vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Technical Fact Sheet -
Nanomaterials
November 2017
TECHNICAL FACT SHEET - NANOMATERIALS
Introduction
This fact sheet, developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office
(FFRRO), provides a summary of nanomaterials (NMs), including their
physical and chemical properties; potential environmental and health
impacts; existing federal and state guidelines; detection and treatment
methods; and additional sources of information. This fact sheet is
intended for use by site managers and other field personnel who may
need to address or use NMs at cleanup sites or in drinking water
supplies.
NMs are increasingly being used in a wide range of household,
cosmetic and personal use, scientific, environmental, industrial and
medicinal applications. NMs may possess unique chemical, biological
and physical properties compared with larger particles of the same
material (Exhibit 1). NM research is a rapidly growing area; current
research is focused on carbon-based, metal and metal oxides, quantum
dots and nanosilver. Due to the diverse nature of NMs, this fact sheet
presents a high-level summary for NMs in general with specific focus on
the NMs of current research interest.
What are nanomaterials?
For purposes of this document, NMs are a diverse class of
substances that have structural components smaller than 100
nanometers (nm) in at least one dimension. NMs include
nanoparticles (NPs), which are particles with at least two dimensions
between approximately 1 and 100 nm (Klaine and others 2008). EPA
refers to nano-sized particles that are natural or aerosol as ultrafine
particles (UFPs).
NMs have high surface area to volume ratio and the number of
surface atoms and their arrangement determines the size and
properties of the NM (Sarma and others 2015).
As of 2014, more than 1,800 consumer products containing NMs are
on the market (Vance and others 2015).
Disclaimer: The U.S. EPA prepared this fact sheet using the most recent
publicly-available scientific information; additional information can be obtained
from the source documents. This fact sheet is not intended to be used as a
primary source of information and is not intended, nor can it be relied upon, to
create any rights enforceable by any party in litigation with the United States.
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement
or recommendation for use.
At a Glance
~	Diverse class of substances
that have structural
components smaller than 100
nanometers (nm) in at least
one dimension (Klaine and
others 2008). Nanomaterials
(NMs) include nanoparticles
(NPs), which are particles with
at least two dimensions
between approximately 1 and
100 nm.
~	Have high surface area to
volume ratio and the number of
surface atoms and their
arrangement determines the size
and properties of the NM.
~	Can be categorized into three
types: natural UFPs, incidental
NMs and engineered NMs.
~	Engineered NMs are used in a
wide variety of applications,
including environmental
remediation, pollution sensors,
photovoltaics, medical
imaging and drug delivery.
~	The mobility of NMs depends on
factors such as surface chemistry
and particle size, and on
biological and abiotic processes in
the media.
~	May stay in suspension as
individual particles,
aggregate, dissolve or react
with other materials.
~	Characterization and detection
technologies include
differential mobility analyzers,
mass spectrometry and
scanning electron microscopy.
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Land and Emergency
Management (5106P)
1
EPA 505-F-17-002
November 2017

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Technical Fact Sheet - Nanomaterials
NMs and UFPs can be categorized into three types according to their source:
¦	Natural UFPs include combustion products, viruses and sea spray.
¦	Incidental NMs are generated by anthropogenic processes and include diesel exhaust, welding fumes
and industrial effluents.
¦	Engineered NMs are designed with very specific properties and are made through chemical and/or
physical processes (Exhibit 1).
Exhibit 1: Properties and Common Uses of NMs and UFPs
(EPA 2007, 2008a; Klaine and others 2008; Watlington 2005; Gil and Parak 2008; Luoma 2008; Cota-Sanchez and
Merlo-Sosa 2015)
Types of NMs and UFPs
(Occurrence)
Physical/Chemical
Properties
Uses
Examples
Carbon-based
(Natural or Engineered)
Stable, limited reactivity,
excellent thermal and
electrical conductivity.
Biomedical applications,
battery and fuel cell
electrodes, super-
capacitors, adhesives and
composites, sensors and
components in electronics,
aircraft, aerospace and
automotive industries.
Fullerenes, multi-walled and
single-walled carbon
nanotubes (CNTs) and
graphene materials.
Metal-based Materials
(Natural or Engineered)
High reactivity, varied
properties based on type,
some have photolytic
properties and ultraviolet
blocking ability. Capping
agents are used in some
cases.
