs before proceeding.
The following presents the updates to the TruckTool validation ranges for all parameters but
payload and volume, which are discussed above. Validation ranges are of three types:
1. "Yellow" values indicating that the input or derived performance value is notably
lower/higher than the expected value. Partners may enter an explanation backing up
such entries, but this is not mandatory.
2. "Red" values indicating that the input or derived performance value differs greatly from
the expected value. In this case the partner must enter text explaining why this value is
accurate. Once entered, the value will change from "Red" to "Yellow" on the data entry
screen.
3. "Absolute errors" exceed values deemed physically possible and must be changed in
order to be accepted by the tool.
Reefer Fuel Validation
507 diesel fleets designated as "Reefer" for the 2013 calendar year were evaluated to
determine the distribution of the fraction of reefer fuel consumption to total fuel consumption.
Ten of these observations were dropped from the analysis data set, having either 0 gallons of
reefer fuel entered, or reefer fuel consumption was greater than total consumption.45 As
shown in Figure 3 below, the distribution for the remaining reefer fleets was highly skewed
toward low fractions (reefer consumption / total consumption). For this reason, EPA simply
45 Additional validation rules have been implemented, so such data entries are no longer possible.
40
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used 5% increments for the Range 1 and 2 validation values, but used the average plus 1 to 2
standard deviations for Range 4, and > 2 standard deviations for Range 5. The resulting values
are shown in Table 11 below.
Figure 3
# Obervations vs Fraction of Fuel
used by Reefers
200
150
100
50
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Table 11. Reefer Fuel Consumption Validation Ranges
Min
Max
% of Obs
Comments
Range 1A
>0
0.18%
4.8%
Set to include ~5% of obs
Range 2
0.18%
1.45%
5.2%
Set to include ~5% of obs
Range 3
1.45%
24.25%
81.1%
Max value set at average + 1 sigma
Range 4
24.25%
36.90%
4.8%
between 1 and 2 sigma from average
Range 5*
36.90%
<100%
4.0%
2+ sigma from avg
A Note - reefer fuel consumption cannot = 0 - absolute error
* Note - reefer fuel consumption cannot = 100% - absolute error
Basis - all diesel reefer fleets, 2013 reporting year
The percentages shown above are multiplied by the total fuel value entered on the Activity
screen to determine the Reefer fuel validation ranges for a given fleet. If the percentage
designated as "Reefer" in the Body Types section of the Truck Tool is less than 100%, then the
fuel validation ranges are scaled downward by the reported percentage.
OTC Fleet Validation
If the user indicates their fleet operates within the Ozone Transport Commission (OTC) region
on the General Information screen, they may provide estimates for the portion of fuel
41
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consumed or miles travelled in OTC states. If so, the Truck Tool will perform a validation check
to ensure that the gallons or miles entered here do not exceed the total gallons or miles
provided on the Activity screen.
Data Processing
Except as noted above, the validation range recommendations are based upon a distributional
analysis performed on the 2015 Truck Partner input and performance data. Fleet level data
was input into SAS and grouped by truck class and bin category. If a particular combination had
less than 20 fleets, it was aggregated to the next "higher" level until at least 20 fleets were
included. This process resulted in 29 groupings, as shown in Table 12. Note these groupings
are mutually exclusive - e.g. "Class 6_Mixed" (Group 6) includes all Class 6 vehicles with the
exception ofTL/Dry Van, LTL/Dry Van, and Package (Groups 8,10, and 11).
Table 12. Truck Fleet Groupings Used for Distributional Analysis
Group #
Name
# Fleets
1
2B_Expedited
35
2
2B_Mixed
96
3
2B_Package
34
4
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
5
3_Mixed
85
6
4_Mixed
71
7
5_Mixed
59
8
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
9
6_Mixed
124
10
6_Package
25
11
6_TL/Dry Van
51
12
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
13
7_Mixed
144
14
7_TL/Dry Van
44
15
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
16
8A_Mixed
106
17
8A_Refrigerated
21
18
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
19
8B_AutoCarrier
36
20
8B_Dray
109
21
8B_Expedited
26
22
8B_Flatbed
159
23
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
24
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
42
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A distributional assessment was then performed for each of the above groupings for the
following parameters.
Group #
Name
# Fleets
25
8B_Mixed
470
26
8B_Refrigerated
574
27
8B_Specialized
60
28
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
29
8B_Tanker
84
Miles per vehicle
Miles per gallon
Revenue Miles (as a percent of total
miles)
Empty Miles (as a percent of total
miles)
Percent Average Used Cargo Volume
The following parameters were not updated based on 2015 data due to one of two reasons: (1)
the data set for 2015 was too thin, or (2) the majority of the data relied on default values.
Percent Biofuel Percent Miles Traveled, Highway
Percent Miles Traveled, Urban Average Idle Hours per Year
ERG then identified suspected outliers and erroneous data entry values for each
parameter/group combination, based on the criteria presented in Table 13.
Table 13. Outlier Definition
43
-------
Metric
Unreasonably Low
Unreasonably High
Miles per Vehicle
Mean - 3*Std dev
Mean + 3*std dev
MPG
0
Mean + 3*std dev
Percent Revenue Miles
<40
100
Percent Empty Miles
0
>60
Percent Biofuel
0
>20
Percent Average Used Cargo
0
100
Volume
Percent Urban Operation
0
100
Percent Highway Operation
0
100
Average Idle Hours
0
Mean + 3*std dev
Using these criteria ERG identified 132 values, which were subsequently dropped from the data
set in order to develop "yellow" and "red" validation ranges for generalized distributions. The
dropped values are shown below in Table 14.
44
-------
Table 14. Values Flagged as Outliers
Parameter
Class/Category
Value
Mean
gallons per year
2B_Expedited
412,514
53,503
gallons per year
2B_Mixed
1,118,423
97,172
gallons per year
2B_Mixed
2,575,025
97,172
gallons per year
2B_Mixed
1,155,575
97,172
gallons per year
2B_Package
16,598,790
1,573,156
gallons per year
2B_Package
18,812,438
1,573,156
gallons per year
2B_TL/Dry Van
9,561,432
297,320
gallons per year
3_Mixed
7,488,083
566,721
gallons per year
3_Mixed
6,000,532
566,721
gallons per year
3_Mixed
10,025,500
566,721
gallons per year
3_Mixed
6,895,410
566,721
gallons per year
4_Mixed
32,131,244
1,287,415
gallons per year
4_Mixed
23,340,749
1,287,415
gallons per year
5_Mixed
5,886,948
526,173
gallons per year
5_Mixed
8,195,008
526,173
gallons per year
5_Mixed
5,391,967
526,173
gallons per year
6_LTL/Dry Van
3,981,088
229,194
gallons per year
6_LTL/Dry Van
2,229,735
229,194
gallons per year
6_Mixed
971,878
64,977
gallons per year
6_Mixed
434,514
64,977
gallons per year
6_Mixed
655,144
64,977
gallons per year
6_Package
42,086,822
5,063,945
gallons per year
6_TL/Dry Van
4,063,283
202,354
gallons per year
7_LTL/Dry Van
2,027,074
251,393
gallons per year
7_LTL/Dry Van
2,991,399
251,393
gallons per year
7_LTL/Dry Van
2,241,644
251,393
gallons per year
7_Mixed
6,172,258
273,971
gallons per year
7_Mixed
3,374,633
273,971
gallons per year
7_Mixed
5,989,442
273,971
gallons per year
7_Mixed
3,559,828
273,971
gallons per year
7_TL/Dry Van
4,950,320
262,592
gallons per year
8A_LTL/Dry Van
36,116,464
3,648,512
gallons per year
8A_LTL/Dry Van
53,625,048
3,648,512
gallons per year
8A_Mixed
57,351,694
986,765
gallons per year
8A_Refrigerated
5,643,067
443,374
gallons per year
8A_TL/Dry Van
70,846,629
2,760,796
gallons per year
8B_AutoCarrier
25,533,283
3,748,093
45
-------
Parameter
Class/Category
Value
Mean
gallons per year
8B_Dray
14,150,069
1,604,817
gallons per year
8B_Dray
34,766,125
1,604,817
gallons per year
8B_Dray
13,354,331
1,604,817
gallons per year
8B_Expedited
1,424,076
218,990
gallons per year
8B_Flatbed
36,752,966
2,361,101
gallons per year
8B_Flatbed
34,640,701
2,361,101
gallons per year
8B_Flatbed
17,704,415
2,361,101
gallons per year
8B_Flatbed
17,023,256
2,361,101
gallons per year
8B_Heavy/Bulk
9,404,277
1,037,619
gallons per year
8B_LTL/Dry Van
92,200,872
7,616,076
gallons per year
8B_LTL/Dry Van
124,000,000
7,616,076
gallons per year
8B_LTL/Dry Van
89,849,912
7,616,076
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
66,558,332
2,535,432
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
37,456,768
2,535,432
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
59,418,064
2,535,432
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
48,225,936
2,535,432
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
180,000,000
2,535,432
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
119,000,000
2,535,432
gallons per year
8B_Refr
gerated
33,225,674
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refr
gerated
42,919,799
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refr
gerated
28,773,217
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refr
gerated
37,152,519
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refr
gerated
20,502,480
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refr
gerated
53,869,408
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refr
gerated
18,295,369
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refr
gerated
18,899,380
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refr
gerated
31,452,760
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refr
gerated
67,708,438
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Specialized
109,000,000
3,815,822
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
39,566,042
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
86,776,622
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
41,147,713
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
40,502,655
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
102,000,000
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
47,825,507
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
131,000,000
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
55,482,608
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
72,226,731
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
182,000,000
3,015,269
46
-------
Parameter
Class/Category
Value
Mean
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
61,329,730
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
99,023,569
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_Tanker
63,833,642
2,691,859
annual miles/vehicle
2B_Mixed
116,299
28,854
annual miles/vehicle
3_Mixed
85,788
22,873
annual miles/vehicle
3_Mixed
81,697
22,873
annual miles/vehicle
4_Mixed
87,149
23,285
annual miles/vehicle
5_Mixed
93,600
18,865
annual miles/vehicle
5_Mixed
77,510
18,865
annual miles/vehicle
6_Mixed
343,740
34,199
annual miles/vehicle
6_Package
103,854
24,362
annual miles/vehicle
6_TL/Dry Van
116,000
36,656
annual miles/vehicle
7_Mixed
135,356
35,442
annual miles/vehicle
7_Mixed
117,865
35,442
annual miles/vehicle
7_TL/Dry Van
166,021
37,351
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Flatbed
5,000
78,258
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Flatbed
7,500
78,258
annual miles/vehicle
8B_LTL/Dry Van
271,366
69,987
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Mixed
203,275
74,314
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Mixed
175,555
74,314
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Refrigerated
215,350
101,711
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Refrigerated
211,217
101,711
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Refrigerated
248,360
101,711
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Refrigerated
221,995
101,711
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Refrigerated
225,974
101,711
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Refrigerated
262,511
101,711
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Refrigerated
208,809
101,711
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Specialized
189,507
73,838
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
195,768
90,012
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
193,195
90,012
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
189,257
90,012
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
250,391
90,012
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
194,704
90,012
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
191,012
90,012
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
215,143
90,012
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Tanker
148,721
79,629
MPG
3_Mixed
23.29
9.98
MPG
4_Mixed
18.55
9.11
MPG
5_Mixed
18.30
7.95
47
-------
Parameter
Class/Category
Value
Mean
MPG
8A_LTL/Dry Van
9.50
6.37
MPG
8A_Refrigerated
10.86
6.60
MPG
8A_TL/Dry Van
9.50
6.48
MPG
8B_Dray
8.44
5.85
MPG
8B_Refrigerated
8.23
5.97
MPG
8B_Refrigerated
8.39
5.97
MPG
8B_Refrigerated
8.05
5.97
MPG
8B_TL/Dry Van
8.47
6.20
MPG
8B_TL/Dry Van
10.54
6.20
MPG
8B_TL/Dry Van
8.49
6.20
MPG
8B_TL/Dry Van
8.71
6.20
MPG
8B_TL/Dry Van
8.81
6.20
MPG
8B_Tanker
10.97
6.01
% Empty Miles
3_Mixed
90.19
13.39
% Empty Miles
8B_Specialized
99.38
30.34
% Empty Miles
2B_Mixed
0.02
82.54
% Empty Miles
8B_TL/Dry Van
35.17
87.37
Once values were defined as outliers and excluded from the data set, the mean and standard
deviation of the distribution for each truck fleet grouping were then re-calculated for each
metric. Each fleet was treated equally in the distributional assessment, independent of the
number of vehicles in the fleet. Histograms presenting the distributions for each truck fleet
grouping/metric combination are available electronically from SmartWay.
For groupings with large numbers of fleets (e.g., Class 8b diesel TL/Dry Van, Refrigerated, and
Mixed), the data for miles per vehicle and MPG appear normally distributed. Examples for Class
8b TL/Dry Van Diesel fleets are shown in Figures 4 and 5.
48
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Figure 4. Annual Miles per Vehicle Distribution, Class 8b TL/Dry Van Diesel Fleets
C
CD
c
i_
(D
_Q
Miles Per Vehicle
Any Outlyers Have Been Removed
Group ID Number=28 TruckClass_BinCategory=8B_TL/DryVari Number in Group=912
. 11 11111
i I I
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 100000 110000 120000 130000 140000 150000 160000 170000 180000
Bin Value
/p roj 1 /E PA_T rucKT oolValAJpd ate2016/val3.sas 14DEC16 12:41
49
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Figure 5. Miles per Gallon Distribution, Class 8b TL/Dry Van Diesel Fleets
Miles Per Gallon - CALCULATED from TotalMiles and GalFuelUsed
Any Outtyers Have Been Removed
Group ID Number=28 TruckClass_BinCategory=8B_TL/DryVan Number in Group=912
CO
c
0 30
-Q
E
4 5
Bin Value
/proj1/EPA_TruckToolVal/Update2016/val3.sas 14DEC16 12:41
Other fleet group/metric combinations displayed sharp drop offs at certain discrete levels. For
example, % Revenue Miles were seldom less than 50% of total miles, and conversely, % Empty
Miles were seldom greater than 50% of total miles. % Biofuel also displayed a discrete
maximum value with no fleets using blends higher than 20% biodiesel.46
Based on this preliminary assessment, red and yellow flag areas were defined for each fleet
group/metric combination as shown in Table 15.
46 As such, a yellow warning is issued for any biodiesel blend > 20%, with no red warning.
50
-------
Table 15. "Red" and "Yellow" Flag Criteria
Class_Category
Count
Variable
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
2B_Expedited
35
M
les Per Veh
cle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
2B_Mixed
96
M
les Per Veh
cle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
2B_Package
34
M
les Per Veh
cle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
2B_TL/DryVan
42
M
les Per Veh
cle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
3_Mixed
85
M
les Per Veh
cle
NONE
5,000
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
4_Mixed
71
M
les Per Veh
cle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
5_Mixed
59
M
les Per Veh
cle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
6_LTL/DryVan
55
M
les Per Veh
cle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
6_Mixed
124
M
les Per Veh
cle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
6_Package
25
M
les Per Veh
cle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
6_TL/DryVan
51
M
les Per Veh
cle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
7_LTL/DryVan
61
M
les Per Veh
cle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
7_Mixed
144
M
les Per Veh
cle
NONE
5,000
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
7_TL/DryVan
44
M
les Per Veh
cle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8A_LTL/DryVan
54
M
les Per Veh
cle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8A_Mixed
106
M
les Per Veh
cle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8A_Refrigerated
21
M
les Per Veh
cle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8A_TL/DryVan
61
M
les Per Veh
cle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_AutoCarrier
36
M
les Per Veh
cle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Dray
109
M
les Per Veh
cle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Expedited
26
M
les Per Veh
cle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_Flatbed
159
M
les Per Veh
cle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
M
les Per Veh
cle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_LTL/DryVan
106
M
les Per Veh
cle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Mixed
470
M
les Per Veh
cle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Refrigerated
574
M
les Per Veh
cle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Specialized
60
M
les Per Veh
cle
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_TL/DryVan
912
M
les Per Veh
cle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Tanker
84
M
les Per Veh
cle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
2B_Expedited
35
Miles Per Gallon
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
2B_Mixed
96
Miles Per Gallon
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
2B_Package
34
Miles Per Gallon
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
2B_TL/DryVan
42
Miles Per Gallon
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
3_Mixed
85
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
4_Mixed
71
Miles Per Gallon
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
5_Mixed
59
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
6_LTL/DryVan
55
Miles Per Gallon
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
6_Mixed
124
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
6_Package
25
Miles Per Gallon
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
6_TL/DryVan
51
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
51
-------
Class_Category
Count
Variable
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
7_LTL/DryVan
61
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
7_Mixed
144
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
7_TL/DryVan
44
Miles Per Gallon
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8A_LTL/DryVan
54
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
8A_Mixed
106
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
8A_Refrigerated
21
Miles Per Gallon
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8A_TL/DryVan
61
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_AutoCarrier
36
Miles Per Gallon
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_Dray
109
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Expedited
26
Miles Per Gallon
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_Flatbed
159
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
Miles Per Gallon
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_LTL/DryVan
106
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Mixed
470
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Refrigerated
574
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Specialized
60
Miles Per Gallon
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_TL/DryVan
912
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Tanker
84
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
2B_Expedited
35
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
2B_Mixed
96
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
2B_Package
34
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
2B_TL/DryVan
42
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
3_Mixed
85
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
4_Mixed
71
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
5_Mixed
59
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
6_LTL/DryVan
55
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
6_Mixed
124
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
6_Package
25
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
6_TL/DryVan
51
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
7_LTL/DryVan
61
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
7_Mixed
144
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
7_TL/DryVan
44
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8A_LTL/DryVan
54
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8A_Mixed
106
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8A_Refrigerated
21
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8A_TL/DryVan
61
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8B_AutoCarrier
36
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Dray
109
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8B_Expedited
26
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8B_Flatbed
159
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8B_LTL/DryVan
106
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
NONE
NONE
52
-------
Class_Category
Count
Variable
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
8B_Mixed
470
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Refrigerated
574
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Specialized
60
Percent Revenue Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8B_TL/DryVan
912
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Tanker
84
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
2B_Expedited
35
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95.0%
2B_Mixed
96
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
2B_Package
34
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
2B_TL/DryVan
42
Percent Empty Miles
5.0%
15.0%
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
3_Mixed
85
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95.0%
4_Mixed
71
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95.0%
5_Mixed
59
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95.0%
6_LTL/DryVan
55
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
6_Mixed
124
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
6_Package
25
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95.0%
6_TL/DryVan
51
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95.0%
7_LTL/DryVan
61
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95.0%
7_Mixed
144
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95.0%
7_TL/DryVan
44
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
8A_LTL/DryVan
54
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
8A_Mixed
106
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95.0%
8A_Refrigerated
21
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
8A_TL/DryVan
61
Percent Empty Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_AutoCarrier
36
Percent Empty Miles
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_Dray
109
Percent Empty Miles
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_Expedited
26
Percent Empty Miles
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_Flatbed
159
Percent Empty Miles
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_LTL/DryVan
106
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Mixed
470
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Refrigerated
574
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Specialized
60
Percent Empty Miles
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_TL/DryVan
912
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+1.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Tanker
84
Percent Empty Miles
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
50.0%
2B_Expedited
35
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
2B_Mixed
96
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
2B_Package
34
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
2B_TL/DryVan
42
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
3_Mixed
85
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
4_Mixed
71
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
5_Mixed
59
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
6_LTL/DryVan
55
Percent Biofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
53
-------
Class_Category
Count
Variable
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
6_Mixed
124
Percent B
ofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
6_Package
25
Percent B
ofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
6_TL/DryVan
51
Percent B
ofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
7_LTL/DryVan
61
Percent B
ofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
7_Mixed
144
Percent B
ofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
7_TL/DryVan
44
Percent B
ofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8A_LTL/DryVan
54
Percent B
ofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8A_Mixed
106
Percent B
ofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8A_Refrigerated
21
Percent B
ofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8A_TL/DryVan
61
Percent B
ofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_AutoCarrier
36
Percent B
ofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_Dray
109
Percent B
ofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_Expedited
26
Percent B
ofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_Flatbed
159
Percent B
ofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
Percent B
ofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_LTL/DryVan
106
Percent B
ofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_Mixed
470
Percent B
ofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_Refrigerated
574
Percent B
ofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_Specialized
60
Percent B
ofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_TL/DryVan
912
Percent B
ofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
8B_Tanker
84
Percent B
ofuel
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
2B_Expedited
35
Capac
ty Ut
lization
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
2B_Mixed
96
Capac
ty Ut
lization
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
NONE
NONE
2B_Package
34
Capac
ty Ut
lization
5.0%
15.0%
85.0%
95.0%
2B_TL/DryVan
42
Capac
ty Ut
lization
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
NONE
NONE
3_Mixed
85
Capac
ty Ut
lization
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
NONE
NONE
4_Mixed
71
Capac
ty Ut
lization
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
NONE
NONE
5_Mixed
59
Capac
ty Ut
lization
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
NONE
NONE
6_LTL/DryVan
55
Capac
ty Ut
lization
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
NONE
NONE
6_Mixed
124
Capac
ty Ut
lization
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
NONE
NONE
6_Package
25
Capac
ty Ut
lization
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
NONE
NONE
6_TL/DryVan
51
Capac
ty Ut
lization
50.0%
NONE
NONE
NONE
7_LTL/DryVan
61
Capac
ty Ut
lization
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
NONE
NONE
7_Mixed
144
Capac
ty Ut
lization
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
NONE
NONE
7_TL/DryVan
44
Capac
ty Ut
lization
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
NONE
NONE
8A_LTL/DryVan
54
Capac
ty Ut
lization
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
NONE
NONE
8A_Mixed
106
Capac
ty Ut
lization
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
NONE
NONE
8A_Refrigerated
21
Capac
ty Ut
lization
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
NONE
NONE
8A_TL/DryVan
61
Capac
ty Ut
lization
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_AutoCarrier
36
Capac
ty Ut
lization
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8B_Dray
109
Capac
ty Ut
lization
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8B_Expedited
26
Capac
ty Ut
lization
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
54
-------
Class_Category
Count
Variable
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
8B_Flatbed
159
Capac
ty Ut
lization
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
Capac
ty Ut
lization
5.0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8B_LTL/DryVan
106
Capac
ty Ut
lization
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Mixed
470
Capac
ty Ut
lization
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Refrigerated
574
Capac
ty Ut
lization
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Specialized
60
Capac
ty Ut
lization
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_TL/DryVan
912
Capac
ty Ut
lization
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Tanker
84
Capac
ty Ut
lization
Mean - 2StD
Mean-1.5StD
NONE
NONE
For distributions that appeared to have a relatively normal distribution on the low and/or high
end, yellow flag criteria were set at ± 1.5 times the standard deviation (StD), and the red flag
criteria at ± 2.0 times the standard deviation of the distribution for each truck fleet grouping. In
most cases these criteria result in roughly 10-20% of the values for these metrics being flagged
as either red or yellow for partner attention. For several variables with a clearly skewed
distribution yellow cutoffs were set to include approximately 15% of observations, and red
cutoffs were selected to include approximately 5% of observations. Selecting cutoffs at these
levels of stringency is intended to identify likely input errors without unduly burdening the large
majority of Truck Tool users with unnecessary data checks and text explanations.
Finally, certain distributions showed common values up to and including the absolute min/max
values. For example, a substantial number of truck carriers reported revenue miles equal to
100% of total miles. In these instances no yellow/red flags are assigned for that variable.
Tables 16-21 present the actual yellow and red flag values for each fleet group/metric
combination, given the decision criteria presented in Table 15. Tables 22-26 present the
number of observations that would be flagged with yellow and red warnings for these
combinations. The complete set of histograms associated with the distributional analysis of the
2016 data is available upon request from SmartWay.
