oEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
EPA/600/R 15/1821 August 20151 www.epa.gov/research
Office of Research and Development
NRMRL/APPCD
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E PA/600/R-15/182
August 2015
Microbial Resistant Test Method
Development
By
Timothy Dean, Doris Betancourt
US EPA
Research Triangle Park, NC, 2771 1
Timothy Dean-Project Officer
Air Pollution Prevention Control Division
National Risk Management Research Lab
Research Triangle Park, NC, 2771 1
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Disclaimer
This report has been peer and administratively reviewed and has been approved for publication as an
Environmental Protection Agency document. It does not necessarily reflect the views of the
Environmental Protection Agency. No official endorsement should be inferred. The Environmental
Protection Agency does not endorse the purchase or sale of any commercial products or services.
Questions concerning this document or its application should be addressed to:
Timothy Dean Doris Betancourt
Office of Research and Development Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
109 T.W. Alexander Drive, E305-03
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2304
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
109 T.W. Alexander Drive, E305-03
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-9446
Dean.timothy@epa. gov
Betancourt.doris@epa. gov
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Abstract
Humans spend most of their time in the indoor environment. Environmental analysis of the quality of
indoor air has and continues to be an important research topic. A major component of the aerosol in the
indoor environment consists of biological particles, called bioaerosols. A major fraction of these
bioaerosols are fungal in origin. These fungal organisms have been shown to cause adverse health
effects ranging from mild headaches to cases of idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis in infant children.
To prevent fungal organisms from growing in the built environment many companies have developed
and marketed microbial resistant building products. These companies have taken different strategies to
produce microbial resistant products, including removing fungal growth substrates to adding
antimicrobial chemicals into the final product. The aim of this study was to develop a quantitative
antimicrobial testing method coupled to product volatile organic compound (VOC) offgassing analysis.
This coupled microbial/chemical analysis is holistic and produces a true measure of the effectiveness of
the product as well as information on VOC production. The developed test method was used to test
three different classes of building materials for both microbial resistance and VOC offgassing.
Important findings included extending the testing from 6 weeks to 12 weeks which allowed ubiquitous
microbes to grow indicating the importance of the more comprehensive testing duration. Additionally,
quantitative analysis removed all uncertainty in determining the microbial resistance of a specific
product.
Once the test method was completed, this project expanded to evaluate currently utilized microbial
(fungal) resistant testing methodologies as they are applied to gypsum products. Currently there are
numerous methods that allow manufacturers to test for microbial resistance. Each of these methods is
qualitative in nature allowing for results to be interpreted differently by various laboratories. Five
testing methods were identified and chosen to compare following a literature search. We obtained
detailed documents explaining the specific steps for completing the testing methods as they are meant to
be utilized, and how the results are to be interpreted. Following our completion of these tests, the results
show that the more stringent quantitative method removed all ambiguity from the analysis, as well as
allowing for a more complete duration of testing lasting 12 weeks. While all of the tests are appropriate
for their individual purposes, the quantitative test method developed and described herein works for a
multitude of different microbial resistant products and product classes.
This report covers a period from September, 2011 through March, 2015.
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Foreword
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is charged by Congress with protecting the Nation's
land, air, and water resources. Under a mandate of national environmental laws, the Agency strives to
formulate and implement actions leading to a compatible balance between human activities and the
ability of natural systems to support and nurture life. To meet this mandate, EPA's research program is
providing data and technical support for solving environmental problems today and building a science
knowledge base necessary to manage our ecological resources wisely, understand how pollutants affect
our health, and prevent or reduce environmental risks in the future.
The National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL) within the Office of Research and
Development (ORD) is the Agency's center for investigation of technological and management
approaches for preventing and reducing risks from pollution that threaten human health and the
environment. The focus of the Laboratory's research program is on methods and their cost-effectiveness
for prevention and control of pollution to air, land, water, and subsurface resources; protection of water
quality in public water systems; remediation of contaminated sites, sediments and ground water;
prevention and control of indoor air pollution; and restoration of ecosystems. NRMRL collaborates with
both public and private sector partners to foster technologies that reduce the cost of compliance and to
anticipate emerging problems. NRMRL's research provides solutions to environmental problems by:
developing and promoting technologies that protect and improve the environment; advancing scientific
and engineering information to support regulatory and policy decisions; and providing the technical
support and information transfer to ensure implementation of environmental regulations and strategies at
the national, state, and community levels.
The Indoor Environment Management Branch (IEMB), a research unit belonging to the Air Pollution
Prevention Control Division (APPCD) within NRMRL is tasked with developing a better understanding
of the quality of indoor air and its relationship to different emissions sources including home
furnishings, building products, building mechanical systems, and building design. These research
findings are communicated to EPA regions, the Office of Air and Radiation, architects, building
managers, contractors, and the general public so that they can make educated decisions on the materials
and building systems which improve indoor air quality. This project directly addresses building material
selection and usage as it relates to biological contamination and its adverse effects on indoor air quality.
Cynthia Sonich-Mullin, Director
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
iv
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Table of Contents
Figures vi
Tables vii
Acronyms/Abbreviations viii
Acknowledgments ix
1.0 Problem Definition/Background Information Error!
Bookmark not defined.
2.0 Test Methods and Procedures 3
2.1 Test Organisms 3
2.2 Static Chambers 4
2.3 Sample Preparation and Inoculation 4
2.4 Test Design 4
2.5 Calculation of Mold Resistance 5
2.6 Formaldehyde and VOC Testing 5
2.7 Results and Discussion 6
3.0 Lonwood Natural Flooring 7
3.1 Test Material 7
3.2 Mold Resistance 7
3.3 Emissions ofVOCsand Formaldehyde 9
3.4 Data Quality Assessment 10
3.5 Emissions Report Lonseal Flooring 10
4.0 Amerrock Premium Plus Rockwool Insulation 12
4.1 Test Material 12
4.2 Mold Resistance 13
4.3 Emissions ofVOCsand Formaldehyde 15
4.4 Data Quality Assessment 16
4.5 Emissions Report Lonseal Flooring 16
V
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5.0 AP Armaflex Roll Insulation 18
5.1 Test Material 18
5.2 Mold Resistance 18
5.3 Emissions ofVOCsand Formaldehyde 21
5.4 Data Quality Assessment 21
5.5 Emissions Report Lonseal Flooring 22
6.0 Method Analysis of Microbial Resistant Gypsum Products 24
6.1 Results and Discussion 29
7.0 References 35
vi
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Table of Figures
Figure 1. Conditions required for fungal growth on a material 1
Figure 2. Lonseal front surface 7
Figure 3. Lonseal back surface 7
Figure 4. Log change in Aspergillus versicolor on Lonseal test material 9
Figure 5. Log change in naturally occurring fungi on Lonseal test material 9
Figure 6. Premium Plus rockwool insulation 13
Figure 7. Log change in Aspergillus versicolor on Amerrock test material 14
Figure 8. Log change in Stachybotrys chartarum on Amerrock test material 15
Figure 9 Top surface of Armaflex insulation 18
Figure 10. Bottom surface of Armaflex insulation 18
Figure 11. Log change in Aspergillus versicolor on Armacell test material 20
Figure 12. Log change in Stachybotrys chartarum on Armacell test material 20
Figure 13. ASTM D6329. Chamber and Stachybotrys growth on reference material 32
Figure 14. ASTM D3273. Inoculated test materials in chamber over inoculated
soil 32
Figure 15. ASTM D2020. Test materials in nutrient agar showing growth 33
Figure 16. ASTM1338. Comparative material 33
Figure 17. ASTM G21. Reference material on left and test material on right 34
vii
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Tables
Table 1. Logio CFUs for test material (Lonseal) and reference material 8
Table 2. Test results for VOCs and formaldehyde emissions from Lonseal 10
Table 3. Data quality objectives Lonseal 10
Table 4. VOC emission results for Lonseal Flooring Material 12
Table 5. Carbonyl emission results for Lonseal Flooring Material 12
Table 6. Log-io CFUs for test material (Amerrock) and reference material 13
Table 7. Test results for VOCs and formaldehyde emissions from Amerrock 15
Table 8. Data quality objectives Amerrock 16
Table 9. VOC emission results for Amerrock Rockwool Insulation 17
Table 10. Carbonyl emission results for Amerrock Rockwool Insulation 17
Table 11. . Logio CFUs for test material (Armacell) and reference material 18
Table 12. Test results for VOCs and formaldehyde emissions from Armacell 21
Table 13. Data quality objectives Armacell 21
Table 14. VOC emission results for Armaflex Black 23
Table 15. Carbonyl emission results for Armaflex Black 23
Table 16. Overview of each of the test methods 28
Table 17. Summary of test results for each of the gypsum panel materials 30
viii
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Acronyms/Abbreviations/Definitions
AATCC
American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
ACH
air changes per hour
ADQ
audit of data quality
AIHA
American Industrial Hygiene Association
ASTM
American Society for Testing and Materials
aw
water activity
CC
Culture Collection
CFU
colony forming unit
DNPH
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
DQO
data quality objective
EPA
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
ERH
equilibrium relative humidity
ESTE
Environmental and Sustainable Technology Evaluation
ETV
Environmental Technology Verification
g
gram(s)
GC/MS
gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
HVAC
Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning
ISO
International Organization for Standardization
MC
moisture content
ML
microbiology laboratories
mL
Milliliter
ML SOP
microbiology laboratory standard operating procedure
NERL
National Exposure Research Laboratory
OSWER
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
QA
quality assurance
QAM
quality assurance manager
OAR
Office of Air and Radiation
ORD
Office of Research and Development
QAPP
quality assurance project plan
QC
quality control
QMP
quality management plan
RH
relative humidity
RTI
Research Triangle Institute (RTI International)
SDA
Sabouraud dextrose agar
sec
second(s)
SOP
standard operating procedure
SPE
solid phase extraction
spp
species
t
temperature
TLV
threshold limit value
TOP
technical operating procedure
T/QAP
test/quality assurance plan
TSA
technical system audit
TVOC
total volatile organic compounds
VOC
volatile organic compounds
Mg
microgram(s)
UL
Underwriters Laboratories
(jm
micrometer(s)
ix
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Acknowledgments
The Sustainable and Healthy Communities national research program within the Office of Research and
Development provided financial support for this project.