Solar cells, paints and
coatings, cosmetics,
ultraviolet blockers in
sunscreen, environmental
remediation.
Nanogold, nanosilver, metal
oxides such as titanium
dioxide (Ti02), zinc oxide
(ZnO), cerium dioxide
(Ce02) and nanoscale zero-
valent iron (nZVI).
Quantum Dots
(Engineered)
Reactive core composed of
metals or semiconductors
controls the material's
optical properties. Cores are
surrounded by an organic
shell that protects from
oxidation.
Medical Bioimaging,
targeted therapeutics,
solar cells, photonics and
telecommunication.
Quantum dots made from
cadmium selenide (CdSe),
cadmium telluride (CdTe),
indium phosphide (InP) and
zinc selenide (ZnSe).
Dendrimers
(Engineered)
Three-dimensional
nanostructures engineered
to carry molecules
encapsulated in their interior
void spaces or attached to
the surface.
Drug delivery systems,
polymer materials, chemical
sensors and modified
electrodes.
Hyperbranched polymers,
dendrigraft polymers and
dendrons.
Composite NMs
(Engineered)
Composite NMs consist of
multifunctional components
and have novel electrical,
catalytic, magnetic,
mechanical, thermal or
imaging features.
Potential applications in drug
delivery and cancer
detection. Also used in auto
parts and packaging
materials to enhance
mechanical and flame-
retardant properties.
Produced using two different
NMs or NMs combined with
larger, bulk-type materials.
They can also be made with
NMs combined with
synthetic polymers or resins.
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Technical Fact Sheet - Nanomaterials
Existence of nanomaterials in the environment
Engineered NMs may be released into the
environment primarily through industrial and
environmental applications, improper handling
or consumer waste (EPA 2007).
NPs fate and transport in the environment are
largely dependent on material properties such
as surface chemistry, particle size and
biological and abiotic processes in
environmental media. Depending on these
properties, NPs may stay in suspension as
individual particles, aggregate, dissolve or react
with other materials (EPA 2009; Luoma 2008).
NZVI particles are one of the most widely used
nanoparticles for environmental remediation
because of their ability to degrade a wide range
of contaminants. Such an increasingly
widespread application of nZVI will lead to its
release into the environment. The
environmental fate and transport of nZVI is not
yet fully understood making it difficult to
determine the environmental risk of nZVI
injected into the subsurface (Jang and others
2014).
Many NMs containing inherently non-
biodegradable inorganic chemicals such as
ceramics, metals and metal oxides are not
expected to biodegrade (EPA 2007).
Under conditions of low or no UV exposure,
TiC>2 NPs have been shown to cause mortality,
reduced growth and negative impacts on cells
and DNA of aquatic organisms. Many of these
studies, however, neglect environmentally
relevant interactions with acute exposure times
and high concentrations (greater than 10
milligrams per liter) and thus are difficult to
extrapolate to natural ecosystems (Haynes and
others 2017).
Toxic effects of nanosilver on fish have been
observed and nanosilver may induce a stress
response in fish; however, the results of a 28-
day study on rainbow trout indicated that
although nanosilver did engage a stress
response in fish, it did not affect growth or
condition at environmentally relevant
concentrations (0.28 micograms per liter) and
higher concentrations (average 47.6
micrograms per liter) (Murray and others 2017).
ZnO NPs affected the growth rate of the algae
and suggested that the ZnO NPs were more
toxic to the marine algae than bulk ZnO (Manzo
and others 2013).
Recent studies have shown the following:
¦	Carbon fullerenes are insoluble and colloidal
aggregates in aqueous solutions are stable
for months to years, allowing for chronic
exposure to biological and environmental
systems (Hegde and others 2015).
¦	Single-walled CNTs are not readily degraded
by fungal cultures or microbial communities
(Parks and others 2015).
¦	Coatings on iron oxide NPs caused different
toxic effects, which were linked to
decreasing colloidal stability, the release of
ions from the core material or the ability to
form reactive oxygen species in daphnids
(Baumann and others 2014).
¦	The degradation of a surface coating of
nano-Ti02 resulted in increased phototoxicity
to a benthic organism (Wallis and others
2014).
What are the routes of exposure to nanomaterials?