55
-------
Table 16. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Annual Miles per Vehicle
Class-Category
Absolute Min
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
Absolute Max
2B-Expedited
>0
9,698
16,183
63,029
90,800
500,000
2B-Mixed
>0
2,046
7,741
53,432
71,391
500,000
2B-PD
>0
5,247
11,565
47,936
65,500
500,000
2B-TL/Dry van
>0
6,799
18,007
52,984
58,368
500,000
3-Mixed
>0
0
5,000
45,712
53,814
500,000
4-Mixed
>0
1,402
6,556
40,071
51,362
500,000
5-Mixed
>0
306
3,470
40,000
49,485
500,000
6-LTL/Dry van
>0
9,631
11,696
49,080
60,950
500,000
6-Mixed
>0
2,036
10,931
51,916
67,014
500,000
6-Moving
>0
3,000
8,000
68,107
79,506
500,000
6-PD
>0
5,921
9,073
65,000
72,065
500,000
6-TL/Dry van
>0
8,632
14,133
56,713
68,836
500,000
7-LTL/Dry van
>0
12,488
15,654
54,122
72,666
500,000
7-Mixed
>0
0
5,000
67,560
78,694
500,000
7-TL/Dry van
>0
2,326
10,312
57,249
79,650
500,000
8A-LTL/.Dry van
>0
10,558
15,625
68,215
88,352
500,000
8A-Mixed
>0
6,271
13,039
85,890
102,000
500,000
8A-Reefer
>0
15,505
26,162
70,000
79,308
500,000
8A-TL/Dry van
>0
10,069
13,877
97,567
128,406
500,000
8B-Auto
>0
43,112
51,769
103,710
112,367
500,000
8B-Dray
>0
6,985
18,413
86,984
98,413
500,000
8B-Expedited
>0
23,226
27,112
92,857
140,232
500,000
8B-Flatbed
>0
36,935
47,495
110,856
121,416
500,000
8B-Heavy
>0
44,171
48,663
101,118
108,168
500,000
8B-LTL/Dry van
>0
13,983
27,504
108,634
122,156
500,000
8B-Mixed
>0
12,029
27,477
120,168
135,616
500,000
8B-Reefer
>0
36,939
52,743
147,566
163,370
500,000
8B-Special
>0
20,765
39,854
105,338
117,433
500,000
8B-TL/Dry van
>0
29,853
44,672
133,586
148,405
500,000
8B-Tanker
>0
36,503
47,076
110,517
121,090
500,000
56
-------
Table 17. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Miles per Gallon47
Class-Category
Absolute Min
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
Absolute Max
2B-Expedited
>0
10.2
11.1
17.9
22.9
37.5
2B-Mixed
>0
6.9
8.2
17.6
19.9
34.4
2B-PD
>0
5.7
6.9
15.6
18.6
31.1
2B-TL/Dry van
>0
5.4
6.8
15.4
17.3
29.2
3-Mixed
>0
4.4
5.8
13.9
15.2
28.5
4-Mixed
>0
3.6
6.7
11.7
12.2
24.4
5-Mixed
>0
2.4
3.7
11.8
13.2
21.4
6-LTL/Dry van
>0
5.7
6.5
9.4
10.2
16.8
6-Mixed
>0
5.0
5.7
10.1
10.9
18.1
6-Moving
>0
5.8
6.2
8.5
8.9
18
6-PD
>0
3.0
5.4
9.8
10.6
17.1
6-TL/Dry van
>0
4.9
5.6
10.1
10.8
15
7-LTL/Dry van
>0
5.4
6.0
9.6
10.2
15.8
7-Mixed
>0
4.4
5.2
9.9
10.7
16.9
7-TL/Dry van
>0
6.0
6.5
9.0
9.4
14.6
8A-LTL/.Dry van
>0
5.0
5.3
7.3
7.6
12.2
8A-Mixed
>0
4.3
4.9
8.2
8.8
13.4
8A-Reefer
>0
5.3
5.8
6.8
7.6
12.5
8A-TL/Dry van
>0
4.6
5.0
7.8
8.3
13
8B-Auto
>0
4.0
4.5
5.4
5.9
9.3
8B-Dray
>0
4.6
4.9
6.8
7.1
10.5
8B-Expedited
>0
4.9
5.4
6.6
6.6
10.2
8B-Flatbed
>0
4.5
4.9
6.7
7.1
10.8
8B-Heavy
>0
4.2
4.7
5.8
6.1
9.9
8B-LTL/Dry van
>0
5.0
5.3
7.2
7.6
11.8
8B-Mixed
>0
4.5
4.9
7.0
7.3
11.8
8B-Reefer
>0
4.7
5.0
6.9
7.3
11.9
8B-Special
>0
2.8
4.2
6.1
6.5
10.1
8B-TL/Dry van
>0
4.8
5.2
7.2
7.5
12.4
8B-Tanker
>0
4.4
4.8
7.1
7.5
10.8
47 Equivalent MPG cutoffs can be found by dividing these values by 1.26 for gasoline and CNG vehicles; dividing
by 1.35 for LPG vehicles; and dividing by 1.52 for LNG vehicles-see "Non-Diesel MPG" section below for
details.
57
-------
Table 18. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
% Revenue Miles
Class-Category
Absolute Min
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
Absolute Max
2B-Expedited
N/A
52
59
N/A
N/A
N/A
2B-Mixed
N/A
53
61
N/A
N/A
N/A
2B-PD
N/A
66
72
N/A
N/A
N/A
2B-TL/Dry van
N/A
69
74
N/A
N/A
N/A
3-Mixed
N/A
65
71
N/A
N/A
N/A
4-Mixed
N/A
65
71
N/A
N/A
N/A
5-Mixed
N/A
59
67
N/A
N/A
N/A
6-LTL/Dry van
N/A
61
68
N/A
N/A
N/A
6-Mixed
N/A
55
63
N/A
N/A
N/A
6-Moving
N/A
55
65
N/A
N/A
N/A
6-PD
N/A
75
80
N/A
N/A
N/A
6-TL/Dry van
N/A
56
64
N/A
N/A
N/A
7-LTL/Dry van
N/A
64
71
N/A
N/A
N/A
7-Mixed
N/A
57
64
N/A
N/A
N/A
7-TL/Dry van
N/A
64
70
N/A
N/A
N/A
8A-LTL/.Dry van
N/A
67
73
N/A
N/A
N/A
8A-Mixed
N/A
52
59
N/A
N/A
N/A
8A-Reefer
N/A
59
65
N/A
N/A
N/A
8A-TL/Dry van
N/A
69
74
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Auto
N/A
43
50
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Dray
N/A
46
54
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Expedited
N/A
57
63
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Flatbed
N/A
62
67
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Heavy
N/A
34
43
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-LTL/Dry van
N/A
68
73
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Mixed
N/A
62
68
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Reefer
N/A
72
76
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Special
N/A
40
49
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-TL/Dry van
N/A
68
73
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Tanker
N/A
48
50
N/A
N/A
N/A
58
-------
Table 19. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
% Empty Miles
Class-Category
Absolute Min
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
Absolute Max
2B-Expedited
N/A
1
5
38
44
N/A
2B-Mixed
N/A
1
5
41
48
N/A
2B-PD
N/A
1
5
31
37
N/A
2B-TL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
28
33
N/A
3-Mixed
N/A
1
5
28
34
N/A
4-Mixed
N/A
1
5
30
35
N/A
5-Mixed
N/A
1
5
33
40
N/A
6-LTL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
36
44
N/A
6-Mixed
N/A
1
5
38
45
N/A
6-Moving
N/A
1
5
40
50
N/A
6-PD
N/A
1
5
15
31
N/A
6-TL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
35
47
N/A
7-LTL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
32
35
N/A
7-Mixed
N/A
1
5
33
44
N/A
7-TL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
33
39
N/A
8A-LTL/.Dry van
N/A
1
5
30
36
N/A
8A-Mixed
N/A
1
5
36
47
N/A
8A-Reefer
N/A
1
5
35
41
N/A
8A-TL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
31
36
N/A
8B-Auto
N/A
5
15
40
49
N/A
8B-Dray
N/A
5
7
40
50
N/A
8B-Expedited
N/A
5
6
33
37
N/A
8B-Flatbed
N/A
5
7
27
37
N/A
8B-Heavy
N/A
1
5
56
64
N/A
8B-LTL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
29
34
N/A
8B-Mixed
N/A
1
5
34
40
N/A
8B-Reefer
N/A
1
5
25
29
N/A
8B-Special
N/A
1
5
49
50
N/A
8B-TL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
28
32
N/A
8B-Tanker
N/A
20
36
50
50
N/A
59
-------
Table 20. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Average Used Cargo Volume %
Class-Category
Absolute Min
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
Absolute Max
2B-Expedited
N/A
25
50
90
100
N/A
2B-Mixed
N/A
26.1
36.4
100
100
N/A
2B-PD
N/A
40
70
87
100
N/A
2B-TL/Dry van
N/A
47.5
54.7
100
100
N/A
3-Mixed
N/A
38.8
47.8
100
100
N/A
4-Mixed
N/A
41.8
50
100
100
N/A
5-Mixed
N/A
47.8
54.5
100
100
N/A
6-LTL/Dry van
N/A
40.7
49.1
90
95
N/A
6-Mixed
N/A
43.8
52.2
100
100
N/A
6-Moving
N/A
36
42
80
90
N/A
6-PD
N/A
44.8
53.1
100
100
N/A
6-TL/Dry van
N/A
50
50
100
100
N/A
7-LTL/Dry van
N/A
44.4
52.2
90
95
N/A
7-Mixed
N/A
46
54.2
100
100
N/A
7-TL/Dry van
N/A
56.3
62.3
100
100
N/A
8A-LTL/.Dry van
N/A
48.4
55.6
90
95
N/A
8A-Mixed
N/A
56.2
62.4
100
100
N/A
8A-Reefer
N/A
37
46.1
100
100
N/A
8A-TL/Dry van
N/A
56.7
63.5
100
100
N/A
8B-Auto
N/A
76
80
100
100
N/A
8B-Dray
N/A
66
76
100
100
N/A
8B-Expedited
N/A
62
67
100
100
N/A
8B-Flatbed
N/A
67.9
73
100
100
N/A
8B-Heavy
N/A
70
80
100
100
N/A
8B-LTL/Dry van
N/A
53.2
59.8
90
95
N/A
8B-Mixed
N/A
65.5
70.6
100
100
N/A
8B-Reefer
N/A
68.2
73.1
100
100
N/A
8B-Special
N/A
63.4
69.7
100
100
N/A
8B-TL/Dry van
N/A
66
71.3
100
100
N/A
8B-Tanker
N/A
74.7
78.9
100
100
N/A
60
-------
Table 21. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Idle Hours and Days of Use per Year
Class-Category
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
Average Service Days/Year
Non-Class 8b (less Package/Specialty)
96
171
320
-
Non-Class 8b (Package/Specialty)
142
200
315
-
Class 8b (less LTL/Package)
157
213
325
-
Class 8b (LTL/Package)
135
193
309
-
Average Hours Long Duration Idle/Day
Non-Class 8b (less Package/Specialty)
1.00
1.73
2.81
Non-Class 8b (Package/Specialty)
1.00
24.00
-
Class 8b (less LTL/Package)
1.00
4.11
6.10
Class 8b (LTL/Package)
1.00
2.53
4.18
Average Hours Short Duration Idle/Day
Non-Class 8b (less Package/Specialty)
0
1.87
2.81
Non-Class 8b (Package/Specialty)
0
1.42
1.99
Class 8b (less LTL/Package)
0
2.36
3.60
Class 8b (LTL/Package)
-
0
2.63
4.15
Table 22. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Annual Miles per Vehicle
Class/Category
N
Minimum
Low
Low
Mean
High
High
Maximum
Value
Red
Flags
Yellow
Flags
Value
Yellow
Flags
Red
Flags
Value
2B_Expedited
35
6,001
1
3
40,870
3
1
95,938
2B Mixed
96
720
4
9
27,933
9
4
76,590
2B_Package
34
4,144
1
3
30,012
3
1
70,685
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
505
2
3
31,821
3
2
59,203
3_Mixed
85
581
0
6
21,406
6
4
76,320
4_Mixed
71
117
3
6
22,373
6
3
53,172
5_Mixed
59
83
2
5
16,525
5
2
54,486
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
1,429
2
5
29,919
5
2
70,391
6_Mixed
124
53
6
11
31,682
11
6
79,858
6_Package
25
814
1
1
21,050
1
1
90,196
6_TL/Dry Van
51
3,179
2
4
35,069
4
2
93,498
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
5,701
3
5
34,379
5
3
87,534
7_Mixed
144
100
0
10
34,158
7
6
106,615
7_TL/Dry Van
44
1,693
2
3
34,359
3
2
109,287
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
3,458
2
5
45,351
5
2
108,183
8A_Mixed
106
155
5
9
47,086
9
5
124,901
8A_Refrigerated
21
1,738
1
1
45,741
1
1
79,469
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
7,460
3
5
59,438
5
3
155,136
61
-------
Class/Category
N
Minimum
Low
Low
Mean
High
High
Maximum
Value
Red
Yellow
Value
Yellow
Red
Value
Flags
Flags
Flags
Flags
8B AutoCarrier
36
47,525
0
2
77,740
1
1
120,671
8B_Dray
109
3,165
1
9
52,699
4
4
102,164
8B_Expedited
26
22,697
1
1
63,362
1
1
150,415
8B Flatbed
159
15,680
3
5
79,175
8
2
130,597
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
40,305
1
1
73,132
1
1
116,004
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
14,096
0
5
68,069
3
3
146,016
8B Mixed
470
3,658
7
20
73,822
22
11
151,353
8B_Refrigerated
574
9,171
20
20
100,155
22
10
203,947
8B_Specialized
60
4,568
2
5
71,877
5
2
178,303
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
2,072
27
33
89,129
39
19
176,478
8B_Tanker
84
28,055
4
3
78,796
0
3
136,449
Table 23. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Miles per Gallon
Class/Category
N
Minimum
Low
Low
Mean
High
High
Maximum
Value
Red
Flags
Yellow
Flags
Value
Yellow
Flags
Red
Flags
Value
2B_Expedited
35
10.00
1
3
14.47
3
1
25.00
2B_Mixed
96
2.00
4
9
12.93
9
4
22.91
2B_Package
34
3.51
1
3
11.68
3
1
20.74
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
2.50
2
3
10.68
3
2
19.50
3_Mixed
85
1.07
2
3
9.82
6
1
18.99
4_Mixed
71
1.34
3
6
8.98
6
3
16.27
5_Mixed
59
0.96
3
1
7.77
2
1
14.25
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
0.68
2
5
8.01
5
2
11.17
6_Mixed
124
4.02
1
6
7.93
2
2
12.06
6_Package
25
0.91
1
1
7.39
1
1
11.37
6_TL/Dry Van
51
0.76
1
0
7.86
0
0
10.00
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
5.48
0
2
7.82
2
2
10.50
7 Mixed
144
3.69
4
4
7.55
3
4
11.25
7_TL/Dry Van
44
4.60
2
3
7.76
3
2
9.76
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
4.25
1
0
6.31
1
1
8.13
8A Mixed
106
3.38
3
3
6.57
5
3
8.97
8A_Refrigerated
21
5.19
1
2
6.38
2
1
8.34
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
1.84
1
1
6.43
0
1
8.69
8B AutoCarrier
36
4.29
1
3
4.96
3
1
6.22
8B_Dray
109
3.35
5
2
5.83
3
0
7.00
8B_Expedited
26
4.79
1
1
6.04
1
1
6.80
8B Flatbed
159
3.10
5
4
5.80
6
2
7.20
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
4.11
1
1
5.32
1
1
6.63
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
4.08
5
3
6.27
1
1
7.87
62
-------
Class/Category
N
Minimum
Low
Low
Mean
High
High
Maximum
Value
Red
Yellow
Value
Yellow
Red
Value
Flags
Flags
Flags
Flags
8B Mixed
470
3.18
17
11
5.94
17
6
7.88
8B_Refrigerated
574
1.11
12
15
5.96
19
15
7.96
8B_Specialized
60
0.50
3
6
5.07
6
3
6.72
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
2.30
26
21
6.18
36
16
8.26
8B_Tanker
84
2.66
2
4
5.95
4
0
7.21
Table 24. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
% Revenue Miles
Class/Category
N
Minimum
Low
Low
Mean
High
High
Maximum
Value
Red
Flags
Yellow
Flags
Value
Yellow
Flags
Red
Flags
Value
2B_Expedited
35
54.2
0
3
80.9
0
0
100
2B_Mixed
96
50.0
3
9
83.4
0
0
100
2B_Package
34
60.1
3
1
88.6
0
0
100
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
63.3
1
2
89.7
0
0
100
3_Mixed
85
57.0
3
7
89.7
0
0
100
4_Mixed
71
65.0
3
9
90.4
0
0
100
5_Mixed
59
50.0
2
5
88.5
0
0
100
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
50.0
3
4
88.4
0
0
100
6_Mixed
124
47.0
8
2
84.4
0
0
100
6_Package
25
64.0
2
0
94.2
0
0
100
6_TL/Dry Van
51
45.2
3
1
87.3
0
0
100
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
65.0
0
10
89.2
0
0
100
7_Mixed
144
50.0
6
2
84.4
0
0
100
7_TL/Dry Van
44
41.1
2
2
89.5
0
0
100
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
55.0
5
2
90.5
0
0
100
8A_Mixed
106
46.1
5
4
82.3
0
0
100
8A_Refrigerated
21
60.0
0
2
85.0
0
0
100
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
49.1
3
3
91.3
0
0
100
8B_AutoCarrier
36
50.0
0
0
71.8
0
0
100
8B_Dray
109
49.5
0
7
79.2
0
0
100
8B_Expedited
26
56.2
1
2
82.8
0
0
100
8B_Flatbed
159
50.0
6
5
82.8
0
0
100
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
46.0
0
0
70.9
0
0
100
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
55.0
4
5
89.0
0
0
100
8B_Mixed
470
50.0
18
30
85.4
0
0
100
8B_Refrigerated
574
50.0
25
25
88.4
0
0
100
8B_Specialized
60
49.4
0
0
74.6
0
0
100
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
50.0
49
34
87.4
0
0
100
8B_Tanker
84
44.9
4
2
61.9
1
1
100
63
-------
Table 25. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
% Empty Miles
Class/Category
N
Minimum
Low
Low
Mean
High
High
Maximum
Value
Red
Flags
Yellow
Flags
Value
Yellow
Flags
Red
Flags
Value
2B_Expedited
35
2.96
0
0
20.65
3
1
45.75
2B Mixed
96
0.00
0
0
18.10
8
3
50.00
2B_Package
34
0.00
0
0
12.26
1
4
39.91
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
0.00
0
3
14.00
0
2
39.60
3 Mixed
85
0.00
0
0
12.47
7
4
42.23
4 Mixed
71
0.00
0
0
12.55
6
3
40.00
5 Mixed
59
0.00
0
0
16.01
5
2
50.00
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
0.00
0
0
14.99
3
2
50.00
6_Mixed
124
0.00
0
0
16.57
2
9
52.99
6_Package
25
0.00
0
0
6.27
1
1
35.98
6_TL/Dry Van
51
0.00
0
0
17.42
4
2
54.76
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
0.00
0
0
13.09
5
3
40.00
7_Mixed
144
0.00
0
0
17.54
13
7
50.00
7_TL/Dry Van
44
0.00
0
0
15.42
4
1
45.00
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
0.00
0
0
11.35
5
2
45.00
8A_Mixed
106
0.00
0
0
19.51
9
5
53.91
8A_Refrigerated
21
0.00
0
0
14.93
2
0
40.00
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
0.00
0
0
13.44
3
2
50.94
8B_AutoCarrier
36
0.00
0
3
29.68
3
1
50.00
8B_Dray
109
0.00
3
10
25.36
10
5
50.45
8B_Expedited
26
5.00
1
1
18.12
1
1
43.83
8B Flatbed
159
0.00
3
15
18.12
15
7
50.00
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
0.00
0
0
31.51
0
0
50.81
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
0.00
0
0
12.65
4
6
50.00
8B Mixed
470
0.00
0
0
16.49
28
22
50.00
8B_Refrigerated
574
0.00
0
0
12.91
20
25
50.00
8B_Specialized
60
0.00
0
4
29.17
4
2
50.61
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
0.00
0
0
13.71
39
51
50.00
8B_Tanker
84
3.00
4
7
43.51
0
9
55.12
64
-------
Table 26. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Average Used Cargo Volume %
Class/Category
N
Minimum
Value
Low
Red
Flags
Low
Yellow
Flags
Mean
Value
High
Yellow
Flags
High
Red
Flags
Maximum
Value
2B_Expedited
35
24.00
1
3
67.80
3
0
100.00
2B Mixed
96
1.00
3
6
67.39
0
0
100.00
2B_Package
34
38.00
1
3
74.50
2
0
100.00
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
20.00
1
1
76.24
0
0
100.00
3 Mixed
85
10.00
4
2
74.89
0
0
100.00
4 Mixed
71
20.00
5
4
74.58
0
0
100.00
5 Mixed
59
32.00
2
3
74.64
0
0
100.00
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
5.00
3
0
74.38
0
0
95.00
6_Mixed
124
25.00
7
4
77.10
0
0
100.00
6_Package
25
31.00
2
0
77.84
0
0
100.00
6_TL/Dry Van
51
50.00
0
0
76.59
0
0
100.00
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
24.00
4
2
75.69
0
0
98.00
7_Mixed
144
10.00
7
3
78.78
0
0
100.00
7_TL/Dry Van
44
50.00
1
3
80.18
0
0
100.00
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
26.00
3
1
77.28
0
0
96.00
8A_Mixed
106
49.00
2
9
81.18
0
0
100.00
8A_Refrigerated
21
22.00
2
0
73.43
0
0
100.00
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
25.00
1
3
84.07
0
0
100.00
8B_AutoCarrier
36
75.00
1
0
92.47
0
0
100.00
8B_Dray
109
65.00
5
0
89.03
0
0
100.00
8B_Expedited
26
49.00
1
1
82.50
0
0
100.00
8B Flatbed
159
30.00
2
8
88.50
0
0
100.00
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
70.00
0
1
90.14
0
0
100.00
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
5.00
4
0
79.54
0
0
95.00
8B Mixed
470
40.00
20
25
85.95
0
0
100.00
8B_Refrigerated
574
40.00
23
17
87.69
0
0
100.00
8B_Specialized
60
43.00
2
2
88.65
0
0
100.00
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
38.00
36
51
87.06
0
0
100.00
8B_Tanker
84
52.00
2
2
91.55
0
0
100.00
Absolute errors were also developed for each fleet category/metric combination. Cutoffs for
absolute errors are intended to prevent users from inadvertently entering data with incorrect
units and typos. For this reason we have defined absolute errors to ensure an adequate
"safety" interval between the highest values observed in the cleaned (no outlier) dataset. The
recommended values for absolute errors and their associated justifications are discussed below
for each metric.
65
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Annual Miles per Vehicle
The maximum number of miles a vehicle can accumulate in a year are constrained by truck
highway speed limits (typically 65 mph or less) and the number of hours in a year.48 Excluding
engine down-time associated with maintenance and repairs, the absolute maximum annual
mileage possible for a truck is estimated to be ~500,000 miles per year. This estimate is more
than twice the highest observed value of 228,151 miles per year (for Class 8b TL/Dry Van
diesels). Therefore 500,000 miles per year value is set as the absolute maximum for all vehicle
classes. Values greater than 0 and less than 500,000 are permissible.
Miles per Gallon
The maximum and minimum miles per gallon from the diesel dataset (prior to cleaning) are
presented in Table 27.
Table 27. Maximum and Minimum Observed Miles per Gallon
Class/Category
N
Minimum Value
Maximum Value
2B_Expedited
35
10.0
25.0
2B_Mixed
96
2.0
22.9
2B_Package
34
3.5
20.7
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
2.5
19.5
3_Mixed
85
1.1
19.0
4_Mixed
71
1.3
16.3
5_Mixed
59
1.0
14.2
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
0.7
11.2
6_Mixed
124
4.0
12.1
6_Package
25
0.9
11.4
6_TL/Dry Van
51
0.8
10.0
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
5.5
10.5
7_Mixed
144
3.7
11.3
7_TL/Dry Van
44
4.6
9.8
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
4.3
8.1
8A_Mixed
106
3.4
9.0
8A_Refrigerated
21
5.2
8.3
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
1.8
8.7
8B_AutoCarrier
36
4.3
6.2
8B_Dray
109
3.4
7.0
8B_Expedited
26
4.8
6.8
8B_Flatbed
159
3.1
7.2
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
4.1
6.6
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
4.1
7.9
8B_Mixed
470
3.2
7.9
8B_Refrigerated
574
1.1
8.0
48 While DOT regulations limit drivers' daily hours, some companies utilize driver teams to maximize on-road time.
66
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Class/Category
N
Minimum Value
Maximum Value
8B_Specialized
60
0.5
6.7
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
2.3
8.3
8B_Tanker
84
2.7
7.2
[Note: Unlike the other parameters discussed above, miles per gallon values are derived from
other inputs (total miles and gallons). Therefore, any changes to address absolute limits on
MPG (as well as red and yellow warnings) must be handled through updates to one or both of
these primary inputs.]
As seen from the above table, fuel efficiency estimates can be very low (<1.0) and for this
reason no absolute lower bound is used for miles per gallon. To establish absolute upper
bounds for miles per gallon estimates the results from the PERE modeling analysis previously
developed for the 2010 Truck Model were used. Background on the PERE modeling exercise is
provided in Appendix E.
Absolute maximum miles per gallon estimates were developed for conventional diesel trucks
using the PERE model, and are shown in Table 28 by truck class.
Table 28. Maximum Diesel Miles per Gallon Estimates (PERE Model Basis)
Class
Maximum MPG
2b
25.0
3
23.3
4
20.2
5
18.7
6
18.0
7
14.5
8a
11.2
8b
11.2
Note that the maximum MPG estimates obtained from the PERE model are substantially higher
than almost all of the maximum value observed for diesel trucks in the 2016 Truck Tool data.
Non-Diesel MPG
The 2016 data submissions from SmartWay Truck partners did not include enough information
on non-diesel trucks in order to develop a robust distribution of mpg values specific to non-
diesels for validation purposes. Accordingly, engineering judgment was used to adjust the
diesel mpg values for other fuel types, accounting for general, relative vehicle and/or fuel
efficiency differences. First, a ratio was developed for adjusting diesel mpg values to
comparable gasoline mpg values, based upon simulated modeling performed by Argonne
67
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National Laboratory.49 The Argonne data for gas and diesel trucks was based on PSAT
simulations of a typical pickup in the Class 2b or Class 3 range. The fuel consumption was
reported for the same truck equipped with both gasoline and diesel engines over the various
EPA emissions and fuel economy driving cycles. Using this data, a combined fuel economy was
calculated using the method from EPA's pre-2008 combined 2-cycle fuel economy using the FTP
and Highway cycles as given in 40 CFR Part 600. This method uses a weighted harmonic average
of the two values, with the FTP weighted at 55% and the Highway weighted at 45%.
The difference in the calculated combined fuel economies for the gas- and diesel-powered
model results showed that the diesel had a 25.9% greater fuel economy than gasoline. These
results are a direct volumetric comparison rather than in terms of gasoline-equivalent gallons.
As such, the diesel mpg values shown in Table 28 above can be divided by 1.259 to obtain
comparable mpg ranges for gasoline vehicles. Since CNG vehicle fuel consumption is reported
in terms of gasoline-equivalent gallons, the mpg validation ranges for CNG vehicles can be set
equal to those for comparable gasoline vehicles.
Validation ranges for LPG and LNG vehicles can be developed from the gasoline ranges, dividing
the gasoline values by the appropriate gasoline gallon-equivalent factor for these fuels (1.35 for
LPG and 1.52 for LNG),50 thereby adjusting mpg values for volumetric energy density. Table 29
presents the corresponding upper bound MPG values for non-diesel vehicles by truck class.
Table 29. Maximum Miles per Gallon Estimates - Non-Diesel Vehicles
Class
Gasoline/CNG
LPG
LNG
2b
19.9
18.5
16.4
3
18.5
17.3
15.3
4
16.0
15.0
13.3
5
14.9
13.9
12.3
6
14.3
13.3
11.8
7
11.5
10.7
9.5
8a
8.9
8.3
7.4
8b
8.9
8.3
7.4
Hybrid MPG
EPA's Physical Emission Rate Estimator (PERE) model was used in order to establish estimates
of the fuel economy benefit of hybridization of medium- and heavy-duty trucks. The details of
the modeling are presented in Appendix E.
