SEPA
United States EPA/600/R-17/220 | February 2018
Environmental Protection . ,
Agency www.epa.gov/ord
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT OPTIMIZATION
SUPPORT TOOL (WMOST) v3
Theoretical Documentation
Office of Research and Development
National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory
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EPA 600/R-17/220 | February 2018
www.epa.gov
Watershed Management Optimization
Support Tool (WMOST) v3
Theoretical Documentation
EPA Project Team
Naomi Detenbeck, Marilyn ten Brink, and Amy Piscopo
NHEERL, Atlantic Ecology Division
Narragansett, RI 02882
Alisa Morrison and Timothy Stagnitta
ORISE participant at ORD, NHEERL
Atlantic Ecology Division
Narragansett, RI 02882
Ralph Abele, Jackie LeClair, and Trish Garrigan
Region 1
Boston, MA 02109
Abt Associates Project Team
ViktoriaZoltay, Annie Brown, Alyssa Le, Justin Stein, and Isabelle Morin
Abt Associates, Inc.
Cambridge, MA 02138
National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, DC 20460
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WMOSTv3 Theoretical Documentation
Notice
The development of the tool described in this document has been funded by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), in part by EPA's Green Infrastructure Initiative, under EPA Contract No.
EP-C-13-039/Work Assignment 07 to Abt Associates, Inc. Version 2 ofWMOST was supported through
funding to an EPA Region 1 Regional Applied Research Effort (RARE) project. Versions 1 through 3 of this
document have been subjected to the Agency's peer and administrative review and have been approved for
publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
Although a reasonable effort has been made to assure that the results obtained are correct, the
computer programs described in this manual are experimental. Therefore, the author and the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency are not responsible and assume no liability whatsoever for any
results or any use made of the results obtained from these programs, nor for any damages or litigation
that result from the use of these programs for any purpose.
Abstract
The Watershed Management Optimization Support Tool (WMOST) is a decision support tool that
facilitates integrated water management at the local or small watershed scale. WMOST models the
environmental effects and costs of management decisions in a watershed context, accounting for the
direct and indirect effects of decisions. The model considers water flows and water quality. It is
spatially lumped with options for a daily or monthly modeling time step. In this version (v3),
management option cost optimization occurs through nonlinear programming. As a screening tool,
WMOST contributes to an integrated watershed management process such as that described in EPA's
watershed planning handbook (EPA 2008). WMOST serves as a public-domain tool for local water
resources managers and planners to screen a wide range of potential water resources management
options across their jurisdiction for cost-effectiveness and environmental and economic sustainability
(Zoltay et al., 2010). WMOST includes functions to evaluate various management practices,
including projects related to stormwater (including green infrastructure [GI] and combined sewer
overflow [CSO] systems), stream restoration, water supply, wastewater and land resources such as
low-impact development (LID) and land conservation. WMOST can aid in evaluating LID and GI as
alternative or complementary management options in projects proposed for grant funding. WMOST
v3 builds on the optimization framework ofWMOST vl by incorporating two new optimization
modules: The Water Quality module that allows consideration of water flows and loadings and the
CSO module. The new version ofWMOST also builds upon the modules added in WMOST v2: The
Baseline Hydrology and Loadings and Stormwater Hydrology and Loadings modules. The Baseline
Hydrology and Loadings and Stormwater Hydrology and Loadings modules assist users with input
data acquisition and pre-processing. The CSO module allows evaluation of management options to
minimize the number of CSO events. The Flood module allows the consideration of flood damages
and their reduction in assessing the cost-effectiveness of management practices. The target user group
for WMOST consists of local water resources managers, including municipal water works
superintendents and their consultants.
Keywords: Integrated watershed management, water resources, decision support, optimization, green
infrastructure
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Preface
Preface
Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) has been endorsed for use at multiple scales. The
Global Water Partnership defines IWRM as "a process which promotes the coordinated development
and management of water, land, and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic
and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital
ecosystems" (UNEP-DHI, 2009). IWRM has been promoted as an integral part of the "Water Utility
of the Future" (NACWA, 2013) in the United States. The American Water Resources Association
(AWRA) has issued a position statement calling for implementation of IWRM across the United
States and committed the AWRA to help strengthen and refine IWRM concepts.1
Several states and river basin commissions have started to implement IWRM (AWRA, 2012). Even in
EPA Region 1 (New England) where water is relatively plentiful, states face the challenge of
developing balanced approaches for equitable and predictable distribution of water resources to meet
both human and aquatic life needs during seasonal low flow periods and droughts. For example, the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts amended the Water Management Act (WMA) regulations2 in 2014
to update the way water is allocated to meet the many and sometimes competing needs of
communities and aquatic ecosystems.
Stormwater and land use management are two aspects of IWRM, which include practices such as
green infrastructure (GI, both natural GI and structural stormwater best management practices
[BMPs]), low-impact development (LID) and land conservation. In a few notable cases, local
managers have evaluated the relative cost and benefit of preserving GI compared to traditional
approaches. In those cases, the managers have championed the use of GI as part of a sustainable
solution for IWRM but these examples are rare.3
In order to assist communities in the evaluation of GI, LID, and land conservation practices as part
of an IWRM approach, EPA's Office of Research and Development, in partnership with EPA's
Region 1, supported the development of several versions of the Watershed Management Optimization
Support Tool (WMOST). Table 0-1 below summarizes the supporting organizations and development
ofWMOST.
1 http://www.awra.org/policy/policy-statements-IWRM.htnil, January 22, 2011.
2 For more information on the WMA, see http://www.niass.gov/eea/agencies/niassdep/water/watersheds/water-nianagenient-
act-program.html
3 http://www.crwa.org/bliie.html, https://www.ninisd.coni/what-we-do/ninisd-tv/greenseanis-video
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
Table 0-1. Summary of Development of WMOST and Supporting Organizations
Version
Year Released
Supporting
Organization(s)
Model Enhancements
Version 1 (vl)
2013
EPA Office of Research
and Development (ORD),
EPA Region 1
Version 2 (v2)
2016
RARE grant to EPA
Regionl and ORD
collaborators, US EPA
ORD's Green
Infrastructure Initiative
research program
Baseline Hydrology and
Stormwater Hydrology
modules
Flood Damage module
Version 3 (v3)
2017
US EPA ORD's Green
Infrastructure Initiative
research program
Baseline Hydrology and
Loadings and Stormwater
Hydrology and Loadings
modules
Water Quality module
CSO module
Calibration module
WMOST is based on a prior integrated watershed management optimization model that was created
to allow water resources managers to evaluate a broad range of technical, economic, and policy
management options within a watershed (Zoltay, V. I. 2007; Zoltay et al. 2010). This model includes
evaluation of conservation options for source water protection and infiltration of stormwater on forest
lands, GI stormwater BMPs to increase infiltration, and other water-related management options.
Development of each version of the WMOST tool was overseen by an EPA Planning Team. Priorities
for update and refinement of the original model (Zoltay V. I. 2007; Zoltay et al. 2010) were
established following review by a Technical Advisory Group (TAG) comprised of water resource
managers and modelers. Case studies for two communities (Upper Ipswich River and Danvers/
Middleton, MA) were developed to illustrate the application of IWRM using WMOST vl. These
case studies are available from the WMOST website4. WMOST was presented to stakeholders in a
workshop held at the EPA Region 1 Laboratory in Chelmsford, MA, in April 2013, with a follow-up
webinar on the Danvers/Middleton case study in May 2013. Feedback from the Technical Advisory
Group and workshop participants has been incorporated into the user guide and theoretical
documentation for WMOST.
The development of the Baseline Hydrology, Stormwater Hydrology, and Flood Damage modules
in WMOST v2 was assisted by a TAG with expertise in one or more of these topics. Multiple
meetings with stakeholders in the Monponsett Pond watershed (Halifax, MA) were held to engage the
4 https://www.epa.gov/exposure-assessment-models/wmost-20-download-page
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community in a case study application of WMOST v2. Input from the TAG and community members
were incorporated in the final methodology for WMOST v2 and the modeling case study.
WMOST v2.1 corrected for known errors in WMOST v2, but did not include significant model
changes. The corrections addressed the following issues:
• aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) facility constraint and cost equations were using incorrect
variable names
• limits on interbasin transfer volumes
o limit exclusions were not functioning properly
o potential additional interbasin transfer volumes were not being correctly multiplied
by the number of days in the month when modeling with a monthly time step
• recharge from pervious and impervious areas were not blended when calculating total
recharge for a hydrologic response unit (HRU)
• v2 equations inaccurately modeled a time step delay in groundwater discharges from the ASR
facility and the septic system
• cost equation for insufficient water penalty (make-up water) did not include an annualization
factor
• the calculation of the annualization factor over the modeling period did not take into account
leap years
Two training workshops for WMOST v2.1 were held in summer 2016, the first with joint sessions at
EPA Region 1 in Boston, MA, and at the University of RI - Kingston, RI, in June and the second
during the International LID conference in Portland, Maine, in August. Presentations from the June
workshop were recorded and are available on the WMOST website.
Development of Version 3 of WMOST was informed by input from stakeholders involved in three
case study applications of WMOST. The first case study, focused on the upper Taunton River
watershed in Massachusetts (Wading, Mill, and Threemile River subwatersheds), was coordinated
with a consortium (Manomet, Audubon, Nature Conservancy, and the Southeastern Regional
Development Commission), which had received a grant from EPA Region 1 to evaluate the potential
uses for and to educate municipalities in the Taunton River watershed about the value of natural and
constructed GI under both current and future climate and growth scenarios. The second case study,
focused on the Cabin John Creek watershed in Montgomery County, MD, was designed for the
Maryland Department of the Environment (MDE) to evaluate costs and benefits of different
stormwater BMPs while meeting local targets for a sediment total maximum daily load (TMDL) as
well as downstream loading targets for total suspended solids, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus for
the Chesapeake Bay TMDL. The third case study, focused on subwatersheds of the Middle Kansas
River, Kansas, was designed with EPA Region 7 and Kansas Department of Health and Environment
(KDHE) to evaluate BMPs (including agricultural BMPs) in a mixed land-use watershed to meet
waters quality targets for local TMDLs. Results of these case studies will be made available on the
WMOST website when complete.
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WMOSTv3 Theoretical Documentation
Two ancillary utilities are being developed in conjunction with WMOST v3: a preprocessor (the
Hydroprocessor) and a Scenario Comparison Tool (ScenComp), both funded with support from
EPA's Safe and Sustainable Waters research program and from EPA's Air, Climate, and Energy
research program. The Hydroprocessor facilitates import and formatting of model outputs from
hydrological models such as HSPF and SWAT to provide runoff, recharge, and loading inputs to
WMOST. The ScenComp tool facilitates comparison of outputs from multiple WMOST runs, e.g., to
evaluate the implications of different climate change scenarios on optimal management actions.
Acknowledgements
WMOST builds on research funded by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research
Fellowship Program and published in "Integrated Watershed Management Modeling: Optimal
Decision Making for Natural and Human Components." Zoltay, V.I., Kirshen, P.H., Vogel, R.M.,
and Westphal, K.S. 2010. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 136:5, 566-575.
EPA Project Team
Naomi Detenbeck5, Marilyn ten Brink9, and Amy Piscopo6, U.S. EPA ORD, NHEERL, Atlantic
Ecology Division
Yusuf Mohamoud7, U.S. EPA ORD, NERL, Ecosystems Research Division
Alisa Morrison8 and Timothy Stagnitta6, ORISE participants at U.S. EPA ORD, NHEERL, Atlantic
Ecology Division
Ralph Abele9, Jackie LeClair,8 and Trish Garrigan8, U.S. EPA Region 1
Technical Advisory Group for WMOST vl
Alan Cathcart, Concord, MA, Water/Sewer Division
Greg Krom, Topsfield, MA, Water Department
Dave Sharpies, Somersworth, NH, Planning and Community Development
Mark Clark, North Reading, MA, Water Department
Peter Weiskel, U.S. Geological Survey, MA-RI Water Science Center
Kathy Baskin, Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs
Steven Estes-Smargiassi, Massachusetts Water Resources Authority
Hale Thurston, U.S. EPA ORD, NRMRL, Sustainable Technology Division
Rosemary Monahan, U.S. EPA Region 1
Scott Horsley, Horsley Witten Group
Kirk Westphal, CDM Smith
James Limbrunner, Hydrologies, Inc.
Jay Lund, University of California, Davis
5 Versions 1 through 3
0 Version 3
7 Version 1
8 Version 2
9 Versions 1 and 2
vi
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Acknowledgements
Technical Advisory Group for WMOST v2
Bob Lent, U.S. Geological Survey
Darryl Davis and Chris Dunn, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hydrologic Engineering Center
Matthew Bates, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center
Richard Zingarelli, Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation
Steve Silva, former U.S. EPA and Taunton watershed stakeholder
Tom Johnson, U.S. EPA, ORD, Global Change Research Program
Marisa Mazzotta, U.S. EPA, ORD, NHERRL, Atlantic Ecology Division
Technical Advisor for WMOST v3
Chris Weaver, U.S. EPA, ORD, NCEA, Global Change Research Program
Reviewers for WMOST vl
Theoretical Documentation
Marisa Mazzotta, U.S. EPA ORD, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecology Division
Mark Voorhees, U.S. EPA Region 1
Michael Tryby, U.S. EPA ORD, NERL, Ecosystems Research Division
WMOST Tool. User Guide and Case Studies
Daniel Campbell, U.S. EPA ORD, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecology Division
Alisa Richardson, Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management (partial review)
Alisa Morrison, Student Services Contractor at U.S. EPA ORD, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecology Division
Jason Berner, U.S. EPA OW, OST, Engineering Analysis Division
Reviewers for WMOST v2
Theoretical Documentation
Kristen Hychka, ORISE participant at U.S. EPA ORD, NHEERL, Atlantic Ecology Division
Mark Voorhees, U.S. EPA Region 1, Boston, MA
Thomas Johnson, U.S. EPA ORD, NCEA, Washington, D.C.
WMOST Tool. User Guide and Case Studies
Jason Berner, U.S. EPA OW, OST, Engineering Analysis Division
Yusuf Mohamoud, U.S. EPA ORD, NERL, Athens, GA
Steven Kraemer, U.S. EPA ORD, NERL, Athens, GA
Andrea Traviglia, U.S. EPA Region 1, Boston, MA
Reviewers for WMOST v3
Theoretical Documentation
Marisa Mazzotta, U.S. EPA ORD, NHEERL, Narragansett, RI
Stephen Kraemer, U.S. EPA ORD, NERL, Los Angeles, CA
Brenda Rashleigh, U.S. EPA ORD, IOAA, Narragansett, RI
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
WMOST Tool and User Guide
Jason Berner, U.S. EPA ORD, NRMRL, Washington, DC
Soni Pradhanang, University of RI, Kingston, RI
Dino Marshalonis, U.S. EPA Region 10, Seattle, WA
Previous Contributors
Yusuf Mohamoud, ORD, NERL, Ecosystems Research Division, Athens, GA 30605
Becky Wildner and Lauren Parker, Abt Associates, Inc.
Nigel Pickering, Horsley Witten Group under subcontract to Abt Associates Inc.
Richard M. Vogel, Tufts University under subcontract to Abt Associates Inc.
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Notice ii
Abstract ii
Preface iii
Acknowledgements vi
Figures & Tables xiii
1. Background 1
1.1 Obj ective of the Tool 1
1.2 About this Document 1
1.3 Overview 2
2. Watershed System 10
2.1 Watershed Flow Balance 11
Land Management - Land Conservation and Stormwater Management 11
Groundwater (Gw) 14
Storm Sewer (StS) 15
Surface Water (Sw) 15
Reservoir (Res)/Surface Water Storage 16
Water Treatment Plant (Wtp) 17
Potable Water Use (UseP) 17
Nonpotable Water Use (UseNp) 18
Wastewater Treatment Plant (Wwtp) and Sanitary Sewer (SanS) 19
Water Reuse Facility (Wrf) 20
Septic Systems (Sep) 20
Aquifer Storage and Recovery Facility (Asr): 21
2.2 Watershed Constituent Loadings Balance 21
Land Management - Land Conservation and Stormwater Management 21
Groundwater (Gw) 22
Storm Sewer (StS) 24
Surface Water (Sw) 24
ix
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
Reservoir (Res)/Surface Water Storage 25
Water Treatment Plant (Wtp) 27
Potable Water Use (UseP): 27
Nonpotable Water Use (UseNp) 28
Wastewater Treatment Plant (Wwtp) 29
Water Reuse Facility (Wrf) 30
Septic Systems (Sep) 30
Aquifer Storage and Recovery Facility (Asr) 30
3. Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming, Objective Function, and Constraints 31
3.1 Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) 31
3.2 Obj ective Function 31
3.3 Costs and Constraints Associated with Hydrology Management Options 33
Land Management 33
Demand Management 35
Infrastructure Capacity and Use 37
Groundwater Storage and Discharge 41
Reservoir or Surface Storage (e.g., storage tank and pond) 42
In-stream Flow and Surface Water Discharges 43
Interbasin Transfer (IBT) for Water and Wastewater 43
Flood Damages 48
Combined Sewer Overflow Management 48
3.4 Costs and Constraints Associated with Loadings Management Options 50
Infrastructure Capacity and Use 50
Surface Water and Reservoir 52
Runoff Loadings Direct Reduction 52
Loadings Target Adjustment 56
Total Costs 58
4. Combined Sewer Overflow Module 59
x
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Table of Contents
4.1 Combined Sewer System 59
Runoff 60
Storm Sewer 61
Surface Water 61
Potable Water Use 61
Nonpotable Water Use 62
Sanitary Sewer 62
Combined Sewer 62
Wastewater Treatment Plant 63
4.2 CSO Events 63
5. Flood-Damage Module 65
5.1 Considerations for the Flood-Damage Module 65
5.2 Integrating Flood-Damages in WMOST Optimization 66
6. Baseline Hydrology and Loadings Module 69
6.1 Module Setup 69
6.2 Hydrology and Loadings Databases 70
HSPF Model Output Conversions 70
SWAT Model Output Conversions 78
SWMM Model Output Conversions 81
6.3 Data Input Sources to Hydrology and Loadings Module 82
Hydrology Data Processor (HydroProcessor) 82
Estuary Data Mapper (EDM) 83
7. Stormwater Hydrology and Loadings Module 84
7.1 BMP Selection 84
7.2 Urban BMP Sizing and Parameterization 87
7.3 Agricultural BMP Sizing and Parameterization 91
7.4 Linking with SUSTAIN 93
8. Internal Configuration 96
9. References 97
xi
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
Appendix A - User Support 101
A. 1 User Error Checks 101
Land Use, Runoff, and Recharge 101
Surface Water, Groundwater, and Reservoir 101
Potable/Nonpotable Water Use and Watershed Infrastructure 102
Management Options 102
Results Processing 102
A.2 User Manual, Case Studies and Default Data 102
Appendix B - SUSTAIN Input Cards 103
Appendix C - Variable Definitions 112
Appendix D - Future Development 124
D. 1 Model Components and Functionality 124
D.2 User Interface and User Support 126
Appendix E - SWMM Input File Example 127
xii
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Figures & Tables
Figures & Tables
Figure 1-1. Schematic of Potential Water Flows and Possible Watershed Components
in the WMOST 4
Figure 1-2. Schematic of Potential Loadings Flows and Possible Watershed Components
in the WMOST 5
Figure 1-3. Schematic of Potential Combined Sewer Flows and Possible Watershed Components
in the WMOST 6
Figure 4-1. Schematic of CSO Module Water Flows 60
Figure 6-1. HSPF Hydrologic Flows Schematic (EPA 2005, ET = evapotranspiration) 71
Figure 6-2. HSPF Time Series for Two Pervious HRUs 74
Figure 6-3. HSPF Loadings Schematic (EPA 2005) 76
Figure 7-1. SUSTAIN Flows With and Without an Aquifer Component (EPA 2014b) 94
Figure 8-1. WMOST Internal Configuration 96
Table 0-1. Summary of Development of WMOST and Supporting Organizations iv
Table 1-1. Summary of Management Goals and Management Practices 7
Table 2-1. Summary of Subscripts Used within WMOST 10
Table 3-1. Scenario Options and Costs for Modeling Riparian Buffer and Riparian Buffer Land
Conversion Co-benefits and Trade-offs 53
Table 3-2. Description of Loadings Direct Reduction BMPs 55
Table 6-1. Raw HSPF Data 77
Table 6-2: HSPF to WMOST Crosswalk 78
Table 6-3. Raw SWAT Data 80
Table 6-4. SWAT to WMOST Crosswalk 81
Table 6-5. SWMM to WMOST Crosswalk 82
Table 7-1. Selected BMPs for WMOST v3 85
Table 7-2. Urban BMP Unit Costs in 2016 Dollars 87
Table 7-3. Urban BMP Size Specifications 88
Table 7-4. Urban BMP Soil and Underdrain Specifications 89
Table 7-5. Urban BMP Decay and Underdrain Removal Rates 90
Table 7-6. Agricultural BMP Unit Costs in 2016 Dollars 91
Table 7-7. Agricultural BMP Size Specifications 91
Table 7-8. Agricultural BMP Soil and Underdrain Specifications 92
Table 7-9. Agricultural BMP Decay and Underdrain Removal Rates 92
Table 7-10. Default Curve Numbers by Land Use Type 93
Table 7-11. Default Vegetative Filter Strip Parameters 93
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WMOSTv'3 Theoretical Documentation
XIV
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1. Background
1. Background
1.1 Objective of the Tool
The Watershed Management Optimization Support Tool (WMOST) is a free and open Microsoft®
Excel application designed to aid decision making in integrated water resources management.
WMOST is intended to serve as an efficient and user-friendly tool for water resources managers and
planners to screen a wide-range of strategies and management practices for cost-effectiveness
and environmental sustainability in meeting watershed or jurisdiction management goals
(Zoltay et al. 2010).
Overall, WMOST is intended to be used as a screening tool as part of an integrated watershed
management process such as that described in EPA's watershed planning handbook (EPA 2008), to
identify the strategies and practices that seem most promising for more detailed evaluation. WMOST
identifies the least-cost combination of management practices to meet the user-specified management
goals. Management goals may include meeting projected demand for water, in-stream target
concentrations, and reducing damages associated with flooding. The tool considers a range of
management practices related to water supply, water quality, wastewater, nonpotable water reuse,
aquifer storage and recovery, riparian buffers, stormwater, low-impact development (LID), and land
conservation, accounting for both the cost and performance of each practice. In addition, WMOST
may be run with varying management strategies and goals to inform a cost-benefit analysis1" or obtain
a trade-off curve. For example, running the model for a range of minimum in-stream flow standards
provides data to create a trade-off curve between increasing in-stream flow and total annual
management cost.
1.2 About this Document
This document provides the theoretical background for WMOST (Section 1), including the objective,
conceptual framework, mathematical descriptions of the underlying objective function with cost and
revenue components, model constraints associated with the mass balance for water and the loadings
of water quality constituents, physical limits on watershed components and management options,
variable definitions, and internal configuration. Following an overview of the base model, we
describe four additional modules: 1) a combined sewer overflow (CSO) module, 2) a flood damage
module, 3) a baseline hydrology and loadings module, and 4) a stormwater hydrology and loadings
module. The rest of this document is organized as follows. The model's theoretical approach (i.e.,
equations) is described in detail in Sections 2 and 3. Readers interested in understanding the
watershed system first may consider starting with Sections 2.1 and 2.2, where flow balances and
water quality constituent loading balances are presented, and then reading Sections 3.2 to 3.4, which
describe the management costs that constitute the objective function. Sections 4 through 7 describe
the Combined Sewer Overflow, Flood-Damage, Baseline Hydrology and Loadings, and Stormwater
Hydrology and Loadings modules, respectively. These modules assist users with evaluation of
management options to minimize the number of combined sewer overflow events, the consideration
of flood-damage costs in the optimization function, and input data acquisition and pre-processing.
Section 8 describes the configuration of the software components. A series of appendices provides
10 Future versions of the model may include the option to calculate co-benefits related to the management strategies chosen
by WMOST.
1
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
complementary information on common errors, parameter default values, variable definitions, and
considerations for future development.
A separate User Guide document provides detailed direction on using WMOST and performing
sensitivity and trade-off analyses. Case study applications are documented individually and are
available on the WMOST website. The WMOST files for the case studies are also available and may
be used as a source of default data, especially for similar watersheds and similar sized water systems.
1.3 Overview
WMOST combines an optimization framework with water resources modeling to evaluate the effects
of management decisions within a watershed context. The watershed system modeled in WMOST is
shown in Figure 1-1 through Figure 1-3. Figure 1-1 shows the possible watershed system components
and potential water flows among them, Figure 1-2 shows the possible watershed system components
and potential loadings among them, and Figure 1-3 shows the possible watershed system components
and potential water flows when utilizing the Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) Module.
The principal characteristics of WMOST include:
• Implementation in Microsoft® Excel 2010, 2013, and 2016 that is linked seamlessly with Visual
Basic for Applications (VBA) and NEOS (Czyzyk et al. 1997; Dolan 2001; Gropp and More
1997), a free, online optimizer, eliminating the need for specialized software and using the
familiar Excel platform for the user interface;
• User-specified inputs for characterizing the watershed, management practices, and management
goals and generating a customized optimization model (see Table 1-1 for a list of available
management practices and goals);
• Use of Bonmin (Bonami et al. 2008), a mixed integer nonlinear programing (MINLP) solver
(freely available through NEOS), to determine the least-cost combination of practices that
achieves the user-specified management goals (See Section 3.1 for details on Bonmin, MINLP
optimization, and the software configuration);
• Spatially lumped calculations modeling one basin and one reach but with flexibility in the number
ofHRUs11, each with an individual runoff and recharge rate time series;
• Modeling time step of a day or month without a limit on the length of the modeling period;12
• Solutions that account for both the direct and indirect effects of management practices. For
example, the model will account for the fact that 1) implementing water conservation will reduce
water revenue, wastewater flow and wastewater revenue if wastewater revenue is calculated
based on water flow or 2) implementing infiltration-based stormwater management practices will
increase aquifer recharge and baseflow for the stream reach, which can help meet minimum in-
stream flow requirements during low precipitation periods, maximum in-stream flow
requirements during intense precipitation seasons, and potable/nonpotable water demand;
• Ability to specify up to ten stormwater management options, including traditional, agricultural,
GI, or LID practices;
11 Land cover, land use, soil, slope and other land characteristics affect the fraction of precipitation that will run off, recharge
and evapotranspire. Areas with similar land characteristics that respond similarly to precipitation are termed hydrologic
response units.
12 While the number ofHRUs and modeling period are not limited, solution times are significantly affected by these model
specifications.
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1. Background
• Enforcement of physical constraints, such as the conservation of mass (i.e., water), within the
watershed; and
• Consideration of water flows and water quality13.
13 WMOST currently optimizes one water quality constituent at a time. Future versions of WMOST will include the ability
to model multiple water quality constituents at the same time.
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WMOSTv3 Theoretical Documentation
Figure 1-1. Schematic of Potential Water Flows and Possible Watershed Components
in the WMOST
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Interbasin
Transfer
Wastewater.
Transfer:
Water Reuse
Potable
Facility
Water
Land Use Areas,
Runoffs
Recharge Rates
Storm Sewer
from Reservoir
Point Loadings
Nonpotable Use
Sanitary
Sewer
(SanS)
to ASR
Baseline HRUs
to SW
Consumptive
Potable WTPI
Upgraded WTP
WWTP f
Upgraded
WWTP
Stormwater
Managed
HRUs*
Reservoir
6
from SW
to External SW
Aquifer Storage
and Recovery
(ASR)
O
from
Sanitary Sewer
Infiltration
Potable Use
Reservoir Point
Loadings
to External GW
'Recharge
Septic Systems/
Enhanced
Septic
Groundwater
Out of
Basin
Infiltration to
Sanitary Sewer
to Reservoir
External GW;
Private GW
oint Loading
Flow in or
out of the system
Component
without storage
Component
with storage
q Flow jump between
components
Enhanced
Treatment
Loadings
1 All components shaded purple may redixe
loadings via o1-1 or 1* order decay.
2 All component shaded red may reduce
loadings via treatment or enhanced treatment
Treated
Loadings
Loadings out
of system
Untreated
loadings
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WMOSTv3 Theoretical Documentation
Figure 1-3. Schematic of Potential Combined Sewer Flows and Possible Watershed
Components in the WMOST
L
I
S O DQ,
K
IO U-, f
ro iji I
c £ "S u
1/1 u
Leakage
c
__ H-H 1 41
U I £ ^ |
*/>
-------
1. Background
Table 1-1. Summary of Management Goals and Management Practices
Management Praetiec
Action
Model
Component/Flow
Affected
Impact
Land conservation
Maintain area of
land use type
specified as
'conservable'
Land area allocation
Preserve runoff and recharge
quantity and quality
Stormwater management via
traditional, agricultural, green
infrastructure or low impact
development practices
Increase area of
land use type
treated by
specified
management
practice
Land area allocation
Reduce runoff; increase
recharge and treatment
Agricultural stormwater runoff
management via traditional
and green infrastructure
Increase area of
land use type
treated by
specified
management
practice
Land area allocation
Reduce runoff; increase
recharge; increase treatment
Stormwater quality manage-
ment via street sweeping, tree
canopy over impervious/turf,
urban nutrient management, or
other direct reduction runoff
loadings BMPs
Percent reduction
of runoff loadings
Runoff loadings
Reduce runoff loadings to meet
in-stream or reservoir loading
targets
Riparian buffer land use
management
Increase area of
land use type in
the riparian zone
Land area allocation
and runoff loadings
Reduce runoff; reduce loadings
to stream to help meet in-
stream or reservoir loadings
targets
Surface water storage capacity
Increase
maximum storage
volume
Reservoir/Surface
Storage
Increase storage; reduce
demand from other sources
Surface water pumping
capacity
Increase
maximum
pumping capacity
Potable water
treatment plant
Reduce quantity and/or timing
of demand from other sources
Groundwater pumping
capacity
Increase
maximum
pumping capacity
Potable water
treatment plant
Reduce quantity and/or timing
of demand from other sources
Change in quantity of surface
versus groundwater pumping
Change in
pumping time
series for surface
and groundwater
sources
Potable water
treatment plant
Change the timing of
withdrawal impact on water
source(s)
-------
WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
Table 1-1 (continued)
Management Praetiec
Action
Model
Component/Flow
Affected
Impact
Potable water treatment
capacity
Increase millions
gallons per day
(MGD)
Potable water
treatment plant
Increase treatment to standards;
meet potable human demand
Potable water treatment
upgrade
Increase treatment
Potable water
treatment plant
Further reduce loadings from
potable water treatment
Leak repair in potable
distribution system
Decrease % of
leaks
Potable water
treatment plant
Reduce demand for water
quantity
Wastewater treatment capacity
Increase MGD
Wastewater
treatment plant
Maintain or improve water
quality of receiving water
Wastewater treatment upgrade
Increase treatment
Wastewater
treatment plant
Further reduction of loadings
from wastewater treatment
Infiltration repair in
wastewater collection system
Decrease % of
leaks
Wastewater
treatment plant
Reduce demand for wastewater
treatment capacity
Water reuse facility (advanced
treatment) capacity
Increase MGD
Water reuse facility
Produce water for nonpotable
demand, ASR, and/or improve
water quality of receiving water
Nonpotable distribution
system
Increase MGD
Nonpotable water
use
Reduce demand for potable
water
Aquifer storage & recharge
(ASR) facility capacity
Increase MGD
ASR facility
Increase recharge, treatment,
and/or supply
Demand management by price
increase
Increase % of
price
Potable and
nonpotable water
and wastewater
Reduce demand
Direct demand management
Percent decrease
in MGD
Potable and
nonpotable water
and wastewater
Reduce demand
Interbasin transfer - potable
water import capacity
Increase or
decrease MGD
Interbasin transfer -
potable water import
Increase potable water supply
or reduce reliance on out of
basin sources
Interbasin transfer -
wastewater export capacity
Increase or
decrease MGD
Interbasin transfer -
wastewater export
Reduce need for wastewater
treatment plant capacity or
reduce reliance on out of basin
services
Enhanced septic treatment
Decrease septic
average effluent
concentration
Septic
Use upgraded treatment within
the septic system
Sewer separation
Decrease flows
through the
combined sewer
Storm, sanitary, and
combined sewers
Minimize combined sewer
overflow events
-------
1. Background
Table 1-1 (continued)
Management Praetiec
Action
Model
Component/Flow
Affected
Impact
Streambank restoration or
stabilization
Apply a loadings
credit to the
loadings target in
the stream or
reservoir
Surface water or
reservoir
Meet in-stream or reservoir
loading targets
Outfall enhancement or
stabilization
Apply a loadings
credit to the
loadings target in
the stream or
reservoir
Surface water or
reservoir
Reduce loadings to stream or
reservoir to meet in-stream or
reservoir loading targets
Minimum human water
demand
MGD
Groundwater and
surface water
pumping and/or
interbasin transfer
Meet human water needs
Minimum in-stream flow
ft3/sec
Surface water
Meet in-stream flow standards;
improve ecosystem health and
services; improve recreational
opportunities
Maximum in-stream flow
ft3/sec
Surface water
Meet in-stream flow standards;
improve ecosystem health and
services by reducing scouring,
channel and habitat
degradation; decrease loss of
public and private assets due to
flooding
Target concentration or
loadings
mg/L or lbs
Surface water or
reservoir
Meet in-stream or reservoir
TMDL or water quality criteria
targets; improve ecosystem
health and services; improve
recreational opportunities
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WMOSTv3 Theoretical Documentation
2. Watershed System
The objective to minimize costs (Section 3.2) must be met subject to constraints. There are three main
categories of constraints: 1) continuity equations that enforce mass balance among watershed
components, 2) physical limits on the capacity of watershed components, and 3) constraints
associated with management options. This section will focus on the continuity equations that enforce
mass balance of flows and loadings among watershed components.
In general, the following naming convention is followed in the constraint equations and objective
function.
• The first capital letter indicates the type of quantity (e.g., Q=flow, A=area, L=loadings)
except for decision variables that are preceded with the letter "b" (e.g., bQGwPumpAddi=
optimal additional groundwater pumping capacity).
• Primary subscripts provide additional information about the quantity by indicating
o which component the quantity is associated with (e.g., RUseP=rc\cnuc from potable
water use) or
o which components the flow travels between - the source component listed first and
the receiving component listed second (e.g., QusePWwtp=~^mx from potable use to the
wastewater treatment plant).
• Additional subscripts indicate elements of a variable. In the optimization problem, an
individual variable exists for each element, but for documentation these subscripts facilitate
brevity and clarity:
o Variables that change with each time step have t subscripts. The number of variables
in the optimization model equals the number of time steps for which data are
provided and the model is optimized (e.g., for one year of data at a daily time step,
365 variables of that parameter exist in the mixed integer nonlinear programming
model)14.
o Additional subscripts are summarized in the table below.
Table 2-1. Summary of Subscripts Used within WMOST
Subscript
Definition
Example
u
Different water users
Residential; Commercial
1
Different HRU types
Residential/Hydrologic Soil
Group: B/Slope <5%
"Sets" of HRU types that
s
include the baseline HRU set
and other sets that have the
same HRUs but with
management practices
implemented
Stormwater management,
including rain gardens and
bioswales
14 Exceptions include the variables related to counting CSO events as the events are limited annually.
10
-------
2, Watershed System
Table 2-1 (continued)
Subscript
Definition
Example
c
Different riparian buffer land
Residential to forest; Commercial
use conversions
to forest
g
Different relative loads groups
for riparian buffer management
High; Medium; Low
d
Different direct reduction
Street Sweeping; Urban nutrient
management sets
management
All variables are defined when they are first used in the text. The units and definitions for all variables
are summarized in Appendix C - Variable Definitions. Units for input variables are based on the units
expected to be found in the most readily-available data sources.
2.1 Watershed Flow Balance
Land Management - Land Conservation and Stormwater Management
The user provides a time series of 'baseline' runoff and recharge rates (RRRs, inches/time step) for
each HRU in the study area for the time period of analysis. The user may also provide multiple
additional time series of RRRs for managed HRU sets. These managed RRR rates, for example, may
represent the installation of bioretention basins. Recharge and runoff rates may be derived from a
calibrated/validated simulation model such as Hydrological Simulation Program Fortran (HSPF),15
Soil Water and Assessment Tool (SWAT)16 and/or the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM).17
Based on the cost and benefit of land conservation and stormwater management practices, the model
may choose to reallocate land area within the watershed among baseline and managed HRU sets.
Based on the optimization model's final allocation of area among baseline and managed HRU sets,
the total runoff and recharge volumes in the watershed are calculated. Constraints ensure that area
allocations meet physical limits and, as specified by the user, policy requirements.
During the reallocation, the total land area must be preserved18 according to the following equalities.
These equalities show that managed HRU sets are mutually exclusive; that is, one acre of land may
only be placed under one of the managed HRU sets.
^ Al,s=1 = ^ bAl,s=1 ^ ^ bAl,s (1)
1=1 to NLu 1 = 1 to NLu s=2to NLuSet 1=1 to NLu
15 http://water.usgs.gov/software/HSPF/
16 http://swat.tamu.edu/
17 https://www.epa.gov/water-research/storm-water-management-model-swmm
18 Due to the precision of optimization calculations, this constraint is represented in the code as an inequality with tight
bounds as opposed to an equality constraint.
11
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
where
Ai,s=i
bAi,s= i
I
s
NLu
bAljS
NLuSet
user specified HRU areas for each HRU, /, for HRU set 1, s=l, acres
baseline HRU areas after reallocation for conservation, acres
HRU index, 1 to NLu
HRU set number
number of HRU types
area allocated to 'managed' HRU in set 5, acres
number of HRU sets
In addition, the minimum and maximum areas with respect to conservation must be met, if specified
by the user:
where
in, I, s
bAt s > AMin is for /= 1 to NLu and 5=1
= minimum area possible for baseline HRUs, acres
(2)
where
1Max,Is
bA,< A
l,s — **Max,Ls
for / = 1 to NLu and 5=1
(3)
= maximum area possible for baseline HRUs, acres
If land can be conserved (e.g., forest area), then the minimum (e.g., amount already in land trust) and
maximum (e.g., amount existing or potentially allowed to regrow) can be specified along with the
corresponding costs. If an HRU can be reduced in exchange for conserving another land use, the
minimum and maximum areas for the HRU may be entered. If an HRU cannot be decreased or
increased as part of land conservation, the user may enter the same value for baseline, minimum, and
maximum areas under baseline HRU set specifications.