The growing production and use of NMs in
diverse industrial processes, construction, and
medical and consumer products is resulting in
increasing exposure of humans and the
environment. Humans encounter NMs from
many sources and exposure routes, including
ingestion of food, direct dermal contact through
consumer products and by inhalation of
airborne NMs (Lauxand other 2017).
The small size, solubility and large surface area
of NMs may enable them to translocate from
their deposition site (typically in the lungs, if
inhaled) and interact with biological systems.
Circulation time increases drastically when the
NMs are water-soluble (DHHS 2009; SCENIHR
2009). Translocation of NMs was shown to be
dependent on material and aggregate size This
was demonstrated by translocation of NMs to
secondary organs such as the liver, heart,
spleen, or kidney, subsequent to pulmonary
uptake (Lauxand others 2017).
Animal studies indicate that nano-Ti02 may
accumulate in the liver, spleen, kidney and
brain after it enters the bloodstream through
various exposure routes (Chang and others
2013).
In humans, although most inhaled NMs remain
in the lung, less than 1 percent of the inhaled
dose may reach the circulatory system
(SCENIHR 2009).
Use of sunscreen products on damaged skin
may lead to dermal exposure to NMs (Ti02 and
ZnO), (EPA 2010; Mortensen and others 2008;
Nel and others 2006).
Ingestion exposure may occur from consuming

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Technical Fact Sheet - Nanomaterials
NMs contained in drinking water or food (for
example, fish) or from unintentional hand to
What are the potential health effects
~	Potential health effects of NMs vary across
different types of NMs.
~	Clinical and experimental animal studies
indicate that NMs can induce different levels of
cell injury and oxidative stress, depending on
their charge, particle size and exposure dose.
In addition, particle coatings, size, charge,
surface treatments and surface excitation by
ultraviolet (UV) radiation can modify surface
properties and thus the aggregation and
potential biological effects of NMs (Chang and
others 2013; Nel and others 2006).
~	Metallic NPs have been linked to chromosomal
aberrations and oxidative damage to DNA due
to the generation of reactive oxygen species.
An in vivo study showed that exposure to silver,
titanium, iron or copper NPs leads to
genotoxicity (Dayem and others 2017).
~	CNTs possess attributes similar to asbestos
fibers and have been shown to cause
inflammation and lesions as well as allergic
immune responses in mice and rats. Several
studies also report cellular DNA damage after
exposure to single-walled CNTs (Hegde and
others 2015).
~	Several toxicological studies suggest fullerenes
induce oxidative stress in living organisms
(Hegde and others 2015).
~	Biomarker responses were characterized
following multi-walled CNT exposure to human
liver cells (Henderson and others 2016).
~	Toxicity of TiC>2 NPs have been studied
extensively in recent years due to their use in
sunscreen and cosmetics. Studies have shown
exposure resulted in micoglia activation,
reactive oxygen species production, activation
of signaling pathways that result in cell death,
both in vitro and in vivo (Czajka and others
2015).
~	The aging of nano-Ti02 in swimming pool
mouth transfer of NMs (DHHS 2009; Wiesner
and others 2006).
of nanomaterials?	
water redistributed the coating and reduced its
protective properties, thereby increasing
reactivity and potential phototoxicity (Al-Abed
and others 2016).
~	A recent study showed that titanium was
distributed to and accumulated in the heart,
brain, spleen, lung, and kidney of mice after
nano-TiC>2 exposure, in a dose-dependent
manner. High doses of nano-TiC>2 significantly
damaged the functions of liver and kidney and
glucose and lipid metabolism, as showed in the
blood biochemistry tests. Nano-TiC>2 caused
damages in mitochondria and apoptosis of
hepatocytes, generation of reactive oxygen
species, and expression disorders of protective
genes in the liver of mice (Jia and others 2017).
~	Metal-containing NMs, such as quantum dots
and nanometals, may cause toxicity to cells by
releasing harmful components such as heavy
metals or ions (Klaine and others 2008; Luoma
2008; Powell and Kanarek2006).
~	Research has shown that NMs may stimulate
or suppress immune responses (or both) by
binding to proteins in the blood (Dobrovolskaia
and McNeil 2007).