49 Delorme, A. et. al., Impact of Advanced Technologies on Medium-Duty Trucks Fuel Efficiency, Argonne National
Laboratory, 2010-01-1929.
50 https://www.afdc.energy. gov/afdc/prep/popups/gges.html
68
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However, the in-use fuel economy of hybrid vehicles is highly dependent upon drive cycle.
Specifically the expected hybrid truck fuel economy will vary depending upon the relative
fraction of highway versus urban driving. Therefore the MPG ranges used for validation of
hybrid fuel economy are calculated using the following steps.
Step 1 - Weight the following GALLON PER MILE (Not MPG) values based on the
Highway/Urban split.
Gal/Mi - Urban
Group #
Name
Low Red
Low Yellow
Mean
High Yellow
High Red
1
2B_Mixed
0.2641
0.1813
0.0942
0.0636
0.0576
2
3_Mixed
0.2340
0.1857
0.1147
0.0830
0.0760
3
4_Mixed
0.2090
0.1763
0.1213
0.0925
0.0861
4
5_Mixed
0.2599
0.2127
0.1392
0.1026
0.0943
5
6_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1951
0.1765
0.1390
0.1147
0.1080
6
6_Mixed
0.2200
0.1972
0.1467
0.1179
0.1111
7
6_Moving
0.1906
0.1783
0.1514
0.1301
0.1242
8
6_Package_Diesel
0.1788
0.1628
0.1254
0.1029
0.0965
9
6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.2350
0.2056
0.1495
0.1175
0.1097
10
7_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1968
0.1806
0.1450
0.1211
0.1148
11
7_Mixed
0.2506
0.2169
0.1545
0.1200
0.1117
12
7_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.2131
0.1915
0.1467
0.1202
0.1130
13
8A_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.2184
0.2104
0.1837
0.1653
0.1607
14
8A_Mixed
0.2747
0.2519
0.1950
0.1591
0.1492
15
8A_Refrigerated_Diesel
0.2502
0.2402
0.2036
0.1793
0.1716
16
8A_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.2477
0.2337
0.1966
0.1697
0.1630
17
8B_AutoCarrier_Diesel
0.2980
0.2781
0.2407
0.2158
0.2052
18
8B_Dray_Diesel
0.2434
0.2338
0.2056
0.1835
0.1780
19
8B_Flatbed_Diesel
0.2912
0.2727
0.2248
0.1942
0.1857
20
8B_Heavy/Bulk_Diesel
0.3768
0.3371
0.2562
0.2033
0.1912
21
8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.2383
0.2250
0.2025
0.1814
0.1761
22
8B_Mixed
0.2597
0.2493
0.2149
0.1889
0.1807
23
8B_Refrigerated_Diesel
0.2656
0.2500
0.2236
0.1992
0.1931
24
8B_Specialized_Diesel
0.3389
0.2995
0.2342
0.1894
0.1789
25
8B_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.2534
0.2436
0.2147
0.1891
0.1836
26
8B_Tanker_Diesel
0.2596
0.2492
0.2149
0.1888
0.1806
69
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Gal/Mi - Highway
Group #
Name
Low Red
Low Yellow
Mean
High Yellow
High Red
1
2B_Mixed
0.1759
0.1208
0.0627
0.0424
0.0383
2
3_Mixed
0.1594
0.1265
0.0781
0.0565
0.0518
3
4_Mixed
0.1482
0.1250
0.0860
0.0656
0.0611
4
5_Mixed
0.1805
0.1477
0.0967
0.0713
0.0655
5
6_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1470
0.1330
0.1047
0.0864
0.0813
6
6_Mixed
0.1657
0.1486
0.1105
0.0889
0.0837
7
6_Moving
0.1436
0.1343
0.1141
0.0980
0.0936
8
6_Package_Diesel
0.1347
0.1226
0.0944
0.0775
0.0727
9
6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1770
0.1549
0.1127
0.0885
0.0826
10
7_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1513
0.1389
0.1115
0.0931
0.0883
11
7_Mixed
0.1928
0.1668
0.1188
0.0923
0.0859
12
7_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1640
0.1473
0.1128
0.0924
0.0869
13
8A_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1558
0.1501
0.1310
0.1179
0.1147
14
8A_Mixed
0.1960
0.1796
0.1391
0.1135
0.1065
15
8A_Refrigerated_Diesel
0.1785
0.1714
0.1452
0.1279
0.1224
16
8A_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1767
0.1667
0.1402
0.1210
0.1163
17
8B_AutoCarrier_Diesel
0.2126
0.1984
0.1717
0.1539
0.1464
18
8B_Dray_Diesel
0.1736
0.1668
0.1467
0.1309
0.1270
19
8B_Flatbed_Diesel
0.2078
0.1945
0.1604
0.1385
0.1325
20
8B_Heavy/Bulk_Diesel
0.2688
0.2405
0.1828
0.1450
0.1364
21
8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1700
0.1605
0.1445
0.1294
0.1256
22
8B_Mixed
0.1853
0.1779
0.1533
0.1347
0.1289
23
8B_Refrigerated_Diesel
0.1894
0.1783
0.1595
0.1421
0.1378
24
8B_Specialized_Diesel
0.2418
0.2137
0.1670
0.1351
0.1276
25
8B_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1807
0.1738
0.1532
0.1349
0.1310
26
8B_Tanker_Diesel
0.1852
0.1778
0.1533
0.1347
0.1288
Example - Truck Class 2b has 40% urban, 60% highway. The Low Red Gallon/Mile value
is therefore 0.2641 x 0.40 + 0.1759 x 0.60 = 0.2112
Step 2: Convert the weighted gallon per mile values back to MPG
Example: 0.2112 gal/mi = 4.74 MPG
Step 3: Use these final, weighted, converted MPG values for validation.
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Electric Truck Efficiency
Mi/kWhr estimates for battery electric trucks were developed based on available data sources
and engineering judgment. The average value for Class 2b trucks was assumed to equal the
mi/kWhr value estimates for large SUVs in EPA's MARKAL model (3.01). The values for Class 4
and 6 electric trucks (1.43 and 1.00 respectively) were taken from Calstart's E-Truck Task Force
Business Case Calculator. Values for Class 3 and 5 trucks were based on simple averages of the
Class 2b, 4, and 6 values. Given the lack of available data for the heavier truck classes, values
for Class 7 (0.75), Class 8a (0.5) and Class 8b (0.4) were based on engineering judgment.
Once average mi/kWhr estimates were derived, "red" and "yellow" ranges were established
based on simple multiplicative factors applied to the averages - Low red from 0 to 0.5 x
average; low yellow from 0.5 x average to 0.75 x average; high yellow from 1.25 x average to
1.5 x average; and high red from 1.5 x average to 10 x average (absolute max).
Percent Revenue Miles
Revenue miles were frequently equal to total miles in the dataset. Accordingly, no absolute
upper (or lower) bound was set for this field, beyond requiring all values to be > 0 and < 100.
Percent Empty Miles
Empty miles were occasionally equal to 0 in the dataset. Accordingly, no absolute lower (or
upper) bound was set for this field, beyond requiring all values to be > 0 and < 100.
Percent Biodiesel
While the maximum observed blend level for biodiesel was 20 percent, B100 use is possible.
Therefore no absolute upper (or lower) bound was set for this field, beyond requiring all values
to be > 0 and < 100.
Average Payload
The maximum and minimum payloads from the 2011 dataset (prior to cleaning) are presented
in Table 30.51
Table 30. Maximum and Minimum Observed Payloads (Short Tons)
Group #
Name
Min
Mean
Max
1
2B Mixed
0.1
1.0
1.952
2
3_Mixed
0.1
1.7
3.0
3
4 Mixed
0.5
2.4
4.0
4
5_Mixed
1.3
3.1
5.3
5
6_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.9
4.6
6.3
51 As noted above, the 2016 dataset did not have an adequate number of exact payload estimates to allow for a
robust distributional analysis. Accordingly the 2011 payload analysis results are retained in the current Truck Tool.
52 Three extreme outliers for Class 2b trucks were dropped for the purposes of establishing maximum upper bounds:
16.0, 13.0 and 5.0 tons.
71
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Group #
Name
Min
Mean
Max
6
6_Mixed
0.9
4.5
6.5
7
6_Moving
2.5
3.6
4.9
8
6_Package_Diesel
2.0
4.2
6.0
9
6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.9
4.1
6.9
10
7_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
1.8
6.0
8.7
11
7 Mixed
1.1
6.0
20.0
12
7_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
4.5
6.4
12.7
13
8A_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
6.0
10.6
15.0
14
8A Mixed
1.9
11.3
24.0
15
8A_Refrigerated_Diesel
6.3
13.3
21.0
16
8A_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
3.8
11.4
20.0
17
8B AutoCarrier Diesel
9.3
19.6
24.5
18
8B_Dray_Diesel
15.0
20.5
24.5
19
8B Flatbed Diesel
14.8
23.2
33.3
20
8B_Fleavy/Bulk_Diesel
20.0
27.6
40.0
21
8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
7.8
18.2
27.9
22
8B_Mixed
7.5
20.3
33.1
23
8B_Refrigerated_Diesel
13.2
20.9
27.5
24
8B_Specialized_Diesel
7.3
24.4
37.0
25
8B_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
6.5
18.9
50.0
26
8B_Tanker_Diesel
17.5
24.6
34.6
Based on a review of previous out of range values, unit conversion problems are the most
common source of data entry errors for payload. One type of error results from data being
entered in pounds instead of short tons, resulting in overestimates by a factor of 2,000. Such
errors should be easy to prevent using a reasonable upper bound ton level. Another possible
source of error could be reporting metric or long tons instead of short tons, although detecting
these errors will be extremely difficult, due to the small difference in units (roughly 10 percent
difference). Finally, note that standard payload limitations can be waived by obtaining permits
for heavy loads, or by avoiding over-the-road operation.53 Accordingly, the absolute upper
bound payload levels were set equal to 3 times the maximum observed values shown in Table
30.
However, no absolute lower-bound payload value was set, to allow for light package and
specialty deliveries. Therefore, the only low end constraint is the requirement that payloads be
>0.
53 One SmartWay Truck Partner indicated unusually high payloads for their Class 2b truck fleet, but noted they only
use their trucks in terminal operations.
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Average Volume
The maximum and minimum observed volumes from the 2011 dataset (prior to cleaning) are
presented in Table 31.54
Table 31. Maximum and Minimum Observed Volumes (cubic feet)
Group #
Name
Min
Mean
Max
1
2B_Mixed
1
343
1,000
2
3 Mixed
1
498
940
3
4_Mixed
54
659
1,185
4
5 Mixed
141
1,215
1,894
5
6_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
693
1,375
1,115
6
6_Mixed
336
1,324
878
7
6_Moving
141
1,382
1,894
8
6_Package_Diesel
300
1,398
1,800
9
6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
693
1,255
1,52155
10
7_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
693
1,687
3,765
11
7_Mixed
267
1,601
3,521
12
7_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
728
1,581
3,521
13
8A_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
1,000
3,272
3,852
14
8A Mixed
1
2,862
6,302
15
8A_Refrigerated_Diesel
1
2,759
3,780
16
8A_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
1,454
3,410
3,848
17
8B AutoCarrier Diesel
2,844
4,424
8,350
18
8B_Dray_Diesel
1,516
2,387
3,892
19
8B Flatbed Diesel
2,341
3,485
5,000
20
8B_Heavy/Bulk_Diesel
1,000
3,114
4,824
21
8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
2,205
3,615
4,925
22
8B Mixed
1,991
3,565
4,896
23
8B_Refrigerated_Diesel
3,171
3,721
4,068
24
8B_Specialized_Diesel
450
2,604
5,843
25
8B_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
1,159
3,740
6,316
26
8B_Tanker_Diesel
702
1,210
4,004
Maximum volumes are extremely difficult to define given the presence of non-uniform body
styles, oversized loads, etc. Accordingly a simple upper bound was set at 3 times the maximum
observed values shown above.
54 As with the 2016 payload dataset, the 2016 volume data set did not allow for a distributional analysis.
55 One Class 6 LTL fleet with an extreme outlier volume of 12,000 cubic feet was dropped for the purposes of this
analysis.
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However, no absolute lower-bound volume value was set, to allow for small package and
specialty deliveries. Therefore, the only low end constraint is the requirement that volumes be
>0.
Average Used Cargo Volume %
Average used cargo volume % was frequently equal to 100 in the dataset. Accordingly, no
upper bound was set for this field. In addition, no absolute lower-bound was set for utilization
either, to allow for small package and LTL/specialty deliveries. The only requirement is that all
values be > 0 and < 100.
The Truck Tool provides an option for Dray carriers allowing them to select an industry average
used cargo volume % factor, since these carriers may not know how their containers are
loaded. To calculate the industry average value the following calculation steps were
performed:
1) All truck carriers with a Dray Operation tag were identified from the 2012 Truck Tool
submittals -109 dray carriers with 20,774 trucks. 75.9% of these trucks had a Chassis Body
Type tag, 23.2% had a Dry Van tag, and 0.9% had a Mixed tag. No other body type tags were
reported for dray carriers. Essentially all of these trucks were Class 8b diesels.
2) All non-dray carriers with Chassis, Dry Van, and Mixed Body Type tags were selected, and the
average used cargo volume % was calculated for Body Type tag, weighted by the number of
trucks. (This approach assumes that none of the average used cargo volume % values reported
for Dray carriers were reliable, regardless of their Data Source selection.) There were 229,349
trucks in this data set. The weighted average used cargo volume % values for non-dray carriers
were as follows.
Chassis 90.5%
Dry Van 84.8%
Mixed 85.4%
3) The weighted average used cargo volume % values from Step 2 were combined with the
body type percentage distribution from Step 1 to obtain a single, industry average for used
cargo volume % value for use by Dray carriers of 89.13%. This estimate applies for all truck
classes and fuel types, as the data set is very thin for anything other than class 8b diesels. Note
that this value will only be used if a Dray Carrier selects the "Industry Average" button on the
Activity screen. Also note that the default option is only available to carriers that specified a
non-zero Dray operations percentage in the Fleet Description section - otherwise the Industry
Average button will not appear.
Percent Urban/Highway Miles
There is no clear distributional pattern associated with these data fields, with values frequently
ranging from 0 to 100. Therefore, no lower or upper bound values are set.
74
-------
Idle Hours per Day and Days of Use per Year
Absolute limits are placed on the number of hours per day (short plus long duration idle hours
less than or equal to 24) and days of use per year (less than or equal to 365). In addition, since
extended idling is defined as sustained idling events an hour or more in duration, warnings are
issued for extended idle hour per day entries less than an hour.
75
-------
4,0 Performance Metrics
The Truck Tool allows the user to calculate their emissions performance using a number of
different metrics, at different levels of aggregation. Available performance metrics include:
Grams per mile
Grams per Payload Ton-Mile
Grams per Thousand Cubic Foot-Miles
Grams perThousand Utilized Cubic Foot-Miles
The Internal Metrics report within the Truck Tool presents the results of 36 calculations (4 x 4 x
3 = 48), which represent the following four calculations for each of the three pollutants (CO2,
NOx, PM 10 and PM2.5) and for each of three different mileage types (total, loaded, and
revenue). Note that all capitalized fields represent fields in the user interface:
1. g/mile: £ E / M
where E = Emissions, M = Miles Driven
2. g/avg payload ton-mile: £ E / (M x AP)
where E = Emissions, M = Miles Driven, AP = Average Payload
3. g/avg cubic foot volume: £ E / (M x ACV)
where E = Emissions, M = Miles Driven, ACV = Average Cargo Volume
4. g/avg utilized cubic foot: £ E / (M x ACV) / CU
where E = Emissions, M = Miles Driven, ACV = Average Cargo Volume, CU = %
Cube Utilization
For all four calculations:
Emissions = grams of pollutant (as specified above)
Miles Driven = Total Miles, Revenue Miles, or Loaded Miles (Total Miles minus Empty
Miles)
As shown in the equations above, summations are performed for the different metrics. Each of
the metrics is automatically aggregated across model years (for NOx and PM) for all reporting
purposes. Additional aggregation may be reported across truck classes, fuel types, fleets, and
at the company level, as specified by the user.
76
-------
Appendix A - MOVES2014a NOx, PM & BC Emission Factors (g/mi)
2018 Calendar Year
77
-------
Diesel
Highway
Urban
Decel
0-25
25-50
>50
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
1987
HDV2B
15.855
0.36575
0.590
1.784
0.01035
0.022
27.099
0.38909
0.828
33.371
0.53895
1.143
16.817
0.44740
0.951
1987
HDV3
19.052
0.42585
0.657
2.034
0.01174
0.025
30.380
0.44783
0.912
39.375
0.67486
1.351
20.854
0.52367
1.068
1987
HDV4
18.578
0.42785
0.686
2.061
0.01276
0.028
29.990
0.44651
0.975
38.083
0.60591
1.321
19.480
0.56154
1.227
1987
HDV5
21.457
0.46271
0.686
2.016
0.01173
0.024
31.169
0.47504
0.935
41.324
0.73761
1.410
23.707
0.56553
1.118
1987
HDV6
21.823
0.46625
0.683
2.006
0.01143
0.023
31.387
0.47917
0.919
41.995
0.76779
1.428
24.527
0.56077
1.079
1987
HDV7
25.585
0.52128
0.719
1.963
0.01099
0.022
32.875
0.52603
0.935
45.851
0.90226
1.542
29.970
0.61852
1.105
1987
HDV8a
31.680
0.60939
0.773
1.867
0.00978
0.017
35.802
0.61609
0.949
53.781
1.18665
1.774
41.005
0.72307
1.117
1987
HDV8b
35.824
0.66967
0.810
1.770
0.00870
0.013
38.245
0.68827
0.962
60.046
1.41525
1.959
49.965
0.81079
1.135
1988
HDV2B
15.855
0.36575
0.5898
1.784
0.01035
0.0220
27.099
0.38909
0.8277
33.371
0.53895
1.1434
16.817
0.44740
0.9513
1988
HDV3
19.052
0.42585
0.6568
2.034
0.01174
0.0247
30.380
0.44783
0.9117
39.375
0.67486
1.3506
20.854
0.52367
1.0683
1988
HDV4
18.578
0.42785
0.6863
2.061
0.01276
0.0279
29.990
0.44651
0.9746
38.083
0.60591
1.3211
19.480
0.56154
1.2273
1988
HDV5
21.457
0.46271
0.6865
2.016
0.01173
0.0244
31.169
0.47504
0.9346
41.324
0.73761
1.4100
23.707
0.56553
1.1183
1988
HDV6
21.823
0.46625
0.6826
2.006
0.01143
0.0234
31.387
0.47917
0.9194
41.995
0.76779
1.4277
24.527
0.56077
1.0795
1988
HDV7
25.585
0.52128
0.7190
1.963
0.01099
0.0217
32.875
0.52603
0.9350
45.851
0.90226
1.5416
29.970
0.61852
1.1051
1988
HDV8a
31.680
0.60939
0.7725
1.867
0.00978
0.0170
35.802
0.61609
0.9488
53.781
1.18665
1.7740
41.005
0.72307
1.1167
1988
HDV8b
35.824
0.66967
0.8102
1.770
0.00870
0.0129
38.245
0.68827
0.9624
60.046
1.41525
1.9594
49.965
0.81079
1.1351
1989
HDV2B
22.089
0.46862
0.6792
1.926
0.01100
0.0224
30.928
0.47828
0.9052
41.269
0.76558
1.4012
24.826
0.55886
1.0622
1989
HDV3
16.911
0.39616
0.6393
2.039
0.01195
0.0256
29.494
0.42490
0.9081
37.264
0.60466
1.2876
18.175
0.50055
1.0706
1989
HDV4
18.364
0.42470
0.6827
2.060
0.01272
0.0278
29.937
0.44464
0.9705
37.967
0.60409
1.3169
19.308
0.55719
1.2179
1989
HDV5
19.663
0.43784
0.6711
2.033
0.01191
0.0252
30.497
0.45589
0.9295
39.756
0.68334
1.3634
21.469
0.54338
1.1111
1989
HDV6
22.205
0.47405
0.6909
2.006
0.01149
0.0236
31.433
0.48481
0.9284
42.390
0.77879
1.4400
25.038
0.57257
1.0996
1989
HDV7
21.575
0.46558
0.6862
2.017
0.01162
0.0240
31.135
0.47668
0.9281
41.751
0.75598
1.4218
24.102
0.56505
1.1021
1989
HDV8a
29.473
0.58010
0.7570
1.919
0.01038
0.0191
34.492
0.58356
0.9496
51.003
1.08163
1.6939
36.846
0.68876
1.1234
1989
HDV8b
35.720
0.66945
0.8115
1.776
0.00878
0.0132
38.159
0.68815
0.9668
59.885
1.40814
1.9565
49.714
0.81121
1.1414
1990
HDV2B
11.905
0.35369
0.5680
1.278
0.00986
0.0204
19.693
0.37608
0.7924
24.276
0.51065
1.0673
12.780
0.43435
0.9093
1990
HDV3
13.514
0.40932
0.6497
1.590
0.01225
0.0257
22.836
0.44076
0.9239
29.033
0.63477
1.3181
14.621
0.51988
1.0862
A-l
-------
Diesel
Highway
Urban
Decel
0-25
25-50
>50
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
1990
HDV4
13.343
0.40474
0.6534
1.588
0.01222
0.0262
22.986
0.43722
0.9370
29.138
0.61124
1.3095
14.336
0.51824
1.1116
1990
HDV5
14.179
0.42114
0.6661
1.582
0.01221
0.0261
23.233
0.44811
0.9452
29.790
0.63819
1.3347
15.277
0.53537
1.1309
1990
HDV6
17.409
0.48032
0.6973
1.545
0.01147
0.0234
24.458
0.49590
0.9418
33.043
0.79237
1.4573
19.737
0.58008
1.1045
1990
HDV7
17.788
0.48760
0.7027
1.542