The following additional constraints are added to ensure that HRUs that can be conserved only
increase in area and others only decrease in area. The user indicates which HRUs can be conserved by
indicating the cost for conservation. The user indicates which HRUs can be decreased to
accommodate conservation by entering -9 for costs.
where Cc l s < > -9,
else,
bAtiS=1 — Als=1 > 0
bAis=i — Ats=1 < 0
(4)
(5)
where
-C,I,s
= capital cost associated with land reallocation for each HRU in each set (e.;
purchasing forest land or bioretention basin), $/acre
12
-------
2, Watershed System
When allocating land area from the baseline to the managed condition for any of the land uses, the
area allocated to a managed land use cannot be greater than the area allocated to the corresponding
baseline land use chosen under conservation, bAi s=t (e.g., users can not choose to implement
stormwater management on more urban land area than the urban area decided upon by the model). In
addition, only one land management practice may be implemented on any given area; therefore, land
management practices are mutually exclusive. However, one "management practice" may represent
the implementation of multiple GI practices to meet a specific stormwater standard.
v-i NLuSet T . 7 . . . ,
2, bAljS < bAl?s=1 for each/ (6)
In addition, user specified minimum and maximum areas are used to constrain the amount of land that
may be placed under each management condition, i.e., each set, 5. For example, there may be
technical or policy requirements that can be represented with these limits.
bAl s > AMijliiiS for I = 1 to NLu and 5 = 2 to NLuSet (7)
where
AMln,i,s = minimum area possible for management for baseline HRU/ and management set 5,
bAis < AMax i s for I = 1 to NLu and 5 = 2 to NLuSet (8)
where
AMax i s = maximum area possible for management for baseline HRU / and management set 5,
The total runoff (Qrux) and recharge (Qfie t) for each time step are calculated based on the final area
allocations for all HRUs and HRU sets.
NLu NLuSet NLu
Qru£ — ^^{bAis=1 x QRU,i,s=i,t) + Ru,l,s,t Qnu,i,s=i,t) x bAi s) (9)
1=1 s=2 1=1
where
QRu t = total runoff from all land areas, MG/time step
Qnu,i,s,t = runoff rate19 from HRU / in HRU set s for time step MG/time step
NLu NLuSet NLu
Que,t = (bAis=] X Qne is=i t) + — Qlle,l,s=l,t) * bAiJ) (10)
1=1 s=2 1 = 1
where
19 RRRs may be derived from simulation models such as Soil Water Assessment Tool, Hydrological Simulation Program-
Fortran or Storm Water Management Model
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
QRe t = total recharge from all land areas, MG/time step
Qne,i,s,t = recharge rate19 from HRU I in HRU set s for time step t. MG/time step
Groundwater (Gw)
The groundwater system, or aquifer, has storage. It may receive inflow from natural infiltration and
recharge, groundwater from outside of the watershed, point sources, leakage from the treated water
distribution system, recharge from the aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) facility, septic systems,
and make-up water (see Section 3.3 regarding make-up water). Outflow from the groundwater system
may discharge to surface water via baseflow, be withdrawn by the potable water treatment plant or
community or private use via groundwater wells, infiltrate into the wastewater collection system, and
discharge to a groundwater system outside of the watershed or deep into the basin.
For t= 1,
^Gw,l ^Gw,I (Qpe,t QExtGw,t QptGw,t QwtpGw,t QastGwX QsepGw,t bQGwMake,t
QGwSw,t bQGwWtp,t QGwWwtp,t bQGwExt,t QGwPt,t) * ^
For all other t,
VGw,t ^Gw,t—1 (Que,t QExtGw,t QptGw,t QwtpGw,t QAsrGw,t QsepGw,t bQcwMake,t
(11)
QgwSwX bQGwWtp,t QGwWwtp,t bQGwExt,t QGwPt,t) * ^
(12)
where
VGw J = initial volume of groundwater, MG
VGw t = volume of groundwater at time t, MG
QExtGw,t = inflow of external groundwater, MG/time step
QptGw,t = private (point) groundwater discharges, MG/time step
QwtpGw,t = leakage from treated water distribution system, MG/time step
QAsrGw,t = recharge from ASR facility to groundwater, MG/time step
QsepGw,t = inflow from septic system, MG/time step
bQCWMake,t = A°w °f groundwater "make-up water" into the system, MG/time step
Qcwsw,t = baseflow, MG/time step
bQcwwtp.t = withdrawal by water treatment plant, MG/time step
Qcwwwtp ,t = infiltration into wastewater collection system, MG/time step
bQcwExt.t = groundwater leaving the basin, MG/time step
QGwPt,t = private (point) groundwater withdrawals, MG/time step
Two variables are further defined. The unaccounted-for water leakage from the treated water
distribution system is defined as:
QwtpGw,t= Quse,,u=U X (1 - ^r^) (13)
where
QwtpGw,t = unaccounted-for water flow from treated water distribution system to groundwater,
MG/time step
Qusei u=it = initial, unaccounted-for water flow, MG/time step
14
-------
2, Watershed System
bPwtpLeakFix = percent of treated water distribution system leakage that is fixed, %
The model assumes that unaccounted-for water infiltrates completely into the groundwater table via
leaks in the distribution system.
The contribution of groundwater baseflow to the stream is defined as:
QGwSw,t ~ &b ' ^Gw,t—1 (14)
kb = groundwater recession coefficient
Storm Sewer (StS)
The storm sewer receives flows from runoff and municipal water uses including fire hydrant usage
and flushing. If the watershed does not include municipal water users that have flows that go directly
to the storm sewer, then the storm sewer will only receive flows from runoff. Additionally, if the
watershed does not have a storm sewer system, WMOST users can enter -9 for the storm sewer
capacity.
QstSSw,t QuseNpSewer,t QruX (15)
QstSSw,t — QstSMax (16)
where
Qstssw,t = riow from storm sewer system to surface water, MG/time step
QuseNPsts,t = municipal water use flow that goes directly to the storm sewer, MG/time step
QstSMax = storm sewer capacity, MG
..Surface Water (Sw)
The surface water, or stream reach component, does not have storage, that is, it is assumed to
completely empty with each time step. To model surface water storage such as lakes, ponds or storage
tanks, see the reservoir section below. Wetlands should be modeled as an HRU but may also be
modeled as part of surface storage if the user can control wetland releases as described in the next
section below.
The surface water component may receive inflow from runoff through the storm sewer, external
surface water sources (i.e., an upstream reach), point sources, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP),
groundwater baseflow, and a water reuse facility (WRF). Flow from surface water may discharge
downstream to a reservoir, be withdrawn by the potable water treatment plant, and be withdrawn by
the ASR facility. Surface water only exits the watershed after passing through the reservoir. A
reservoir with zero storage may be specified.
QstSSw,t QExtSw,t QptSw,t QgwSw,t QwwtpSw,t QwrfSw,t (17)
— QswRes,t "I" bQswWtp,t "I" bQswAsr,t "I" QswPt,t
15
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
where
QExtsw,t = surface water inflow from outside of basin, MG/time step
Qptsw,t = discharge from surface water point sources, MG/time step
QwwtpSw.t = discharge from primary wastewater treatment plant, MG/time step
Qwrfsw = discharge from water reuse facility (advanced treatment), MG/time step
QswRes,t = How from surface water to reservoir, MG/time step
bQswwtp.t = A°w to water treatment plant, MG/time step
bQswAsr,t = A°w ASR facility, MG/time step
QswPt,t = private surface water withdrawals, MG/time step
Reservoir (Res)/Surface Water Storage
The reservoir may represent a surface water reservoir, flood control structure, off-stream storage in
tanks, and/or ponds. The reservoir component has storage. It may receive inflow from the surface
water or stream reach, private (i.e., non-municipal) surface discharge and make-up water (see Section
3.3 regarding make-up water). Water may flow to a downstream reach outside of the basin, potable
water treatment plant, and ASR facility. This routing of flows assumes that the reservoir is at the
downstream border of the study area and it does not receive flows from the groundwater system.
Reservoir storage may be increased (see Section 3.3).20
For t= 1,
es,t ~ ^Res,I "I" \QswRes,t bQswExt,t bQResWtp,t ^QrcsAstX "I" ^QwMakgX QResPt,t
+ QptRes,t) X At
For all other I.
VRes,t ~ Vpes,t-1 "I" (QswRes,t ~ bQswExt,t ~ bQReSWtp,t ~ bQReSASr,t "I" ^C?WMafce,t — QnesPt,t
+ QptRes,t) X At
where
VResJ = initial volume of reservoir, MG
VResf = volume of reservoir at time t, MG
QswRes,t = inflow to reservoir from surface water bodies, MG/time step
bQSwExt,t = fl°w to surface water bodies outside of basin; based on user input, this variable may be a
decision variable or a user-specified time series, MG/time step
bQpeswtp.t = flow to water treatment plant, MG/time step
bQReSAsr,t = fl°w to ASR facility, MG/time step
bQwMake,t = make-up water, MG/time step
QnesPt,t = direct, private withdrawal from reservoir, MG/time step
QptRes.t = direct, private discharge to reservoir, MG/time step
20 Future versions of the model may include the option for flow routing that assumes the reservoir is at the upstream end of
the modeled reach segment and models separate off-stream surface storage to represent lakes, ponds and storage tanks.
16
-------
2, Watershed System
..Water Treatment Plant (Wtp)
The water treatment plant treats water to potable standards. It may receive flow from the reservoir,
surface water reach or groundwater aquifer. Water from the plant may be used to meet potable and
nonpotable water use demand. In addition, some water is lost to the groundwater through leaks in the
treated water distribution system.
bQResWtp,t bQswWtp.t bQcwWtp.t QwtpUseP,t bQwtpUseNp.t QwtpGw,t (20)
where
Qwtpusep,t = now from primary WTP to potable water use, MG/time step
bQwtpuseNp.t = flow from primary WTP to nonpotable water use, MG/time step
Potable Water Use (UseP)
A water utility may serve residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, and/or agricultural
customers. These customers receive flows from the water treatment plant and interbasin transfer.
Flows from the different potable water users can go to septic systems draining inside and outside of
the drainage area, to the wastewater treatment plant, and out of the drainage basin via interbasin
transfer.
where
^ ((Qwtpusep,t + bQn,twuseP,t) x ^ x FrPUse uj)
u=2 to NUse
(21)
bQusePSanS,t QusePSep,t QusePSepExt,t ^QusePlbtWw,t
u = water user
bQittwusep.t = inflow of potable water to water treatment facility via interbasin transfer, MG/time step
Pconsusep,u,t = final percent consumptive use for potable water use, %
FrPuse,u,t = fraction of potable water use per time step per user type
bQusePSans.t = A°w °f potable water through the sanitary sewer to the wastewater treatment plant,
MG/time step
Qusepsep,t = A°w septic systems within the study area, MG/time step
QusePSepExt,t = A°w to septic systems outside the study area, MG/time step
bQusePittww.t = wastewater flow from potable uses to interbasin transfer wastewater services, MG/time
step
Consumptive water use
The final percent consumptive use for potable water use, PconsUseP,u,t- is calculated based on the
initial percent consumptive use of potable water, PconsUsePi,u,t, maximum percent of potable demand
that may be met by nonpotable water PuseNpMax.u- and the percent consumptive use of nonpotable
water, PconsUseNp,u,t- This adjustment is necessary because nonpotable use may significantly differ
from potable water use in its consumptive percentage. For example, non-potable use may be all
consumptive such as outdoor watering or agricultural irrigation or almost all non-consumptive such as
toilet flushing. Depending on the intended use of the non-potable water, the user can specify the
appropriate percent consumptive use. We make the assumption that outdoor water use (e.g., watering
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
lawns) is fully consumptive via evapotranspiration; therefore, it does not enter the groundwater or, in
the case of overwatering, the storm sewer system.
n ^ConsUsePI,u,t se/VpMax,u,t * ^ConsUseNp,u,t
*C0riSUseP,U,t -i r»r» p (22)
1UU *UseNpMax,u
Nonportable Water Use (UseNp)
A water utility may serve residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, and/or agricultural
customers. These customers receive flows from the water treatment plant, water reuse facility, and
interbasin transfer. Flows from the different potable water users can go to septic systems draining
inside and outside of the drainage area, to the wastewater treatment plant, and out of the drainage
basin via interbasin transfer.
((PQwtpUseNp,t "I" bQwrf UseNp,t ^QlbtWUseNp,t) * 100 ) ^ NpUse,u,t)
u=2 to NUse
~ bQuseNpSanS,t QuseNpSep,t~^~ QuseNpSepExt,t &QuseNplbtWw,t
where
(23)
bQwrfuseNP,t = inflow of nonpotable water from water reuse facility, MG/time step
bQittwuseNp.t = inflow of nonpotable water to water treatment facility via interbasin transfer, MG/time
step
FrNpuse,u,t = fraction of nonpotable water use per time step per user type
bQuseNpSans.t = ^low of nonpotable water through the sanitary sewer to the wastewater treatment plant,
MG/time step
QuseNpSep,t = riow to septic systems within the study area, MG/time step
QuseNpsepExt,t = riow to septic systems outside the study area, MG/time step
bQuseNpittww.t = riow of nonpotable water to wastewater collection system via interbasin transfer,
MG/time step
If the watershed has municipal water users that send flows directly to the sewer system, the equations
are as follows:
^ ^ w (^ ^ConsUseNp,Municipal,t\
*~cUseNpSewer,t ~ \P*~cwtpUseNp,t ' ®VwrfUseNp,t ' ®VlbtWUseNp,t) * 1 ^ 100 /
* F^NpUse,Municipals * ^^NpUseMunSewer,t
(pQwtpUseNp,t bQwrfUseNp,t ^QlbtWUseNp,t) * ^
(24)
^ConsUseNp, Municipal, t\ (25)
100 J
u=2 to NUse
* ^rNpUse,Mnnicipal,t ^ 0 NpUseMunSewer,t)
bQuseNpSanS,t QuseNpSep,t~^~ QuseNpSepExt,t ^QuseNplbtWw,t
where
^rNpuseMunsewer.t = fraction of municipal water flows that go directly to the storm sewer, %
The following equations define the minimum demand for potable and nonpotable use.
18
-------
2, Watershed System
For each water user (u),
,, ( . seNp Max,n,
VUseP,u,t ~ I
100 J
bPprice
* ([Qusel,u,t "I" Qusel,u,t
x ElasPriceu x —^ bQDm x FrPUseMit)
QwtpUseP,t + bQibtwuSeP,t =2 QuseP,u,t
u=2 to NUse
_ fP,
{¦UseNp,u,t
(PuseNpMax,u,t\
100 )
bPprice
^ \Qusel,u,t Qusel,u,t
x ElasPriceu x —^ bQDm x FrNpUseMjt)
bQwtpUseNp,t bQwrfJseNp.t "I" ^QlbtWUseNp,t — ^ ^ Q
where
(26)
(27)
(28)
UseNp,u,t (29)
u=2 to NUse
Qusei,u,t = initial specified water use, MG/time step
ElasPriceu = price elasticity by water user, %
bPprice = percent change in price, %
bQom.u = model selected amount of demand reduction per water user, MG/time step
Qusep,u,t = potable water demand by water user, MG/time step
QuseNp,u,t = nonpotable water demand by water user, MG/time step
Wastewater Treatment Plant (Wwtp) and Sanitary Sewer (SanS)
The wastewater treatment plant receives flows from potable and nonpotable water users through the
sanitary sewer as well as infiltration into the wastewater collection system. The flows from the
wastewater treatment plant either drain into the surface water system21 or receive additional treatment
at the water reuse facility.
bQusePSanS,t ^QuseNpSanS,t QcwWwtp.t ~ QwwtpSw,t ^QwwtpWrf,t (30)
where
bQwwtpwrf = outflow to water reuse facility from primary WWTP, MG/time step
One variable, infiltration into the wastewater collection system, is further defined as:
21 Currently, direct discharges from the WWTP into the reservoir cannot be modeled. However, the reservoir is assumed to
be at the downstream border of the drainage area and is, therefore, receiving all flows from the surface water system.
19
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WMOSTv'3 Theoretical Documentation
QGwWwtp ,t
bPwwtpLeakFix^ ^WwtpLeakI
v 1 r\r\ '
100
« NWuser
100
Z Nwuser
n s, (-i PconsUseP,u,t\ w (-, PconsUseNp,u,t\ s, (-,
Qusel,u,t x 100 ) X \L 100 ) X ^
u=2
where
Psep,u PsepExt,
100
*)
('
n/l/wtpLeafc/\
Too J
(31)
< WwtpLeakI
bPwwtpLeakFix
^Sep,u
p
1 SepExt,u
leakage of groundwater into the wastewater collection system, as a percent of
wastewater treatment plant inflow that represents I&I, %
percent of leaks fixed in the wastewater collection system, %
percent of users serviced by septic systems recharging inside the study area, %
percent of users serviced by septic systems draining outside the study area, %
Water Reuse Facility (Wrf)
The water reuse facility receives flows from the wastewater treatment plant. After treatment, flows
from the water reuse facility drain to the surface water system, are used to meet nonpotable water use
demand, or flow to the aquifer storage and recovery facility.
bQwwtpWrf,t ~ bQwrfUsei\'p,t "I" ^QwrfAsr,t QwrfSw,t (32)
where
bQwrfAsr.t = now from the water reuse facility to the ASR facility, MG/time step
Septic Systems (Sep)
Consumptive use and demand management affect the amount of wastewater that will flow to septic
systems. Septic systems may drain inside the area of analysis or outside; therefore, the user should
specify the percent of septic systems draining within and outside of the area of analysis.
Flows to septic systems within the study area are calculated as:
- UsePSep.
1 -
ConsUseP.u.t
100
' Sep,u
100
xQ
UseP,u,t
(33)
u=2 to NUse
Y |Y 1 P ConsUseNp,u,t\ Psep.u ^
vUseNpSep,t II ^qq J ^qq VUseNp,u,t V J
11=2 to NUse
Consumptive use is assumed to exit the watershed system (e.g., does not runoff or percolate).
Flows to septic systems outside the study area from potable and nonpotable water uses are calculated
as:
20
-------
2. Watershed System
PCn-n elln t\ P
^ \ 1 \(a *ConsUseP,u,t\ w *SepExt,u w ^
O.UsePSepExt,t / ^ 111 100 / ^ 100 ^ ^zUseP,u,t
u=2 to NUse
^ \ 1 \(t ^ConsUseNp,u,t\ w PsepExt,u w ^
O.UseNpSepExt,t / ^ 111 100 / ^ 100 ^ ^zUseNp,u,t
u= 2 to NUse
(35)
(36)
Septic flows entering the groundwater system:
QusePSep,t QuseNpSep,t QsepGw,t (^7)
Aquifer Storage and Recovery Facility (Asr):
The Asr facility receives flows from surface water, the reservoir, and the water reuse facility. The
user has the option to include treatment at the Asr facility. Flows from the Asr facility go into the
groundwater system regardless of treatment.
bQswAsr,t ^QrcsAsv,t ^Qwrf Asr,t QasvGw,t (38)
2.2 Watershed Constituent Loadings Balance
The user has the option to use WMOST to optimize costs based on hydrology (i.e., water quantity)
only, or both hydrology and loadings of a single water quality constituent22 (i.e., both water quantity
and water quality). When modeling based on hydrology and loadings, constituent mass balances are
calculated for each watershed component and users can specify maximum loading and concentration
limits on the surface water system and reservoir.
The units for loadings and concentrations are consistent with what is requested on the WMOST
interface, (lbs/time step for loadings and mg/L for concentrations). Conversions are made internally in
order to reconcile the two systems of units.
Land Management - Land Conservation and Stormwater Management
As mentioned in Section 2.1, land area in the watershed can be reallocated among baseline and
managed HRU sets. The total runoff and recharge loadings in the watershed are calculated based on
the optimization model's final allocation of area among HRUs. Constraints ensure that area
allocations meet physical limits and, as specified by the user, policy requirements.
The total runoff loadings (LRut) and recharge loadings (LRe t) for each time step are calculated based
on the final area allocations for all HRUs and HRU sets.
NLu NLu
iNLuSet % i
(P^i,s= i * LRu,i,s=i,t) "I" ^^CC^Ru,i,s,t ~ LRU,i,s=i,t) * bAl s) (39)
i=i 5-2 i=i
22 Future versions of WMOST will include the ability to model multiple water quality constituents at the same time.
21
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
where
Lnu,i,s,t = runoff loadings from HRU I in HRU set s for time step t. lbs/time step
LRu t = loadings from runoff from all land areas, lbs/time step
NLu
i\NLuSet
l/VLllJcZ % i
(P^l,s=1 * ^f?e,I,s=l,t) "I" ^^CC^Re,l,s,t ~ LRe,l,s=l,t) * (40)
Js=2
1=1 1=1
where
Lne,i,s,t = recharge loadings from HRU I in HRU set s for time step t, lbs/time step
LRe t = loadings from recharge from all land areas, lbs/time step
Groundwater (Gw)
The groundwater system, or aquifer, has storage. It may receive constituent loadings from recharge,
groundwater from outside of the watershed, point sources, leakage from the treated water distribution
system, recharge from the ASR facility, and septic systems.23 Loadings from the groundwater system
may discharge to surface water via baseflow, be withdrawn by the potable water treatment plant via
groundwater wells or by other users via private wells, infiltrate into the wastewater collection system,
and discharge to a groundwater system outside of the basin.
For t= 1,
LGw,t = (Xgw,I X ^Gw,/) + L
For all other I.
Re,t "I" LExtGw,t "I" LptGw,t "I" LAsrGw,t~^~ ^SepGw,t LWtpGw
LGwSw,t ~ LGwpt,t ~ LCwwtp,t ~ LGwwwtp,t ~ LcwExt,t
= L
Gw,t—1 Lfte t "t" LExtGw,t LptGw,t LAsrGw,t LSepGw,t LWtpGw,t
~ LGwWtp,t ~ LCwWwtp,t ~ LcwExt,t
~ Lr.
~ Lr,
(41)
(42)
where
Lr,
-'GwX
x,
Gw,I
LExtGw ,t
LptGw.t
LasvGwX
LsepGw,t
LwtpGw,t
LgwSwX
LGwPt,t
loadings within the groundwater system, lbs/time step
initial constituent concentration of groundwater, mg/L
loadings from external groundwater, lbs/time step
loadings from private groundwater discharges lbs/time step
loadings from ASR facility to groundwater, lbs/time step
loadings from septic system, lbs/time step
loadings from leakage of treated water distribution system from WTP, lbs/time step
baseflow loadings, lbs/time step
private groundwater withdrawal loadings, lbs/time step
23 WMOST does not associate loadings to the volume of make-up water. Accordingly, there is no loading added to
groundwater from any make-up water flows necessary to meet system constraints. This allows make-up water to be used
as a last resort to meet volumetric or water quality targets, providing users indication that the specified constraints
cannot be met using the available resources or management options (see Section 3.3 regarding Make-up Water).
22
-------
2, Watershed System
LGwwtp.t = loadings from withdrawal by water treatment plant lbs/time step
LGwwwtP,t = loadings from infiltration into wastewater collection system, lbs/time step
LGWExt t = loadings from groundwater leaving the basin, lbs/time step
Some constituents attenuate as they flow through surface waters, the subsurface, and reservoirs or
lakes. For example, in a groundwater system, denitrification processes can reduce the total load of
nitrogen in baseflow. The user has the ability to specify a zero order removal rate, a first order
removal rate, or no removal for each constituent to represent denitrification or other removal
processes.
If a zero-order removal rate is specified,
%GwF,t = \ Tt ) — ^Gw,0 X At (43)
\vGw,tJ
where
kGw,o = zero-order removal rate, mg/L/time step
XGWF,t = riruil groundwater concentration after removal (if applicable), mg/L
If a first-order removal rate is specified,
LCw,t X e-fcGw,iXAt
XGwF,t — Tj (44)
» C,\M t
where
kt / = first-order removal rate, 1/time step
If no removal is specified,
%GwF,t = 77 (45)
v a
LGw,t
Loadings leaving the groundwater system are based on the concentration of the water quality
constituent after removal has occurred and flow determined by the model.
LGwSw,t ~ QGwSw,t X XcWF,t
(46)
LGwPt,t = QGwPt,t X %GwF,t
(47)
LGwWtp,t bQcwWtp.t ^ ^GwF,t
(48)
LGwWwtp,t ~ QGwWwtp,t * %GwF,t
(49)
LGwExt,t ~ bQcwExt.t * ^CwF,t
(50)
23
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
Storm Sewer (StS)
The storm sewer receives loadings from runoff and municipal water uses including fire hydrant usage
and flushing. If the watershed does not include municipal water users that have loadings that go
directly to the storm sewer, then the storm sewer will only receive loadings from runoff. Additionally,
if the watershed does not have a storm sewer system, WMOST users can enter -9 for the storm sewer
capacity.
LstSSw.t LuseNpSewer,t ^Ru,t (51)
where
Lstssw.t = loadings from storm sewer system to surface water, lbs/time step
LuseNpsewer,t = municipal water use loadings that goes directly to the sewer system, lbs/time step
Surface Water (Sw)
The surface water, or stream reach component, does not have storage, that is, it is assumed to
completely empty with each time step.
The surface water component may receive loadings from runoff through the storm sewer, baseflow,
external surface water sources (i.e., an upstream reach), point source dischargers, the wastewater
treatment plant, and the water reuse facility.
Lsw,t = Lstssw,t + LExtSw,t + Lptsw,t + ^GwSw,t + LWwtpSw,t + LWrfsw,t (52)
Influent constituent concentration is calculated based on the incoming loadings divided by incoming
flows.
^ Lsw,t
QExtSw,t QptSw,t QgwSw,t QwwtpSw,t QwrfSw,t QstSSw,t ^ ^
Loadings from surface water may discharge downstream to a reservoir, be withdrawn by the potable
water treatment plant, and be withdrawn by the ASR facility. The loadings going to each of these
components are based on the influent concentration (i.e., stream is fully mixed and no removal occurs
in-stream) and respective flows.
Loadings from surface water are based on the concentration of the water quality constituent after
removal has occurred and flow determined by the model.
QswRes,t * X$WF,t
(54)
bQswWtp,t * ^SwF,t
(55)
bQswAsr,t * X$WF,t
(56)
QswPt,t X %SwF,t
(57)
where
Lsw,t = surface water loadings before removal, lbs/time step
LExtsw,t = surface water loadings from outside of basin, lbs/time step
-------
2, Watershed System
LWwtpSw ,t
L\VrfSw
XswF,t
LswRes,t
LswWtp.t
LswAsr.t
loadings from surface water point sources, lbs/time step
loadings from primary wastewater treatment plant, lbs/time step
loadings from water reuse facility (advanced treatment), lbs/time step
final surface water concentration, mg/L
loadings from surface water to reservoir, lbs/time step
loadings to water treatment plant, lbs/time step
loadings to ASR facility, lbs/time step
loadings of private surface water withdrawals, lbs/time step
Reservoir (Res)/Surface Water Storage
The reservoir may represent a surface water reservoir, flood control structure, off-stream storage in
tanks, and/or ponds. The reservoir component has storage. It may receive loadings from the surface
water or stream reach, and private (i.e., non-municipal) surface discharge24. Loadings out of the
reservoir can be removed by private/other withdrawals, move to a downstream reach outside of the
basin, and discharge to the potable water treatment plant and ASR facility. This routing of loadings
assumes that the reservoir is at the outlet of the study area.25
For t= 1,
Lnes,t ~ (j^Res,I * ^RcsJ) "I" LSwReS,t "I" LPtRes,t ~ LSwExt,t ~ LResWtp,t ~ ^ResAsr,t ~ LRespt,t (58)
For all other t,
LRes,t ~ ^Res,t-1 "I" LswRes,t LPtRes,t ~ LSwExt,t ~ LResWtp,t ~ LResAsr,t ~ LResPt,t (59)
where
LRes,t
= reservoir loadings, lbs
XRes,I
= initial concentration of reservoir, mg/L
LswRes,t
= loadings to reservoir from surface water, lbs/time step
LptRes.t
= loadings from direct, private discharge to reservoir, lbs/time step
LswExt,t
= loadings to surface water outside of basin, lbs/time step
LResWtp,t
= loadings to water treatment plant, lbs/time step
LResAsr,t
= loadings to ASR facility, lbs/time step
LResPt,t
= loadings from direct, private withdrawal from reservoir, lbs/time step
Some constituents, such as sediment and adsorbed phosphorus, can settle out of the water column in
the reservoir, improving water quality in the effluent as compared to the influent. The user has the
ability to specify a zero order removal rate, a first order removal rate, or no removal for each
24 WMOST does not associate loadings to the volume of make-up water. Accordingly, there is no loading added to the
reservoir from any make-up water flows necessary to meet system constraints. This allows make-up water to be used as
last resort to meet volumetric or water quality target, providing users indication that the specified constraints cannot be
met using the available resources or management options (see Section 3.3 regarding Make-up Water).
25 Future versions of WMOST may provide an option for flow routing that represents the reservoir as being upstream of the
modeled reach segment and models separate off-stream surface storage to represent lakes, ponds and storage tanks.
Note, however, that this alternative representation is not currently available.
-------
WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
constituent to represent settling or other removal processes. In addition, the user has the ability to
model attenuation based on the outflow rate of the reservoir and surface area of the reservoir
sediments using a Vollenweider-type model (Schwarz et al., 2006).
If a zero-order removal rate is specified,
I ^i?£S t \
XResF,t = ( y ) — ^Res,0 X At (60)
where
xRes, 0
= zero-order removal rate, mg/L/time step
XResF,t = final reservoir concentration after removal (if applicable), mg/L
If a first-order removal rate is specified,
_ LRes,t x e~kRes>lXAt
X-ResF,t — rr (61)
vRes,t
If a first-order removal rate is specified and the user chooses to model removal based on the
Vollenweider type model,
. , AJ_ ResArea.
T w (~kRes,i xAtx —tt-——)
LRes,t X e Vr^ (62)
XResF,t rr
v i
Res,t
where
kRes l = first-order removal rate, 1/time step
ResArea = area of the reservoir, acres
VRes = volume of reservoir, MG
If no removal rate is specified,
L
Res,t
XResF,t ~ rr (63)
vRes,t
Loadings leaving the reservoir system are based on the concentration of the water quality constituent
after removal has occurred and flow determined by the model.
^SwExt,t ^ QswExt.t ^ XResF,t (64)
^Reswtp,t = bQResWtp,t x XResFt (65)
LResAsr,t ~ bQResAsr,t * ^ResF,t (66)
^ResPt,t = QResPt,t X %ResF,t (67)
28
-------
2, Watershed System
.Water Treatment Plant (Wtp)
The water treatment plant treats water to potable standards. It may receive loadings from the
reservoir, surface water reach or groundwater aquifer. Treated water from the plant may be used to
meet potable and nonpotable water use demand.
The user indicates the average effluent concentration achieved by the facility and the maximum
influent concentrations for which the designated effluent concentration is achievable.
The maximum influent concentration is used as a model constraint.
„ _ LSwwtp,t "1" LResWtp,t "1" LcwWtp,t
P ' bQSwWtpt + bQResWtpt + bQCwwtPit (.68)
^Wtpln,t — ^Wtp Max In (^^)
where
XWtptn,t = model calculated WTP influent concentration, mg/L
XwtpMaxin = user defined maximum influent concentration at WTP, mg/L
The average effluent constituent concentration is used to calculate the loadings to potable and
nonpotable water users and the loadings lost to the groundwater through leaks in the treated water
distribution system.
L\vtpUseP,t QwtpUseP,t X XWtpAvEff
LwtpUseNp,t bQwtpUseNp.t x XWtpAvEff
L\vtpGw,t QwtpGw,t X ^WtpAvEff
(70)
(71)
(72)
where
-lWtpUseP,t
-'Wtp UseNp,t
x,
WtpAvEff
= loadings from primary WTP to potable water use, lbs/time step
= loadings from primary WTP to nonpotable water use, lbs/time step
= average effluent concentration leaving primary water treatment plant, mg/L
Potable Water Use (UseP):
A water utility may serve residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, and/or agricultural
customers. User-specified average daily loadings from each potable water use type are used to model
increases in constituent loading.
NUse
LuseP,t = / (^Wtpl/seP,t + (^IbtWUse X QlbtWUseP,t)) X (l — 77)7) ) X FrPUse,u,t
L (73)
^UsePAddl,u
27
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
A new constituent concentration is calculated after adding the loadings from potable water users to
determine the loadings to the wastewater treatment plant, septic systems, and out of the basin through
interbasin transfer.
Xn
where
LuseP,t
XjbtWUse
LusePAddl,u
XuseP,t
LusePSanS,t
L[jsePSep,t
LusePSepExt,t
LusePIbtWw,t
Qwtp UseP,t + bQIbtwUsePt
LusePSanS,t ^QusePSanS,t * -^[/seP,t
L[jsePSep,t ~ QusePSep,t * -^l/seP,t
LusePSepExt,t QusePSepExt,t * -^[/seP,t
L[jsePIbtWw,t = bQUsePibtWw,t X XUseP t
(74)
(75)
(76)
(77)
(78)
loadings after addition from potable water users, lbs/time step
average interbasin transfer concentration for potable and nonpotable water, mg/L
potable water user average loadings, lbs/time step
concentration after addition from potable water users, mg/L
loadings of potable water to wastewater treatment plant through the sanitary sewer,
lbs/time step
loadings of potable water to septic systems within the study area, lbs/time step
loadings of potable water to septic systems outside the study area, lbs/time step
wastewater loadings from potable users to interbasin transfer wastewater services,
lbs/time step
Nonpotable Water Use (UseNp)
A water utility may serve residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, and/or agricultural users.
User input average daily loadings from each nonpotable water user type are used to model increases
in constituent loading.
-'UseNp
1\USC
¦ -1 [(¦
LwtpUseNp,t Lwrf UseNp,t ibtWUse,t * ^QlbtWUseNp,t)^j
X 1
rConsUseNp
100
,u,t^
(79)
* F^h'p Use,u,t ^UseNpAddl,u
A new constituent concentration is calculated after adding the loadings from nonpotable water users
to determine the loadings to the wastewater treatment plant, septic systems, and out of the basin
through interbasin transfer.
X,
-'UseNp,t
UseNp,t
bQ\VtpUseNp,t bQwrf UseNp,t &QlbtWUseNp,t
(80)
^UseNpSanS,t ^QuseNpSanS,t * ^use^p t
L[jseNpSep,t QuseNpSep,t * -^l/seiVp.t
(81)
(82)
28
-------
where
-'UseNp.t
^WrfUseNp,t
-'UseNpAddl,u
x,
UseNp,t
-'UseNpSanS,t
-'UseNpSep.t
-'UseNpSepExtX
JUseNpIbtWw,t
^UseNpSepExt,t QuseNpSepExt,t *
LuseNplbtWw,t ~ bQuseNplbtWw,t * -^l/seiVp.t
LuseNpSewer,t QlJseNpSewer,t * -^[/seWp,t
2, Watershed System
(83)
(84)
(85)
loadings after addition from nonpotable water users, lbs/time step
loadings from nonpotable water from water reuse facility, lbs/time step
nonpotable water user average loadings, lbs/time step
concentration after addition from nonpotable water users, mg/L
loadings of nonpotable water to wastewater treatment plant through the sanitary sewer,
lbs/time step
loadings of nonpotable water to septic systems within the study area, lbs/time step
loadings of nonpotable water to septic systems outside the study area, lbs/time step
loadings of nonpotable water to wastewater collection system via interbasin transfer,
lbs/time step
.Wastewater Treatment Plant (Wwtp)
The wastewater treatment plant treats water that has not been consumed by potable and non-potable
water users to be reused and/or recovered. The user indicates the average effluent concentration
achieved by the WWTP and the maximum influent concentrations for which the designated effluent
concentration is achievable.
The maximum influent is used as a model constraint.
^ LusePSanS,t ^UseNpSanS,t ^GwWwtp,t
bQusePSanS,t~^~ UseNpSanS,t QGwWwtp,t
Xwwtpln,t — XyywtpMaxIn
where
XWwtpin,t = model calculated WWTP influent concentration, mg/L
XwwtpMaxin = user defined maximum influent concentration at WWTP, mg/L
(86)
(87)
The average effluent constituent concentration is used to calculate the loadings to the water reuse
facility and loadings associated with groundwater infiltration into the wastewater collection system.
LwwtpSw,t QwwtpSw,t * X\YwtpAVEff (88)
^WwtpWrf,t bQwwtpWrf,t * XwwtpAVEff (89)
where
LWwtpwrf,t = loadings to water reuse facility from primary WWTP, lbs/time step
XwwtpAvEff = average effluent concentration leaving primary wastewater treatment plant, mg/L
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
Water Reuse Facility (Wrf)
The water reuse facility treats water for nonpotable water use and ASR. The user indicates the
average effluent concentration achieved by the WRF26. The average effluent constituent concentration
is used to calculate the loadings to nonpotable water use, ASR, and surface water.
LwrfUseNp,t bQwrfUseNp,t * ^WrfAvEff (90)
^WrfAsr.t QwrfAsrf,t * XWrfAvEff (91)
L\VrfSw,t QwrfSw,t * ^WrfAvEff (92)
where
LWrfAsr,t = loadings from the water reuse facility to the ASR facility, lbs/time step.
XwrfAvEff = average effluent concentration leaving water reuse facility, mg/L
Septic Systems (Sep)
Consumptive use and demand management affect the amount of wastewater that flow to septic
systems and the influent concentration.
The average effluent concentration achieved by the septic system is a WMOST input. The average
effluent constituent concentration is used to calculate the loadings from the septic system to the
groundwater system.
LsepGw,t QsepGw,t * XSepAvEff (93)
where
LsepGw,t = loadings from primary septic system to groundwater system, lbs/time step
XSepAvEff = average effluent concentration leaving septic system, mg/L
Aquifer Storage and Recovery Facility (Asr)
In WMOST v3, the user has the option to include treatment at the ASR facility, an option that was not
available in WMOST v2.1.
The WMOST user indicates the average effluent constituent concentration achievable by the ASR
facility and it is used to calculate the loadings from the ASR to the groundwater system.27
^AsrGw.t QAsrGw,t * (94)
where
LAsrGw,t = loadings from the ASR facility to groundwater, lbs/time step
XAsrAvEff = average effluent concentration leaving ASR facility, mg/L
26 The WRF only receives flows from the WWTP so users can control the influent concentration to the WRF by changing
the effluent concentration for the WWTP.
27 Future versions of WMOST may include a maximum influent constraint for the ASR facility.
30
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3. Nonlinear Programming and Objective Function
3. Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming, Objective Function, and
Constraints
This section introduces mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP), describes the objective
function, and provides the cost and constraint equations related to available management options in
WMOST.
