United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Region 10
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle WA 98101
Environmental Services Division
H-PyQ 9/Q jCf- - io
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REPORT OF THE GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION
LAKEWOOD WASHINGTON
OCTOBER 1981 - FEBRUARY 1983
Fred Wolf
Kwasi Boateng
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, 1200 SIXTH AVENUE
SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, 98101
MARCH 1983
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REPORT DOCUMENTATION , i. Report no.
PAGE I EPA 910/9-83-109
*¦ - • -
3. Recipient's Accession No.
PB8 A 1 0789 5
4. Title and Subtitle
Report of the Groundwater Investigation
Lakewood, Washington October 1981 - February 1983
5. Report Date
February 1983
6.
7. Author
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the U. S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, and approved for public release.
Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily re-
flect the views or policies of the U. S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commer-
cial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for
use.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are indebted to numerous EPA, Ecology and
Environment and local officials for helping to secure ac-
cess to the drilling sites, providing technical support,
and reviewing the draft report-
Jack Sceva of EPA and Hussein Aldis of Ecology and En-
vironment, were instrumental in the development of the
study plan and in editing the report. Their suggestions
were very helpful.
We are grateful to Captain Lindsey Waterhouse ana the
staff of the Environmental Engineering Department. at
McChord Airforce Base for the use of their laboratory as
our field operational base.
Special appreciation is extended to Wayne Dunbar, Bob
Foster, and the entire staff of the Lakewood Water District
for their high degree of cooperation and understanding.
Technical support was provided by Thomas Tobin,
Stephen Testa, Jim Farr, Pete Evers and the entire staff of
Ecology and Environment's office in Seattle. Jane Gans
typed the report. We wish to express our appreciation to
all of them.
Fred Wolf
tCwasi Boateng
iii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Disclaimer
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
II.. INTRODUCTION
III. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
3.1 Location
3.2 Climate and Water Budget
3.3 Areal Geology
3.4 Site Geology
3.5 Hydrology
3.6 Ground-Water Quality
IV.
V.
METHODOLOGY
4.1 Site Selection
Well Construction-Shallow Monitoring Wells
Well Construction-Deep Monitoring Wells
Monitoring With The OVA
4.4.1 Survey Mode
4.4.2 Chromatographic (G.C.) Mode
Well Development
Survey
Equipment Decontamination
Pump Test
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
SAMPLING PROGRAM
5.1 Sampling Procedure
5.2 Analytical Requirements
5.2.1 STORET Assignments
5.3 Sample Packaging and Shipment
5.3.1 Chain of Custody
5.4 Quality Assurance Program
5.5 Site Safety
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Page
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
b
6
6
8
y
10
11
16
16
16
iy
21
24
24
25
29
29
31
38
38
41
41
41
42
42
42
43
VII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX A - WELL LOGS
APPENDIX B - SITE SAFETY PLAN
APPENDIX C - CONTAMINANT CONCENTRATIONS AND WELL DRAWDOWN/
RECOVERY CURVES
iv
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
TABLE 1: DISTANCES AND BEARINGS FROM THE
PUMPED WELL (H-2) TO MONITORING WELLS 30
TABLE 2: TIME SERIES CHEMICAL DATA COLLECTED
DURING H-2 PUMP TEST 35
TABLE 3: LAKEWOOD PROJECT PUMP TEST
HYDRO LAB DATA 3ti
TABLE 4: VOLUMES OF WATER PURGED PRIOR TO SAMPLING 39
TABLE 5: SOME GROUNDWATER CHARACTERISTICS IN
SAMPLED WELLS 40
TABLE 6: CHEMICAL ANALYSES FOR VOLATILE ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS 46
TABLE 7: WELL NUMBER II CONTAMINANT DISTRIBUTION 47
TABLE 8: RESULTS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSES FOR
RESAMPLED WELLS 49
v
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LIST OF FIGURES
Page
FIGURE 1: LOCATION MAP 7
FIGURE 2: AQCJIFER MAP OF ThE TACOMA AREA 12
FIGURE 3: WATER TABLE CONTOURS AND SELECTED
OBSERVATION WELLS IN THE TACOMA AREA 13
FIGURE 4: GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN SAND AND
GRAVEL AQUIFERS 15
FIGURE 5: LOCATION OF SHALLOW MONITORING WELLS 17
FIGURE 6: LOCATION OF DEEP MONITORING WELLS lb
FIGURE 7: MONITORING WELL CONSTRUCTION,
SHALLOW WELLS 20
FIGURE 8: TWO-LEVEL MONITORING WELL CONSTRUCTION 22
FIGURE 9: PHOTOS OF FIELD INSTRUMENTATION 23
FIGURE 10: FIELD CHHOMATOGRAM - WELL lb 26
FIGURE 11: FIELD CHROMATOGRAM - WELL 20 27
FIGURE 12: FIELD CHROMATOGRAM - WELL 24 28
FIGURE 13: AUTOMATIC WATER LEVEL RECORDING SYSTEM 34
FIGURE 14: CORE PROFILE A-A' 44
FIGURE 15: CORE PROFILE B-B1 45
vi
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I.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In 1981 sampling by the Environmental Protection Agency
confirmed that Lakewood Water District Production Wells H-l
and H-2 were contaminated with trichloroethylene, tetra-
chloroethylene and 1,2(trans)dichloroethylene.
Ten shallow monitoring wells (<50 feet) around H-l and
H-2 showed that the water table aquifer close to the wells
was not significantly contaminated. A deeper well (well No.
11) was installed and sampled at close intervals to determine
the vertical distribution of contamination. This sampling
revealed that the semi-confined aquifer from which the pro-
duction wells are drawing was contaminated with the target
compounds.
As a result of this, the present phase of the investiga-
tion was initiated. Fourteen (14) deep monitoring wells were
installed to intercept the production aquifer to determine
the levels, areal extent and if possible, the source of the
contamination and possible remedial measures. An Organic
Vapor Analyzer (OVA) Model 128 was used to detect and monitor
the presence of organic vapor during well installation.
Water samples were collected and analyzed for the target com-
pounds.
A 72-hour pump test was conducted to determine hydraulic
characteristics. Water samples were collected from the pump-
ing well and analyzed to determine the change in contaminant
concentrations with pumping time.
Analytical results indicate that with the exception of
well No. 1, none of the shallow wells is significantly con-
taminated by the target compounds analyzed. This confirms
1
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our previous conclusion (Wolf, Boateng, 1982, unpublished re-
port) that the shallow aquifer is not the source of contami-
nation. Contaminent distribution in well No. 11 also con-
firms this.
Analysis of the pump test data shows that wells Nos. 16,
20 and 21 located north of H-2 respond quicitly and have
greater drawdown than other nearby wells. The high levels of
the target compounds found in wells No. 16 and 20, coupled
with the high pH, conductivity and elevated temperature sug-
gest that the source of the contamination in the production
wells H-l and h-2 is in the immediate vicinity of well No.
20. The source was subsequently identified as a discharge to
a septic tank drain field at a laundry and dry cleaners.
Very high levels of methylene chloride were found in
well Nos. 12 and 14 during the February iy»3 sampling. This
compound was not detected in the pumping well, despite draw-
downs in the monitoring wells indicating at least some hy-
draulic connection with n-2. It is probable that the pump
test was not sufficiently prolonged. It may also be that
these wells lie beyond the area from which the pumping well
was drawing water. The water level fluctuations of well No.
13 probably reflect pumping of the wells on the McChord Air
Force Base.
It is recommended that contamination from the identified
source near well No. 20 be eliminated, and that the produc-
tion wells be pumped and sampled at intervals after this to
see if acceptable levels of water purity are achieved.
If acceptable levels are not achieved within a reason-
able time, cost/benefit studies on treating the water or us-
ing alternative sources should be done.
A follow-up study should be done to confirm and delin-
eate the methylene chloride contamination.
2
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II.
INTRODUCTION
In the summer of 1981, sampling by EPA confirmed that
the Lakewood Utility District production wells h-1 and H2
were contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons. Earlier
sampling had shown strong evidence that these wells were con-
taminated by trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene and 1,2
(trans) dichloroethylene (Littler et. al, 1981). An examin-
ation of the "as constructed" well logs for the two produc-
tion wells revealed that well H-l appeared to be properly
constructed. The annular space around the casing of well H-2
had been filled with porous gravel pack having no cement seal
to prevent vertical migration of contaminants from the shal-
low perched aquifer into the lower production aquifer. The
logs also showed the occurrence of till layer at about 25-3U
feet from the ground surface. It is believed that the till
restricts the vertical movement of water and creates a perch-
ed water table. If grossly contaminated, such a perched
aquifer could be the source of contamination reaching the
deeper aquifer by downward through the annular gravel pack.
The concentrations of organics in the lower aquifer were
relatively higher in well H-2 than in well H-l which supports
this view.
A preliminary field investigation was therefore initiat-
ed in October, 1981. The objective of this study was to
probe the upper, perched aquifer in an attempt to define the
direction of groundwater movement, and the level and extent
of contamination, if any.
Ten shallow wells were installed in the upper zone.
Water samples were collected and analyzed for the target com-
pounds .
3
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Analytical results showed that the upper perched zone was not
the source of the contamination. It was therefore recommend-
ed that a well penetrating the production aquifer (lower
aquifer) be drilled near well H-2, the more contaminated of
the two production wells, to determine the vertical distribu-
tion of contaminants. Data obtained from this well showed
that the most contaminated zone occurs within a sand and
gravel stratum between 80 to 95 feet from ground elevation.
Based on this information, the second phase of the study
was initiated. The objective of this investigation was to
determine the levels, areal extent, and if possible, the
source of the contamination; and also to recommend possible
remedial measures.
The field investigation included the construction of 14
deep wells (wells penetrating the production aquifer), or-
ganic vapor monitoring, water sampling and the performance of
a pump test. A Century System Organic Vapor Analyzer (OVA)
Model 128 was used to detect and monitor the presence of or-
ganic vapor during well construction. With this information,
it was possible to locate the well screen opposite the most
contaminated zone. Water samples were collected, and analyz-
ed. To determine hydraulic characteristics in the aquifer, a
72-hour pump test was conducted. To determine groundwater
velocity, a salt solution was introduced at one of the wells,
and monitored at the pumping well. Conductivity, pH and tem-
perature were also monitored at the pumping well. Addition-
ally, water samples were collected from the pumping well and
analyzed to determine the change in contaminate concentration
with pumping time.
4
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This project was carried out under the direction of the
Environmental Services Division, U.S. EPA, Region 10 with
supporting professional services and contracting support from
the Field Investigation Team, Region 10, Ecology and Environ-
ment, Inc., under Technical Directive Documents 10-8108-03,
10-8108-03A, 10-8108-03B, 10-8202-01, 10-8202-02, 10-8202-
02A, 10-8202-02B, 10-8212-04 and R10-8301-08.
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III.
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
3.1 Location
The Lakewood Water District wells H-l and H-2 are lo-
cated approximately 200 feet northeast of the intersection of
Interstate-5 and New York Avenue in Lakewood, Pierce County,
Washington. Well H-l is located in the NW1/4 of the NE1/4 of
Section 14, Township 19N, Range 2E. Well ti-2 which is about
100 feet North of H-l is located in the SW1/4, SE1/4 of Sec-
tion 11, Township 19N, Range 2E. This is at latitude 47°08'
30"N and longitude 122°31'15"W (Fig. 1). The site is part of
a flat-topped upland which is generally referred to in this
report as the Tacoma Upland. The Tacoma Upland slopes gently
northwestward and is bordered by the Puyallup River Valley on
the northeast, Commencement Bay on the north, Puget Sound on
the west, Nisqually River Valley on the southwest and the
Ohop Valley on the southeast.
3.2 Climate and Water Budget
The Tacoma Upland (Lakewood-Tacoma general area) has a
temperate maritime climate with cool wet winters and warm dry
summers. Average annual precipitation from 1945-1980 is 40
inches (DOE, 1981) of which about 85 percent occurs from Sep-
tember through April (Walters and Kimmel, 1968).
The highest temperature occurs during July and August
and the lowest during December and January. Since evapora-
tion largely depends on temperature, maximum evaporation po-
tential coincides with periods of minimum precipitation. As
a result there is much smaller water loss by evaporation than
would otherwise occur if precipitation were distributed more
evenly through the year. Furthermore, there is a greater
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R 2 E
T
19
N
6rter Hills/
3 A S
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cririffj^fc^Gafden,Tjac.^ '\* ' * - •'., 7fot
f !«•>(«. «£j
122*30'
Study Area
ROAD CLASSIFICATION
' Light-duty
Medium-duty ——^— Unimproved dirt,
>.T
Hovy-duty„
WAS**! NCji yri
Interstate Route
CJA3*A,VGU •.CC1TCN
. STEILACOOM, WASH.