0.01145
0.0233
24.579
0.50139
0.9453
33.402
0.80711
1.4709
20.236
0.58848
1.1126
1990
HDV8a
24.593
0.61633
0.7827
1.445
0.00991
0.0172
27.665
0.62717
0.9705
41.796
1.19204
1.7911
31.922
0.73652
1.1418
1990
HDV8b
28.186
0.68457
0.8264
1.356
0.00866
0.0125
29.848
0.71118
0.9894
47.267
1.44775
2.0021
39.825
0.83838
1.1671
1991
HDV2B
10.676
0.25977
0.3876
1.314
0.01801
0.0314
17.528
0.32324
0.6563
21.606
0.37016
0.7167
11.510
0.32040
0.6094
1991
HDV3
12.309
0.29086
0.4447
1.457
0.01172
0.0243
21.057
0.39597
0.8161
27.229
0.43219
0.8798
13.221
0.33011
0.6746
1991
HDV4
17.898
0.46784
0.6145
1.393
0.01081
0.0207
23.204
0.49085
0.8456
32.645
0.77793
1.2378
20.821
0.52710
0.8589
1991
HDV5
12.660
0.28972
0.4283
1.472
0.01657
0.0312
20.124
0.37142
0.7745
25.718
0.40402
0.8064
13.430
0.33811
0.6734
1991
HDV6
15.516
0.39215
0.5415
1.427
0.01129
0.0225
22.167
0.44586
0.8320
30.188
0.61764
1.0710
17.310
0.43539
0.7731
1991
HDV7
18.674
0.48757
0.6319
1.393
0.01082
0.0206
23.378
0.49954
0.8504
33.503
0.81433
1.2732
21.886
0.54844
0.8796
1991
HDV8a
24.265
0.66836
0.8052
1.308
0.00944
0.0148
26.063
0.62680
0.8888
41.319
1.30747
1.7854
32.481
0.82625
1.1386
1991
HDV8b
26.579
0.75190
0.8869
1.239
0.00848
0.0114
27.625
0.68934
0.9068
44.833
1.57292
2.0554
37.723
0.97487
1.2759
1992
HDV2B
9.992
0.23992
0.3558
1.224
0.01719
0.0294
15.928
0.28788
0.5769
19.405
0.33240
0.6359
10.790
0.29686
0.5566
1992
HDV3
12.057
0.28551
0.4373
1.406
0.01149
0.0235
20.580
0.38615
0.7913
26.392
0.41874
0.8532
12.921
0.32258
0.6583
1992
HDV4
12.153
0.28900
0.4446
1.457
0.01171
0.0241
21.062
0.39611
0.8139
27.105
0.42889
0.8802
13.044
0.32922
0.6761
1992
HDV5
13.073
0.29213
0.4408
1.460
0.01204
0.0254
21.234
0.39208
0.8237
27.598
0.40678
0.8416
13.866
0.32307
0.6731
1992
HDV6
16.198
0.41126
0.5605
1.418
0.01116
0.0218
22.467
0.45983
0.8360
30.925
0.65611
1.1155
18.307
0.45974
0.7986
1992
HDV7
18.352
0.47191
0.6164
1.399
0.01096
0.0211
23.231
0.49071
0.8497
33.008
0.76856
1.2265
21.229
0.52573
0.8610
1992
HDV8a
24.569
0.67936
0.8161
1.297
0.00932
0.0144
26.315
0.63430
0.8926
41.606
1.33317
1.8114
33.045
0.84224
1.1544
1992
HDV8b
26.677
0.74807
0.8823
1.235
0.00850
0.0114
27.696
0.69195
0.9114
44.990
1.56041
2.0443
37.961
0.97207
1.2752
1993
HDV2B
11.194
0.27169
0.4111
1.404
0.01628
0.0296
18.928
0.35060
0.7167
23.497
0.39220
0.7777
11.947
0.32648
0.6399
1993
HDV3
11.956
0.28508
0.4369
1.439
0.01255
0.0252
20.568
0.38436
0.7923
26.251
0.41866
0.8522
12.784
0.32652
0.6649
1993
HDV4
13.459
0.33052
0.4840
1.443
0.01154
0.0236
21.486
0.41428
0.8196
28.172
0.50067
0.9511
14.618
0.37002
0.7134
1993
HDV5
12.460
0.29065
0.4436
1.457
0.01183
0.0247
21.082
0.39288
0.8166
27.228
0.42142
0.8642
13.314
0.32698
0.6743
A-2
-------
Diesel
Highway
Urban
Decel
0-25
25-50
>50
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
1993
HDV6
15.618
0.39334
0.5426
1.426
0.01133
0.0227
22.197
0.44435
0.8315
30.154
0.61208
1.0631
17.352
0.43418
0.7739
1993
HDV7
16.709
0.43125
0.5793
1.416
0.01112
0.0218
22.576
0.46445
0.8366
31.382
0.69425
1.1497
18.954
0.47911
0.8152
1993
HDV8a
24.435
0.67957
0.8168
1.302
0.00934
0.0146
26.204
0.63075
0.8891
41.441
1.33552
1.8124
32.774
0.84051
1.1514
1993
HDV8b
26.699
0.75300
0.8875
1.237
0.00848
0.0114
27.702
0.69253
0.9098
45.021
1.57625
2.0592
38.001
0.97867
1.2802
1994
HDV2B
10.993
0.31462
0.4875
1.179
0.01563
0.0328
17.939
0.48776
1.0401
22.347
0.46373
0.9812
11.731
0.32339
0.6856
1994
HDV3
11.824
0.35178
0.5406
1.384
0.01895
0.0396
19.772
0.54880
1.1653
25.091
0.55118
1.1544
12.645
0.37604
0.7915
1994
HDV4
12.169
0.36190
0.5637
1.457
0.01959
0.0423
21.071
0.57096
1.2314
27.130
0.57154
1.2318
13.066
0.38974
0.8405
1994
HDV5
12.985
0.38471
0.5889
1.459
0.02004
0.0435
21.215
0.59023
1.2763
27.680
0.59218
1.2578
13.874
0.41887
0.9001
1994
HDV6
15.268
0.44397
0.6318
1.436
0.01912
0.0401
21.997
0.60608
1.2228
29.911
0.75400
1.4086
16.856
0.46351
0.9049
1994
HDV7
18.397
0.52626
0.6938
1.400
0.01786
0.0354
23.237
0.63343
1.1573
33.290
1.00340
1.6397
21.484
0.53852
0.9319
1994
HDV8a
24.971
0.69993
0.8285
1.295
0.01447
0.0224
26.480
0.71451
1.0187
42.390
1.66393
2.2556
33.989
0.75159
1.0403
1994
HDV8b
26.612
0.74354
0.8623
1.241
0.01311
0.0179
27.639
0.73419
0.9717
44.870
1.87157
2.4412
37.778
0.81543
1.0701
1995
HDV2B
10.286
0.32176
0.4835
1.322
0.02028
0.0387
16.527
0.52533
1.0667
20.098
0.50682
1.0057
11.071
0.36205
0.7199
1995
HDV3
12.313
0.36648
0.5675
1.449
0.01977
0.0424
20.899
0.58054
1.2470
27.005
0.58168
1.2373
13.250
0.39758
0.8497
1995
HDV4
12.973
0.38408
0.5811
1.444
0.01968
0.0418
21.138
0.58685
1.2365
27.487
0.62304
1.2750
14.037
0.41185
0.8570
1995
HDV5
14.377
0.42081
0.6166
1.443
0.01961
0.0418
21.735
0.60671
1.2607
28.963
0.68713
1.3486
15.636
0.44785
0.9103
1995
HDV6
15.766
0.45649
0.6406
1.427
0.01884
0.0391
22.258
0.61412
1.2130
30.517
0.80328
1.4554
17.673
0.47496
0.9021
1995
HDV7
17.814
0.51052
0.6825
1.406
0.01816
0.0364
23.016
0.63299
1.1793
32.688
0.95854
1.6002
20.633
0.52564
0.9290
1995
HDV8a
24.821
0.69629
0.8251
1.301
0.01463
0.0231
26.379
0.70833
1.0186
42.136
1.65661
2.2444
33.624
0.74466
1.0343
1995
HDV8b
26.566
0.74246
0.8605
1.245
0.01315
0.0181
27.596
0.72728
0.9640
44.785
1.87735
2.4413
37.643
0.81092
1.0627
1996
HDV2B
10.415
0.33238
0.4992
1.324
0.02067
0.0397
17.147
0.53333
1.0856
20.633
0.52847
1.0541
11.118
0.37119
0.7412
1996
HDV3
12.380
0.36821
0.5670
1.459
0.01956
0.0418
21.087
0.57047
1.2199
27.094
0.58873
1.2446
13.347
0.39421
0.8385
1996
HDV4
14.205
0.41524
0.6052
1.443
0.01899
0.0400
21.862
0.58830
1.2003
28.826
0.70087
1.3540
15.620
0.43292
0.8628
1996
HDV5
15.592
0.45319
0.6410
1.437
0.01935
0.0406
22.113
0.61191
1.2352
29.728
0.75766
1.4099
17.101
0.47388
0.9270
1996
HDV6
16.917
0.48788
0.6629
1.423
0.01835
0.0374
22.743
0.61309
1.1721
31.478
0.89315
1.5330
19.224
0.49749
0.9054
1996
HDV7
19.457
0.55349
0.7143
1.393
0.01739
0.0336
23.762
0.64221
1.1327
34.417
1.09374
1.7234
23.238
0.56609
0.9438
A-3
-------
Diesel
Highway
Urban
Decel
0-25
25-50
>50
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
1996
HDV8a
25.176
0.70605
0.8321
1.299
0.01431
0.0220
26.692
0.70980
1.0026
42.513
1.70270
2.2849
34.460
0.75571
1.0355
1996
HDV8b
26.767
0.74849
0.8659
1.246
0.01304
0.0177
27.831
0.73360
0.9646
44.943
1.90063
2.4654
38.192
0.82109
1.0709
1997
HDV2B
8.854
0.29424
0.4366
1.192
0.01945
0.0359
14.087
0.48961
0.9713
16.423
0.46225
0.8934
9.420
0.33750
0.6532
1997
HDV3
13.052
0.38733
0.5804
1.425
0.01965
0.0412
20.887
0.58712
1.2275
26.935
0.63300
1.2698
14.124
0.41475
0.8514
1997
HDV4
12.219
0.36383
0.5692
1.463
0.01988
0.0430
21.178
0.58782
1.2720
27.089
0.57276
1.2395
13.155
0.39791
0.8611
1997
HDV5
13.501
0.39863
0.6039
1.460
0.02023
0.0439
21.489
0.60732
1.3064
27.921
0.61487
1.2834
14.448
0.43566
0.9282
1997
HDV6
14.261
0.41690
0.6103
1.446
0.01937
0.0411
21.831
0.60259
1.2433
28.897
0.70145
1.3586
15.663
0.44094
0.8868
1997
HDV7
15.941
0.46120
0.6440
1.434
0.01887
0.0391
22.367
0.61412
1.2140
30.574
0.82301
1.4706
17.910
0.47802
0.9041
1997
HDV8a
24.023
0.67495
0.8064
1.322
0.01506
0.0250
26.051
0.68612
1.0220
40.615
1.58209
2.1644
31.865
0.70834
1.0052
1997
HDV8b
26.395
0.73765
0.8549
1.257
0.01325
0.0187
27.587
0.71417
0.9523
44.274
1.87192
2.4272
37.248
0.79889
1.0475
1998
HDV2B
6.958
0.14529
0.2139
1.020
0.01822
0.0311
9.827
0.14832
0.2766
11.393
0.19621
0.3566
7.981
0.21879
0.3884
1998
HDV3
11.350
0.19586
0.3208
1.685
0.01984
0.0405
18.148
0.22810
0.4687
22.883
0.32468
0.6666
13.762
0.27929
0.5729
1998
HDV4
11.495
0.19761
0.3244
1.721
0.01994
0.0411
18.437
0.23096
0.4755
23.393
0.33062
0.6806
14.006
0.28197
0.5807
1998
HDV5
11.813
0.19715
0.3231
1.722
0.02054
0.0426
18.496
0.22380
0.4635
23.489
0.31621
0.6546
14.277
0.28732
0.5961
1998
HDV6
11.745
0.20092
0.3269
1.721
0.02005
0.0413
18.475
0.23115
0.4740
23.582
0.33495
0.6827
14.299
0.28602
0.5864
1998
HDV7
13.462
0.23291
0.3543
1.701
0.01967
0.0400
18.996
0.25376
0.4895
24.891
0.39838
0.7473
16.461
0.31246
0.6078
1998
HDV8a
22.325
0.41825
0.5150
1.549
0.01467
0.0241
22.513
0.44414
0.6415
34.802
0.94211
1.3320
32.121
0.50524
0.7344
1998
HDV8b
24.731
0.46975
0.5605
1.458
0.01246
0.0175
23.996
0.51392
0.6966
38.205
1.13841
1.5378
37.908
0.57921
0.7861
1999
HDV2B
5.061
0.15658
0.2276
0.914
0.02227
0.0373
7.534
0.15972
0.2949
8.419
0.21011
0.3772
6.473
0.25380
0.4444
1999
HDV3
7.030
0.19024
0.3145
0.930
0.02099
0.0431
11.411
0.21771
0.4514
12.478
0.30063
0.6217
8.924
0.28407
0.5869
1999
HDV4
7.125
0.19172
0.3185
0.929
0.02082
0.0434
11.613
0.22062
0.4594
12.744
0.30637
0.6376
9.074
0.28551
0.5951
1999
HDV5
7.235
0.19439
0.3208
0.930
0.02078
0.0433
11.651
0.22222
0.4607
12.866
0.31266
0.6446
9.207
0.28757
0.5965
1999
HDV6
7.485
0.20026
0.3254
0.924
0.02093
0.0436
11.665
0.22358
0.4591
12.957
0.31841
0.6468
9.451
0.29421
0.6061
1999
HDV7
8.420
0.22295
0.3450
0.929
0.02043
0.0420
12.156
0.24121
0.4741
13.960
0.37202
0.7072
10.582
0.31086
0.6147
1999
HDV8a
16.576
0.42604
0.5219
0.945
0.01469
0.0241
18.116
0.45239
0.6467
24.607
0.96987
1.3580
23.539
0.51705
0.7460
1999
HDV8b
18.580
0.47806
0.5686
0.931
0.01229
0.0171
20.249
0.52396
0.7058
27.888
1.16825
1.5690
27.851
0.58869
0.7943
A-4
-------
Diesel
Highway
Urban
Decel
0-25
25-50
>50
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
2000
HDV2B
5.437
0.15713
0.2397
0.857
0.02010
0.0352
8.194
0.16538
0.3187
8.914
0.21503
0.4050
6.775
0.24231
0.4457
2000
HDV3
7.077
0.19085
0.3158
0.926
0.02077
0.0428
11.494
0.21907
0.4545
12.597
0.30355
0.6290
8.990
0.28373
0.5873
2000
HDV4
7.258
0.19482
0.3211
0.930
0.02075
0.0431
11.675
0.22295
0.4616
12.915
0.31434
0.6476
9.236
0.28775
0.5956
2000
HDV5
7.403
0.19822
0.3239
0.932
0.02070
0.0429
11.723
0.22498
0.4632
13.075
0.32235
0.6565
9.411
0.29047
0.5973
2000
HDV6
7.413
0.19839
0.3238
0.926
0.02091
0.0435
11.644
0.22274
0.4590
12.939
0.31620
0.6460
9.379
0.29250
0.6035
2000
HDV7
9.296
0.24526
0.3647
0.929
0.01995
0.0405
12.739
0.26090
0.4911
14.813
0.42126
0.7617
11.624
0.32721
0.6236
2000
HDV8a
15.760
0.40542
0.5040
0.935
0.01544
0.0265
17.437
0.42637
0.6255
23.169
0.88957
1.2705
21.857
0.49020
0.7280
2000
HDV8b
18.559
0.47797
0.5686
0.932
0.01235
0.0173
20.223
0.52325
0.7054
27.820
1.16598
1.5663
27.771
0.58780
0.7941
2001
HDV2B
4.180
0.14666
0.1957
0.913
0.02347
0.0373
6.081
0.14254
0.2433
7.173
0.19086
0.3181
5.589
0.25235
0.4127
2001
HDV3
7.077
0.19209
0.3149
0.934
0.02110
0.0428
11.388
0.21872
0.4505
12.489
0.30482
0.6239
8.962
0.28534
0.5840
2001
HDV4
7.149
0.19230
0.3191
0.931
0.02074
0.0432
11.655
0.22162
0.4609
12.801
0.30874
0.6418
9.105
0.28528
0.5936
2001
HDV5
7.250
0.19476
0.3211
0.932
0.02070
0.0430
11.689
0.22310
0.4621
12.912
0.31456
0.6482
9.225
0.28716
0.5949
2001
HDV6
8.352
0.22203
0.3445
0.924
0.02057
0.0425
12.131
0.23977
0.4723
13.724
0.36213
0.6943
10.406
0.30976
0.6165
2001
HDV7
8.223
0.21827
0.3410
0.927
0.02050
0.0423
12.089
0.23805
0.4716
13.722
0.35959
0.6938
10.319
0.30679
0.6121
2001
HDV8a
17.101
0.43969
0.5343
0.937
0.01409
0.0224
18.674
0.47016
0.6613
25.345
1.01596
1.4063
24.572
0.53436
0.7576
2001
HDV8b
18.520
0.47570
0.5661
0.928
0.01233
0.0172
20.181
0.52128
0.7029
27.807
1.16056
1.5606
27.764
0.58684
0.7926
2002
HDV2B
4.114
0.14507
0.1930
0.906
0.02344
0.0373
5.939
0.13978
0.2380
7.047
0.18687
0.3099
5.531
0.25351
0.4145
2002
HDV3
6.717
0.18397
0.3039
0.903
0.02191
0.0443
10.672
0.20559
0.4259
11.638
0.27498
0.5656
8.499
0.28647
0.5876
2002
HDV4
6.916
0.18674
0.3132
0.905
0.02173
0.0456
11.137
0.21181
0.4444
12.229
0.28522
0.5984
8.832
0.29042
0.6094
2002
HDV5
6.916
0.18674
0.3132
0.905
0.02173
0.0456
11.137
0.21181
0.4444
12.229
0.28522
0.5984
8.832
0.29042
0.6094
2002
HDV6
7.140
0.19176
0.3169
0.901
0.02189
0.0460
11.113
0.21128
0.4411
12.296
0.28832
0.5984
9.039
0.29653
0.6200
2002
HDV7
8.913
0.23595
0.3558
0.903
0.02094
0.0432
12.183
0.24761
0.4725
14.013
0.38465
0.7055
11.083
0.32732
0.6360
2002
HDV8a
16.022
0.41186
0.5091
0.928
0.01554
0.0265
17.489
0.43186
0.6269
23.514
0.91045
1.2866
22.413
0.50222
0.7400
2002
HDV8b
18.425
0.47224
0.5625
0.922
0.01251
0.0175
20.040
0.51668
0.6977
27.649
1.14781
1.5449
27.628
0.58506
0.7918
2003
HDV2B
3.214
0.12515
0.1695
0.415
0.01962
0.0315
4.139
0.12141
0.2099
5.716
0.16112
0.2710
4.570
0.21474
0.3551
2003
HDV3
5.251
0.16719
0.2759
1.281
0.01935
0.0392
9.249
0.18791
0.3890
9.428
0.25365
0.5219
7.178
0.25642
0.5264
A-5
-------
Diesel
Highway
Urban
Decel
0-25
25-50
>50
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
2003
HDV4
5.407
0.16990
0.2840
1.415
0.01937
0.0405
9.715
0.19360
0.4051
9.875
0.26330
0.5509
7.463
0.26088
0.5459
2003
HDV5
5.407
0.16990
0.2840
1.415
0.01937
0.0405
9.715
0.19360
0.4051
9.875
0.26330
0.5509
7.463
0.26088
0.5459
2003
HDV6
5.529
0.17479
0.2878
1.411
0.01949
0.0408
9.759
0.19389
0.4030
9.973
0.26784
0.5528
7.593
0.26648
0.5547
2003
HDV7
6.114
0.21844
0.3262
1.394
0.01858
0.0381
10.114
0.22971
0.4337
10.566
0.36322
0.6583
8.212
0.29761
0.5720
2003
HDV8a
8.317
0.37828
0.4657
1.313
0.01374
0.0231
11.787
0.39827
0.5742
13.782
0.84541
1.1889
11.513
0.45975
0.6716
2003
HDV8b
9.031
0.42978
0.5113
1.244
0.01120
0.0156
12.579
0.47075
0.6344
15.023
1.04822
1.4085
12.903
0.53136
0.7175
2004
HDV2B
3.033
0.12634
0.1721
0.413
0.01972
0.0318
4.115
0.12306
0.2144
5.386
0.16250
0.2749
4.262
0.21657
0.3604
2004
HDV3
5.260
0.16614
0.2753
1.288
0.01955
0.0399
9.280
0.18624
0.3870
9.428
0.24938
0.5152
7.200
0.25779
0.5317
2004
HDV4
5.419
0.16853
0.2826
1.411
0.01958
0.0411
9.711
0.19121
0.4012
9.873
0.25765
0.5406
7.495
0.26185
0.5494
2004
HDV5
5.419
0.16853
0.2826
1.411
0.01958
0.0411
9.711
0.19121
0.4012
9.873
0.25765
0.5406
7.495
0.26185
0.5494
2004
HDV6
5.529
0.17315
0.2862
1.408
0.01965
0.0412
9.753
0.19198
0.4000
9.963
0.26282
0.5441
7.610
0.26675
0.5566
2004
HDV7
6.047
0.21102
0.3194
1.393
0.01886
0.0389
10.065
0.22285
0.4264
10.485
0.34488
0.6351
8.154
0.29362
0.5714
2004
HDV8a
8.226
0.36647
0.4548
1.313
0.01420
0.0244
11.690
0.38355
0.5604
13.596
0.80328
1.1413
11.350
0.44772
0.6642
2004
HDV8b
9.017
0.42327
0.5049
1.242
0.01141
0.0161
12.551
0.46253
0.6263
14.976
1.02433
1.3820
12.876
0.52509
0.7127
2005
HDV2B
2.833
0.13089
0.1701
0.371
0.02147
0.0338
3.672
0.12521
0.2090
5.277
0.16895
0.2757
4.143
0.23040
0.3706
2005
HDV3
5.153
0.16757
0.2742
1.233
0.01953
0.0389
9.056
0.18796
0.3864
9.217
0.25471
0.5194
7.004
0.25610
0.5197
2005
HDV4
5.397
0.17088
0.2850
1.418
0.01919
0.0401
9.717
0.19533
0.4080
9.874
0.26749
0.5587
7.437
0.25993
0.5430
2005
HDV5
5.397
0.17088
0.2850
1.418
0.01919
0.0401
9.717
0.19533
0.4080
9.874
0.26749
0.5587
7.437
0.25993
0.5430
2005
HDV6
5.511
0.17631
0.2894
1.415
0.01923
0.0402
9.763
0.19712
0.4078
9.976
0.27526
0.5651
7.562
0.26532
0.5498
2005
HDV7
6.138
0.22147
0.3290
1.395
0.01832
0.0374
10.141
0.23393
0.4387
10.609
0.37376
0.6732
8.232
0.29853
0.5694
2005
HDV8a
8.341
0.37754
0.4648
1.310
0.01365
0.0228
11.811
0.39826
0.5739
13.820
0.84494
1.1893
11.557
0.45974
0.6704
2005
HDV8b
9.030
0.42675
0.5083
1.242
0.01126
0.0157
12.573
0.46719
0.6308
15.013
1.03782
1.3973
12.902
0.52862
0.7151
2006
HDV2B
2.940
0.13960
0.1800
0.388
0.02323
0.0364
3.816
0.13335
0.2212
5.544
0.18081
0.2934
4.338
0.24787
0.3969
2006
HDV3
5.168
0.16793
0.2747
1.235
0.01992
0.0395
9.073
0.18806
0.3865
9.257
0.25449
0.5186
7.042
0.25886
0.5246
2006
HDV4
5.402
0.17037
0.2845
1.416
0.01928
0.0403
9.716
0.19443
0.4065
9.874
0.26531
0.5547
7.450
0.26042
0.5445
2006
HDV5
5.402
0.17037
0.2845
1.416
0.01928
0.0403
9.716
0.19443
0.4065
9.874
0.26531
0.5547
7.450
0.26042
0.5445
A-6
-------
Diesel
Highway
Urban
Decel
0-25
25-50
>50
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
2006
HDV6
5.505
0.17559
0.2888
1.414
0.01930
0.0403
9.759
0.19651
0.4069
9.969
0.27346
0.5620
7.562
0.26532
0.5503
2006
HDV7
6.092
0.21806
0.3260
1.396
0.01845
0.0377
10.112
0.23096
0.4359
10.559
0.36568
0.6633
8.186
0.29641
0.5688
2006
HDV8a
8.286
0.37476
0.4625
1.313
0.01381
0.0233
11.760
0.39433
0.5708
13.724
0.83368
1.1767
11.455
0.45572
0.6683
2006
HDV8b
9.019
0.42740
0.5090
1.244
0.01126
0.0157
12.564
0.46777
0.6316
14.995
1.03942
1.3991
12.877
0.52866
0.7153
2007
HDV2B
1.623
0.00102
0.0105
0.624
0.00049
0.0051
2.508
0.00127
0.0135
2.967
0.00162
0.0171
2.189
0.00165
0.0174
2007
HDV3
2.968
0.00095
0.0106
0.589
0.00023
0.0025
5.220
0.00155
0.0172
5.307
0.00182
0.0202
4.099
0.00146
0.0162
2007
HDV4
3.071
0.00095
0.0106
0.585
0.00019
0.0021
5.473
0.00157
0.0176
5.592
0.00183
0.0205
4.313
0.00144
0.0161
2007
HDV5
3.071
0.00095
0.0106
0.585
0.00019
0.0021
5.473
0.00157
0.0176
5.592
0.00183
0.0205
4.313
0.00144
0.0161
2007
HDV6
3.148
0.00097
0.0108
0.586
0.00019
0.0021
5.504
0.00158
0.0177
5.668
0.00186
0.0208
4.379
0.00145
0.0163
2007
HDV7
3.772
0.00113
0.0127
0.543
0.00018
0.0020
6.095
0.00175
0.0195
6.452
0.00225
0.0251
5.012
0.00157
0.0175
2007
HDV8a
5.666
0.00164
0.0184
0.342
0.00016
0.0018
8.387
0.00240
0.0269
9.867
0.00389
0.0435
7.735
0.00205
0.0230
2007
HDV8b
6.201
0.00179
0.0200
0.253
0.00014
0.0016
9.290
0.00266
0.0297
11.017
0.00447
0.0499
8.692
0.00223
0.0250
2008
HDV2B
1.483
0.00102
0.0106
0.659
0.00052
0.0055
2.263
0.00126
0.0133
2.853
0.00160
0.0169
2.068
0.00169
0.0178
2008
HDV3
2.725
0.00092
0.0102
0.647
0.00025
0.0028
4.743
0.00145
0.0161
4.815
0.00162
0.0180
3.738
0.00149
0.0165
2008
HDV4
2.875
0.00090
0.0101
0.646
0.00019
0.0021
5.091
0.00147
0.0165
5.192
0.00163
0.0182
4.031
0.00145
0.0162
2008
HDV5
2.875
0.00090
0.0101
0.646
0.00019
0.0021
5.091
0.00147
0.0165
5.192
0.00163
0.0182
4.031
0.00145
0.0162
2008
HDV6
2.920
0.00091
0.0102
0.646
0.00019
0.0021
5.113
0.00148
0.0165
5.236
0.00164
0.0184
4.070
0.00146
0.0163
2008
HDV7
3.233
0.00100
0.0111
0.624
0.00019
0.0021
5.405
0.00156
0.0174
5.615
0.00183
0.0204
4.374
0.00151
0.0169
2008
HDV8a
5.066
0.00148
0.0166
0.444
0.00017
0.0019
7.455
0.00214
0.0239
8.568
0.00325
0.0363
6.725
0.00190
0.0212
2008
HDV8b
6.068
0.00175
0.0196
0.281
0.00015
0.0016
9.044
0.00259
0.0289
10.686
0.00429
0.0480
8.449
0.00219
0.0244
2009
HDV2B
1.376
0.00094
0.0095
0.512
0.00040
0.0041
2.082
0.00110
0.0115
2.467
0.00150
0.0156
1.838
0.00149
0.0155
2009
HDV3
2.965
0.00096
0.0106
0.557
0.00022
0.0024
5.202
0.00154
0.0172
5.253
0.00184
0.0204
4.063
0.00145
0.0160
2009
HDV4
3.123
0.00096
0.0107
0.569
0.00019
0.0021
5.573
0.00160
0.0179
5.698
0.00189
0.0211
4.388
0.00144
0.0161
2009
HDV5
3.123
0.00096
0.0107
0.569
0.00019
0.0021
5.573
0.00160
0.0179
5.698
0.00189
0.0211
4.388
0.00144
0.0161
2009
HDV6
3.201
0.00098
0.0109
0.574
0.00019
0.0021
5.584
0.00160
0.0179
5.756
0.00191
0.0213
4.443
0.00146
0.0163
2009
HDV7
3.854
0.00116
0.0129
0.528
0.00018
0.0020
6.212
0.00178
0.0199
6.588
0.00232
0.0259
5.110
0.00158
0.0176
A-7
-------
Diesel
Highway
Urban
Decel
0-25
25-50
>50
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
2009
HDV8a
5.746
0.00167
0.0187
0.327
0.00016
0.0018
8.529
0.00244
0.0273
10.048
0.00399
0.0446
7.858
0.00208
0.0232
2009
HDV8b
6.246
0.00181
0.0202
0.244
0.00014
0.0016
9.378
0.00269
0.0300
11.121
0.00453
0.0506
8.753
0.00225
0.0251
2010
HDV2B
0.536
0.00084
0.0083
0.214
0.00033
0.0034
0.736
0.00093
0.0096
0.974
0.00134
0.0137
0.740
0.00132
0.0134
2010
HDV3
0.881
0.00087
0.0096
0.238
0.00020
0.0022
1.553
0.00138
0.0154
1.577
0.00164
0.0181
1.185
0.00132
0.0146
2010
HDV4
0.924
0.00087
0.0098
0.245
0.00017
0.0019
1.673
0.00145
0.0162
1.699
0.00170
0.0190
1.266
0.00132
0.0148
2010
HDV5
0.924
0.00087
0.0098
0.245
0.00017
0.0019
1.673
0.00145
0.0162
1.699
0.00170
0.0190
1.266
0.00132
0.0148
2010
HDV6
0.949
0.00089
0.0099
0.245
0.00017
0.0019
1.683
0.00145
0.0162
1.721
0.00171
0.0191
1.295
0.00134
0.0150
2010
HDV7
1.069
0.00104
0.0117
0.242
0.00017
0.0019
1.759
0.00161