~	Study results suggest that certain NMs may
pose a respiratory hazard after inhalation
exposure. For example, rodent studies indicate
that single-walled CNTs may cause pulmonary
inflammation and fibrosis. Exposures to TiC>2
NPs have also resulted in persistent pulmonary
inflammation in rats and mice (EPA 2007;
NIOSH 2011,2013).
~	Based on the results of available animal
inhalation and epidemiologic studies, the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH) has concluded that Ti02 NPs
may have a higher mass- based potency than
larger particles and should be considered as a
potential occupational carcinogen (NIOSH
2011).
Are there any federal and state guidelines or health standards for
nanomaterials?
~ Federal standards and guidelines:
¦ The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
has finalized guidelines on the evaluation and
use of NMs in FDA-regulated products. These
guidelines focus on assessing safety,
effectiveness and quality of products
containing NMs, although the FDA does not
make a categorical judgment on the safety or
hazard of NMs (FDA 2014a, 2014b, 2014c
and 2015a).
¦ Many NMs are regarded as "chemical
substances" under the Toxic Substances
Control Act (TSCA) and therefore are subject
to the requirements of the Act. EPA has
already determined that CNTs are subject to

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Technical Fact Sheet - Nanomaterials
reporting under Section 5 of TSCA. Under
TSCA Section 8(a), EPA issued a one-time
reporting rule for NMs that are existing
chemicals (EPA 2008b and 2016; FDA
2015b).
If NMs enter drinking water or are injected into
a well, they may be regulated under the Safe
Drinking Water Act (EPA 2007). However,
currently no maximum contaminant level goals
(MCLGs) or maximum contaminant levels
(MCLs) have been established for NMs.
NMs that are used as pesticides are subject to
the requirements of the Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA
section 2(u) and 3(a)). If their use as a
pesticide will result in residues in food or
animal feed, a tolerance (maximum residue
level) must be established under the Federal
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA).
NMs may be regulated under various
programs such as Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act (CERCLA), Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA),
Clean Water Act (CWA) and Clean Air Act on
a site-specific basis or if their use results in
emissions of pollutants that are or could be
hazardous (EPA2007).
State and local standards and guidelines:
¦	In 2006, Berkeley, California, adopted the
first local regulation specifically for NMs,
requiring all facilities manufacturing or using
manufactured NMs to disclose current
toxicology information, as available
(Berkeley 2006).
¦	In 2010 and 2011, the California
Department of Toxic Substances Control
(CA DTSC) issued formal request letters to
the manufacturers of certain CNTs,
nanometal oxides, nanometals and quantum
dots requesting information related to
chemical and physical properties, including
analytical test methods and other relevant
information (CA DTSC 2013).
What detection and characterization methods are available for
nanomaterials?
The analysis of NMs in environmental samples
often requires the use of multiple technologies
in tandem. Characterization methods include
spectroscopy, microscopy, chromatography
centrifugation, filtration and others (Gmiza and
others 2015).
Single-particle mass spectrometry provides
chemical analysis of NMs suspended in gases
and liquids (SCENIHR2009).
Aerosol fractionation technologies (differential
mobility analyzers and scanning mobility
particle sizers) use the mobility properties of
charged NMs in an electrical field to obtain size
fractions for subsequent analysis. Multi-stage
impactor samplers separate NM fractions
based on the aerodynamic mobility properties
of the NMs (EPA 2007).
Expansion condensation particle counters
measure aerosol particle number densities for
size diameters as low as 3 nm. (Saghafifar and
others 2009).
Size-exclusion chromatography, ultrafiltration
and field flow fractionation can be used for size
fractionation and collection of NM fractions in
liquid media (EPA 2007).
NM fractions in liquid may be further analyzed
using dynamic light scattering for size analysis
and mass spectrometry for chemical
characterization (EPA 2007).
One of the main methods of analyzing single
NM characteristics is electron microscopy.
Scanning electron microscopy and
transmission electron microscopy can be used
to determine the size, shape and aggregation
state of NMs below 10 nm (EPA 2007;
SCENIHR2006; Sanchis and others 2015).
Atomic force microscopy can provide single
particle size and morphological information at
the nm level in air and liquid media (EPA2007).
Dynamic light scattering is used to characterize
manufactured silver NMs and provides
information on the hydrodynamic diameter of
NMs in suspensions. It is capable of measuring
NPs from a few nm in size, but is not suitable
for environmental samples (EPA 2010).