Contributions of the following individuals and organizations to the development of this document are
gratefully acknowledged.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Doris Betancourt
Timothy Dean
Worth Calfee
Laura Kolb
Bob Thompson
RTI International (Contract number EP-C-11-036; Task order 003)
Jean Kim
Josh Levy
Karin Foarde
x
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1.0 Problem Definition/Background Information
Fungal growth and the resulting contamination of building materials is a well-documented problem,
especially after the reports from New Orleans and the US Gulf Coast post Hurricane Katrina. However,
contaminated materials have been recognized as important indoor fungal reservoirs for years. For
example, contamination with fungi has been associated with a variety of materials including carpet,
ceiling tile, gypsum board, wallpaper, flooring insulation, and heating ventilation and air conditioning
components1-2-3-4.
Exposure to fungi may result in respiratory symptoms of both the upper and lower respiratory tract such
as allergy and asthma5. Everyone is potentially susceptible. However, of particular concern are children
with their immature immune systems and individuals of all ages that are immunocompromised6 7.
One approach to limiting exposure is to reduce the levels of fungi in the indoor space. For some
sensitive individuals, limiting exposure through avoidance is an effective control method; however,
avoidance is not always possible or practical. The investigation, development, and application of
effective source controls and strategies are essential to prevent fungal growth in the indoor environment.
Mold resistant building material is a potentially effective
method of source control.
A building is not a sterile environment, nor should it be.
However, a building may serve as a reservoir for
microorganisms. While many different types of
microorganisms occupy indoor spaces, it is well-
recognized that fungi can colonize and amplify on a
variety of building materials if sufficient nutrients and
moisture are present. These contaminated materials are
known to be important indoor reservoirs. Fungal growth
on natural and fabricated building materials can be a major
source of respiratory disease in humans. Some common
environmental fungi that have been isolated from
contaminated materials include Acremonium spp.,
Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Chaetomium spp.,
Cladosporium spp., Epicoccum spp., Fiisariiim spp.,
Penicillium spp., Stachybotrys spp., and Trichoderma spp.
Figure 1 illustrates the combination of moisture and
nutrients required for microbial growth on a material. Sufficient nutrients for growth may be provided
by the material itself or through the accumulation of dust on or in the material. When sufficient
nutrients are available, the ultimate determinate for microbial growth is availability of water. The more
hygroscopic a material is, the more impact on the overall hygroscopicity the surface treatments may
have.
Nutrient
Moisture
Growth
Material
Figure 1. Diagram illustrating the
conditions required for fungal growth
on a material.
l
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According to the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, improving buildings and indoor
environments could reduce healthcare costs and sick leave and improve worker performance, resulting
in an estimated productivity gain of $30 billion to $150 billion annually8. The Department of Energy
further estimated the potential decrease in adverse health effects from improvements in indoor
environments to be 10 percent to 30 percent for infectious lung disease, allergies and asthma; and 20
percent to 50 percent for Sick Building Syndrome symptoms1. For the United States, the corresponding
annual healthcare savings plus productivity gains could be:
• $6 billion to $19 billion from reduced lung disease,
• $1 billion to $4 billion from reduced allergies and asthma,
• $10 billion to $20 billion from reduced Sick Building Syndrome symptoms,
• $12 billion to $125 billion from direct improvements in worker performance unrelated to health8.
The indoor environment is an important area of research. The past twenty years have led to the
recognition that building dampness is an important factor in the health of people that live and work in an
indoor environment 2-4. Furthermore, it is now recognized that the principal biological organisms
responsible for the health problems in these environments are the fungi rather than bacteria and viruses
5. Fungi (mold) may play an important part in the symptoms associated with sick building syndrome 6.
The research that follows addresses two specific characteristics of mold resistant building material: 1)
mold resistance, and 2) emissions of VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) and aldehydes. Due to the
multiple different testing methods publicly available, mold resistance is the critical measurement
followed by product VOC offgassing. Therefore the emphasis of this research was on mold resistance.
Emissions of VOCs and aldehydes are ancillary tests and may or may not be performed depending upon
the relevance to the test material. Other characteristics, such as fire resistance, are important and should
be considered by users of the products, but are beyond the scope of this research.
Mold resistance testing was performed following the guidelines outlined in ASTM (American Society
for Testing and Materials) D6329-98 (2008)9. D6329 is a standard guide for developing methodology
to evaluate the ability of indoor materials to support microbial growth using static environmental
chambers. ASTM D6329 was developed as part of a more comprehensive project to apply indoor air
quality engineering to biocontamination in buildings. One of the primary goals was to provide a
scientific basis for studying indoor air biocontaminants. Available methods, including those from
ASTM, AATCC (American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists), and UL (Underwriters
Laboratories), to evaluate the resistance of a variety of materials to fungal growth were surveyed at the
initial stages of that project. Although the basic principals were similar, a major concern was the way
growth on the different materials was evaluated. Although quantitative methods for inoculation were
employed, none assessed growth as the endpoint quantitatively. The strategy was to improve upon
D6329 by developing a new method that would provide a more quantitative endpoint for growth in a
well-controlled environment and to improve repeatability and comparability. Additionally, it is well
known that fungal organisms can be very slow growing. Therefore, extending the testing to 12 weeks
would allow for any viable organisms to grow. The method has been successfully used to evaluate
fungal resistance on a variety of materials including ceiling tiles, flooring, gypsum products, and HVAC
(Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning) duct materials l0J'-m3.
2
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A number of strategies have been employed to reduce the susceptibility of building materials to fungal
growth and the subsequent spread of biological contaminants. Removal of growth substrates from
building materials, or the incorporation of antimicrobial agents in the manufacturing of building
products are two of those strategies. For example, there are several green building products readily
available that have the potential to limit mold growth in the indoor environment. However, there is no
quantitative testing method that generates results to guide consumers and building professionals on how
to select or specify the best building products for their needs. The available test methods all rely on
qualitative analysis of fungal growth which can lead to different microbial resistance ratings. However,
the tests are too short to accurately determine fungal resistance, and they are also for specific product
areas and not applicable to a broad range of building materials. This research was designed to fill this
gap by developing a microbial resistant testing method suitable for multiple building materials, and
testing the method against commonly utilized testing regimes. Multiple EPA offices including OAR
(Office of Air and Radiation), ORD (Office of Research and Development), and OSWER (Office of
Solid Waste and Emergency Response) and private sector organizations (e.g., the U.S. Green Building
Council, and the Gypsum Association) have shown interest in standardizing the testing of their products.
The resultant testing data will allow these organizations to assess the ability of these "green" products
not only to improve the living conditions in the built environment, but to gauge if their increased use in
construction will have positive impacts on the building material waste stream. The testing method
includes the following: (l)mold growth, and (2) volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions.
Established methods were used to form the basis of each of the developed test methods.
2.0 TEST METHODS AND PROCEDURES
Mold resistance testing was performed following the guidelines outlined in ASTM 63299. The focus of
method development was a quantitative end point removing ambiguity in interpreting fungal
contamination levels, a 12 week total test duration allowing the slow growing fungal organisms the
chance to grow, and the flexibility of the test method to be used on a multitude of different building
product classes.
2.1 Test Organisms
Selecting the "correct" test organism is critical to any test, therefore selection criteria were developed.
The selection criteria used to choose the appropriate test organisms for this study were:
(1) Reasonableness or likelihood of the test material being challenged by that particular organism
when in actual use, and
(2) Extent to which the test material covered the range ofERHs (equilibrium relative humidities)
needed and support the ERHs where fungal growth can occur.
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Two fungi were used as test organisms, Aspergillus versicolor and Stachybotrys chartarum. Each of
them met the criteria. S. chartarum requires high levels of available water to grow and has been
associated with a number of toxigenic symptoms. A. versicolor is a xerophilic lungus and capable of
growing at lower relative humidities. Both are from the RTI (Research Triangle Institute) culture
collection (CC). Stachybotrys chartarum is CC#3075 and received from EPANERL (National
Exposure Research Laboratory). A. versicolor is CC#3348, and it is afield isolate. Prior to initiation of
the testing, their identification was confirmed by standard techniques.
2.2 Static Chambers
Clear plastic desiccators served as the static environmental chambers. These chambers were purchased
from Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA (product #08-647-47) and are readily available. The desiccators
are sealed so there is no air exchange and the desiccators serve as good static chambers. A saturated-salt
solution of potassium chloride was used to maintain the humidity of the 85% ERH chamber. Sterile
water was used for the 100% ERH chamber. Temperature was externally controlled and maintained at
room temperature (72° F =/- 2° F). Prior to use, the chambers were decontaminated and characterized
making sure there were no cracks in the plastic, the feet were level, and the structural integrity of the
seal was adequate. The ERH in each chamber was monitored with a hygrometer, Taylor model number
5565, (Taylor Precision Products, Las Cruces, NM)that was placed inside the chamber.