3.1 Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP)
Unlike WMOST v2, which used a linear programming solver, WMOST v3 uses a mixed integer
nonlinear programming (MINLP) solver to find the least-cost solution to the optimization problem in
WMOST. The considersation of both water quantity and quality necessitated the switch from a linear
solver to a nonlinear solver to accommodate the increased complexity. WMOST uses Bonmin (Basic
Open-source Nonlinear Mixed INteger programming) to minimize the total, annualized cost of chosen
management options. WMOST users can utilize the capabilities of Bonmin through the NEOS
server28, which the University of Wisconsin - Madison hosts. Bonmin has the ability to implement
several different algorithms for solving MINLP models. The default algorithm used by WMOST is
"B-Hvb". a hybrid outer approximation based branch-and-cut algorithm, which has the ability to
solve most optimization problems within 3 hours (Bonami and Lee, 2013). However, users also have
the option of using "B-BB". a simple branch-and-bound algorithm that is recommended for solving
nonconvex MINLPs.
Although the "B-Hyb" algorithm typically solved optimization problems most quickly during testing
(Bonami and Lee, 2013), solving time is a significant limitation of MINLP solvers. For reference, the
linear solver (lpsolve) used in WMOST v2.129, had a run time of about 6 minutes when optimizing
over a 5-year modeling time period. Using Bonmin, solving times have varied from 5 minutes to up
to 6 hours. In order to decrease the expected solving time, the number of solutions that the
optimization algorithm explores is limited to 20. As such, the minimization value reported with
optimization results, while a local minimum, might not be the absolute global minimum.
3.2 Objective Function
The objective function is the minimization of the total, annualized cost of all chosen management
practices (see equation at the end of Section 3.4). The objective function is minimized by selecting
the optimal values for decision variables denoted with the prefix b. These decisions determine which
management practices are selected to minimize the total cost and meet all the constraints. Any
constraint or management option can be excluded by entering -9 instead of an input value, as
specified on the user interface pages.
The total, annualized cost includes annualized capital costs and annual operation and maintenance
(O&M) costs.
28 Hie Bonmin solver can be accessed through the NEOS server at the following link: https://neos-
server.org/neos/solvers/minco:Bonmin/AMPL.html.
29 The incorporation of the Water Quality module in WMOST v3 necessitated the use of a nonlinear solver for optimization.
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
where
J T,A:
Ct,A[) (95)
i=1
total annual cost for all implemented management practices,:
total annualized cost for management option $
n = total number of management options
Total annual costs are calculated for all implemented management practices. In this section, we
describe the generic form of cost equations. In general, total annual cost for a management practice is
calculated as the annualized capital cost, CC A, (i.e., incurred once) plus annual O&M costs, C0m.
Capital costs may be annualized using three different annualization factors, F, depending on the
management practice types (i.e., new construction, replacements, and implementations).
Cc,a = F X Cc (96)
where
CC A = unit annual capital cost, $/year
Cc = unit capital cost, $
F = annualization factors
Unit construction costs for new facilities or costs for expanding the capacity of existing facilities (i.e.,
capital costs) are annualized over the expected lifetime of the new construction (e.g., wastewater
treatment plant and bioretention basin). The corresponding annualization factor (FNew) is defined as
follows (EPA 2002):
i X (1 + i)TNew
pNeW = (1 + i)TNew - 1 (9?)
where
i = interest rate in percent/100, 0-1
7wew = lifetime of new construction, years
FNew = annualization factor for new facilities or expansion of existing facilities
Replacement costs for an existing facility are calculated as CC A annualized over the remaining years
in the facility's lifetime, TExist. The corresponding annualization factor {FExist) is defined as follows:
i X (1 + Tplan _ ^ ^
Exist (1 + i)TNew -1X Tplan (98)
where
Tpian = planning horizon, years
32
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3, Nonlinear Programming and Objective Function
TExlst = remaining lifetime of existing facility, years
FExist = annualization factor for existing facilities
pian < TExist, then the existing facility will not need to be replaced within the planning period and
Cc,a = 0.
One-time implementation costs, such as the initial administrative activities associated with instituting
a price increase, are annualized over the planning horizon. The corresponding annualization factor
(FPlan) is defined as follows:
lan
i x (1 + i)Tp
Fplan = (1 + i)TPlan - 1 (99)
where
Fpiarl = annualization factor for the planning horizon
O&M costs are annualized over the modeling time period, FrrsModei.
For a daily time step,
1
PvrsModel N, (100)
/365 + NLeapYrs x 0.25
For a monthly time step,
F,
YrsModel ~ jy (101)
'12
where
Nt = total number of time steps in the modeling period
NLeapYrs = number of leap years in the modeling period
3.3 Costs and Constraints Associated with Hydrology Management Options
Land Management
Land cover, land use, soil, slope, and other land characteristics affect the fraction of precipitation that
will runoff, recharge, and evapotranspire. Areas with similar characteristics - hydrologic response
units (HRUs)30 - respond similarly to precipitation. The user provides unit runoff and recharge rates
(RRRs) for each HRU in the watershed for multiple sets of HRUs. For example, a 'baseline' set is
provided that reflects RRRs without stormwater management. Additional sets of RRRs may be
provided that, for example, represent RRRs of HRUs with stormwater management. For example, a
baseline HRU may be defined as low density residential land use with hydrologic soil group (HSG) B
30 For example, an HRU may be defined as low density residential land use with hydrologic soil group (HSG) B and another
as low density residential with HSG C.
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
and a stormwater managed HRU may be defined as low density residential land use with HSG B with
a bioretention basin sized to capture a one-inch storm event. The user provides both the managed
RRRs and the cost associated with the management practice. See Section 2.1 for continuity equations
defining total watershed runoff and recharge based on RRRs and the HRU area allocation.
The model provides two land management options as described below.
Land conservation-reallocating area among baseline HRUs:
For a specific scenario, the user may specify the expected, future areas for each HRU as the baseline
values that may include projected increases in development.31 At the same time, the user can specify
the cost to purchase existing, undeveloped forest land. With this information provided, the model can
decide whether it is cost effective to reallocate land from projected developed HRUs to undeveloped
forest HRUs.
The cost to reallocate land area among baseline HRUs is defined below.
For 5=1 (i.e., baseline land use),
CATb = {(.Fplan X ^C,l,s=1 + COm,l,s= i) X (bALs=1 - AliS=1)) (102)
where
CATb = total annual cost of reallocating areas among baseline HRUs from user-specified to model-
chosen values, $/year
Cc,t,s=i = capital cost associated with land reallocation for each HRU in set 1 (e.g., purchasing forest
land), $/acre
C0m,i,s= ] = annual O&M cost associated with maintaining, for example, the land preservation,
$/acre/year
Stormwater management (traditional, GI, low impact development) - reallocating area from
baseline to managed HRUs:
The model may choose implementation of stormwater management practices based on the available
area for each HRU after reallocation for land conservation (i.e., bAi s=1). The user may specify
multiple managed HRU sets where for each set the user specifies costs and runoff and recharge rates.
Each set may be a different management practice such as one set for bioretention basins sized to
retain one inch of rain and another set that is a combination of low impact development practices such
as impervious area reduction, bioswales, and bioretention basins to match predevelopment hydrology.
When the model chooses to place land area under a management practice, additional costs specified
by the equation below are incurred. In addition, the runoff and recharge rates corresponding to that
HRU set are used to calculate total runoff and recharge as shown by equations in Section 2.1.
31 If a future scenario is modeled, all input data must be values projected for the future scenario (e.g., water demand must be
the projected demand corresponding to the project development).
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3, Nonlinear Programming and Objective Function
For managed sets, 5 = 2 to NLuSet,
NLuSet nLu
CATm ~ ^ ^ Pin:! * Cc,l,s "I" Com,l,s) * (103)
s=2 1=1
where
^ATm = total annual cost of reallocating areas among managed HRUs from user-specified to
model-chosen values, $/year
Section 2.1 also details constraints to ensure that area allocation among HRUs meet physical
constraints such as preserving total original land area and user specified constraints such as limits on
developable land based on zoning regulation or the amount of existing forest land which is available
for conservation.
Demand Management
There are two demand management options in the model: 1) via pricing and 2) direct reductions
through other practices such as rebates for water efficient appliances. When acquiring input data for
these practices, the user must be aware of the potential reduction in the individual effectiveness of
demand management practices when multiple practices are implemented simultaneously.32
The user may specify the number of water use categories; however, the first water use category is
always unaccounted-for water. Unaccounted-for water is defined as the sum of apparent losses (e.g.,
unauthorized consumption or inaccurate meters) and real losses (e.g., system leakage). The user only
specifies a time series, Qusei,u=i,t f°r this water use category; therefore, unaccounted-for water is not
affected by demand management or consumptive use and is assumed to entirely drain to the
groundwater system.
Pricing change
Initial demand, Qusei,u,t ¦ provided as input, may be reduced by increasing the price of water and
decreasing the demand. A flow weighted average price elasticity, ElasPrice, is calculated based on
each water user's price elasticity and initial demand.
c/ n ¦ Yiu\EU *YitQuseI,u,t)
ElasPrice = — (104)
2ju 2jt Q.UseI,u,t
where
Eu = price elasticity for water user, u
The initial demand is reduced based on the percent increase in price, bPprice, chosen in the solution.
32 For example, rebates for water low flow shower heads will reduce the gallons per minute used in showering. If an increase
in water rates is implemented at the same time, the anticipated water use reduction may not be as large with a low flow
shower head as with a high flow shower head even if the new water rates induce shorter shower times.
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WMQSTV3 Theoretical Documentation
bPprice — PpriceMax * price (105)
where
PpriceMax = one time, maximum percent change in price, %
bDprice = a binary decision variable, 0 or 1
Costs associated with changing the water pricing structure and/or rates may include costs for
conducting an initial study to determine the appropriate structure and rates and O&M costs for annual
reviews of the rates. The cost to implement changes to the water pricing structure is not dependent on
the percent of change in price or other unit of implementation but is a fixed capital cost and fixed
annual O&M cost. Because the costs are fixed, a binary variable is introduced that is set equal to one
if the price change is implemented and zero for no price change. Therefore, the annual total cost for a
pricing change is defined as:
^ATPrice Dprice * (Fplan * ^C,Price COm,Price) (106)
where
CATPnce = total annual cost to implement price changes, $/year
Cc,price = capital cost of price change, $
Com,price = annual O&M costs for implementation of price change, $/year
Direct demand reduction
The user may provide the aggregate cost of various demand reduction practices and the associated
maximum reduction in demand. The model will select the most cost-effective level of demand
reduction and the associated cost.
where
^ATDmd (J*pian X CCDm ^OmDm) *
^Qom — QomMax
bQL
(107)
(108)
^ATDmd
^CDm
^OmDm
QDmMax
= total annual cost to implement direct demand management practices, $/year
= capital cost of direct demand management, $
= annual O&M costs for direct demand management, $/year
= maximum demand reduction available and associated with specified costs, MG/time step
EPA's WaterSense website provides a calculator that together with local or Census data (e.g., number
of households) can be used to determine the total potential reductions in water use with the
installation of water efficient appliances.33
33 https://www.epa.gov/watersense/watersense-calculator
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3, Nonlinear Programming and Objective Function
Infrastructure Capacity and Use
If modeling for hydrology and loadings, the model assumes that the capital and operation and
maintenance costs input by the user for the various model components appropriately reflect the
hydrologic and water quality treatment performance of each component, as applicable (i.e., O&M
costs for wastewater treatment plant covers both pumping and treatment processes in cases where
WMOST optimizes for both hydrology and loadings).
Groundwater and surface water pumping facilities, water and wastewater treatment plants, water
reuse facility, aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) facility, and nonpotable distribution systems follow
similar forms for total annual costs.
Flow through a facility cannot exceed the pumping or treatment capacity of the facility. The final
capacity of the facility is the initial user-specified capacity plus additional capacity built as part of the
solution set (additional capacities are available as management options). This constraint applies to
surface water pumping, groundwater pumping, water treatment, wastewater treatment, water reuse,
and aquifer storage facilities. If upgraded treatment is enabled as a management option for the WTP
or WWTP (see Section 3.4), the facility constraints related to flow capacity will not change.
Groundwater pumping
^ATGwPump (w Pump Exist * ^CGwPump * QcwPumpI) ([^GwPumpNew * ^CGwPump
* bQGwPumpAddl) (^YrsModel * ^OmGwPump * ^QGwWtp,t) ^ ^
bQGwWtp,t — QGwPum.pl bQcwPumpAddl
where
CATGwPump = total annual cost for groundwater pumping, $/year
FGwpumpExist = annualization factor based on remaining lifetime of existing facilities
CccwPump = capital costs of new/additional groundwater pumping capacity/facility, $/MGD
COmGwPump = operation and maintenance costs for groundwater pumping, $/MG
QcwPumpi = initial groundwater pumping capacity, MGD
FGwPumpNew = annualization factor for new capacity or facilities
bQcwPumpAddi = additional groundwater pumping capacity, MGD
Surface water pumping
^ATSwPump (FswPumpExist * ^CSwPump * QswPumpl) (^SwPumpNew * ^CSwPump *
bQswPumpAddl) C^YrsModel * ^OmSwPump * ^PQswWtp,t ^QpesWtp,t) )
bQswWtp,t bQuesWtpX — QswPumpl ^QswPumpAddt
(111)
(112)
where
^ATSwPump
p
r SwPumpExist
r
°CSwPump
r
°OmSwPump
QswPumpl
= total annual cost for surface water pumping, $/year
= annualization factor based on remaining lifetime of existing facilities
= capital costs of new/additional surface water pumping capacity/facility, $/MGD
= operation and maintenance costs for surface water pumping, $/MG
= initial surface water pumping capacity, MGD
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
"SwPumpNew
= annualization factor for new capacity or facilities
bQswPumpAddi = additional surface water pumping capacity, MGD
Water treatment facility (WTP)
^ATWtp (FwtpExist * (*cwtp * QwtpMaxl) (FwtpNew * ^CWtp * ^QwtpAddl) YrsModel
* ^OmWtp * PQswWtp,t bQGwWtp,t~^~bQResWtp,t*)*)
where
uATWtp
FWtpExist
Ccwtp
QwtpMaxl
FWtpNew
^QwtpAddl
COmWtp
bQswWtp,t bQResWtp,t bQGwWtp,t — QwtpMaxl ^QwtpAddl
total annual costs for water treatment, $/year
annualization factor based on remaining lifetime of existing facilities
capital costs of new or additional water treatment capacity or facility, $/MGD
initial water treatment capacity, MGD
annualization factor for new capacity or facilities
additional water treatment capacity, MGD
O&M costs for water treatment, $/MG
(113)
(114)
Reducing unaccounted-for water (Uaw), assumed to be leakage out of the potable distribution
system into groundwater
The cost for reducing unaccounted-for water in the treated water distribution system is calculated as:
where
CcATUaw
Ccuaw
r
°OmUaw
bP\vtpGwFix
^WtpLeakFixMax
CATUaw ~~ (Fplan * ^CUaw ^OmUaw) * '
bP\vtpGwFix — PWtpLeakFixMax
bR
WtpGwFix
100
(115)
(116)
total annualized capital cost of reducing unaccounted-for water, $/year
capital cost of fixing Uaw such as initial survey and initial work to lower Uaw rate, $
O&M cost to maintain low Uaw rate, $/year
percent of leakage that is fixed, %
maximum physical limit of leakage reduction in treated water distribution system (e.g.,
given age of system and the repair costs specified), %
Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)
^ATWwtp (FwwtpExist * CCWwtp * QwwtpMaxI) (FwwtpNew * ^CWwtp * ^QwwtpAddl)
+ ([FyrsModel * ^OrnWwtp * Ice UsePSanS,t ^QjseNpSanS,tQGwWwtp,t^
bQusePSanS,t ^QuseNpSanS,t QcwWwtp.t — QwwtpMaxI ^QwwtpAddl
where
(117)
(118)
uATWwtp
= total annual costs for wastewater treatment, $/year
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3, Nonlinear Programming and Objective Function
*WwtpExist
CcWwtp
QwwtpMaxI
^WwtpNew
bQwwtpAddl
ComWwtp
annualization factor based on remaining lifetime of existing facilities
capital costs of new or additional wastewater treatment capacity or facility, $/MGD
initial wastewater treatment capacity, MGD
annualization factor for new capacity or facilities
additional wastewater treatment capacity, MGD
O&M costs for wastewater treatment, $/MG
Reducing infiltration into wastewater collection system
The cost for repairing leaks and reducing groundwater infiltration into the wastewater collection
system is calculated as:
where
uATGwWwtp
-CGwWwtp
-*OmGwWwtp
bR
^ATGwWwtp Plan * ^CGwWwtp ^OmGwWwtp) * '
bP,
GwWwtpFix
Too
WwtpGwFix
p
' WwtpLeakFixMax
bPGwWwtpFix — ^Wwtp Leak Fix Max
(119)
(120)
total annualized cost of reducing groundwater infiltration into the wastewater
collection system, $/year
capital cost of fixing infiltration such as initial survey and initial repairs to lower
infiltration rate, $
annual O&M cost to maintain low infiltration rate, $/year
percent of groundwater infiltration that is fixed, %
maximum physical limit of repairing infiltration into the wastewater collection
system (e.g., given age of system and the repair costs specified), %
Water reuse facility (WRF)
^ATWrf (FwrfExist * ^CWrf * QwrfMaxl) (^WrfNew * ^CWrf * ^Qwrf Addl)
+ (FyrsModel * ^OmWrf * ^^U'wtpU'r/,*:)
where
^ATWrf
I*WrfExist
^CWrf
QwrfMaxl
FwrfNew
^OmWrf
bQwrfAddl
bQwwtpWrfft — QwrfMaxl ^QwrfAddi
total annual costs for water reuse, $/year
annualization factor based on remaining lifetime of existing facilities
capital costs of new or additional WRF capacity, $/MGD
existing maximum WRF capacity, MGD
annualization factor for new capacity or facilities
O&M costs for WRF, $/MG
additional or new WRF capacity, MGD
(121)
(122)
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WMOSTv'3 Theoretical Documentation
Nonpotable distribution system (Npdist), for flows from the water reuse facility for nonpotable
water use
^ATNpdist (J*NpdistExist ^ ^CNpdist ^ QNpdistI) (J*'NpdistNew ^ ^CNpdist ^ ^QNpdistAddl)
+ (PyrsModel ^ ^OmNpdist ^ ^ ' ^QwrfUseNprt)
where
LATNpdist
FNpdistExist
QNpdistI
rNpdistNew
bQNpd
istAddl
CNpdist
JOmNpdist
bQwrfUseNp,t — QNpdistMaxI ^QNpdistAddl
total annual costs for nonpotable water distribution, $/year
annualization factor for existing capacity or facilities
existing capacity of nonpotable distribution system, MGD
annualization factor for new capacity or facilities
new or additional capacity, MGD
capital costs for Npdist, $/MGD
O&M costs for Npdist, $/MG
(123)
(124)
Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR)
ASR costs may represent the conveyance and injection infrastructure necessary to operate an ASR
facility or it may also include treatment required by an injection permit or other operational
requirements. In this version of WMOST, only one capital and one O&M cost may be specified for
ASR. In future versions, separate costs may be programmed for each source depending on the need
for treatment (e.g., water from a WRF likely does not need treatment while water from surface water
or reservoir likely needs some treatment prior to injection to prevent clogging of the injection well
and/or aquifer and/or to meet permit requirements).
^ATAsr (FAsrExist * ^CAsr * QAsrMaxl) "I" (^AsrNew * ^CAsr * ^QAsrAddl) (FyrsModel
* COmAsr * (pQwrfAsr,t SwAsr,t ResAsr,t^
(125)
bQswAsr,t "I" bQftesAsr.t "I" ^QwrfAsr,t — QAsrMaxI "I" ^QAsrAddl
where
Catast = total annual costs for ASR, $/year
FAsrExist = annualization factor based on remaining lifetime of existing facilities
CCAsr = capital costs for ASR, $/MGD
ComAsr = operation and maintenance costs of ASR, $/MG
QAsrMaxi = existing maximum capacity for ASR, MGD
FAsrNew = annualization factor for new or additional capacity
bQAsrAddi = new or additional capacity, MGD
(126)
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3, Nonlinear Programming and Objective Function
.Groundwater Storage and Discharge
For groundwater, the minimum storage volume may be specified to reflect the maximum desired
drawdown (e.g., to avert land subsidence). The maximum volume may also be specified to reflect the
size of the aquifer and the maximum storage capacity.
^Gw,Min — ^Cw,t — ^Gw,Max (127)
where
VCw,Max = maximum groundwater storage volume, MG
VGw,Min = minimum groundwater storage volume, MG
If known and desired, the user may set minimum groundwater outflows from the study area. If the
optimization solution chooses unrealistic values for groundwater exiting the study area (e.g., large
flow one time step and no flow the next time step), then these constraints can help generate more
realistic solutions.
QGwExtMin,t — bQGwExt,t (128)
where
QGWExtMin t = minimum groundwater outflow from the basin, MG/time step
WMOST gives the user an option to allow "make up" of water shortfalls within the watershed system
by adding water to the groundwater system. This is a virtual flow of water which, if needed during the
optimization, indicates that it is otherwise impossible to meet the specified constraints given available
resources and management options.
If this option is enabled, the user specifies a large penalty for needing to add this make-up water and
this penalty is included when estimating the total cost. Using a penalty that exceeds any of the other
available management practices ensures that use of the "make up" water is a last resort during
optimization.
(•ATMUGw ~ FyrsModel * CGwMake * bQcwMake,t (129)
t
where
Catmugw = total annualized cost of groundwater make-up water, $/year
CGwMake = penalty for groundwater make-up water, $/MG
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
Reservoir or Surface Storage (e.g., storage tank and pond)
For the reservoir, the minimum storage volume may be specified to reflect "dead storage" (i.e., what
cannot be released from the reservoir) or the quantity that is required to be maintained for
emergencies. The maximum volume may be specified to reflect the physical size of the reservoir
(note that additional surface water storage capacity is one of the management options in Table 1-1).
^Res,Min — ^Res,t — ^Res,MaxI ^Res,Addl (130)
where
^Res,Maxi = maximum reservoir volume, MG
bVRes,Addi = additional surface water storage capacity, MG
VRes,Min = minimum reservoir storage volume (i.e., "dead storage"), MG
The cost for additional reservoir storage is defined as follows:
CATRes = (Fplan * CCRes X bVRes,Addl) + (FYrsModel X C0mRes X ^(^.Addl + VRes,MaxI)) (m)
t
where
CATRes = total annual costs for reservoir/surface storage, $/year
CCRes = capital costs of new or additional reservoir capacity, $/MG
C0mRes = annual O&M cost for reservoir, $/MG/year
WMOST gives the user an option to allow "make up" of water shortfalls within the watershed system
by adding water to the reservoir located at the outlet of the watershed. This is a virtual flow of water
which, if needed during the optimization, indicates that it is otherwise impossible to meet the
specified constraints given available resources and management options. For example, more water
may be necessary to meet specified in-stream flow targets in cases where runoff, recharge, and inflow
are insufficient on certain days.
If this option is enabled, the user specifies a large financial penalty for needing to add this make-up
water and this penalty is included when estimating the total cost. Using a penalty that exceeds the cost
of any of the other available management practices ensures that use of the "make up" water is a last
resort during optimization.
CatmUW = ^ FYrsModel X CWMake X bQWMake,t (132)
t
where
Catmuw
^WMake
= total annualized cost of make-up water, $/year
= penalty for make-up water, $/MG
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3, Nonlinear Programming and Objective Function
In-stream Flow and Surface Water Discharges
Minimum and maximum flows may be specified for the surface water reach and for flows exiting the
reservoir and basin. These constraints can be used to ensure that minimum flow targets are met or that
peak flows are not exceeded.
where
QswMin,t ~
QswMax,t ~
QswExtMin,t ~
QswExtMax,t~ ~
QswMin,t — QswRes,t
QswMax,t — QswRes,t
QswExtMin,t — bQswExt,t
QswExtMax.t — bQswExt.t
minimum in-stream flow for basin reach, ftVscc
maximum in-stream flow for basin reach, ft3/sec
minimum flow exiting the reservoir and basin, ft3/sec
maximum flow exiting the reservoir and basin, ft3/sec
(133)
(134)
(135)
(136)
.Interbasin Transfer (IBT) for Water and Wastewater
Maximum IBT flows can be specified as daily, monthly, and/or annual limits. IBT may be excluded
by the user or additional IBT volume may be purchased.
Exclude IBT
If the user excludes IBT as a management option by entering -9 for the purchase cost of IBT, then the
associated flows and costs are declared equal to zero.
If Cibtw < then
bQibtwuseP.t = 0 (137)
bQibtwuseNp.t = 0 (138)
CATIbtW = 0 (139)
where
CIbtw = cost of purchasing IBT water, $/MG
CATibtw = total annualized cost of interbasin transfer of water, $/year
If C,btww < 0, then
bQusePlbtWw,t = 0 (140)
bQuseNpIbtWw,t ~ 0 (141)
CATIbtWw = 0 (142)
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
where
Cibtww = cost of IBT wastewater services, $/MG
CATibtww = total annualized cost of interbasin transfer of wastewater, $/year
If IBT is allowed as a management option, the user may specify a limit on IBT flows as daily,
monthly, and/or annual limits. In addition, the user may specify whether additional volume may be
purchased to increase these limits and the limit to the additional volume. The user may also enter -9
for any limit to indicate no limit.
Additional volume limits
If the user excludes the option to purchase additional volume, the additional volume is set to zero.
If Ccibtw < 0, then bQIbtwAddl = 0 (143)
If Ccibtww ^ 0' then wwAddi ~ 0 (144)
If the user specifies a limit for the additional volume that may be purchased, then the constraint is
written. Otherwise the constraint is not written and the volume is unlimited.
If QlbtWAddlMax — then bQjfotyyAddi < QibtWAddlMax (145)
If QlbtWwAddlMax — 0' then bQj^tWwAddl < QibtWwAddlMax (146)
where
QibtWAddlMax = maximum additional IBT water capacity, MGD
bQwtwAddi = additional IBT water capacity, MGD
QibtwwAddiMax = maximum additional IBT wastewater capacity, MGD
bQibtwwAddi = additional IBT wastewater capacity, MGD
Depending on the combinations of existing limits specified, the constraints listed below will exist in
the model for each time step in the period of analysis.
Daily specification of existing IBT limits
For a daily time step model, the daily limits apply as follows.
If QlbtWMaxDay — 0- then
bQibtWUseP,t + bQIbtwUseNp t < QlbtWMaxDay + bQIbtwAddi (147)
Else if QlbtWMaxDay < 0, then no constraints are specified and flow may be unlimited.
If QlbtWwMaxDay — 0- then
bQusePIbtWw,t "I" bQfjseNpii)tww,t — QlbtWwMaxDay "I" Iddl (148)
Else if QlbtWwMaxDay < 0, then no constraints are specified and flow may be unlimited.
For a monthly time step model, the daily values are multiplied up to a monthly value as follows.
44
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3, Nonlinear Programming and Objective Function
If QlbtWMaxDay — 0- then
bQibtWUseP,t + bQIbtwUseNp,t
^ QlbtWMaxDay x N Day(month(t)) + bQIbtwAddl x NDay{month(t)) ^ ^
Else if QibtWMaxDay < 0- then no constraints are specified and flow may be unlimited.
If QlbtWwMaxDay — then
bQusePlbtWw,t "I" bQuseNplbtWw,t
^ QibtwwMaxDay x NDay(month(t)) + bQIbtWwAddl x NDay(month{t)) ^
Else if QibtwwMaxDay < 0, then no constraints are specified and flow may be unlimited.
where
QibtWMaxDay = maximum potable water transfers from/to outside the basin for each day in the
optimization period, MGD
QibtwwMaxDay = maximum potable wastewater transfers from/to outside the basin for each day in
the optimization period, MGD
NDay(month(t)) = number of days in the month
Monthly specification of existing IBT limits
Since the period of analysis may start and/or end on a day other than the start or end of a month, the
monthly limits are prorated to keep the limits accurate for partial months in the modeling time period.
For a daily time step model, the monthly limit is prorated for the number of days in the month and the
additional capacity limit is multiplied by the number of days in that month of the modeling period.
If QlbtWMaxMonth,m — 0. then
^ bQibtWUseP,t + bQIbtwuseNp,t
t=l to NdtM
NdtM
— QlbtWMaxMonth,m X 7 T7T7v\~ ^QlbtWAddl X NdtM
NDay(month(t))
Else if QibtwMaxMonth,m < 0, then no constraints are specified and flow may be unlimited.
If QIbtWwMaxMonth,m — 0, then
bQusePIbtWw,t "1" bQuseNpIbtWw,t
t=1 to NdtM
NdtM
— QlbtWwMaxMonth,m X 7 I7T7v\ ^QlbtWwAddl X NdtM
NDay(month{t))
Else if QibtwwMaxMonth.m < 0- then no constraints are specified and flow may be unlimited,
where
QibtwMaxMonth.m = maximum potable water transfers from/to outside the basin for each month, m,
MG/month
(152)
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
QibtwwMaxMonth,m = maximum potable wastewater transfers from/to outside the basin for each month,
m, MG/month
NdtM = number of time steps in the month
For the monthly time step model, the additional capacity limit is multiplied by the number of days in
the month.
If QlbtWMaxMonth,m — 0, then
bQlbtWUseP,t bQlbtWUseNp,t — QlbtWMaxMontk,m + bQIbtwAddi x NDay(month(t)) (153)
Else if QibtwMaxMonth,m < 0, then no constraints are specified and flow may be unlimited.
If QlbtWwMaxMonth,m — 0, then
bQusePIbtWw,t bQuseNpIbtWw,t — QlbtWwMaxMonth,m + bQibtwwAddi x NDay(month(t)) (154)
Else if QibtwwMaxMonth,m < 0, then no constraints are specified and flow may be unlimited.
Annual specification of existing IBT limits
For both the daily and monthly time step models, the annual limits are prorated for the number of
time steps in the year within the period of analysis. The maximum, additional, and daily volume is
multiplied up to annual value then prorated for the number of time steps in the year within the period
of analysis.
For a daily time step model,
If QlbtWMaxYr — 0, then
^ bQibtWUseP,t + bQIbtwUseNp,t
t=1 to Ndt
NdtYr
< QlbtWMaxYr X NDay(year(t)-) + WibtwAddi x NdtYr
Else if QibtwMaxYr < 0, then no constraints are specified and flow may be unlimited.
If QlbtWwMaxYr — 0, then
bQusePIbtWw,t "I" bQuseNpIbtWw,t
t=1 to Ndt
NdtYr
5= QibtwwMaxYr x N j) ay (year (t)) ^IbtWwAddl x NdtYr
Else if QibtwwMaxYr < 0, then no constraints are specified and flow may be unlimited.
For a monthly time step model,
If QlbtWMaxYr — 0, then
(155)
(156)
46
-------
^ bQibtWUseP,t + bQIbtwUseNp,t
t=1 to Ndt
3, Nonlinear Programming and Objective Function
(157)
(158)
NdtYr NdtYr
< QibtwMaxYr x + bQIbtwAddl x NDay(year(t)) x
Else if QibtwMaxYr < 0, then no constraints are specified and flow may be unlimited.
If QlbtWwMaxYr — 0, then
bQusePIbtWw,t "1" bQuseNpIbtWw,t
t= 1 to Wdt
NdtYr NdtYr
— QibtwwMaxYr x ^ I" ^QihtwWAddi x N Day (year (t)) x —
Else if QibtwwMaxYr < 0, then no constraints are specified and flow may be unlimited,
where
QibtwMaxYr = maximum potable water transfers from/to outside the basin for a given year in the
optimization period, MG/year
QibtwwMaxYr = maximum potable wastewater transfers from/to outside the basin for a given year in
the optimization period, MG/year
NdtYr = number of time steps in the year
NDay(year(t)) = number of days in the year
As shown in Figure 1-1, IBT water is routed directly to water users and is assumed to be treated,
potable water. Therefore, costs should reflect the total cost of purchasing and delivering IBT water to
users. The total annual cost of interbasin transfer of imported potable water, CATIbtw. is calculated as:
C-ATlbtW = Fplan X CClbtW X bQlbtWAddl + FYrsModel X CIbtW X JSbQ ibtwusep,t + bQibtwuseNp,t) (159)
t
where
CCibtw = initial cost of purchasing additional water rights for IBT and construction of necessary
infrastructure, $/MGD
IBT wastewater is transferred directly from users to the service provider outside of the basin;
therefore, costs should reflect the collection and transport of wastewater from users to the out of basin
provider. The total annual cost of exporting wastewater via interbasin transfer, CATn>tWw, is calculated
as:
^ATlbtWw Fpian x CClbtWw X ^QlbtWwAddi FYrsModel X ^IbtWw
X ^^(PQusePIbtWw,t "1" ^QuseNpIbtWw,t) (1^0)
t
where
Cdbtww = initial cost of purchasing additional wastewater transfer rights for IBT and construction
of necessary infrastructure, $/MGD
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
Flood Damages
The annualized cost of damage from flood flow is calculated as the damage times the inverse of the
recurrence interval of the flow:
C F An — CFn X forQn (161)
where
CFAn = annualized cost of damage caused by flood flow n. $/year
CFn = cost of damage caused by flood flow n. $
Tn = recurrence interval of flood flow n. years
Qn = flood flow ii. ft3/sec
n = one element of the sets of flood flow data entered by user
Linear interpolation between flood flow and annualized damage cost provides a linear cost curve for a
specific flow interval. With a minimum of three sets of input data for the flood damage modeling,
there will be at least two equations representing the damages corresponding to possible flows. Flow
below the lowest flood flow specified is assumed to cause no flood damages. Flow above the largest
flood flow specified is assumed to cause the same damage as the largest specified flood flow. The
final total flood damages incurred over the modeling period is the sum of all flows that cause flood
damages as calculated by the appropriate corresponding cost curve:
Cfa — Fnl2 ^ QswRes,t ^ it! 2 ) f OT flow bGtWGGTl Qn CUld Qn
(162)
where
CFA = annualized cost of damage caused by flood flows over the modeling time period, $/year
mFni2> bFni2 = constants of equation describing linear interpolation between Qn and Qn+i
QswRes t = n°\v in the stream channel, ft3/sec
Combined Sewer Overflow Management
WMOST defines CSO events as instances where the volume of runoff routed to the combined sewer
exceeds the user-defined hydraulic control capacity of the sewers from HRU areas serviced by the
combined sewer system (CSS) and/or the sum of the runoff flowing through the combined sewer,
flows from potable and nonpotable water users, and groundwater infiltration exceeds the hydraulic
control capacity of the interceptor sewer connected to the wastewater treatment plant34. If more than
the user specified maximum number of CSO events occurs, then WMOST will utilize stormwater
management BMPs and CSO control methods to decrease the number of sewer overflow events. The
CSO control methods discussed in this section include sewer separation and offline storage. See
Section 4 for additional information on the CSO Module.
Sewer separation
A CSS is a sewer system that conveys both stormwater and sewage (EPA 1994). CSS separation
allows for stormwater to be separately conveyed to surface water bodies (via a storm sewer) and
34 The WMOST user may also use the WWTP treatment capacity.
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3, Nonlinear Programming and Objective Function
sanitary waste to be conveyed to a treatment plant (via a sanitary sewer). Within WMOST, the model
will be able to choose what fraction of the CSS is separated, which will be constrained by facility
capacity and costs. The equation for the cost of sewer separation is defined as follows:
^ATCSewSep Sew Sep New X ^CCSewSep
/~i /~i i {-\ bPcs\
QsanSMax QstSMax] X ( ^ IQO"/
(163)
where
bPcs
QsanSMax
QstSMax
^ATCSewSep
FCSewSepNew
CCCSewSep
percentage of sewer system that is combined, %
maximum sanitary sewer capacity, MGD
maximum storm sewer capacity, MGD
total annual costs for sewer separation, $/year
annualization factor for new facilities
capital costs for sewer separation, $/MGD
Offline storage
Off-line storage is used during wet weather events to temporarily detain sewage and decrease the
volume reaching the WWTP at once. The detained volume is released to the system once treatment
capacity becomes available. The cost and capacity equations related to offline storage include a
virtual daily charge to limit unnecessary flows through the offline storage facility and ensure that the
volume is released to the WWTP as rapidly as practicable (the price signal essentially goes against
the model's effort to minimize total costs). The equation for the cost of offline storage is defined as
follows:
(¦ATOS — FyrsModel X COmOS x ^ bD0St X kvc + VOSTotai t
(164)
where
V()STotal,t
bD0s,t
Catos
kvc
^OmOS
total volume in offline storage, MG (initial offline storage volume is 0)
binary decision variable for use of offline storage, 0 or 1
total annual costs for offline storage, $/year
virtual daily charge, $
O&M costs for use of offline storage, $/MG
The offline storage volume balance and facility constraint equations are as follows:
VosTotai,t = (VosTotait-1 + bD0s,t x bQcsos,t ~ bQoswwtp,t) X At
where
bQcsos,t
bQoswwtp,t
VoSMax
^OSTotal,t — ^OSMax
= flow from combined sewer to offline storage, MG/time step
= flow from offline storage to WWTP, MG/time step
maximum offline storage capacity, MG
(165)
(166)
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
3.4 Costs and Constraints Associated with Loadings Management Options
Infrastructure Capacity and Use
As mentioned in Section 3.3, if modeling for hydrology and loadings, the model assumes that the
capital and operation and maintenance costs input by the user for the various model components
appropriately reflect the hydrologic and water quality treatment performance of each component, as
applicable.
Water treatment plant (WTP)
If the user allows for upgraded treatment at the WTP as a management option, a capital cost for new
construction will be incurred if upgraded treatment is needed. Therefore, the cost equation for the
upgraded treatment is defined as follows:
C,
where
JATUWtp — FuWtpNew X Ccuwtp X QwtpMaxI x bPuwtp (167)
bPuwtp = portion of flows receiving upgraded treatment at WTP, %
CATUWtp = total annual costs for upgraded water treatment, $/year
Ccuwtp = capital costs of upgraded water treatment capacity, $/MGD
FuwtpNew = annualization factor for new upgraded water treatment capacity
If the user includes upgraded treatment at the WTP as a management option, the optimization model
may have a proportion of the loadings to the water treatment plant receive upgraded treatment in
order to meet in-stream target concentrations. The user indicates the average effluent concentration
(XuwtpOut) achieved by the upgraded treatment, which is used to calculate the reduced loadings from
the WTP facility to potable and nonpotable water users and what is lost through leakage in the treated
water distribution system. Loadings receiving upgraded treatment are subject to the same physical
capacity constraints as the WTP.