Other analytical techniques include X-ray
diffraction to measure the crystalline phase and
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to determine
the surface oxidation states and chemical
composition of NMs (EPA 2010).
A recent laboratory study employed absorption-
edge synchrotron X-ray computed
microtomography to extract silver NM
concentrations within individual pores in static
and transport systems (Molnar and others
2014).
5

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Technical Fact Sheet - Nanomaterials
What technologies are being used to control nanomaterials?
Coagulation is regarded as a critical process
for the effective removal of NPs during water
and wastewater treatment (Popowich and
others 2015).
Air filters and respirators are used to filter and
remove NMs from air. A study found that
membrane-coated fabric filters could provide
an NM collection efficiency above 95 percent
(Tsai and others 2012; Wiesner and others
2006).
NMs in groundwater, surface water and
drinking water may be removed using
flocculation, sedimentation and sand or
membrane filtration (Wiesner and others 2006),
but a recent laboratory study using Ti02 NPs
found that these typical treatment methods may
be inadequate for particles smaller than 450 nm
(Kinsinger and others 2015).
A recent study stabilized silver NPs using
different capping agents to control the transport
of the NPs in porous media (Badawy and others
2013).
Where can I find more information about nanomaterials?
Al-Abed, S.R., Virkutyte, J., Ortenzio, J.N.R.,
McCarrick, R.M., Degn, L.L., Zucker, R.,
Coates, N.H., Childs, K., Ma, H., Diamond, S.,
Dreher, K., and W.K. Boyes. 2016.
"Environmental aging alters AI(OH)3 coating of
Ti02 nanoparticles enhancing their
photocatalytic and phototoxic activities."
Environmental Science: Nano. Volume 3.
Pages 593 to 601.
Badawy, A.M., Hassan, A.A., Scheckel, K.G.,
Suidan, M.T., and T.M Tolymat. 2013. "Key
Factors Controlling the Transport of Silver
Nanoparticles in Porous Media." Environmental
Science and Technology. Volume 47 (9).
Pages 4039 to 4045.
Baumann, J., Koser, J., Arndt, D., and J. Filser.
2014. "The coating makes the difference: Acute
effects of iron oxide nanoparticles on Daphnia
magna." Science of The Total Environment.
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California Department of Toxic Substances
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Chang, X., Zhang, Y., Tang, M., and B. Wang.
2013. "Health Effects of Exposure to nano-
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Cota-Sanchez, G., and L. Merlo-Sosa. 2015.
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(Berkeley). 2006. Section 12.12.040 Filing of
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Quantities Requiring Disclosure. Ordinance No.
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Czaijka, M., Sawicki, K., Sikorska, K., Popek, S.,
Kruszewski, M., and L. Kapka-Skrzypczak. 2015.
"Toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in
central nervous system." Toxicology in Vitro.
Volume 29 (5). Pages 1042 to 1052.
Dayem, A.A., Hossain, M.K., Lee, S.B., Kim, K.,
Saha, S.K., Yang, G., Choi, H.Y., and S. Cho.
2017. "The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species
(ROS) in the Biological Activities of Metallic
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Dobrovolskaia, M.A., and S.E McNeil. 2007.
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Gmiza, K., Patricia Kouassi, A., Kaur Brar, S.,
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dioxide nanoparticles on aquatic organisms -
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Hegde, K., Goswami, R., Sarma, S., Veeranki,
V., Brar, S., and R. Surampalli. 2015.
Environmental Hazards and Risks of
Nanomaterials. Nanomaterials in the
Environment. Pages 357 to 382.

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Technical Fact Sheet - Nanomaterials
Where can I find more information about nanomaterials? (continued)
Henderson, W.M., Bouchard, D., Chang, X., Al-
Abed, S.R., and Q. Teng. 2016. "Biomarker
analysis of liver cells exposed to surfactant-
wrapped and oxidized multi-walled carbon
nanotubes (MWCNTs)." Science of the Total
Environment. Volume 565. Pages 777 to 786.
Jang, M., Lim, M., and Y. Hwang. 2014.