2.3 Sample Preparation and Inoculation
Small (at least 4 cm x 4 cm) replicate pieces of test mold resistant building products were prepared and
inoculated. To minimize error and demonstrate reproducibility, five pieces of each sample type were
processed on each sampling date. Because there were four test dates, a minimum of 20 pieces were
prepared simultaneously. Each piece was placed on a separate labeled sterile Petri dish.
The lungi challenge suspensions were prepared by inoculating the test organism onto solid agar media,
incubating the culture at room temperature until mature, wiping organisms from the surface of the pure
culture, and suspending them in sterile 18-Mohm distilled water. The organism preparation was viewed
microscopically to verify purity of spores (absence ofhyphae). The test pieces were inoculated (usually
with five 10 |oL spots in an X configuration) by pipet onto the surface of the test piece and allowed to
dry in the biosafety cabinet, an enclosed, ventilated laboratory workspace for safely working with
materials contaminated with (or potentially contaminated with) biological organisms.
On each test date (including Day 0), the appropriate number of test pieces (5) were removed from the
static chamber, each placed in approximately 30 mL sterile buffer (IX PBS), and extracted by shaking
using a vortex or wrist action shaker. The extract was diluted if needed and plated on agar media to
determine the numbers of CFU.
2.4 Test Design
The sample (small piece of the building material being tested) was cut aseptically with a razor blade into
small pieces (at least 4 cm x 4 cm). The material was not autoclaved or sterilized in any way prior to
inoculation. Therefore, in addition to the test organism inocula, any organisms naturally on both the top
and bottom surfaces of the material had the opportunity to grow if conditions were favorable for growth.
4
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The test organisms are inoculated by pipette directly onto the surface of each test piece in sufficiently
high numbers (106 CFU) to provide an adequate challenge, but at a level that is realistic to quantify. The
tests ran for 12 weeks. During the 12 week test period, data from four test dates, labeled Day 0, Week 1,
Week 6, and Week 12 were evaluated. Day 0 samples provided the baseline inoculum level. A sufficient
number of test pieces were inoculated simultaneously for all four test dates. All pieces for one material
and one test organism were put in the same static chamber. The chambers were set to 100% equilibrium
relative humidity (ERH) for the tests with S. chartarum and at 85% for A. versicolor. On each test date
(including Day 0), five replicates of the test material pieces were removed from the chamber, each was
placed separately in a container with sterile buffer (IX Phosphate Buffered Saline: lOmMPCU3", 137
mM NaCl, and 2.7 mM KC1), and extracted by shaking using a bench top vortex. The resulting
suspension of eluted organisms was plated and microbial growth on materials was quantified by
manually enumerating colony-forming units (CFUs), counting lungal colonies on the media plate.
The numbers of CFUs eluted on week 1, 6, and 12 were compared to the baseline at Day 0. The
numbers of CFUs on each date are expressed as logio. The results are reported as the log change in
CFUs between Day 0 and Week 1, Day 0 and Week 6, and Day 0 and Week 12.
2.5 Calculation of Mold Resistance
Changes in the numbers of CFU over time were quantified. The logio number of CFUs from test date x
were compared to the logio number of CFU from Day 0 as follows:
A logio CFU = logio CFUdate x - logio CFU Day 0
where:
A CFU = the change in logio CFU between a test date (x) and Day 0
logio CFU^g x = number of CFU logio on test date x
logio CFU Day 0 = number of CFU log won Day 0
The standard error of the means between the start date and the test date gives the statistical significance
of the differences.
2.6 Formaldehyde and VOC Testing:
The main test for green building products is antimicrobial efficacy of the products. However, to make a
more holistic test, analysis for product offgassing of formaldehyde and VOCs was included. Standard
methods of VOC testing were utilized in the development of this test method. Briefly, two pieces of the
sample material, contained in a 7"x7"x2" cradle of aluminum foil, were tested in a small (52.7 L
capacity) emissions chamber maintained at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity and subjected to an air
exchange rate of 1 hr-1. After equilibration of each sample for 6 hr14, sequential samples for VOCs and
carbonyls were collected from the chamber effluent for 20 and 120 minutes, yielding collection volumes
of approximately 1.5 and 10 L for VOCs and 10 and 60 L for carbonyls15. In addition to the test
material, replicate chamber blanks and the emission profile of a positive control material were collected.
5
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All sample collections and analyses were conducted in accordance with RTI's AIHA quality manual
guidelines16. VOC samples were collected on CarbopackB cartridges. A total of 100 ng of the internal
standard, d8- toluene, was subsequently added to each cartridge by flash loading17 prior to analysis by
thermal desorption-GC/MS on a DB-5 column programmed from 40°C - 225°C at 5 °C/min18.
Calibration standards were prepared at two levels (3.5 pg; 6.9 ng) by flash loading of a 26-component
VOC mixture (ethanol; isopropanol; acetone; dichloromethane; carbon disulfide; methyl -t -butyl ether;
2-butanone; 1,1,1-trichloroethane; 1-butanol; trichloroethene, 4-methyl-2-pentanone; toluene; hexanal;
tetrachloroethene; m-xylene; n-nonane; 2-butoxyethanol; phenol; 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene; n-decane; 2-
ethyl-l-hexanol; d-limonene; 1,2-dichlorobenzene; n-undecane; decamethylcyclosiloxane; n-dodecane)
plus d9-toluene internal standard in methylene chloride onto Carbopack B. In addition to quantitation of
the individual analytes, total VOCs (TVOC) were determined by summing the integrated peak areas in
the samples and blanks between the retention times of hexane and hexadecane. Two specific analytes, 4-
phenylcyclohexene and styrene, were sought in each sample. Neither compound was detected in the
samples or blanks. All detected analytes were quantitated against the toluene peak in the standards. No
mathematical correction for the blanks was performed. Carbonyl samples were collected on DNPH
cartridges15'19. Each cartridge was extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE) with 4 mL of acetonitrile
and brought to a final volume of 5 mL with acetonitrile20. Subsequently, each extract was analyzed by
HPLC/UV (365 nm) on a Deltabond Res AK column (4.6 mm x 25 cm, Keystone). The mobile phase
consisted of (A) 45:55 acetonitrile: water and (B) 75:25 acetonitrile :water, using a 30 minute gradient
from A to B and held at B for 5 minutes at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Each cartridge was extracted by
solid phase extraction (SPE) with 4 mL of acetonitrile and brought to a final volume of 5 mL with
acetonitrile. Instrument calibration was accomplished using solutions prepared from a purchased
aldehyde/ketone DNPH mix solution (15 pg/mL as formaldehyde, Supelco 47285-U) in acetonitrile. A
six-point calibration curve was prepared with analyte amounts ranging from 0.0109 to 2.175 pg/ml.
Individual carbonyls (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, proprionaldehyde, crotonaldehyde,
butyraldehyde, benzaldehyde, iso-valeraldehyde, valeraldehyde, o- RTI International/EPA December
2010 A - 3 tolualdehyde, m-tolualdehyde, p-tolualdehyde, hexanaldehyde, 2,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde )
were quantitated against the curve and were corrected for amounts found in blank samples. Total
carbonyls were computed by summing the individual carbonyl species.
2.7 Results and Discussion
The test method was utilized to analyze the microbial resistance and product VOC offgassing of 3
separate building materials. These materials varied and consisted of a rolled insulation, a spray
insulation, and a flooring material. The sections below provide a summary of the individual materials
tested and the results of the testing. Due to the rigorousness and completeness of this analysis, Georgia
Pacific has utilized this test method as a marketing plan to emphasize the microbial resistant qualities of
their different wallboard products, specifically addressing the 12 week total testing time and the
rigorousness of the test http://www.buildgp.com/newsRelease.aspx?NewsID=8108.
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3.0 Lonwood Natural Flooring
3.1 Test Material
The following description of the product was provided by the vendor and was not verified.
Lonwood Natural flooring is a sheet vinyl product with an embossed wood-grain texture. Constructed in
multiple layers and embossed with distinctive wood grains, it is composed of resin, plasticizers, fillers,
and pigments. The co-calendered wear layer is formulated to provide maximum resistance to foot traffic
in most commercial and healthcare applications. The middle layer provides dimensional stability, sound-
absorbing properties, and resiliency under foot. The backing layer provides strength and stability of the
flooring and enhances the bonding strength of the adhesive. Mold resistance is conveyed by the addition
of a proprietary chemical as a top layer formulation that is applied to the surface of the sheet vinyl
through a calendering process. Figures 2 and 3 show the front and back surfaces of the material.
Figure 2. Front surface of material Figure 3. Back surface of material
3.2 Mold Resistance
The results for the mold resistance tests are shown in Table 1. Growth is measured by culture and is
defined as at least a 1 logio increase in culturable organism over the baseline which was determined on
Day 0.