NE/« ANOEBSOK ISLANO IS' QUADRANCLE
N4707.S—W12230/7.5
1959
PHOTOREV1SED 196S AND 1973
AMS ! 473 il NE-SEHIES V89!
FIGURE 1
LOCATION MAP
LAKEWOOD WATER DISTRICT
7
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runoff ana a much greater recharge to aquifers than would
otherwise occur (Griffin, jst al^ , 1962). The mean lake evap-
oration is about 23 inches per year.
3.3 Areal Geology
In their study of the Water Resource of the Tacoma Area,
Griffin, e_t al. (1962) divided the general area into two dif-
ferent geological terranes: the Eastern and the Western
parts.
The Eastern part which lies within the foothills of the
Cascade Range, is underlain by volcanic, metaraorphic and con-
solidated sedimentary rocks of Eocene and Miocene age.
The Western part which covers the study area is under-
lain by a great thickness of serai-consolidated and uncon-
solidated sediments laid down in lakes or by streams during
Holocene, Pleistocene and late Tertiary time. These sedi-
ments include clay, silt, sand and gravels, glacial till and
peat; their combined thickness range from nil to more than
2000 feet.
Water bearing characteristics in the general area differ
from place to place depending upon rock type. The rock un-
derlying the Eastern part generally have low permeability and
yeild very little water to wells. The sediments underlying
the Western part of the area vary in degree of permeability.
Glacial outwash sand and gravel deposits generally have high
permeability and where saturated are productive aquifers.
Clay, peat and till strata are characterized by low perme-
ability and are much less productive, yielding only small a-
mounts of water to wells.
8
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3.4 Site Geology
The study area is underlain by Steilacoom gravels.
These were deposited in large meltwater streams that flowed
westward across the area during the retreat of the Puget ice
lobe (Walters and Kimmel, 1968). This unit consists of
coarse sand and gravels with cobbles, and is consistently
coarse over a large area. This characteristic distinguishes
the Steilacoom gravels from other outwash deposits. The unit
was encountered in all the monitoring wells; and its thick-
ness ranges from one foot to 35 feet.
Underlying the Steilacoom gravels is the Vashon till.
This unsorted mixture of clay, silt, sand and gravels, cob-
bles and boulders was deposited beneath the ice sheet and
compacted by the weight of the ice. The till is grey and has
the general appearance and characteristics of concrete. It
is very tough to drill through, and drillers usually refer to
it as "hardpan". The thickness of this unit ranges from
three to 36 feet in the study area, and was encountered in
all the monitoring wells.
Advance outwash deposits underlie the Vashon till.
These deposits were laid down by meltwater streams during the
advance of the ice. The unit generally consists of well
sorted stratified gravels and cobbles with sand and clay len-
ses. The advance outwash gravels were encountered in all the
monitoring wells. The advance outwash overlies the Colvos
Sands, and the contact between these two units is sometimes
not readily apparent due to the similarities of their litho-
logy.
9
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The Colvos Sands generally consist of well sorted sands
with lenses of gravel. . The basal portion of the unit con-
sists of blue clay, probably deposited in proglacial lakes
that formed in front of the advancing ice. The Colvos Sands
were encountered in some of zhe monitoring wells.
3.5 Hydrology
The Tacoma Upland encompasses about 360 square miles and
receive an average annual rainfall of about 40 inches. Pre-
cipitation is the major source of groundwater recharge,
though locally the groundwater is artificially recharged by
water imported to the upland from the Green River. Griffin,
et al. (1962) estimate that the entire upland receives about
730,000 acre- feet of water per year, and that between 50 to
60 percent of this may become groundwater. In the Lakewood
area, Clover Creek recharges the groundwater body upgradient
from Steilacoom Lake.
Most of the groundwater discharge occurs through pumping
for municipal and industrial uses, through streams, springs
and seeps, and, around the margins of the upland, into the
Puyallup River or directly into Puget Sound.
The lakes in the Lakewood area are water-table lakes and
lose and gain water in about equal quantities.
In the study area, the direction of groundwater flow is
west northwest towards Gravely Lake. The slope of the water
table is very irregular, and ranges from 120 feet per mile in
impermeable materials to less than 10 feet per mile in highly
permeable materials. (Walters and Kimmel, 1968). In the
study area, the average slope of the water table is about 15
feet per mile.
10
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The most important aquifers in the Tacoraa Upland are the
outwash sand and gravel deposits of Vashon age, and the sand
and gravel deposits of Pre-vashon age (Fig. 2). The outwash
deposits mantle the surface of the central part of the up-
land, while the Pre-Vashon deposits underlie the entire up-
land but crop out only at the margins of the upland.
In the Lakewood area, the Steilacoom gravels generally
contain water perched above the regional water table by im-
permeable Vashon till. This unit generally yields water to
shallow wells except in areas where deposits are thin or
where they lie above the water table and do not contain
water. The advance outwash deposits have an average thick-
ness of about 100 feet and are the most productive aquifers
in the Lakewood area. Although these sediments contain a
larger proportion of sand than the recessional outwash de-
posits, locally they have transmissibilities of 2,000,000 gpd
per foot (Griffin, et al, 1962). One of the contaminated
wells, well H-l, is 110 feet deep and taps water from the ad-
vance outwash deposits. This well yields more than 2,000 gpm
with a specific capacity of about 35 gpm per foot of draw-
down. Water table contours for this region are shown in
Figure 3.
The Pre-vashon deposits also contain important aquifers,
they are less permeable and generally have lower transmis-
sibilities than those of the outwash aquifers, however.
3.6 Groundwater Quality
#
Generally, groundwater of the Tacoma Upland is of good
quality and satisfactory for public use. Average concentra-
tions of dissolved solids in samples collected from 36 wells
11
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTtHIOK
QEOLOQICAl. SURVEY
WATEH aUPPl.Y HAPER HUiMl
PLATE' 2
EXPLANATION
I* .aIm bI r»bUi* Mvkxt'ollf
A<4tiif«i«, U/l» t»«4 tod *(•*•! »f p*«-Va»Jiwt
Ca>*»»)ljr iwUmmII |u nukttM atfypllM, Lul'at
Clir«t Im|« yi»l«n< »*•. «hirl> jrUJ4 iimII ^umUIIm «f
or ••initwfchaii tfrftu»4
Alas* «.| ZuO t«al wf mur* ui «Uuvtim ol K«c«nl
c>»*Ajr fin. gf.u.-J, *kicli<« •! Tl* tlluvluai U under-
lain »i placM t| t>ui«Mk ¦•ltd »nd wtwr*
daputiu iti Vtfi »r» mUmJaj, tht •lluvlbia
(••u upon ^ro VMlon 4*po«iu
/
DASH POINT
xka «r v«lca*4< r«cba lki( yltti Ulila
irotiikl wiitr
PUYAL
SUUAHtAS Of ll«C TACOMA AHiA
t
STEILACOOM
ggnaggau—R
ALOERTO
OODLAN
omt
NORTHEAST
TACOMA
McWflUJV
Uin
JfrMTVw*
JtfolfiUm Q
Sl'ANAWAY
*;• ¦ •'P.- ~ -'
LEWIS
hu a 21 ft ic
NISQUALLY HIVER VALl £Y
MILITARY KE9ERVATIO
V ELAND
\
* SITE
HIE.
ME
FIGURE 2: AQUIFER MAP OF THE TACOMA AREA
U..J 1 r*r*,h=t """
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WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1409-B
PLATL 3
CO
EXPLANATION
• D
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kSITE
FUClTsound
/
OASH POINT
/> s
BROWNS
AUBURN
POINT
RUSTGN
Commmctmtnl
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FIGURE 3: WATER-TABLE CONTOURS AND SELECTED OBSERVATION WELLS IN THE TACOMA AREA
I ¦ II S I I i I t.n I? m"
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and springs was 95 ppm, while average hardness of the samples
was 48 ppm (Griffin, e_t al. , 1962). Wells in the outwash de-
posits yield water in which concentrations of dissolved
solids range from 92 to 105 ppm, hardness ranges from 53 to
65 ppm, and silica from 23 to 34 ppm. The Pre-Vashon de-
posits yield water in which the concentrations of dissolved
solids range from 70 to 108 ppm, hardness ranges from 35 to
57 ppm and silica from 24 to 50 ppm (Fig. 4).
14
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120.
100
EXPLANATION
~
Dissolved solids
Hardness as CaCOj
a
Pr*-Vashon deposits
Silica
OutwasK ol Vashon glaciation
80
Pi 1| ||
pi i| ||
as
358 378 500
OCPTH. IN FEET
111 1 lii
125 127 151
OCPTH. IN FEET
FIGURE 4
GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN
SAND AND GRAVEL AQUIFERS*
LAKEWOOD WATER DISTRICT
*[JSGS Water Supply Paper
15
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IV.
METHODOLOGY
4.1 Site Selection
Drilling sites were preselected by the investigators to
allow adaquate time to obtain permission to drill, and to en-
sure rig access. Individual sites selected for drilling were
based on field judgement and OVA data. Each well site was
chosen on the basis of information gathered in preceeding
wells. The flexibility inherent in this approach permitted
more data to be obtained using fewer drill sites. A map
showing locations of the shallow monitoring wells is present-
ed in Figure 5, and of the deep monitoring wells in Figure 6.
Well logs are included in Appendix A.
4.2 Well Construction-Shallow Monitoring Wells
These monitoring wells were excavated to an average
depth of 35 feet, about 10 feet below the water table, utili-
zing a truck-mounted hollow-stem auger drill (Mobile Drill
D-61). The internal diameter (ID) of the auger was 4 inches.
A 2-1/2 inch (ID) ung'alvanized steel casing (black iron
pipe) , was then installed. The casing had torch-cut perfora-
tions extending over the bottom 10 feet (except in observa-
tion wells No. 1 and 2 which were 20 and 15 feet long respec-
tively). Since the formation material is coarse, it was not
necessary to place gravel pack around the perforations to
serve as a filter media.
16
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•-4
OH-2
•—1
—5
"Not Drawn to Scale
Weil Location Map*
Lakewood Washington
o Lakewood Water District Production Well
_Monitoring wells Installed by EPA
FIGURE 5
LOCATION OF SHALLOW MONITORING WELLS
LAKEWOOD WATER DISTRICT
17
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00
gym
?
\o
Direction
FIGURE
LOCATION OF DEEP
MONITORING WEL LS AND
SECTIONS
Scale: 1" : 550»
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The annular space from the top of the perforations to 6
feet below ground surface was backfilled with drill cuttings.
The annular space from the depth of 6 feet to ground surface
was filled with a mixture of bentonite and fine sand in a
ratio of one portion of fine sand and one portion of benton-
ite in accordance of Washington State Department of Ecology
(DOE) specifications. Details of well construction are il-
lustrated in Figure 7.
4.3 Well Construction-Deep Monitoring Wells
These monitoring wells were excavated with a cable tool
drill rig. The hole was cased utilizing unperforated steel
casing with a drive shoe. The diameter of the hole was 8 in-
ches. While drilling from the water table to the final
depth, the casing was advanced so that the open hole, did not
extend more than a foot below the bottom of the casing. As
small a quantity of water as possible was added to the hole
during drilling.
After the hole had been excavated to the required depth,
2-inch (ID) Polyvinyl chloride casing with perforations at
the bottom was placed inside the 8-inch casing. The perfor-
ated section (screen) of the casing was usually 10 feet long;
and was placed opposite the most contaminated zone. The most
contaminated zone was identified with the OVA. Uniform pea
gravel was then placed in the annulus of the well around the
2-inch PVC casing and inside the 8-inch steel casing to serve
as a filter media.
The 8-inch steel casing was gradually withdrawn during
placement of the gravel pack and the cement seal. This was
done in a manner that did not cause damage to the PVC casing
19
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FIGURE 7
Monitoring Well Const ruction* shallow wells
Lakewood Project
'Not Drawn to Scaie
Threaded Cap
Ground Surface
o ,
Grout
(beritonite & sand)
6 feet
Ungalvanized 2 Vi inch
Steel Casing
(or Black Iron Pipe)
6 inch hole
35 feet
Drill
Cuttings
Water Table
Formation Material
Variable
Length
Perforations
(Torch Cut 1/8 inch to
6 inches, 3 per foot)
20
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or cause excessive caving. For example, after filling 2 feet
with gravel, the 8 inch steel casing was withdrawn 2 feet.
This step of placing more' gravel and withdrawing the outer
casing was repeated until the level of the gravel was about 3
feet above the screen.