0.0180
1.843
0.00206
0.0230
1.423
0.00144
0.0161
2010
HDV8a
1.474
0.00155
0.0173
0.230
0.00015
0.0017
2.083
0.00226
0.0253
2.443
0.00366
0.0409
2.041
0.00193
0.0216
2010
HDV8b
1.593
0.00170
0.0190
0.219
0.00014
0.0015
2.220
0.00252
0.0282
2.650
0.00425
0.0475
2.274
0.00212
0.0237
2011
HDV2B
0.587
0.00084
0.0087
0.269
0.00041
0.0043
0.867
0.00103
0.0109
1.151
0.00134
0.0142
0.843
0.00138
0.0147
2011
HDV3
0.884
0.00085
0.0094
0.247
0.00022
0.0024
1.556
0.00135
0.0150
1.595
0.00156
0.0173
1.204
0.00133
0.0147
2011
HDV4
0.922
0.00085
0.0095
0.242
0.00017
0.0019
1.658
0.00140
0.0156
1.685
0.00160
0.0179
1.271
0.00132
0.0147
2011
HDV5
0.922
0.00085
0.0095
0.242
0.00017
0.0019
1.658
0.00140
0.0156
1.685
0.00160
0.0179
1.271
0.00132
0.0147
2011
HDV6
0.941
0.00086
0.0096
0.241
0.00017
0.0019
1.667
0.00140
0.0157
1.703
0.00162
0.0181
1.292
0.00133
0.0149
2011
HDV7
1.038
0.00099
0.0110
0.239
0.00017
0.0019
1.729
0.00153
0.0171
1.801
0.00190
0.0212
1.394
0.00141
0.0158
2011
HDV8a
1.442
0.00149
0.0167
0.229
0.00015
0.0017
2.046
0.00217
0.0242
2.380
0.00344
0.0385
1.982
0.00187
0.0209
2011
HDV8b
1.588
0.00168
0.0188
0.219
0.00014
0.0015
2.212
0.00249
0.0279
2.638
0.00417
0.0467
2.264
0.00210
0.0234
2012
HDV2B
0.600
0.00084
0.0088
0.269
0.00041
0.0043
0.894
0.00104
0.0111
1.166
0.00135
0.0143
0.856
0.00138
0.0147
2012
HDV3
0.890
0.00085
0.0094
0.246
0.00021
0.0023
1.574
0.00136
0.0151
1.609
0.00157
0.0174
1.215
0.00133
0.0147
2012
HDV4
0.921
0.00085
0.0095
0.242
0.00017
0.0019
1.657
0.00140
0.0156
1.683
0.00160
0.0179
1.269
0.00132
0.0147
2012
HDV5
0.921
0.00085
0.0095
0.242
0.00017
0.0019
1.657
0.00140
0.0156
1.683
0.00160
0.0179
1.269
0.00132
0.0147
2012
HDV6
0.940
0.00086
0.0097
0.242
0.00017
0.0019
1.667
0.00141
0.0157
1.702
0.00163
0.0182
1.289
0.00133
0.0149
2012
HDV7
1.001
0.00094
0.0105
0.240
0.00017
0.0019
1.706
0.00148
0.0166
1.762
0.00180
0.0201
1.353
0.00138
0.0154
2012
HDV8a
1.385
0.00141
0.0158
0.232
0.00015
0.0017
1.989
0.00204
0.0229
2.292
0.00317
0.0355
1.887
0.00179
0.0200
2012
HDV8b
1.570
0.00164
0.0184
0.220
0.00014
0.0015
2.191
0.00243
0.0272
2.601
0.00402
0.0450
2.226
0.00205
0.0229
A-8
-------
Diesel
Highway
Urban
Decel
0-25
25-50
>50
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
2013
HDV2B
0.576
0.00080
0.0084
0.263
0.00039
0.0042
0.867
0.00100
0.0108
1.137
0.00130
0.0139
0.834
0.00134
0.0143
2013
HDV3
0.814
0.00077
0.0085
0.226
0.00019
0.0021
1.440
0.00123
0.0137
1.476
0.00142
0.0158
1.115
0.00121
0.0134
2013
HDV4
0.837
0.00076
0.0085
0.220
0.00016
0.0017
1.506
0.00126
0.0141
1.530
0.00144
0.0160
1.155
0.00119
0.0133
2013
HDV5
0.837
0.00076
0.0085
0.220
0.00016
0.0017
1.506
0.00126
0.0141
1.530
0.00144
0.0160
1.155
0.00119
0.0133
2013
HDV6
0.852
0.00078
0.0087
0.219
0.00015
0.0017
1.513
0.00127
0.0141
1.544
0.00146
0.0163
1.171
0.00120
0.0134
2013
HDV7
0.902
0.00084
0.0094
0.218
0.00015
0.0017
1.543
0.00133
0.0148
1.593
0.00160
0.0179
1.222
0.00124
0.0138
2013
HDV8a
1.226
0.00124
0.0139
0.209
0.00014
0.0015
1.769
0.00180
0.0201
2.035
0.00277
0.0310
1.672
0.00158
0.0176
2013
HDV8b
1.391
0.00144
0.0161
0.195
0.00012
0.0014
1.942
0.00214
0.0239
2.304
0.00353
0.0395
1.971
0.00180
0.0201
2014
HDV2B
0.579
0.00080
0.0084
0.263
0.00039
0.0042
0.874
0.00101
0.0108
1.140
0.00131
0.0139
0.836
0.00134
0.0143
2014
HDV3
0.812
0.00077
0.0085
0.225
0.00019
0.0021
1.440
0.00123
0.0137
1.475
0.00142
0.0158
1.114
0.00121
0.0134
2014
HDV4
0.833
0.00076
0.0085
0.219
0.00015
0.0017
1.502
0.00126
0.0140
1.525
0.00143
0.0160
1.151
0.00119
0.0133
2014
HDV5
0.833
0.00076
0.0085
0.219
0.00015
0.0017
1.502
0.00126
0.0140
1.525
0.00143
0.0160
1.151
0.00119
0.0133
2014
HDV6
0.847
0.00077
0.0087
0.219
0.00015
0.0017
1.507
0.00126
0.0141
1.538
0.00146
0.0163
1.166
0.00120
0.0134
2014
HDV7
0.890
0.00083
0.0093
0.217
0.00015
0.0017
1.534
0.00132
0.0148
1.582
0.00159
0.0178
1.214
0.00123
0.0138
2014
HDV8a
1.180
0.00120
0.0135
0.205
0.00014
0.0015
1.732
0.00177
0.0197
1.992
0.00272
0.0305
1.636
0.00155
0.0173
2014
HDV8b
1.316
0.00139
0.0155
0.189
0.00012
0.0013
1.878
0.00208
0.0233
2.227
0.00344
0.0384
1.905
0.00175
0.0196
2015
HDV2B
0.377
0.00049
0.0052
0.170
0.00024
0.0025
0.573
0.00062
0.0066
0.741
0.00080
0.0085
0.544
0.00082
0.0087
2015
HDV3
0.540
0.00049
0.0054
0.149
0.00012
0.0013
0.959
0.00079
0.0088
0.982
0.00091
0.0101
0.741
0.00077
0.0085
2015
HDV4
0.554
0.00049
0.0055
0.146
0.00010
0.0011
1.000
0.00081
0.0090
1.016
0.00092
0.0103
0.766
0.00076
0.0085
2015
HDV5
0.554
0.00049
0.0055
0.146
0.00010
0.0011
1.000
0.00081
0.0090
1.016
0.00092
0.0103
0.766
0.00076
0.0085
2015
HDV6
0.565
0.00050
0.0056
0.146
0.00010
0.0011
1.005
0.00081
0.0091
1.026
0.00094
0.0105
0.778
0.00077
0.0086
2015
HDV7
0.601
0.00054
0.0061
0.145
0.00010
0.0011
1.030
0.00086
0.0096
1.064
0.00104
0.0116
0.817
0.00080
0.0089
2015
HDV8a
0.838
0.00083
0.0093
0.142
0.00009
0.0010
1.218
0.00121
0.0135
1.405
0.00188
0.0210
1.156
0.00106
0.0118
2015
HDV8b
0.948
0.00097
0.0108
0.135
0.00008
0.0009
1.351
0.00145
0.0163
1.603
0.00241
0.0269
1.372
0.00122
0.0137
2016
HDV2B
0.376
0.00049
0.0052
0.170
0.00024
0.0025
0.571
0.00062
0.0066
0.739
0.00080
0.0085
0.543
0.00082
0.0087
2016
HDV3
0.539
0.00049
0.0054
0.149
0.00012
0.0013
0.958
0.00079
0.0088
0.981
0.00091
0.0101
0.741
0.00077
0.0085
A-9
-------
Diesel
Highway
Urban
Decel
0-25
25-50
>50
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
2016
HDV4
0.554
0.00049
0.0055
0.146
0.00010
0.0011
1.000
0.00081
0.0090
1.016
0.00092
0.0103
0.766
0.00076
0.0085
2016
HDV5
0.554
0.00049
0.0055
0.146
0.00010
0.0011
1.000
0.00081
0.0090
1.016
0.00092
0.0103
0.766
0.00076
0.0085
2016
HDV6
0.565
0.00050
0.0056
0.146
0.00010
0.0011
1.005
0.00081
0.0091
1.026
0.00094
0.0105
0.778
0.00077
0.0086
2016
HDV7
0.601
0.00054
0.0061
0.145
0.00010
0.0011
1.030
0.00086
0.0096
1.064
0.00104
0.0116
0.817
0.00080
0.0089
2016
HDV8a
0.838
0.00083
0.0093
0.142
0.00009
0.0010
1.217
0.00121
0.0135
1.404
0.00188
0.0210
1.156
0.00106
0.0118
2016
HDV8b
0.948
0.00097
0.0108
0.135
0.00008
0.0009
1.351
0.00145
0.0163
1.603
0.00241
0.0269
1.372
0.00122
0.0137
2017
HDV2B
0.370
0.00049
0.0052
0.170
0.00024
0.0025
0.569
0.00062
0.0066
0.732
0.00080
0.0085
0.532
0.00082
0.0087
2017
HDV3
0.539
0.00049
0.0054
0.149
0.00012
0.0013
0.958
0.00079
0.0088
0.979
0.00091
0.0101
0.739
0.00077
0.0085
2017
HDV4
0.554
0.00049
0.0055
0.146
0.00010
0.0011
1.000
0.00081
0.0090
1.016
0.00092
0.0103
0.766
0.00076
0.0085
2017
HDV5
0.554
0.00049
0.0055
0.146
0.00010
0.0011
1.000
0.00081
0.0090
1.016
0.00092
0.0103
0.766
0.00076
0.0085
2017
HDV6
0.565
0.00050
0.0056
0.146
0.00010
0.0011
1.005
0.00081
0.0091
1.026
0.00094
0.0105
0.778
0.00077
0.0086
2017
HDV7
0.601
0.00054
0.0061
0.145
0.00010
0.0011
1.030
0.00086
0.0096
1.064
0.00104
0.0116
0.817
0.00080
0.0089
2017
HDV8a
0.838
0.00083
0.0093
0.142
0.00009
0.0010
1.218
0.00121
0.0135
1.405
0.00188
0.0210
1.156
0.00106
0.0118
2017
HDV8b
0.948
0.00097
0.0108
0.135
0.00008
0.0009
1.351
0.00146
0.0163
1.603
0.00241
0.0269
1.372
0.00123
0.0137
2018
HDV2B
0.282
0.00048
0.0051
0.122
0.00024
0.0025
0.435
0.00061
0.0066
0.539
0.00078
0.0083
0.396
0.00080
0.0086
2018
HDV3
0.485
0.00049
0.0054
0.131
0.00012
0.0013
0.865
0.00079
0.0088
0.877
0.00090
0.0101
0.661
0.00077
0.0085
2018
HDV4
0.504
0.00049
0.0055
0.133
0.00010
0.0011
0.912
0.00081
0.0090
0.925
0.00092
0.0103
0.695
0.00076
0.0085
2018
HDV5
0.504
0.00049
0.0055
0.133
0.00010
0.0011
0.912
0.00081
0.0090
0.925
0.00092
0.0103
0.695
0.00076
0.0085
2018
HDV6
0.516
0.00050
0.0056
0.133
0.00010
0.0011
0.918
0.00081
0.0091
0.938
0.00094
0.0105
0.708
0.00077
0.0086
2018
HDV7
0.558
0.00054
0.0061
0.133
0.00010
0.0011
0.950
0.00086
0.0096
0.982
0.00104
0.0116
0.753
0.00080
0.0089
2018
HDV8a
0.825
0.00083
0.0093
0.137
0.00009
0.0010
1.185
0.00121
0.0136
1.373
0.00189
0.0211
1.133
0.00106
0.0119
2018
HDV8b
0.947
0.00097
0.0108
0.134
0.00008
0.0009
1.346
0.00146
0.0163
1.598
0.00241
0.0270
1.369
0.00123
0.0137
2019
HDV2B
0.282
0.00048
0.005
0.122
0.00024
0.003
0.435
0.00061
0.007
0.539
0.00078
0.008
0.396
0.00080
0.009
2019
HDV3
0.485
0.00049
0.005
0.131
0.00012
0.001
0.865
0.00079
0.009
0.877
0.00090
0.010
0.661
0.00077
0.009
2019
HDV4
0.504
0.00049
0.005
0.133
0.00010
0.001
0.912
0.00081
0.009
0.925
0.00092
0.010
0.695
0.00076
0.009
2019
HDV5
0.504
0.00049
0.005
0.133
0.00010
0.001
0.912
0.00081
0.009
0.925
0.00092
0.010
0.695
0.00076
0.009
A-10
-------
Diesel
Highway
Urban
Decel
0-25
25-50
>50
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
2019
HDV6
0.516
0.00050
0.006
0.133
0.00010
0.001
0.918
0.00081
0.009
0.938
0.00094
0.010
0.708
0.00077
0.009
2019
HDV7
0.558
0.00054
0.006
0.133
0.00010
0.001
0.950
0.00086
0.010
0.982
0.00104
0.012
0.753
0.00080
0.009
2019
HDV8a
0.825
0.00083
0.009
0.137
0.00009
0.001
1.185
0.00121
0.014
1.373
0.00189
0.021
1.133
0.00106
0.012
2019
HDV8b
0.947
0.00097
0.011
0.134
0.00008
0.001
1.346
0.00146
0.016
1.598
0.00241
0.027
1.369
0.00123
0.014
A-ll
-------
E10
Highway
Urban
Braking
0-25
25-50
>50
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
1987
HDV2B
5.401
0.01008
0.0688
0.218
0.00060
0.004
4.303
0.00819
0.056
7.949
0.00950
0.065
8.205
0.01249
0.085
1987
HDV3
8.967
0.02199
0.1501
0.261
0.00068
0.005
8.588
0.01696
0.116
12.624
0.01314
0.090
13.044
0.01994
0.136
1987
HDV4
9.088
0.02279
0.1555
0.261
0.00068
0.005
8.546
0.01677
0.114
12.669
0.01313
0.090
13.134
0.02049
0.140
1987
HDV5
8.743
0.02047
0.1397
0.259
0.00066
0.005
8.846
0.01798
0.123
12.601
0.01416
0.097
12.853
0.01890
0.129
1987
HDV6
8.728
0.02038
0.1391
0.259
0.00066
0.005
8.835
0.01794
0.122
12.587
0.01406
0.096
12.839
0.01879
0.128
1987
HDV7
8.628
0.01978
0.1350
0.260
0.00066
0.005
8.760
0.01769
0.121
12.496
0.01341
0.092
12.743
0.01808
0.123
1987
HDV8a
9.702
0.02631
0.1795
0.253
0.00065
0.004
9.574
0.02042
0.139
13.595
0.02098
0.143
13.860
0.02613
0.178
1987
HDV8b
14.014
0.05219
0.3561
0.196
0.00056
0.004
14.317
0.03624
0.247
19.502
0.06348
0.433
20.051
0.07253
0.495
1988
HDV2B
5.401
0.01008
0.0688
0.218
0.00060
0.0041
4.303
0.00819
0.0559
7.949
0.00950
0.0648
8.205
0.01249
0.0853
1988
HDV3
8.967
0.02199
0.1501
0.261
0.00068
0.0046
8.588
0.01696
0.1157
12.624
0.01314
0.0897
13.044
0.01994
0.1361
1988
HDV4
9.088
0.02279
0.1555
0.261
0.00068
0.0046
8.546
0.01677
0.1145
12.669
0.01313
0.0896
13.134
0.02049
0.1398
1988
HDV5
8.743
0.02047
0.1397
0.259
0.00066
0.0045
8.846
0.01798
0.1227
12.601
0.01416
0.0966
12.853
0.01890
0.1289
1988
HDV6
8.728
0.02038
0.1391
0.259
0.00066
0.0045
8.835
0.01794
0.1224
12.587
0.01406
0.0960
12.839
0.01879
0.1282
1988
HDV7
8.628
0.01978
0.1350
0.260
0.00066
0.0045
8.760
0.01769
0.1207
12.496
0.01341
0.0915
12.743
0.01808
0.1234
1988
HDV8a
9.702
0.02631
0.1795
0.253
0.00065
0.0045
9.574
0.02042
0.1393
13.595
0.02098
0.1432
13.860
0.02613
0.1783
1988
HDV8b
14.014
0.05219
0.3561
0.196
0.00056
0.0038
14.317
0.03624
0.2473
19.502
0.06348
0.4332
20.051
0.07253
0.4950
1989
HDV2B
5.445
0.01013
0.0691
0.219
0.00060
0.0041
4.340
0.00819
0.0559
7.969
0.00945
0.0645
8.269
0.01241
0.0847
1989
HDV3
8.879
0.02146
0.1465
0.261
0.00068
0.0046
8.528
0.01673
0.1142
12.514
0.01281
0.0874
12.979
0.01940
0.1324
1989
HDV4
9.061
0.02262
0.1544
0.261
0.00068
0.0046
8.529
0.01671
0.1141
12.641
0.01302
0.0889
13.114
0.02034
0.1388
1989
HDV5
8.491
0.01898
0.1295
0.261
0.00066
0.0045
8.553
0.01689
0.1152
12.197
0.01253
0.0855
12.633
0.01700
0.1160
1989
HDV6
8.491
0.01898
0.1295
0.261
0.00066
0.0045
8.553
0.01689
0.1152
12.197
0.01253
0.0855
12.633
0.01700
0.1160
1989
HDV7
8.491
0.01898
0.1295
0.261
0.00066
0.0045
8.553
0.01689
0.1152
12.197
0.01253
0.0855
12.633
0.01700
0.1160
1989
HDV8a
13.923
0.05303
0.3619
0.234
0.00065
0.0045
14.238
0.03639
0.2483
21.214
0.06727
0.4591
21.053
0.07199
0.4913
1989
HDV8b
13.923
0.05303
0.3619
0.234
0.00065
0.0045
14.238
0.03639
0.2483
21.214
0.06727
0.4591
21.053
0.07199
0.4913
1990
HDV2B
5.017
0.01838
0.1254
0.142
0.00021
0.0014
5.258
0.00246
0.0168
8.243
0.00699
0.0477
6.874
0.01227
0.0837
A-12
-------
E10
Highway
Urban
Braking
0-25
25-50
>50
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
1990
HDV3
5.700
0.02548
0.1739
0.138
0.00023
0.0016
6.519
0.00290
0.0198
9.150
0.00547
0.0373
7.348
0.01144
0.0781
1990
HDV4
5.947
0.02718
0.1855
0.138
0.00023
0.0016
6.549
0.00295
0.0201
9.333
0.00674
0.0460
7.548
0.01262
0.0861
1990
HDV5
5.447
0.02403
0.1640
0.137
0.00023
0.0016
6.563
0.00289
0.0197
9.006
0.00513
0.0350
7.128
0.01052
0.0718
1990
HDV6
5.447
0.02403
0.1640
0.137
0.00023
0.0016
6.563
0.00289
0.0197
9.006
0.00513
0.0350
7.128
0.01052
0.0718
1990
HDV7
5.447
0.02403
0.1640
0.137
0.00023
0.0016
6.563
0.00289
0.0197
9.006
0.00513
0.0350
7.128
0.01052
0.0718
1990
HDV8a
9.395
0.05803
0.3960
0.126
0.00020
0.0013
10.858
0.00672
0.0459
16.342
0.07799
0.5322
13.147
0.05823
0.3974
1990
HDV8b
9.395
0.05803
0.3960
0.126
0.00020
0.0013
10.858
0.00672
0.0459
16.342
0.07799
0.5322
13.147
0.05823
0.3974
1991
HDV2B
4.800
0.00813
0.0555
0.142
0.00057
0.0039
4.620
0.01071
0.0731
7.973
0.00462
0.0315
6.792
0.00436
0.0297
1991
HDV3
5.727
0.01474
0.1006
0.138
0.00062
0.0043
6.521
0.01639
0.1119
9.170
0.00547
0.0373
7.369
0.00448
0.0306
1991
HDV4
5.930
0.01539
0.1050
0.137
0.00063
0.0043
6.607
0.01665
0.1136
9.385
0.00653
0.0446
7.557
0.00497
0.0339
1991
HDV5
5.568
0.01431
0.0976
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.523
0.01644
0.1122
9.065
0.00513
0.0350
7.234
0.00424
0.0289
1991
HDV6
5.451
0.01403
0.0958
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.570
0.01663
0.1135
9.019
0.00519
0.0354
7.131
0.00413
0.0282
1991
HDV7
5.451
0.01403
0.0958
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.570
0.01663
0.1135
9.019
0.00519
0.0354
7.131
0.00413
0.0282
1991
HDV8a
6.028
0.01594
0.1088
0.136
0.00062
0.0043
6.943
0.01776
0.1212
9.803
0.00927
0.0633
7.767
0.00592
0.0404
1991
HDV8b
6.028
0.01594
0.1088
0.136
0.00062
0.0043
6.943
0.01776
0.1212
9.803
0.00927
0.0633
7.767
0.00592
0.0404
1992
HDV2B
4.956
0.00936
0.0639
0.139
0.00057
0.0039
5.018
0.01184
0.0808
8.180
0.00466
0.0318
6.882
0.00426
0.0291
1992
HDV3
5.809
0.01497
0.1022
0.138
0.00063
0.0043
6.527
0.01640
0.1119
9.228
0.00568
0.0387
7.436
0.00462
0.0315
1992
HDV4
6.053
0.01574
0.1074
0.137
0.00063
0.0043
6.623
0.01667
0.1138
9.474
0.00688
0.0469
7.654
0.00518
0.0353
1992
HDV5
5.605
0.01439
0.0982
0.138
0.00062
0.0043
6.510
0.01638
0.1118
9.080
0.00512
0.0349
7.265
0.00427
0.0292
1992
HDV6
5.452
0.01403
0.0958
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.572
0.01664
0.1135
9.023
0.00519
0.0354
7.132
0.00413
0.0282
1992
HDV7
5.452
0.01403
0.0958
0.137
0.00062
0.0042
6.572
0.01664
0.1135
9.023
0.00519
0.0354
7.132
0.00413
0.0282
1992
HDV8a
6.217
0.01656
0.1130
0.136
0.00063
0.0043
7.078
0.01817
0.1240
10.077
0.01069
0.0729
7.988
0.00654
0.0446
1992
HDV8b
6.217
0.01656
0.1130
0.136
0.00063
0.0043
7.078
0.01817
0.1240
10.077
0.01069
0.0729
7.988
0.00654
0.0446
1993
HDV2B
5.004
0.01006
0.0687
0.137
0.00057
0.0039
5.191
0.01235
0.0843
8.200
0.00459
0.0314
6.906
0.00412
0.0281
1993
HDV3
5.618
0.01448
0.0988
0.138
0.00062
0.0043
6.445
0.01619
0.1105
9.003
0.00509
0.0347
7.278
0.00426
0.0291
1993
HDV4
5.746
0.01480
0.1010
0.138
0.00062
0.0043
6.463
0.01621
0.1106
9.112
0.00532
0.0363
7.379
0.00445
0.0303
A-13
-------
E10
Highway
Urban
Braking
0-25
25-50
>50
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
1993
HDV5
5.616
0.01446
0.0987
0.138
0.00062
0.0043
6.437
0.01617
0.1103
8.996
0.00502
0.0342
7.274
0.00424
0.0289
1993
HDV6
5.380
0.01394
0.0951
0.138
0.00062
0.0042
6.445
0.01630
0.1112
8.797
0.00500
0.0341
7.071
0.00398
0.0271
1993
HDV7
5.380
0.01394
0.0951
0.138
0.00062
0.0042
6.445
0.01630
0.1112
8.797
0.00500
0.0341
7.071
0.00398
0.0271
1993
HDV8a
5.505
0.01435
0.0979
0.138
0.00062
0.0042
6.523
0.01653
0.1128
8.963
0.00584
0.0399
7.203
0.00435
0.0297
1993
HDV8b
5.505
0.01435
0.0979
0.138
0.00062
0.0042
6.523
0.01653
0.1128
8.963
0.00584
0.0399
7.203
0.00435
0.0297
1994
HDV2B
4.735
0.01045
0.0713
0.112
0.00031
0.0021
4.639
0.00233
0.0159
7.661
0.00728
0.0496
6.759
0.01825
0.1246
1994
HDV3
5.598
0.01687
0.1151
0.135
0.00038
0.0026
6.438
0.00326
0.0223
9.019
0.01232
0.0841
7.227
0.02725
0.1860
1994
HDV4
5.914
0.01869
0.1276
0.135
0.00038
0.0026
6.522
0.00332
0.0226
9.304
0.01312
0.0896
7.504
0.02918
0.1991
1994
HDV5
5.649
0.01721
0.1174
0.136
0.00038
0.0026
6.355
0.00315
0.0215
8.972
0.01210
0.0826
7.246
0.02746
0.1874
1994
HDV6
5.359
0.01545
0.1054
0.135
0.00038
0.0026
6.457
0.00332
0.0227
8.860
0.01195
0.0816
7.012
0.02567
0.1752
1994
HDV7
5.359
0.01545
0.1054
0.135
0.00038
0.0026
6.457
0.00332
0.0227
8.860
0.01195
0.0816
7.012
0.02567
0.1752
1994
HDV8a
9.242
0.03741
0.2553
0.124
0.00034
0.0023
10.681
0.00737
0.0503
16.077
0.03383
0.2309
12.933
0.06555
0.4473
1994
HDV8b
9.242
0.03741
0.2553
0.124
0.00034
0.0023
10.681
0.00737
0.0503
16.077
0.03383
0.2309
12.933
0.06555
0.4473
1995
HDV2B
4.713
0.01024
0.0699
0.116
0.00034
0.0023
4.630
0.00323
0.0220
7.620
0.00443
0.0303
6.714
0.00541
0.0369
1995
HDV3
5.476
0.01627
0.1111
0.135
0.00039
0.0027
6.409
0.00453
0.0309
8.904
0.00414
0.0282
7.117
0.00526
0.0359
1995
HDV4
5.654
0.01682
0.1148
0.135
0.00039
0.0027
6.409
0.00451
0.0308
9.026
0.00455
0.0310
7.266
0.00560
0.0382
1995
HDV5
5.549
0.01646
0.1123
0.135
0.00039
0.0027
6.380
0.00449
0.0307
8.930
0.00405
0.0276
7.174
0.00533
0.0364
1995
HDV6
5.352
0.01594
0.1088
0.135
0.00039
0.0027
6.445
0.00458
0.0313
8.840
0.00413
0.0282
7.007
0.00507
0.0346
1995
HDV7
5.352
0.01594
0.1088
0.135
0.00039
0.0027
6.445
0.00458
0.0313
8.840
0.00413
0.0282
7.007
0.00507
0.0346
1995
HDV8a
9.242
0.03095
0.2112
0.124
0.00036
0.0025
10.681
0.00818
0.0558
16.077
0.04855
0.3313
12.933
0.02566
0.1751
1995
HDV8b
9.242
0.03095
0.2112
0.124
0.00036
0.0025
10.681
0.00818
0.0558
16.077
0.04855
0.3313
12.933
0.02566
0.1751
1996
HDV2B
3.508
0.00882
0.0602
0.099
0.00044
0.0030
3.417
0.00255
0.0174
5.168
0.00673
0.0459
4.977
0.00291
0.0199
1996
HDV3
5.557
0.01614
0.1101
0.135
0.00047
0.0032
6.405
0.00367
0.0251
8.962
0.00611
0.0417
7.184
0.00276
0.0188
1996
HDV4
5.705
0.01650
0.1126
0.135
0.00047
0.0032
6.403
0.00368
0.0251
9.054
0.00656
0.0447
7.303
0.00289
0.0197
1996
HDV5
5.637
0.01633
0.1115
0.136
0.00047
0.0032
6.361
0.00366
0.0250
8.971
0.00590
0.0402
7.238
0.00278
0.0190
1996
HDV6
5.364
0.01566
0.1068
0.135
0.00046
0.0032
6.465
0.00368
0.0251
8.876
0.00605
0.0413
7.016
0.00262
0.0179
A-14
-------
E10
Highway
Urban
Braking
0-25
25-50
>50
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
1996
HDV7
5.364
0.01566
0.1068
0.135
0.00046
0.0032
6.465
0.00368
0.0251
8.876
0.00605
0.0413
7.016
0.00262
0.0179
1996
HDV8a
9.242
0.02548
0.1739
0.124
0.00042
0.0029
10.681
0.00610
0.0416
16.077
0.06137
0.4188
12.933
0.01220
0.0833
1996
HDV8b
9.242
0.02548
0.1739
0.124
0.00042
0.0029
10.681
0.00610
0.0416
16.077
0.06137
0.4188
12.933
0.01220
0.0833
1997
HDV2B
3.240
0.00701
0.0478
0.106
0.00020
0.0014
3.012
0.00180
0.0123
4.793
0.00547
0.0373
4.462
0.00730
0.0498
1997
HDV3
5.471
0.01222
0.0834
0.135
0.00023
0.0015
6.438
0.00248
0.0169
8.933
0.00507
0.0346
7.115
0.00844
0.0576
1997
HDV4
5.680
0.01290
0.0880
0.135
0.00023
0.0016
6.385
0.00246
0.0168
9.022
0.00506
0.0345
7.278
0.00893
0.0609
1997
HDV5
5.568
0.01252
0.0854
0.135
0.00023
0.0015
6.386
0.00245
0.0168
8.951
0.00485
0.0331
7.188
0.00864
0.0590
1997
HDV6
5.365
0.01188
0.0811
0.135
0.00022
0.0015
6.467
0.00248
0.0169
8.880
0.00507
0.0346
7.017
0.00815
0.0556
1997
HDV7
5.365
0.01188
0.0811
0.135
0.00022
0.0015
6.467
0.00248
0.0169
8.880
0.00507
0.0346
7.017
0.00815
0.0556
1997
HDV8a
9.242
0.02655
0.1812
0.124
0.00019
0.0013
10.681
0.00520
0.0355
16.077
0.04479
0.3057
12.933
0.02848
0.1944