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Table 1. Logio CFUsfor test material (Lonseal) and reference material (wood) on each
test date (Mean ± SD)
Lonseal
Week
A. versicolor
85% ERH
S. chartarum
100% ERH
Growth of Naturally
Occurring Fungi
100% ERH
0
5.0 ± 0.1
5.0 ± 0.04
< 2.2 ± 0.0*
1
4.8 ± 0.1
NA
4.8 ± 0.6
6
4.4 ± 0.1
NA
6.0 ± 0.1
7
4.2 ± 0.01
NA
6.2 ± 0.2
12
4.1 ± 0.1
NA
6.4 ± 0.3
Reference Material
Week
A. versicolor
85% ERH
S. chartarum
100% ERH
Growth of Naturally
Occurring Fungi
100% ERH
0
4.9 ± 0.1
4.8 ± 0.1
< 2.2 ± 0.0*
1
4.7 ± 0.1
3.9 ± 0.2
2.6 ± 1.0
6
4.3 ± 0.2
NA
6.3 ± 0.0
7
4.1 ± 0.1
NA
7.0 ± 0.2
12
5.5 ± 0.4
NA
6.9 ± 0.3
NA = Not Available due to overgrowth by innate fungi * = < 2.2 indicates 0 CFU detected at the minimum
detection limit
The numbers of CFUs on each test and reference piece were Logio transformed and the mean and
standard deviation calculated. The initial concentration is in the row labeled week 0 (day 0 inoculum).
The results for the test organisms, A. versicolor and S. chartarum, are in columns two and three. The
fourth column gives the CFUs for the fungi that were on the unsterilized surface of the test material at
the initiation of the test.
8
-------
At Day 0 the numbers of naturally
occurring fungi were below the
detection limit on both the test and the
reference materials. However, the
growth of a variety of fungal species
(naturally occurring on the sample) was
masking any S. chartarum growth on
Lonseal and on the reference material
(wood).
Figure 4 shows the log change in A.
versicolor and Figure 5 shows the log
change in the naturally occurring fungi
that are on the surface of the material.
Neither the test material nor the
reference material inoculated with A.
versicolor and incubated at 85% ERH
showed growth during the 12 weeks of
the test. It was important to check that
none of the changes made to the test
material to make it mold resistant
actually enhanced the ability of mold to
grow over the positive control
material11
It was not possible to accurately assess
whether or not the test material was
resistant to the growth of S. chartarum.
The growth of a variety of fungal
species (naturally occurring on the
sample) masked any S. chartarum
growth on Lonseal and on the reference
material.
Z)
LL
O
-------
Table 2. Test results for VOCs and formaldehyde emissions from Lonseal
VOCs and Formaldehyde Emissions*
Emission Types
Minimum emission results
Total VOCs
< 0.5 mg/m3
Formaldehyde
<0.1 ppm
Individual VOCs
< 0.1 TLV
Individual pollutants must produce an air concentration level no greater than 1/10 the threshold limit
value (TLV) industrial workplace standard (Reference: American Conference of Government Industrial
Hygienists, 6500 Glenway, Building D-7, Cincinnati, OH 45211-4438.
3.4 Data Quality Assessment
The quality assurance officer has reviewed the test results and the quality control data and has concluded
that the data quality objectives given in the approved Test/QA plan and shown in Table 4 have been
attained.
The DQO for the critical measurement, quantitation of fungal growth on an individual test date, is found
in Table 3.
Table 3. Data quality objectives
Test
Mold
Resistance
Parameter
Quantitation of
fungal growth on
an individual test
date
DQO
Precision
Accuracy
Completeness
± 5-fold
difference
10% of the plates will
be counted by a
second operator.
± 20% agreement
between the operators
100%
3.5 Emissions Report for Lonseal Flooring Material
Two pieces of Lonseal flooring material, contained in a 7"x7"x2" cradle of aluminum foil, were tested
in the small (52.7 L capacity) emissions chamber maintained at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity and
subjected to an air exchange rate of 1 hr1. After equilibration of each sample for 6 hr14, sequential
samples for VOCs and carbonyls were collected from the chamber effluent for 20 and 120 minutes,
yielding collection volumes of approximately 1.5 and 10 L for VOCs and 10 and 60 L for carbonyls15. In
addition to the test flooring material, replicate chamber blanks and the emission profile of a positive
control material (vinyl show curtain liner) were collected. All sample collections and analyses were
10
-------
conducted in accordance with RTI's AIHA quality manual guidelines.16
VOC samples were collected on Carbopack B cartridges. A total of 100 ng of the internal standard, d8-
toluene, was subsequently added to each cartridge by flash loading17 prior to analysis by thermal
desorption-GC/MS on aDB-5 column programmed from 40°C - 225°C at 5 °C/min18. Calibration
standards were prepared at two levels (3.5 pg; 6.9 ng) by flash loading of a 26-component VOC mixture
(ethanol; isopropanol; acetone; dichloromethane; carbon disulfide; methyl -t -butyl ether; 2-butanone;
1,1,1-trichloroethane; 1-butanol; trichloroethene, 4-methyl-2-pentanone; toluene; hexanal;
tetrachloroethene; m-xylene; n-nonane; 2-butoxyethanol; phenol; 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene; n-decane; 2-
ethyl-l-hexanol; d-limonene; 1,2-dichlorobenzene; n-undecane; decamethylcyclosiloxane; n-dodecane)
plus d9-toluene internal standard in methylene chloride onto Carbopack B. In addition to quantitation of
the individual analytes, total VOCs (TVOC) were determined by summing the integrated peak areas in
the samples and blanks between the retention times of hexane and hexadecane. Two specific analytes, 4-
phenylcyclohexene and styrene, were sought in each sample. Neither compound was detected in the
samples or blanks. All detected analytes were quantitated against the toluene peak in the standards. No
mathematical correction for the blanks was performed.
Carbonyl samples were collected onDNPH cartridges.15'19 Each cartridge was extracted by solid phase
extraction (SPE) with 4 mL of acetonitrile and brought to a final volume of 5 mL with acetonitrile20.
Subsequently, each extract was analyzed by HPLC/UV (365 nm) on a Deltabond Res AK column (4.6
mm x 25 cm, Keystone). The mobile phase consisted of (A) 45:55 acetonitrile :water and (B) 75:25
acetonitrile:water, using a 30 minute gradient from A to B and held at B for 5 minutes at a flow rate of 1
mL/min. Each cartridge was extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE) with 4 mL of acetonitrile and
brought to a final volume of 5 mL with acetonitrile. Instrument calibration was accomplished using
solutions prepared from a purchased aldehyde/ketone DNPHmix solution (15 pg/mL as formaldehyde,
Supelco 47285-U) in acetonitrile. A six-point calibration curve was prepared with analyte amounts
ranging from 0.0109 to 2.175 pg/ml. Individual carbonyls (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone,
proprionaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, butyraldehyde, benzaldehyde, iso-valeraldehyde, valeraldehyde, o-
tolualdehyde, m-tolualdehyde, p-tolualdehyde, hexanaldehyde, 2,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde ) were
quantitated against the curve and were corrected for amounts found in blank samples. Total carbonyls
were computed by summing the individual carbonyl species.
The results of the emission tests for VOCs and carbonyls are presented in Tables 4 and 5, respectively.
For all samples, excluding the positive control, levels of VOCs and carbonyls were extremely small,
near the detection limit for the method, and comparable to the levels found in the blanks.
11
-------
Table 4. VOC emission results3 for Lonseal flooring material
Sample Id.
Toluene
Chamber Cone.
(mg/m3)
TVOC Chamber
Cone, (mg/m3)
Toluene
Emission
Factor
(mg/nf-hr)
TVOC Emission
Factor
(mg/nf-hr)
ChamberBlankb
0.009 (0.005)
0.25 (0.116)
0.015 (0.008)
0.43 (0.20)
Positive Control0
0.017 (0.007)
14.2 (1.1)
0.029 (0.012)
23.6 (1.8)
Lonseal flooring01
0.003 (0.003)
0.27 (0.13)
0.006 (0.005)
0.46 (0.43)
a Mean (Standard deviation) b Mean of 3 determinations c Mean of 2 determinations d Mean of 6 determinations
Table 5. Carbonyl emission results3 for Lonseal flooring material.
Sample Id.
Formaldehyde
Chamber Cone.
(mg/m3)
Total Carbonyls
Chamber Cone.
(mg/m3)
Formaldehyde
Emission Factor
(mg/nf-hr)
Total Carbonyls
Emission Factor
(mg/nf-hr)
ChamberBlankb
<0.001
0.017 (0.013)
<0.001
0.028 (0.023)
Positive Controlb
<0.001
0.012 (0.013)
<0.001
0.021 (0.022)
Lonseal flooring0
0.001 (0.002)
0.015 (0.012)
0.003 (0.004)
0.026 (0.021)
a Mean (Standard deviation) b Mean of 2 determinations c Mean of 6 determinations
4.0 Amerrock Premium Plus RockwoolInsulation
4.1 Test Material
The following description of the product was provided by the vendor and was not verified.
Amerrock Premium Plus™ Rockwool insulation is a 100% natural spray insulation. It is made from
trap rock and steel slag and contains no chemicals other than annealing oil for dust suppression. When
sprayed in place, the interlocking fibers permanently bond to the sheathing material. Premium Plus™
insulation is used in new and existing construction in both the exterior and interior walls.
Figure 6 shows a representative piece of the material.
12
-------
Figure 6. Premium Plus™ Rockwool Insulation
4.2 Mold Resistance
The results for the mold resistance tests are shown in Table 6. Growth is measured
defined as at least a 1 logio increase in culturable organism over the baseline which
Day 0.