To prevent possible migration of contaminants along the
well casing, the well annulus was grouted with a cement/ben-
tonite seal. Where two distinct contaminated zones existed ,
both zones were screened and the space between them sealed
off to prevent possible cross-contamination (Fig. 8).
4.4 Monitoring With The OVA
A Century Systems Organic Vapor Analyzer (OVA) Model 128
was used to detect and monitor the presence of organic vapor
during and after well installation. Twofold methods were
used; survey mode and the chromatographic (GC) mode. The
survey mode was used to "sniff" the wells during drilling to
determine if organic vapors were encountered (Fig. 9). The
GC mode was used to identify specific organic compounds. An
HNU Model 101 Photoionization Analyzer was used to screen for
methane.
A field operational base was set up at the Environmental
Engineering Department Laboratory at the McChord Airforce
Base. The laboratory was sufficiently close to the drill
sites to allow samples to be collected and analyzed within
minutes. The laboratory also offered constant temperature
operating conditions for the OVA in the chromatographic mode.
21
-------
TWO LEVEL
MONITORING WELL
CONSTRUCTION
Lakewood Site
8" SteeLSurface Casing,
8" SteeL Casing to be
Withdrawn Gradually.
During Well Construction
perforations
1
>\ i i /\k
yj-r
I<. ¦
j*8S5ns&3
v-.V?,;
,1.
N 0 . C
!ii
O o,
1
- - *xKt^ ^
GROUND SURFACE
GROUT(Surface Seal)
t " ' —^
C 18 Mi nimum)
BACKFILL
CEMENT GROUT
PEA GRAVEL
GROUT
¦2"PVC Casing
backfill.
formation material
¦GROUT
PEA GRAVEL
'CEMENT GROUT
Not to Scale
-------
FIGURE 9
wzmmm
wmmm
OVA-128 and H-NU instruments being used to measure vapor levels during augering.
Direct read-out of vapor leveis using the OVA-128.
PHOTOS OF FIELD INSTRUMENTATION
LAKEWOOD WATER DISTRICT
23
-------
Water samples were collected at one-foot intervals while
drilling, and analyzed in the GC mode to identify specific
organic compounds by comparison with their standards. With
this information, it was possible to set the well screen op-
posite the most contaminated zone. Where there were two
separate contaminated zones, a two-level monitoring well con-
struction system was installed to tap both zones (Fig. 8).
This procedure allowed field personnel to screen the samples
to decide which were to be sent to the EPA laboratory for
more detailed analysis. However, all samples taken from
wells Nos. 17-25 were sent to the laboratory.
4.4.1 Survey Mode
Background levels of organics at the general area were
recorded with the OVA in the survey mode. Total organics
measured fluctuated from 2-5 ppra. This was probably due to
the close proximity of the drilling sites to Interstate High-
way 5. Some of the drilling sites were close to and some-
times downwind of the highway. Using the OVA in the survey
mode," all the drilling equipment and drilling materials such
as pea gravel, cement and* well casings were checked. On
several occasions bags of pea gravel were found to be con-
taminated with gasoline and were therefore excluded from the
well construction. At no time were OVA readings above the
background levels of 2-5 ppm observed in the breathing zone
around the wells.
4.4.2 Chromatographic (GC) Mode
In the chromatographic methodology, retention times are
used to identify "unknown" compounds present in samples. To
accomplish identification, standards are run and retention
times matched. In this case four target compounds were
24
-------
expected: X,2-transdichloroethane; tetrachloroethylene tri-
chloroethylene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Standards were
run each day of drilling, and retention times compared. As
it was possible to keep the column at a constant temperature
of about 20°C at all times at the McChord laboratory, reten-
tion times for the standards fluctuated very little.
The columns used in the study were type T-12, containing
10 percent 1,2,3-tris-(2-cyanoethyoxy) propane or chromosorb
P, AW, 60/80 mesh and type G-24 containing 10 percent SP-2100
on supelcoport, 60/80 mesh. Both columns gave excellent sep-
aration of the target compounds.
Water samples were placed in 40-ml vials with teflon
septa. The vials were then placed in a water bath and heated
to 40°C. Prior to sample injection, the vials were shaken
for about one minute, and placed in the water bath again to
equilibrate.
A 500 ul sample of the headspace was collected in a
Hamilton gas-tight syringe and injected into the OVA. Rep-
resentative chroraograms are illustrated in Figures 10, 11,
12, and average retention times for each compound are given.
4.5 Well Development
The completed wells were developed with compressed air
to ensure their utility as monitoring wells. In the two-
level monitoring well construction system, each level was de-
veloped separately. This was done in a manner that did not
cause any undue disturbances to the strata around the well
casing and thereby reduce the surface seal. The development
of the wells coninued until the water pumped from the wells
was clear and free of sand. This usually took one and a half
to two hours per well.
25
-------
COLUMN ri, - / Z-
TYPE OF INJECTION
STANOAROfS) *f<5~
-------
too..- .J? [fi/i
DATE
¦ 2./>?JSS
J ' ' >
%1~— yi^r^Lr/
_ »*'^rCQ 'H U.S.A
6r2V// j2 O 3
TEMPERATURE L
RANGE SETTING X.
INJECTION VOLUME 5^^'x/'
COLUMN FLOW RATE
RECORDER SETTING,
DILUTION FACTOR _
/ 'Q.'7^C*
h;
QUALITATIVE/QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
PEAK Nd OUALfTATIVE ID QUANTITATIVE GC/MS CONFIRMATION COMMENT
&
3.-
V.
TZI£.
irr-n-
COMMENTS: OPERATOR:-^-5
*
FIGURE 11
FIELD CttROMATOGRAM WELL 208
LAKEWOOD ATER DISTRICT
27
-------
c
Tft. / gjl Z. O 2-O 2- kr
DATE
CD
COLUMN &-2i -
TYPE OF INJECTION Q~C,
STANDARDS -drO-m
7EWEBA-nJMj± Z?0°C- COLUMN FLOW RATC
Y
HANGS SETTING X/ 5b t&VZL
COMMENTS:
OPERATOR:
FIGURE 12 ^
FIELD CttROMATOGRAM WELL 24
LAKSWOOD WATER DISTRICT
28
-------
4.6 Survey
Elevations of the top of the well casings were surveyed
in to the mean sea level (MSL). This was necessary to deter-
mine the direction of groundwater flow at the site. All
water level measurements were taken from this datum. Dis-
tances and directions of monitoring wells from Well H-2 were
also measured and are presented in Table 1.
4.7 Equipment Decontamination
The project required the use of equipment decontamina-
tion procedures to ensure that trace levels of volatile or-
ganic compounds were not the result of cross-contamination
between drill sites nor from sources outside the project
area. Outside sources of contamination could include trucks
used to haul drilling equipment, or drilling equipment in
contact with contaminated surfaces. The drilling contractors
were required to provide two complete sets of "down-the-hole"
drilling equipment; strings of auger, drill bits, etc. This
permitted one set of equip'ment to be in use while the other
was being cleaned and decontaminated off- site.' Prior to
arrival on-site, the drilling equipment was steam cleaned.
One technician and a driller's helper were responsible for
operating the off-site decontamination station, located at
the Lakewood Water District's equipment storage area. This
station also served as a water source for the drilling rig
where pre-analyzed water was available in adequate supply. A
steam cleaner was obtained by the contractor for this pro-
ject. The tank of this cleaner was scrubbed with "Alconox"
and water, and thoroughly rinsed before it was used. The
water tank on the rig was similarly rinsed and then steam
cleaned.
29
-------
TABLE 1
DISTANCE FROM THE PUMPED WELL (H-2)
TO MONITORING WELLS
LAKEWOOD WATER DISTRICT
1 Number
Distance (feet)
Bearing
H-l
80
140*
11
15
140°
12
1110
130'
13
2100
112*
14
950
220'
15
450
60*
16
300
360"
17
700
120'
18
550
90°
19
1200
100*
20
400
30*
21
200
312°
22
180
140°
24
30
120*
25
1100
267°
30
-------
Equipment decontamination during the drilling phase oc-
cured as follows:
1. The truck carrying the augers was unloaded at the
decontamination site, then scrubbed with Alconox and
water followed by steam cleaning.
!2. All "down-the-hole" drilling equipment and tools
were scrubbed with Alconox and steam cleaned in the
same manner and reloaded onto the truck without be-
ing set on the ground.
Since cleaning was carried out on a paved surface,
drainage was controlled and directed to the sewer system.
Equipment used in the project was periodically checked
with both the OVA-128 and HNU vapor detector systems. No or-
ganic vapors were detected on tools or auger sections decon-
taminated by this procedure.
4.8 Pump Test
A pump test to determine the hydraulic characteristics
of the aquifer was conducted on February 10, 1983. The test
was carried out by pumping well H-2 at 1000 gallons per
minute for 72 hours while measuring drawdown in the pumping
and other observation wells. Waxer level measurements in
wells Nos. ri-1, H-2, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, and 22, were
measured utilizing the Johnson-Petur™ model C-108 water level
monitoring system. This system consists of a standard 8-
channel pneumatic multiplexer, a controller-readout unit con-
taining two additional sensor channels, a printer, 3/16-inch
(O.D.) nylon surface airline tubing and miscellaneous acces-
sories .
31
-------
Airline tubing was installed in nine monitoring wells to
a depth below the anticipated maximum drawdown. Water levels
were measured by pneumatic sensors contained in the control-
ler readout and multiplexer units, and attached to the air-
lines (Fig.13).
In order to operate the pneumatic sensors, nitrogen gas .
was used. Readout of water levels were programed so that the
timing of automatic sequential readouts and water level
changes were printed on a strip chart recorder in tenths of
minutes and tenths of feet, respectively. Accuracy for the
depth determined is 0.1 percent (0.12 ft.); sensitivity is
0.0022 percent (0.003 ft.). Water level measurements in
wells Nos. 3, 4, 8 through 14 and 25 were measured using
electric tapes.
Complete water level elevation data are in EPA files.
Drawdown curves were derived and are also on file. To deter-
mine concentration gradient with pumping time, water samples
were collected from the pumping well at the following inter-
vals 1-2 minute intervals for 10 minutes; 10 minute intervals
for 30 minutes, 30 minute intervals for 6 hours; 60 minute
intervals for 6 hours, and then at 12 hour intervals.
Samples were analyzed for the target compounds (Table 2,) ana
for pti, conductivity and temperature (Table 3).
Water from the pumping well was discharged into Clover
Creek. Water samples were collected from the creek before,
during and after the pump test to determine if contaminants
were introduced into the creek. iNo changes in the levels of
chlorinated hydrocarbons were detected.
32
-------
In an attempt to determine the groundwater velocity, a
salt solution (50 lbs. NaCl dissolved in 55 gallons of water)
was introduced at well No. 17. Conductivity, pH and tempera-
ture were monitored at the pumping well, but no change in
conductivity indicating the arrival of the salt was observed.
After the well had been pumped for 72 hours, the pump was
shut off, and the wells allowed to recover. Water level
measurements were taken as they recovered.
-------
'L.~-OsF>%*£
FIGURE 13
AUTOMATIC WATER LEVEL RECORDING SYSTEM
LAKEWOOD WATER DISTRICT
34
-------
TABLE 2
TIME SERIES CHEMICAL DATA COLLECTEO
DURING H-2 PUMP TEST
LAKEWOOD WATER DISTRICT
Time
l,2(transj-
(Minutes
dichloro-
Trichloifo-
Tetrachloro-
From Start
ethylene
ethylene
ethylene
Date
Of Pumpage)
(ug/1)
(uq/1)
' (uq/1)
2-10-83
0
200
24
570
2
255
30
750
4
265
34
785
6
265
34
790
8
265
34
845
10
275
34
805
20
300
38
885
30
315
38
855
40
320
40
850
70
340
46
825
100
310
39
755
130
320
40
735
160
310
37
745
190
330
38
725
220
330
38
730
250
270
32
590
280
280
31
590
310
270
28
570
340
270
29
550
370
265
28
525
400
255
27
520
2-11-83
1120
268
26
417
1840
220
25
345
2-12-33
2560
200
18
315
3280
175
15
295
2-13-83
4000
155
11
285
35
-------
Table 3
LAKEWOOD PROJECT - PUMP TEST HYDRO LAB DATA
TDD No: Rl0-8301-08
Well No,; H-2
Time Since
Pumping Started Conductivity t
(in min.) umhos pH ( C)
0
15
293
6.3
25
294
5.6
35
296
5.5
12.9
60
300
5.5
12.9
90
301
5.5
12.9
120
302
5.5
12.8
160
302
5.5
12.9
210
303
5.5
12.9
241
302
5.5
12.7
278
302
5.6
12.9
300
302
5.5
12.6
335
301
5.7
12.7
366
301
5.8
12.6
395
300
5.8
12.6
430
300
5.8
12.6
460
299
5.9
12.6
490
299
5.9
12.5
520
298
5.9
12.5
550
298
5.9
12.5
580
298
5.9
12.4
630
297
6.0
12.5
695
296
5.9
12.7
758
295
5.9
12.8
780
295
5.9
12.8
812
294
5.9
12.8
872
294
5.9
12.8
932
293
5.9
12.8
992
292
5.6
12.8
1052
290
5.5
12.8
1090
290
5.5
12.8
1140
289
5.6
12.8
1172
289
5.6
12.8
1294
287.
