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EFFECTS OF SEAFOOD WASTE DEPOSITS
ON WATER QUALITY AND BENTHOS
AKOTAN HARBOR, ALASKA
Prepared for:
Environmental Protection Agency, Region
Under Contract No. 68-01-6613
Work Assignment No. 9
Prepared by:
Jones & Stokes Associates, Inc.
2321 P Street
Sacramento, CA 95816
1802 136th Place NE
Bellevue, WA 98005
and
Tetra Tech, Inc.
1900 116th Avenue NE
Suite 200
Bellevue, WA 98004
January 26, 1984
i /
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION 1
Objectives 1
Processing Activity 3
METHODS 5
Hydrodyamic Studies 5
Water Quality " 5
Sediment Studies 7
Side-Scan Sonar Surveys 7
Sediment Sampling Procedures 7
Biological Sampling 8
Underwater Television Camera 9
RESULTS 11
Hydrodynamic Studies 11
Bathymetry 11
Tides 11
Freshwater Inflow 14
wind-driven Circulation 14
Water Quality 23
June Data 23
September Data 34
Sediment Studies 37
Side-Scan Sonar Surveys (June) 37
June Sediment Data 42
September Sediment Data 42
Biological Community - June 1983 49
Background Stations in June 55
Stations on or Near Waste Piles in June 59
Biological Community - September 1983 61
Inner Harbor Stations 61
Outer Harbor and Akutan Bay Stations 63
CONCLUSIONS 67
Flushing Characteristics 67
Water Quality 70
Sediment 71
Biological Data 72
Case Study - Dutch Harbor 74
Comparison with Akutan 75
Case Study - Petersburg 76
Comparison with Akutan 77
Case Study - Kodiak 77
Comparison with Akutan 78
* t f
tu
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
REFERENCES 79
Documents 79
Personal Communications 81
APPENDIX A - CHRONOLOGICAL REPORTS OF FIELD STUDIES A-l
IN AKUTAN HARBOR, JUNE AND SEPTEMBER
APPENDIX B - ANALYTIC MODEL OF HARBOR FLUSHING USING B-l
JUNE DROGUE DATA
APPENDIX C - MODEL OF HARBOR FLUSHING USING SEPTEMBER C-l
SALINITY DATA
APPENDIX D - SEPTEMBER WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS D-l
APPENDIX E - JUNE WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS MEASURED E-l
AT WATER QUALITY STATIONS
APPENDIX F - SEPTEMBER SEDIMENT ANALYSIS F-l
APPENDIX G - SPECIES LIST FOR "BACKGROUND" STATIONS G-l
IN JUNE
APPENDIX H - SPECIES LIST FOR STATIONS ON OR NEAR H-l
WASTEPILES IN JUNE
APPENDIX I - RARE SPECIES IN JUNE 1-1
APPENDIX J - SPECIES LIST FOR INNER HARBOR STATIONS IN J-l
SEPTEMBER
APPENDIX K - SPECIES LIST FOR OUTER HARBOR AND AKUTAN K-l
BAY STATIONS IN SEPTEMBER
APPENDIX L - RARE SPECIES, I.E., ONE INDIVIDUAL FOUND L-l
ONLY AT ONE STATION, IN SEPTEMBER
/V
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52
3
26
29
30
30
32
33
38
39
43
48
58
62
64
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1 Shellfish Production in Akutan Harbor
2 Water Quality Parameters Measured at
Sediment Stations in June
3 Turbidity Measurements at Depth in June
4 Dissolved Oxygen Near Bottom in June
5 Hydrogen Sulfide vs Depth in June
6 Oil and Grease vs Depth in June
7 Nitrogen (Ammonia, Kjeldahl, Nitrate,
Nitrite) vs Depth in June
8 Turbidity Measurements Taken in September
9 Surface Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations
Measured in Titration in September
10 Sediment Sampling Performed at Sediment
Stations in June
11 Mean i Standard Deviation Values for
Sediment Parameters in September
12 Number of Species and Codominant Species
at Each Station in June
13 Number of Species and Numerically Dominant
Species at Each Station in September
14 Comparison Of Stations Si and S3 in September
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ig
l
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Geographic Location of Study Area 2
Estimated Freshwater Inflow to Akutan Harbor 12
in Cubic Feet Per Second (cfs), on June 5,
1983
Comparison of Predicted and Observed Tides, 13
Akutan Harbor, June 5 and 6, 1983
Drogue Positions - Outfall Series, June 5, 15
1983
Drogue Positions - 15 m depth - 6 June 1983. 16
Drogue Positions - 1-2 m depth - June 5, 17
1983
Comparison of Analytical Solution to Inner 18
Harbor Drogue Data for June 1983
Drogue Positions - 30 m depth - September 20
1983
Drogue Positions - 20 m depth - September 21
1983
Drogue Positions - 10 m depth - September 22
1983
Depth - Averaged Salinity Distribution - 24
September 1983
Location of Sediment Stations. June 1983 25
Location of Water Quality Stations. June 1983 28
Location of Water Quality Stations. September 35
1983
Density (aj)* Salinity (s), and Temperature 36
(T) profiles, September 1983.