Table 6. Logio CFUsfor test material (Amerrock) and reference material (insulation) on
each test date (Mean ± SD)
Amerrock
Week
A. versicolor
85% ERH
S. chartarum
100% ERH
Growth of Naturally
Occurring Fungi
100% ERH
0
5.0 ± 0.1
5.2 ± 0.0
NG
1
4.9 ± 0.1
5.3 ±0.1
NG
6
4.7 ± 0.2
5.1 ± 0.1
NG
12
4.4 ± 0.7
5.0 ± 0.1
NG
Reference Material
Week
A. versicolor
85% ERH
S. chartarum
100% ERH
Growth of Naturally
Occurring Fungi
13
by culture and is
was determined on
-------
100% ERH
0
5.0 ± 0.1
5.2 ± 0.0
3.3 ± 0.2
1
4.5 ± 0.3
5.2 ±0.1
3.9 ± 0.6
6
3.2 ± 0.0
4.8 ± 0.4
5.4 ± 1.5
12
3.9 ± 1.1
3.7 ± 0.9
5.0 ± 0.9
NG = No Growth
The numbers of CFUs on each test
and reference piece were Logio
transformed and the mean and
standard deviation calculated. The
initial concentration is in the row
labeled week 0 (day 0 inoculum).
The results for the test organisms,
A. versicolor and S. chartarum are
in columns two and three. The
fourth column gives the CFUs for
the fungi (naturally occurring) that
were on the unsterilized surface of
the reference material at the
initiation of the test.
Figure 7 shows the log change in A
versicolor and Figure 8 shows the
log change in Stachybotrys
chartarum on both the test and
reference materials as well as the growth of naturally occurring fungi on the reference material.
Neither the test material nor the reference material inoculated with A. versicolor and incubated at 85%
ERH showed growth during the 12 weeks of the test.
4.00
3.00
z, 2.00
Ll_
o 1.00
CO
§ 0.00
o
CO
o
-1.00
-2.00
0
1
Week u
~Aspergillus on Reference Material
¦Aspergillus on Amerrock
12
Figure 7. Log change in Aspergillus versicolor inoculated
on the test material over 12 weeks on the insulation
reference material and Amerrock.
14
-------
Neither the test material nor the reference material inoculated with S. chartarum and incubated at 100%
ERH showed growth during the 12 weeks of the test. The growth of a variety of fungal species on some
pieces (naturally occurring on the sample) made it difficult to accurately assess the S. chartarum growth
on the reference material.
At Day 0 the numbers of naturally
occurring fungi were below the
detection limit on both the test
and the reference materials.
However, the growth of the
naturally occurring fungi on the
reference material became a
notable quantity by week 6.
4.00
3.00
2 2.00
o> 1.00
§
¦g 0.00
CD
o -1.00
-2.00
¦¦
T
1
T
1
*
0
1 Week g
12
¦ Stachybotrys on Amerrock
~ Stachybotrys on Reference Material
Naturally occuring fungi on Reference Material
Figure 8. Log change in Stachybotrys chartarum inoculated
on the test material over 12 weeks on the insulation
reference material and Amerrock.
4.3 Emissions ofVOCs and Formaldehyde
The emissions ofVOCs and formaldehyde test results are presented in the Table 7.
Table 7. Test results for VOCs and formaldehyde emissions from Amerrock
VOCs and Formaldehyde Emissions*
Emission Types
Minimum emission results
Total VOCs
< 0.5 mg/m3
Formaldehyde
<0.1 ppm
Individual VOCs
< 0.1 TLV
Individual pollutants must produce an air concentration level no greater than 1/10 the threshold limit
value (TLV) industrial workplace standard (Reference: American Conference of Government Industrial
Hygienists, 6500 Glenway, Building D-7, Cincinnati, OH 45211-4438.
15
-------
4.4 Data Quality Assessment
The DQO for the critical measurement, quantitation of fungal growth on an individual test date, is found
in Table 8.
Table 8. Data quality objectives
Test
Mold
Resistance
Parameter
Quantitation of
fungal growth on
an individual test
date
DQO
Precision
Accuracy
Completeness
± 5-fold
difference
10% of the plates will
be counted by a
second operator.
± 20% agreement
between the operators
100%
4.5 EMISSIONS REPORT FOR AMERROCK ROCKWOOL INSULATION
A single 7"x7"xl.5" bed (40 g) of Amerrock® insulation, contained in a 7"x7"x2" cradle of aluminum
foil, was tested in the small (52.7 L capacity) emissions chamber maintained at 25°C and 50% relative
humidity and subjected to an air exchange rate of 1 hr1. After equilibration of the sample for 6 hr14,
sequential samples for VOCs and carbonyls were collected from the chamber effluent for 20 and 120
minutes, yielding collection volumes of approximately 1.5 and 10 L for VOCs and 10 and 60 L for
carbonyls15. In addition to the test material, a chamber blank and emissions from a positive control
material (vinyl show curtain liner) were also collected. All sample collections and analyses were
conducted in accordance with RTTs AIHA quality manual guidelines and approved by the EPA project
quality management plan.16
VOC samples were collected on Carbopack B cartridges. A total of 100 ng of the internal standard, d8-
toluene, was subsequently added to each cartridge by flash loading17 prior to analysis by thermal
desorption GC/MS on a DB-5 column programmed from 40°-225° at 5°/min18. Calibration standards
were prepared at two levels by flash loading of a nine-component VOC mixture plus internal standard in
methylene chloride onto Carbopack B. In addition to quantitation of the individual analytes, total VOCs
(TVOC) were determined by summing the integrated peak areas in the samples and blanks between the
retention times of hexane and hexadecane. Two specific analytes, 4-phenylcyclohexene and styrene,
were sought in each sample. Neither compound was detected in the samples or blanks. All detected
analytes were quantitated against the toluene peak in the standards. No mathematical correction for the
blanks was performed.
Carbonyl samples were collected onDNPH cartridges15. Each cartridge was extracted by solid phase
16
-------
extraction (SPE) with 4 mL of acetonitrile and brought to a final volume of 5 mL with acetonitrile19.
Subsequently, each extract was analyzed by HPLC/UV (365 nm) on a Supelcosil™ LC-18 column
(Supelco #358298, 25 cm x 4.6 mm). The mobile phase consisted of (A) 45:55 acetonitrile :water and
(B) 75 25 acetonitrile :water, using a 30 minute gradient from A to B and held at B for 5 minutes at a flow rate
of 1 mL/min. Instrument calibration was accomplished using solutions prepared from a purchased
aldehyde/ketone DNPH mix solution (15 (Jg/mL as formaldehyde, Supelco 47285-U) in acetonitrile. A six-point
calibration curve was prepared with analyte amounts ranging from 18.8 to 600 ng/mL. Individual carbonyls were
quantitated against the curve and corrected for blanks.
The results of the emission tests for VOCs and carbonyls are presented in Tables 9 and 10, respectively. For all
samples, excluding the positive control, levels of VOCs and carbonyls were extremely small, near the detection
limit for the method, and comparable to the levels found in the blanks.
Table 9. VOC emission results for Amerrock Premium Plus™ Rockwool Insulation
Sample Id.
Toluene
Chamber Cone.
(mg/m3)
TVOC Chamber
Cone, (mg/m3)
Toluene
Emission
Factor
(mg/nf-hr)
TVOC Emission
Factor
(mg/nf-hr)
Chamber Blank3
<0.001
0.024
<0.001
0.039
Positive Control3
<0.001
0.438
<0.001
0.771
Amerrock insulation"
<0.001
0.027 (0.019)
<0.001
0.048 (0.035)
a Single determination b Mean of 7 determinations (standard deviation)
Table 10. Carbonyl emission results for Amerrock Premium Plus™ Rockwool Insulation
Sample Id.
Formaldehyde
Chamber Cone.
(mg/m3)
Total Carbonyls
Chamber Cone.
(mg/m3)
Formaldehyde
Emission Factor
(mg/nf-hr)
Total Carbonyls
Emission Factor
(mg/nf-hr)
Chamber Blank3
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Positive Control3
<0.001
0.014
<0.001
0.024
Amerrock insulation"
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
a Singledetermination b Mean of 7 determinations
17
-------
5.0 AP Armaflex Roll Insulation
5.1 Test Material
The following description of the product was provided by the vendor and was not verified.
AP Armaflex Roll Insulation is a black flexible closed-cell, fiber-free elastomeric thermal insulation. It
is furnished with a smooth skin on one side which forms the outer exposed insulation surface. The
expanded closed-cell structure makes it an efficient insulation for ductwork, large piping fittings, tanks
and vessels. AP Armaflex products are made with Microban® antimicrobial product protection for
added defense against mold on the insulation.
Figures 9 and 10 show the top and bottom surfaces of the material.
Figure 9. Top (outer) surface of material Figure 10. Bottom (inner) surface of material
5.2 Mold Resistance
The results for the mold resistance tests are shown in Table 11. Growth is measured by culture and is
defined as at least a 1 logio increase in culturable organism over the baseline which was determined on
Day 0.