5.6
12.8
1354
286
5.6
12.8
1414
286
5.6
12.8
1491
284
5.8
12.8
1528
284
5.8
12.8
1611
283
5.8
12.7
1652
282
5.8
12.7
1864
279
6.0
12.6
1984
279
5.6
12.5
36
-------
Table 3 (cont.)
LAKEWOOD PROJECT - PUMP TEST HYDRO LAB DATA
TDD No.: R10-8301-08
Well No.: H-2
Time Since
_ Pumping Started Conductivity t
(in min.) umhos pH (°C)
2-11-83
2-12-83
2-13-83
2044
277
5.6
12.5
2104
276
5.6
12.5
2164
277
5.5
12.4
2224
276
5.8
12.6
2284
275
5.5
12.4
3244
275
5.5
12.6
2404
274
5.9
12.4
2464
274
6.0
12.6
2570
272
6.0
12.6
2652
272
6.1
12.6
2718
272
5.7
12.6
2780
270
5.6
12.6
2835
270
5.5
12.6
2890
269
5.5
12.6
2958
269
5.6
12.6
3064
268
5.9
12.7
3139
267
5.8
12.6
3266
266
6.0
12.5
3401
265
6.0
12.5
3476
265
6.0
12.4
3590
263
6.0
12.4
3734
263
6.1
12.4
3870
262
6.1
12.4
4111
261
6.0
12.4
4187
261
6.1
12.5
4249
260
6.1
12.5
4313
260
6.0
12.5
50 lbs. of salt dissolved in about 55 gallons of H^O was discharged into
well # 17 at 10 a.m. on 2-10-83. The pump test began at 1 p.m. on 2-10-83
and pH, conductivity, and temperature were monitored at the pumping well.
37
-------
V.
SAMPLING PROGRAM
5.1 Sampling Procedure
Each monitoring well was purged of at least five times
the volume of water originally standing in the well. The
rate of discharge was measured. Wells 1 to 1U were purged
with a Robb Air Pump; Wells 11 to 25 were purged with a 2-
inch Keck electric submersible pump. Pumps installed in H-l
and H-2 were run to purge the required amount. The amount of
water discharged from each well is listed in Table 4. Each
well was then allowed to recharge to its original level. Be-
tween wells the pumps and their discharge lines were sub-
merged in potable water and allowed to run for two minutes to
reduce the possiblity of cross contamination.
After recharge each well was bailed with a stainless
steel bailer cleaned with distilled water, acetone and meth-
anol successively and then dried in the air. The bailers
were lowered into the well by monofilament line. The line
was changed before each sampling.
Two 40-ml vials with teflon-lined septa were filled at
each well. The samples were poured directly into the vials
from the bailer to minimize evaporation. The bailer and the
sampler's gloves were rinsed two times with the media to be
analyzed. The gloves were changed between sampling to elim-
inate cross contamination. The outsides of the sample con-
tainers were rinsed with distilled water before the con-
tainers were placed in an ice chest. Temperature, pH and
conductivity of the water were measured during sampling
(Table 5).
38
-------
TABLE 4
VOLUME OF WATER PURGED PRIOR TO SAMPLING
LAKEWGOO WATER DISTRICT
Water
Volume
Volume of Water
Well
Depth
Casing
Water
Standing
of Water
to be Purged
Number
(ft)
Diameter
Level
In Well
In Well
(U.S. aallons)
1
30
2 '
24.00
6.00
0.98
4
2
35
2
23.25
11.75
1.92
9
3
35
2
20.83
14.17
2.32
11
4
35
2
18.50
16.50
2.70
. 13
5
35
2
21.33
13.67
2.24
11
6
35
2
21.00
14.00
2.29
11
7
35
2
25.13
9.87
1.61
8
8
35
2
21.66
13.34
2.18
10
9
35
2
23.33
11.67
1.91
9
10
35
2
22.08
12.92
2.11
10
11A
85
2
23.58
61.42
10.04
50
11B
55
2
23.58
41.42
6.77
33
12
87
2
24.70
62.30
10.19
50
13A
231
2
18.33
212.67
34.77
173
13B
50
2
16.79 .
43.21
7.06
35
14
112
2
22.42
89.48
14.65
73
15A
110
2
24.08
85.92
14.05
70
158
44
2
22.50
21.50
3.52
17
16A
110
2
24.71
84.29
55.14
275
16B
77
2
12.08
53.92
8.82
44
17A
120
2
26.23
93.77
14.33
76
17B
100
2
26.71
73.29
11.98
59
13
120
2
26.50
93.50
14.29
76
19A
106
2
27.79
78.21
12.79
63
19B
53
2
27.58
35.42
5.79
28
20A
103
2
21.42
81.58
12.34
65
2 OB
53
2
18.63
34.37
5.62
28
21
105
2
26.92
78.08
14.77
63
22
80
2
22.83
57.17
9.35
46
24A
120
2
23.75
96.25
14.73
78
24B
100
2
23.50
76.50
12.51
62
25
115
2
36.54
78.46
12.83
64
H-l
110
16
23.50
86.50
905.37
4,526
H-2
110
16
21.58
88.42
925.46
4,627
39
-------
TABLE 5
SOME GROUNDWATER CHARACTERISTICS IN SAMPLED WELLS
LAKEWOOD WATER DISTRICT
Wei 1 Conductivity Temperature
Date
Number
PH
(micromnos)
CC)
2-2-83
1
7.40
150
9
2-3-83
2
7.00
140
11
2-1-83
3
7.50
180
11
2-1-83
4
7.20
320
11
2-1-83
5
6.20
290
9
3-3-83
6
7.01
190
10
2-2-83
7
7.90
130
11
2-1-83
8
7.20
170
12
2-1-83
9
7.40
200
11
2-1-83
10
6.80
358
12
2-2-83
11A
8.40
170
10
2-2-83
11B
8.65
160
10
3-3-83
12
7.40
150
9
2-1-83
13A
7.50
290
13
3-3-83
138
7.40
270
9
3-3-83
14
7.50
150
10
2-3-83
15A
8.30
270
12
2-3-83
15B
8.90
290
11
2-4-83
16A
7.50
350
11
2-4-83
16B
12.50
6000
12
2-7-83
17A
9.40
150
11
2-7-83
17B
9.00
200
11
3-8-83
18
6.50
250
12
3-8-83
19A
6.80
225
•12
3-8-83
19B
8.50
550
12
2-4-83
2 OA
12.00
2400
16
2-4-83
20B
12.00
3100
11
2-7-83
21
10.12
180
12
3-3-83
22
9.70
170
11
2-2-83
24A
7.50
330
12
2-2-83
248
7.80
340
10
2-7-83
25
7.25
210
11
2-2-83
H-l
7.20
340
12
2-2-83
H-2
7.10
320
12
40
-------
5.2 Analytical Requirements
Samples were analyzed by the EPA Region 10 Laboratory
for the following compounds: trichloroethylene, tetrachloro-
ethylene, 1,2 (trans)-dichloroethene and 1,1,1-trichloro-
ethane. The required detection limit was set at 1 ug/1.
5.2.1 STORE! Assignment
The STORET group at the EPA Environmental Services Div-
ision was contacted prior to sampling. They assigned STORET
numbers to the sampling locations.
5.3 Sample Packaging And Shipment
The sampling procedures were documented in a field log
book.
Samples were accompanied by a Field Data Sheet, an
Analyses Required Sheet, and a white copy of the Chain-of-
Custody Record. The forms were sealed in a ziplock plastic
bag.
Each sample container was labeled with the sample num-
ber. The ice chest carrying the samples was filled with ice
and sealed with fiber tape before shipment in accordance with
recommended EPA procedures (NEIC, 1980).
All sample containers were rolled in plain wrapping
paper and packed in vermiculite inside a plastic bag. This
in turn was packed in an outer bag containing ice. The bags
were then placed inside an ice chest that was sealed with
41
-------
fiberglass tape and custody tape. Packing was in accordance
with the requirements of the National Enforcement Investiga-
tions Center (NEIC, 1980).
5.3.1 Chain of Custody
All samples remained in the custody of the samplers un-
til shipment to the EPA Region 10 Laboratory.
5.4 Quality Assurance Program
Two sets of blanks made up from organic-free distilled
water were prepared by the EPA Region X Laboratory. The
first set of blanks was taken into the field and then sent to
the contract laboratory. The second set of blanks was taken
into the field and transferred with the clean bailer into
empty containers to determine whether contaminants were
present in the bailer.
All samples were analyzed in accordance with EPA test
procedures.
All analytical data obtained in this study has been re-
viewed by the Environmental Services Division for quality
assurance acceptability.
5.5 Site Safety
As the respirable zone above the wells was not found to
contain volatile organics and only trace levels (ppb) of
volatile organics were detected in water samples collected
from some of these wells, field personnel wore level D pro-
tective clothing (see Appendix B - site safety plan).
42
-------
VI.
RESULTS AND DISCUSS ION
The investigation generated invaluable data concerning
the geology, hydrology and chemistry of both the shallow and
the deeper aquifers.
By sampling the groundwater at frequent intervals, the
authors were able to delineate zones within the aquifer that
were contaminated with the target compounds. The use of the
Organic Vapor Analyzer allowed qualitative and semi-quantita-
tive analyses to be made in the field, and also enabled the
investigators to set the well screen opposite the most con-
taminated zone. Samples were checked with the OVA to deter-
mine which were to be sent to the laboratory for more detail-
ed analyses. This helped to reduce the number of samples
sent to the laboratory thereby saving time and analytical
COSTd•
Such frequent sampling also allowed detailed geologic
logging of each well. The complex nature of the geology is
illustrated by the resultant cross section (figs. 14, 15).
Rapid lateral variations made correlation between wells un-
certain, and none are drawn.
Analytical results (Table 6) indicate that with the ex-
ception of well .No. 1, none of the shallow wells is signifi-
cantly contaminated by the target compounds analyzed. This
confirms our previous conclusion (Wolf, Boateng, 1982,
unpublished report) that the shallow aquifer is not the
source of the contamination. Contaminent distribution in
well No. 11 (Table 7) also confirms this.
Analysis of the pump test data shows that wells No. Its,
20 and 21 located north of ri-2 respond quickly and have
greater drawdown than other nearby wells (Appendix C).
43
-------
£•
Southwest
300-1
275—
260-H
Q 226-
200-
176—
160—I
w*
W-14
I
• 9
n
$
'V
M
p
¦mi
2$
bjfti
m
''vh
m
WiArr
w
TD 120'
Sand and Gravel
(Coarse-Very Coarse)
:mc
Glacial Till
W-22
l
(proJ.IEO'NW)
W-21 W-16
I I
Iproj 100'NW)
^v;
(?;*
Q6,
6rn
m
m
i <:
,» —
I xtJ
m
*/\f
-s 's
~ \
t
iii
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I
TD 126'
m
¦f?
%:%•*
m
m
m
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m
w
Jo
IN
1X'>\
-/v;
<&k
iia
I
TD 126'
m
6?
•13
_2 . —¦
i
ii
^V
¦ *>
f'-'/lj
X
TD 122'
W-20
I
775
ii
$
-^i
, ,'*•
Ks
j§jj
i>::%
>.0!Q
N
¥w
m
Northeast
1-300
-275
.?