The changes to the WTP loadings equations would be as follows:
LwtpUseP,t = [(1 — bPuwtp) X QwtpUseP,t X XwtpOut] + \pPuwtp X QwtpUseP,t X XuwtpOut
L\vtpUseNp,t [(1- bPuwtp*) X bQwtpUseNp,t X ^WtpOut\
\pPuwtp x bQwtpuseNp.t x ^uwtpOut\
LwtpGw,t [(l bPuwtp*) X QwtpGw,t X ^WtpOut\ \pP[JWtp X QwtpGw,t X ^UWtpOut\
where
Xuwtpout = average effluent concentration achieved by upgraded water treatment, mg/L
] (168)
(169)
(170)
Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)
If the user allows for upgraded treatment at the WWTP as a management option, a capital cost for
new construction will be incurred if upgraded treatment is needed. Therefore, the cost equation for the
upgraded treatment is defined as follows:
50
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3, Nonlinear Programming and Objective Function
^ATUWwtp FUWwtpNew * Q.uwwtp * bPuWwtp * QwwtpMaxl
(171)
where
bPuWwtp
Cat uwwtp
CCUWwtp
FUWwtpNew
portion of flows receiving upgraded treatment at WWTP, %
total annual costs for upgraded wastewater treatment, $/year
capital costs of upgraded wastewater treatment capacity, $/MGD
annualization factor for new upgraded wastewater treatment capacity
If the user includes upgraded treatment at the WWTP as a management option, the optimization
model may have a proportion of the loadings flowing to the water treatment plant receive upgraded
treatment in order to meet in-stream target concentrations. The user indicates the average effluent
concentration (XUWwtp0ut) achieved by the upgraded treatment, which is used to calculate the
reduced loadings to the water reuse facility and reduced loadings associated with groundwater
infiltration into the wastewater collection system. Loadings receiving upgraded treatment are subject
to the same physical capacity constraints as the WWTP.
The changes to the WWTP loadings equations would be as follows:
LwwtpSw,t [(1 bPuWwtp*) * QwwtpSw,t * XWwtpOut\ l^PjWwtp * QwwtpSw,t * XUWwtpOut
^WwtpWrf ,t I ( 1 bPUWwtp) * bQwwtpWrf ,t * ^WwtpOut\
\pP[JWwtp * ^QwwtpWrf,t * XjwwtpOut\
where
Xuwwtpout = average effluent concentration achieved by upgraded wastewater treatment, mg/L
(172)
(173)
Enhanced septic
If additional treatment is required for the septic system (i.e., enhanced treatment), the following cost
equation describes the total annual costs. Costs incurred are based on the amount of flows, and
correspondingly, loadings chosen by the model to receive enhanced treatment.
Flow through the enhanced septic system cannot exceed the user-defined maximum capacity of the
system.
^ATESep tan * ^OmESep *
^ Q ESrp :
(174)
where
uATESep
^OmESep
bP,
ESep
QESepMa
QESeprt b^ESep ^ (QlJsePSep,t QlJseNpSep,t)
QESep — QESepMax
total annual costs for enhanced septic system, $/year
O&M costs for enhanced septic system, $/MG
portion of flows routed for enhanced treatment within the septic system, %
maximum enhanced septic system capacity, MGD
(175)
(176)
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
The user indicates the average effluent concentration (XESepF) achieved by the enhanced septic
system. The average effluent constituent concentration is used to calculate the loadings to the
groundwater system.
The changes to the septic system loadings equations would be as follows:
LsepGw,t [(1 b^ESep*) * QsepGw,t * -^SepF] [(b^ESep) * QsepGw,t X XESepF,t] (177)
Surface Water and Reservoir
The WMOST user can specify a target concentration or loading to meet in the stream reach and
reservoir.
Target concentrations
where
XswTarget = surface water target concentration, mg/L
XResTarget = reservoir target concentration, mg/L
Target loadings
Lsw,t 5= LSwTarget
LRes,t — LResTarget
where
LswTarget = surface water target loadings, lbs/time step
LResTarget = reservoir target loadings, lbs/time step
Runoff Loadings Direct Reduction
There are four BMP types available for modeling in WMOST v3 that directly reduce runoff loadings:
1) Riparian Buffers, 2) Street Sweeping, 3) Tree Canopy, and 4) Urban Nutrient Management. The
modeling approach for riparian buffers is unique; thus, we discuss riparian buffers separately from the
latter three direct reduction options.
Riparian buffers
Riparian buffers are vegetated areas adjacent to water bodies that are used to reduce excess nutrients
and sediment in surface runoff from land areas that are upgradient to the buffer area (USDA 2009).
Riparian buffers intercept and slow surface runoff from the upgradient land areas, which allows
vegetation to absorb nutrients and sediment to settle out before the pollutants reach the stream.
WMOST users may want to analyze the effects of land use conversions in riparian zones to and from
more developed land uses in order to calculate the benefits of riparian buffer management. These
benefits can arise both from reductions in runoff and pollutant loadings associated with management
XswF,t — XswTarget (178)
XResF,t — XjlesTar-get
(179)
(180)
(181)
52
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3, Nonlinear Programming and Objective Function
of the riparian area itself, and from the removal of pollutants contributed by upgradient land areas.
Table 3-1 provides examples of different riparian buffer management scenarios and their effect on in-
stream loadings.
Table 3-1: Scenario Options and Costs for Modeling Riparian Buffer and Riparian
Buffer Land Conversion Co-benefits and Trade-offs
Initial Land
Use
Converted Land Use
Effect on Loadings
Type of Costs Associated
with Land Conversion
Forested Buffer
Conserved Forested
Buffer
No additional reduction in
loads beyond modeled land
use time series
Land Conservation Cost
Agricultural
Buffer
Forested Buffer
Reduction in loads based on
land conversion and reduction
in upgradient loads
Land Restoration Cost, and
Land Conservation Cost
(optional)
Developed
Buffer
Forested Buffer
Reduction in loads based on
land conversion and reduction
in upgradient loads
Land Restoration Cost, and
Land Conservation Cost
(optional)
Forested Buffer
Agricultural Buffer
Increase in loads associated
with land conversion and loss
in riparian buffer function
No associated cost, or negative
cost to represent economic
benefit of change
Forested Buffer
Developed Buffer
Increase in loads associated
with land conversion and loss
in riparian buffer function
No associated cost, or negative
cost to represent economic
benefit of change
Unlike other BMPs for which the treated area and BMP implementation location are coincident,
riparian buffers are implemented on a given plot of land. Buffers treat not only the runoff from that
land, but as explained above, also that of all upgradient land. The effects of different types of riparian
buffers on in-stream pollutant loadings first account for any changes in runoff and recharge
hydrologic flows and loadings from land use conversion (of the land to be converted or conserved as
riparian buffer). A percent adjustment in the runoff loadings is also applied to the HRU areas located
upgradient from that riparian buffer. Since the combination of HRU areas upgradient from a riparian
buffer determine the amount of loads delivered to the buffer, WMOST allows for the area of each
possible land use conversion to be divided into (up to) five different relative loads groups (i.e., high,
medium, and low loads).
Without the consideration of riparian buffers, the runoff flows and loadings equations within
WMOST summed loadings from baseline HRU areas and managed set areas. With the addition of
riparian buffers as a management option, the runoff flows and loadings equations from all HRU areas
sum the following components (see equations below):
1. Unadjusted loadings from the converted/conserved buffer area;
2. Unadjusted loadings from baseline and managed set areas that are not upgradient of the
buffer area; and
3. Percent adjusted loadings from baseline and managed set areas upgradient of the buffer area.
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
Costs for riparian buffers will depend on the HRU conversion selected by the user and specified on a
per acre basis, as shown in the equation below. Table 3-1 shows the set of land use conversions that
may be modeled and the type of costs associated with the land conversion.
NRipConv NRipLaods
cATRB= £ £
where
Catrb
c
NRipConv
3
NRipLoads
CrrpRr
™RB,c,g
bDRB,c,g
9 = 1
(182)
total annual costs for riparian buffer implementation, $/year
land use conversion number
total number of possible land use conversions
relative loads group
total number of relative loads groups
initial cost to convert riparian land area, $/acre
O&M cost for riparian land area conversion, $/acre/year
riparian land area for each land use conversion and relative loads group, acres
binary decision variable for each land use conversion and relative loads group, 0 or 1
Changes (shown in red) to runoff flow and loadings equations are defined as follows:
Nlu NRipConv NRipLoads NLu
QruX — 1 X Qllu,l,s = l,t) + I II ±ARB,c,g x bDRB
,c,g ^ QRu,l,s=l,t
1=1 c= 1 g = 1 1 = 1 f 1
NSetNLu
+ ^ ((Qnu.i.s.t ~ Qiiu,i,s=i,t) x bAi s)
s=2 1=1
The ± symbol indicates that the runoff contribution from the riparian land area is positive or negative
depending on whether the HRU is one that users are converting to or converting from.
Baseline loadings for HRUs:
NLuSet NLu
1 = 1 S = 1 1 = 1
Loadings for HRUs that are upgradient to a buffer area that experience a loadings adjustment:
NRipConv NLu NRipLoads
(184)
¦JRuAdjUp,t
JRB,c,g
^ ^ ' LRUflrs=lrt ^ bAifS= i X ^ ' FRBArea,l,g ^ (,^RBAdjrc) ^ ^Dr
c=l 1=1 g=1
NLuSet NRipConv NLu
+ I I c|85)
s=l c=l 1 = 1
fNRipLoads
f-'Ruilis=llt) ^ f ^ ' FRBArea,l,g ^ (J^RBAdj,c)
JRB,c,g
\ 9 = 1
54
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3, Nonlinear Programming and Objective Function
where
LRuAdjup,t = loadings from HRUs upgradient to a buffer area that have a loadings adjustment,
lbs/time step
pRBArea,i,g = fraction of HRU land use area that is upgradient from the riparian buffer for each land
use and relative loads group
PrBAdj,c = load adjustment efficiency for each land use conversion, %
Loadings for HRU land areas that are riparian buffer conversions:
For HRU areas that users are converting from
NRipConv NLu NRipLoads
LRuAdd,t ~ 111 ( ARB,c,g x bDRBcg) x LRUjijS=ljt (186)
c=1 1 = 1 g = 1
For HRU areas that users are converting to
NRipConv NLu NRipLoads
£ t 1 (W*«*.«) X W,, (.87)
c=1 1=1 g = 1
where
LRllAdd,t = loadings changes from converted HRU land areas, lbs/time step
Changes (shown in red) to surface water loadings and storm sewer loadings equations are defined as
follows:
Storm sewer loadings
LstSSw,t LuseNpSewer,t ^Ru,t ^RuAdjUp.t (188)
Surface water loadings
Lsw,t Lstssw,t LRuAdd,t LExtSw,t ^PtSw,t ^GwSw,t ^WwtpSw,t ^WrfSw,t (189)
Street sweeping, tree canopy, and urban nutrient management
Street sweeping, increasing tree canopy, and urban nutrient management are BMPs that can directly
reduce runoff loadings (definitions in Table 3-2).
Table 3-2: Description of Loadings Direct Reduction BMPs
BMP Type
BMP Description
Street Sweeping
Pavement cleaning practices to minimize pollutant export to urban waterways by
removing sediment debris and other pollutants (EPA 2004)
Tree Canopy
Tree canopy in urban areas can help improve water quality by filtering pollutants.
(EPA 2016)
Urban Nutrient
Management
Identifying how the major plant nutrients are to be annually managed to minimize
adverse environmental effects upon water quality and avoid unnecessary nutrient
applications (CBP 2012)
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
Costs for street sweeping, tree canopy over turf/impervious land, and urban nutrient management will
depend on the acres treated by the management practice, as shown in the general equation below.
where
uATDR,d
CcDR,l,d
ComDR,l,d
ADR,l,d
jvi/fijet i\LiU
d=1 1=1
= total annual costs for direct reduction set, d. $/year
capital cost for direct reduction on HRU, /, in direct reduction set, d. $/acre
O&M cost for direct reduction on HRU, /, in direct reduction set, d. $/acre/year
area receiving treatment within HRU, /, from direct reduction set, d. acres
(190)
For each of the three practices, associated percent loading reductions are multiplied by baseline and
managed runoff sets to calculate final runoff loadings to surface water as shown in the general
equation below.
NLu NDRSet
Lruj = ^ (bAi s=i X LRu ijS=ljt) X | | (1 — (PoR,i,d x bDDR d))
i=i
d = 1
NLuSet NLu
+
s=2 1 = 1
x bAlrS
NDRSet
^ ^ ^Ru,i,s,t f LRu,i,s,t x | | Pdr,i,s x bDDR d J L
Ru,l,s=l,t
d=l
where
N,
DRSet
DR,l,d
bD,
DR,d
number of runoff loadings direct reduction sets
direct reduction for each land use, c, in direct reduction set, d. %
= binary decision variable for direct reduction set, d, 0 or 1
(191)
Any combination of up to three direct reduction BMP sets can be selected. If all three sets are unique
(i.e., represent different types of BMPs), then WMOST optimization can turn on all BMPs by setting
their respective binary variable to 1. If the user specifies the same type of BMP (e.g., three different
treatment levels of street sweeping), then the model will identify and select only the most cost-
effective treatment level for any given treated land area.
Loadings Target Adjustment
Since the stream reach component within WMOST does not have storage and equations only track
what is flowing in and out of the system with each time step, constituent loadings from in-stream
sources or outfalls are not explicitly defined and tracked. Therefore, BMPs that reduce loadings from
in-stream sources or outfalls but do not affect hydrologic flows, such as streambank
stabilization/restoration, outfall stabilization, and outfall enhancement, are modeled in WMOST by
crediting the loading reduction directly out of the targets specified by the user. This approach
essentially reduces the stringency of the loading target specified by the user, at a cost of implementing
these BMPs.
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3, Nonlinear Programming and Objective Function
Streambank stabilization/restoration
Streambank stabilization, or streambank restoration, is a non-structural on-channel BMP that aims to
restore and protect streambanks from erosion, thereby reducing sediment and nutrient loadings to the
waterbody. This practice uses vegetative plantings, soil bioengineering, and structural systems to
prevent erosion.
The total annual streambank stabilization/restoration cost varies in proportion with the number of
stream feet restored that is determined by the model during optimization.
Catsr = FyrsModei x Qsfi x bFtstr (192)
where
CATSR = total annual cost for streambank restoration loadings target adjustments, $/year
CCSR = capital cost for loadings target adjustment BMP, $/stream feet restored
bFtstr = number of stream feet restored or number of outfalls stabilized or enhanced
The management practice is modeled by increasing the in-stream or reservoir loading target constraint
equation, which acts as an upper limit on in-stream and reservoir loadings, with the loadings
reduction term. The loadings reduction term represents the loadings that were prevented from
entering the stream because of the streambank stabilization project; and thus, represent a credit
towards meeting the user-specified loadings targets. For streambank stabilization and restoration, the
revised target equations and constraint equation are:
Lsw,t
<
LswTarget + ^RR,SR
X bFtstr
(193)
LRes,t
<
LResTarget LRR,SR
X bFtstr
(194)
BFtstr 5= FtstrMax
(195)
where
LRRSR = loading removal rate due to streambank restoration, lb/ft/time step
FtstrMax = maximum number of linear stream length that can be stabilized or restored, feet
Outfall stabilization and outfall enhancement
Like streambank stabilization, outfall stabilization and outfall enhancement reduce in-stream
constituent loadings contributions by reducing erosion near the outfall. Outfall enhancement includes
upgrades to outfall piping, while outfall stabilization is characterized by operation and maintenance of
combined sewer outfalls.
The total annual outfall stabilization and/or outfall enhancement cost varies in proportion with the
number of outfalls stabilized or enhanced that is determined by the model during optimization.
C-ATOut = FyrsModel x Qout x bN0ut (196)
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
where
CATOut = total annual costs for outfall enhancement or stabilization loadings target adjustments,
$/year
Cc0ut = capital cost for loadings target adjustment BMP, $/outfalls stabilized or enhanced
bN0ut = number of outfalls stabilized or enhanced
The management practice is modeled by using the loadings reduction term to adjust the upper limit on
in-stream and reservoir loadings. The loadings reduction term represents the loadings that were
prevented from entering the stream because of the outfall stabilization or outfall enhancement project;
and thus, represent a credit towards meeting the user-specified loadings targets. For outfall
stabilization and outfall enhancement, the revised target equations and constraint equation are:
Asw,t — LSwTarget + Lnnput x bN0ut (197)
Lues,t — LftesTarget "I" LRR,Out * bNout
(198)
bNout — ^OutMax
(199)
where
Lnnput = loading removal rate due to outfall enhancement or stabilization, lb/outfall/time step
NoutMax = maximum number of outfalls than can be stabilized or enhanced
Total Costs
Total annual costs for all management options, CAT. is calculated as the sum of all annualized capital
and O&M costs as defined in Sections 3.3 and 3.4.
CA T = CATb + CATm + CxrPrice + ^ATDmd + CATGwPump + ^ATSwPump + ^ATWtp + ^ATUWtp +
cATUaw + C-ATWwtp + CATUWwtp + CATGwWwtp + CATWrf + ^ATNpdist + ^ATAsr + ^ATE Sep +
^ATRes + ^ATlbtW + ^ATIbtWw'^'^ATMUW'^^ATMUGw + CFA + ^ATCSewSep + ^ATOS + ^ATRB +
CaTDR + CaTSR + CATOut
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4. Combined Sewer Overflow Module
4. Combined Sewer Overflow Module
The "presumption" approach outlined in EPA's CSO Control Policy (EPA 1994) states that any
system that experiences no more than an average of four overflow events per year, provided that the
permitting authority may allow up to two additional overflow events per year, as the result of a
precipitation event can be presumed to have the appropriate level of control to meet surface water
quality standards.
The Long-Term Control Plan-EZ (LTCP-EZ) template (EPA 2007) is a framework for generalized
quantification of CSO volume, cost estimation of various CSO control methods and their impact, and
assessment of the affordability of control methods based on the financial capability of the permittee
and the residents served by the combined sewer system (CSS).
Using LTCP-EZ concepts, the quantification of CSO volume in order to evaluate the need for and
optimize the costs of implementing CSO control methods was incorporated into WMOST through the
CSO Module.35 Although EPA's CSO Control Policy recommends the implementation of
management options if a system is experiencing more than an average of four overflow events per
year, WMOST users have the ability to specify the maximum allowable number of CSO events per
calendar year to represent their state or local CSO policy.
4.1 Combined Sewer System
The presence of CSO events is predicated on having a CSS that routes both stormwater runoff and
sewage flows from potable and nonpotable water users to a WWTP. Users define the HRU areas that
are served by the CSS and the total maximum runoff volume delivered to the interceptor sewer (e.g.,
large sewer pipes that convey dry weather flow and a portion of wet weather combined sewage flow
to the WWTP). Users can also define the capacity of the interceptor sewer, which may or may not be
equal to the capacity of the WWTP.
Figure 4-1 highlights the different components and connections that WMOST uses when running the
CSO module. Currently, the CSO module is only available when running WMOST without modeling
loadings in "Hydrology Only" mode36. Refer to Figure 1-3 to see how the CSO compoents fit into the
overall WMOST flow schematic.
35 Future versions of WMOST may include the incorporation of LTCP-EZ's methodology for affordability analysis as an
analysis of the cost estimates provided by WMOST for the lowest-cost solution.
30 Future versions of WMOST may include the capability to use the CSO module when running WMOST in "Hydrology
and Loadings" mode.
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WMOSTv3 Theoretical Documentation
Figure 4-1: Schematic of CSO Module Water Flows37
Combined Sewer Systei
Stormwater
Managed
HRUs Runoff,
Baseline HRUs
Runoff
Nonpotable
Muncipal Use
Combined
Sewer (CS)
Offline Storage
Since the CSO module models different connections between components, the watershed system
constraint equations also differ (changes shown in red).
Runoff
The user defines the HRU areas that are served by the CSS, requiring the need for separate runoff
equations that route flows either straight to the surface water system, through the CSS, or if modeling
sewer separation, through the storm sewer.38
NLu
Qnu,t = ^ (bAi s= l x QRU,i,s=i,t) x (l — FrCSS i)
i=i (201)
NLuSet NLu
I Z((« Ru,l,s,t Qnu,i,s=i,t) x bAi s x (l Frcss;))
s=2 1=1
bPcs V (202)
Qnucs,t — "Yqq" x / i x Qnu,i,s=i,t) x Frcss,i
i=i
NLuSet NLu
+1 Ru,l,s,t Qnu,i,s=i,t) x bAi s x Frcss;)
s=2 1=1
37 Potable and nonpotable water use in this schematic and associated equations refers to flows that were not consumed by
water users.
38 If the user does not model sewer separation, bPcs is set to 100.
60
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where
4, Combined Sewer Overflow Module
NLu
Qnusts,t — "loo") X ^x Qnu,i,s=i,t) x Frcss l
(203)
i=i
NLuSet NLu
^ ^ QRu,lrs=lrt)
x bAi s x Frcss;)
s=2 1=1
FrCSs,i = fraction of HRU area that is serviced by the CSS
Qnucs,t = total runoff from land areas serviced by the CSS, MG/time step
Qnusts,t = total runoff from land areas previously serviced by the CSS and currently serviced by a
separate storm/sanitary sewer system, MG/time step
.Storm Sewer
Runoff flows can be split between the combined sewer and storm sewer when modeling sewer
separation, therefore the change to the storm sewer flow equation is defined as follows:
QstSSw,t ..... j x QuseNpSewer,t QRuStS,t
Surface Water
The surface water component may receive loadings from runoff from areas not serviced by a sewer
system and, when modeling sewer separation, runoff through the storm sewer as well.
Qru QstSSw,t QExtSw,t QptSw,t QgwSw,t QwwtpSw,t QwrfSw,t (2 0 c
QswRes,t bQswWtp,t bQswAsr,t QswPt,t
Potable Water Use
Flows from the different potable water users, after consumption, can go to either septic systems
draining inside and outside of the watershed, out of the watershed via interbasin transfer, through the
combined sewer to the WWTP, or if modeling sewer separation, through the separate sanitary sewer
to the WWTP.
NUse
Pr
^ (.(.QwtpUseP.t + bQlbtWUseP.t) X ^ X FrPUse,u,t)
u=2
n n 7 n (-i ^^Cs\
~ QusePSep,t QusePSepExt,t &QusePlbtWw,t I ^ 100)
7 n (bPCs\ j ^
X bQUsePSanS,t + I ^qq ) X bQUsePCS,t
where
(206)
bQusePCS,t
= flow of potable user flows through the combined sewer to the wastewater treatment
plant, MG/time step
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
Nonpotable Water Use
Flows from the different nonpotable water users, after consumption, can go to either septic systems
draining inside and outside of the watershed, out of the watershed via interbasin transfer, through the
combined sewer to the WWTP, or if modeling sewer separation, through the separate sanitary sewer
to the WWTP.
(SPQwtpUseNp,t "I" bQ\VrfUseNp,t ^QlbtWUseNp,t) * 100 ) ^ ^~NpUse,u,t)
u=2
QuseNpSep,t~^~ QuseNpSepExt,t ^QuseNpIbtWw,t ^ 100"^
7 n (bPCs\ j ^
^ bQuseNpSanS,t ( -^qq J ^ bQuseNpCS,t
where
bQuseNpcs,t = A°w °f nonpotable user flows through the combined sewer to the wastewater treatment
plant, MG/time step
If the watershed has municipal water users that send flows directly to the storm sewer, the equation is
defined as follows:
^ ' (PQwtpUseNp,t bQwrfUseNp,t bQlbtWUseNp,t) ^
P \
1 ConsUseNp,Municipal,t\
100
X F^NpUse,Municipals ^ (l p^NpUseMunSewer,t)
n n 7 n (-i ^^'cs\ 7 ^
— QuseNpSep,t~^~ QuseNpSepExt,t &QuseNpIbtWw,t + {1~Too) ^ bQuseNpSanS,t
, fbPcs\ w uri
V 100 / ^ UseNpCS,t
bPr- (208)
Sanitary Sewer
Since flows from potable and nonpotable water users can be split between the combined sewer and
sanitary sewer when modeling sewer separation, the equations for sanitary sewer flows and capacity
are defined as follows:
r\ {-\ bPCS\ ri r\ 7 r\ r\ \
QsanSWwtp,t v1 100/x (PQuseNpSanS,t UsePSanS,t QcwWwtpft) (209)
QsanSWwtp,t — QsanSMax (210)
where
Qsanswwtp.t = sanitary sewer flows to the wastewater treatment plant, MG/time step
Combined Sewer
The combined sewer includes flows from runoff, potable and nonpotable water users, and
groundwater infiltration that go to the WWTP. If modeling sewer separation, however, flows from the
aforementioned sources may be split between the combined sewer system and separate storm/sanitary
sewer system.
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4, Combined Sewer Overflow Module
bPcs ( x (211)
^qq * \QuseNpSewer,t bQusePCS,t bQuseNpCS,t QGwWwtp,t) QruCSX
= Qcswwtp,t + bD0s,t x bQcsos,t
bpcs ( x (212)
^qq * \QuseNpSewer,t bQusePCS,t bQuseNpCS,t QGwWwtp,t) QruCSX — QcSMax
where
Qcswwtp,t = combined sewer flows to the wastewater treatment plant, MG/time step
QcsMax = combined sewer maximum, MG
Wastewater Treatment Plant
If modeling sewer separation, the WWTP can receive flows from the combined sewer and/or sanitary
sewer. Therefore, the flow, capacity, and cost equation changes are calculated as follows:
QsanSWwtp,t QcSWwtp,t ^QoSWwtp,t QwwtpSw,t ^QwwtpWrf ,t (213)
QsanSWwtp,t QcSWwtp,t ^QoSWwtp,t — QwwtpMaxI + DQwwtpAddl (214)
^ATWwtp (J^WwtpExist ^ ^CWwtp ^ QwwtpMaxI) WwtpNew ^ ^CWwtp ^ ^Q\VwtpAddl) (215)
+ | PyrsModel ^ ^OmWwtp ^ SanSWwtp,t QcSWwtp,t bQosWwtp,t) j
4.2 CSO Events
WMOST defines CSO events as instances where 1) the runoff fraction routed to the combined sewer
exceeds the specified hydraulic control capacity and/or 2) the sum of the runoff from those HRUs or
HRU fractions, flows from potable and nonpotable water users, and groundwater infiltration39
exceeds the hydraulic capacity of the interceptor sewer that flows to the WWTP. The CSO events are
counted using binary variables (bDCSWwtp t and bDRuCS t) that, when multiplied by a large constant,
are forced to be a value of 1 when the aforementioned flows exceed the specified hydraulic capacities
If more than the user specified maximum number of CSO events occur, then WMOST determines the
methods, from the menu of available CSO control methods or other management practices, which are
needed to decrease the number of sewer overflow events.
Qcswwtp,t ~ QcswwtpMax — k X bDCSWwtp t (216)
Qnucs,t ~ Qrucsmux < k X bDRuCS t (217)
39 The LTCP-EZ framework accounts for increased inflow and infiltration into the CSS during wet weather events.
WMOST, by contrast, defines infiltration into the wastewater collection system as a fixed percentage (subject to leak
repair management actions) of wastewater treatment plant inflow calculated based on non-consumptive water use and
therefore unrelated to groundwater volumes or flows. Future versions of WMOST may include accounting for increased
inflow associated with management actions through the analysis of precipitation time series and an explicit relationship
between groundwater volume and infiltration rate.
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
where
I
(218)
bDCswwtp,t + bDRuCS t < N,
CSOMax
QcSWwtpMax
k
bDCswwtp,t
QlluCSMax
bD
RuCS,t
Nr
hydraulic capacity of interceptor sewer that flows to the WWTP, MG/time step
large constant (e.g., 100,000)
binary decision variable used to count hydraulic capacity exceedances for the
interceptor sewer, 0 or 1
hydraulic capacity of flows to the interceptor sewer, MG/time step
binary decision variable used to count hydraulic capacity exceedances for the fraction
of runoff routed to the combined sewer, 0 or 1
maximum number of allowable CSO events
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5. Flood-Damage Module
5. Flood-Damage Module
The goal of the flood-damage module is to provide WMOST with flood-damage costs so that
WMOST can utilize that information when determining the least-cost set of actions to meet watershed
goals. Medina et al. (2011) found that the present value of avoided flood damages was equivalent to
20 percent of the annualized cost of retrofitting a highly urbanized watershed with GI BMPs.
Therefore, including flood damages and their reduction from reduced flood flows provides a more
comprehensive accounting of costs and benefits in the WMOST optimization and may result in
selecting a different mix of practices for meeting water resources management goals.
5.1 Considerations for the Flood-Damage Module
The general methodology for modeling flood damages in risk assessments includes the
following steps. Data for one or more of these steps may be available from an existing flood
insurance study:
1. Peak flow: Hydrologic analysis is conducted to estimate the peak streamflow for various
recurrence intervals (e.g., 10-year streamflow). Depending on the modeling accuracy desired,
hydrologic modeling may be performed using a watershed simulation model such as
Hydrologic Engineering Center Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS)4", or values may
be obtained from existing statistical analyses (e.g., USGS PeakFQ41).
2. Flooding: Hydraulic analysis is conducted to estimate the extent and depth of water in the
floodplain associated with various recurrence interval flows. This analysis is generally
performed using geospatial data and software such as Hydrologic Engineering Center River
Analysis System (HEC-RAS)42.
3. Damage: Geospatial and economic analysis is applied to determine the location and value
of assets in the floodplain and estimate the direct damages (e.g., flooding of building's
basement) and additional indirect economic damages (e.g., loss of income due to direct
damages) from various recurrence interval floods. The primary software and approach used
to assess damages is FEMA's HAZUS MH43.
Repeating the three-step process for multiple recurrence intervals provides data for developing a
flow-damage cost curve. The annualized loss (AL) is calculated by multiplying the damages with
their respective probability of occurrence.
To incorporate flood-damage costs in the optimization module of WMOST, we identified the
following requirements: 1) new input data on flood flows, their recurrence interval and the cost of
associated damages; 2) piece-wise representation of flood-damages in the calculation of total
management costs; 3) translation between peak flood flows considered in flood-damage modeling and
average daily flow calculated by WMOST; 4) input data and linearization with sufficient accuracy to
40 http://www.hec.usace.amiy.mil/software/liec-lims/
41 http://water.usgs.gov/software/PeakFQ/
42 http://www.hec.usace.aniiy.mil/software/liec-ras/
43 https://www.fema.gov/liazus
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
determine the relative cost-effectiveness of management actions; and 5) usability without extensive
effort or flood modeling expertise.
As described above, the standard approach to derive a flood-damage cost curve involves three
analyses. Completing these analyses within WMOST would duplicate existing, publicly available
methods and tools and require considerable programing efforts. Therefore, we considered two main
approaches for the flood module. The first approach would accept results from flood-damage
modeling, flows and associated damage costs, and construct a linear cost curve based on the data. The
second approach would use a regression equation to relate flows and watershed characteristics to
flood damages. The regression could be programmed within WMOST and the user would provide
values for the required explanatory variables. The criterion to provide an option without extensive
effort or flood modeling expertise initially suggested that a regression approach would be an ideal
match for WMOST. However, existing regression approaches do not meet the requirement for
sufficient accuracy. The project's Technical Advisory Group (TAG) consistently emphasized that at
the local scale, infrastructure (e.g., culverts and impoundments) has a significant impact on flooding.
Local infrastructure is not likely captured in regional or national regression analyses, given more
significant explanatory variables at that scale and the lack of data sources for the location of local
infrastructure. A review of two national-scale regression approaches (AECOM 2013 and Medina et
al. 2011; Atkins 2013) found that the explanatory variables did not include the consideration of
infrastructure, and that assumptions that were valid to make at the national scale are not appropriate
for local scale application. We considered developing new regression equations specific for New
England and including infrastructure among the explanatory variables. Discussions with U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers Institute for Water Resources indicated that a generalized equation for predicting
local flooding damage is a long-sought goal by USACE and FEMA (White and Baker 2015).
However, they did not expect a regional equation to provide sufficient accuracy for local, screening
level decisions, similar to the TAG input cited above regarding existing national regressions.
5.2 Integrating Flood-Damages in WMOST Optimization
The two goals of providing accuracy while circumventing the need for a high level of effort or
technical expertise in specific topics are challenges for WMOST development based on its objective
to inform municipal and regional scale decision making without time-consuming or costly studies.
The result has been using output from existing detailed simulation models within the region or in
similar watersheds for input data as done for baseline hydrology and loadings and stormwater
management, which are facilitated by the Baseline Hydrology and Loadings and Stormwater
Hydrology and Loadings modules in WMOST v3. The Flood-Damage module follows a similar
approach by accepting input data based on results from flood-damage modeling within the watershed
of interest, constructing a linear cost curve based on those data and including the cost in the total
management cost calculation. The User Guide provides instructions for conducting new flood damage
modeling based on publicly available data sources. The instructions should allow someone without
flood modeling expertise to perform the analyses needed to generate input data for the Flood-Damage
Module.
The Flood-Damage module in WMOST implements the following steps:
> Input Data: The user provides at least three sets of data points consisting of flows, their return
period and associated flood damage costs. These data points may be based on HEC/HAZUS
modeling or historic flood events. Directions in the User Guide emphasize that additional values
beyond the minimum requirement of three and values for a zero-damage and a maximum-damage
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Flood-Damac
flow will increase the accuracy of results. The minimum requirement for three values follows a
similar requirement in HAZUS and discussion with the TAG.
The requested data points are daily flows for given return intervals and associated damage values
since WMOST calculates daily flows. Users should have access to the daily flow equivalents of
peak or flood flows based on the flood damage analyses. In general, stream gage data are daily
measurements and instantaneous peak flows are estimated based on the daily data. In case the
user does not have access to the daily flow corresponding to the flood damages, the User Guide
refers users to USGS resources such as PeakFQ and state level regression equations to estimate
such flows.
> Linear Interpolation: The flood module fits linear equations between user-provided data points.
These equations are used to interpolate flood damage costs for flow values that fall between data
points. Following the methodology of Medina et al. (2011) and Atkins (2013), the module will
calculate the annualized losses from each data point by multiplying the flood damage and the
inverse of the return period. Equations are fit between the data pairs of annual loss and flow. The
module does not perform extrapolation; that is, damages are assumed to be zero for flows below
the lowest flood flow specified. Damages from flows above the highest flood flow specified are
assumed to be the same as those from the highest flood flow. Changes in streamflow are not
linearly related to resulting changes in flood plain and damages; therefore, extrapolating beyond
the data points in either direction may lead to over-estimating damages and benefits of avoiding
damages44. In addition, one cannot assume a specific form for the flow-damage curve, as
evidenced in discussions with the TAG and literature (USACE 2013, Prettenthaler et al. 2010,
Mays 2010).
> Adding to the Objective Function: The linear equations are programmed in the nonlinear
programming problem as piece-wise linear approximation of one equation. This approach
provides limits for the applicability of each equation for the segment of flow values specified.
A limitation of the Flood-Damage module is that WMOST must be run on a daily time step, thus
requiring more memory-intensive processing. In addition, flooding is evaluated for each daily time
step; therefore, each day that streamflow exceeds the smallest flood flow, an individual flooding
event is considered to take place with associated flood damages. If a flood persists for multiple
consecutive days, flood damages will be incurred each day and overestimated. The user may evaluate
whether this occurred during the modeling time period by assessing whether daily modeled
streamflow exceeded minimum flood flow within a minimum time period, for example, within a
week or month. Within these time periods, it may be reasonable to assume that a second flood would
not cause additional damage. This limitation may be addressed automatically for users in future
versions of WMOST. Second, the module will only affect results if the modeled time period includes
flood flows. The User Guide suggests that users view the precipitation data available from the
Baseline Hydrology module to identify and run wet years when using the Flood-Damage module. The
User Guide also suggests that the user run the model with and without the flood module. The two
results will show any differences in the mix of practices and associated direct costs (direct capital and
annual operations costs versus indirect flood damage costs). Since the costs of flood damages are
44 For example, extrapolating below the lowest flow may assume damages when the streamflow is contained in the
channel. Extrapolating above the highest flow may assume damages when little additional assets may be damaged by the
incremental change in flow.
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
incurred across multiple stakeholders, the user may want to consider the difference in direct costs
between the two runs to determine whether to make the additional investment in flood prevention
and/or pursue joint funding with the other beneficiaries of reduced flooding.
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6. Baseline Hydrology and Loadings Module
6. Baseline Hydrology and Loadings Module
WMOST v3 includes two modules and an external tool that can be used to assist users with retrieving
and processing required input data for baseline hydrology and loadings and stormwater hydrology and
loadings. WMOST requires time series of runoff and recharge flows and loadings for the hydrologic
response units (HRUs)45 in the study area and a groundwater recession coefficient. This input data is
incorporated using three associated datasets - one for flow time series data, one for loadings time
series data, and one for HRU characteristics. The time series data include the runoff and recharge
time series for each HRU and precipitation and temperature time series for each watershed. The HRU
characteristics data include groundwater recession coefficients, effective impervious area (EIA)46, and
infiltration data for each HRU.
Previous applications of WMOST vl required obtaining these data from a calibrated/validated
simulation model such as Hydrological Simulation Program—Fortran (HSPF)47, Soil Water
Assessment Tool (SWAT), or the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). WMOST v2 included
a database of selected HSPF model outputs that the user selected from via the user interface rather
than cutting and pasting model output from an external source. WMOST v3's Baseline Hydrology
module provides users automated functionality to retrieve pre-processed hydrology and loadings
HSPF, SWAT, and SWMM model outputs and populate the appropriate WMOST input fields.
WMOST v3 also includes an external preprocessing tool, HydroProcessor, which processes HSPF
and SWAT model outputs so they are ready for input into WMOST. Users will have the option to
either use the HydroProcessor to process HSPF or SWAT model outputs from their study watershed
or select a watershed with pre-processed hydrology and loadings data that is most similar to their
study watershed.
6.1 Module Setup
The user first chooses to either import the necessary data from a set of pre-processed databases or to
use the HydroProcessor to create WMOST-ready input files from existing watershed model outputs.
The user then selects the HRUs that exist in their study area and the time period of interest. The
hydrology module extracts those data and sums the hourly time series data to the appropriate daily or
monthly time step based on user specification. Finally, the module populates the appropriate WMOST
input fields.