Table 11. Logio CFUsfor test material (Armacell) and reference material (insulation) on
each test date (Mean ± SD)
Armacell
Week
A. versicolor
S. chartarum
Growth of Naturally
18
-------
85% ERH
100% ERH
Occurring Fungi
100% ERH
0
4.5 ± 0.3
5.1 ± 0.1
NG
1
4.1 ± 0.2
3.5 ± 0.8
NG
6
3.1 ± 0.3
3.5 ± 0.3
NG
12
3.0 ± 0.2
3.3 ± 0.4
NG
Reference Material
Week
A. versicolor
85% ERH
S. chartarum
100% ERH
Growth of Naturally
Occurring Fungi
100% ERH
0
4.6 ± 0.4
5.0 ± 0.2
< 3.2 ± 0.0*
1
3.8 ± 0.3
5.0 ± 0.1
< 3.2 ± 0.0*
6
3.2 ± 0.3
4.3 ± 1.0
4.8 ±2.0
12
3.0 ± 0.5
4.2 ± 0.9
4.9 ±2.3
NG = No Growth * = < 3.2 indicates 0 CFU detected at the minimum detection limit
The numbers of CFUs on each test and reference piece were Logio transformed and the mean and
standard deviation calculated. The initial concentration is in the row labeled week 0 (day 0 inoculum).
The results for the test organisms, A. versicolor and S. chartarum are in columns two and three. The
fourth column gives the CFUs for the fungi (naturally occurring) that were on the unsterilized surface of
the reference material at the initiation of the test.
Figure 11 shows the log change in A. versicolor and Figure 12 shows the log change in Stachybotrys
chartarum on both the test and reference materials as well as the growth of naturally occurring fungi on
the reference material.
19
-------
Neither the test material nor the
reference material inoculated with
A. versicolor and incubated at 85%
ERH showed growth during the 12
weeks of the test. It was important
to check that none of the changes
made to the test material to make it
mold resistant actually enhanced
the ability of mold to grow over the
positive control material11
Neither the test material nor the
reference material inoculated with
S. chart arum and incubated at
100% ERH showed growth during
the 12 weeks of the test. The
growth of a variety of fungal
species on some pieces (naturally
occurring on the sample) made it
difficult to accurately assess the S.
chartarum growth on the reference
material due to crowding out the S.
chartarum and making it difficult to
detect.
At Day 0 the numbers of naturally
occurring fungi were below the
detection limit on both the test and
the reference materials. However,
the growth of the naturally
occurring fungi on the reference
material became a notable quantity
by week 6 on the reference material.
~ Refeience o Amnacefl
Figure 11. Log change in Aspergillus versicolor
inoculated on the test material over 12 weeks on the
insulation reference material andArmacell.
D
ll
O
0
O)
c
-------
5.3 Emissions ofVOCs and Formaldehyde
The emissions ofVOCs and formaldehyde test results are presented in the Table 12.
Table 12. Test results forVOCs and formaldehyde emissions from Armacell
VOCs and Formaldehyde Emissions*
Emission Types
Minimum emission results
Total VOCs
< 0.5 mg/m3
Formaldehyde
<0.1 ppm
Individual VOCs
< 0.1 TLV
Individual pollutants must produce an air concentration level no greater than 1/10 the threshold limit
value (TLV) industrial workplace standard (Reference: American Conference of Government Industrial
Hygienists, 6500 Glenway, Building D-7, Cincinnati, OH 45211-4438.
5.4 Data Quality Assessment
The quality assurance officer has reviewed the test results and the quality control data and has concluded
that the data quality objectives given in the approved Test/QA plan and shown in Table 4 have been
attained.
The DQO for the critical measurement, quantitation of fungal growth on an individual test date, is found
in Table 13.
Table 13. Data quality objectives
Test
Mold
Resistance
Parameter
Quantitation of
fungal growth on
an individual test
date
DQO
Precision
Accuracy
Completeness
± 5-fold
difference
10% of the plates will
be counted by a
second operator.
± 20% agreement
between the operators
100%
21
-------
5.5 EMISSIONS REPORT FOR AP ARM AFT,EX BLACK MATERIAL
A single 7"x7" sample of AP Armaflex Black material was tested in the small (52.7 L capacity)
emissions chamber subjected to an air exchange rate of 1 hr"1. After equilibration of the sample for 6 hr,
sequential samples for VOCs and carbonyls were collected from the chamber effluent for 20 and 120
minutes, yielding collection volumes of approximately 1.5 and 10 L for VOCs and 10 and 60 L for
carbonyls. In addition to the test material, a chamber blank and emissions from a positive control
material (vinyl show curtain liner) were also collected.
VOC samples were collected on Carbopack B cartridges and were analyzed by GC/MS on aDB-5
column programmed from 40°-225° at 5°/min. Calibration standards were prepared at two levels by flash
loading of a VOC mixture in methylene chloride onto Carbopack B. In addition to quantitation of the
individual analytes, total VOCs (TVOC) were determined by summing the integrated peak areas in the
samples and blanks between the retention times of hexane and hexadecane. Two specific analytes, 4-
phenylcyclohexene and styrene, were sought in each sample. Neither compound was detected in the
samples or blanks. All detected analytes were quantitated against the toluene peak in the standards. No
mathematical correction for the blanks was performed.
Carbonyl samples were collected onDNPH cartridges and were analyzed by HPLC/UV (365 nm) on a
Supelcosil™ LC-18 column (Supelco #358298, 25 cm x 4.6 mm). The mobile phase consisted of (A)
45:55 acetonitrile:water and (B) 75:25 acetonitrile:water, using a 30 minute gradient from A to B and
held at B for 5 minutes at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Each cartridge was extracted by solid phase
extraction (SPE) with 4 mL of acetonitrile and brought to a final volume of 5 mL with acetonitrile.
Instrument calibration was accomplished using solutions prepared from a purchased aldehyde/ketone
DNPH mix solution (15 pg/mL as formaldehyde, Supelco 47285-U) in acetonitrile. A six-point
calibration curve was prepared with analyte amounts ranging from 18.8 to 600 ng/mL. Individual
carbonyls were quantitated against the curve and corrected for blanks.
The results of the emission tests for VOCs and carbonyls are presented in Tables 14 and 15,
respectively. For all samples, excluding the positive control, levels of VOCs and carbonyls were
extremely small, near the detection limit for the method, and comparable to the levels found in the
blanks.
22
-------
Table 14. VOC emission results3 for AP Armaflex Black® Material
Sample Id.
Toluene
Chamber Cone.
(mg/m3)
TVOC Chamber
Cone, (mg/m3)
Toluene
Emission
Factor
(mg/nf-hr)
TVOC Emission
Factor
(mg/nf-hr)
ChamberBlankb
<0.001
0.0470
0.0007
0.0829
Positive Control"
0.000
0.6708
0.000
1.1600
AP Armaflex Black0
<0.001
0.042 (0.030)
<0.001
0.074 (0.053)
a Mean (Standard deviation) b Single determination c Mean of 6 determinations
Table 15. Carbonyl emission results3 for AP Armaflex Black® Material
Sample Id.
Formaldehyde
Chamber Cone.
(mg/m3)
Total Carbonyls
Chamber Cone.
(mg/m3)
Formaldehyde
Emission Factor
(mg/nf-hr)
Total Carbonyls
Emission Factor
(mg/nf-hr)
ChamberBlankb
<0.001
0.004
<0.001
0.007
Positive Controlb
<0.001
0.013
<0.001
0.023
AP Armaflex Black0
0.001 (0.003)
0.012 (0.010)
0.002 (0.006)
0.021 (0.019)
a Mean (Standard deviation)b Single determination c Mean of 6 determinations
Testing of microbial resistance coupled to product VOC offgassing utilizing quantitative endpoints is a
major step forward in the analysis of products utilized in the built environment. These methods allow
for the direct comparison between products and for the selection of the product that best meets the
desired needs of the end user. The quantitative analysis and longer total testing period add robustness to
the results allowing repeatability and confidence in the results. This robustness can be seen in the
analysis that follows which compares this method with the other available and utilized testing protocols.
23
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6.0 METHOD ANALYSIS OF MICROBIAL-RESISTANT GYPSUM PRODUCTS
Introduction: There have been numerous estimates that humans spend approximately 90% of their time
in the indoor environment21' 22. With such a large amount of time spent inside, it is clear that
environmental conditions within the built environment can adversely affect human health22. An
increasingly important aspect of indoor environmental quality is the impact biological organisms,
mainly the filamentous lungi (mold) have on adverse human health. Estimates of fungal contamination
in the indoor environment in North America range between 20% to 40%23-24. The presence of lungi in
the indoor environment may play a role in "Sick Building Syndrome25 leading to health effects including
itchy eyes, fatigue, headache, and possibly idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis in infants resulting in
death26'27'28'29'30'31'32'33. A major component of the interior of buildings, as well as being a potential
growth substrate for lungal organisms is gypsum wallboard.
Numerous companies within the gypsum industry have recognized the need to limit lungal growth in the
indoor environment and have taken the lead to develop gypsum wallboard products that are resistant to
fungal growth. These companies have gone about making their products microbial resistant in different
ways. One such technique has been the removal of all paper and cellulosic adhesives from their
microbial resistant gypsum products, thereby eliminating the nutrient source (food) for the lungi to
grow. This methodology has replaced the paper backing with fiberglass matting. Another company has
utilized a different method of producing lungal resistant gypsum products. Their products consist of the
addition of a lungicide into both the core and the paper of their products. The main fungicide utilized in
these products is sodium pyrithione. Sodium pyrithione is a broad spectrum and highly efficient
antimicrobial. It has been used to control bacteria, fungi, yeast and algae. Additional benefits of sodium
pyrithione are that it does not produce VOCs and maintains good environmental stability. Similarly,
another company has introduced a different antimicrobial into the paper of their gypsum products. This
antimicrobial is Sporgard WB. Sporgard WB is actually a combination of 3 different lungicides acting
together. Azoxystrobin, thiabendazole, and fludioxonil combine in Sporgard WB to synergistically
inhibit the growth of lungal organisms on paper gypsum surfaces. Despite these advances however,
there is no nationally accepted testing and verification methodology to guide consumers and building
professionals on how to select or specify the best gypsum products for their needs. There are numerous
methods available to test gypsum products for microbial resistance and this manuscript details a
comparative analysis of the different methods currently in use.