TD 109'
-250
5
¦225 d
O
z
£
-200
f— 175
Fine Sand
Lacustrine Deposits
(Blue Clay) v Static Water
Figure 14 ,
CORE PROFILE A-A'
Lakewood Site
R10-8212-04
Leve I X Perforated Zone
-------
CJ1
Northwest
300-1 ELEVATION(feet)
W-20
I'
275-
250-
226-
200-
175-
150-
W-15
(pro] 100'NE)
I
hV
''ft
ivp
m
&
&
)^:p
•M
Aft
TD 109"
JO
W \
TD 125'
W-18
(pro] 160'NEI
I
9k
TD 130'
Southeast
ELEVATION(feet)
W-12
TD 135'
-300
-275
-250
1—225
-200
—15(
v Static Water Level
J Perforated Zone
l'|\t
Sand and Gravel
(Coarse-Very Coarse)
)?>] Glacial Till
w
— 175
Sand, Fine to Medium
Lacustrine Deposits
(Blue Clay)
Si,t Figure 15
CORE PROFILE BB'
Lakewood Site
R10-8212-04
-------
TABLE 6
CHEMICAL ANALYSES FOR
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
LAKEWOOD WATER DISTRICT
l,2(trans)
1,1,1-
dichloro-
Trichloro-
Tetrachloro-
Trichloro-
Methylene
Well
ethylene
ethylene
ethylene
ethane
chloride
Date
Number
(ug/1)
(uq/1}
(uq/1)
(uq/1)
(ug/1)
02-02-83
1
1.5
1 M
CTl
02-03-83
2
—
—
02-01-83
3
—
—
—
—
01-31-83
4
1 M
—
1 M
1 M
01-31-83
5
...
...
...
1 M
02-03-83
6
1 M
...
1 M
—
...
02-02-83
7.
...
...
...
...
02-01-83
8
1 M
1 M
...
—
02-01-83
9
...
...
—
...
01-31-83
10
...
1 M
1 M
---
02-02-83
11A
9.2
—
1 M
—
02-02-83
11B
5.6
1 M
1 M
—
02-03-83
12
...
...
...
111,400
02-01-83
13A
—
—
—
—
02-02-83
138
...
1 M
...
02-03-83
14
...
...
...
6,670
02-03-83
15A
26
4.0
96
—
02-03-83
15B
100
4.7
60
—
—
02-04-83
16A
188
6.7
76
.....
01-04-83
16B
14
1 M
4.0
—
—
02-07-83
17A
...
1 M
...
—
02-07-83
173
...
...
...
02-23-83
18
—
—
1 M
—
02-23-83
19A
—
1 M
1 M
—
—
02-23-83
19B
—
1 M
1 M
02-04-83
20A
179
23
632
—
—
02-04-83
20B
485
43
362
—
—
02-07-83
21
41
1.9
19
—
—
02-03-83
22
—
...
...
---
02-03-83
24A
202
22
522
—
—
02-02-83
24B
224
25
517
—
02-23-83
25
—
—
—
—
02-02-83
H-l
268
26
417
—
—
02-02-83
H-2
220
25
345
———
1 M = Above the sensitivity but less than the level of quantification
(Not Quantifiable}.
— » Below the detection level (Mot Detected).
46
-------
TABLE 7
WELL NUMBER 11
CONTAMINANT DISTRIBUTION
LAKEWGOD WATER DISTRICT
Sample
Depth
(feet)*
Trichloro-
ethylene
(uq/1)
Tetrachloro-
ethylene
(uq/1)
1,2-transdichloro-
ethylene
(ug/1)
60
not detected
1.4
4.5
55
not detected
not detected
not detected
70
not detected
not detected
not detected
75
8.6
185
65
80
6.8
150
76
85
6.4
185
67
90
42
1270
225
~Samples obtained at 27', 31', 46', 50' and 55' showed no
contamination on the OVA-128, therefore, no sample was sent
to the EPA Laboratory.
47
-------
Chemical time series data (Table 2) shows initial rapid
increase in trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene and 1,2-
-------
TABLE 8
RESULTS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSES FOR
RESAMPLED WELLS AT
LAKEWOOD WATER DISTRICT
]^2(trans)-
dichloro- Trichloro- Tetrachloro- 1,1,1-Trichloro-
Well ethylene ethylene ethylene ethane
Date Number (ug/1) (ug/1) (ug/1) {ug/1)
3-9-83
16A
180
4.7
44
3-9-83
16B
9.7
1 M
3.2
3-8-83
18
—
1 M
—
3-8-83
19A
—
1 M
—
3-8-83
19B
—
—
—
3-7-83
20A
40
5.7
195
3-7-83
20B
' 837
98
2590
3-8-83
24A
175
20
518
3-8-83
24B
110
14
325
3-8-83
25
......
....
1 M 3 Above the sensitivity but less than the level of quantification
(Not Quantifiable).
— = Below the detection level (Not Detected).
49
-------
Drawdowns were recorded in the shallow wells. This in-
dicates that there is interconnection between the shallow
aquifer and the deeper aquifer. This confirms our previous
investigation (Wolf, Boateng, 1982, unpublished report).
50
-------
VII.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The use of field instrumentation and frequent sampling
during monitoring well drilling have proved to be an indis-
pensible tool for locating low level contamination with vola-
tile organics. In complex geology it is essential to delin-
eate zones of contamination ana to install well screens oppo-
site those zones only. This prevents dilution and possible
non-detection of contamination. Keeping an open mind and ex-
ploring several alternative hypotheses has also proven to be
necessary. It has been found that where lateral variations
of lithology in an aquifer are high, even relatively closely
spaced monitoring wells do not allow confidence in postulat-
ing hydraulic connections, and a long-duration aquifer test
monitoring as many wells as possible is essential.
It is concluded that at least two sources of groundwater
contamination occur in the study area. One source was iden-
tified as a laundry and dry cleaner located in the immediate
vicinity of monitoring well No. 20. This source is affecting
the groundwater quality of Lakewood Water District Production
Wells M—1 and H-2. A second source, or more than one, ap-
pears to lie somewhere to the southeast of tne production
wells and is creating the high levels of methylene chloride
that are found in wells Nos. 12 and 14.
It is recommended that the contaminated discharge from
the laundry and dry cleaners near well No. 20 be eliminated.
o that after the sources of contamination have been
eliminated, wells H-l and H-2 be run at intervals
and sampled to determine when acceptable levels of
water purity are achieved,
51
-------
o that if acceptable levels are not achieved within a
reasonable time then cost/benefit studies of treat-
ment or the use of alterative sources be done.
o That a follow-up study be done to confirm and delin-
eate the methylene chloride contamination.
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY
EPA, 1977, Procedures Manual for Groundwater Monitoring at
Solid Waste Disposal Facilities: EPA/530/SW-611.
Freeze, Allen R. , J.A. Cherry, 1979; Groundwater, Prentice
Hall, N.J.
Griffin, W.D.; J.E. Sceva, H.A. Swenson, and M.J. Mundorff,
1962: Water Resources of the Tacoraa Area, WA. USGS Water
Supply Paper 1499B. ¦ U.S. GPO, Washington, D.C.
Littler, J.D., J.T. Aden, A.F. Johnson, 1980-1981, Survey of
Groundwater and Surface Water Quality for the Chambers Creek/
Clover Creek Drainage Basin, Pierce County, Washington State
Dept. of Social and Health Services, Health Services Divi-
sion, Water Supply and Waste Section, LD-11, Olyrapia, WA.
Miller, J.F., R.H. Frederic, R.J. Tracey, 1973, Precipitation
Frequency Atlas of the Western United States: Vol. IX, Wash-
ington U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA, National Weather Ser-
vice, Silver Springs, MD.
National Enforcement Investigations Center (NEIC), 1980, En-
forcement Considerations for Evaluation of Uncontrolled
Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites by Contractors: EPA, Denver,
CO.
Sceva, J.E., 1957: Geology and Groundwater Resources of Kit-
sap County Washington. USGS Water Supply Paper 1413.
Sceva, J.E., 1983, personal communication: Environmental
Protection Agency, Seattle, WA.
U.S. Dept. of Commerce (DOC), 1968, Climatic Atlas of the
United States, Environmental Services Administration, En-
vironmental Data Service, National Climatic Center, Ashe-
ville, NC.
U.S. Dept. of Commerce (DOC), 1981, Local Climatological
Data, 1980, Seattle-Tacoma Airport. NOAA Environmental Data
and Information Service, National Climatic Center, Asheville,
NC.
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 1959, (photo rev. 1973) Steil-
acoom Quadrangle, Steilacoom, WA, 7.5 Minute Series (topo-
graphic), Scale 1:24,000.
Walters, K.L., G.E. Kimmel, 1968: Groundwater Occurence and
Stratigraphy of Unconsolidated Deposits, Central Pierce
County, WA. Water Supply Bulletin No. 22. State of Washing-
ton Dept. of Water Resources in Cooperation with the USGS.
Wolf, F.G., K. Boateng, 1981: Report of the Preliminary
Groundwater Contamination Investigation, Lakewood, WA. U.S.
EPA Region 10, Seattle, WA.
53c
-------
APPENDIX A - WELL LOGS
54-c
-------
IAKEWOOD WELL LOGS
Thickness Depth
Materials Encountered (feet) (feet)
Monitoring Well No.l. Date Completed: 10-12-81
VASHON DRIFT:
Steilacoom gravels (Recessional Outwash):
Sand and gravels with cobbles, loose. 14 14
Generally fine to medium gravels with cobbles. 9 23
Generally large cobbles, loose. 1 24
Small to medium cobbles. 6 30
Casing: 2-inch steel, set to 30 feet;
perforated from 15-30 feet.
Elevation of top of casing 281.2 feet.
Static water level 24.00 feet.
Monitoring Well No.2. Date Completed: 10-14-81
VASHON DRIFT:
Steilacoom gravels (Recessional Outwash):
Coarse sand and gravels with few cobbles, loose. 15 15
Mainly coarse gravels. 3 18
Fine to medium gravels 3 21
Coarse gravels with few large cobbles 5 26
Small to medium gravels, loose 9 35
Casing: 2-inch steel, set to 30 feet;
perforated from 15-35 feet.
Elevation of top of casing 282.5 feet.
Static water level 23.25 feet.
-------
LAKEWOOD WELL LOGS
Thickness Depth
Materials Encountered (feet) (feet)
Monitoring Well No.3. Date Completed: 10-14-81
VASHON ORIFT:
Steilacoom gravels (Recessional Outwash):
Generally fine to medium sand and gravels, loose, 25 25
Medium to coarse gravels. 10 35
Casing: 2-inch steel, set to 35 feet;
perforated from 25-35 feet.
Elevation of top of casing 281.0 feet.
Static water level: 20.33 feet.
Monitoring Well No.4. Date Completed: 10-15-81.
VASHON DRIFT:
Steilacoom gravels (Recessional Outwash):
Fine to medium sand and gravels. 13 13
Medium to coarse gravels with cobbles, loose. 15 28
Generally coarse gravels with few cobbles. 7 35
Casing: 2-inch steel, set to 35 feet;
perforated from 25-35 feet.
Elevation of top of casing 278.7 feet.
Static water level: 18.50 feet.
V 56<
-------
LAKEWOOD WELL LOGS
Thickness Depth
Materials Encountered (feet) (feet)
Monitoring Well No.5. Oate Completed: 10-20-81
VASHON DRIFT:
Steilacoom gravels (Recessional Outwash):
Sand and gravels, loose 4 4
Generally fine to medium gravels, loose. 4 8
Fine gravels with occasional zones of cobbles. 9 17
Medium to coarse gravels with few boulders, loose. 11 28
Fine sand and gravels with few cobbles. 7 35
Casing: 2-inch steel, set to 35 feet;
perforated from 25-35 feet.
Elevation of top of casing 279.5 feet.
Static water level: 21.33 feet.
Monitoring Well No.6. Date Completed: 10-21-81
VASHON DRIFT:
Steilacoom gravels (Recessional Outwash):
Sandy clay with gravels (fill)
5
5
Sand and gravels, loose.
4
9
Medium to coarse sand and gravels with few
cobbles.
1
10
Coarse gravels and cobbles.
25
35
Casing: 2-inch steel, set to 35 feef,
perforated from 25-35 feet.
Elevation of top of casing 280.5 feet.
Static Water level: 21.00 feet.
JS7<
>
-------
LAKEWOOD WEIL LOGS
Qepth
Materials Encountered (feet) (feet)
Monitoring Well No.7. Date Completed: 10-21-81
VASHQN DRIFT:
Steilacoom gravels (Recessional Outwash):
Sand and gravels (fill). 3 3
Sand and gravels with cobbles. 3 6
Generally fine to coarse gravels 12 18
Medium to coarse gravels with occasional cobbles. 11 29
Sand and gravels with clay lenses. 6 35
Casing: 2-inch steel set at 35 feet;
perforated from 25-35 feet.
Elevation of top of casing 281.9 feet.
Static water level: 25.13 feet.
Monitoring Well No.8. Date Completed: 10-22-81
VASHQN DRIFT:
Steilacoom gravels (Recessional Outwash):
Top soil—sandy clay. ' 2 2
Medium to coarse sand and gravels with few
cobbles 5 7
Generally coarse gravels. 19 26
Sand and gravels with few cobbles. 2 28
Coarse gravels with cobbles. 7 35
Casing: 2-inch steel, set to 35 feet*
perforated from 25-35 feet.