The groundwater recession coefficient is calculated based on the hydrology data. On the Groundwater
tab, the user can initiate this calculation by clicking on the "Calculate and Populate the Groundwater
Recession Coefficient" button. The calculation estimates one lumped groundwater recession
coefficient for the study area by averaging the HRU specific recession coefficients weighted by their
respective areas and annual flows.
45 In WMOST, an HRU is a land area with characteristics (e.g., land cover, soil type) that responds similarly to
precipitation.
40 Effective impervious area is impervious area in catchment that is directly connected to stream channels (i.e.,
precipitation falling on that area is effectively transported to the stream), http://www.epa.gov/caddis/ssr_urb_is2.html
47 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has developed numerous Hydrologic Simulation Program - Fortran (HSPF) watershed
models that include hourly time series of precipitation, runoff and subsurface flows for the modeled region.
http://water.usgs.gov/software/HSPF/
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6.2 Hydrology and Loadings Databases
Here we describe the process of extracting data from HSPF, SWAT, and SWMM model outputs to
provide the pre-packaged inputs to WMOST in the Baseline Hydrology and Loadings module. The
aforementioned watershed models are detailed simulation models that define flow components and
are run at a different time step than WMOST. As such, the following considerations and assumptions
are important to note about the derivation of the hydrology and loadings databases.
HSPF Model Output Conversions
Runoff from pervious and impervious Areas
Within a given HRU, HSPF delineates land into pervious and impervious areas. Different pervious
time series represent different types of developed land uses (e.g., residential) and undeveloped land
uses (e.g., forest). There is only one impervious runoff time series48. WMOST does not have different
runoff time series by impervious and pervious cover within an HRU. Thus, runoff data for developed
WMOST HRUs (e.g., residential, commercial) require combining pervious and impervious HSPF
time series. The percentages of EIA for developed land uses provide the ratio for combining the
pervious and impervious time series. For example, medium density residential land use may be 12
percent EIA and its time series is calculated as 12 percent residential impervious time series and 88
percent low density residential pervious time series. The HSPF model documentation provides the
percent EIA value for each developed land use.
Subsurface flow under pervious areas
HSPF delineates four subsurface storage components for pervious areas: interflow (IFWS), upper
zone (UZS), lower zone (LZS), and active groundwater (AGWS) (Figure 6-1). Two subsurface
components have outflows to the stream reach: interflow outflow (IFWO) and active groundwater
outflow (AGWO). WMOST delineates one subsurface storage component with one outflow to the
stream reach.
Figure 6-1 shows the schematic for HSPF hydrologic storage components and flows and their
corresponding variable names.
48 Although HSPF models have impervious areas differentiated by name (e.g., residential and
commercial/industrial/transportation), they are hydrologically identical time series. They have been differentiated in case
of future water quality modeling with the HSPF model. This differentiation does not affect WMOST hydrology or future
water quality modeling.
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6, Baseline Hydrology and Loadings Module
Figure 6-1: HSPF Hydrologic Flows Schematic (EPA 2005, ET = evapotranspiration)
TAET
total actual
ET
CEPE
inter-
ception
evapo-
ration ,
SUPY
precip or rain
+ snowpack
„ water yield
interception
storage
'surlT
external
lateral
/
surface
>
Inflow
1 f
CEPO
interception
outflow
sum
surface
inflow
SURS
surface
detention
storage
SURO
surface
outflow
Vy
IFWLI
externa
lateral
inter-
flow
IFWO
inter-
flow
outflow
interflow
storage
/ifwN
inter-
flow
input
from
surface
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
Figure 6-1 (continued)
1
O
UZET
upper
zone
ET
0
LZET
lower
zone
ET
W
O
&GWET
ground
water
ET
vy
UZI
upper
zone
inflow
0
upper zone
INFIL
infiltration
storage
IPERC
infiltration &
percolation to j
lower zones
O
IGWI
deep
percolation
f PERC \
^percolation J
LZI
lower
zone
inflow
vy
AGWI
active
ground
water
^nflow^
AGWLI
external
lateral
ground
water
inflow
ower zone
storage
AGWS
active
ground water
storage
AGWO
ground
water
outflow
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6, Baseline Hydrology and Loadings Module
To develop WMOST input data from HSPF data, we summed subsurface flows to derive one
subsurface flow time series. This process follows methods used by DeSimone et al. (2002) and EPA's
System for Urban Stormwater Treatment and Analysis IntegratioN (SUSTAIN; EPA 2014), where
interflow and active groundwater outflows (IFWO and AGWO) are summed to represent the total
groundwater outflow to the stream reach. The process in WMOST differs in that WMOST models
groundwater storage and outflow to the stream reach; therefore, WMOST requires inflow to the two
subsurface components rather than outflow. Inflow to interflow is represented by one distinct variable
IFWI. Inflow to AGWS must be calculated as the difference between inflow (AGW1) and
evapotranspiration (AGWET). Therefore, the final groundwater recharge for WMOST equals IFWI +
AGWI- AGWET. The external lateral inflows shown in the diagram do not exist in HSPF models
used to derive the WMOST hydrology database; therefore, this variable and associated flow is
excluded from consideration.
The aforementioned methodology required the validation of the following: 1) the change in variables
(subsurface inflow rather than subsurface outflow) and 2) the timing of interflow resembling surface
flow (SURO) more than groundwater flow depending on the watershed, the model and the model
calibration. Time series are graphed below for three flows (SURO, IFWI, AGWI) for two HRUs in the
Taunton watershed (Figure 6-2). AGWET was zero for both HRUs. The graphs show that the
magnitude and behavior of interflow resembles groundwater flow more than surface runoff. The
results are the same for different soil types. From these results, we conclude that the approach is
appropriate for WMOST.
Although HSPF delineates subsurface storage components for pervious areas, recharge from
impervious areas is assumed to be zero. Therefore, in order to represent developed HRUs with
pervious and impervious areas in WMOST, the converse of the percentage of effective impervious
area (7 - EIA) must be multiplied by the final groundwater recharge time series to accurately represent
recharge over the HRU.
Subsurface flow adjustments
Within HSPF models, when evapotranspiration is greater than infiltration, negative net flow is the
result. However, the solver in WMOST cannot accept negative flows. We assessed the magnitude of
these negative flows in the Sudbury watershed and found that they range from 7% in high-density
residential HRU to 20% in forest HRU for daily data as assessed for the entire period of record (50
years). (Impacts at the monthly time step reduce to only 2-5% because there are fewer instances of
negative values.) Depending on the HRU configuration of a study area and time period selected, these
values can have a significant impact. To accommodate the solver and maintain accuracy, we replaced
all negative recharge values with zero and provide the negative recharge values as separate database
files called "RechargeAdjustment". The user may aggregate these time series to their desired time
step and enter the data under "Other groundwater withdrawal" on the groundwater worksheet. Note
that the recharge adjustment time series contain positive values but since they are used as a
withdrawal time series, the negative net flow is maintained.
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WMOSTV3 Theoretical Documentation
Figure 6-2: HSPF Time Series for Two Pervious HRUs
3/1/2006 3/21/2006
Taunton River Watershed
Medium Density Residential, Sand & Gravel Deposits
:
i A
I A
ii
>
A,
II 1
. 1 JJi
# 1
|J 1
>t 1
- J A
4/10/2006 4/30/2006
Date
5/20/2006 6/9/2006
0.04 Groundwater
Inflow
0.035 — • ~ Interflow
0.03 — — — Surface
Runoff
0.025 _
0
6/29/2006
Taunton River Watershed
Medium Density Residental, Till and Fine-Grained Stratified Deposits
0-8
jQl
-A
ALA
-Groundwater
Inflow
Surface Runoff
3/1/2006
3/29/2006
4/26/2006
Date
5/24/2006
6/21/2006
74
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6, Baseline Hydrology and Loadings Module
Constructed water HRU areas
HSPF models can be set up so that the watershed includes or does not include water HRU area. Water
HRU areas, however, are important for accurately capturing precipitation within the watershed.
Therefore, for any HSPF models with a WMOST hydrology and loadings time series database that do
not model the water HRU, the database includes a "constructed" water HRU. In order to accurately
capture precipitation over this HRU, the runoff for the water HRU is calculated by subtracting the
hourly potential evapotranspiration from the hourly precipitation depth. For hours where the
estimated potential evapotranspiration is greater than precipitation, the water HRU runoff is zero.
Similarly, the recharge hydrology and runoff and recharge loadings are all zero.
Developed areas with public water and public sewer
HSPF models delineate separate pervious areas for developed land uses for various combinations of
public or private water supply and sewered or septic wastewater disposal. Areas with private water
supply (i.e., private wells) assume a specific water withdrawal rate from the subsurface. Areas with
septic disposal assume a specific discharge rate into the subsurface. WMOST accounts for water
withdrawals and septic discharges; therefore, HSPF runoff and recharge time series are used only to
represent the land area's response to precipitation without adjustments for human withdrawals and
discharges. As such, for developed pervious areas, only land use time series that are designated as
public water and public sewer areas were extracted. HSPF time series for developed pervious areas
that are designated other than public water and public sewer (i.e., private water and septic, public
water and septic, private water and public sewer) were not used since use of these time series would
have resulted in double accounting for human use impacts on HRU hydrology.
Groundwater recession coefficient
For recession coefficients, the HSPF models have two calibrated recession coefficients - one for
interflow and one for groundwater flow - for each pervious land use. (Impervious areas do not have
infiltration and subsurface flow.) WMOST has one subsurface storage and hence one recession
coefficient. Similar to other hydrology models, WMOST represents subsurface flow as a linear
relationship between groundwater storage and discharge. That is, groundwater discharge is the
product of the groundwater recession coefficient and groundwater storage. To calculate one recession
coefficient, each of the two HSPF recession coefficients were weighted based on their corresponding
average annual flow as fractions of total subsurface flow.
Infiltration rate
For infiltration, HSPF uses two parameters: INFILT (index to mean soil infiltration rate) and INTFW
(coefficient that determines the amount of water which enters the ground from surface detention
storage and becomes interflow)49 HSPF documentation specifies that the average measured soil
infiltration rate can be calculated as two times INFILT times INTFW. To support data needs of the
Stormwater Hydrology module, we extracted these two parameters from the HSPF UCI files,
calculated infiltration rates for HRUs according to the formula in the HSPF documentation and
included them in the hydrology dataset to serve as default infiltration values for stormwater modeling.
49 http://water.epa.gov/scitech/datait/models/basins/upload/2000_08_14_BASINS_tecnote6.pdf
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
Subsurface loadings
For subsurface loadings, there are two associated loadings time series: IOQUAL and AOQUAL (see
Figure 6-3). These time series are modeled for pervious land areas only. IOQUAL and AOQUAL also
have corresponding concentration time series, which are IOQC and AOQC, respectively.
From the diagram in Figure 6-3 and HSPF variable definitions, it can be inferred that HSPF does not
track loadings or concentrations that are associated with the subsurface inflow, only the subsurface
outflow. To calculate the loadings associated with IFWI and AC/W/ (HSPF variables related to
subsurface inflow that are used by WMOST to calculate recharge), we must assume that:
• The subsurface model component is perfectly mixed, such that inflow concentrations equal
outflow concentrations for each of the constituents; and
• Constituent concentrations in the subsurface model component are constant (i.e., no decay or
transformation).
Using the assumptions listed above, we calculated the average inflow concentration based on the
flow-weighted average outflow concentration timeseries (IOQC and AOQC) for the time period. The
average inflow concentration and the subsurface inflow were then used to calculate subsurface inflow
loadings.
Figure 6-3: HSPF Loadings Schematic (EPA 2005)
Removal
by cleaning,
decay & wind
Accumulation
SOQO
direct
wash off
QUAL means quality constituent
land
flow
WASHQS
SOQUAL
washoff
of QUAL
total
outflow
of QUAL
from
surface
POQUAL
of QUAL
outflow
IOQUAL
QUAL
QUAL
outflow
with
soil
matrix
QUAL
with
inter-
SOQS
SCRQS
AOQUAL
outflow
QUAL
with
active
ground
Storage of
QUAL
associated
with
soil
matrix
Storage of
QUAL
associated
with
interflow
Storage of
QUAL
associated
with
active
groundwater
Storage of
QUAL
associated
with
detached
sediment
SQO
Storage of
QUAL on
surface for
direct wash-off
overland
flow
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6, Baseline Hydrology and Loadings Module
Overview of HSPF model output conversions
Based on the above considerations, the following tables (Table 6-1 and Table 6-2) summarize the
variables and calculations required to create WMOST-ready input data from HSPF model outputs.
Table 6-1: Raw HSPF Data
Variable Type
HSPF Variable
Description
Calculated Water Flows -
Time Series
AGWI
Active groundwater inflow
AGWET
Active groundwater evapotranspiration
IFWI
Interflow input from surface
SURO
Surface outflow
IFWO
Interflow outflow
AGWO
Active groundwater outflow
Calculated Loadings -
Time Series
SOQUAL
Total outflow of QUAL from the impervious
land segment (ILS)
SOSED
Total removal of soil and sediment from the
pervious land segment (PLS)
SOSLD
Washoff of solids from surface from the ILS
IOQUAL
Outflow of QUAL in interflow from the PLS
AOQUAL
Outflow of QUAL in active groundwater
outflow
Measured Data - Time
Series
PET
Potential evapotranspiration
PREC
Precipitation
TEMP
Air temperature
Watershed Parameters
IRC
Interflow recession parameter (1/day)
AGWRC
Daily recession constant of groundwater flow if
there is no inflow to groundwater (unitless)
INFILT
Infiltration parameter (in/time step)
INTFW
Interflow inflow parameter (unitless)
Note: Data Series Numbers (DSNs) are not specified because they vary among models
(e.g., Taunton versus Blackstone HSPF models).
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
Table 6-2: HSPF to WMOST Crosswalk
Purpose
WMOST Variable
HSPF Variable
Runoff - Hydrology
EIA X SURO + (1 - El A) X SURO
Runoff - Nutrients
EIA X SOQUAL + (1 - EIA) X SOQUAL
Runoff - Sediment
EIA X SOSLD + (1 - EIA) X SOSED
Recharge - Hydrology
(1 - EIA) X (IFWI + AGWI
- AGWET)
For use in WMOST calculations
Recharge - Nutrients50
IOQC x IFWI + AOQC x AGWI where
IOQC and AOQC are flow-weighted
average concentrations
Groundwater Recession
Coefficient (KGw)
( IFWI \
(IFWI + AGWI/ X IRC
( AGWI \
+ \IFWI + AGWl)
X AGWRC
where IFWI and AGWI represent the sum
of IFWI and AGWI over the entire time
period
For use in SUSTAIN calculations
(Stormwater Module)
Air Temperature
TEMP
Infiltration Rate
2 X 1NF1LT X INTFW
For user's reference
Precipitation
PREC
Potential
Evapotranspiration
PET
SWAT Model Output Conversions
Groundwater recession coefficient
Although SWAT requires a baseflow recession constant as a model input (ALPHA BF in the .gw
input file), the coefficient is only related to active groundwater flowing to the stream. The
incorporation of lateral flow contributions to streamflow (LATQ) in the calculation of the
groundwater recession coefficient for WMOST provides a more holistic approach to calculating
baseflow and is consistent with processing of HSPF model data.
Infiltration rate
The final rate of infiltration is equal to the saturated hydraulic conductivity of a soil. Since SWAT is
capable of modeling separate soil layers, the infiltration rate is calculated as the depth-weighted
average of saturated hydraulic conductivity (SOL K) across all soil layers.
Effective impervious area
Unlike HSPF, SWAT is capable of modeling combined pervious and impervious areas for a given
HRU. Although the pervious and impervious areas are combined, SWAT is still able to differentiate
between impervious areas that are directly connected to the drainage system and impervious/pervious
50 HSPF does not track sediment in the subsurface so sediment recharge is assumed to be zero.
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6, Baseline Hydrology and Loadings Module
areas that are disconnected. Surface runoff for urban areas that have combined pervious and
impervious areas is calculated separately for the directly connected and disconnected HRU areas
(Neitsch et al., 2011). Runoff from directly connected impervious areas is always calculated with a
curve number of 98, while runoff from disconnected impervious/pervious areas is calculated using
composite curve numbers that differ based on whether or not the fraction of HRU area that is
impervious (both directly connected and disconnected) is greater or less than 0.3. Therefore, effective
impervious area (EIA) fractions, which are used by the Stormwater Module, are calculated using the
same thresholds.
Output file changes
One of the largest limitations for SWAT model output conversion was the output file size. In order to
match the spatial scale of WMOST optimization and decrease processing time, SWAT 2005 and
SWAT 2012 executables were adapted by SWAT developers to output HRU-level data separately for
each subbasin as opposed to outputting one file of HRU-level data for the entire watershed
(output.hru). The edited SWAT executables can be found on the SWAT website51.
Subsurface loadings
SWAT enables users to print the amounts of the various forms of sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus
passing through surface water components. However, despite tracking some constituents internally,
SWAT does not allow users to print which forms and in what amounts nitrogen and phosphorus are
present in the subsurface.
Therefore, in addition to printing new subbasin scale HRU data output files, the SWAT 2005 and
SWAT 2012 executables also print a new variable, RCHG N, that indicates the amount of nitrate
present in recharge entering the shallow and deep aquifers. The SWAT model previously tracked
nitrate levels in the groundwater system, but did not give users the option to print the outputs.
By contrast, the SWAT model does not track phosphorus levels in the subsurface and uses a fixed
phosphorus concentration (GWSOLP) to estimate the soluble phosphorus present in the groundwater
contribution to streamflow. Based on SWAT documentation, we can make the assumption that
• The subsurface model component is perfectly mixed, such that inflow concentrations equal
outflow concentrations for each of the constituents; and
• Constituent concentrations in the subsurface model component are constant (i.e., no decay or
transformation).
Based on these assumptions, we multiplied the groundwater outflow concentration (GWSOLP) by the
total recharge entering aquifers during each time step to estimate recharge phosphorus loadings.
Overview of SWA 7 model output conversions
Based on the above considerations, the following tables (Table 6-3 and Table 6-4) summarize the
variables and calculations required to create WMOST-ready input data from SWAT model outputs.
51 http://swat.tamu.edu/
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
Table 6-3: Raw SWAT Data
Variable Type
HSPF Variable
Description
Calculated Water Flows -
Time Series
SURQ GEN
Surface runoff
PERC
Recharge entering aquifers during time step
(total amount of water entering shallow and deep
aquifers)
LATQ
Lateral flow contribution to streamflow
GWQ
Groundwater contribution to streamflow
SA ST
Amount of water in shallow aquifer storage
SW INIT
Soil water content
Calculated Loadings -
Time Series
ORGN
Organic N contributed by HRU to reach
NSURQ
NO3 contributed by HRU in surface runoff to
reach
RCHG N
Amount of nitrate in recharge entering the
aquifers
ORGP
Organic P contributed by HRU to reach
SEDP
Mineral P attached to sediment contributed by
HRU to reach
SOLP
Soluble phosphorus contributed by HRU in
surface runoff to reach
GWSOLP
Concentration of soluble phosphorus in
groundwater contribution to streamflow from
subbasin
SYLD
Sediment yield, sediment from the HRU that is
transported into the main channel
Measured Data - Time
Series
PET
Potential evapotranspiration
PRECIP
Precipitation
TMP AV
Average daily air temperature
HRU Parameters
SOL K
Saturated hydraulic conductivity (mm/hr)
SOL Z
Depth from soil surface to bottom of layer (mm)
FIMP
Fraction total impervious area in urban land type
FCIMP
Fraction directly connected impervious area in
urban land type
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6, Baseline Hydrology and Loadings Module
Table 6-4: SWAT to WMOST Crosswalk
Purpose
WMOST Variable
HSPF Variable
For use in WMOST calculations
Runoff - Hydrology
SURQc.en
Runoff - Nitrogen
ORGN+NSURQ
Runoff - Phosphorus
ORGP + SEDP + SOLP
Runoff - Sediment52
SYLD
Recharge - Hydrology
PERC
Recharge - Nitrogen
RCHGN
Recharge - Phosphorus
PERC X GWSOLP
Groundwater Recession
Coefficient (KGw)
LATQ + GWQ
SA$t + SWINIT
For use in SUSTAIN calculations
(stormwater module) and metadata to
aid user with watershed and time period
selection (hydrology module)
Air Temperature
TMP AV
Infiltration Rate
(Kt X Zx) + (K2 X (Z2 - Zj)
Zl + (%2 ~ ^i)
where K is hydraulic
conductivity and Z is soil layer
depth
EIA
If FIMP > 0.3, EIA = FIMP
If FIMP < 0.3, EIA = FIMP -
0.5 (FIMP - FCIMP)
For user's reference
Precipitation
PREC
Potential
Evapotranspiration
PET
SWMM Model Output Conversions
SWMM input files created first for EPA's OptiTool (Stormwater Nutrient Management Optimization
Tool) were modified to create generic New England hydrology and loading databases for WMOST
(EPA 2017). OptiTool is a planning and implementation level tool to compare the cost effectiveness
of multiple BMP types. OptiTool uses SUSTAIN to model BMPs, which was developed with
SWMM as the background model. SWMM requires as input daily climate time series (temperature,
evaporation, and wind speed), and hourly precipitation data. The SWMM modeled setup used EIA
and infiltration values from the previously discussed HSPF setup.
Buildup/washoff coefficients
SWMM was set up to model pervious and impervious HRUs separately to account for pollutant
buildup/washoff calculations. Buildup/Washoff coefficients were calibrated for impervious HRUs in
the New England Region (Technical Memorandum addendum to EPA 2017). Time series for
combined pervious/impervious HRUs were combined for use in WMOST as described for HSPF
model output.
52 SWAT does not track sediment through the subsurface so sediment recharge is assumed to be zero.
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WMOS7V3 Theoretical Documentation
Infiltration
The infiltration method in the original Opti-Tool SWMM model setup was changed from Horton to
Modified Horton. The limitation of the Horton infiltration method is that it only applies when the
infiltration capacity is exceeded during a rainfall event. The Modified Horton method provides more
accurate infiltration estimates during small precipitation events, by calculating the cumulative
infiltration volume difference between the actual and minimum infiltration rate (Rossman and Huber,
2015).
Aquifer parameters and groundwater coefficients
The Opti-Tool SWMM model set up was modified to include simulation of the aquifer and
groundwater components. Aquifer parameters, including porosity, wilting point, field capacity, and
saturated hydraulic conductivity, were defined using literature reviewed default aquifer parameters
from the SWMM documentation (Rossman and Huber, 2015) to simulate groundwater flow in each
HRU/subcatchment. The groundwater setup requires subcatchment specific coefficients such as
groundwater elevation of a subcatchment to model lateral groundwater flow. The coefficients were
calculated using equations found in the SWMM documentation (Rossman and Huber, 2015).
Overview of SWMM model output conversions
SWMM outputs one large text file. Each subcatchment can output runoff, Gw flow, and pollution
concentration values. Table 6-5 provides the crosswalk between SWMM output variables and
WMOST inputs.
Table 6-5: SWMM to WMOST Crosswalk
Purpose
WMOST Variable
SWMM Variable
For use in WMOST calculations
Runoff - Hydrology
Runoff
Runoff - Nitrogen
Runoff *TN cone
Runoff - Phosphorus
Runoff * TP cone
Runoff - Sediment
Runoff * TSScone
Recharge - Hydrology
Gw Flow
Recharge - Nitrogen
Gw Flow *TN cone
Recharge - Phosphorus
Gw Flow * TP cone
6.3 Data Input Sources to Hydrology and Loadings Module
Hydrology Data Processor (HydroProcessor)
The HydroProcessor is an external tool which will be made available on the WMOST web site that
reads information from the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) or the Hydrological Simulation
Program—Fortran (HSPF) model files and creates as output the following input databases required by
the WMOST hydrology and water quality modules:
1. Hydrologic response unit (HRU) characteristics: groundwater recession coefficient, effective
impervious area (EIA) fraction, infiltration rate, and HRU name
2. Time series: runoff and recharge for each HRU (expressed as a depth per unit area per unit
time e.g., inches/acre/day), runoff and recharge loadings for each HRU for total nitrogen
(TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total suspended sediments (TSS) (expressed as a mass per
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6, Baseline Hydrology and Loadings Module
unit area per unit time e.g., lbs/acre/day), precipitation, temperature, and potential
evapotranspiration
Estuary Data Mapper (EDM)
Databases are available for automatic import from EPA's Estuary Data Mapper (EDM). These data
serve as generic time series of land response to precipitation, similar to curve numbers or loading
coefficients. Therefore, the user's study area does not need to overlap with the specific watersheds.
Rather the modeled time series of runoff and recharge for an HRU is expected to behave similarly in
a comparable watershed (e.g., similar climate, topography).
Metadata are compiled for all the hydrologic and water quality model outputs and may aid the user in
selecting the appropriate watershed and hydrologic time period of interest. Metadata include the
location of the watershed, description of basic watershed characteristics, time period for available
time series, and calibration time period. An inventory of the models available on EDM provides the
details and references for the watershed simulation models, including the simulation model type,
watershed location, number of available subbasins, and the land use and climate scenarios. Maps of
the watersheds and their available subbasin are available from the WMOST website for selecting the
appropriate HUC number and resolution for the selected watershed simulation model.
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WMOSTv3 Theoretical Documentation
7. Stormwater Hydrology and Loadings Module
The Stormwater Hydrology and Loadings module transforms baseline runoff and recharge hydrology
and loadings time series into corresponding time series reflecting implementation of stormwater best
management practices (BMPs) chosen by the user. Previous applications of WMOST that included
the assessment of stormwater management required the user to derive these data using an external
model. The Stormwater Hydrology and Loadings Module automates this process by dynamically
linking with EPA's SUSTAIN model to derive the necessary input data for WMOST (EPA 2014a).
7.1 BMP Selection
SUSTAIN uses input from EPA's Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) or a similar model for
runoff volume and pollutant loads and calculates changes in runoff due to a stormwater BMP using a
combination of SWMM and HSPF algorithms. It can also calculate BMP costs and select among
BMP configurations to meet an objective such as a load and/or flow reduction target at minimum
cost. WMOST uses SUSTAIN in simulation, not optimization, mode. WMOST optimizes for one or
more water management objectives utilizing not only stormwater but other watershed management
practices in drinking water, wastewater, and land conservation programs. (See WMOST User Guide
for complete description of management options.) Therefore, WMOST needs simulation data from
SUSTAIN so that WMOST may optimize across watershed practices.
In the Stormwater Hydrology and Loadings module, the user selects the type(s) of BMP to consider
and specifies the desired design size(s). If the Baseline Hydrology and Loadings module is not used,
the user must also provide the percent impervious area, infiltration rate of HRUs, and hourly time
series for the baseline runoff data. Based on the selection and input, the module runs the selected
BMP types and sizes through SUSTAIN in simulation mode. These setups simulate one type of BMP
per HRU. The user may perform sequential runs of the stormwater BMP module in WMOST for a
defined sequence to simulate multiple BMPs. If more complex stormwater modeling with a wider
range of BMP options is desired or warranted based on WMOST results, the user may still run a
stormwater model outside of WMOST and manually input those results.
WMOST v3 has the capability to simulate 17 different types of BMPs within SUSTAIN; of which, 13
are urban BMPs applied to developed land and four are agricultural BMPs applied to undeveloped
land. We selected the urban BMPs from the BMP types used in Opti-Tool version 253, and we
selected the agricultural BMPs from the BMPs used in the Middle Kansas watershed54. These BMPs
are available in SUSTAIN and have available default design parameters from the Opti-Tool
development (EPA 2017). BMPs are highly flexible and may be parameterized for the following
hydrologic processes: evaporation from standing surface water, transpiration from vegetation,
infiltration of ponded water into soil media, percolation of infiltrated water into groundwater, and/or
outflow through an orifice or weir.55
53 Opti-Tool is a spreadsheet-based optimization tool developed by EPA Region 1 for municipal stormwater managers who
are interested in identifying a suite of BMPs that provide the most effective stormwater/nutrient treatment.
54 Hie Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE) detailed agricultural BMP application in the Middle Kansas
Watershed in the Watershed Restoration and Protection Strategy (WRAPS) report (2011).
55 HSPF BMP Web Toolkit categorizes BMPs according to hydrologic functions as follows: 1) storage BMPs without
infiltration ("grey"), 2) infiltration BMPs with surface ponding ("green- surface storage") and 3) infiltration BMPs with
surface ponding and subsurface storage ("green - surface and subsurface storage").
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7, Stormwater Hydrology and Loadings Module
Table 7-1 displays the BMPs that are available to the user to evaluate. These selections are based on
meeting WMOST's two primary application objectives at lowest unit cost: 1) to achieve minimum in-
stream flows for aquatic health while meeting water supply needs (infiltration trench) and 2) to reduce
flooding related damages (detention pond). We included bioretention basins or rain gardens because
of their popularity and aesthetic compatibility with residential and commercial applications56. In
WMOST v3, the Stormwater Hydrology and Loadings module simulates hydrology and loadings in
order to supply the user with managed runoff and recharge hydrology and loadings.
Table 7-1. Selected BMPs for WMOST v3
BMP Type
BMP Description8
Biofiltration with
underdrain
Provides temporary surface ponding storage of runoff for filtering through
an engineered soil media. The storage capacity includes void spaces in the
filter media and temporary ponding at the surface. After runoff has passed
through the filter media it is collected by an under-drain pipe for
discharge. Manufactured or packaged bio-filter systems such as tree box
filters may be suitable for using the bio-filtration performance results.
Bioretention Basin
Provides temporary storage of runoff through surface ponding and
possibly void spaces within the soil/sand/washed stone mixture that is used
to filter runoff prior to infiltration into underlying soils.
Enhanced
Biofiltration with
internal storage
reservoir
Provides temporary storage of runoff for filtering through an engineered
soil media, augmented for enhanced phosphorus removal, followed by
detention and denitrification in a subsurface internal storage reservoir
(ISR) comprised of gravel. An elevated outlet control at the top of the ISR
is designed to provide a retention time of at least 24 hours in the system to
allow for sufficient time for denitrification and nitrogen reduction to occur
prior to discharge. The design storage capacity for using the cumulative
performance curves is comprised of void spaces in the filter media,
temporary ponding at the surface of the practice and the void spaces in the
gravel ISR.
Extended Dry
Detention Basin
Provides temporary detention storage for the design storage volume to
drain in 24 hours through multiple out let controls.
Grass Swale with
detention
Conveys runoff through an open channel vegetated with grass with
temporary storage provided by permeable check dams. Primary removal
mechanism is settling during temporary storage.
Gravel Wetland
Based on design by the UNH Stormwater Center (UNHSC). Provides
temporary surface ponding storage of runoff in a vegetated wetland cell
that is eventually routed to an underlying saturated gravel internal storage
reservoir (ISR) for nitrogen treatment. Outflow is controlled by an
elevated orifice that has its invert elevation equal to the top of the ISR
layer and provides a retention time of at least 24 hours.
56 http://www.epa.gov/regionl/soakuptherain/index.html,
http://www.seattle.gov/util/EnvironmentConservation/Projects/GreenStormwaterInfrastructure/RainWise/index.htm
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WMOST v2 Theoretical Documentation
Table 7-1 (continued)
BMP Type
BMP Description3
Surface Constructed
Wetland
Provides temporary surface ponding storage of runoff in a vegetated
wetland cell and filtering through soil media.
Subsurface Gravel
Wetland
Provides temporary surface ponding storage of runoff in a vegetated
wetland cell that is eventually routed to an underlying saturated gravel
internal storage reservoir (ISR) for nitrogen treatment.
Infiltration Basin
Provides temporary storage of runoff through surface ponding (e.g., basin
or swale) for subsequent infiltration into the underlying soils.
Infiltration Chamber
Provides temporary storage of runoff using the combination of storage
structures (e.g., galleys, chambers, pipes, etc.) and void spaces within the
washed stone that is used to backfill the system for subsequent infiltration
into the surrounding sub-soils.
Infiltration Trench
Provides temporary storage of runoff using the void spaces within the
soil/sand/gravel mixture that is used to backfill the trench for subsequent
infiltration into the surrounding sub-soils.
Porous Pavement
with subsurface
infiltration
Provides filtering of runoff through a filter course and temporary storage
of runoff within the void spaces of a subsurface gravel reservoir prior to
infiltration into subsoils.
Porous Pavement
with underdrain
Provides filtering of runoff through a filter course and temporary storage
of runoff within the void spaces prior to discharge by way of an
underdrain.
Sand Filter with
underdrain
Provides filtering of runoff through a sand filter course and temporary
storage of runoff through surface ponding and within void spaces of the
sand and washed stone layers prior to discharge by way of an underdrain.
Sediment Basinb
A temporary basin formed by excavation or by constructing an
embankment so that sediment-laden runoff is temporarily detained under
quiescent conditions, allowing sediment to settle out before the runoff is
discharged.
Vegetative Filter
Stripb
Vegetated surfaces designed to treat sheet flow from adjacent surfaces.
Vegetative filter strips function by slowing runoff velocities and allowing
sediment and other pollutants to settle and by providing some infiltration
into underlying soils.
Wet Pond
Provides treatment of runoff through routing through permanent pool.
EPA (2017);b CASQA (2003)
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7, Stormwater Hydrology and Loadings Module
7.2 Urban BMP Sizing and Parameterization
Urban BMP unit costs originate from EPA (2017) and CRWA (2009) with an adjustment for retrofit
conditions that includes a cost multiplier of 2 and a 35 percent add-on for engineering and
contingencies (EPA 201 la). (Users can substitute their own costs if desired or reference the Opti-Tool
manual for original costs before retrofit multiplier and cost add-on.) Unit costs for urban BMPs are
shown in Table 7-2.
The final urban BMP cost is calculated as follows:
BMP Cost = Volume of Runoff to Manage (ft3) x Retrofit Cost ($/treated ft3)
Table 7-2. Urban BMP Unit Costs in 2016 Dollars
BMP Type
New Development Cost
($/ft3)
Retrofit Cost ($/ft3)
Biofiltration w/UD
$15.61
$29.54
Bioretention Basin
$15.46
$30.92
Enhanced Biofiltration w/ISR
$15.61
$29.54
Extended Dry Detention Basin
$6.80
$13.60
Grass Swale w/detention
$8.00
$23.77 a-b
Gravel Wetland
$8.78
$17.56
Infiltration Basin
$6.24
$12.48
Infiltration Chamber
$67.85
$135.70
Infiltration Trench
$12.49
$24.98
Porous Pavement w/SI (Pervious Concrete)
$5.32
$36.14
Porous Pavement w/UD (Asphalt
Pavement)
$18.07
$10.64
Sand Filter
$17.94
$35.88
Wet Pond
$6.80
$13.60
a2010 costs were converted to 2016 dollars to adjust for inflation
b Report did not include any engineering or contingency costs so 35 percent was added to the original cost
estimate from the report before adjusting for inflation.
Design parameters shown in Table 7-3 below are used for BMP sizing. Design parameters shown in
Table 7-4 are used for BMP soil and underdrain specification. BMP decay and underdrain removal
rates are shown in Table 7-5. All default parameters originate from the parameter defaults used in
SUSTAIN Opti-Tool (EPA 2017). After creating the SUSTAIN input file (Input.inp), users can adjust
any default parameters.
87
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WMOST v2 Theoretical Documentation
Table 7-3. Urban BMP Size Specifications
BMP Name
Shape
Width
(ft)
Length (ft)
Orifice
Height
(ft)
Orifice
Diameter
(in)
Weir
Height
(ft)
Weir
Width
(ft)
Pore Space
Depth (fta)
Biofiltration w/
UD
Square
Sized
based on
runoff
volume
treated
Sized based on
runoff volume
treated
0
0
0.33
30
1.63
Bioretention
Basin
Square
0
0
0.5
30
1.00
Enhanced
Biofiltration w/
ISR
Square
0
0
0.33
30
2.28
Extended Dry
Detention Basin
Square
0
4
6
30
6.00
Grass Swale w/
detention
Fixed-
Width
Rectangle
5
Sized based on
runoff volume
treated and
fixed width
0
0
2.5
30
2.50
Gravel Wetland
Square
Sized
based on
runoff
volume
treated
Sized based on
runoff volume
treated
0
0
2.2
6
3.27
Infiltration Basin
Square
0
0
2
30
2.00
Infiltration
Chamber
Square
0
0
0.2
30
2.60
Infiltration
Trench
Fixed-
Width
Rectangle
5
Sized based on
runoff volume
treated and
fixed width
0
0
0
30
2.40
Porous
Pavement w/ SI
Square
Sized
based on
runoff
volume
treated
Sized based on
runoff volume
treated
0
0
0
30
0.70
Porous
Pavement w/ UD
Square
0
0
1.75
30
1.75
Sand Filter w/
UD
Square
0
0
0.5
30
1.65
Wet Pond
Square
0
0
6
30
6.00
a Total pore space is calculated based on the the pore space of the ponding, soil, and underdrain depth, width and length.
88
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7, Stormwater Hydrology and Loadings Module
Table 7-4. Urban BMP Soil and Underdrain Specifications
BMP Name
Soil
Depth
(ft)
Soil
Porosity
(0-1)
Vegetative
Parameter
A (0.1-1.0)
Soil layer
infiltration
rate (in/hr)
Underdrain
(UD) switch
Depth
storage
media
below
UD (ft)
UD
void
space
(0-1)
Background
infiltration
rate (in/hr)
Biofiltration
w/UD
2
0.45
0.9
2.5
Yes
0
0
Native soil rate
Bioretention
Basin
2.5
0.2
0.9
2.5
No
0
0
-
Enhanced
Biofiltration
w/ISR
2
0.45
0.6
4.5
Yes
2.5
0.42
Native soil rate
Extended
Dry
Detention
Basin
0
0
0.1
0
No
0
0
-
Grass Swale
0
w/D
0
0.9
2.5
No
0
0
-
Gravel
Wetland
0.67
0.4
0.9
3.3
Yes
2
0.4
Native soil rate
Infiltration
Basin
0
0
0.9
1.5
No
0
0
-
Infiltration
Chamber
0
0
0.1
1000
Yes
6
0.4
Native soil rate
Infiltration
Trench
6
0.4
0.9
1.5
No
0
0
-
Porous
Pavement
w/ SI
0
0
0.1
17.42
No?