1997
HDV8b
9.242
0.02655
0.1812
0.124
0.00019
0.0013
10.681
0.00520
0.0355
16.077
0.04479
0.3057
12.933
0.02848
0.1944
1998
HDV2B
2.407
0.00571
0.0390
0.115
0.00025
0.0017
1.729
0.00193
0.0132
3.645
0.00498
0.0340
3.950
0.00527
0.0360
1998
HDV3
4.196
0.01533
0.1046
0.258
0.00030
0.0021
4.039
0.00387
0.0264
6.218
0.00892
0.0608
6.526
0.01172
0.0800
1998
HDV4
4.501
0.01708
0.1165
0.253
0.00030
0.0020
4.214
0.00426
0.0291
6.779
0.01282
0.0875
6.819
0.01316
0.0898
1998
HDV5
3.840
0.01341
0.0915
0.263
0.00031
0.0021
3.779
0.00336
0.0229
5.506
0.00384
0.0262
6.195
0.01009
0.0689
1998
HDV6
3.812
0.01315
0.0898
0.263
0.00031
0.0021
3.822
0.00340
0.0232
5.505
0.00393
0.0268
6.161
0.00994
0.0678
1998
HDV7
3.812
0.01315
0.0898
0.263
0.00031
0.0021
3.822
0.00340
0.0232
5.505
0.00393
0.0268
6.161
0.00994
0.0678
1998
HDV8a
5.344
0.02158
0.1473
0.226
0.00026
0.0018
5.646
0.00702
0.0479
9.737
0.03400
0.2320
8.192
0.01994
0.1361
1998
HDV8b
5.344
0.02158
0.1473
0.226
0.00026
0.0018
5.646
0.00702
0.0479
9.737
0.03400
0.2320
8.192
0.01994
0.1361
1999
HDV2B
2.466
0.00593
0.0405
0.128
0.00006
0.0004
1.880
0.00082
0.0056
3.620
0.00336
0.0229
3.958
0.00213
0.0145
1999
HDV3
3.846
0.01334
0.0910
0.263
0.00007
0.0005
3.814
0.00139
0.0095
5.547
0.00184
0.0126
6.202
0.00264
0.0180
1999
HDV4
3.934
0.01376
0.0939
0.262
0.00007
0.0005
3.849
0.00143
0.0097
5.694
0.00286
0.0195
6.283
0.00291
0.0198
1999
HDV5
3.828
0.01339
0.0914
0.264
0.00007
0.0005
3.766
0.00137
0.0094
5.481
0.00129
0.0088
6.190
0.00262
0.0179
1999
HDV6
3.829
0.01339
0.0914
0.264
0.00007
0.0005
3.765
0.00137
0.0094
5.481
0.00129
0.0088
6.190
0.00262
0.0179
1999
HDV7
3.802
0.01313
0.0896
0.263
0.00007
0.0005
3.793
0.00137
0.0094
5.469
0.00131
0.0089
6.161
0.00250
0.0171
1999
HDV8a
3.983
0.01385
0.0945
0.261
0.00007
0.0005
3.921
0.00146
0.0100
5.832
0.00393
0.0268
6.332
0.00305
0.0208
A-15
-------
E10
Highway
Urban
Braking
0-25
25-50
>50
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
1999
HDV8b
3.983
0.01385
0.0945
0.261
0.00007
0.0005
3.921
0.00146
0.0100
5.832
0.00393
0.0268
6.332
0.00305
0.0208
2000
HDV2B
2.407
0.00502
0.0342
0.129
0.00006
0.0004
1.802
0.00062
0.0043
3.574
0.00313
0.0214
3.897
0.00278
0.0190
2000
HDV3
3.801
0.01083
0.0739
0.264
0.00007
0.0005
3.773
0.00082
0.0056
5.453
0.00128
0.0088
6.167
0.00305
0.0208
2000
HDV4
3.816
0.01092
0.0745
0.264
0.00007
0.0005
3.762
0.00082
0.0056
5.463
0.00128
0.0087
6.182
0.00308
0.0210
2000
HDV5
3.822
0.01096
0.0748
0.264
0.00007
0.0005
3.756
0.00082
0.0056
5.465
0.00127
0.0086
6.188
0.00309
0.0211
2000
HDV6
3.822
0.01096
0.0748
0.264
0.00007
0.0005
3.756
0.00082
0.0056
5.465
0.00127
0.0086
6.188
0.00310
0.0211
2000
HDV7
3.796
0.01080
0.0737
0.264
0.00007
0.0005
3.777
0.00082
0.0056
5.449
0.00128
0.0088
6.162
0.00304
0.0207
2000
HDV8a
3.798
0.01081
0.0738
0.264
0.00007
0.0005
3.778
0.00082
0.0056
5.452
0.00130
0.0089
6.163
0.00305
0.0208
2000
HDV8b
3.798
0.01081
0.0738
0.264
0.00007
0.0005
3.778
0.00082
0.0056
5.452
0.00130
0.0089
6.163
0.00305
0.0208
2001
HDV2B
1.016
0.00382
0.0260
0.055
0.00003
0.0002
0.663
0.00062
0.0042
1.479
0.00328
0.0223
1.619
0.00255
0.0174
2001
HDV3
1.759
0.01343
0.0916
0.121
0.00004
0.0003
1.754
0.00058
0.0039
2.535
0.00147
0.0100
2.843
0.00900
0.0614
2001
HDV4
1.769
0.01354
0.0924
0.121
0.00004
0.0003
1.742
0.00057
0.0039
2.538
0.00147
0.0100
2.854
0.00900
0.0614
2001
HDV5
1.771
0.01358
0.0926
0.121
0.00004
0.0003
1.736
0.00057
0.0039
2.535
0.00141
0.0096
2.856
0.00899
0.0614
2001
HDV6
1.771
0.01358
0.0927
0.121
0.00004
0.0003
1.736
0.00057
0.0039
2.535
0.00141
0.0096
2.856
0.00899
0.0614
2001
HDV7
1.755
0.01338
0.0913
0.121
0.00004
0.0003
1.758
0.00058
0.0039
2.533
0.00147
0.0100
2.838
0.00900
0.0614
2001
HDV8a
1.758
0.01340
0.0914
0.121
0.00004
0.0003
1.761
0.00058
0.0040
2.540
0.00156
0.0107
2.841
0.00900
0.0614
2001
HDV8b
1.758
0.01340
0.0914
0.121
0.00004
0.0003
1.761
0.00058
0.0040
2.540
0.00156
0.0107
2.841
0.00900
0.0614
2002
HDV2B
0.989
0.00245
0.0167
0.050
0.00013
0.0009
0.647
0.00129
0.0088
1.427
0.00271
0.0185
1.564
0.00219
0.0150
2002
HDV3
1.760
0.00626
0.0427
0.121
0.00014
0.0010
1.759
0.00212
0.0145
2.540
0.00222
0.0151
2.841
0.00336
0.0229
2002
HDV4
1.768
0.00633
0.0432
0.121
0.00014
0.0010
1.748
0.00211
0.0144
2.540
0.00221
0.0151
2.851
0.00339
0.0231
2002
HDV5
1.770
0.00635
0.0433
0.121
0.00014
0.0010
1.742
0.00210
0.0143
2.538
0.00219
0.0149
2.853
0.00339
0.0232
2002
HDV6
1.770
0.00636
0.0434
0.121
0.00014
0.0010
1.742
0.00210
0.0143
2.538
0.00219
0.0149
2.854
0.00340
0.0232
2002
HDV7
1.756
0.00624
0.0425
0.121
0.00014
0.0010
1.763
0.00212
0.0145
2.539
0.00222
0.0151
2.838
0.00334
0.0228
2002
HDV8a
1.759
0.00625
0.0426
0.121
0.00014
0.0010
1.764
0.00213
0.0145
2.543
0.00225
0.0153
2.840
0.00335
0.0229
2002
HDV8b
1.759
0.00625
0.0426
0.121
0.00014
0.0010
1.764
0.00213
0.0145
2.543
0.00225
0.0153
2.840
0.00335
0.0229
2003
HDV2B
1.038
0.00299
0.0204
0.053
0.00006
0.0004
0.685
0.00081
0.0055
1.512
0.00298
0.0203
1.649
0.00211
0.0144
A-16
-------
E10
Highway
Urban
Braking
0-25
25-50
>50
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
2003
HDV3
1.759
0.00887
0.0605
0.121
0.00008
0.0005
1.759
0.00140
0.0096
2.540
0.00129
0.0088
2.841
0.00403
0.0275
2003
HDV4
1.767
0.00897
0.0612
0.121
0.00008
0.0005
1.749
0.00139
0.0095
2.541
0.00129
0.0088
2.850
0.00407
0.0278
2003
HDV5
1.769
0.00900
0.0614
0.121
0.00008
0.0005
1.744
0.00138
0.0094
2.538
0.00125
0.0085
2.852
0.00409
0.0279
2003
HDV6
1.769
0.00901
0.0614
0.121
0.00008
0.0005
1.743
0.00138
0.0094
2.538
0.00125
0.0085
2.852
0.00409
0.0279
2003
HDV7
1.756
0.00883
0.0602
0.121
0.00008
0.0005
1.763
0.00140
0.0096
2.539
0.00129
0.0088
2.838
0.00401
0.0274
2003
HDV8a
1.759
0.00885
0.0603
0.121
0.00008
0.0005
1.764
0.00141
0.0096
2.543
0.00134
0.0091
2.840
0.00402
0.0274
2003
HDV8b
1.759
0.00885
0.0603
0.121
0.00008
0.0005
1.764
0.00141
0.0096
2.543
0.00134
0.0091
2.840
0.00402
0.0274
2004
HDV2B
0.657
0.00138
0.0094
0.037
0.00009
0.0006
0.477
0.00069
0.0047
0.890
0.00153
0.0104
0.987
0.00155
0.0106
2004
HDV3
1.759
0.00354
0.0241
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.760
0.00141
0.0096
2.540
0.00125
0.0085
2.840
0.00329
0.0224
2004
HDV4
1.765
0.00358
0.0244
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.752
0.00141
0.0096
2.541
0.00125
0.0085
2.848
0.00333
0.0227
2004
HDV5
1.767
0.00360
0.0245
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.747
0.00141
0.0096
2.538
0.00124
0.0084
2.850
0.00334
0.0228
2004
HDV6
1.767
0.00360
0.0246
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.746
0.00141
0.0096
2.538
0.00124
0.0084
2.850
0.00334
0.0228
2004
HDV7
1.756
0.00352
0.0240
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.763
0.00141
0.0096
2.539
0.00125
0.0085
2.838
0.00328
0.0224
2004
HDV8a
1.759
0.00353
0.0241
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.764
0.00142
0.0097
2.543
0.00127
0.0086
2.840
0.00328
0.0224
2004
HDV8b
1.759
0.00353
0.0241
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.764
0.00142
0.0097
2.543
0.00127
0.0086
2.840
0.00328
0.0224
2005
HDV2B
0.454
0.00115
0.0078
0.028
0.00009
0.0006
0.300
0.00062
0.0042
0.631
0.00154
0.0105
0.702
0.00142
0.0097
2005
HDV3
1.759
0.00354
0.0241
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.760
0.00141
0.0096
2.540
0.00125
0.0085
2.841
0.00329
0.0225
2005
HDV4
1.766
0.00359
0.0245
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.751
0.00141
0.0096
2.541
0.00125
0.0085
2.849
0.00333
0.0227
2005
HDV5
1.767
0.00360
0.0246
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.746
0.00141
0.0096
2.538
0.00123
0.0084
2.851
0.00334
0.0228
2005
HDV6
1.768
0.00361
0.0246
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.745
0.00141
0.0096
2.538
0.00123
0.0084
2.851
0.00334
0.0228
2005
HDV7
1.756
0.00352
0.0240
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.763
0.00141
0.0096
2.539
0.00125
0.0085
2.838
0.00328
0.0224
2005
HDV8a
1.759
0.00353
0.0241
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.765
0.00142
0.0097
2.543
0.00127
0.0086
2.840
0.00328
0.0224
2005
HDV8b
1.759
0.00353
0.0241
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.765
0.00142
0.0097
2.543
0.00127
0.0086
2.840
0.00328
0.0224
2006
HDV2B
0.448
0.00122
0.0083
0.029
0.00009
0.0006
0.305
0.00064
0.0044
0.591
0.00155
0.0106
0.673
0.00146
0.0100
2006
HDV3
1.758
0.00353
0.0241
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.761
0.00141
0.0096
2.540
0.00125
0.0085
2.840
0.00329
0.0224
2006
HDV4
1.763
0.00357
0.0243
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.755
0.00141
0.0096
2.541
0.00125
0.0085
2.846
0.00332
0.0226
A-17
-------
E10
Highway
Urban
Braking
0-25
25-50
>50
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
2006
HDV5
1.764
0.00358
0.0244
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.750
0.00141
0.0096
2.538
0.00124
0.0084
2.847
0.00333
0.0227
2006
HDV6
1.764
0.00358
0.0244
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.750
0.00141
0.0096
2.538
0.00124
0.0084
2.847
0.00333
0.0227
2006
HDV7
1.756
0.00352
0.0240
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.763
0.00141
0.0096
2.539
0.00125
0.0085
2.838
0.00328
0.0224
2006
HDV8a
1.758
0.00353
0.0241
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.764
0.00142
0.0097
2.543
0.00127
0.0086
2.839
0.00328
0.0224
2006
HDV8b
1.758
0.00353
0.0241
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.764
0.00142
0.0097
2.543
0.00127
0.0086
2.839
0.00328
0.0224
2007
HDV2B
0.377
0.00116
0.0079
0.022
0.00009
0.0006
0.244
0.00062
0.0042
0.481
0.00153
0.0104
0.559
0.00142
0.0097
2007
HDV3
1.758
0.00354
0.0241
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.760
0.00141
0.0096
2.540
0.00125
0.0085
2.840
0.00329
0.0224
2007
HDV4
1.764
0.00358
0.0244
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.753
0.00141
0.0096
2.541
0.00125
0.0085
2.847
0.00332
0.0227
2007
HDV5
1.766
0.00359
0.0245
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.748
0.00141
0.0096
2.538
0.00124
0.0084
2.849
0.00333
0.0227
2007
HDV6
1.766
0.00359
0.0245
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.748
0.00141
0.0096
2.538
0.00124
0.0084
2.849
0.00333
0.0227
2007
HDV7
1.756
0.00352
0.0240
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.763
0.00141
0.0096
2.539
0.00125
0.0085
2.838
0.00328
0.0224
2007
HDV8a
1.758
0.00353
0.0241
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.764
0.00142
0.0097
2.542
0.00126
0.0086
2.839
0.00328
0.0224
2007
HDV8b
1.758
0.00353
0.0241
0.121
0.00011
0.0007
1.764
0.00142
0.0097
2.542
0.00126
0.0086
2.839
0.00328
0.0224
2008
HDV2B
0.250
0.00119
0.0081
0.013
0.00009
0.0006
0.134
0.00063
0.0043
0.334
0.00154
0.0105
0.396
0.00144
0.0098
2008
HDV3
0.527
0.00353
0.0241
0.036
0.00011
0.0007
0.528
0.00141
0.0096
0.762
0.00125
0.0085
0.852
0.00329
0.0224
2008
HDV4
0.529
0.00356
0.0243
0.036
0.00011
0.0007
0.527
0.00141
0.0096
0.762
0.00125
0.0085
0.853
0.00331
0.0226
2008
HDV5
0.529
0.00357
0.0243
0.036
0.00011
0.0007
0.526
0.00141
0.0096
0.762
0.00124
0.0085
0.854
0.00332
0.0226
2008
HDV6
0.529
0.00357
0.0244
0.036
0.00011
0.0007
0.526
0.00141
0.0096
0.762
0.00124
0.0085
0.854
0.00332
0.0226
2008
HDV7
0.527
0.00352
0.0240
0.036
0.00011
0.0007
0.529
0.00141
0.0096
0.762
0.00125
0.0085
0.851
0.00328
0.0224
2008
HDV8a
0.527
0.00353
0.0241
0.036
0.00011
0.0007
0.529
0.00142
0.0097
0.763
0.00126
0.0086
0.852
0.00328
0.0224
2008
HDV8b
0.527
0.00353
0.0241
0.036
0.00011
0.0007
0.529
0.00142
0.0097
0.763
0.00126
0.0086
0.852
0.00328
0.0224
2009
HDV2B
0.185
0.00096
0.0066
0.005
0.00007
0.0005
0.090
0.00051
0.0035
0.220
0.00125
0.0085
0.279
0.00117
0.0080
2009
HDV3
0.527
0.00291
0.0198
0.036
0.00009
0.0006
0.528
0.00116
0.0079
0.762
0.00103
0.0070
0.852
0.00271
0.0185
2009
HDV4
0.529
0.00294
0.0200
0.036
0.00009
0.0006
0.526
0.00116
0.0079
0.762
0.00103
0.0070
0.854
0.00273
0.0186
2009
HDV5
0.529
0.00295
0.0201
0.036
0.00009
0.0006
0.525
0.00116
0.0079
0.762
0.00102
0.0070
0.854
0.00274
0.0187
2009
HDV6
0.529
0.00295
0.0201
0.036
0.00009
0.0006
0.525
0.00116
0.0079
0.762
0.00102
0.0070
0.854
0.00274
0.0187
A-18
-------
E10
Highway
Urban
Braking
0-25
25-50
>50
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
2009
HDV7
0.527
0.00290
0.0198
0.036
0.00009
0.0006
0.529
0.00116
0.0079
0.762
0.00103
0.0070
0.851
0.00270
0.0184
2009
HDV8a
0.527
0.00290
0.0198
0.036
0.00009
0.0006
0.529
0.00116
0.0079
0.762
0.00104
0.0071
0.852
0.00270
0.0184
2009
HDV8b
0.527
0.00290
0.0198
0.036
0.00009
0.0006
0.529
0.00116
0.0079
0.762
0.00104
0.0071
0.852
0.00270
0.0184
2010
HDV2B
0.173
0.00094
0.0064
0.004
0.00007
0.0005
0.079
0.00050
0.0034
0.202
0.00125
0.0085
0.260
0.00115
0.0079
2010
HDV3
0.527
0.00291
0.0198
0.036
0.00009
0.0006
0.528
0.00116
0.0079
0.762
0.00103
0.0070
0.852
0.00271
0.0185
2010
HDV4
0.529
0.00294
0.0200
0.036
0.00009
0.0006
0.526
0.00116
0.0079
0.762
0.00103
0.0070
0.854
0.00273
0.0186
2010
HDV5
0.529
0.00295
0.0201
0.036
0.00009
0.0006
0.525
0.00116
0.0079
0.762
0.00102
0.0070
0.854
0.00274
0.0187
2010
HDV6
0.529
0.00295
0.0201
0.036
0.00009
0.0006
0.525
0.00116
0.0079
0.762
0.00102
0.0070
0.854
0.00274
0.0187
2010
HDV7
0.527
0.00290
0.0198
0.036
0.00009
0.0006
0.529
0.00116
0.0079
0.762
0.00103
0.0070
0.851
0.00270
0.0184
2010
HDV8a
0.527
0.00290
0.0198
0.036
0.00009
0.0006
0.529
0.00116
0.0079
0.762
0.00104
0.0071
0.852
0.00270
0.0184
2010
HDV8b
0.166
0.00290
0.0198
0.036
0.00009
0.0006
0.529
0.00116
0.0079
0.762
0.00104
0.0071
0.852
0.00270
0.0184
2011
HDV2B
0.527
0.00092
0.0062
0.004
0.00007
0.0005
0.089
0.00048
0.0032
0.191
0.00113
0.0077
0.243
0.00108
0.0074
2011
HDV3
0.528
0.00260
0.0177
0.036
0.00008
0.0005
0.528
0.00104
0.0071
0.762
0.00092
0.0063
0.852
0.00242
0.0165
2011
HDV4
0.529
0.00262
0.0179
0.036
0.00008
0.0005
0.527
0.00104
0.0071
0.762
0.00092
0.0063
0.853
0.00244
0.0166
2011
HDV5
0.529
0.00263
0.0179
0.036
0.00008
0.0005
0.526
0.00104
0.0071
0.762
0.00091
0.0062
0.853
0.00244
0.0167
2011
HDV6
0.527
0.00263
0.0179
0.036
0.00008
0.0005
0.526
0.00104
0.0071
0.762
0.00091
0.0062
0.854
0.00244
0.0167
2011
HDV7
0.527
0.00259
0.0177
0.036
0.00008
0.0005
0.529
0.00104
0.0071
0.762
0.00092
0.0063
0.851
0.00241
0.0165
2011
HDV8a
0.527
0.00260
0.0177
0.036
0.00008
0.0005
0.529
0.00104
0.0071
0.763
0.00093
0.0063
0.852
0.00242
0.0165
2011
HDV8b
0.527
0.00260
0.0177
0.036
0.00008
0.0005
0.529
0.00104
0.0071
0.763
0.00093
0.0063
0.852
0.00242
0.0165
2012
HDV2B
0.176
0.00096
0.0066
0.005
0.00007
0.0005
0.100
0.00049
0.0033
0.201
0.00113
0.0077
0.255
0.00111
0.0076
2012
HDV3
0.527
0.00260
0.0177
0.036
0.00008
0.0005
0.529
0.00104
0.0071
0.762
0.00092
0.0063
0.852
0.00242
0.0165
2012
HDV4
0.528
0.00261
0.0178
0.036
0.00008
0.0005
0.528
0.00104
0.0071
0.762
0.00092
0.0063
0.853
0.00243
0.0166
2012
HDV5
0.528
0.00262
0.0179
0.036
0.00008
0.0005
0.527
0.00104
0.0071
0.762
0.00092
0.0062
0.853
0.00243
0.0166
2012
HDV6
0.528
0.00262
0.0179
0.036
0.00008
0.0005
0.527
0.00104
0.0071
0.762
0.00092
0.0062
0.853
0.00243
0.0166
2012
HDV7
0.527
0.00259
0.0177
0.036
0.00008
0.0005
0.529
0.00104
0.0071
0.762
0.00092
0.0063
0.851
0.00241
0.0165
2012
HDV8a
0.527
0.00260
0.0177
0.036
0.00008
0.0005
0.529
0.00104
0.0071
0.763
0.00093
0.0063
0.852
0.00242
0.0165
A-19
-------
E10
Highway
Urban
Braking
0-25
25-50
>50
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
2012
HDV8b
0.527
0.00260
0.0177
0.036
0.00008
0.0005
0.529
0.00104
0.0071
0.763
0.00093
0.0063
0.852
0.00242
0.0165
2013
HDV2B
0.139
0.00086
0.0058
0.004
0.00006
0.0004
0.079
0.00044
0.0030
0.159
0.00101
0.0069
0.201
0.00099
0.0067
2013
HDV3
0.420
0.00233
0.0159
0.029
0.00007
0.0005
0.425
0.00093
0.0064
0.613
0.00082
0.0056
0.685
0.00216
0.0148
2013
HDV4
0.420
0.00234
0.0159
0.029
0.00007
0.0005
0.425
0.00093
0.0064
0.613
0.00083
0.0056
0.686
0.00217
0.0148
2013
HDV5
0.421
0.00234
0.0160
0.029
0.00007
0.0005
0.424
0.00093
0.0064
0.613
0.00082
0.0056
0.686
0.00218
0.0149
2013
HDV6
0.421
0.00234
0.0160
0.029
0.00007
0.0005
0.424
0.00093
0.0064
0.613
0.00082
0.0056
0.686
0.00218
0.0149
2013
HDV7
0.419
0.00232
0.0158
0.029
0.00007
0.0005
0.425
0.00093
0.0064
0.613
0.00082
0.0056
0.685
0.00216
0.0147
2013
HDV8a
0.420
0.00232
0.0159
0.029
0.00007
0.0005
0.426
0.00093
0.0064
0.614
0.00083
0.0057
0.685
0.00216
0.0148
2013
HDV8b
0.420
0.00232
0.0159
0.029
0.00007
0.0005
0.426
0.00093
0.0064
0.614
0.00083
0.0057
0.685
0.00216
0.0148
2014
HDV2B
0.141
0.00087
0.0059
0.004
0.00006
0.0004
0.081
0.00044
0.0030
0.161
0.00100
0.0068
0.204
0.00099
0.0068
2014
HDV3
0.419
0.00232
0.0158
0.029
0.00007
0.0005
0.424
0.00093
0.0063
0.612
0.00082
0.0056
0.684
0.00216
0.0147
2014
HDV4
0.419
0.00233
0.0159
0.029
0.00007
0.0005
0.424
0.00093
0.0063
0.612
0.00082
0.0056
0.684
0.00216
0.0148
2014
HDV5
0.420
0.00233
0.0159
0.029
0.00007
0.0005
0.423
0.00093
0.0063
0.611
0.00082
0.0056
0.684
0.00217
0.0148
2014
HDV6
0.420
0.00233
0.0159
0.029
0.00007
0.0005
0.423
0.00093
0.0063
0.611
0.00082
0.0056
0.684
0.00217
0.0148
2014
HDV7
0.418
0.00231
0.0158
0.029
0.00007
0.0005
0.425
0.00093
0.0063
0.612
0.00082
0.0056
0.683
0.00215
0.0147
2014
HDV8a
0.419
0.00232
0.0158
0.029
0.00007
0.0005
0.425
0.00093
0.0063
0.612
0.00083
0.0056
0.684
0.00216
0.0147
2014
HDV8b
0.419
0.00232
0.0158
0.029
0.00007
0.0005
0.425
0.00093
0.0063
0.612
0.00083
0.0056
0.684
0.00216
0.0147
2015
HDV2B
0.110
0.00056
0.0038
0.003
0.00004
0.0003
0.072
0.00028
0.0019
0.120
0.00064
0.0044
0.152
0.00064
0.0043
2015
HDV3
0.419
0.00148
0.0101
0.029
0.00005
0.0003
0.424
0.00059
0.0040
0.612
0.00052
0.0036
0.684
0.00138
0.0094
2015
HDV4
0.419
0.00148
0.0101
0.029
0.00005
0.0003
0.424
0.00059
0.0040
0.612
0.00053
0.0036
0.684
0.00138
0.0094
2015
HDV5
0.419
0.00149
0.0101
0.029
0.00005
0.0003
0.423
0.00059
0.0040
0.611
0.00052
0.0036
0.684
0.00138
0.0094
2015
HDV6
0.420
0.00149
0.0101
0.029
0.00005
0.0003
0.423
0.00059
0.0040
0.611
0.00052
0.0036
0.684
0.00138
0.0094
2015
HDV7
0.418
0.00148
0.0101
0.029
0.00005
0.0003
0.425
0.00059
0.0040
0.612
0.00052
0.0036
0.683
0.00137
0.0094
2015
HDV8a
0.419
0.00148
0.0101
0.029
0.00005
0.0003
0.425
0.00059
0.0040
0.612
0.00053
0.0036
0.684
0.00138
0.0094
2015
HDV8b
0.419
0.00148
0.0101
0.029
0.00005
0.0003
0.425
0.00059
0.0040
0.612
0.00053
0.0036
0.684
0.00138
0.0094
2016
HDV2B
0.109
0.00055
0.0038
0.003
0.00004
0.0003
0.071
0.00028
0.0019
0.119
0.00064
0.0044
0.150
0.00063
0.0043
A-20
-------
E10
Highway
Urban
Braking
0-25
25-50
>50
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
2016
HDV3
0.419
0.00148
0.0101
0.029
0.00005
0.0003
0.424
0.00059
0.0040
0.612
0.00052
0.0036
0.684
0.00138
0.0094
2016
HDV4
0.419
0.00148
0.0101
0.029
0.00005
0.0003
0.424
0.00059
0.0040
0.612
0.00053
0.0036
0.684
0.00138
0.0094
2016
HDV5
0.419
0.00149
0.0101
0.029
0.00005
0.0003
0.423
0.00059
0.0040
0.611
0.00052
0.0036
0.684
0.00138
0.0094
2016
HDV6
0.420
0.00149
0.0101
0.029
0.00005
0.0003
0.423
0.00059
0.0040
0.611
0.00052
0.0036
0.684
0.00138
0.0094
2016
HDV7
0.418
0.00148
0.0101
0.029
0.00005
0.0003
0.425
0.00059
0.0040
0.612
0.00052
0.0036
0.683
0.00137
0.0094
2016
HDV8a
0.419
0.00148
0.0101
0.029
0.00005
0.0003
0.425
0.00059
0.0040
0.612
0.00053
0.0036
0.684
0.00138
0.0094
2016
HDV8b
0.419
0.00148
0.0101
0.029
0.00005
0.0003
0.425
0.00059
0.0040
0.612
0.00053
0.0036
0.684
0.00138
0.0094
2017
HDV2B
0.130
0.00055
0.0038
0.004
0.00004
0.0003
0.078
0.00028
0.0019
0.147
0.00064
0.0044
0.186
0.00063
0.0043
2017
HDV3
0.419
0.00148
0.0101
0.029
0.00005
0.0003
0.424
0.00059
0.0040
0.612
0.00052
0.0036
0.684
0.00138
0.0094
2017
HDV4
0.419
0.00148
0.0101
0.029
0.00005
0.0003
0.424
0.00059
0.0040
0.612
0.00053
0.0036
0.684
0.00138
0.0094
2017
HDV5
0.419
0.00149