Elevation of top of casing 280.1 feet.
Static water level: 21.66 feet.
58^
-------
LAKEWOOD WELL LOGS
, , Thickness Depth
Materials Encountered (feet) (feet)
Monitoring Well No.9. Date Completed: 10-22-81
VASHON DRIFT:
Steilacoom gravels (Recessional Qutwash):
Top soil, sandy clay with few gravels. 2 Z
Coarse gravels. 9 11
Fine to medium gravels with few cobbles. 4 15
Generally coarse gravels with cobbles,
clean, loose. 8 23
Cobbles, loose. 12 35
Casing: 2-1nch steel,set to 35 feet;
perforated from 25-35 feet.
Elevation of top of casing 282.5 feet.
Static water level: 23.33 feet.
Monitoring Well No.10. Date Completed: 10-23-81
VASHON DRIFT:
Steilacoom gravels (Recessional Outwash):
Gravels. 4 4
Generally medium to coarse sand. 2 6
Sand and gravels. 9 15
Medium to coarse gravels with few cobbles, loose. 12 27
Coarse sand and gravels with cobbles. 7 34
Medium to coarse gravels. 1 35
Casing: 2-inch steel, set to 35 feet;
perforated from 25-35 feet.
Elevation of top of casing 283.3 feet.
Static water level 22.08 feet.
^ 59<
-------
LAKEWOOD WELL LOGS
Thickness Depth
Materials Encountered _ (feet) (feet)
Monitoring Well No. 11.Date Completed: 3-15-82
VASHON DRIFT:
Steilacoom gravels (Recessional Qutwash):
Coarse sand and gravels with cobbles. 21 21
Till:
Glacial till, cemented. 17 38
Advance Qutwash:
Generally gravels with cobbles, loose.
Encountered water at 36 feet.
Same as above but more cemented.
Amount of water decreases with increase
in cementation.
Coarse sand and gravels with cobbles, loose.
Casings: 2-level well construction.
2-inch steel casing set at 90 feet;
perforated from 75-85 feet (deeper level).
2-inch PVC steel casing set at 65 feet;
perforated from 60-65 feet (shallow level).
Elevation of top of casing: 282.3 feet.
Static Water level: 23.58 feet (deeper level)
23.58 feet (shallow level)
11 49
10 59
35 94
GO<
-------
LAKEWOOD WELL LOGS
Thickness Oepth
Materials Encountered (feet) (feet)
Monitoring Well No.12. Oate Completed: 6-3-82.
VASHON DRIFT:
Steilacoom gravels (Recessional Outwash):
Sand and gravel with cobbles. 1 1
Till;
Glacial till, highly cemented (looks like
concrete). Water at 35 feet. 34 35
Medium to coarse sand and gravels, loose. 2 37
Glacial till, cemented. 3 40
Advance Outwash:
Coarse sand and gravels with occassional clay
lenses. 14 54
Coarse sand and gravels generally loose. 16 70
Same as above with occassional silt and clay
lenses. 7 77
Generally fine sand with few coarse gravels.
Silt lenses do occur. 6 83
Coarse sand and gravels, loose. 4 87
Generally medium sand and gravels with few
cobbles; silt lenses do occur. 4 91
Silt with some gravels. 9 100
Fine sand. 15 115
Fine sand with few gravels. 5 120
Colvos sands: ?
Fine sand 15 135
Casing: 2-inch PVC, set to 87 feet,*
perforated from 82-87 feet.
Elevation of top of casing 287.6 feet.
Static water level 24.71 feet.
61«c
-------
LAKEWOOD WELL LOGS
Thickness Depth
Materials Encountered (feet) (feet)
Monitoring Well No.l3A. Date Completed: 8-12-82
VASHON DRIFT:
Steilacoom gravels (Recessional Qutwash):
Sand and gravels with cobbles, loose. 2 2
Generally sand with some clay. 8 10
Same as above, but slightly cemented. 15 25
Fine to medium sand, encountered water at 25' 6 31
Till:
Glacial till, highly cemented, looks like
concrete. 22 53
Gravels, loose. 5 58
Glacial till, cemented. 12 70
Advance Qutwash:
Fine sand with gravels, gravel content
decreases with depth. 18 88
Fine sand with silt lenses, silt content
increases with depth. 36 124
Colvos Sands: ?
Silt, bluish with occasional clay seams. 7 131
Blue clay, solft, slightly silty. 11 142
Silt. 11 153
Fine sand, loose. 11 164
Blue clay, rather silty. 17 181
Sand and gravels, with few cobbles,
slightly cemented. 13 194
Silty clay with gravels, slightly cemented 8 202
Fine sand, loose. 6 208
Coarse sand and gravels with silt lenses. 4 212
Fine to medium sand with silt lenses. 9 221
Coarse sand and gravels with few cobbles,
slightly cemented. 10 231
Same as above but more cemented. 9 240
Silt. 20 260
Casing: 2-inch PVC set at 231 feet;
perforated from 221-231.
Elevation of top of casing 284.2 feet.
Static water level: 18.33 feet.
GZ<
-------
LAKEWOGD WELL LOGS
Thickness Depth
Materials Encountered (feet) (feet)
Monitoring Well No.14. Date Completed: 08-06-82
VASHON DRIFT:
Steilacoom gravels (Recessional Qutwash): ?
Coarse sand and gravels with cobbles, loose. 5 5
Till:
Glacial till, highly cemented, (looks like
concrete). 36 41
Advance Qutwash:
Coarse sand and gravels with few cobbles, loose.
Encountered water at 41 feet. 17 58
Coarse sand and gravels, cemented. 1 59
Same as above but loose. 1 60
Fine sand. 18 78
Medium to coarse sand. 6 84
Fine sand with cobbles. 2 86
Medium to coarse sand and gravels with lenses. 5 91
102
106
112
117
120
Casing: 2-inch PVC, set at 117;
perforated from 112-117.
Elevation of top of casing 276.3 feet.
Static water level: 22.42 feet.
Colvos Sands: ?
Fine sand. 11
Generally gravels. 4
Fine sand. 6
Sand and gravels with silt lenses, loose. 5
Fine sand. 3
63-r
-------
LAKEWQOD WELL LOGS
Thickness Depth
Materials Encountered (feet) (feet)
Monitoring Well No.15. Oate Completed: 08-24-82
VASHON DRIFT:
Steilacoom gravels (Recessional Outwash):
Coarse sand and gravels, loose.
4
4
Till:
Glacial till, highly cemented.
23
27
Advance Outwash:
Coarse sand and gravels with some silt,
slightly cemented.
8
35
Fine sand.
5
40
Gravels with few cobbles. Encountered
water at 40 feet.
4
44
Coarse sand.
2
46
Coarse gravels with cobbles, slightly cemented.
Amount of water decreased with depth
until the water disappears between 50-53 feet.
7
53
Generally coarse sand and gravels with
occasional layers of fine sand.
7
60
Fine to medium sand.
5
65
Gravels and cobbles, cemented.
15
80
Same as above, but water bearing, more cemented.
16
96
Glacial till, highly cemented?
4
100
Generally coarse sand and gravels.
5
105
Gravels with cobbles, slightly cemented.
5
110
Colvos Sands:
Blue clay, soft, rather silty. 15 125
Casings: 2-level well construction.
2-inch PVC set at 110 feet;
perforated from 100-110 (deeper level);
2-inch PVC set at 44 feet;
perforated from 40-44 feet (shallow level).
Elevation of top of casing 283.3 feet.
Static water level: 24.92 feet (deeper well);
22.50 feet (shallow well).
64<
-------
LAKEWOOD WELL LOGS
Thickness Depth
Materials Encountered (feet) (feet)
Monitoring Well No.16. Date Completed:09-08-82
VASHON DRIFT:
Steilacoom gravels (Recessional Outwash):
Sand and gravels with pieces of wood (fill) 6 6
Till:
Glacial till, highly cemented, (looks like
concrete). 19 25
Advance Outwash:
Fine sand, rather silty, cemented. Few
gravels do occur.
14
39
Fine sand and gravels, gravel content
decreases with depth.
16
55
Generally fine sand with few coarse gravels.
Encountered water at 55 feet.
1
56
Medium to coarse sand and gravels.
9
65
Same as above but cemented.
Amount of water decreases with depth.
3
68
Glacial till, cemented.
Coarse sand and gravels with clay lenses,
2
70
cemented.
20
90
Coarse sand and gravels with cobbles, loose,
water bearing.
24
114
Fine to medium sand with few gravels, cemented.
7
121
Coarse sand and gravels with some clay, cemented.
1
122
Casings: 2-level well construction.
4-inch PVC, set at 110 feet;
perforated from 105 to 110 feet (deeper level).
2-inch PVC, set at 77 feet;
perforated from 75-77 feet (shallow level).
Elevation of top of casing 282.2 feet.
Static water level: 25.71 feet (deeper level);
23.08 feet (shallow level).
65^
-------
LAKEWOOD WELL- LOGS
Thickness Oepth
Materials Encountered (feet) (feet)
Monitoring Well No.17. Date Completed: 09-22-82
VASHON DRIFT:
Steilacoom gravels (Recessional Qutwash):
Coarse sand and gravels, with few cobbles, loose.
4
4
Till and Gravels:
Glacial till, highly cemented, degree of
cementation decreases with depth.
26
30
Fine sand, rather silty.
8
38
Glacial till, highly cemented.
12
50
Medium to coarse sand with few gravels, loose.
Encountered water at 50 feet.
1
51
Glacial till, cemented.
9
60
Advance Outwash:
Generally coarse sand and gravels with some
cobbles, loose.
15
75
Fine sand, loose.
2
77
Coarse sand with silt lenses, slightly
cemented.
7
84
Generally fine sand.
1
85
Coarse sand with some silt.
7
92
Fine to medium sand and gravel, loose.
8
100
Same as above but slightly cemented.
7
107
Generally fine sand.
4
111
Medium to coarse sand and gravel.
2
113
Same as above. Amount of water increases
with depth.
7
120
Fine Sand with cobbles, loose. Cobbles are
generally rounded with smooth surfaces.
1
121
Colvos sands: ?
Blue clay, rather silty.
4
125
Casings: 2-level well construction.
2-inch PVC, set at 120 feet;
perforated from 116-120 feet (deeper level)
.
2-inch PVC set at 100 feet;
perforated from 90-100 feet (shallow level)
-
Elevation of top of casing 288.3 feet.
Static water level: 26.63 feet (deeper level);
26.71 feet (shallow level).
66 <
-------
LAKEWCOD WELL LOGS
Materials Encountered
Thickness Depth
(feet) (feet)
Monitoring Well No.18. Date Completed:10-02-82
VASHON DRIFT:
Steilacoom gravels (Recessional Outwash):
Coarse sand and gravels, with few cobbles, loose. 15 15
Same as above with peat. 5 20
Coarse sand and gravels with some silt,
slightly cemented. 6 26
Generally fine sand with few cobbles. 19 45
Coarse gravels and cobbles, loose. Encountered
water at 46 feet. 3 48
Coarse sand and gravels with some clay, slightly
cemented. 10 58
Till:
Glacial till, highly cemented, (looks like
concrete).
66
Advance Outwash:
Fine to medium sand and gravels with few
cobbles, loose. 17 83
Fine to medium sand, loose. 8 91
Generally medium sand. Amount of water appears
to decrease with depth. 12 103
Sandy clay. 2 105
Medium sand. 8 113
Gravels, cemented. Degree of cementation
increases with depth. 16 129
Colvos Sands: ?
Blue clay, fairly plastic.
Casings: 2-inch PVC, set at 120 feetj
perforated from 110-120 feet.
Elevation of top of casing 282.4 feet.
Static water level: 22.5 feet.
130
67<
-------
LAKEWOOO WELL LOGS
Thickness Depth
Materials Encountered (feet) (feet)
Monitoring Well No.19. Date Completed: 10-28-82
VASHON DRIFT:
Steilacoom qravels (Recessional Outwash):
Sand and gravels, loose.
3
3
Medium to fine sand with few gravels.
8
11
Till and qravels:
Glacial till, highly cemented, (looks like
concrete).
3
14
Gravels, with few cobbles, loose.
1
15
Glacial till, cemented.
44
59
Coarse sand and gravel with cobbles, loose.
Encountered water at 59 feet.
4
63
Glacial till highly cemented, (looks like
concrete).
5
68
Advance Outwash:
Fine to medium sand.
6
74
Coarse sand and gravels.
10
84
Fine to medium sand and gravels. Grain size
increases with depth.
22
106
Fine sand with few cobbles.
6
112
Fine sand with silt lenses. Amount of water
decreases with depth.