1.75
0.4
Native soil rate
Porous
Pavement
w/UD
0
0
0.1
17.42
Yes
0
0
Native soil rate
Sand Filter
w/UD
2.5
0.3
0.8
2.5
Yes
1
0.4
Native soil rate
Wet Pond
0.001
0.3
0.1
0
No
0
0
-
89
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WMOST v2 Theoretical Documentation
Table 7-5. Urban BMP Decay and Underdrain Removal Rates
BMP Name
TP
Decay
Rate
(1/hr)
TN
Decay
Rate
(1/hr)
TSS
Decay
Rate
(1/hr)
ZN
Decay
Rate
(1/hr)
TP
Removal
Rate (%)
TN
Removal
Rate (%)
TSS
Removal
Rate (%)
ZN
Removal
Rate (%)
Biofiltration w/ UD
0.13
0.03
0.79
0.49
46
30
98
96
Bioretention Basin
0.13
0.03
0.79
0
97.25
99.25
100
100
Enhanced Biofiltration w/ ISR
0.065
0.093
0
0
68
69
98
96
Extended Dry Detention
Basin
0.018
0.02
0.12
0.54
1
9.91
42
7.05
Grass Swale w/D
0.1
0
0.66
1.78
15
9.91
73
92.5
Gravel Wetland
0.105
0.066
0.36
0.19
54
60.5
93
89
Infiltration Basin
0.27
0.42
0.74
0.45
97.25
99.25
100
100
Infiltration Chamber
-
-
-
-
87.25
97
99
99.75
Infiltration Trench
0.27
0.42
0.74
0.45
87.25
97
99
99.75
Porous Pavement w/ SI
0.0051
0.26
0.22
0.14
87.25
97
99
99.75
Porous Pavement w/ UD
0.0051
0.26
0.22
0.14
72.5
77
95
97
Sand Filter w/ UD
-
-
-
-
68
69
98
96
Wet Pond
0.03
0.3
0.26
1.53
46
29.5
71
86
Based on the user-specified depth, the module calculates the required storage volume for the BMP
following the Massachusetts example for the static method57:
Required storage volume = Impervious area x Runoff depth to be managed
For an acre of soil type B, the required volume for the Massachusetts recharge standard would be
0.35" or approximately 1,271 cubic feet per acre of impervious surface.
The storage volume per square foot of BMP for each type of BMP is calculated as follows:
BMP unit storage volume = Sum of (Depth x Porosity) across all components
For example, a bioretention basin with an underdrain has 6 inches of ponding depth (100% storage
volume), 30 inches of 0.40 porosity soil mix (40% storage volume) and 8 inches of 0.40 porosity
gravel mix (40% storage volume). This results in 1.77 cubic feet of storage volume per square foot
of BMP.
Using the unit storage volume, the module calculates the required BMP area. In this example, the
BMP area must be approximately 719 square feet or 1.7 percent of the total site area of one acre.
57 These baseline runoff and recharge time series reflect runoff and recharge from both pervious and impervious areas of an
HRU. However, the BMP sizing will be based on the specified sizing depth and impervious area. This methodology follows
SUSTAIN applications and stormwater regulations. For example, Massachusetts Stormwater Handbook states that "for
purposes of [recharge and solids standards], only the impervious areas on the project site are used for purposes of calculating
the [volumes] (MassDEP 2014)."
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7, Stormwater Hydrology and Loadings Module
7.3 Agricultural BMP Sizing and Parameterization
Agricultural BMP unit costs originate from KDHE (2011). The costs were not adjusted for conditions
because undeveloped area receives a cost multiplier of 1, but the costs were adjusted for inflation and
have a 35 percent add-on for engineering and contingencies (EPA 201 la). (Users can substitute their
own costs if desired.) Default unit costs for agricultural BMPs are specified by land area, rather than
by volume of runoff treated. Table 7-6 below shows the unit costs for agricultural BMPs.
The final agricultural BMP cost is calculated as follows:
BMP Cost = Managed area (acre) x BMP Cost ($/BMP acre) x Ratio of BMP area (BMP
acre) / Managed area (acre)
Table 7-6. Agricultural BMP Unit Costs in 2016 Dollars
BMP Type
IQIP
Conservation
Practice ID
Default Cost
($/BMP acre)
Default Treatment Ratio
(BMP acre/Managed
Acre)
Surface Constructed Wetland
657
$1,425.45
15
Subsurface Gravel Wetland
657
$1,425.45
15
Sediment Basin
638
$388.76
15
Vegetative Filter Strip
393
$925.25
15
Design parameters shown in Table 7-7 below are used for BMP sizing. Design parameters shown in
Table 7-8 are used for BMP soil and underdrain specification. BMP decay and underdrain removal
rates are shown in Table 7-9. All defaults parameters originate from the parameter defaults used in
SUSTAIN Opti-Tool (EPA 2017). After creating the SUSTAIN input file (Input.inp), users can adjust
any default parameters.
Table 7-7. Agricultural BMP Size Specifications
Total
Orifice
Orifice
Weir
Pore
Width
Length
Height
Diameter
Weir
Width
Space
BMP Name
Shape
(ft)
(ft)
(ft)
(in)
Height (ft)
(ft)
(ft)
Surface Constructed
Square
Sized
Sized
0
0
2.2
30
2.47
Wetland
Subsurface Gravel
Square
Sized
Sized
0
0
2.2
30
3.27
Wetland
Sediment Basin
Square
Sized
Sized
0
4
6
30
6.00
Vegetative Filter
SUSTAIN requires a different input card for sizing a vegetative filter strip, which
1.23
Strip
requires additional user inputs
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WMOST v2 Theoretical Documentation
Table 7-8. Agricultural BMP Soil and Underdrain Specifications
BMP Name
Soil
Depth
(ft)
Soil
Porosity
(0-1)
Vegetative
Parameter
A (0.1-1.0)
Soil layer
infiltration
rate (in/hr)
Underdrain
(UD) switch
Depth
storage
media
below
UD (ft)
UD
void
space
(0-1)
Background
infiltration
rate (in/hr)
Surface
Constructed
Wetland
0.67
0.4
0.9
3.3
No
0
0
-
Subsurface
Gravel
Wetland
0.67
0.4
0.9
3.3
Yes
2
0.4
Native soil rate
Sediment
Basin
0
0
0.1
0
No
0
0
-
Vegetative
Filter Strip
2
0.45
0.9
2.5
No
0
0
_
Table 7-9. Agricultural BMP Decay and Underdrain Removal Rates
BMP Name
TP
Decay
Rate
(1/hr)
TN
Decay
Rate
(1/hr)
TSS
Decay
Rate
(1/hr)
ZN
Decay
Rate
(1/hr)
TP
Remova
1 Rate
(%)
TN
Remova
1 Rate
(%)
TSS
Remova
1 Rate
(%)
ZN
Remova
1 Rate
(%)
Surface Constructed
Wetland
0.105
0.066
0.36
0.19
0.54
0.605
0.93
0.89
Subsurface Gravel
Wetland
0.105
0.066
0.36
0.19
0.54
0.605
0.93
0.89
Sediment Basin
0.018
0.02
0.12
0.54
0.1
0.09909
0.42
0.705
Vegetative Filter Strip
0.13
0.03
0.79
0.49
0.46
0.3
0.98
0.96
Based on the user-specified depth, the module calculates the required storage volume for the BMP
following the SCS curve number method used in SWAT (Texas A&M University 2011). The SCS
curve number equation estimates the volume of runoff. The equation is:
Required storage volume = (R - 0.2*S)2 / (R + 0.8*S) * Managed Area
where R is the rainfall depth in inches, which is the design storm depth provided by the user, and S is
the retention parameter.
The retention parameter is defined as:
S = 1000/CN- 10
The storage volume per square foot of BMP for each type of BMP is calculated as follows:
BMP unit storage volume = Sum of (Depth x Porosity) across all components
The module uses the unit storage volume to calculate the required BMP area. Default curve numbers
are provided in the module and shown in Table 7-10. Default curve numbers originated from the
SWAT model documentation.
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7, Stormwater Hydrology and Loadings Module
Table 7-10. Default Curve Numbers by Land Use Type
Land Use Description
Curve Number for Hydrologic Soil Group
A
B
C
D
Agriculture
68
79
86
89
Forest
36
60
73
79
Grass
30
58
71
78
Open
49
69
79
84
Wetland
100
100
100
100
Water
100
100
100
100
Two agricultural BMPs, the sediment basin and the vegetative filter strip, are not sized using the SCS
curve number. The sediment basin is sized based on the managed area and the settling velocity of the
constituent (CASQA 2003). The equation used to size the sediment basin is:
Required storage volume = Managed Area (acre) x Settling velocity (ft/s) / 1.2
Vegetative filter strips are modeled using a specific input card. Users must provide additional BMP
parameters in order to use this BMP. Default values for the additional parameters needed for
modeling vegetative filter strips are shown in Table 7-11.
Table 7-11. Default Vegetative Filter Strip Parameters58
Land Use Description
Flow Length
(in)
Surface Depression Storage
(in)
Manning's Coefficient
(unitless)
Agriculture
75
0.25
0.3
Forest
75
0.25
0.3
Grass
75
0.25
0.2
Open
75
0.25
0.2
7.4 Linking with SUSTAIN
In order to automate the calculation of reduction of runoff volumes by stormwater BMPs, WMOST
provides a linkage with one of the modules in EPA's SUSTAIN tool. The Stormwater Hydrology and
Loadings Module prepares input files for SUSTAIN, calls SUSTAIN and retrieves outputs.
SUSTAIN requires time series data at least at an hourly resolution, which are available to the user if
the Baseline Hydrology and Loadings module is used. Sub-daily modeling for stormwater increases
the accuracy of the simulated BMP performance and resulting changes in runoff and recharge. The
Stormwater Hydrology and Loadings module aggregates the time series to a daily or monthly time
step for final use in WMOST. Further details on this process are described in the remainder of this
section.
The aquifer component in SUSTAIN tracks water infiltrated through BMPs to the aquifer. The
aquifer does not affect the BMP function or performance. Only the aquifer is affected by inflow from
58 Default values for vegetative filter strips originated from the Massachusetts Stormwater LID Toolkit Fact Sheet for Grass
Filter Strips (MassDEP 2014) and Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
https://stormwater.pca. state.mn.us/index.php?title=Vegetated_filter_strips
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WMOST v2 Theoretical Documentation
the BMP (Figure 7-1). WMOST has a component that tracks aquifer inflow and storage as well as
baseflow to the stream; therefore, there is no need to repeat this modeling in SUSTAIN.
In addition, inputting an external recharge time series into SUSTAIN does not affect the BMP
performance and output. An external recharge time series affects the aquifer component but will not
affect BMP performance. Therefore, only the runoff time series is input to SUSTAIN and the aquifer
component is not utilized.
Figure 7-1. SUSTAIN Flows With and Without an Aquifer Component (EPA 2014b)
Original Network Enhanced Network
Baseflow
Surface
Runoff
Baseflow
Surface
Runoff
Q_
O
BMPs
Conduit
Assessment
Point
' A
Legend: Original Updated
BMP Type
Dimensions
Dummy Node
Pipe/Channel
Optimization Metrics
Volume
Peak
Mass
New
Aquifer
BMPs
Conduit
Assessment _
Point
BMP Type
Dimensions
F-Table
Dummy Node
Pipe/Channel
F-Table
Optimization Metrics
Volume
Peak
Mass
Exceedance Frequency
Flow-Duration Curve
The module prepares the following input files necessary to run SUSTAIN:
• Runoff and runoff loadings time series for each HRU (e.g., HRU1 .txt);
• Temperature time series (e.g., climate.svvm); and
• Main input file (e.g., input.inp ) which requires the information shown in Appendix B.
The module prepares the time series files using data from the hydrology and loadings time series
database, user specifications, appropriate default BMP characteristics, and HRU infiltration rates/soil
types. If the user does not use the Baseline Hydrology and Loadings Module, the Stonnwater
Hydrology and Loadings Module will request the necessary data including subdaily HRU runoff time
series, temperature time series, infiltration rates, percent impervious area, and latitude of the study
area.
The module calls SUSTAIN from WMOST, referencing the input files and the SUSTAIN.dll. The
setup initiates one run of SUSTAIN that simulates all combinations of developed HRUs and urban
BMPs and undeveloped HRUs and agricultural BMPs. This requires setting up each combination as a
separate "subbasnf' representing the WMOST HRU routed to one BMP. Each "subbasin" will be
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7, Stormwater Hydrology and Loadings Module
specified as one acre with an appropriately sized BMP in developed areas. In agricultural areas, the
subbasin will be specified as the area managed by the BMP, which is specified by the user. These
specifications will result in output values for runoff, recharge, and BMP costs that are on a "per acre"
basis as required by WMOST. The module will initiate the simulation run by calling
"SUSTAINOPT.dll(strFilePath, strScenario,where the parameters are defined as follows:
• strFilePath indicates the folder location for all input files;
• strScenario specifies which of the following run options to initiate: single run, batch mode,
or run for select solutions. In this case, we will specify a single run; and
• " " = selection solutions to run if strScenario = run for select solutions. For our purposes, we
will leave this blank to indicate that we are initiating a single run.
SUSTAIN outputs results into separate files for each subbasin, in this case a combination of HRU and
BMPs. The WMOST Stormwater Hydrology and Loadings Module reads data from these files then
deletes them to keep the user's folder clean.
SUSTAIN provides nine types of outflow in units of cubic feet per second. The module processes
these flows as follows:
• Runoff = Weir outflow + Orifice or channel outflow + Untreated outflow
• Recharge = Underdrain + Seepage to Groundwater
• Evapotranspiration
The following flows are not used because it would lead to double counting:
• Infiltration;
• Total outflow and
• Percolation to underdrain storage.
For water quality flows, SUSTAIN provides five types of outflow in units of pounds. The module
processes these flows as follows:
• Runoff = Weir outflow + Orifice or channel outflow + Untreated outflow
• Recharge = Underdrain
• Evapotranspiration
The following flows are not used because it would lead to double counting:
• Mass entering the BMP
• Mass leaving the BMP
The module aggregates the hourly time series to a daily or monthly time step of runoff and recharge.
Evapotranspiration is retained for potential future use in climate change sensitivity analyses. Final
stormwater managed runoff is the runoff from the SUSTAIN simulation as shown above. The
SUSTAIN recharge or infiltration is added to the WMOST baseline recharge, reflecting the additional
recharge due to BMP implementation. Finally, the module populates the runoff and recharge
worksheets with the appropriate time series after post-processing.
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WMOST v2 Theoretical Documentation
8. Internal Configuration
WMOST is implemented using Excel as the interface software to provide an accessible and familiar
platform for users. VBA is used to:
1) Automate the setup of input worksheets for different numbers of HRU types, HRU sets, and
water user types per user specifications;
2) Assist users in navigating among input and output sheets;
3) Access and pre-process input data via the Baseline Hydrology, Stormwater Hydrology and
Flood-Damage modules;
4) Create optimization files written in AMPL for uploading to the NEOS server including a
model file, data file, and command file; and
5) Process and analyze results from the NEOS server including the calculation of calibration
statistics
Figure 8-1 shows the flow of information and process links between components of WMOST.
Figure 8-1: WMOST Internal Configuration
WMOST Internal Configuration
Excel: User Interface Worksheets
Excel: Visual Basic Modules
Outside Excel
Input Worksheets
Introductory
Worksheet
Links to input and output
worksheets
Initiates running
optimization
J
Output Worksheets
Input/Interface Setup
Setup input worksheets according user specifications
Hydrology Module
Import runoff and recharge time series from WMOST database
stored on the EDM server or user's local drive based on user
specified region, HRU types and time period
Import runoff and recharge pollutant loading time series from
WMOST database if using water quality capabilities
Process for user specified temporal resolution
Stormwater Module
Prepare input files for stormwater management simulation
Initiate run with stormwater tool based on user-specified BMPs
Post-process simulation output to create stormwater-managed
runoff and recharge time series input
Post-process simulation output of pollutant loadings to create
v stormwater-managed runoff and recharge time series input
Main
Read input data
Process data, as necessary, including piecewise approximation of
flood damage costs
Define non-linear programming problem using equations of mass
balance, costs, revenues, & constraints
Write input file for Bonmin {AMPL format) and call solver
Table Outputs
Populate output worksheets with table of results from Bonmin
Graphical Outputs
Produce streamflow and concentration graphs
Hydrology Database
Runoff, recharge, and other HSPF derived
hydrologic and loadings data with
connection to the Estuary Data Mapper ..
Stormwater
Management Tool
Non-Linear Programming
Solver
Bonmin
96
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9. References
9. References
AECOM. 2013. The Impact of Climate Change and Population Growth on the National Flood
Insurance Program through 2100. Prepared for Federal Insurance and Mitigation Administration
and Federal Emergency Management Administration. June 2013.
American Rivers. 2010. Putting Green to Work: Economic Recovery Investments for Clean and
Reliable Water. American Rivers, Washington, D.C.
American Water Resources Association (AWRA). 2012. Case Studies in Integrated Water Resources
Management: From Local Stewardship to National Vision. American Water Resources
Association Policy Committee, Middleburg, VA.
Atkins. 2013. Flood Loss Avoidance Benefits of Green Infrastructure for Stormwater Management.
Prepared forthe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office ofWater. July 2013.
Bonami, P., Biegler, L. T., Conn, A. R., Cornuejols, G., Grossman, I. E., Laird, C. D., Lee, J., Lodi,
A., Margot, F., and Waechter, A. 2008. An Algorithmic Framework for Convex Mixed Integer
Nonlinear Programs. Discrete Optimization 5(2), 186-204.
Bonami, P. and Lee, J. 2013. BONMIN User's Manual, https://projects.coin-
or.org/Bonmin/browser/stable/1.7/Bonmin/doc/BONMIN_UsersManual.pdf?format=raw
California Stormwater Quality Association (CASQA). 2003. "Stormwater Best Management Practice
Handbook." Chapters on Construction and New Development/Redevelopment.
Charles River Watershed Association (CRWA). 2009. "Stormwater Management Plan for Spruce
Pond Brook Subwatcrshcd". Prepared forthe Town of Franklin, Massachusetts.
Chesapeake Bay Partnership (CBP) Urban Stormwater Workgroup. 2012. "Recommendations of the
Expert Panel to Define Removal Rates for Individual Stream Restoration Projects". Prepared by
Tom Schueler, Chesapeake Stormwater Network, and Bill Stack, Center for Watershed Protection.
Retrieved on January 7, 2017 from http://www.chesapeakebay.net/channel_files/18983/
attachment_b 1 ~urban_stream_restoration_panel_final_report_l 2062012 .pdf
Czyzyk, J., Mesnier, M. P., and More, J. J. 1998. The NEOS Server. IEEE Journal on Computational
Science and Engineering 5(3), 68-75.
DeSimone, L. A., et al. 2002. Simulation of Ground-Water Flow and Evaluation of Water-
Management Alternatives in the Upper Charles River Basin, Eastern Massachusetts. Water-
Resources Investigations Report 2002-4234. U.S. Geological Survey, Westborough,
Massachusetts.
Dolan, E. 2001. The NEOS Server 4.0 Administrative Guide. Technical Memorandum ANL/MCS-
TM-250, Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory.
Gropp, W. and More, J. J. 1997. Optimization Environments and the NEOS Server. Approximation
Theory and Optimization, M. D. Buhmann and A. Iserles, eds., Cambridge University Press, p
167-182.
Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE). 2011. "Watershed Restoration and
Protection Strategy (WRAPS) Middle Kansas Watershed." Kansas Center for Agricultural
97
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WMOST v2 Theoretical Documentation
Resources and the Environment (KCARE), Kansas Alliance for Wetlands & Streams (KAWS),
and Kansas State University Research and Extension.
Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP). 2014. Massachusetts
Stormwater Handbook. Accessed November 2014, http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/massdep/
water/regulations/massachusetts-stormwater-handbook.html
Mays, L.W. 2010. Water Resources Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, 890p.
Medina, D., J. Monfils, and Z. Baccala. 2011. Green Infrastructure Benefits for Floodplain
Management: A Case Study. Stormwater. November-December 2011.
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA). "Design Infiltration Rates". Retrieved on December
16, 2014, http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Design_infiltration_rates.
NACWA, WERF, and WEF. 2013. The Water Resources Utility of the Future: A Blueprint for
Action. National Association of Clean Water Agencies (NACWA), Water Environment Research
Foundation (WERF) and Water Environment Federation (WEF), Washington, D.C.
Neitsch, S. L., Arnold, J. G., Kiniry, J. R., and J. R. Williams. 2011. Soil and Water Assessment Tool
Theoretical Documentation Version 2009. Texas Water Resources Institute Technical Report No.
406.
Prettenthaler, F., P. Amrusch, and C. Habsburg-Lothringen. 2010. Estimation of an Absolute Flood
Damage Curve Based on an Austrian Case Study Under a Dam Breach Scenario. Nat. Hazards
Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 881-894.
Rossman, L. and W. Huber. Storm Water Management Model Reference Manual Volume I,
Hydrology. US EPA Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC, EPA/600/R-
15/162A, 2015.
Schwarz, G. E., A. B. Hoos, R. B. Alexander, and R. A. Smith. 2006. The SPARROW Surface
Water-Quality Model - Theory, Applications and User Documentation: U.S. Geological Survey,
Techniques, and Methods 6-B3.
Texas A&M University. 2011. "Soil and Water Assessment Tool Theoretical Documentation Version
2009". Prepared by S.L. Neitsch, J.G. Arnold, J.R. Kiniry, and J.R. Williams. September
2011.
United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP)-DHI Centre for Water and Environment. 2009.
Integrated Water Resources Management in Action. WWAP, DHI Water Policy, UNEP-DHI
Centre for Water and Environment
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). 2013. Flood Risk Management, IWR Report 2013-R-05.
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2009. Conservation Practice Modeling Guide for SWAT
and APEX. Prepared by David Waidler, Mike White, Evelyn Steglich, Susan Wang, Jimmy
Williams, C. A. Jones, and R. Srinivasan.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1994. Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) Policy. EPA
830-B-94-001. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-10/documents/owm0111 .pdf
-------
9, References
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2002. EPA Air Pollution Control Cost Manual.
EPA/452/B-02-001. https://www3.epa.gov/ttncatcl/dirl/c_allchs.pdf
U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2004. "The Use of Best Management Practices (BMPs)
in Urban Watersheds." Publication No. EPA/600/R-04/184.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2005. HSPF Version 12.2 User's Manual.
http://water.epa.gOv/scitech/datait/models/basins/bsnsdocs.cfm#hspf, accessed 9/30/2014.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Water. 2007. The Long-Term Control Plan
EZ (LTCP-EZ) Template: A Planning Tool for CSO Control in Small Communities. EPA-833-R-
07-005. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-10/documents/cso_ltcp_ez_template.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2008. Handbook for Developing Watershed Plans to
Restore and Protect Our Waters. March 2008. Office of Water, Washington, D.C.
EPA 841-B-08-002.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Massachusetts Department of Environmental
Protection (MassDEP). 2009. Optimal Stormwater Management Plan Alternatives: A
Demonstration Project in Three Upper Charles River Communities. Prepared by Tetra Tech,
Fairfax, Virginia. http://www.epa.gov/regionl/npdes/stormwater/assets/pdfs/BMP-Performance-
Analysis-Report.pdf.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2009. "SUSTAIN—A Framework for Placement of
Best Management Practices in Urban Watersheds to Protect Water Quality". Prepared by Tetra
Tech, Inc. in Support of EPA Contract No. GS-10F-0268K.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2010. Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP)
Performance Analysis. Prepared by Tetra Tech, Fairfax, Virginia.
http://www.epa.gov/regionl/npdes/stormwater/assets/pdfs/BMP-Performance-Analysis-Report.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 201 la. Memorandum to Project File: Methodology for
Developing Cost Estimates for Structural Stormwater Controls for Preliminary Residual
Designation Sites for Charles River Watershed Areas in the Communities of Milford, Bellingham
and Franklin, Massachusetts. August 9, 2011.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 201 lb. "Report on Enhance Framework (SUSTAIN)
and Field Applications for Placement of BMPs in Urban Watersheds". Prepared by Tetra Tech,
Inc. in Support of EPA Contract No. GS-10F-0268K.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2014a. System for Urban Stormwater Treatment and
Analysis IntegratioN (SUSTAIN). Accessed August 2014. http://www2.epa.gov/water-
research/system-urban-stormwater-treatment-and-analysis-integration-sustain
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2014b. SUSTAIN Application User's Guide for EPA
Region 10. Prepared by Tetra Tech, Fairfax, Virginia, http://www2.epa.gov/water-
research/system-urban-stormwater-treatment-and-analysis-integration-sustain
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2016. "Stormwater Trees: Technical Memorandum".
Developed by Tetra Tech.
-------
WMOST v2 Theoretical Documentation
U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2017. "Opti-Tool for Stormwater and Nutrient
Management (Version 1)." Developed by TetraTech.
Vogel, R.M. and I. Wilson. 1996. Probability Distribution of Annual Maximum, Mean, and Minimum
Streamflows in the United States. Journal ofHydrologic Engineering. 1:2, pp. 69-76.
White, K. and B. Baker. 2015. USACE Institute for Water Resources. Personal communication,
January 29, 2015.
Zoltay, V.I. 2007. Integrated Watershed Management Modeling: Optimal Decision Making for
Natural and Human Components. M.S. Thesis, Tufts Univ., Medford, MA.
Zoltay, V.I., R.M. Vogel, P.H. Kirshen, and K.S. Westphal. 2010. Integrated watershed management
modeling: Generic optimization model applied to the Ipswich River Basin. Journal of Water
Resources Planning and Management. 136(5), pp. 566-575.
100
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Appendix A
Appendix A - User Support
User support is provided by checking user entered data for errors via code in the VBA modules and
providing the WMOST User Guide and case studies as a source of default data.
A.1 User Error Checks
The user is informed with a message box if any of the following are encountered:
Land Use, Runoff, and Recharge
• stormwater sub-daily time series entered by user (when using manual entry for baseline
hydrology) does not match the time period of the baseline runoff and recharge time series
• baseline hydrology modeling time period requested by user is outside of the data available in the
watershed's time series file
• supporting documentation, such as the EDM inventory, are not found or are not in the correct
format
• user model selections do not match pre-processed watershed files on EDM
• EDM query run by user will overwrite existing files in the EDM database storage folder
• when calculating runoff and recharge, dates, constituent name, or model time step have not been
selected
• headers in hydrology and loadings databases do not match the headers expected based on the
HRU IDs selected from the characteristics database
• number of HRU types, HRU sets or water users is less than or equal to zero
• time series data, that is runoff (and therefore recharge, water demand, point sources) dates, are
not daily or monthly
• time series data is not more than one time step
• user attempts to enter less than 0 or greater than 50 land use sets or water user types
• stormwater simulation is attempted to be run prior to generating the input files
• SUSTAIN simulation failed due to incorrect SUSTAIN input files
• default BMP parameter values for selected constituents are not available
• default CN values for land use do not match any land use types or match multiple land use types
• stormwater set costs could not be calculated without baseline land area
• SUSTAIN output files did not match the expected file names or output file format
Surface Water, Groundwater, and Reservoir
• minimum in-stream flow is greater than maximum in-stream flow
• minimum external groundwater flows are less than zero
• user has not correctly indicated whether reservoir outflow should be modeled as a data time series
or allowed to be a decision variable
• when calculating the groundwater recession coefficient,
101
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WMOST v2 Theoretical Documentation
o the area in the baseline HRUs is empty,
o data is missing from the recharge table, or
o modeling dates have not been entered,
constituent decay values are negative
a concentration and loadings target are set for the surface water system and/or reservoir
Potable/Nonpotable Water Use and Watershed Infrastructure
user inputs more than 8 water users
user-specified nonpotable water use percentages result in adjusted consumptive potable water use
percentages that are out of range (0-100)
user does not specify an average effluent concentration for a treatment facility
user specifies a greater average effluent concentration for tertiary treatment compared to primary
treatment
Management Options
• price elasticity values are not negative
• less than 3 sets of data have been entered in the Flood Module
• flood input data are negative values
• HRU areas serviced by the combined sewer system are greater than baseline HRU areas
• sanitary and storm sewer capacities are not defined when attempting to model sewer separation
• riparian areas are greater than baseline HRU areas
Results Processing
• results file does not match the expected format or the data in the interface
• the optimization did not result in a solution
A.2 User Manual, Case Studies and Default Data
Case studies are provided which provide default data that the user may draw on in lieu of other
data sources.
In general, O&M costs may be assumed to be between 1 and 10% of capital costs depending on the
infrastructure or management practice.
Many federal and state websites provide spatial data such as land use, soil, slope, zoning,
and protected areas.
Note that the accuracy of the input data will affect the accuracy of the model solutions. Therefore,
as described in the user manual, sensitivity analyses are recommended especially for input data with
the greatest uncertainty.
102
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Appendix B
Appendix B - SUSTAIN Input Cards
The following table lists and describes the input cards and parameters specified in the main input file
(*.inp) for SUSTAIN runs. The SUSTAIN input cards are responsible for specifying the simulation
settings, pollutant types, land use types, BMP types and site parameters, and the BMP to land routing
network of the SUSTAIN simulation run.
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
700
Model Controls
Parameters
Parameter Definitions
Notes
LINE1
Land simulation control (0-external,l-internal)
Land output directory (containing land output
timeseries)
LINE2
Start date of simulation (Year Month Day)
LINE3
End date of simulation (Year Month Day)
LINE4
Land Timeseries time step (Min)
BMP simulation time step (Min)
CRAAT (The ratio of max velocity to mean velocity
under typical flow conditions)
Model output control (0-the same time step as land
time series; 1-hourly)
Model output directory
LINE5
ET Flag (0-onstant monthly ET,l-daily ET from the
timeseries,2-alulate daily ET from the daily
temperature data),
Climate time series file path
required if ET flag is 1 or 2
Latitude (Decimal degrees)
required if ET flag is 2
LINE6
Monthly ET rate (in/day) if ET flag is 0 OR
Monthly pan coefficient (multiplier to ET value) if ET
flag is 1 OR
Monthly variable coefficient to calculate ET values
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
705
Pollutant Definition
Parameters
Parameter Definitions
Notes
POLLUTJD
Unique pollutant identifier
(Sequence number same as in land output
time series)
POLLUT_NAME
Unique pollutant name
MULTIPLIER
Multiplying factor used to convert the pollutant
load to lbs
external control
SED_FLAG
The sediment flag (0-not sediment,l-sand,2-silt,3-
clay,4-total sediment)
SED_QUAL
The sediment-associated pollutant flag (0-no, 1-yes)
if = 1 then SEDIMENT is required in the
pollutant list
SAND_QFRAC
The sediment-associated qual-fraction on sand (0-1)
only required if SED_QUAL = 1
SILT_QFRAC
The sediment-associated qual-fraction on silt (0-1)
only required if SED_QUAL = 1
CLAY_QFRAC
The sediment-associated qual-fraction on clay (0-1)
only required if SED_QUAL = 1
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WMOST v2 Theoretical Documentation
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
710
Land Use Definition
(required if land simulation control is
external)
Parameters
Parameter Definitions
Notes
LANDTYPE
Unique land use definition identifier
LANDNAME
Land use name
IMPERVIOUS
Distinguishes pervious/impervious land unit (0-
pervious; 1-impervious)
TIMESERIESFILE
File name containing input timeseries
[specify time series input files associated
with each WMOST HRU]
SAND_FRAC
The fraction of total sediment from the land which
is sand (0-1)
SILT_FRAC
The fraction of total sediment from the land which
is silt (0-1)
CLAY_FRAC
The fraction of total sediment from the land which
is clay (0-1)
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
712
Aquifer Information
[will not be used in WMOST setup,
subsurface dynamic modeled in WMOST]59
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
713
Aquifer Pollutant Background Concentration
[will not be used in WMOST setup,
subsurface dynamic modeled in WMOST]
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
714
Ftable for BMP Class A, B, and C
Optional for designation of Class A, B and
C BMP parameters, unique table for each
BMP
Parameters
Parameter Definitions
Notes
FTABLEJD
Unique Ftable identifier
(continuous string)
FLOW_LENGTH
Flow length (ft)
BED_SLOPE
Longitudinal bed slope (ft/ft)
NUM_RECORD
Number of layers in the Ftable
DEPTH
Water depth (ft)
SURFACE_AREA
Water surface area at the given depth (acre)
VOLUME
Storage volume at the given depth (ac-ft)
FLOW_WEIR
Overflow or weir outflow rate at the given depth
(cfs)
FLOW_ORIFICE
Channel flow or orifice outflow rate at the given
depth (cfs)
BMPSITE
Unique BMP site identifier
BMPNAME
BMP template name or site name
59 On the basis of the approach used in SWMM, evaporation is subtracted from the rainfall or water storage area prior to
calculating infiltration. A differential equation is solved iteratively to determine/(infiltration) at each time step by using
Newton-Raphson method. Therefore, evapotranspiration is accounted for at each time step in the infiltration values.