0.0101
0.029
0.00005
0.0003
0.423
0.00059
0.0040
0.611
0.00052
0.0036
0.684
0.00138
0.0094
2017
HDV6
0.420
0.00149
0.0101
0.029
0.00005
0.0003
0.423
0.00059
0.0040
0.611
0.00052
0.0036
0.684
0.00138
0.0094
2017
HDV7
0.418
0.00148
0.0101
0.029
0.00005
0.0003
0.425
0.00059
0.0040
0.612
0.00052
0.0036
0.683
0.00137
0.0094
2017
HDV8a
0.419
0.00148
0.0101
0.029
0.00005
0.0003
0.425
0.00059
0.0040
0.612
0.00053
0.0036
0.684
0.00138
0.0094
2017
HDV8b
0.419
0.00148
0.0101
0.029
0.00005
0.0003
0.425
0.00059
0.0040
0.612
0.00053
0.0036
0.684
0.00138
0.0094
2018
HDV2B
0.097
0.00053
0.0036
0.003
0.00004
0.0002
0.058
0.00026
0.0018
0.104
0.00060
0.0041
0.134
0.00060
0.0041
2018
HDV3
0.350
0.00148
0.0101
0.024
0.00005
0.0003
0.352
0.00059
0.0040
0.508
0.00052
0.0036
0.568
0.00138
0.0094
2018
HDV4
0.351
0.00148
0.0101
0.024
0.00005
0.0003
0.353
0.00059
0.0040
0.510
0.00053
0.0036
0.571
0.00138
0.0094
2018
HDV5
0.352
0.00149
0.0101
0.024
0.00005
0.0003
0.353
0.00059
0.0040
0.511
0.00052
0.0036
0.572
0.00138
0.0094
2018
HDV6
0.352
0.00149
0.0101
0.024
0.00005
0.0003
0.354
0.00059
0.0040
0.511
0.00052
0.0036
0.572
0.00138
0.0094
2018
HDV7
0.349
0.00148
0.0101
0.024
0.00005
0.0003
0.352
0.00059
0.0040
0.507
0.00052
0.0036
0.567
0.00137
0.0094
2018
HDV8a
0.349
0.00148
0.0101
0.024
0.00005
0.0003
0.352
0.00059
0.0040
0.508
0.00053
0.0036
0.567
0.00138
0.0094
2018
HDV8b
0.349
0.00148
0.0101
0.024
0.00005
0.0003
0.352
0.00059
0.0040
0.508
0.00053
0.0036
0.567
0.00138
0.0094
2019
HDV2B
0.097
0.00053
0.0101
0.003
0.00004
0.000
0.058
0.00026
0.002
0.104
0.00060
0.004
0.134
0.00060
0.004
2019
HDV3
0.350
0.00148
0.0101
0.024
0.00005
0.000
0.352
0.00059
0.004
0.508
0.00052
0.004
0.568
0.00138
0.009
2019
HDV4
0.351
0.00148
0.0101
0.024
0.00005
0.000
0.353
0.00059
0.004
0.510
0.00053
0.004
0.571
0.00138
0.009
A-21
-------
E10
Highway
Urban
Braking
0-25
25-50
>50
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
2019
HDV5
0.352
0.00149
0.0101
0.024
0.00005
0.000
0.353
0.00059
0.004
0.511
0.00052
0.004
0.572
0.00138
0.009
2019
HDV6
0.352
0.00149
0.0101
0.024
0.00005
0.000
0.354
0.00059
0.004
0.511
0.00052
0.004
0.572
0.00138
0.009
2019
HDV7
0.349
0.00148
0.0101
0.024
0.00005
0.000
0.352
0.00059
0.004
0.507
0.00052
0.004
0.567
0.00137
0.009
2019
HDV8a
0.349
0.00148
0.0101
0.024
0.00005
0.000
0.352
0.00059
0.004
0.508
0.00053
0.004
0.567
0.00138
0.009
2019
HDV8b
0.349
0.00148
0.0101
0.024
0.00005
0.000
0.352
0.00059
0.004
0.508
0.00053
0.004
0.567
0.00138
0.009
Note -MOVES does not provide consistent outputs for Class 8b gasoline vehicles; therefore gasoline 8bs are set equal to 8as.
A-22
-------
Appendix B - NOx, PM & BC Idle Factors - g/hr
(MOVES2014a, 2018 Calendar Year, ULSD)
-------
Short Duration Idle Emission Factors (< 60 minutes per idle event) (g/hr)
Pollutant
Fuel
Model Year
Class 2b
Class 3
Classes 4-5
Classes 6-7
Classes 8a/b
NOx
E10
1987
22.937
14.176
14.176
14.176
14.176
NOx
E10
1988
22.937
14.176
14.176
14.176
14.176
NOx
E10
1989
24.019
14.176
14.176
14.176
14.176
NOx
E10
1990
12.240
7.044
7.044
7.044
7.044
NOx
E10
1991
12.288
7.044
7.044
7.044
7.044
NOx
E10
1992
12.560
7.044
7.044
7.044
7.044
NOx
E10
1993
12.737
7.044
7.044
7.044
7.044
NOx
E10
1994
12.589
6.924
6.924
6.924
6.924
NOx
E10
1995
12.816
6.924
6.924
6.924
6.924
NOx
E10
1996
12.974
6.924
6.924
6.924
6.924
NOx
E10
1997
13.131
6.924
6.924
6.924
6.924
NOx
E10
1998
27.498
14.348
14.348
14.348
14.348
NOx
E10
1999
27.498
14.348
14.348
14.348
14.348
NOx
E10
2000
27.498
14.348
14.348
14.348
14.348
NOx
E10
2001
25.203
10.112
10.112
10.112
10.112
NOx
E10
2002
25.203
10.112
10.112
10.112
10.112
NOx
E10
2003
25.203
10.112
10.112
10.112
10.112
NOx
E10
2004
25.203
10.112
10.112
10.112
10.112
NOx
E10
2005
25.203
10.112
10.112
10.112
10.112
NOx
E10
2006
25.498
10.112
10.112
10.112
10.112
NOx
E10
2007
25.498
10.112
10.112
10.112
10.112
NOx
E10
2008
12.935
3.034
3.034
3.034
3.034
NOx
E10
2009
0.322
3.034
3.034
3.034
3.034
NOx
E10
2010
0.322
3.034
3.034
3.034
3.034
NOx
E10
2011
0.259
3.034
3.034
3.034
3.034
NOx
E10
2012
0.259
3.034
3.034
3.034
3.034
NOx
E10
2013
0.203
1.640
1.640
1.640
1.640
NOx
E10
2014
0.203
1.640
1.640
1.640
1.640
NOx
E10
2015
0.118
1.640
1.640
1.640
1.640
NOx
E10
2016
0.118
1.640
1.640
1.640
1.640
NOx
E10
2017
0.176
1.640
1.640
1.640
1.640
NOx
E10
2018
0.103
0.961
1.640
1.640
1.640
NOx
E10
2019
0.103
0.961
1.640
1.640
1.640
NOx
Diesel
1987
200.878
191.986
191.986
191.986
191.986
NOx
Diesel
1988
200.878
191.986
191.986
191.986
191.986
NOx
Diesel
1989
210.952
191.986
191.986
191.985
191.986
NOx
Diesel
1990
242.153
148.269
148.269
148.269
148.269
NOx
Diesel
1991
219.589
139.403
139.403
139.403
139.403
NOx
Diesel
1992
224.736
139.403
139.404
139.403
139.403
NOx
Diesel
1993
228.082
139.403
139.403
139.403
139.403
B-l
-------
Pollutant
Fuel
Model Year
Class 2b
Class 3
Classes 4-5
Classes 6-7
Classes 8a/b
NOx
Diesel
1994
229.498
139.403
139.404
139.404
139.403
NOx
Diesel
1995
233.873
139.404
139.403
139.404
139.403
NOx
Diesel
1996
236.911
139.403
139.403
139.403
139.404
NOx
Diesel
1997
239.948
139.403
139.404
139.403
139.403
NOx
Diesel
1998
194.099
117.055
117.055
117.055
117.055
NOx
Diesel
1999
194.099
96.293
96.293
96.293
154.416
NOx
Diesel
2000
194.099
96.293
96.293
96.293
154.416
NOx
Diesel
2001
195.128
96.293
96.293
96.293
154.416
NOx
Diesel
2002
195.128
96.293
96.293
96.293
154.416
NOx
Diesel
2003
44.355
45.696
45.696
45.696
56.802
NOx
Diesel
2004
44.355
45.696
45.696
45.696
56.802
NOx
Diesel
2005
44.355
45.696
45.696
45.696
56.802
NOx
Diesel
2006
44.823
45.696
45.696
45.696
56.802
NOx
Diesel
2007
41.620
22.780
22.780
22.780
53.190
NOx
Diesel
2008
41.620
22.780
22.780
22.780
53.190
NOx
Diesel
2009
41.620
22.780
22.780
22.780
53.190
NOx
Diesel
2010
17.673
7.212
8.088
8.088
10.054
NOx
Diesel
2011
17.765
7.212
8.088
8.088
10.054
NOx
Diesel
2012
17.765
7.212
8.088
8.088
10.054
NOx
Diesel
2013
17.765
7.212
7.212
6.768
8.964
NOx
Diesel
2014
17.765
7.212
7.212
6.768
8.964
NOx
Diesel
2015
11.566
4.564
4.564
4.777
6.489
NOx
Diesel
2016
11.566
4.564
4.564
4.777
6.489
NOx
Diesel
2017
11.566
4.564
4.564
4.777
6.489
NOx
Diesel
2018
8.084
3.190
4.564
4.777
6.489
NOx
Diesel
2019
8.084
3.190
4.564
4.777
6.489
Total PMio
E10
1987
1.113
1.113
1.113
1.113
1.113
Total PMio
E10
1988
1.113
1.113
1.113
1.113
1.113
Total PMio
E10
1989
1.113
1.113
1.113
1.113
1.113
Total PMio
E10
1990
0.351
0.351
0.351
0.351
0.351
Total PMio
E10
1991
0.391
0.391
0.391
0.391
0.391
Total PMio
E10
1992
0.391
0.391
0.391
0.391
0.391
Total PMio
E10
1993
0.391
0.391
0.391
0.391
0.391
Total PMio
E10
1994
0.128
0.128
0.128
0.128
0.128
Total PMio
E10
1995
0.152
0.152
0.152
0.152
0.152
Total PMio
E10
1996
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
Total PMio
E10
1997
0.372
0.372
0.372
0.372
0.372
Total PMio
E10
1998
0.222
0.222
0.222
0.222
0.222
Total PMio
E10
1999
0.082
0.082
0.082
0.082
0.082
Total PMio
E10
2000
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.036
Total PMio
E10
2001
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
Total PMio
E10
2002
0.139
0.139
0.139
0.139
0.139
B-2
-------
Pollutant
Fuel
Model Year
Class 2b
Class 3
Classes 4-5
Classes 6-7
Classes 8a/b
Total PMio
E10
2003
0.082
0.082
0.082
0.082
0.082
Total PMio
E10
2004
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
Total PMio
E10
2005
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
Total PMio
E10
2006
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
Total PMio
E10
2007
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
Total PMio
E10
2008
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
Total PMio
E10
2009
0.046
0.046
0.046
0.046
0.046
Total PMio
E10
2010
0.046
0.046
0.046
0.046
0.046
Total PMio
E10
2011
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
Total PMio
E10
2012
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
Total PMio
E10
2013
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
Total PMio
E10
2014
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
Total PMio
E10
2015
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
Total PMio
E10
2016
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
Total PMio
E10
2017
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
Total PMio
E10
2018
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
Total PMio
E10
2019
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
Total PMio
Diesel
1987
4.400
4.400
4.400
4.400
4.375
Total PMio
Diesel
1988
4.400
4.400
4.400
4.400
4.375
Total PMio
Diesel
1989
4.400
4.400
4.400
4.400
4.375
Total PMio
Diesel
1990
4.400
4.400
4.400
4.400
4.375
Total PMio
Diesel
1991
3.877
4.400
4.400
4.400
4.375
Total PMio
Diesel
1992
3.877
4.400
4.400
4.400
4.375
Total PMio
Diesel
1993
3.877
4.400
4.400
4.400
4.375
Total PMio
Diesel
1994
8.139
7.607
7.607
7.607
6.689
Total PMio
Diesel
1995
8.139
7.607
7.607
7.607
6.689
Total PMio
Diesel
1996
8.139
7.607
7.607
7.607
6.689
Total PMio
Diesel
1997
8.139
7.607
7.607
7.607
6.689
Total PMio
Diesel
1998
7.655
7.222
7.222
7.222
6.397
Total PMio
Diesel
1999
7.655
7.222
7.222
7.222
6.397
Total PMio
Diesel
2000
7.655
7.222
7.222
7.222
6.397
Total PMio
Diesel
2001
7.655
7.222
7.222
7.222
6.397
Total PMio
Diesel
2002
7.655
7.222
7.222
7.222
6.397
Total PMio
Diesel
2003
6.511
6.511
6.511
6.511
5.781
Total PMio
Diesel
2004
6.511
6.511
6.511
6.511
5.781
Total PMio
Diesel
2005
6.511
6.511
6.511
6.511
5.781
Total PMio
Diesel
2006
6.511
6.511
6.511
6.511
5.781
Total PMio
Diesel
2007
0.523
0.217
0.217
0.217
0.217
Total PMio
Diesel
2008
0.523
0.217
0.217
0.217
0.217
Total PMio
Diesel
2009
0.523
0.217
0.217
0.217
0.217
Total PMio
Diesel
2010
0.437
0.181
0.205
0.205
0.205
Total PMio
Diesel
2011
0.437
0.181
0.205
0.205
0.205
B-3
-------
Pollutant
Fuel
Model Year
Class 2b
Class 3
Classes 4-5
Classes 6-7
Classes 8a/b
Total PMio
Diesel
2012
0.437
0.181
0.205
0.205
0.205
Total PMio
Diesel
2013
0.437
0.181
0.181
0.169
0.181
Total PMio
Diesel
2014
0.437
0.181
0.181
0.169
0.181
Total PMio
Diesel
2015
0.262
0.109
0.109
0.114
0.127
Total PMio
Diesel
2016
0.262
0.109
0.109
0.114
0.127
Total PMio
Diesel
2017
0.262
0.109
0.109
0.114
0.127
Total PMio
Diesel
2018
0.262
0.109
0.109
0.114
0.127
Total PMio
Diesel
2019
0.262
0.109
0.109
0.114
0.127
Total PM2.5
E10
1987
0.985
0.985
0.985
0.985
0.985
Total PM2.5
E10
1988
0.985
0.985
0.985
0.985
0.985
Total PM2.5
E10
1989
0.985
0.985
0.985
0.985
0.985
Total PM2.5
E10
1990
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
Total PM2.5
E10
1991
0.345
0.345
0.345
0.345
0.345
Total PM2.5
E10
1992
0.345
0.345
0.345
0.345
0.345
Total PM2.5
E10
1993
0.345
0.345
0.345
0.345
0.345
Total PM2.5
E10
1994
0.113
0.113
0.113
0.113
0.113
Total PM2.5
E10
1995
0.135
0.135
0.135
0.135
0.135
Total PM2.5
E10
1996
0.313
0.313
0.313
0.313
0.313
Total PM2.5
E10
1997
0.329
0.329
0.329
0.329
0.329
Total PM2.5
E10
1998
0.197
0.197
0.197
0.197
0.197
Total PM2.5
E10
1999
0.072
0.072
0.072
0.072
0.072
Total PM2.5
E10
2000
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.032
Total PM2.5
E10
2001
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
Total PM2.5
E10
2002
0.123
0.123
0.123
0.123
0.123
Total PM2.5
E10
2003
0.072
0.072
0.072
0.072
0.072
Total PM2.5
E10
2004
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
Total PM2.5
E10
2005
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
Total PM2.5
E10
2006
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
Total PM2.5
E10
2007
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
Total PM2.5
E10
2008
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
Total PM2.5
E10
2009
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.041
Total PM2.5
E10
2010
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.041
Total PM2.5
E10
2011
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
Total PM2.5
E10
2012
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
Total PM2.5
E10
2013
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
Total PM2.5
E10
2014
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
Total PM2.5
E10
2015
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
Total PM2.5
E10
2016
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
Total PM2.5
E10
2017
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
Total PM2.5
E10
2018
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
Total PM2.5
E10
2019
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
Total PM2.5
Diesel
1987
3.892
3.892
3.892
3.892
3.870
B-4
-------
Pollutant
Fuel
Model Year
Class 2b
Class 3
Classes 4-5
Classes 6-7
Classes 8a/b
Total PM2.5
Diesel
1988
3.892
3.892
3.892
3.892
3.870
Total PM2.5
Diesel
1989
3.892
3.892
3.892
3.892
3.870
Total PM2.5
Diesel
1990
3.892
3.892
3.892
3.892
3.870
Total PM2.5
Diesel
1991
3.430
3.892
3.892
3.892
3.870
Total PM2.5
Diesel
1992
3.430
3.892
3.892
3.892
3.870
Total PM2.5
Diesel
1993
3.430
3.892
3.892
3.892
3.870
Total PM2.5
Diesel
1994
7.200
6.729
6.729
6.729
5.917
Total PM2.5
Diesel
1995
7.200
6.729
6.729
6.729
5.917
Total PM2.5
Diesel
1996
7.200
6.729
6.729
6.729
5.917
Total PM2.5
Diesel
1997
7.200
6.729
6.729
6.729
5.917
Total PM2.5
Diesel
1998
6.772
6.389
6.389
6.389
5.659
Total PM2.5
Diesel
1999
6.772
6.389
6.389
6.389
5.659
Total PM2.5
Diesel
2000
6.772
6.389
6.389
6.389
5.659
Total PM2.5
Diesel
2001
6.772
6.389
6.389
6.389
5.659
Total PM2.5
Diesel
2002
6.772
6.389
6.389
6.389
5.659
Total PM2.5
Diesel
2003
5.760
5.760
5.760
5.760
5.114
Total PM2.5
Diesel
2004
5.760
5.760
5.760
5.760
5.114
Total PM2.5
Diesel
2005
5.760
5.760
5.760
5.760
5.114
Total PM2.5
Diesel
2006
5.760
5.760
5.760
5.760
5.114
Total PM2.5
Diesel
2007
0.463
0.192
0.192
0.192
0.192
Total PM2.5
Diesel
2008
0.463
0.192
0.192
0.192
0.192
Total PM2.5
Diesel
2009
0.463
0.192
0.192
0.192
0.192
Total PM2.5
Diesel
2010
0.387
0.160
0.181
0.181
0.181
Total PM2.5
Diesel
2011
0.387
0.160
0.181
0.181
0.181
Total PM2.5
Diesel
2012
0.387
0.160
0.181
0.181
0.181
Total PM2.5
Diesel
2013
0.387
0.160
0.160
0.150
0.160
Total PM2.5
Diesel
2014
0.387
0.160
0.160
0.150
0.160
Total PM2.5
Diesel
2015
0.232
0.096
0.096
0.101
0.112
Total PM2.5
Diesel
2016
0.232
0.096
0.096
0.101
0.112
Total PM2.5
Diesel
2017
0.232
0.096
0.096
0.101
0.112
Total PM2.5
Diesel
2018
0.232
0.096
0.096
0.101
0.112
Total PM2.5
Diesel
2019
0.232
0.096
0.096
0.101
0.112
Black Carbon
E10
1987
0.144
0.144
0.144
0.144
0.144
Black Carbon
E10
1988
0.144
0.144
0.144
0.144
0.144
Black Carbon
E10
1989
0.144
0.144
0.144
0.144
0.144
Black Carbon
E10
1990
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
Black Carbon
E10
1991
0.051
0.051
0.051
0.051
0.051
Black Carbon
E10
1992
0.051
0.051
0.051
0.051
0.051
Black Carbon
E10
1993
0.051
0.051
0.051
0.051
0.051
Black Carbon
E10
1994
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
Black Carbon
E10
1995
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
Black Carbon
E10
1996
0.046
0.046
0.046
0.046
0.046
B-5
-------
Pollutant
Fuel
Model Year
Class 2b
Class 3
Classes 4-5
Classes 6-7
Classes 8a/b
Black Carbon
E10
1997
0.048
0.048
0.048
0.048
0.048
Black Carbon
E10
1998
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
Black Carbon
E10
1999
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
Black Carbon
E10
2000
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
Black Carbon
E10
2001
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
Black Carbon
E10
2002
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
Black Carbon
E10
2003
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
Black Carbon
E10
2004
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
Black Carbon
E10
2005
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
Black Carbon
E10
2006
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
Black Carbon
E10
2007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
Black Carbon
E10
2008
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
Black Carbon
E10
2009
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
Black Carbon
E10
2010
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
Black Carbon
E10
2011
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
Black Carbon
E10
2012
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
Black Carbon
E10
2013
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
Black Carbon
E10
2014
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
Black Carbon
E10
2015
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
Black Carbon
E10
2016
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
Black Carbon
E10
2017
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
Black Carbon
E10
2018
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
Black Carbon
E10
2019
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
Black Carbon
Diesel
1987
1.740
1.740
1.740
1.740
1.062
Black Carbon
Diesel
1988
1.740
1.740
1.740
1.740
1.062
Black Carbon
Diesel
1989
1.740
1.740
1.740
1.740
1.062
Black Carbon
Diesel
1990
1.740
1.740
1.740
1.740
1.062
Black Carbon
Diesel
1991
1.533
1.740
1.740
1.740
1.062
Black Carbon
Diesel
1992
1.533
1.740
1.740
1.740
1.062
Black Carbon
Diesel
1993
1.533
1.740
1.740
1.740
1.062
Black Carbon
Diesel
1994
3.218
3.008
3.008
3.008
1.624
Black Carbon
Diesel
1995
3.218
3.008
3.008
3.008
1.624
Black Carbon
Diesel
1996
3.218
3.008
3.008
3.008
1.624
Black Carbon
Diesel
1997
3.218
3.008
3.008
3.008
1.624
Black Carbon
Diesel
1998
3.027
2.856
2.856
2.856
1.553
Black Carbon
Diesel
1999
3.027
2.856
2.856
2.856
1.553
Black Carbon
Diesel
2000
3.027
2.856
2.856
2.856
1.553
Black Carbon
Diesel
2001
3.027
2.856
2.856
2.856
1.553
Black Carbon
Diesel
2002
3.027
2.856
2.856
2.856
1.553
Black Carbon
Diesel
2003
2.575
2.575
2.575
2.575
1.404
Black Carbon
Diesel
2004
2.575
2.575
2.575
2.575
1.404
Black Carbon
Diesel
2005
2.575
2.575
2.575
2.575
1.404
B-6
-------
Pollutant
Fuel
Model Year
Class 2b
Class 3
Classes 4-5
Classes 6-7
Classes 8a/b
Black Carbon
Diesel
2006
2.575
2.575
2.575
2.575
1.404
Black Carbon
Diesel
2007
0.045
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
Black Carbon
Diesel
2008
0.045
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
Black Carbon
Diesel
2009
0.045
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
Black Carbon
Diesel
2010
0.038
0.016
0.018
0.018
0.018
Black Carbon
Diesel
2011
0.038
0.016
0.018
0.018
0.018
Black Carbon
Diesel
2012
0.038
0.016
0.018
0.018
0.018
Black Carbon
Diesel
2013
0.038
0.016
0.016
0.015
0.016
Black Carbon
Diesel
2014
0.038
0.016
0.016
0.015
0.016
Black Carbon
Diesel
2015
0.023
0.009
0.009
0.010
0.011
Black Carbon
Diesel
2016
0.023
0.009
0.009
0.010
0.011
Black Carbon
Diesel
2017
0.023
0.009
0.009
0.010
0.011
Black Carbon
Diesel
2018
0.023
0.009
0.009
0.010
0.011
Black Carbon
Diesel
2019
0.023
0.009
0.009
0.010
0.011
B-7
-------
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Extended Idle Emission Factors - Class 8b Diesels Only (g/hr)
NOx
PMi
PM2
119.599
5.014
4.613
119.599
5.014
4.613
117.933
5.011
4.610
113.640
5.002
4.602
240.243
5.012
4.611
240.636
5.013
4.612
233.769
5.006
4.605
239.542
7.697
7.081
239.104
7.700
7.084
237.157
7.712
7.095
239.505
7.697
7.081
237.408
7.371
6.781
241.362
7.349
6.761
241.987
7.345
6.757
239.293
7.360
6.771
237.722
7.369
6.780
239.341
6.651
6.119
237.076
6.662
6.129
238.327
6.656
6.123
239.046
6.652
6.120
210.121
0.418
0.385
208.658
0.418
0.384
211.704
0.419
0.385
211.266
0.417
0.383
210.133
0.416
0.383
210.133
0.416
0.383
210.133
0.413
0.380
210.133
0.413
0.380
210.132
0.413
0.380
210.132
0.413
0.380
210.132
0.413
0.380
210.133
0.413
0.380
210.133
0.413
0.380
B-8
-------
Appendix C - Derivation of National Average g/kW-hr Emission Factors
-------
From Argonne GREET Model Version 2016.