10
122
Colvos Sands:
Blue clay, rather sandy.
3
125
Casings: 2-level well construction.
2-inch PVC set at 106 feet;
perforated from 96-106 feet (deeper level)
•
2-inch PVC set at 63 feet;
perforated from 59-63 feet (shallow level)
•
Elevation of top of casing 289.9 feet.
Static water level: 27.79 feet (deeper level);
27.58 feet (shallow level).
68<
-------
LAKEWQOD WELL LOGS
Materials Encountered
Thickness
(feet)
Depth
(feet)
Monitoring Well No.20. Date Completed: 11-08-82
VASHON DRIFT:
Steilacoom gravels (Recessional Outwash):
Coarse sand and gravels, loose.
10
10
Same as above, with peat.
8
18
Till and gravels:
Glacial till, highly cemented.
17
35
Medium to coarse sand and gravels.
2
37
Glacial till, highly cemented.
8
45
Medium to coarse sand and gravels, slightly
cemented. Encountered water at 46 feet.
8
53
Glacial till, cemented.
31
84
Advance Outwash:
Coarse sand and gravels, loose.
5
89
Fine to medium sand, loose. Grain size
decreases with depth.
14
103
Colvos sands: ?
Clay, bluish, fairly plastic.
6
109
Casings: 2-level well construction:
2-inch PVC set at 103 feet;
perforated from 93-103 feet (deeper level
).
2-inch PVC set at 53 feet;
perforated from 43-53 feet (shallow level
)•
Elevation of top of casing 279.8 feet.
«
Static water level: 21.42 feet (deeper level);
18.63 feet (shallow level).
v$9<
-------
LAKEWOOD WELL LOGS
Thickness Depth
Materials Encountered (feet) (feet)
Monitoring Well No.21. Date Completed*. 11-22-82
VASHON DRIFT:
Steilacoom gravels (Recessional Outwash):
Coarse sand and gravels with cobbles, loose. 3 3
Same as above with peat 14 17
Till and gravels:
Glacial till, highly cemented. 32 49
Coarse sand and gravels. Encountered water at
50 feet. 14 63
Glacial till, cemented. 1 64
Medium to coarse sand and gravels, loose. 3 67
Fine sand, loose. 6 73
Medium to coarse sand and gravels. 5 78
Glacial till, cemented. 4 82
Coarse sand and gravels, loose. 28 110
Generally fine sand, loose. 6 116
Generally gravels, highly cemented. Amount of
water decreases with depth. 7 123
Glacial till, cemented. 2 125
Casing: 2-inch PVC set at 105 feetj
perforated from 90-105 feet.
Elevation of top of casing 284.2 feet.
Static water level: 26.92 feet.
7(K
-------
LAKEWOOD WELL LOGS
Thickness Depth
Materials Encountered (feet) (feet)
Monitoring Well No.22. Date Completed: 12-09-82
VASHON DRIFT:
Steilacoom gravels (Recessional Qutwash):
Coarse sand and gravels with cobbles, loose. 3 3
Glacial till, highly cemented. 42 45
Coarse sand and gravels with few cobbles, loose.
Encountered water at 45 feet. 3 48
Till and gravels:
Glacial till, cemented. 5 53
Generally gravels. 5 58
Fine to medium sand with few gravels. 5 63
Generally coarse sand and gravels with few
cobbles, loose. Amount of water increases
with depth. 22 85
Fine sand, slightly cemented. 3 88
Glacial till, cemented. 2 90
Advance Qutwash: ?
Coarse sand and gravels, loose 30 120
Fine sand, slightly cemented. 3 123
Colvos Sands: ?
Blue clay, rather sandy with few cobbles. 2 125
Casing: 2-inch PVC set at 80 feet;
perforated from 80-90 feet.
Elevation of top of casing 280.9 feet.
Static water level: 22.83 feet.
71^
-------
LAKEWOOD WELL LOGS
Thickness Depth
Materials Encountered (feet) (feet)
Monitoring Well No.23. Date Abandoned'. 12-10-82
VASHON DRIFT:
Steilacopm gravels (Recessional Outwash):
Top soil, sandy clay with gravels. 2 2
Medium to coarse sand and gravels,
generally loose. 21 23
Ti 11:
Glacial till 16 39
Boring was abandoned at 39 feet. Property
owner withdrew permission of access.
72
-------
LAKEWOOO WELL LOGS
Thickness Depth
Materials Encountered (feet) (feet)
Monitoring Well No.24. Date Completed: 01-04-83
VASHON DRIFT:
Steilacoom qravels (Recessional Outwash):
Coarse sand and gravels with cobbles.
20
20
Till:
Glacial till, cemented.
17
37
Advance Outwash:
Gravels with cobbles, loose. Encountered
water at 37 feet.
10
47
Same as above but cemented. Amount of water
decreases with Increase in cementation.
5
52
Coarse sand and gravels with cobbles, loose.
13
65
Same as above but slightly cemented.
40
105
Coarse sand and gravels, loose. Amount of water
increases with depth.
5
110
Generally silt with some sand and gravels.
10
120
Colvos Sands: 1
Clay, bluish, fairly plastic.
2
122
Casings: 2-level well construction.
2-inch PVC set at 120 feet;
perforated from 115-120 feet (deeper level).
2-inch PVC set at 100 feet;
perforated from 87-100 feet (shallow level).
Elevation of top of casing 282.0 feet.
Static water level: 23.75 feet (deeper level);
23.50 feet (shallow level).
73^
-------
LAKEWOOD WELL LOGS
Thickness Depth
Materials Encountered (feet) (feet)
Monitoring Well No.25. Date Completed!01-18-83
VASHON DRIFT:
Steilacoom gravels (Recessional Outwash):
Top soil, sandy clay. 2 2
Generally gravels with cobbles, loose. 1 3
Till and gravels:
Glacial till, highly cemented. 44 47
Coarse sand and gravels cemented. Encountered
water at 47 feet. 4 51
Glacial till, cemented. 9 60
Advance Outwash:
Coarse sand and gravels, loose. 15 75
Fine to mediisn sand and gravels. 10 85
Same as above but slightly compacted. 11 96
Mediisn to coarse sand and gravels. Amount of
water increases with depth. 19 115.
Colvos Sands: ?
Clay, bluish, fairly plastic. 3 118
Casing: 2-irtch PVC set at 115 feet*
perforated from 105-115 feet.
Elevation of top of casing: Not surveyed in.
Static water level: 21.58 feet.
1. '^ater levels were measured from the top of the steel casing.
2. Elevations are based on Mean Sea Level (MSL).
-------
24"Top 2 Ft. above ground
-Z+'QD.
\o_c ¦
Grave I , D/rty
5.W.L. 3-15-51
20.7' /cow top of zv
Hard pa n with
Largs Boulders
Arirtd ^ ^ r* ? v ?'
Oir-tu
hard pan
.Sand Gravel
Dirty
1(0-
Grave1. ,l_scse,
C on r 5 e
Sand, Fi ns
^"Gravel Pack
V/E.LL DATA
30'<$r2 + " Casing ^a'Thick
CdrnenTj Grav-^i » Sand brout Sacr-riii
Gravel oac'^fill from ioC to HO' 8ebw Sc.-ee'
50
75^
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-------
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-------
APPENDIX 3 - SITE SAFETY PLAN
78^
-------
ecology and environment, inc.
108 SOUTH WASHINGTON, SUITE 302. SEATTLE, WASHINGTON 98104, TEL. 206-624-9537
International Specialists in the Environmental Sciences
DATE: January 28, 1983
TO: Dave Dahlstrom, CSD
FROM: Thomas Tobin, RSC
Region X FIT
SUBJ: Site Safety Plan for Sampling
Groundwater Monitoring Wells
Lakewood Site, Pierce County
Washington
REF: TDD R10-8301-08
CC: Donald Zelazny, ZPMO
Enclosed is the site safety plan for sampling groundwater
monitoring wells at Lakewood, Washington (see attached figures).
Sampling personnel will not wear respiratory protection equipment
because the respirable zone above the wells has not been found to con-
tain volatile organics. Contaminated clothing (butyl glovest apron,
helmet) will be removed and either will be cleaned with soap and water
at the site or will be bagged for later off-site cleaning. Paper
towels and latex gloves that are used for cleaning the bailer and for
collecting the samples will be bagged f6r later off-site disposal. The
field team will bring its own water for cleaning and for drinking.
Water generated from the purging of the groundwater monitoring
wells will be disposed of on the ground by the well.
TT: jg
enclosure
attachments
recycled paper
79<
-------
ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT, INC.
FIELD INVESTIGATION TEAM
SITE SAFETY PLAN
A. GENERAL INFORMATION
SITE: Lakewood TDD SO:
MSTS NO: __
location: Pierce County, Washington
PLAN PREPARED BY: Thomas Tohin DATE: January ?3, 1Qa*3
APPROVED BY; Thomas Tobin, RSO PATE: January ?fi. 1QR3
OBJECTIVE(S): Sample FlT-lnctalW groundwater mnn-ifnr-iPg w1]q at
Lakewood, Pierce County, Washington. ,
PROPOSED MTE OF INVESTIGATION: January 31 - Feh.tarv & TQQ"?
BACKGROUND BEVIES; Complete: X - Preliminary: __
DOCUMENTATION/SU24MAJRY; OVERALL HAZARD; Serious; Koderate:
Low: X Unknown;
B. SITE/WASTE CHARACTERISTICS
VASTE TYPES(S): Liquid _X Solid Sludge
CHARACTERISTICS): Corrosive Ignitable
Gas
Radioactive
Volatile X Toxic Reactive Unknown Other
FACILITY DESCRIPTION: Not applicable (N/A>
Principal Disposal Method (type and location): -ML
Unusual Features (dike integrity, power lines, terrain,
etc.)
Status: (active, inactive, unknown? fj/A
History: (Worker or non—-orker injury; cocplaints from public;
previous agency action):
I of 5
80-:
12/81
-------
C. HA ZARE EVALUAT1ON
In June, 1981, the Lakewood Water District and the EPA detected, low
levels of organics in Lakewood Production Well H-2 (see EPA memo,
7-19-81); this well has been taken out of service. FIT, along with
the Region X EPA, supervised the drilling of 25 groundwater monitoring
wells around H-l and H-2; FIT also provided OVA and HNU capability.
The levels of organics in the FIT-installed wells is very low (ppb
range) as determined by the use of the OVA and EPA Region X Laboratory.
As the levels of organics in the Lakewood wells (FIT wells - 25) is
very low and there does not appear to be a problem with inhalation,
no respiratory protection is thorugh necessary. If conditions change
during the sampling (i.e., the OVA/HNU detects high levels of organic
vapors in the respirable zone) while the wells are being purged, the
sampling team will put on their Ultra-Twin Respirators with the
appropriate cartridge and continue with the sampling of wells. The
samplers will be protected against any percutaneous dangers.
D. SITE SAFETY WORK PLAN
PERIMETER ESTABLISHMENT: Map/Sketch Attached _X Site Secured? YES
Perimeter Identified? YES Zone(s) of Contacinstion Identified? NO
PERSONAL PROTECTION
Level of Protection: A B C D X
Modifications: Butyl rubber apron, butyl rubber gloves, surgical
gloves, winter coveralls, hard hats with face shield (face shield
optional) will be worn. .
Surveillance Equipment and Materials: OVA, HNU, Stainless-Steel
bailer, air drive pump, sampling materials, Keck electric pump.
paper 2 of 5 • _ . . . J2/S1
81<
-------
DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES;
See cover memo.
Special Equipcent, Facilities, or Procedures:
—JOQg
SITE ENTRY PROCEDURES: -
Team will be briefed by the field team leader prior tn Paring
Tean Meaner
Carol Mitrani
Peter Evers
Jackie Betz
Andy Thomas
Thomas Tobin
Rwasi Boateng
Responsibi1 icy
Sampling ..Team -
Pumppr/OYA nppratnr/Safety Person
Field Technir7an/nnr?wi(»n»a»
-------
E. EMERGENCY INFORMATION
LOCAL RESOURCES
Ambulance Pierce County 383-5416 ~
Hospital Emergency Roam Lakewood General Hospital, 5702 100th St., Lakewood 474-0561
Poison Control Center Mary Bridge Children's Hospital 272-1281
Police Pierce County 593-4911
Fire Department . Lakewood Fire Department #2 588-5217
Airport Sea-Tac, Pacific Highway (south)
Explosives Unit Pierce County Police Dept. 593-4911
EPA Contact Fred Wolf, ESD 442-0887
SITE RESOURCES
Water Supply . The sampling team will bring their own water supply
Telephone lakewood Water District office or local pay phone
Radio None
Other
EMERGENCY CONTACTS
1. Dr. Raymond Harbison (University of Arkansas) . . . (501) 661-5766 or 661-5767
(MEDTOX) (501) 370-8263 (24 hour)
2. Regional Safety Officer Thocas Tobin 624-9537/524-2850
3. FIT Leader Hussein Aldis 624-9537/881-6636
4. FIT office Region X; 206-62A-9537
5. Ecology and Environment, Inc. NPMO (703) 522-6065
(24 hour; call forwarding)
6. Regional Health Maintenance Program Contact ....
7. TAT Emergency Paging System (716) 882-2804
8. CHEMTREX 1-800-424-9300
9. zpmo (703) 522-6065
10, Dave Dahl strom (716) 632-4491/741-2884
4 of 5
83^
1/82
-------
F. EI3ERGENCY ROUTES
(Give road or other directions; Attsch Hap)
. HOSPITAL: Pacific Highway and New York Avenue then N.E. on Pacific Highway
tn Bridgeport Way fN) on to Bridgeport May to 100th St. Left on
100th St. to Lakewood General Hospital.