"Potential environmental implications of
nanoscale zero-valent iron particles for
environmental remediation." Environmental
Health Toxicology. Volume 29.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC431393
1/pdf/eht-29-e2014022.pdf
Jia, X., Wang, S., Zhou, L., and L. Sun. 2017.
"The Potential Liver, Brain, and Embryo Toxicity
of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Mice."
Nanoscale Research Letters. Volume 12. Page
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Keller, A.A., Garner, K., Miller, R.J., and H.S.
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PLoS One. Volume 7 (8).
KinsingerN., Honda, R., Keene, V., and S.L.
Walker. 2015. "Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle
Removal in Primary Prefiltration Stages ofWater
Treatment: Role of Coating, Natural Organic
Matter, Source Water, and Solution Chemistry."
Environmental Engineering Science. Volume 32
(4). Pages 292 to 300.
Klaine, S.J., Alvarez, P.J.J., Batley, G.E.,
Fernandes, T.E., Hand, R.D., Lyon, D.Y.,
Mahendra, S., McLaughlin, M.J., and J.R. Lead.
2008. "Nanoparticles in the Environment:
Behavior, Fate, Bioavailability and Effects."
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
Volume 27 (9). Pages 1825 to 1851.
Laux, P., Riebeling, C., Booth, A.M., Brain, J.D.,
Brunner, J., Cerrilo, C., Creutzenberg, O.,
Estrela-Lopis, I., Gebel, T., Johanson, G.,
Jungnickel, H., Kock, H., Tentschert, J., Tlili, A.,
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Luoma, S.N. 2008. "Silver Nanotechnologies
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to 376.
Molnar, I.L., Wilson, C.S., O'Carroll, D.M.,
Rivers, M.L., and J.I. Gerhard. 2014. "Method
for Obtaining Silver Nanoparticle Concentrations
within a Porous Medium via Synchrotron X-ray
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Mortensen, L.J., Oberdorster, G., Pentland,
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the Murine Model: The Effect of UVR." Nano
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Murray, L., Rennie, M.D., Enders, E.C.,
Pleskach, K., and J.D. Martin. 2017. "Effect of
nanosilver on Cortisol release and
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mykiss)." Environmental Toxicology and
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Health (NIOSH). 2011. "Occupational Exposure
to Titanium Dioxide." Current Intelligence
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NIOSH. 2013. "Occupational Exposure to
Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers." Current
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145.pdf
Nel, A., Xia, T., Madler, L„ and N. Li. 2006.
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Science. Volume 311. Pages 622 to 627.
Parks, A. N., Chandler, G. T., Ho, K. T.,
Burgess, R. M., and P.L. Ferguson. 2015.
Environmental biodegradability of [14C] single-
walled carbon nanotubes by Trametes
versicolor and natural microbial cultures found
in New Bedford Harbor sediment and aerated
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34(2). Pages 247 to 251.
Popowich, A., Zhang, Q., and X.C. Le. 2015.
"Removal of nanoparticles by coagulation."
Journal of Environmental Sciences. Volume 38.
Pages 168 to 171.
Powell, M.C., and M.S. Kanarek. 2006.
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Uncertainties and Recommendations for the
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105 (3). Pages 18 to 23.
www.temas.ch/IMPART/IMPARTProi.nsf/11 .pdf

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Technical Fact Sheet - Nanomaterials
Where can I find more information about nanomaterials? (continued)
Saghafifar, H., Kiirten, A., Curtius, J., von der
Weiden, S., Hassanzadeh, S., and S.
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M401508.pdf

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Technical Fact Sheet - Nanomaterials
Where can I find more information about nanomaterials? (continued)
FDA. 2015b. Chemical Substances When
Manufactured or Processed as Nanoscale
Materials: TSCA Reporting and Recordkeeping
Requirements.
www.requlations.qov/document?D=EPA-HQ-
OPPT-2010-0572-0001
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Nanotechnology. Volume 6. Pages 1769 to
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Wallis, L.K., Diamond, S.A., Ma, H., Hoff, D.J,
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362.
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Wiesner, M.R., Lowry, G.V., Alvarez, P.,
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Environmental Science & Technology. Volume
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pubs.acs.orQ/doi/pdf/10.1021/es062726m
Contact Information
If you have any questions or comments on this fact sheet, please contact: Mary Cooke, FFRRO, at
cooke. marvt@epa. gov.
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