http://greet.es.anl.gov/
1. Electric Generation Mix (From Annual Energy Outlook 2016)
U.S. Mix
Residual oil
0.7%
Natural gas
32.9%
Coal
33.5%
Nuclear power
19.7%
Biomass
1.0%
Others
12.2%
Others = Hydro, Wind, Geothermal, Solar PV etc.
2. Electric Transmission and Distribution Loss = 8.0%
3. Power Plant Emissions: in Grams per kWh of Electricity Available at Power Plant Gate
GREET-Calculated Emission Factors
By Fuel-Type Plants (Stationary and Transportation)
Oil-Fired
NG-Fired
Coal-Fired
Biomass-Fired
TOTAL based on US Mix
NOx
4.3
0.41
0.49
1.06
0.366
PM10
0.18
0.01379
0.16
2.08
0.083
PM2.5
0.13
0.01344
0.062
0.61
0.034
C02
950
440
960
1,530
559
C02 in burnt biomass from atmosphere
-750
Assumes no emissions from nuclear power plants or "Others"
4. Power Plant Emissions: Grams per kWh of Electricity Available at User Sites (wall outlets)
Total power plant gate emissions/(l-electric transmission and distribution loss)
Total delivered based on US electric generation mix
NOx
0.40
PMio
0.091
PM2.5
0.037
CO2
607
C-l
-------
Appendix D - Cargo Volume Literature Review Summary
-------
Cargo
Space
Body
VIUS
(cubic
Max
Notes or
Class
Application
Type
Category
Manuf
Model
feet)
Unit
Payload
GVW
Comments
URL
Full Size
Silverado
http://www.chevrolet.eom/vehicles/2
2b
Pick-up
Pick-up
Chevy
2500HD
Cu. Ft
3,644
9,200
010/silverado2500hd/features.do
Full Size
http://www.fordfl50.net/specs/05sd_
2b
Pick-up
Pick-up
Ford
F250
Cu. Ft
2,900
9,400
specs.pdf
Budget
Cargo
step/walk-
http://www.budgettruck.com/Moving-
2b
Step Van
Van
in
Ford
309
Cu. Ft
3,116
8,600
Trucks.aspx
2500
http://www.freightlinersprinterusa.co
step/walk-
Freightliner
Standard
m/vehicles/cargo-
2b
Step Van
Step Van
in
-Sprinter
Roof
318
Cu. Ft
3,469
8,550
van/models/specifications.php
http://www.motortrend.com/cars/200
Utility/
van (basic
8/ford/e_350/specifications/index.htm
2b
Utility Van
cargo van
enclosed)
Ford
E350
237
Cu. Ft
4,239
9,500
1
Uhaul 10'
van (basic
http://www.uhaul.eom/Reservations/E
2b
Utility Van
Truck
enclosed)
GMC
402
Cu. Ft
2,810
8,600
quipmentDetail.aspx?model=EL
Budget
10'
Moving
van (basic
http://www.budgettruck.com/Moving-
2b
Utility Van
Truck
enclosed)
380
Cu. Ft
3,100
8,600
Trucks.aspx
flatbed/sta
Stake/
ke/
2b
Stake Truck
platform
platform
Supreme
336
Cu. Ft
http://www.gmc.com/sierra/3500/spe
3
Pickup
Pick-up
GMC
Sierra 3500
Cu. Ft
4,566
10,700
csStandard.jsp
3500
http://www.freightlinersprinterusa.co
step/walk-
Freightliner
Standard
m/vehicles/cargo-van/models/3500-
3
Step Van
Step Van
in
-Sprinter
Roof
547
Cu. Ft
4,845
11,030
hish-roof-170-wb-6-SDecs.DhD
Penske
htto://www. Densketruckrental.com/co
Conventiona
12' Cargo
van (basic
mmercial-truck-rentals/moving-
3
1 Van
Van
enclosed)
450
Cu. Ft
2,600
vans/12-ft.html
Budget
16'
Moving
http://www.budgettruck.com/Moving-
3
City Delivery
Truck
800
Cu. Ft
3,400
11,500
Trucks.aspx
-------
Cargo
Space
Body
VIUS
(cubic
Max
Notes or
Class
Application
Type
Category
Manuf
Model
feet)
Unit
Payload
GVW
Comments
URL
Conventiona
Uhaul 14'
http://www.uhaul.eom/Reservations/E
4
1 Van
Truck
Ford
733
Cu. Ft
6,190
14,050
quipmentDetail.aspx?model=EL
Conventiona
Uhaul 17'
http://www.uhaul.eom/Reservations/E
4
1 Van
Truck
Ford
865
Cu. Ft
5,930
14,050
auiDmentDetail.asDX?model=EL
Penske
16'
http://www.pensketruckrental.com/co
Conventiona
Economy
mmercial-truck-rentals/movins-carso-
4
1 Van
Van
826
Cu. Ft
4,300
15,000
vans/16-ft.html
Penske
htto://www. Densketruckrental.com/co
16' Cargo
mmercial-truck-rentals/movins-carso-
4
City Delivery
Van
1,536
Cu. Ft
5,100
vans/16-ft.html
Large Walk-
W700 Step
http://files.harc.edu/Proiects/Transpor
4
In
Walk-in
Van
700
Cu. Ft
5,720
16,000
tation/FedExReportTask3.pdf
Large Walk-
Eaton
W700 Step
http://files.harc.edu/Projects/Transpor
4
In
Walk-in
Hybrid
Van
700
Cu. Ft
5,390
16,000
tation/FedExReportTask3.pdf
htto://www.srummanolson.com/index
4
UPS
Walk-in
Grumman
2.htm
http://www.usedtrucksdepot.com/bro
flatbed/sta
wse_listdetails.php?manf=GMC&scate
Stake/pla
ke/platfor
=Stake+Truck&catname=Medium+Dut
4
Stake Truck
tform
m
GMC
W4500
448
Cu. Ft
14,500
y+T rucks&main _id=208
Bucket
Bucket
5
Truck
truck
Cu. Ft
Uhaul 24'
van (basic
htto://www. uhaul. com/Reservations/E
5
City Delivery
Truck
enclosed)
1,418
Cu. Ft
6,500
18,000
auiDmentDetail.asDX?model=EL
Uhaul 26'
van (basic
http://www.uhaul.eom/Reservations/E
5
City Delivery
Truck
enclosed)
1,611
Cu. Ft
7,400
18,000
quipmentDetail.aspx?model=EL
Large Walk-
Large
step/walk-
http://news.van.fedex.com/node/737
5
In
Walk-in
in
670
Cu. Ft
16,000
9
588/cas
e
Cu.
6-Bay 52"
capacity
Ft/cases
http://www.hackneybeverage.com/bo
6
Beverage
Beverage
Hackney
Performer
= 531 @
cans
11,601
21,150
dycad5.htm
-------
Cargo
Space
Body
VIUS
(cubic
Max
Notes or
Class
Application
Type
Category
Manuf
Model
feet)
Unit
Payload
GVW
Comments
URL
120z
cans
Single Axle
Budget
van (basic
http://www.budgettruck.com/Moving-
6
Van
24' Truck
enclosed)
1,380
Cu. Ft
12,000
25,500
Trucks.aspx
flatbed/sta
Internation
http://www.usedtrucks.ryder.com/Ve
24' Stake
ke/platfor
al /
hicle/VehicleSearch.aspx?VehicleTypel
6
Stake Truck
Truck
m
Supreme
24'
672
Cu. Ft
25,900
d=l&VehicleGroupld=5
24' Kold
King
htto://www.silvercrowncoach.com/su
Refrigerated
Refrigera
Dreme.DhD?Dase=Droduct&bodv=refri
6
/Reefer
ted
reefer
Supreme
24'
1,521
Cu. Ft
gerated&product=21§ion=specs
Note:
typical
step/walk-
ins do not
Vanscape
reach this
r
size. This is
http://www.silvercrowncoach.com/su
Landscape
Landscap
step/walk-
a speciality
preme.php?page=product&body=land
6
Van
e Van
in
Supreme
22'
1,496
Cu. Ft
vehicle
scaping&product=30
Refuse
7
Refuse
Truck
Cu. Ft
Furniture
http://www.hendersonrentals.co.nz/7t
7
Furniture
Truck
2,013
Cu. Ft
=38
1251/
case
capacity
Beverage
Hackney 10-
= 1,100
Cu.
(delivery
Bay-48"
12 oz
Ft/case
7
Beverage
body)
Hackney
Aluminum
cans
cans
23,700
37,733
http://hackneyusa.com/
flatbed/st
flatbed/sta
http://www.usedtrucks.ryder.com/Ve
ake/platf
ke/platfor
hicle/VehicleSearch.aspx?VehicleTypel
7
Stake Truck
orm
m
Supreme
SH20096
728
33,000
d=l&VehicleGroupld=5
28' Kold
http://www.silvercrowncoach.com/su
Refrigerated
King
preme.php?page=product&body=refri
7
/Reefer
Refrigera
reefer
Supreme
28'
1,774
Cu. Ft
gerated&product=21§ion=specs
-------
Class
Application
Body
Type
VIUS
Category
Manuf
Model
Cargo
Space
(cubic
feet)
Unit
Max
Payload
GVW
Notes or
Comments
URL
ted
7
Tanker
Truck
tank
(fluid)
tank (fluid)
Ford
F750 XL
267
Cu. Ft
2,000-
4000
GAL
26,000
http://www.truckingauctions.com/bro
wse_listdetails.php?scate=Water%20T
ank%20Truck&manf=GMC&catname=
Heavy%20Duty%20Trucks
7
Single Axle
Van
Freightlin
er Truck
van (basic
enclosed)
Freightliner
Business
Class (24')
Business
Class M2 112
1,552
33,000
Note: front
axle lbs
12,000/rea
r axle
21,000 lbs
(each add'l
axle approx
12,000 lbs)
http://www.truckpaper.com/listingsde
tail/detail.aspx?OHID=2379362
o
-------
Appendix E - PERE Efficiency Modeling Methodology
-------
The PERE model is not specifically designed for modeling heavy duty hybrid trucks, but as it
is a physical model that is primarily dependent upon input values, its use was considered
appropriate for the estimation of the fuel economy effects of truck hybridization. The model
calculates second-by-second fuel consumption for user-defined drive cycles based on a
physical model. The model takes a number of user-specified parameters, along with some
of its own defaults, to perform these calculations for a variety of vehicle and powertrain
types. The assumptions and data sources for the model inputs that were used are presented
below. The defaults for some parameters, such as hybrid regeneration efficiency and hybrid
battery efficiency, were assumed to remain unchanged when scaling from light-duty to
heavy-duty vehicles.
Many vehicle parameters, such as road load and transmission data, were used from work
already done with the PERE model for the SmartWay program. Many of the parameters for
that previous work were taken from findings of internet searches for specifications of
various trucks in new "as-delivered" condition, prior to the addition of various vocational or
cargo equipment installations that would increase drag and vehicle weight. To establish the
test weights for each truck class in this modeling effort, the original estimate of minimum
weight was averaged with the maximum possible weight for each truck class. This was done
with the intent of modeling an average or medium payload for each truck class. An
important source of information was an EPA draft document discussing the use of the PERE
model by Nam and Gianelli56. This document contained equations that could be used for
estimates of some of the input parameters, along with information describing the use of the
model.
The two foremost inputs to the model include the vehicle weight and engine size. Vehicle
empty weights and engine sizes were taken from manufacturer supplied truck specifications
where possible. For example, Ford published a .pdf file titled F-250/F-350/F-450/F-550
Specifications57 that contains base curb weights and engine sizes for some of their offerings
in the light and medium duty market. Another useful source of manufacturer data was in
the Kenworth T170/T270/T370 Body Builders Manual58. The T170-T370 range consists of
medium duty trucks that can be delivered with a cab-only chassis. The manual describes all
of the dimensions relevant to the builder of a body or cargo area on the rear of the chassis.
As such, it includes curb weights, length and width dimensions, and gross vehicle weight
ratings that were instrumental in creating many of the inputs for the Class 5, 6, and 7 fuel
economy models. Where specifications of multiple trucks in a class were found, values were
taken that would result in maximum fuel economy unless they seemed noticeably atypical
of in-use vehicles. Variations in weight and engine size over the ranges found in literature
56 Nam, Edward and Gianelli, Robert, Fuel Consumption Modeling of Conventional and Advanced Technology
Vehicles in the Physical Emission Rate Estimator (PERE). US EPA Publication EPA420-P-05-001, February
2005.
57 FordF150.net. F-250/F-350/F-450/F-550 Specifications. Retrieved from
http://www.fordfl50.net/specs/05sd_specs.pdf
58 Kenworth. Kenworth T170/T270/T370 Body Builders Manual. Retrieved from
http://www.kenworth.com/brochures/2009_Hybrid_Body_Builders_Manual.pdf
E-l
-------
did not have as large an effect on fuel economy as some of the other inputs to the PERE
model. For hybrid modeling, the engine size reduction due to hybridization ranged from 1
liter for the Class 2b and 3 trucks, up to 4 liters for the Class 8 trucks. This range was chosen
based on the nature of hybrid trucks currently available on the market. Class 2 hybrid trucks
on the market typically have very little engine downsizing from hybridization, however
larger trucks were found to have more engine downsizing.
The number of transmission gears in each truck class was also based on specifications found
on manufacturers' web sites, but there is a wide range of the number of gears in the
different available transmissions. While it is very likely that the most efficient setup for Class
2b through 4 would be a 6 speed manual transmission, there are a variety of options for
Classes 5 through 8. It is also typical for a modern Class 8 truck to have 10 gears, so the
model input for Class 6 was taken to be 8 as a representation of typical trucks in that class,
and all trucks were modeled with manual transmissions. The PERE model also requires shift
speeds as an input to the model, and examples of these were not found in literature or
internet searches. ERG has previously logged on-road data from Class 8 trucks with 10-
speed manual transmissions, and this data was analyzed briefly to create an estimate of
typical upshift speeds for this type of truck. Using this speed/gear curve, two other curves
were created by scaling for the 6 and 8 speed trucks modeled in the study. Unfortunately,
the shift speed chart has a very strong effect on the model's predicted fuel economy, but
using carefully scaled shift point curves hopefully mitigated this source of error. The hybrid
trucks were modeled with exactly the same transmissions as the conventional trucks. The
model did not readily include a provision for changing the transmission characteristics when
changing from conventional to hybrid powertrains. All transmission parameters were kept
the same when making this change with the intent of ensuring the resulting fuel economy
effects were only due to hybridization, not due to transmission effects.
There were three other values regarding the driveline that were input for this study. The
engine efficiency was taken to be 40% over the cycle. The maximum engine speeds and
highway cruise speeds were adjusted together as well, to account for the larger
displacement heavy duty engines turning more slowly than typical Class 2b truck engines.
The effects of the engine speed parameters on fuel economy were fairly small.
The road load estimation required assumptions and calculations as road load curves are not
generally a part of manufacturers' literature. The method of road load calculation used for
this PERE modeling was based on the coefficient of rolling resistance (Cr), the aerodynamic
drag coefficient (Cd), and the vehicle frontal area (Af) in a physical equation of the truck's
road load, given in Equation 1 from Nam and Gianelli (2005). Coefficients of drag were
based on values in literature, such as manufacturers' specifications for Class 2b and in a
report publication by Argonne National Laboratory59. Values for Cd ranged from .45 for the
59 Delorme, A., Karbowski, D., and Sharer, P. Evaluation of Fuel Consumption Potential of Medium and
Heavy Duty Vehicles through Modeling and Simulation. Argonne National Laboratory, DEPS-BEES-001,
October 2009.
E-2
-------
Class 2b and the smaller medium duty trucks, to .5 for the class 8 long-haul trucks. The
heavier medium duty trucks were assumed to have a Cd of .55 as they were assumed to be
vocational trucks with less streamlined aerodynamics. Frontal area was taken from
manufacturer specifications where available. As given in Nam and Gianelli, the product of
truck height and width was multiplied by a factor of 0.93 to get an estimate of effective Af.
Engineering judgment was applied to the dimensions found in literature to ensure a
representative increase in frontal area from the smaller to larger trucks. The rolling
resistance values were estimated using the trends observed by both Nam and Gianelli
(2005) along with Delorme Karbowski, and Sharer (2009), ranging from 0.01 for the light
and medium duty trucks, down to 0.008 for the class 8 trucks.
The final input to the PERE model was the driving cycle. In order to get a representative
range of fuel economy benefit, two drive cycles were modeled. The first was the Heavy-
Duty Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (HDUDDS), and the second was the EPA
Highway Fuel Economy Test (HwFET). The HDUDDS can be thought of as a city-type cycle
with frequent stops and starts. The HwFET simulates rural driving with varying speeds but
no stops. Even though the HwFET is designed only for light duty vehicles, it was still used as
it was the best representation available for in-use highway driving.
The key values used as the inputs for the PERE model fuel economy calculations are given
by truck class in Table E-l.
Table E-l. PERE Model Inputs for Fuel Economy Estimation
Class
Modeled Test
Weight, lbs
Conventional
Engine Disp., L
Hybrid Engine
Disp., L
Number
of Gears
Effective Gear Ratio,
RPM/mph
2b
7,875
6.0
5
6
35
3
10,000
6.0
5
6
35
4
12,250
6.4
5.4
6
33
5
14,500
6.7
5.7
6
33
6
19,500
6.7
5.7
8
33
7
24,000
8.3
6.3
10
31
8
52,500
13
9
10
30
For modeling hybrid vehicles in the PERE model, the user must adjust the hybrid threshold
for each different vehicle and drive cycle combination. This variable represents the amount
of power demand during acceleration that is required to cause the engine to start up to
assist the electric motor. The user must adjust this value such that the amount of energy
taken from the battery is approximately equal to the amount of energy charged back into
the battery during regenerative braking. If this is not done, the fuel economy will be
misrepresented due to the battery ending up with a different state of charge at the end of
the cycle compared to the beginning of the cycle.
E-3
-------
For the HwFET cycle in the lower truck classes, there were not enough deceleration events
charge the battery back to its initial charge level, even with the hybrid threshold variable at
its minimum value. This meant that the battery was ending at a lower level of charge at the
end of the cycle than the beginning, which has the effect of overestimating the trucks actual
fuel economy. For this reason, ERG added an extra calculation to the model in order to
account for the net change in battery power. This calculation used the various efficiencies of
the hybrid system to estimate the fuel required to make up the change in battery charge
over the cycle, and add that number to the modeled fuel consumption. This calculation was
needed for the trucks in Classes 2b through 5.
E-4
------- |