OTHER:
EQUIPMENT CHECKOUT
SC3A Q CYLINDERS JEH
APR (El CARTRIDGES 0
EXPLOSIMETERQ
02 INDICATOR f~l
DRAEGER PUMP I I TUBES Q
RADIATION SURVEY METER ~
0
RADIATION CONTAMINATION METER I 1
EYE WASH UNIT
FIRST AID KIT {xx|
DRINKING WATER SUPPLY
PERSONAL CLOTHING frfl
EECasTTA'UNKriCN 2-IAIERIALS
Dosimeter badges [x]
OVA 0
HNU fx]
84 <
5 of 5
12/81
-------
MEMO
"0: All TAT/FIT Team Members
THRU; Regional Safety Officers
ROM: David L. Dahlstrom, Corporate Safety Director
SUBJECT: Emergency Incident Response Procedures
DATE: July 31, 1951
cc: Dr. R. Harbison, Dr. R. Jases, Dr. J. Nolan, Dr. E. Carr,
Dr. C. Zenz R. Gray, ' - -iV—'... G. Gallagher
So as to provide better and more comprehensive response service in the
event of an emergency exposure in the field requiring i.unediate medical
treatment, the procedure will be to initially contact Dr. Raymond Harbison
via the emergency toxicological phone system. If for any reason Dr.
Harbison does not respond within 15 minutes of activation, you are to
contact your respective national program offices.
Since the TAT NPMQ operates on a keeper system that 1s manned 24 hours a
day, contact with a responsive individual will occur within minutes of
activation. The FIT NPHO operates after hours on a call forwarding basis.
Therefore, in the rare possibility that someone from this office cannot be
reached, all FIT are to contact the TAT NPHO paging system. The respective
numbers are:
Emergency Toxicologies! Phone Systas 5Q1/370-32S3
FIT Effergency Call-Forwarding System 703/522-5063
Please remember three things if an emergency incident occurs:
1. without hesitation get the injured person to the nearest treatment
facility immediately;
2. contact Dr. Hcrtison or responsible emergency system, and,
3. contact your respeczive. NPMO to notify them of the emergency.
Under no circumstances should activation of emergency notification systems
preclude the iroadiata care of the injured individual.
Concurrence:
S. A. Gallaghe:
R. Gray (J ,
S5<
Adans
-------
c/ -£
Aug. 19, 1S81 (update^ August 25, 1981 )
ject; Analysis of Water Samples for Puroeable H'alocarbons
from the lakewood-HcChord Field Area.
Arnold R. Gahler, Chief
/I J* IJ
htnoia k. banier, tnief a/)
Region 10 laboratory
o: G. O'Neal, Director
S & A Division
W. Mullen, Chief
Water Supply Branch
The attached table describes purceable halocarbon concentrations from
samples taken from wells in the l2kewood-KcChord area as analysed by
R. Rieck.
Samples ware analyzed in the priority order suggested by Kr. W. Mullen.
Kote: 1,2 (trans)-Dichloroethylene is the same compound as 1,2(trans)-Dichloroether.e.
Trichloroethylene is the same compound as Trichloroethene.
Tetrachloroethylene is the sane compound as Tetrachloroethene.
AuCi,
•- u -
a ty,J
Op/j
.... U7Z-i (C»«. 3-74)
86-c
-------
o
; bor*alory K'umber
32466
32428
32460
32492
32470
32472 '
32474
32480
32481
32482
32430
32431 (Dupl)
32432
32433 (Dupl)
32440
32441 (Dupl)
32450.
32452
32454
32456
32458
32434
32436
32438
32442
* Compounds not
Station Name
O
Concentration
Micrograms per/liter
12016 Woodbine Lane • IK*
Shady Ur.e KHP IK ^
7-11 on 12336 Pacific Highway S. IK
12812 True Lane S. IK
12711 Lincoln IK
5301 Chicago IK
CCaEewood If—2-f
,2~{tfans)-Dich1oFoetl}"ene5 53
vTeirachloroethepe 7 67 u\*
1 »1,1-Trichloroethane 1.5
TrichToroetKehe"' 11
12016 Woodbine (Transfer blank} IK
HcChord #832 (Transfer blank) IK
Lakewood H-2 (Transfer blank) IK
laboratory Blank • IK
McChord #781 Trichloroethene 4.5 *->
HcChord #781 Trichloroethene 5.3 y>'
McChord #711 Trichloroethene 1.1
HcChord #711 Trichloroethene" 1.3
HcChord #832 Chloroform 1.8
HcChord #832 Chloroform 1.8
Lakewood 0-3 IK
Lakewood D-2 IK
Lakewood K-2 ' IK
Lakewood F-2 IK
Lakewood G-l IK
HcChord 190 IK
HcChord 3410 IK
He Chord 5001 IK
HcChord 846 IK
identified within detection ll=lts noted.
IaJ
•1-
87c
-------
B A S
7/
jnfrtm II -4^ "3 s. • .• J .
i^cg-jfertq^eri TateV *¦ • •
. ....* — .- .,1- tr, '
122*30'
47*07'30"
R0A0 CLASSIFICATION
Heavy-duty _
Medium-duty .
Light-duty
Unimproved dirt.........
r5
Washington
Interstate Route
quaojungle location
STEILACOOM, WASH.
HE/* AMOEPSOK ISLAXO IS" QUAOBANCLE
N4707.5—W! 2230/7.5
1959
PHOTOREVJSED 1968 ANO 1973
AMS U78 II NE—SERIES V89I
v» ~Y-
* T.
v/V
FIGURE 1
LOCATION HAP
LAKEWOOD, WASHINGTON
88<
-------
Not to Sc2le
FIGURE 2
LOCATION OF LAKEWOOD
GROUNDWATER MONITORING WELLS 1-10
LAKEWOOD, WASHINGTON
SSc
-------
C/J £5
'
i
LQ3
scale: \ j—
0' 1000'
FIGURE 3
LOCATION OF LAKEWOOD
GROUNDWATER MONITORING WELLS 11-25
LAKEWOOD, WASHINGTON
2000'
BOc
-------
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-------
APPENDIX C
CONTAMINANT CONCENTRATIONS AND WELL DRAWDOWN/
RECOVERY CURVES
-------
SCfi
nc
TRICHLORO ETHYLENE
WELL H-2
FEB.1983
I 1
IX
3 V
3 V
IV
icy:
ii
.60 1.8
1.2 2.4
3.0 *.2
3.6 4. a
5.4
t.t> 7.8
6.0
7.2 8.4
LogTime (Min.)
93<
-------
90C
S 25
?5C
47!
_ O
o tCC
a
c
3
a
- 525
C
t
Q
5
u
3CC
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
WELL H-2
FEB.1983
I
LogTimo (Min.)
94<
-------
1,2transDICHL0R0 ETHYLENE
WELL H-2
J«—¦>. FEB.1983
LogTima (Mirt.)
-------
TIME DRAWDOWN CURVE
Well H-1
6-
o 8—
10-
1 10 100 1000 10.000
Time Sinca Pumping Started in minutes (t' )
Oil
TIME RECOVERY CURVE
Well H-1
10
mmammammmmmmm
100 1000
Time After Pumping Stepped (t1) in minutes
10,000
S6<
-------
TIME RECOVERY CURVE
Well H-1
UMB
10 100 1000 10,000
Ratio
37c
-------
so-.
TIME DRAWDOWN CURVE
Well H-2
«
- 40-
c
i
o
t3
3
50-
60-
10 100 1000
Time Since Pumping Started in minutes (t' )
10,000
TIME RECOVERY CURVE
Well H-2
10 100 1000
"ime After Pumping Stopped (ri in minutes
10,000
98^
-------
CO
A
Residual Drawdown Is ) in feet
-------
s
Well 12
10 100 1000
Time Since Pumping Started in minules (tT )
10,000
3
vO
s.
©
>
: 2"
TIME RECOVERY CURVE
Well 12
10 100 1000
Time After Pumping Stopped (t'J in minutes
10,000
TIME RECOVERY CURVE
Wei! 12
" 1 10 100 1QQ0 10,000
Ratio
10(K
" 1
0) I
i4
-------
TIME DRAWDOWN CURVE
Wei! 13
10 100
Time Since Pumping Slarted in mimites( t1
1000
10,000
±01<
-------
w - r
n
3
O
1
TIME DRAWDOWN CURVE
Well 14
am
10 100 10G0
Time Sines Pumping Started in minutes'(t')
10,000
1-1
TIME RECOVERY CURVE
Wei! 14
10 100
Time After Pumping Stopped iv) in mi.
1000
10,000
102^:
-------
TIME RECOVERY CURVE
Well 14
100
Ratio
1000
10,000
103<
-------
TIME DRAWDOWN CURVE
2—i
Well 15
I
10
100
Time Since Pumping Started in minutes (t )
1000
10,000
TIME RECOVERY CURVE
Wei! 15
O
4J
U* I .
CO
o
GZ
10
100
Ratio (t/t'l
1000
10,000
4L€>4<
-------
TIME DRAWDOWN CURVE
Well 16
2-
3-
o 4-
10,1300
i
100
1000
Time Sines Pumoing Started in minutes (t' )
TIME RECOVERY CURVE
Well 16
10 100 1000
ime After Pumping Stopped(t^in minutes
10.000
105 <
-------
TIME DRAWDOWN CURVE
Wei! 17
10
100 t 1000
Time Stnca Pumping Started in minutes (t' )
10,000
'
TIME RECOVERY CURVE
Wei! 17
1
3-S
10
100
Ratio it/r)
1000 10,000
±06 <
-------
TIME DRAWDOWN CURVE
Wei! 18
1-
3-
1000
100
10,000
Time Since Pumping Started in minutes (t' )
±07 <
-------
X ¦
- I
s l-f
O |
1 I
¦D
5
Q 2 —
3-3
0~s
«
(U
c 1-
I2-
u
®
o -*
TIME RECOVERY CURVE
Well 19
10
100
Ratio !t/t')
1000
10,000
108 <
-------
TIME RECOVERY CURVE
Wei! 20
3 4
10 100
Time After Pumping Stopped
1000
10,000
!r)
in minutes
o-fl
TIME RECOVERY CURVE
Well 20
1
O
"3
3-
1000
10,000
100
Ratio (t/t1)
109<
-------
TIME DRAWDOWN CURVE
Wei! 20
3—
5-
6-|
100
Time Since Pumping Started in mtnutes (t
1000
10,000
±1G<
-------
TIME DRAWDOWN CURVE
Well 21
S
c
v r
C
5
o
T3
$
«3
w
o
bse^i
10,000
100
Time Since Pumping Stared in minutas (t')
1000
(t
minutas
in
TIME RECOVERY CURVE
Weii 21
c
•rt
0)
>
G
V
1)
e£
111
1000
^in minutes
10 100
Time After Pum.Ding Stcppedlr
10,000
-------
TIME RECOVERY CURVE
Well 21
1
10
100
Ratio (t/t')
1000
imm
10,000
112<
-------
TIME DRAWDOWN CURVE
Well 22
3-
4-
5-
6-i
i
1000
10,000
Time Sines Pumping Sta'ted in mmutes (t' )
113^
-------
6-9
TIME RECOVERY CURVE
Well 24
8-
>
1000
10 100
Time After Pumping StoppecKt'im minutes
10,000
RESIDUAL DRAWDOWN
Well 24
"O
6-Si
100
Ratio It/t')
1000
10,000
114 <
-------
TIME DRAWDOWN CURVE
Well 24
10-
12-
io 100 ( 1000
Time Sines Pumping Started in minutes (t )
10,000
115c
------- |