During previous test method development efforts in the US Environmental Protection Agency microbial
resistant gypsum wallboard project, a common theme from both stakeholders and product vendors was
the need for a unified and accepted method of testing gypsum products that was both accurate and
repeatable. There are a number of methods currently used to test for microbial resistance. Some are
quantitative, but most are not. The objective of this study was to evaluate currently utilized microbial
(lungal) resistant testing methodologies as applied to gypsum products. The available test methods were
reviewed through a literature search and through the product information of the gypsum board material
claims. The literature search included, but was not limited to, EPA and ASTM methods. The methods
selected were: (1) EPA for mold-resistant gypsum board testing34' 35;(2) ASTM D 3273 - Resistance to
growth of mold on the surface of interior coatings in an environmental chamber36; (3) ASTM D 2020 -
Mildew resistance of paper and paperboard37; (4) ASTM C 1338 - Standard test method for determining
lungi resistance of insulation materials and facings38; and (5) ASTM G21- Standard practice for
24
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determining resistance of synthetic polymeric materials to fungi39.
Our study provides a comparison of the most commonly used current methods and will allow for
industry uniformity when comparing the microbial resistance efficacy of individual products. Likewise,
it enables vendors and testing laboratories to choose the proper analytical method for testing their
products.
Materials and Methods: The available test methods were reviewed by the EPA through a literature
search and through the product information of the gypsum board material claims. The five test methods
selected have all been used in mold-resistant claims by at least 1 manufacturer for at least 1 gypsum
panel material. Each of the methods were reviewed by the EPA in detail and performed by RTI as
specified in each of the different method procedures. The following describes the test materials and the
individual test methods that were compared beginning with the EPA method.Table 1 summarizes and
compares each of the methods for some key specifications.
Gypsum wallboards. Four different trade mark gypsum wallboard products were purchased locally at
retail stores. Of the four gypsum boards selected, only two had biocide incorporated in the product either
added to the paper lining or to the paper lining and the gypsum core. As mentioned before, the purpose
of this study was to compare methods and for this reason the gypsum products trademarks were omitted.
These were represented as follows: Wl; W2; W3 and W4. The uniformity of the test materials was
maximized by obtaining a sufficient quantity of each material so that any irregularities that occurred
during the manufacturing process were compensated for by random selection of all pieces cut from a
particular source.
EPA mold-resistant gypsum board testing35. The EPA method addresses two specific
characteristics of mold-resistant building material: l)mold resistance, and 2) emissions ofVOCsand
aldehydes. Mold resistance is the critical measurement, so the protocol described is focusing
exclusively for this testing. Emissions of VOCs and aldehydes are ancillary tests and may or may not
be performed depending upon the relevance to the test material. Other characteristics, such as fire
resistance, are important and should be considered by users of the products, but are beyond the scope
of this test plan. The EPA mold-resistance testing method followed the guidelines outlined in ASTM
D 6329: "Standard guide for developing methodology for evaluating the ability of indoor materials to
support microbial growth using static environmental chambers"34. This method utilizes small static
chambers to evaluate the potential for microbial growth on materials usually found in indoor settings.
Clear plastic desiccators served as the static environmental chambers (Figure 2). The desiccators have
gasket-sealed doors, which eliminate air exchange and serve to maintain the humidity within the
chamber and prevent contamination of the materials by environmental organisms. The chamber
humidity was maintained through the use of saturated salt solutions (ASTM E104-02)40. Temperature
was externally controlled and maintained at room temperature. The chambers were set to the required
Equilibrium Relative Humidity (ERH). The ERH in each chamber was monitored with a hygrometer.
Preparation of mold spore suspensions. Mold spore suspensions were prepared using pure cultures of
Stachybotrys chartarum (RTI 3075) and Aspergillus versicolor (RTI 3348). The spores' suspensions
were prepared by inoculating the test organism onto Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) (Fisher Scientific,
Pittsburgh, PA), and incubating the culture at room temperature for 5 - 7 days or until heavy sporulation
was observed. A spore suspension was prepared by wiping the spores from the surface of the SDA plate
25
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and eluting into sterile 18-Mohm distilled water to a known spore concentration to serve as a stock
culture. The stock spore suspension was serially diluted in sterile, 18-Mohm distilled water to a
concentration of approximately 10^ - 10^ colony forming units (CFU)/ml. The organism preparation
was viewed microscopically to verily purity of spores (spores only, absence ofhyphae).
Inoculation and incubation of wallboard coupons. Small (at least 4 cm x 4 cm), replicate coupons of
wallboard were prepared and inoculated. Each piece was placed on a separate labeled sterile petri dish.
The test pieces were inoculated (usually with five 10|iL spots in an X configuration) by pipet directly
onto the surface of the wallboard test piece and allowed to dry in a biosafety cabinet before
transferring to the corresponding static chamber. The goal was to load each of the individual test
pieces with approximately 10^ to 10^ CFU/piece.
All of the pieces for one material and one test organism were put in the same static chamber. The
chambers were set tol00% RH for the tests with S. chartarum and at 85% for A. versicolor. The tests ran
for 12 weeks. Within the 12 weeks of the test, four test dates—Day 0, Week 1, Week 6, and Week 12—
were evaluated. Day 0 provided the baseline (inoculum level). To minimize error and demonstrate
reproducibility, five pieces of each sample type were processed on each respective sampling day.
Because there were four test dates, a minimum of 20 pieces were prepared simultaneously. Each piece
was placed on a separate labeled, sterile Petri dish. On each test day (including Day 0), five replicates of
the test material pieces were removed from the chamber, placed in sterile buffer, and extracted by
shaking. The resulting suspension of eluted organisms was plated on SDA and incubated for 5 - 7 days.
Mold growth was determined by manually enumerating colony-forming units (CFUs), counting fungal
colonies on the media plate. On each test day (including day 0), the test pieces were removed from the
static chamber, placed in approximately 30 mL sterile buffer and extracted by shaking using a vortex or
wrist action shaker. Determination of mold growth: The effectiveness of the gypsum products to
inactivate the culturable test organisms was quantified by calculating the logio change in CFU. First, the
logio CFU per coupon was determined. Next, the average and standard deviation of either the replicate
positive control coupons (at day 1 prior to incubation) or the replicate inoculated exposed coupons (after
12 weeks of incubation) were calculated. Finally, the log change was calculated as follows:
logio change = logio CFUc - logio CFUe (Eq. 1)
where:
logio CFUc = mean logio CFU of positive control coupons at day 1 prior to incubation,
logio CFUe= mean logio CFU of exposed coupons after 12 weeks of incubation
The uncertainty of the efficacy was calculated using the standard deviations from both the exposed and
positive control coupons to determine the combined standard error of the difference for each test.
ASTM D3273: Resistance to growth of mold on the surface of interior coatings in an
environmental chamber36. This method is used to evaluate in a 4-week period the relative resistance
of paint films to surface mold fungi and mildew growth in a severe interior environment. This method
can be used to evaluate the comparative resistance of interior coating to accelerated mildew growth
26
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(Figure 2).
Determination of mold growth: Rate the panels for mold growth each week for 4 weeks on a visual
rating scale of 1 (disfigured) — 10 (no growth) using photographic standards
ASTM D2020: Mildew resistance of paper and paperboard37. This test method is composed of two
methods: a direct inoculation method for materials that are expected to be in damp, warm atmosphere,
but not in contact with soil; and a burial method for materials that may be in contact with damp soil for
long periods of time (Figure 3).
The direct inoculation method covers the qualitative determination of mildew resistance of paper and
paperboard. The direct inoculation, pure culture, nonsterile specimen method is applicable to paper
products that are expected to be used or stored in a damp, warm atmosphere, but out of contact with
damp soil.
The burial method covers the qualitative determination of mildew resistance of paper and paperboard.
This test method is used for papers with or without fungus-resistant treatment, which may be in contact
with damp soil for long periods of time. Determination of mold growth: visual rating scale within an
incubation period of 14 days (2 weeks). Test gypsum materials that showed growth after 7 or 14 days
incubation were reported as not resistant. Test gypsum materials that showed no growth after 14 days
incubation were reported as resistant.
ASTM C1338: Standard test method for determining fungi resistance of insulation materials and
facings38. This test method is used to determine the relative ability of an insulation and its facing to
support or resist ftingal growth under conditions favorable for their development. This test method uses a
comparative material to determine the relative ability of a material to support ftingal growth (Figure 4).
Determination of mold growth: visual rating scale within an incubation period of 28 days. A rating of
pass or failed was used for interpretation of results. Test materials that showed no mold growth within
the incubation period were scored as passed and those that showed mold growth were scored as failed.
ASTM G 21: Standard practice for determining resistance of synthetic polymeric materials to
fungi39. This test method covers the determination of the effects of fiingi on the properties of synthetic
polymeric materials in the form of molded and fabricated articles, tubes, rods, sheets, and film materials
(Figure 6).