104
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Appendix B
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
715
BMP Site Information
(BIORETENTION, WETPOND, CISTERN,
DRYPOND, INFILTRATION TRENCH, GREEN
ROOF, POROUS PAVEMENT, RAIN BARREL,
SWALE, CONDUIT, BUFFERSTRIP,
AREABMP)
Parameters
Parameter Definitions
Notes
BMPTYPE
Unique BMP Types
(must use the exact same keyword)
Darea
Total Drainage Area in acre
NUMUNIT
Number of BMP structures
DDAREA
Design drainage area of the BMP structure (acre)
PreLUType
Predevelopment land use type
(for external land simulation option)
AquiferlD
Unique Aquifer ID, 0 — no aquifer
(for external land simulation option)
FtableFLG
Ftable flag, 0 = no, 1 = yes
(for BMP Class A, B, and C)
FTABLEJD
Unique Ftable identifier
(continuous string as in card 714)
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
720
Point Source Definition
[will not be used in WMOST setup,
accounted for within WMOST]
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
721
Tier-1 Watershed Outlets Definition
[will not be used in WMOST setup]
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
722
Tier-1 Watershed Timeseries Definition
[will not be used in WMOST setup]
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
723
Pump Curve
(applies if PUMP_FLG is ON in card 725)
[not applicable to BMPs in WMOST v2]
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
725
Class-A BMP Site Parameters (BMPs with storage)
(required if BMPSITE is CLASS-A in card
715)
Parameters
Parameter Definitions
Notes
BMPSITE
Class A BMP dimension group identifier in card 715
WIDTH
Basin bottom width (ft)
LENGTH
Basin bottom length (ft) / diameter (ft) for rain
barrel or cistern
OHEIGHT
Orifice Height (ft)
DIAM
Orifice Diameter (in)
EXTP
Exit Type (1 for C=l,2 for C=0.61, 3 for C=0.61, 4 for
C=0.5)
RELTP
Release Type (1-Cistern, 2-Rain barrel, 3-others)
PEOPLE
Number of persons (Cistern Option)
DDAYS
Number of dry days (Rain Barrel Option)
WEIRTP
Weir Type (1-Rectangular,2-Triangular)
WEIRH
Weir Height (ft)
WEIRW
(weir type 1) Weir width (ft)
THETA
(weir type 2) Weir angle (degrees)
-------
WMOST v"? Thporptira' Doru^entation
Parameters
Parameter Definitions
Notes
ET_MULT
Multiplier to PET
PUMP_FLG
Pump option (O-OFF, 1-ON)
DEPTH_ON
Water Depth (ft) at which the pump is started
DEPTH_OFF
Water Depth (ft) at which the pump is stopped
PUMP_CURVE
The unique name of pump curve
(continuous string without space)
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
730
Cistern Control Water Release Curve
(applies if release type is cistern in card
720) [not applicable to BMPs in WMOST v2]
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
735
Class B BMP Site Dimension Groups ("Channel"
BMPs)
Parameters
Parameter Definitions
Notes
BMPSITE
BMP Site identifier in card 715
Parameters
Parameter Definitions
Notes
WIDTH
Basin bottom width (ft)
LENGTH
Basin bottom length (ft)
MAXDEPTH
Maximum depth of channel (ft)
SLOPE1
Side slope 1 (ft/ft)
SLOPE2
Side slope 2 (ft/ft) (1-4)
SLOPE3
Side slope 3 (ft/ft)
MANN_N
Manning's roughness coefficient
ETJVIULT
multiplier to PET
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
740
BMP Site Bottom Soil/Vegetation Characteristics
Parameters
Parameter Definitions
Notes
BMPSITE
BMPSITE identifier in c715
INFILTM
Infiltration Method (O-Green Ampt, 1-Horton, 2-
Holtan)
POLROTM
Pollutant Routing Method (1-Completely mixed, >1-
number of CSTRs in series)
POLREMM
Pollutant Removal Method (0-lst order decay, 1-
kadlec and knight method)
SDEPTH
Soil Depth (ft)
POROSITY
Soil Porosity (0-1)
FCAPACITY
Soil Field Capacity (ft/ft)
WPOINT
Soil Wilting Point (ft/ft)
AVEG
Vegetative Parameter A (0.1-1.0) (Empirical),
required for Holtan
FINFILT
Soil layer infiltration rate (in/hr)
UNDSWITCH
Consider underdrain (1), Do not consider
underdrain (0)
UNDDEPTH
Depth of storage media below underdrain (ft)
UNDVOID
Fraction of underdrain storage depth that is void
space (0-1)
-------
AnnonHiv R
Parameters
Parameter Definitions
Notes
UNDINFILT
Background infiltration rate, below underdrain
(in/hr)
SUCTION
Average value of soil capillary suction along the
wetting front, value must be greater than zero (in)
required for Green-Ampt
IMDMAX
Difference between soil porosity and initial
moisture content, value must be greater than or
equal to zero (a fraction)
required for Green-Ampt
MAXINFILT
Maximum rate on the Horton infiltration curve
(in/hr)
required for Horton
Parameters
Parameter Definitions
Notes
DECAYCONS
Decay constant for the Horton infiltration curve
(1/hr)
required for Horton
DRYTIME
Time for a fully saturated soil to completely dry
(day)
required for Horton
MAXVOLUME
Maximum infiltration volume possible (in)
required for Horton
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
745
BMP Site Holtan Growth Index
Parameters
Parameter Definitions
Notes
BMPSITE
BMPSITE identifier in card 715
Gli
12 monthly values for Gl in HOLTAN equation
where i = jan, feb, mar... dec
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
747
BMP Site Initial Moisture Content
Parameters
Parameter Definitions
Notes
BMPSITE
BMP Site identifier in card 715
WATDEPJ
Initial surface water depth (ft)
THETAJ
Initial soil moisture (ft/ft)
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
750
Class C Conduit Parameters
(required if BMPSITE is CLASS-C in card 715)
[not applicable to BMPs in WMOST v2]
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
755
Class C Conduit Cross Sections
[not applicable to BMPs in WMOST v2]
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
760
Irregular Cross Sections
[not applicable to BMPs in WMOST v2]
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
761
Buffer Strip BMP Parameters
(required if BMPTYPE is BUFFERSTRIP in
card 715)
Parameters
Parameter Definitions
Notes
BMPSITE
BMP site identifier in card 715
WIDTH
BMP width (ft)
FLENGTH
Flow length (ft)
DSTORAGE
Surface depression storage (in)
MANNING_N
Overland Manning's roughness coefficient
POLREMM
Pollutant Removal Method (0-lst order decay, 1-
kadlec and knight method)
-------
WMOST v2 Theoretical Documentation
Parameters
Parameter Definitions
Notes
ET_MULT
Multiplier to PET
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
762
Area BMP Parameters
(required if BMPTYPE is AREABMP in card
715)
Parameters
Parameter Definitions
Notes
BMPSITE
BMP site identifier in card 715
Parameters
Parameter Definitions
Notes
Area
BMP area (ft2)
FLength
flow length (ft)
D
area depression storage (in)
SLOPE
Overland slope (ft / ft)
MANNING_N
Overland Manning's roughness coefficient
SATJNFILT
Saturated infiltration rate (in/hr)
POLREMM
Pollutant Removal Method (0-lst order decay, 1-
kadlec and knight method)
DCIA
Percentage of Directly Connected Impervious Area
(0-100)
TOTAL_IMP_DA
Total Impervious Drainage Area (acre)
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
765
BMP Site Pollutant Decay/Loss Rates
Parameters
Parameter Definitions
Notes
BMPSITE
BMP site identifier in card 715
QUALDECAYi
First-order decay rate for pollutant i (hrA-l) where i
= 1 to N (N = Number of QUAL from TIMESERIES
FILES)
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
766
Pollutant K' values
(applies when pollutant removal method
is kadlec and knight method in card 740)
Parameters
Parameter Definitions
Notes
BMPSITE
BMP site identifier in card 715
K 'i
Constant rate for pollutant i (ft/yr) where i = 1 to N
(N = Number of QUAL from card 705)
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
767
Pollutant C* values
(applies when pollutant removal method
is kadlec and knight method in card 740)
Parameters
Parameter Definitions
Notes
BMPSITE
BMP site identifier in card 715
C*i
Background concentration for pollutant i (mg/l)
where i = 1 to N (N = Number of QUAL from card
705)
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
770
BMP Underdrain Pollutant Percent Removal
(applies when underdrain is on in card
740) [not applicable in WMOST v2 because
no water quality modeling]
108
-------
Appendix B
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
775
Sediment General Parameters
(required if pollutant type is sediment in
card 705) [will not be used in WMOST
setup, parameters related to in-channel
transport of sediment]
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
780
Sand Transport Parameters
(required if pollutant type is sediment in
card 705) [will not be used in WMOST
setup, parameters related to in-channel
transport of sediment]
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
785
Silt Transport Parameters
(required if pollutant type is sediment in
card 705) [will not be used in WMOST
setup, parameters related to in-channel
transport of sediment]
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
786
Clay Transport Parameters
(required if pollutant type is sediment in
card 705) [will not be used in WMOST
setup, parameters related to in-channel
transport of sediment]
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
790
Land to BMP Routing Network
(required for external land simulation
control in card 700) [link HRUs with BMPs]
Parameters
Parameter Definitions
Notes
UniquelD
Identifies an instance of LANDTYPE in SCHEMATIC
LANDTYPE
Corresponds to LANDTYPE in c710
AREA
Area of LANDTYPE in ACRES
DS
UNIQUE ID of DS BMP (0 - no BMP, add to end)
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
795
BMP Site Routing Network
Parameters
Parameter Definitions
Notes
BMPSITE
BMPSITE identifier in card 715
OUTLET_TYPE
Outlet type (1-total, 2-weir, 3-orifice or channel, 4-
underdrain)
DS
Downstream BMP site identifier in card 715 (0 - no
BMP, add to end)
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
800
Optimization Controls
Parameters
Parameter Definitions
Notes
Technique
Optimization Techniques, 0 = no optimization, 1 =
Scatter Search, 2 = NSGAII
Option
Optimization options, 0 = no optimization, 1 =
specific control target and minimize cost, 2 =
generate cost effectiveness curve
StopDelta
Criteria for stopping the optimization iteration
(in dollars ($))
-------
WMOST v2 Theoretical Documentation
Parameters
Parameter Definitions
Notes
MaxRuns
Maximum number of iterations
(for Option 2)
NumBest
Number of best solutions for output
(for Option 1)
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
805
BMP Cost Functions
Parameters
Parameter Definitions
Notes
BMPSITE
BMP site identifier in card 715
LinearCost
Cost per unit length of the BMP structure ($/ft)
AreaCost
Cost per unit area of the BMP structure ($/ftA2)
TotalVolumeCost
Cost per unit total volume of the BMP structure
($/ftA3)
MediaVolumeCost
Cost per unit volume of the soil media ($/ftA3)
UnderDrainVolum
eCost
Cost per unit volume of the under drain structure
($/ftA3)
ConstantCost
Constant cost ($)
PercentCost
Cost in percentage of all other cost (%)
LengthExp
Exponent for linear unit
AreaExp
Exponent for area unit
TotalVolExp
Exponent for total volume unit
MediaVolExp
Exponent for soil media volume unit
UDVolExp
Exponent for underdrain volume unit
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
810
BMP Site Adjustable Parameters
Sets range for decision variables [will not
be used in WMOST setup because running
SUSTAIN as simulation]
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
814
Pre-developed Timeseries at Assessment Point for
Flow Duration Curve
[will not be used in WMOST setup because
running SUSTAIN as simulation]
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
815
Assessment Point and Evaluation Factor
[required to obtain detailed output]
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
BMPSITE
BMP site identifier in card 715 if it is an assessment
point
FactorGroup
Flow or pollutant related evaluation factor group, -1
= flow related evaluation factor, # = pollutant ID in
card 705
FactorType
Evaluation Factor Type (negative number for flow
related and positive number for pollutant related)
-1 = AAFV Annual Average Flow Volume (ft3/yr), -2
= PDF Peak Discharge Flow (cfs), -3 = FEF Flow
Exceeding frequency (#times/year)
1 = AAL Annual Average Load (Ib/yr), 2 = AAC
Annual Average Concentration (mg/L), 3 = MAC
Maximum ttdays Average Concentration (mg/L)
110
-------
Appendix B
Card No.
Card Name
Notes
FactorVall
if FactorType = 3 (MAC): Maximum #Days; if
FactorType = -3 (FEF): Threshold (cfs); all other
FactorType: -99
FactorVal2
if FactorType = -3 (FEF): Minimum inter-exceedance
time (hr); if = 0 then daily running average flow
exceeding frequency; if = -1 then daily average flow
exceeding frequency; all other FactorType: -99
CalcMode
Evaluation Factor Calculation Mode; -99 for Option
0 (card 800): no optimization; 1 = % percent of
value under existing condition (0-100); 2 = S scale
between pre-develop and existing condition (0-1); 3
= V absolute value in the unit as shown in
FactorType (third block in this card)
TargetVall
Target value for evaluation factor calculation mode;
-99 for Option 0 (card 800): no optimization; Target
value for minimize cost Option 1 (card 800); Lower
limit of target value for cost-effective curve Option
2 (card 800)
TargetVal2
Target value for evaluation factor calculation mode;
-99 for Option 0 (card 800): no optimization; -99 for
Option 1 (card 800): minimize cost; Upper limit of
target value for cost-effective curve Option 2 (card
800)
Factor_Name
Evaluation factor name
(user specified without any space)
111
-------
WMOST v2 Theoretical Documentation
Appendix C - Variable Definitions
Page Variable Description and Units
Watershed Flow Balance
Land Conservation and Stormwater Management
12 Als=i = user specified HRU areas for each HRU, /, for HRU set 1, s=l, acres
bAls=1 = baseline HRU areas after reallocation for conservation, acres
/ = HRU index, 1 to NLu
5 = HRU set number
NLu = number of HRU types
bAl s = area allocated to 'managed' HRU in set 5, acres
NLuSet = number of HRU sets
AMlnls = minimum area possible for management for baseline HRU / and
management set 5, acres
AMaxls = maximum area possible for management for baseline HRU / and
management set 5, acres
Cc; s = capital cost associated with land reallocation for each HRU in each set
(e.g., purchasing forest land or bioretention basin), $/acre
13 Qnu,t = total runoff from all land areas, MG/time step
QRU}i}S}t = runoff rate from HRU / in HRU set s for time step I. MG/time step
QRe t = total recharge from all land areas, MG/time step
Qrs.i.sx = recharge rate from HRU / in HRU set s for time step I. MG/time step
Groundwater
14 VCw,, = initial volume of groundwater, MG
VGwt = volume of groundwater at time t, MG
QExtGw,t = inflow of external groundwater, MG/time step
QPtCWjt = private (point) groundwater discharges, MG/time step
QwtpGw,t = leakage from treated water distribution system, MG/time step
QastGwx = recharge from ASR facility to groundwater, MG/time step
QsepGw.t = inflow from septic system, MG/time step
bQGwMake,t = H°w °f groundwater "make-up water" into the system, MG/time step
Qcwsw.t = baseflow, MG/time step
bQcwwtp.t = withdrawal by water treatment plant, MG/time step
Qcwwwtp.t = infiltration into wastewater collection system, MG/time step
bQcwExt.t = groundwater leaving the basin, MG/time step
QCwPtjt = private (point) groundwater withdrawals, MG/time step
QwtpGw,t = unaccounted-for-water flow from treated water distribution system to
groundwater, MG/time step
Qusei,u=i,t = initial, unaccounted-for-water flow, MG/time step
bPwtpLeakFix = percent of treated water distribution system leakage that is fixed, %
15 kb = groundwater recession coefficient
Storm Sewer
Qstssw,t = flow from storm sewer system to surface water, MG/time step
QuseNpsts,t = municipal water use flow that goes directly to the storm sewer, MG/time
step
QstsMax = storm sewer capacity, MG
112
-------
Appendix C
Page Variable
Description and Units
Surface Water
Q.ExtSw,t
=
surface water inflow from outside of basin, MG/time step
QptSw,t
=
discharge from surface water point sources, MG/time step
QwwtpSw ,t
=
discharge from primary wastewater treatment plant, MG/time step
16 QwrfSw
=
discharge from water reuse facility (advanced treatment), MG/time step
QswRes,t
=
flow from surface water to reservoir, MG/time step
&QswWtp,t
=
flow to water treatment plant, MG/time step
& QswAsr,t
=
flow to ASR facility, MG/time step
QswPt,t
=
private surface water withdrawals, MG/time step
Reservoir
^Res,I
=
initial volume of reservoir, MG
^Res,t
=
volume of reservoir at time t, MG
QswRes,t
=
inflow to reservoir from surface water bodies, MG/time step
bQswExt,t
=
flow to surface water bodies outside of basin; based on user input, this
variable may be a decision variable or a user-specified time series,
MG/time step
bQResWtp,t
=
flow to water treatment plant, MG/time step
&QResAsr,t
=
flow to ASR facility, MG/time step
bQwMake,t
=
make-up water, MG/time step
QResPt,t
=
direct, private withdrawal from reservoir, MG/time step
QptRes,t
=
direct, private discharge to reservoir, MG/time step
Water Treatment Plant
17 QwtpUseP,t
=
flow from primary WTP to potable water use, MG/time step
bQ\VtpUseNp,t
flow from primary WTP to nonpotable water use, MG/time step
Potable Water Use
u
=
water user
bQlbtWUseP,t
=
inflow of potable water to water treatment facility via interbasin transfer.
MG/time step
p
1 ConsUseP,u,t
=
final percent consumptive use for potable water use, %
FrPUse,u,t
=
fraction of potable water use per time step per user type
bQusePSanS,t
=
flow of potable water through the sanitary sewer to the wastewater
treatment plant, MG/time step
QusePSep,t
=
flow to septic systems within the study area, MG/time step
QusePSepExt,t
=
flow to septic systems outside the study area, MG/time step
bQusePIbtWw,t
=
wastewater flow from potable uses to interbasin transfer wastewater
services, MG/time step
PconsUsePl,u,t
=
initial percent consumptive use of potable water
p
1 UseNpMax,u
=
maximum percent of potable demand that may be met by nonpotable
rConsUseNp,u,t
Nonpotable Water Use
bQwrfUseNp,t
bQlbtWUseNp,t
Fr,
NpUse,u,t
water
= percent consumptive use of nonpotable water
= inflow of nonpotable water from water reuse facility, MG/time step
= inflow of nonpotable water to water treatment facility via interbasin
transfer, MG/time step
= fraction of nonpotable water use per time step per user type
113
-------
WMOST v2 Theoretical Documentation
Page
Variable
Description and Units
^ QuseNpSanS ,t
QuseNpSep,t
Q UseNpSepExt,t
bQuseNpIbtWw,t
Fl"NpUseMunSewer,t
Qusel,u,t
ElasPriceu
bPprice
&Qditi
QuseP,u,t
QuseNp,u,t
Wastewater Treatment Plant
bQwwtpWrf
20
"WwtpLeakI
bP,
WwtpLeakFix
rSep,u
rSepExt,u
Water Reuse Facility
b Qw rf Asr ,t
= flow of nonpotable water through the sanitary sewer to the wastewater
treatment plant, MG/time step
= flow to septic systems within the study area, MG/time step
= flow to septic systems outside the study area, MG/time step
= flow of nonpotable water to wastewater collection system via interbasin
transfer, MG/time step
= fraction of municipal water flows that go directly to the storm sewer, %
= initial specified water use, MG/time step
= price elasticity by water user, %
= percent change in price, %
= model selected amount of demand reduction. MG/time step
= potable water demand by water user, MG/time step
= nonpotable water demand by water user, MG/time step
and Sanitary Sewer
= outflow to water reuse facility from primary WWTP, MG/time step
= percent leakage of groundwater into the wastewater collection system, as
a percent of wastewater treatment plant inflow, %
= percent of leaks fixed in the wastewater collection system %
= percent of users serviced by septic systems recharging inside the study
area, %
= percent of users serviced by septic systems draining outside the study
area, %
= flow from the water reuse facility to the ASR facility, MG/time step
Watershed Constituent Loadings Balance
Land Conservation and Stormwater Management
21
22
^Ru,l,s,t
LRu,t
LRe,l,s,t
LRe,t
Groundwater
LGw,t
%Gw,I
Lu-i-tCw t
-'SepGw.t
-'WtpGwX
-'GwSw.t
'-'GwPt,t
-'GwWtp,t
¦JGwWwtp,t
runoff loadings from HRU / in HRU set s for time step I. lbs/time step
loadings from runoff from all land areas, lbs/time step
recharge loadings from HRU / in HRU set s for time step t. lbs/time step
loadings from recharge from all land areas, lbs/time step
loadings within the groundwater system, lbs/time step
initial constituent concentration of groundwater, mg/L
loadings from external groundwater, lbs/time step
loadings from private groundwater discharges lbs/time step
loadings from ASR facility to groundwater, lbs/time step
loadings from septic system, lbs/time step
loadings from leakage of treated water distribution system from WTP,
lbs/time step
baseflow loadings, lbs/time step
private groundwater withdrawal loadings, lbs/time step
loadings from withdrawal by water treatment plant lbs/time step
loadings from infiltration into wastewater collection system, lbs/time step
^GwExt,t
= loadings from groundwater leaving the basin, lbs/time step
114
-------
Appendix C
Page
Variable
Description and Units
23
kow.o
= zero-order removal rate, mg/L/time step
XGwF,t
= final groundwater concentration after removal (if applicable), mg/L
kow.i
= first-order removal rate, 1/time step
Storm Sewer
24
Lstssw,t
= loadings from storm sewer system to surface water, lbs/time step
^UseNpSewer ,t
= municipal water use loadings that goes directly to the sewer system.
lbs/time step
Surface Water
Lsw,t
= surface water loadings before removal, lbs/time step
LExtSw,t
= surface water loadings from outside of basin lbs/time step
Lptsw.t
= loadings from surface water point sources, lbs/time step
LwwtpSw,t
= loadings from primary wastewater treatment plant, lbs/time step
LwrfSw
= loadings from water reuse facility (advanced treatment), lbs/time step
XswF,t
= final surface water concentration, mg/L
25
LswRes,t
= loadings from surface water to reservoir, lbs/time step
LswWtp.t
= loadings to water treatment plant, lbs/time step
LswAsr,t
= loadings to ASR facility, lbs/time step
LswPt,t
= loadings of private surface water withdrawals, lbs/time step
Reservoir
LRes,t
= reservoir loadings, lbs
XRes,I
= initial concentration of reservoir, mg/L
LswRes,t
= loadings to reservoir from surface water, lbs/time step
LptRes.t
= loadings from direct, private discharge to reservoir, lbs/time step
LswExt,t
= loadings to surface wateroutside of basin, lbs/time step
LpesWtpt
= loadings to water treatment plant, lbs/time step
LResAsr,t
= loadings to ASR facility, lbs/time step
LResPt,t
= loadings from direct, private withdrawal from reservoir, lbs/time step
26
k-Resfi
= zero-order removal rate, mg/L/time step
xResF,t
= final reservoir concentration after removal (if applicable), mg/L
k-Res, 1
= first-order removal rate, 1/time step
Res Are a
= area of the reservoir, acres
^Res
= volume of reservoir, MG
Water Treatment Plant
27
^Wtpln,t
= model calculated WTP influent concentration, mg/L
^WtpMaxln
= user defined maximum influent concentration at WTP, mg/L
LwtpUseP,t
= loadings from primary WTP to potable water use, lbs/time step
LwtpUseNp,t
= loadings from primary WTP to nonpotable water use, lbs/time step
^WtpAvEff
= average effluent concentration leaving primary water treatment plant.
mg/L
Potable Water Use
28
LuseP,t
= loadings after addition from potable water users, lbs/time step
^IbtWUse
= average interbasin transfer concentration for potable and nonpotable
water, mg/L
LusePAddl,u
= potable water user average loadings, lbs/time step
%UseP,t
= concentration after addition from potable water users, mg/L
115
-------
WMOST v2 Theoretical Documentation
Page Variable
Description and Units
LusePSanS,t
= loadings of potable water to wastewater treatment plant through the
sanitary sewer, lbs/time step
LusePSep,t
= loadings of potable water to septic systems within the study area.
lbs/time step
LusePSepExt,t
= loadings of potable water to septic systems outside the study area.
lbs/time step
LusePIbtWw,t
= wastewater loadings from potable users to interbasin transfer wastewater
services, lbs/time step
Nonpotable Water Use
29 LfjseNp,t
= loadings after addition from nonpotable water users, lbs/time step
LwrfUseNp,t
= loadings from nonpotable water from water reuse facility, lbs/time step
LuseNpAddl,u
= nonpotable water user average loadings, lbs/time step
XUseNp,t
= concentration after addition from nonpotable water users, mg/L
LUseNpSanS,t
= loadings of nonpotable water to wastewater treatment plant through the
sanitary sewer, lbs/time step
LuseNpSep,t
= loadings of nonpotable water to septic systems within the study area.
lbs/time step
LuseNpSepExt,t
= loadings of nonpotable water to septic systems outside the study area.
lbs/time step
LuseNpIbtWw ,t
= loadings of nonpotable water to wastewater collection system via
interbasin transfer, lbs/time step
Wastewater Treatment Plant
XWwtpln,t
= model calculated WWTP influent concentration, mg/L
XWwtpMaxln
= user defined maximum influent concentration at WWTP, mg/L
L\VwtpWrf,t
= loadings to water reuse facility from primary WWTP, lbs/time step
30 XWwtpAvEff
= average effluent concentration leaving primary wastewater treatment
plant, mg/L
Water Reuse Facility
L\VrfAsr,t
= loadings from the water reuse facility to the ASR facility, lbs/time step
XWrfAvEff
= average effluent concentration leaving water reuse facility, mg/L
Septic Systems
LsepGw,t
= loadings from primary septic system to groundwater system, lbs/time
step
^SepAvEff
= average effluent concentration leaving septic system, mg/L
Aquifer Storage and Recovery
31 J
1 ^AsrCw,t
= loadings from the ASR facility to groundwater, lbs/time step
^AsrAvEff
= average effluent concentration leaving ASR facility, mg/L
Objective Function
32 Z
= total annual cost for all implemented management practices, $
33 Ct,Ai
= total annualized cost for management option i, $
n
= total number of management options
Cc,a
= unit annual capital cost, $/year
Cc
= unit capital cost, $
F
= annualization factors
i
= interest rate in percent/100, 0-1
116
-------
Appendix C
Page
Variable
Description and Units
TlVew
= lifetime of new construction, years
FNew
= annualization factor for new construction or expansion of existing
facility
Tplan
= planning horizon, years
^Exist
= remaining lifetime of existing facility, years
FExist
= annualization factor for existing facilities
34
Fplan
= annualization factor for planning horizon
Nt
= total number of time steps in the modeling period
NLeapYrs
= number of leap years in the modeling period
Costs and Constraints Associated with Hydrology Management Options
Land and Management
35 CATb
Cc,i,s=1
^ATm
Demand Management
36 Eu
p
1 Price Max
bDprice
r
J ' ^ATPnce
^C,Price
r
°0m,Price
QATDmd
CcDm
COmDm
QomMax
Pumping
38
JATGwPump
^GwPumpExist
JCGwPump
LOmGwPump
QGwPumpl
FGwPumpNew
bQGwPumpAddl
^ATSwPump
FswPumpExist
r
uCSwPump
r
uOmSwPump
total annual cost of reallocating areas among baseline HRUs from user-
specified to model-chosen values, $/year
capital cost associated with land reallocation for each HRU in set 1 (e.g.,
purchasing forest land), $/acre
annual O&M cost associated with maintaining, for example, the land
preservation. $/acre/year
total annual cost of reallocating areas among managed HRUs from user-
specified to model-chosen values, $/year
price elasticity for water user, u
one time, maximum percent change in price, %
a binary decision variable, 0 or 1
total annual cost to implement price changes, $/year
capital cost of price change, $
annual O&M costs for implementation of price change, $/year
total annual cost to implement direct demand management practices,
$/year
capital cost of direct demand management, $
annual O&M costs for direct demand management, $/year
maximum demand reduction available and associated with specified
costs, MG/time step
total annual cost for groundwater pumping, $/year
annualization factor based on remaining lifetime of existing facilities
capital costs of new/additional groundwater pumping capacity/facility,
$/MGD
operation and maintenance costs for groundwater pumping, $/MG
initial groundwater pumping capacity, MGD
annualization factor for new capacity or facilities
additional groundwater pumping capacity, MGD
total annual cost for surface water pumping, $/year
annualization factor based on remaining lifetime of existing facilities
capital costs of new/additional surface water pumping capacity/facility,
$/MGD
operation and maintenance costs for surface water pumping, $/MG
117
-------
WMOST v2 Theoretical Documentation
Page Variable
Description and Units
QswPumpI
=
initial surface water pumping capacity, MGD
^Sw Pump New
=
annualization factor for new capacity or facilities
& QswPumpAddl
=
additional surface water pumping capacity, MGD
Water Treatment Plant
39 Cxrwtp
=
total annual costs for water treatment, $/year
FWtpExist
=
annualization factor based on remaining lifetime of existing facilities
Ccwtp
=
capital costs of new or additional water treatment capacity or facility.
$/MGD
QwtpMaxI
=
initial water treatment capacity, MGD
FWtpNew
=
annualization factor for new capacity or facilities
bQwtpAddl
=
additional water treatment capacity, MGD
ComWtp
=
O&M costs for water treatment, $/MG
CcATUaw
=
total annualized capital cost of reducing unaccounted-for water, $/year
CcUaw
=
capital cost of fixing Uaw such as initial survey and initial work to lower
Uaw rate, $
r
uOmUaw
=
O&M cost to maintain low Uaw rate, $/year
bP\YtpGwFix
=
percent of leakage that is fixed, %
^WtpLeakFixMax
=
maximum physical limit of leakage reduction in treated water distribution
system (e.g., given age of system and the repair costs specified), %
Wastewater Treatment Plant
QATWwtp
=
total annual costs for wastewater treatment, $/year
WtpExist
=
annualization factor based on remaining lifetime of existing facilities
Ccwwtp
=
capital costs of new or additional wastewater treatment capacity or facility.
$/MGD
QwwtpMaxl
=
initial wastewater treatment capacity, MGD
P
1 W wtpNew
=
annualization factor for new capacity or facilities
bQwwtpAddl
=
additional wastewater treatment capacity, MGD
^OmWwtp
=
O&M costs for wastewater treatment, $/MG
40 CATGwWwtp
=
total annualized cost of reducing groundwater infiltration into the
wastewater collection system, $/year
CCGwWwtp
=
capital cost of fixing infiltration such as initial survey and initial repairs to
lower infiltration rate, $
COmGwWwtp
=
annual O&M cost to maintain low infiltration rate, $/year
bP\VwtpGwFix
=
percent of groundwater infiltration that is fixed, %
PwwtpLeakFixMax
=
maximum physical limit of repairing infiltration into the wastewater
collection system (e.g., given age of system and the repair costs specified),
%
Water Reuse Facility
QATWrf
=
total annual costs for water reuse, $/year
^Wrf Exist
=
annualization factor based on remaining lifetime of existing facilities
CcWrf
=
capital costs of new or additional WRF capacity, $/MGD
QwrfMaxI
=
existing maximum WRF capacity, MGD
FWrfNew
=
annualization factor for new capacity or facilities
COmWrf
=
O&M costs for WRF, $/MG
bQwrfAddl
=
additional or new WRF capacity, MGD
Nonpotable distribution system
118
-------
Appendix C
Page
Variable
Description and Units
41
LATNpdist
FNpdistExist
QNpdistI
FNpdistNew
bQNpd
istAddl
^CNpdist
ComNpdist
Aquifer Storage and Recovery
CatAst
FAsrExist
CcAsr
^OmAsr
QAsrMaxl
^AsrNew
bQAsrAddl
Groundwater Storage and Discharge
total annual costs for nonpotable water distribution, $/year
annualization factor for existing capacity or facilities
existing capacity of nonpotable distribution system, MGD
annualization factor for new capacity or facilities
new or additional capacity, MGD
capital costs for Npdist, $/MGD
O&M costs for Npdist, $/MG
total annual costs for ASR, $/year
annualization factor based on remaining lifetime of existing facilities
capital costs for ASR, $/MGD
operation and maintenance costs of ASR, $/MG
existing maximum capacity for ASR, MGD
annualization factor for new or additional capacity
new or additional capacity, MGD
V,
Gw,Max
42
^Gw,Min
QGwExtMin,t
Catmugw
CGwMake
Reservoir or Surface Storage
^Res,Maxl
bVues,Addl
^Res,Min
43 CATRes
CcRes
ComRes
Catmuw
CwMake
In-stream Flow and Surface water Discharges
QswMin,t
QswMax,t
QswExtMin,t
QswExtMax,t
Interbasin Transfer
44 CIbtw
^ATlbtW
^IbtWw
£ATlbtWw
45 QlbtWAddlMax
bQlbtWAddl
QlbtWwAddlMax
bQlbtWwAddl
maximum groundwater storage volume, MG
minimum groundwater storage volume, MG
minimum groundwater outflow from the basin. MG/time step
total annualized cost of make-up water, $/year
penalty for make-up water, $/MG
maximum reservoir volume, MG
additional surface water storage capacity, MG
minimum reservoir storage volume (i.e., "dead storage"), MG
total annual costs for reservoir/surface storage, $/year
capital costs of new or additional reservoir capacity, $/MG
annual O&M cost for reservoir, $/MG/year
total annualized cost of make-up water, $/year
penalty for make-up water, $/MG
minimum in-stream flow for basin reach, ft3/sec
maximum in-stream flow for basin reach, ft3/sec
minimum flow exiting the reservoir and basin, ft3/sec
maximum flow exiting the reservoir and basin, ft3/sec
cost of purchasing IBT water, $/MG
total annualized cost of interbasin transfer of water, $/year
cost of IBT wastewater services, $/MG
total annualized cost of interbasin transfer of wastewater, $/year
maximum additional IBT water capacity, MGD
additional IBT water capacity, MGD
maximum additional IBT wastewater capacity, MGD
additional IBT wastewater capacity, MGD
119
-------
WMOST v2 Theoretical Documentation
Page
Variable
Description and Units
QlbtWMaxDay
46 QlbtWwMaxDay
N Day (monthly)
Ql btWM axM onth,m
QlbtWwMaxMonth,m
NdtM
QlbtWMaxYr
Ql btWwM axYr
48 NdtYr
NDay(year(t))
CClbtW
CcibtWw
Flood Damages
C F An
^ Fn
Tn
Qn
n
Cfa
49
m
2' ^F
Fnl2> Fnl.2
QswRes,t
maximum potable water transfers from/to outside the basin for each day in
the optimization period, MGD
maximum potable wastewater transfers from/to outside the basin for each
day in the optimization period, MGD
number of days in the month
maximum potable water transfers from/to outside the basin for each month
m, MG/month
maximum potable wastewater transfers from/to outside the basin for each
month m MG/month
number of time steps in the month
maximum potable water transfers from/to outside the basin for a given year
in the optimization period, MG/year
maximum potable wastewater transfers from/to outside the basin for a
given year in the optimization period, MG/year
number of time steps in the year
number of days in the year
initial cost of purchasing additional water rights for IBT and construction
of necessary infrastructure, $/MGD
initial cost of purchasing additional wastewater transfer rights for IBT and
construction of necessary infrastructure, $/MGD
annualized cost of damage caused by flood flow n. $/year
cost of damage caused by flood flow n. $
recurrence interval of flood flow n. years
flood flow n. ft3/sec
one element of the sets of flood flow data entered by user
annualized cost of damage caused by flood flows over the modeling time
period, $/year
constants of equation resulting from linear interpolation between Qn and
Qn+l
flow in the stream channel, ft3/sec
Combined Sewer Overflow Management
50
bPcs
QsanSMax
QstSMax
CATCSewSep
FCSewSepNew
CCCSewSep
V()STotal,t
i>D0St
Catos
k-vc
^OmOS
bQcsos,t
bQoswwtp,t
VdSMax
percentage of sewer system that is combined, %
maximum sanitary sewer capacity, MGD
maximum storm sewer capacity, MGD
total annual costs for sewer separation $/year
annualization factor for new facilities
capital costs for sewer separation, $/MGD
total volume in offline storage, MG (initial offline storage volume is 0)
binary decision variable for use of offline storage, 0 or 1
total annual costs for offline storage, $/year
virtual daily charge, $
O&M costs for use of offline storage, $/MG
flow from combined sewer to offline storage, MG/time step
flow from offline storage to WWTP, MG/time step
maximum offline storage capacity, MG
120
-------
Appendix C
Page
Variable
Description and Units
Costs and Constraints Associated with Loadings Management Options
Water Treatment Plant
bPuwtp = portion of flows receiving upgraded treatment at WTP, %
CATuwtp = total annual costs for upgraded water treatment, $/year
Ccuwtp = capital costs of upgraded water treatment capacity, $/MGD
FuwtpNew = annualization factor for new upgraded water treatment capacity
51 Xuwtpout = average effluent concentration achieved by upgraded water treatment,
me/L
Wastewater Treatment Plant
bPuwwtp = portion of flows receiving upgraded treatment at WWTP, %
CATuwwtp = total annual costs for upgraded wastewater treatment, $/year
CCUwwtp = capital costs of upgraded wastewater treatment capacity, $/MGD
FuwwtpNew = annualization factor for new upgraded wastewater treatment capacity
52 Xuwwtpout = average effluent concentration achieved by upgraded wastewater treatment,
mg/L
Enhanced Septic
CATeSep = total annual costs for enhanced septic system, $/year
ComESep = O&M costs for enhanced septic system, $/MG
bPESep = portion of flows routed for enhanced treatment within the septic system, %
QESepMax = maximum enhanced septic system capacity, MGD
Surface water and Reservoir
53 XswTarget = surface water target concentration mg/L
XResTarget = reservoir target concentration, mg/L
Lswrarget = surface water target loadings, lbs/time step
LResTarget = reservoir target loadings, lbs/time step
Runoff Loadings Direct Reduction
55 CATRB = total annual costs for riparian buffer implementation, $/year
c = land use conversion number
NRipConv = total number of possible land use conversions
g = relative loads group
NRipLoads = total number of relative loads groups
CCCRB c = initial cost to convert riparian land area, $/acre
ComRB,c = O&M cost for riparian land area conversion, $/acre/year
ARBcq = riparian land area for each land use conversion and relative loads group,
acres
bDRB c q = binary decision variable for each land use conversion and relative loads
group, 0 or 1
LRUAdjup,t = loadings from HRUs upgradient to a buffer area that have a loadings
adjustment, lbs/time step
56 pRBArea,i,g = fraction ofHRU land use area that is upgradient from the riparian buffer
for each land use and relative loads group
PnBAdj,c = l°ad adjustment efficiency for each land use conversion, %
LRUAdd,t = loadings changes from converted HRU land areas, lbs/time step
57 CATDRd = total annual costs for direct reduction set, d. $/year
121
-------
WMOST v2 Theoretical Documentation
Page
Variable
Description and Units
CcDR,l,d
= capital cost for direct reduction on HRU, /, in direct reduction set, d. $/acre
COmDR,l,d
= O&M cost for direct reduction on HRU, /, in direct reduction set, d.
$/acre/year
AoR,l,d
= area receiving treatment within HRU, /, from direct reduction set, d. acres
NDRSet
= number of runoff loadings direct reduction sets
PoR,l,d
= direct reduction for each land use, c, in direct reduction set, d. %
bDDRd
= binary decision variable for direct reduction set, d. 0 or l
Loadings Target Adjustment
58
Catsr
= total annual cost for streambank restoration loadings target adjustments,
$/year
(•CSR
= capital cost for loadings target adjustment BMP, $/stream feet restored
bFtstr
= number of stream feet restored or number of outfalls stabilized or enhanced
Lrr,sr
= loading removal rate due to streambank restoration, lb/ft/time step
FtstrMax
= maximum number of linear stream length that can be stabilized or restored,
feet
59
CATOut
= total annual costs for outfall enhancement or stabilization loadings target
adjustments, $/year
CcOut
= capital cost for loadings target adjustment BMP, $/outfalls stabilized or
enhanced
bN0ut
= number of outfalls stabilized or enhanced
LRR,Out
= loading removal rate due to outfall enhancement or stabilization
lb/outfall/time step
NOutMax
= maximum number of outfalls than can be stabilized or enhanced
Combined Sewer Overflow Module
Runoff
62
Fr,
ess,i
Qnucs.t
Quusts.t
Potable Water Use
bQusePCS,t
Nonpotable Water Use
63 bQuseNpCS,t
Sanitary Sewer
QsanSWwtp,t
Combined Sewer
64 QcSWwtp,t
QcSMax
CSO Events
65 QcSWwtpMax
= fraction of HRU area that is serviced by the CSS
= total runoff from land areas serviced by the CSS, MG/time step
= total runoff from land areas previously serviced by the CSS and currently
serviced by a separate storm/sanitary sewer system, MG/time step
= flow of potable user flows through the combined sewer to the wastewater
treatment plant, MG/time step
= flow of nonpotable user flows through the combined sewer to the
wastewater treatment plant, MG/time step
= sanitary sewer flows to the wastewater treatment plant, MG/time step
= combined sewer flows to the wastewater treatment plant, MG/time step
= combined sewer maximum MG
= hydraulic capacity of interceptor sewer that flows to the WWTP, MG/time
step
= large constant (e.g., 100,000)
122
-------
Appendix C
Page
Variable
Description and Units
bD,
CSWwtp,t
QfluCSMax
bDRuCs,t
= binary decision variable used to count hydraulic capacity exceedances for
the interceptor sewer, 0 or 1
= hydraulic capacity of flows to the interceptor sewer, MG/time step
= binary decision variable used to count hydraulic capacity exceedances for
the fraction of runoff routed to the combined sewer, 0 or 1
N,
CSOMax
= maximum number of allowable CSO events
123
-------
WMOST v2 Theoretical Documentation
Appendix D - Future Development
The following model enhancements may be implemented in future development efforts. These
suggestions are based on reviewer and stakeholder feedback.
D.1 Model Components and Functionality
• Enhanced detail in modeling watershed components and processes
o Adding a deep aquifer/groundwater storage component
o Building in a time step independent delay between groundwater and septic recharge
and baseflow to stream reach (e.g., as derived from detailed runoff-rainfall model or
calibrated internally)
o Adding stormwater utility - additional watershed component where stormwater
system is separate from wastewater system fees and associated costs and revenues
(user can specify percent of HRU's runoff that drains to stormwater utility)
o Reservoirs
¦ Subtracting evaporative losses from reservoir
¦ Providing option for reservoir to be located at top of reach rather than at
outlet
o Modeling of infiltration/inflow and its management even if all wastewater is handled
via interbasin transfer
¦ Modeling of increased inflow associated with management actions through
the analysis of precipitation time series and an explicit relationship between
groundwater volume and infiltration rate.
o Additional options for specifying pricing structure for water and wastewater services
(e.g., increasing price blocks for water).