Side Scan Sonar/SBP Areal Coverage, Akutan 40
Harbor Survey. June 4-5, 1983.
Total Organic Carbon in Sediment Samples. 44
June 1983
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LIST OF FIGURES CONTINUED
Figure Page
18 Grain Size of Sediment Samples. 45
June 1983
19 Ammonia - Nitrogen Concentration of 46
Sediment Samples, June 1983
20 Sediment Sampling Stations. September 1983. 47
21 Sediment Grain Size in September, 1983 50
22 Total Organic Carbon (%). September 1983 51
23 Ammonia (ppm). September 1983 52
24 Organic Nitrogen (ppm). September 1983 53
25 Sulfide (ppm)• September 1983 54
26 Benthic Infaunal Communities of Akutan Harbor 56
II'll
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INTRODUCTION
Akutan Island, in the Aleutian Islands (See Figure 1), has
become a major center for seasonal floating seafood processors.
A sheltered harbor on the east side of the island offers pro-
tected waters in proximity to vessels fishing in Bristol Bay
crabbing areas. In addition, a major land-based processing
plant was constructed by Trident Seafoods. The Trident plant
has not been issued an NPDES waste discharge permit. Seafood
wastes have been ground and discharged into the harbor since
production began in May 1982. EPA issued a work assignment
under Contract 68-01-6613 to obtain information needed to issue
new or revised NPDES permits to the processors to protect water
quality and harbor resources.
Objectives
Two water quality investigations of Akutan Harbor were
carried out by Jones & Stokes Associates. From June 1-7, 1983,
a crew of five representatives of Jones & Stokes Associates
(including Tetra Tech and Williamson Associates, subcontrac-
tors) , two EPA representatives, and one representative from the
Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADFG) conducted field work.
A second field investigation was conducted September 15-21,
19 83. A crew of four representatives of Jones & Stokes Associ-
ates (including Tetra Tech, subcontractor), one EPA representa-
tive, and one representative from ADFG participated in the
September field work. Appendix A contains trip reports prepared
by Jones & Stokes Associates.
¦The objectives of the investigations were: to assess
existing water quality and sediment quality in the harbor, and
to evaluate the impact of seafood waste discharges on the
benthic biota. The major discharge investigated was from the
new Trident processing plant, although other waste piles were
located and sampled. The investigation was designed to obtain
field data that would assist development of permit conditions
and preparation of an environmental assessment on alternative
seafood waste disposal methods.
Initially, it was intended that the water quality investi-
gation would assess the impacts of the discharge plume and
deposited solids on the receiving water. Major discharges,
however, did not occur during the field work periods. Only two
processors were active, and only crab was being processed. Data
on discharges during codfish processing were not obtained.
Trident Seafoods, Inc., was required to monitor receiving water
quality and conduct dye studies as part of a Section 309 order
(Clean Water Act). These data could have been used to evaluate
1
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Fairbanks
AKUTAN, ALASKA
VICINITY MAP
&
Akalah
UNIMAK ISLAND
AKun island
* «kul3fi Island «
! VU^ Tigalda Iskftf
r A\^ ~PooX(* 2* AV8!anak mKS
* KHENITZIN ISLANDS
Dutch HarDor
/nasaska
***- *¦¦¦ North Head-. yv« >.
UNMAK
ISLAND
prints Bay
FOX ISLANDS
Akytan Rams
Akutan Village
Akutan Peak 4.2/3
:--y| Reef Bight +
Reef Point
Aktrtao Harbor
AKUTAN
ISLAND
Flat Top Peak 3,445
Q!y of Akulan Scunciary
^c»at Stent
Broad Bight
SaranaBay. ,>
Taius Point
* *
Cap* Morgan
%-Mr Battery Pomi
SOURCE: CITY OF AKUTAN 1982.
FIGURE 1. GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION OF STUDY AREA.
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water quality impacts from cod waste discharges; however, these
data were not provided to EPA. This report, therefore, address-
es the water quality impacts resulting, from relatively low crab
processing activity and from deposited seafood waste solids.
Water quality impacts resulting from a higher volume discharge
plume from the Trident plant are predicted based on an evalua-
tion of hydrodynamic characteristics of the harbor. .