Determination of mold growth consisted of visual examination of the gypsum material after 28 days of
incubation. The following rating was used: no growth = 0; traces of growth = 1; light growth = 2;
medium growth = 3; heavy growth =4. Microscopic examination of the material required to confirm
ratings of trace or no growth.
27
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Table 16. Overview of each of the test methods and showing a comparison of selected
key parameters and specification
EPA ETV-
ESTE: ASTM
D6329
ASTM D3273
ASTM D2020 -
ASTM
ASTM G21
Apparatus
Chamber
Constructed
chamber
Chamberorroom
Chamber
Incubator/chamber
Conditions
Based on
appropriateness
for the
environment
where material is
used
32.5 ± 1 °C
95 - 98% RH
28 ± 1 °C
Humid preferred
30 ± 2 °C
95 ± 4% RH
28 - 30 °C
> 85% RH
Test
Organism
Aspergillus
versicolor
(RTI 3348)
Stachyb otrys
chartarum
(RTI 3075)
(ASTM D6329-
organisms not
specified; based
Aureob asidium
pullulans(fiJCC
9348)
Aspergillus niger
(ATCC 6275)
Pen idIlium
citrinum
(ATCC
9849)
Chaetomium
globosum
(ATCC 6205)
Aspergillus
terreus (ATCC
7860)
Aspergillus niger
(ATCC 9642)
Aspergillus niger
(ATCC 9642)
A.versicolor (ATCC
11730)
Penicillium
brevi com pactum
(RTI 3495)
Chaetomium
A niger{ATCC 9642)
P. brevicompactum
(RTI 3495)
Chaetomium
globosum (ATCC
6205)
Gliocladium virens
(ATCC 9645)
Inocula
Culture spores
Culture spores
Culture spores
and mycelia
Culture
spores
Culture spores
Inoculation
Method
Single organism
suspension directly
onto surface of
material and allowec
to dry
Inoculation soil;
hang panels over
soil
Direct
inoculation of
specimen on
nutrient-salts
agarplate
Atomize 0.5
mLonto
specimen
Atomize onto
specimen on
nutrient-salts agar
plate
Length of
12 weeks
4 weeks
2 weeks
4 weeks
4 weeks unless
growth detected
sooner
Controls
Reference building
material
purchased from a
retail store;
Ponderosa pine
Similar
untreated
material
White birch
tongue
depressoror
related
material
Filter paper
Results
Quantitative rating
scale
Visual
Qualitative rating
scale
Visual
examination
Visual
Pass/Fail
relative to
control
under
Visual Qualitative
rating scale
28
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6.1 Results and Discussion:
Removal of growth substrates or the incorporation of antimicrobial agents in the manufacturing of
gypsum products may prevent mold growth and the spread of biological contaminants. The potential for
a material to be mold resistant can be assessed in the laboratory using standard tests. However, there is
no accepted testing method to guide consumers and building professionals on how to select or specify
the best gypsum products for their needs41. In this study, we evaluated five currently utilized microbial
(fiongal) resistant testing methodologies in the search for a method that is both accurate and repeatable
when applied to gypsum products. It is clear from looking at Table 1 that these methods use multiple
different organisms, have different lengths, and different conditions. This makes it very confusing when
deciding which method to use to test a product. The development of a test method that can be used to
test numerous different product classes with a sufficiently long test duration (12 weeks) and a
quantitative endpoint were needed to standardize microbial resistant product testing.
Table 2 summarizes the results for each gypsum material utilized - Wl, W2, W3, W4 - following each
test method. The four different materials are listed in the last four columns of the table. Each test is given
its own section, with the interpretation of the result for each material following the method. Of the five
methods compared, only the EPA Environmental Technology Evaluation-Environmental and
Sustainable Technology Evaluation (ETV-ESTE) gave a quantitative endpoint; all of the others had a
qualitative endpoint. All of the methodologies evaluated showed that gypsum material Wl was the least
mold-resistant. Gypsum material W2 showed to be mold-resistant when using the qualitative methods,
however, the quantitative test EPA ETV-ESTE, showed that Stachybotrys chartarum grows on W2
when incubated at 100%RH and room temperature within a period of 12 weeks of incubation. All the
qualitative methodologies showed that W3 was mold-resistant (the W3 material was not tested following
the EPA ETV-ESTE protocol). One of our major findings was with product W4. All the qualitative
methods showed that W4 was mold resistant. However, when using the EPA ETV-ESTE protocol, it
was shown that the naturally occurring mycobiota showed growth within an incubation period of 6
weeks (data not shown). This comparison study demonstrated that longer incubation periods are
necessary for testing of mold-resistant gypsum products since the naturally occurring mycobiota is
undetected with shorter incubation periods.
The EPA ETV-ESTE testing for mold resistant test is based on the ASTM D 6329 guidelines. It allows
the testing of gypsum materials under real world scenarios to evaluate its mold-resistance performance and
the results are measurable. On the other hand, qualitative methodologies rely on visual ratings which is
subject to misinterpretation.
Our study provides a comparison of the most commonly used current methods and will allow for
industry uniformity when comparing the microbial resistance efficacy of individual products. Likewise,
it enables vendors and testing laboratories to choose the proper analytical method for testing their
products. Development of this test method was carried out due to the lack of a standard methodology to
test numerous different microbial resistant building product classes. It improves upon the numerous
methods already in use by extending the testing duration and utilizing a quantitative endpoint.
29
-------
Table 17. Summary of test results for each of the gypsum panel materials
EPA ETV-ESTE
Log-iochange of CFU ( ± standard errorof the mean )
Aspergillus versicolor- 85°A
RH
12 weeks
0.4 ± 0.2
-1.7 ± 0.2
N/A
-0.3 ± 0.5
Growth of naturally
occurring mycobiota @
85% RH
12 weeks
No growth
No growth
N/A
No growth
Stachyb otrys chartarum @
100% RH
12 weeks
Overgrown
0.2 ± 0.5
N/A
-1.6± 0.4
Growth of naturally
occurring mycobiota
@100% RH
12 weeks
4.5 ± 0.3
No growth
N/A
1.8± 0.7
ASTM D3273
Incubation
Rating Range visual scale of 1 (disfigured) — 10 (no growth)
Aureob asidium
pullulans
4 weeks
6
10 (no
qrowth)
6
10 (no
qrowth)
Aspergillus niger
4 weeks
6
10 (no
growth)
6
10 (no
growth)
Pen idIlium citrinum
4 weeks
6
10 (no
growth)
6
10 (no
growth)
ASTM D2020
Incubation
Visual examination*
Chaetomium globosum
7 Days
NR
R
NR
R
14 Days
NR
R
NR
R
Aspergillus terrus
7 Days
NR
R
NR
R
14 Days
NR
R
NR
R
Aspergillus niger
7 Days
NR
R
NR
R
14 Days
NR
R
NR
R
Control - no fungi inoculatet
7 Days
NR
R
NR
R
14 Days
NR
R
NR
R
*NR - Not resistant—testspecimensthatshowed growth after7 or 14 days incubatior
ASTM C1338
Incubation
Visual examination. Pass/Fail Rating
A. versicolor
4 weeks
Fail
Pass
Fail
Pass
A. niger
4 weeks
Fail
Pass
Fail
Pass
P. brevi com pactum
4 weeks
Fail
Pass
Fail
Pass
C. globosum
4 weeks
Fail
Pass
Fail
Pass
30
-------
A. flavus
4 weeks
Fail
Pass
Fail
Pass
ASTM G21
Incubation
Visual examination offungal growth
*
A. niger
4 weeks
2
0
2
0
ASTM G21
Visual examination offungal growth
*
P. brevi com pactum
4 weeks
2
0
2
0
C. globosum
4 weeks
2
0
2
0
Gliocladium virens
4 weeks
2
0
2
0
A. pullulans
4 weeks
2
0
2
0
*No growth = 0; Traces of growth = 1; lightgrowth = 2; medium growth = 3;
heavy growth= 4
31
-------
Ik ' w d
¦n
•
•
r a/
4 V +
5v
m
A 4
¦9k «
H/WI
J
«
mm _
Jl'CT
QKJ
A
>
L 4
Jk,
l'r 'C
Figure 13. ASTM D6329, Test chamber and Stachybotrys growth on reference material.
Figure 14. ASTM D3273. Inoculated test materials in chamber suspended over inoculated soil.
32
-------
Figure 15. ASTM D2020. Test materials in nutrient agar showing growth.
Figure 16. ASTM1338. Comparative material (birch tongue depressor) on left and test material
on right.
33
-------
Figure 17. ASTM G21. Reference material (filter paper) on left and test material on right.
34
-------
7.0 References:
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materials to support microbial growth using static environmental chambers. In. West
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35. Agency/ETV/ESTE UEP: Mold-resistant building material testing. In, vol.
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36. ASTM D 3273 - 00 (reapproved 2005): Standard test method for resistance to growth of mold on
the surface of interior coatings in an environmental chamber. In. West Conshohocken, PA; 2005.
37. ASTM D 2020 (Reapproved 2003): Standard test methods for mildew (fungus) resistance of paper
and paperboard. In West Conshohocken, PA; 2003.
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41. www.gypsum.org
vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
PRESORTED STANDARD
POSTAGE & FEES PAID
EPA
Office of Research and
Development (8101R)
Washington, DC 20460
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