• Enhanced or additional management practices
o Drought management program where demand reductions are triggered by low-flows
in the stream reach.
o Individual limits on withdrawals from each surface and groundwater source (e.g.,
ability to limit withdrawals to sustainable yield, if known),
o Increased leakage over time in water distribution and sewer collection systems when
funds have not been allocated to their management
o Non-linear cost function for management of leakage from water distribution system
and infiltration/inflow into sewer collection system
o Non-linear price elasticities for demand management via pricing
o Option for interbasin transfer of raw water to water treatment plant (WMOST v3
assumes direct transfer of potable water to the user)
o Option to specify maximum outflow to downstream reach (i.e., maximum "Sw
outflow to external Sw")
o Achievement of pre-development hydrology as management goal by adding ability to
specify constraints for total basin runoff and recharge rates that mimic pre-
development hydrology
o Routing out of basin wastewater to the wastewater treatment plant
124
-------
Additional modules/functionality
o Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis module which identifies most critical input data
(i.e., greatest effect on results), most limiting resource, or most impacting human
activity
¦ Linking the model with climate data from CREAT60 or other climate
projections to facilitate sensitivity and uncertainty analyses
o Demand management module as a pre-processing step to facilitate calculating one
estimate for potential user demand reductions and the associated cost (e.g., rebates
for water efficient appliances, monthly metering and billing, water rate changes,
outdoor watering policies)
o Enhanced spatial modeling by optimizing multiple reaches (e.g., running the model
for multiple study areas/subbasins, routing between them and potentially optimizing
for all areas/subbasins not just individually). This option would allow for an optimal
solution across a region without creating 'hot spot' problems in any one basin,
o Option for objective function
¦ Alternative objective function such as maximizing in-stream flow for a user-
specified budget
¦ Multi-objective function such as minimizing cost, meeting human demand
and achieving minimum in-stream flow targets with the ability to weight
each objective for their relative priority/importance. The ability to weight
different objectives would also allow prioritization based on social or
political factors/costs.
o Automated generation of trade-off curve between objective and user selected
constraint.
o User ability to define a generic constraint that is not pre-programmed
¦ Ability to model more than three direct reduction management options
¦ Ability to model more than one riparian buffer set (e.g., riparian buffer
width)
o Calculation of co-benefits of solutions
¦ Avoided costs (e.g., system capacity expansion)
¦ Savings in compliance costs for stormwater, drinking water and water quality
standards
¦ Changes in ecosystem services based on changes in-stream flow and land use
(e.g., additional forest area) and their monetized value
¦ Addition of payment values for flow trading
o Allow for two constituents to be modeled at once
o CSO module use when modeling hydrology and loadings
¦ Incorporation of LTCP-EZ's methodology for affordability analysis as an
analysis of the cost estimates provided by WMOST for the lowest-cost
solution
60 http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/watersecurity/climate/creat.cfm
19c
I tC.%J
-------
WMOST v2 Theoretical Documentation
o Flood module enhancement to minimize overestimation of flooding costs for floods
that persist over consecutive days
D.2 User Interface and User Support
• Input features
o Ability to specify additional IBT initial cost as one time fixed cost ($) or based on
capacity ($/MGD)
o Provide alternate setting for entering input using metric units
o Only allow optimization when all check boxes next to input data buttons are checked
• Output features
o Provide capital and O&M costs for management practices separately in results table
o Provide time series for all flows among components and for storage volumes for
groundwater and reservoir/surface storage as an advanced user option
o Provide initial values for infrastructure capacities and other management practices
• Testing and guidance on appropriate spatial and temporal scales for modeling
• Create a tutorial to teach about optimization (e.g., a simple optimization problem in Excel to
demonstrate optimization concepts).
126
-------
Appendix E - SWMM Input File Example
[TITLE]
[OPTIONS]
FLOW_UNITS
INFILTRATION
FLOW_ROUTING
START_DATE
START_TIME
REPORT_START_DATE
REPORT_START_TIME
END_DATE
END TIME
ROUTING_STEP
ALLOW_PONDING
INERTIAL_DAMPING
VARIABLE_STEP
LENGTHENING_STEP
MIN_SURFAREA
N ORMAL_ FL OW_LIMIT ED
S KIP_S T EADY_S TATE
FORCE_MAIN_EQUATION
LINK_OFFSETS
MIN SLOPE
CFS
MODIFIED_HORTON
KINWAVE
01/01/1960
00:00:00
01/01/1960
00:00:00
12/31/2015
23:00:00
SWEEP START
01/01
SWEEP END
01/01
DRY DAYS
0
REPORT STEP
o
o
o
00
WET STEP
LT>
O
O
O
00
DRY STEP
LT>
O
O
O
00
0:05:00
NO
PARTIAL
0 .75
0
0
BOTH
NO
H-W
DEPTH
0
[EVAPORATION]
;;Type
FILE
DRY ONLY
Parameters
1.0 1.0 1.0
[TEMPERATURE]
FILE
WINDSPEED
SNOWMELT
ADC
ADC
"taunton_final.swm"
FILE
34 0.5
IMPERVIOUS 1.0
PERVIOUS 1.0
01/01/1960
0 . 6
1. 0
1. 0
0 . 0
1. 0
1. 0
50.0
1. 0
1. 0
0 . 0
1. 0
1. 0
[RAINGAGES]
;;Name
Rain
Type
Time Snow
Intrvl Catch
Data
Source
Appendix E
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
127
-------
WMOST v2 Theoretical Documentation
[SUBCATCHMENTS]
; ; Total Pent.
;;Name Raingage Outlet Area Imperv
PervASoil
1
PA
2.471
PervBSoil
1
PB
2.471
PervCSoil
1
PC
2.471
PervCDSoil
1
PCD
2.471
PervDSoil
1
PD
2.471
ForPervASoil
1
FPA
2.471
ForPervBSoil
1
FPB
2.471
ForPervCSoil
1
FPC
2.471
ForPervDSoil
1
FPD
2.471
AgPervASoil
1
APA
2.471
AgPervBSoil
1
APB
2.471
AgPervCSoil
1
APC
2.471
AgPervDSoil
1
APD
2.471
Comlmp
1
ComI
2.471
HDRImp
1
HDRI
2.471
MDRImp
1
MDRI
2.471
LDRImp
1
LDRI
2.471
HWYImp
1
HWYI
2.471
FORImp
1
FORI
2.471
OPNImp
1
OPNI
2.471
AGImp
1
AGI
2.471
ComPervA
1
ComA
2.471
ComPervC
1
ComC
2.471
HDRPervA
1
HDRA
2.471
HDRPervC
1
HDRC
2.471
MDRPervA
1
MDRA
2.471
MDRPervC
1
MDRC
2.471
OPNPervA
1
OPNA
2.471
OPNPervC
1
OPNC
2.471
WETFORPervASoil
1
WETA
2.471
[SUBAREAS]
;;Subcatchment
N-Imperv
N-
¦Perv
S-Imperv
PervASoil
o
o
0 . 1
o
o
LD
o
o
PervBSoil
o
o
0 . 1
o
o
LD
o
o
PervCSoil
o
o
0 . 1
o
o
LD
o
o
PervCDSoil
o
o
0 . 1
o
o
0 .05
PervDSoil
o
o
0 . 1
o
o
0 .05
ForPervASoil
o
o
0 . 1
o
o
0 .05
ForPervBSoil
o
o
0 . 1
o
o
o
o
ForPervCSoil
o
o
0 . 1
o
o
o
o
ForPervDSoil
o
o
0 . 1
o
o
o
o
AgPervASoil
o
o
0 . 1
o
o
0 .05
AgPervBSoil
o
o
0 .1
o
o
0 .05
_
"taunton_final.dat" TFgreen
IN
Pent. Curb Snow
Width Slope Length Pack
0
328
084
1
0
0
328
084
1
0
0
328
084
1
0
0
328
084
1
0
0
328
084
1
0
0
328
084
1
0
0
328
084
1
0
0
328
084
1
0
0
328
084
1
0
0
328
084
1
0
0
328
084
1
0
0
328
084
1
0
0
328
084
1
0
100
328
084
1
0
100
328
084
1
0
100
328
084
1
0
100
328
084
1
0
100
328
084
1
0
100
328
084
1
0
100
328
084
1
0
100
328
084
1
0
0
328
084
1
0
0
328
084
1
0
0
328
084
1
0
0
328
084
1
0
0
328
084
1
0
0
328
084
1
0
0
328
084
1
0
0
328
084
1
0
0
328
084
1
0
S-Perv PctZero RouteTo PctRouted
OUTLET
OUTLET
OUTLET
OUTLET
OUTLET
OUTLET
OUTLET
OUTLET
OUTLET
OUTLET
OUTLET
-------
AgPervCSoil
o
o
0
AgPervDSoil
o
o
0
Comlmp
o
o
0
HDRImp
o
o
0
MDRImp
o
o
0
LDRImp
o
o
0
HWYImp
o
o
0
FORImp
o
o
0
OPNImp
o
o
0
AGImp
o
o
0
ComPervA
o
o
0
ComPervC
o
o
0
HDRPervA
o
o
0
HDRPervC
o
o
0
MDRPervA
o
o
0
MDRPervC
o
o
0
OPNPervA
o
o
0
OPNPervC
o
o
0
WETFORPervASoil
o
o
0
[INFILTRATION]
;;Subcatchment
MaxRate
PervASoil
6
0
PervBSoil
4
0
PervCSoil
3
0
PervCDSoil
2 . 5
0
PervDSoil
2
0
ForPervASoil
9 . 5
9
ForPervBSoil
4
0
ForPervCSoil
0 . 938
0
ForPervDSoil
2
0
AgPervASoil
CO
o
8
AgPervBSoil
4
0
AgPervCSoil
0.768
0
AgPervDSoil
2
0
Comlmp
3 . 0
0
HDRImp
3 . 0
0
MDRImp
3 . 0
0
LDRImp
3 . 0
0
HWYImp
3 . 0
0
FORImp
3 . 0
0
OPNImp
3 . 0
0
AGImp
3 . 0
0
ComPervA
3 . 8
3
ComPervC
0 .336
0
HDRPervA
5 . 95
5
HDRPervC
0 .605
0
MDRPervA
8 .075
8
MDRPervC
0.806
0
OPNPervA
8.455
8
0 .01
0 .05
0
0 .01
0 .05
0
0 .01
0 .05
0
0 .01
0 .05
0
0 .01
0 .05
0
0 .01
0 .05
0
0 .01
LD
O
O
0
0 .01
LD
O
O
0
0 .01
0 .05
0
0 .01
0 .05
0
0 .01
0 .05
0
0 .01
0 .05
0
0 .01
0 .05
0
0 .01
0 .05
0
0 .01
0 .05
0
0 .01
0 .05
0
0 .01
0 .05
0
0 .01
LD
O
O
0
0 .01
LD
O
O
0
Decay
D
3.24
7
0
3.24
7
0
3.24
7
0
3.24
7
0
3.24
7
0
3.24
7
0
3.24
7
0
3.24
7
0
3.24
7
0
3.24
7
0
3.24
7
0
3.24
7
0
3.24
7
0
4
7
0
4
7
0
4
7
0
4
7
0
4
7
0
4
7
0
4
7
0
4
7
0
3.24
7
0
3.24
7
0
3.24
7
0
3.24
7
0
3.24
7
0
3.24
7
0
3.24
7
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
MinRate
25
1
05
04
03
5
1
938
03
01
1
768
03
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
8
336
95
605
075
806
455
Appendix E
OUTLET
OUTLET
OUTLET
OUTLET
OUTLET
OUTLET
OUTLET
OUTLET
OUTLET
OUTLET
OUTLET
OUTLET
OUTLET
OUTLET
OUTLET
OUTLET
OUTLET
OUTLET
OUTLET
Maxlnfil
-------
WMOST v2 Theoretical Documentation
WETFORPervASoil
[AQUIFERS]
;;Name
0.2
Por
0.2
WP
3.24
7
FC
KS
0
Kslp
Tslp
ETu
ETs
Seep
Ebot
Egw
Umc
SoilAaqu
0. 453
0 .085
0. 19
0.43
48
15
0. 35
6
0
0
0
0 . 4
SoilBaqu
0. 463
0 .116
0.232
0 .13
35
15
0. 35
12
0
0
0
0 . 4
SoilCaqu
0. 398
0 .136
0.244
KO
o
o
53
15
0. 35
10
0
0
0
0 . 3
SoilCDaqu
0. 464
0 .187
0. 310
o
o
45
15
0. 35
17
0
0
0
0 . 3
SoilDaqu
0. 430
0.221
0. 321
0 . 02
61
15
0. 35
10
0
0
0
0 . 3
[GROUNDWATER]
;;Subcat
Aquifer
Node
Esurf
A1
B1
A2
B2
A3
DSW
Egwt
PervASoil
SoilAaqu
PA
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
0
0.2
PervBSoil
SoilBaqu
PB
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
0
0.25
PervCSoil
SoilCaqu
PC
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
0
0 . 3
PervCDSoil
SoilCDaqu
PCD
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
0
0 .35
PervDSoil
SoilDaqu
PD
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
0
0 . 4
ForPervASoil
SoilAaqu
FPA
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
0
0.2
ForPervBSoil
SoilBaqu
FPB
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
0
0.25
ForPervCSoil
SoilCaqu
FPC
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
0
0 . 3
ForPervDSoil
SoilDaqu
FPD
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
0
0 .35
AgPervASoil
SoilAaqu
APA
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
0
0.2
AgPervBSoil
SoilBaqu
APB
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
0
0.25
AgPervCSoil
SoilCaqu
APC
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
0
0 . 3
AgPervDSoil
SoilDaqu
APD
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
0
0 .35
ComPervA
SoilAaqu
ComA
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
0
0.2
ComPervC
SoilCaqu
ComC
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
0
0 . 3
HDRPervA
SoilAaqu
HDRA
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
0
0.2
HDRPervC
SoilCaqu
HDRC
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
0
0 . 3
MDRPervA
SoilAaqu
MDRA
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
0
0.2
MDRPervC
SoilCaqu
MDRC
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
0
0 . 3
OPNPervA
SoilAaqu
OPNA
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
0
0.2
OPNPervC
SoilCaqu
OPNC
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
0
0 . 3
WETFORPervASoil
SoilAaqu
WETA
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
9
1. 0
0
0
0.2
[JUNCTIONS]
; ;
Invert
Max .
Init.
Surcharge
Ponded
;;Name
Elev.
Depth
Depth
Depth
Area
PA
0
0
0
0
0
PB
0
0
0
0
0
PC
0
0
0
0
0
PCD
0
0
0
0
0
PD
0
0
0
0
0
FPA
0
0
0
0
0
FPB
0
0
0
0
0
FPC
0
0
0
0
0
FPD
0
0
0
0
0
~30
-------
APA
0
0
0
0
0
APB
0
0
0
0
0
APC
0
0
0
0
0
APD
0
0
0
0
0
ComI
0
0
0
0
0
HDRI
0
0
0
0
0
MDRI
0
0
0
0
0
LDRI
0
0
0
0
0
HWYI
0
0
0
0
0
FORI
0
0
0
0
0
OPNI
0
0
0
0
0
AGI
0
0
0
0
0
CorrtA
0
0
0
0
0
CorrtC
0
0
0
0
0
HDRA
0
0
0
0
0
HDRC
0
0
0
0
0
MDRA
0
0
0
0
0
MDRC
0
0
0
0
0
OPNA
0
0
0
0
0
OPNC
0
0
0
0
0
WETA
0
0
0
0
0
[POLLUTANTS]
; ;
Mass
Rain
GW
I&I
;;Name
Units
Concen.
Concen.
Concen.
TP
MG/L
0 .017
o
o
O I
o
o
o
o
[LANDUSES]
Cleaning
Fraction
Last
;;Name
Interval
Available
Cleaned
Perv A Soil
0
0
0
Perv B Soil
0
0
0
Perv C Soil
0
0
0
Perv CD Soil
0
0
0
Perv D Soil
0
0
0
For Perv ASoil
0
0
0
For Perv BSoil
0
0
0
For Perv CSoil
0
0
0
For Perv DSoil
0
0
0
Ag Perv ASoil
0
0
0
Ag Perv BSoil
0
0
0
Ag Perv CSoil
0
0
0
Ag Perv DSoil
0
0
0
Com Imp
0
0
0
HDR Imp
0
0
0
MDR Imp
0
0
0
LDR Imp
0
0
0
HWY Imp
0
0
0
FOR Imp
0
0
0
Appendix E
Decay Snow Co-Pollut. Co-Pollut. DWF
Coeff. Only Name Fraction Concen.
131
-------
WMOST v2 Theoretical Documentation
OPN Imp
0
0
AG Imp
0
0
[COVERAGES]
; ; Subcatchment
Land Use
Percent
ComPervA
Perv A Soil
100
ComPervC
Perv C Soil
100
HDRPervA
Perv A Soil
100
HDRPervC
Perv C Soil
100
MDRPervA
Perv A Soil
100
MDRPervC
Perv C Soil
100
OPNPervA
Perv A Soil
100
OPNPervC
Perv C Soil
100
WETFORPervASoil
For Perv ASoil
PervASoil
Perv A Soil
100
PervASoil
Perv B Soil
0
PervASoil
Perv C Soil
0
PervASoil
Perv CD Soil
0
PervASoil
Perv D Soil
0
PervASoil
For Perv ASoil
0
PervASoil
For Perv BSoil
0
PervASoil
For Perv CSoil
0
PervASoil
For Perv DSoil
0
PervASoil
Ag Perv ASoil
0
PervASoil
Ag Perv BSoil
0
PervASoil
Ag Perv CSoil
0
PervASoil
Ag Perv DSoil
0
PervASoil
Com Imp 0
PervASoil
HDR Imp 0
PervASoil
MDR Imp 0
PervASoil
LDR Imp 0
PervASoil
HWY Imp 0
PervASoil
FOR Imp 0
PervASoil
OPN Imp 0
PervASoil
AG Imp 0
PervBSoil
Perv A Soil
0
PervBSoil
Perv B Soil
100
PervBSoil
Perv C Soil
0
PervBSoil
Perv CD Soil
0
PervBSoil
Perv D Soil
0
PervBSoil
For Perv ASoil
0
PervBSoil
For Perv BSoil
0
PervBSoil
For Perv CSoil
0
PervBSoil
For Perv DSoil
0
PervBSoil
Ag Perv ASoil
0
PervBSoil
Ag Perv BSoil
0
PervBSoil
Ag Perv CSoil
0
PervBSoil
Ag Perv DSoil
0
PervBSoil
Com Imp 0
PervBSoil
HDR Imp 0
'
-------
Appendix E
PervBSoil
MDR Imp 0
PervBSoil
LDR Imp 0
PervBSoil
HWY Imp 0
PervBSoil
FOR Imp 0
PervBSoil
OPN Imp 0
PervBSoil
AG Imp 0
PervCSoil
Perv A Soil
0
PervCSoil
Perv B Soil
0
PervCSoil
Perv C Soil
100
PervCSoil
Perv CD Soil
0
PervCSoil
Perv D Soil
0
PervCSoil
For Perv ASoil
0
PervCSoil
For Perv BSoil
0
PervCSoil
For Perv CSoil
0
PervCSoil
For Perv DSoil
0
PervCSoil
Ag Perv ASoil
0
PervCSoil
Ag Perv BSoil
0
PervCSoil
Ag Perv CSoil
0
PervCSoil
Ag Perv DSoil
0
PervCSoil
Com Imp 0
PervCSoil
HDR Imp 0
PervCSoil
MDR Imp 0
PervCSoil
LDR Imp 0
PervCSoil
HWY Imp 0
PervCSoil
FOR Imp 0
PervCSoil
OPN Imp 0
PervCSoil
AG Imp 0
PervCDSoil
Perv A Soil
0
PervCDSoil
Perv B Soil
0
PervCDSoil
Perv C Soil
0
PervCDSoil
Perv CD Soil
100
PervCDSoil
Perv D Soil
0
PervCDSoil
For Perv ASoil
0
PervCDSoil
For Perv BSoil
0
PervCDSoil
For Perv CSoil
0
PervCDSoil
For Perv DSoil
0
PervCDSoil
Ag Perv ASoil
0
PervCDSoil
Ag Perv BSoil
0
PervCDSoil
Ag Perv CSoil
0
PervCDSoil
Ag Perv DSoil
0
PervCDSoil
Com Imp 0
PervCDSoil
HDR Imp 0
PervCDSoil
MDR Imp 0
PervCDSoil
LDR Imp 0
PervCDSoil
HWY Imp 0
PervCDSoil
FOR Imp 0
PervCDSoil
OPN Imp 0
PervCDSoil
AG Imp 0
PervDSoil
Perv A Soil
0
PervDSoil
Perv B Soil
0
PervDSoil
Perv C Soil
0
133*
-------
WMOST v2 Theoretical Documentation
PervDSoil
Perv CD Soil
0
PervDSoil
Perv D Soil
100
PervDSoil
For Perv ASoil
0
PervDSoil
For Perv BSoil
0
PervDSoil
For Perv CSoil
0
PervDSoil
For Perv DSoil
0
PervDSoil
Ag Perv ASoil
0
PervDSoil
Ag Perv BSoil
0
PervDSoil
Ag Perv CSoil
0
PervDSoil
Ag Perv DSoil
0
PervDSoil
Com Imp 0
PervDSoil
HDR Imp 0
PervDSoil
MDR Imp 0
PervDSoil
LDR Imp 0
PervDSoil
HWY Imp 0
PervDSoil
FOR Imp 0
PervDSoil
OPN Imp 0
PervDSoil
AG Imp 0
ForPervASoil
Perv A Soil
0
ForPervASoil
Perv B Soil
0
ForPervASoil
Perv C Soil
0
ForPervASoil
Perv CD Soil
0
ForPervASoil
Perv D Soil
0
ForPervASoil
For Perv ASoil
100
ForPervASoil
For Perv BSoil
0
ForPervASoil
For Perv CSoil
0
ForPervASoil
For Perv DSoil
0
ForPervASoil
Ag Perv ASoil
0
ForPervASoil
Ag Perv BSoil
0
ForPervASoil
Ag Perv CSoil
0
ForPervASoil
Ag Perv DSoil
0
ForPervASoil
Com Imp 0
ForPervASoil
HDR Imp 0
ForPervASoil
MDR Imp 0
ForPervASoil
LDR Imp 0
ForPervASoil
HWY Imp 0
ForPervASoil
FOR Imp 0
ForPervASoil
OPN Imp 0
ForPervASoil
AG Imp 0
ForPervBSoil
Perv A Soil
0
ForPervBSoil
Perv B Soil
0
ForPervBSoil
Perv C Soil
0
ForPervBSoil
Perv CD Soil
0
ForPervBSoil
Perv D Soil
0
ForPervBSoil
For Perv ASoil
0
ForPervBSoil
For Perv BSoil
100
ForPervBSoil
For Perv CSoil
0
ForPervBSoil
For Perv DSoil
0
ForPervBSoil
Ag Perv ASoil
0
ForPervBSoil
Ag Perv BSoil
0
ForPervBSoil
Ag Perv CSoil
0
i;u
-------
Appendix E
ForPervBSoil
Ag Perv
DSoil
0
ForPervBSoil
Com Imp
0
ForPervBSoil
HDR Imp
0
ForPervBSoil
MDR Imp
0
ForPervBSoil
LDR Imp
0
ForPervBSoil
HWY Imp
0
ForPervBSoil
FOR Imp
0
ForPervBSoil
OPN Imp
0
ForPervBSoil
AG Imp
0
ForPervCSoil
Perv A
Soil
0
ForPervCSoil
Perv B
Soil
0
ForPervCSoil
Perv C
Soil
0
ForPervCSoil
Perv CD ;
Soil
0
ForPervCSoil
Perv D
Soil
0
ForPervCSoil
For Perv ASoil
0
ForPervCSoil
For Perv BSoil
0
ForPervCSoil
For Perv CSoil
100
ForPervCSoil
For Perv DSoil
0
ForPervCSoil
Ag Perv
ASoil
0
ForPervCSoil
Ag Perv
BSoil
0
ForPervCSoil
Ag Perv
CSoil
0
ForPervCSoil
Ag Perv
DSoil
0
ForPervCSoil
Com Imp
0
ForPervCSoil
HDR Imp
0
ForPervCSoil
MDR Imp
0
ForPervCSoil
LDR Imp
0
ForPervCSoil
HWY Imp
0
ForPervCSoil
FOR Imp
0
ForPervCSoil
OPN Imp
0
ForPervCSoil
AG Imp
0
ForPervDSoil
Perv A
Soil
0
ForPervDSoil
Perv B
Soil
0
ForPervDSoil
Perv C
Soil
0
ForPervDSoil
Perv CD ;
Soil
0
ForPervDSoil
Perv D
Soil
0
ForPervDSoil
For Perv ASoil
0
ForPervDSoil
For Perv BSoil
0
ForPervDSoil
For Perv CSoil
0
ForPervDSoil
For Perv DSoil
100
ForPervDSoil
Ag Perv
ASoil
0
ForPervDSoil
Ag Perv
BSoil
0
ForPervDSoil
Ag Perv
CSoil
0
ForPervDSoil
Ag Perv
DSoil
0
ForPervDSoil
Com Imp
0
ForPervDSoil
HDR Imp
0
ForPervDSoil
MDR Imp
0
ForPervDSoil
LDR Imp
0
ForPervDSoil
HWY Imp
0
ForPervDSoil
FOR Imp
0
ForPervDSoil
OPN Imp
0
ForPervDSoil
AG Imp
0
1 'J X
I \J%J
-------
WMOST v2 Theoretical Documentation
AgPervASoil
Perv A Soil
0
AgPervASoil
Perv B Soil
0
AgPervASoil
Perv C Soil
0
AgPervASoil
Perv CD Soil
0
AgPervASoil
Perv D Soil
0
AgPervASoil
For Perv ASoil
0
AgPervASoil
For Perv BSoil
0
AgPervASoil
For Perv CSoil
0
AgPervASoil
For Perv DSoil
0
AgPervASoil
Ag Perv ASoil
100
AgPervASoil
Ag Perv BSoil
0
AgPervASoil
Ag Perv CSoil
0
AgPervASoil
Ag Perv DSoil
0
AgPervASoil
Corn Imp 0
AgPervASoil
HDR Imp 0
AgPervASoil
MDR Imp 0
AgPervASoil
LDR Imp 0
AgPervASoil
HWY Imp 0
AgPervASoil
FOR Imp 0
AgPervASoil
OPN Imp 0
AgPervASoil
AG Imp 0
AgPervBSoil
Perv A Soil
0
AgPervBSoil
Perv B Soil
0
AgPervBSoil
Perv C Soil
0
AgPervBSoil
Perv CD Soil
0
AgPervBSoil
Perv D Soil
0
AgPervBSoil
For Perv ASoil
0
AgPervBSoil
For Perv BSoil
0
AgPervBSoil
For Perv CSoil
0
AgPervBSoil
For Perv DSoil
0
AgPervBSoil
Ag Perv ASoil
0
AgPervBSoil
Ag Perv BSoil
100
AgPervBSoil
Ag Perv CSoil
0
AgPervBSoil
Ag Perv DSoil
0
AgPervBSoil
Com Imp 0
AgPervBSoil
HDR Imp 0
AgPervBSoil
MDR Imp 0
AgPervBSoil
LDR Imp 0
AgPervBSoil
HWY Imp 0
AgPervBSoil
FOR Imp 0
AgPervBSoil
OPN Imp 0
AgPervBSoil
AG Imp 0
AgPervCSoil
Perv A Soil
0
AgPervCSoil
Perv B Soil
0
AgPervCSoil
Perv C Soil
0
AgPervCSoil
Perv CD Soil
0
AgPervCSoil
Perv D Soil
0
AgPervCSoil
For Perv ASoil
0
AgPervCSoil
For Perv BSoil
0
AgPervCSoil
For Perv CSoil
0
AgPervCSoil
For Perv DSoil
0
-------
Appendix E
AgPervCSoil
Ag Perv ASoil
0
AgPervCSoil
Ag Perv BSoil
0
AgPervCSoil
Ag Perv CSoil
100
AgPervCSoil
Ag Perv DSoil
0
AgPervCSoil
Com Imp 0
AgPervCSoil
HDR Imp 0
AgPervCSoil
MDR Imp 0
AgPervCSoil
LDR Imp 0
AgPervCSoil
HWY Imp 0
AgPervCSoil
FOR Imp 0
AgPervCSoil
OPN Imp 0
AgPervCSoil
AG Imp 0
AgPervDSoil
Perv A Soil
0
AgPervDSoil
Perv B Soil
0
AgPervDSoil
Perv C Soil
0
AgPervDSoil
Perv CD Soil
0
AgPervDSoil
Perv D Soil
0
AgPervDSoil
For Perv ASoil
0
AgPervDSoil
For Perv BSoil
0
AgPervDSoil
For Perv CSoil
0
AgPervDSoil
For Perv DSoil
0
AgPervDSoil
Ag Perv ASoil
0
AgPervDSoil
Ag Perv BSoil
0
AgPervDSoil
Ag Perv CSoil
0
AgPervDSoil
Ag Perv DSoil
100
AgPervDSoil
Com Imp 0
AgPervDSoil
HDR Imp 0
AgPervDSoil
MDR Imp 0
AgPervDSoil
LDR Imp 0
AgPervDSoil
HWY Imp 0
AgPervDSoil FOR_Imp 0
AgPervDSoil OPN_Imp 0
AgPervDSoil AG Imp
0
Comlmp
Perv A Soil
0
Comlmp
Perv B Soil
0
Comlmp
Perv C Soil
0
Comlmp
Perv CD Soil
0
Comlmp
Perv D Soil
0
Comlmp
For Perv ASoil
0
Comlmp
For Perv BSoil
0
Comlmp
For Perv CSoil
0
Comlmp
For Perv DSoil
0
Comlmp
Ag Perv ASoil
0
Comlmp
Ag Perv BSoil
0
Comlmp
Ag Perv CSoil
0
Comlmp
Ag Perv DSoil
0
Comlmp
Com Imp 100
Comlmp
HDR Imp 0
Comlmp
MDR Imp 0
Comlmp
LDR Imp 0
Comlmp
HWY Imp 0
137
-------
WMOST v2 Theoretical Documentation
Comlmp FOR_Imp 0
Corrtlmp OPN_Imp 0
Comlmp AG_Imp 0
HDRImp Perv_A_Soil 0
HDRImp Perv_B_Soil 0
HDRImp Perv_C_Soil 0
HDRImp Perv_CD_Soil 0
HDRImp Perv_D_Soil 0
HDRImp For_Perv_ASoil 0
HDRImp For_Perv_BSoil 0
HDRImp For_Perv_CSoil 0
HDRImp For_Perv_DSoil 0
HDRImp Ag_Perv_ASoil 0
HDRImp Ag_Perv_BSoil 0
HDRImp Ag_Perv_CSoil 0
HDRImp Ag_Perv_DSoil 0
HDRImp Com_Imp 0
HDRImp HDR_Imp 100
HDRImp MDR_Imp 0
HDRImp LDR_Imp 0
HDRImp HWY_Imp 0
HDRImp FOR_Imp 0
HDRImp OPN_Imp 0
HDRImp AG_Imp 0
MDRImp Perv_A_Soil 0
MDRImp Perv_B_Soil 0
MDRImp Perv_C_Soil 0
MDRImp Perv_CD_Soil 0
MDRImp Perv_D_Soil 0
MDRImp For_Perv_ASoil 0
MDRImp For_Perv_BSoil 0
MDRImp For_Perv_CSoil 0
MDRImp For_Perv_DSoil 0
MDRImp Ag_Perv_ASoil 0
MDRImp Ag_Perv_BSoil 0
MDRImp Ag_Perv_CSoil 0
MDRImp Ag_Perv_DSoil 0
MDRImp Com_Imp 0
MDRImp HDR_Imp 0
MDRImp MDR_Imp 100
MDRImp LDR_Imp 0
MDRImp HWY_Imp 0
MDRImp FOR_Imp 0
MDRImp OPN_Imp 0
MDRImp AG_Imp 0
LDRImp Perv_A_Soil 0
LDRImp Perv_B_Soil 0
LDRImp Perv_C_Soil 0
LDRImp Perv_CD_Soil 0
LDRImp Perv_D_Soil 0
LDRImp For_Perv_ASoil 0
T:w
-------
LDRImp
LDRImp
LDRImp
LDRImp
LDRImp
LDRImp
LDRImp
LDRImp
LDRImp
LDRImp
LDRImp
LDRImp
LDRImp
LDRImp
LDRImp
HWYImp
HWYImp
HWYImp
HWYImp
HWYImp
HWYImp
HWYImp
HWYImp
HWYImp
HWYImp
HWYImp
HWYImp
HWYImp
HWYImp
HWYImp
HWYImp
HWYImp
HWYImp
HWYImp
HWYImp
HWYImp
FORImp
FORImp
FORImp
FORImp
FORImp
FORImp
FORImp
FORImp
FORImp
FORImp
FORImp
FORImp
FORImp
FORImp
FORImp
For_Perv_BSoil
For_Perv_CSoil
For_Perv_DSoil
Ag_Perv_ASoil
Ag_Perv_BSoil
Ag_Perv_CSoil
Ag_Perv_DSoil
Com_Imp 0
HDR_Imp 0
MDR_Imp 0
LDR_Imp 100
HWY_Imp 0
FOR_Imp 0
OPN_Imp 0
AG_Imp 0
Perv_A_Soil
Perv_B_Soil
Perv_C_Soil
Perv_CD_Soil
Perv_D_Soil
For_Perv_ASoil
For_Perv_BSoil
For_Perv_CSoil
For_Perv_DSoil
Ag_Perv_ASoil
Ag_Perv_BSoil
Ag_Perv_CSoil
Ag_Perv_DSoil
Com_Imp 0
HDR_Imp 0
MDR_Imp 0
LDR_Imp 0
HWY_Imp 100
FOR_Imp 0
OPN_Imp 0
AG_Imp 0
Perv_A_Soil
Perv_B_Soil
Perv_C_Soil
Perv_CD_Soil
Perv_D_Soil
For_Perv_ASoil
For_Perv_BSoil
For_Perv_CSoil
For_Perv_DSoil
Ag_Perv_ASoil
Ag_Perv_BSoil
Ag_Perv_CSoil
Ag_Perv_DSoil
Com_Imp 0
HDR_Imp 0
-------
WMOST v2 Theoretical Documentation
FORImp
MDR Imp
0
FORImp
LDR Imp
0
FORImp
HWY Imp
0
FORImp
FOR Imp
100
FORImp
OPN Imp
0
FORImp
AG Imp
0
OPNImp
Perv A
Soil
0
OPNImp
Perv B
Soil
0
OPNImp
Perv C
Soil
0
OPNImp
Perv CD
Soil
0
OPNImp
Perv D
Soil
0
OPNImp
For Perv ASoil
0
OPNImp
For Perv BSoil
0
OPNImp
For Perv CSoil
0
OPNImp
For Perv DSoil
0
OPNImp
Ag Perv
ASoil
0
OPNImp
Ag Perv
BSoil
0
OPNImp
Ag Perv
CSoil
0
OPNImp
Ag Perv
DSoil
0
OPNImp
Com Imp
0
OPNImp
HDR Imp
0
OPNImp
MDR Imp
0
OPNImp
LDR Imp
0
OPNImp
HWY Imp
0
OPNImp
FOR Imp
0
OPNImp
OPN Imp
100
OPNImp
AG Imp
0
AGImp
Perv A
Soil
0
AGImp
Perv B
Soil
0
AGImp
Perv C
Soil
0
AGImp
Perv CD
Soil
0
AGImp
Perv D
Soil
0
AGImp
For Perv ASoil
0
AGImp
For Perv BSoil
0
AGImp
For Perv CSoil
0
AGImp
For Perv DSoil
0
AGImp
Ag Perv
ASoil
0
AGImp
Ag Perv
BSoil
0
AGImp
Ag Perv
CSoil
0
AGImp
Ag Perv
DSoil
0
AGImp
Com Imp
0
AGImp
HDR Imp
0
AGImp
MDR Imp
0
AGImp
LDR Imp
0
AGImp
HWY Imp
0
AGImp
FOR Imp
0
AGImp
OPN Imp
0
AGImp
AG Imp
100
[LOADINGS]
;;Subcatchment Pollutant Loading
140
-------
[BUILDUP]
; ;LandUse
Pollutant
Function
Coeff1
Coeff2
Perv A Soil
TP
EXP
0 .173733
0 .100
1 .000
Perv B Soil
TP
EXP
0.194073
0 .100
1 .000
Perv C Soil
TP
EXP
0 .169932
0 .100
1 .000
Perv CD Soil
TP
EXP
0.184957
0 .100
1 .000
Perv D Soil
TP
EXP
0 .175145
0 .100
1 .000
For Perv ASoil
TP
EXP
0 .000
0 .100
1 .000
For Perv BSoil
TP
EXP
0.194073
0 .100
1 .000
For Perv CSoil
TP
EXP
0 .000
0 .100
1.000
For Perv DSoil
TP
EXP
0 .000
0 .100
1.000
Ag Perv ASoil
TP
EXP
0 .000
0 .100
1.000
Ag Perv BSoil
TP
EXP
0.7980286
0 .100
1.000
Ag Perv CSoil
TP
EXP
0 .000
0 .100
1.000
Ag Perv DSoil
TP
EXP
0 .000
0 .100
1.000
Com Imp
TP
EXP
0.0685
0.200
1.000
HDR Imp
TP
EXP
0 . 0926
0.200
1.000
MDR Imp
TP
EXP
0.0754
0.200
1.000
LDR Imp
TP
EXP
0 .056
0.200
1.000
HWY Imp
TP
EXP
0 .0515
0.200
1.000
FOR Imp
TP
EXP
0 .056
0.200
1.000
OPN Imp
TP
EXP
0 .056
0.200
1.000
AG Imp
TP
EXP
0 .056
0.200
1.000
[WASHOFF]
; ;Land Use
Pollutant
Function
Coeff1
Coeff2
Perv A Soil
TP
EXP
1.000
2 .00
0 . 0
Perv B Soil
TP
EXP
1.000
o
o
o
o
Perv C Soil
TP
EXP
1.000
o
o
o
o
Perv CD Soil
TP
EXP
1.000
o
o
o
o
Perv D Soil
TP
EXP
1.000
o
o
Ox]
o
o
For Perv ASoil
TP
EXP
1.000
o
o
Ox)
o
o
For Perv BSoil
TP
EXP
1.000
o
o
Ox)
o
o
For Perv CSoil
TP
EXP
1.000
ro
o
o
o
o
For Perv DSoil
TP
EXP
1.000
2 .00
o
o
Ag Perv ASoil
TP
EXP
1.000
2 .00
o
o
Ag Perv BSoil
TP
EXP
1.000
2 .00
o
o
Ag Perv CSoil
TP
EXP
1.000
2 .00
o
o
Ag Perv DSoil
TP
EXP
1.000
o
o
o
o
Com Imp
TP
EXP
2 .000
o
o
o
o
HDR Imp
TP
EXP
2 .000
o
o
o
o
MDR Imp
TP
EXP
2 .000
o
o
o
o
LDR Imp
TP
EXP
2 .000
o
o
o
o
HWY Imp
TP
EXP
2 .000
o
o
o
o
FOR Imp
TP
EXP
2 .000
o
o
o
o
OPN Imp
TP
EXP
2 .000
o
o
o
o
Appendix E
AREA
AREA
AREA
AREA
AREA
AREA
AREA
AREA
AREA
AREA
AREA
AREA
AREA
AREA
AREA
AREA
AREA
AREA
AREA
AREA
AREA
Cleaning BMP
Effic. Effic.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
141
-------
WMOST v2 Theoretical Documentation
AG_Imp TP EXP 2.000 1.00 0.0 0.0
[REPORT]
INPUT NO
CONTROLS NO
SUBCATCHMENTS ComPervA ComPervC HDRPervA HDRPervC MDRPervA MDRPervC OPNPervA OPNPervC
SUBCATCHMENTS ForPervASoil ForPervCSoil AgPervASoil AgPervCSoil WETFORPervASoil Comlmp HDRIrnp MDRImp OPNImp
NODES None
LINKS None
T
------- |