Processing Activity
Conflicting data exist on the magnitude of recent process-
ing activity in Akutan Harbor. According to the City of Akutan
(1982), only one or two floating processors frequented Akutan
Harbor prior to 1979. The M/V Akutan or the M/V Deep Sea would
tie up at the village dock for seasonal fish and crab process-
ing. In 1979, several additional floating processors anchored
in the harbor. In 1980 and 1981, as many as 13 processors
anchored in the harbor during crab season (City of Akutan 1982) .
Most of these processors move to other locations during other
seasons. Data developed by ADFG indicate somewhat different
estimates of the number of shellfish processors, but similar
trends. Table 1 summarizes total shellfish processing activity,
showing a peak in processing in 1980 followed by a sharp decline
roughly paralleling the decline in Alaska crab catches. When
crab are processed as sections, waste represents approximately
40 percent of body weight (Brown and Caldwell 1978) .
Table 1. Shellfish Production1 in Akutan Harbor
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
wt {106 lbs) 27.7 38.231 58.859 37.047 13.288
# Processors 7 7 11 8 4
1 Finfish production data not available from ADFG
SOURCE; ADFG production statistics (Sundberg pers. comm.)
In 1982, a new land-based seafood processing plant, con-
structed by Trident Seafoods, began operation on the Island
(Plates 1 and 2) . A maximum seafood processing capacity of
600,000 pounds per day is provided by the plant. Products are
mainly salted split cod and salted cod filets. Crab are brined,
frozen, and packed as sections. Herring, salmon, and other
species of bottomfish and shellfish are also processed, but in
smaller quantities. The processing capacity for these
additional species is not known.
3
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The plant had processed approximately 9.1 million pounds of
finished codfish products and 1,4 million pounds of other
finished seafood products as of March 1983 {Soderlund pers.
comm., Trident Seafoods pers. comm.). This resulted in a waste
discharge of approximately 19,5-24.5 million pounds, based on a
final product recovery equal to approximately 30-35 percent of
raw weight (Evans Research Group 1983; Soderlund pers. comm.).
Processing of the Trident shore-based facility ceased, at
least temporarily, on June 9, 1983 when fire destroyed the
processing plant.
4
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METHODS
This chapter describes the field methods used on June 3-6
and September 16-20, 1983.
Hydrodynamic Studies
Hydrodynamic studies conducted during the June survey
consisted of observations of current-following drogues, tide
measurements, and estimation of freshwater inflow.
"Window shade"-type drogues, constructed of mylar sheets
one meter square, were used for current studies. The drogues
were attached to surface floats by 6-mm diameter floating line.
The use of floating line reduced the buoyancy and size require-
ment of the surface float. Fishnet floats which had a projected
area of approximately 103 cm2 were used in June, With the float
nearly half submerged, the projected area of the float in water
was about 52 cm2. This provided a projected area ratio of the
drogue:float combination of 200:1. Positions of the drogue
buoys were determined by a Motorola Mini Ranger Mark III elec-
tronic positioning system.
Measurements of tidal elevation were made with a Fisher
Porter water level recorder. The recorder tracked the elevation
of a float within a stilling well and recorded a value on
punched paper tape every 6 minutes. The datum or reference
level for the observations was arbitrarily established because
of the lack of a vertical survey control point in the vicinity
of the tide recorder. A continuous record was obtained from
June 4-8, 19 83.
Fresh water inflow from the largest stream was gaged in
June using a pygmy current meter. Other streams were visually
estimated by two observers.
The same "window shade" - type drogues were used during the
September survey. Divers flags and floats were used instead of
the fishnet floats to achieve a smaller area projected above the
water. Drogue studies in September were designed to identify
water movement between the inner and outer harbor, and the outer
harbor and Akutan Bay. No tidal elevation or stream discharge
measurements were made during the September survey.
Water Quality
Water in Akutan Harbor was sampled and analyzed to charac-
terize the quality of receiving water and assist in evaluating
5
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impacts from seafood waste piles. Significant discharges did
not occur during 1983 field work; Trident discharged crab wastes
once during June fieldwork (Plate 3). Water quality conditions
during substantial effluent discharges were not examined. These
data were to be provided to EPA by Trident Seafoods, Inc. in
compliance with a Section 309 (Clean Water Act) order.
Water quality parameters measured during June in the field
included; temperature and turbidity as a function of depth,
Secchi disk transparency, dissolved oxygen, color, and settle-
able solids. Laboratory analyses included: salinity; dissolved
nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen; oil and
grease; hydrogen sulfide; and TOC.
June water samples were collected at 10 stations with a
Scott-Richardson bottle. One 500-ml subsample was fixed with
2 ml of zinc acetate for hydrogen sulfide analysis. Samples
were preserved, and stored in ice for later laboratory analysis
at Anchorage. Standard laboratory analyses were used in the
parameter determinations. Water samples were delivered by field
personnel to the analytical laboratory in Anchorage. Samples
remained in custody of field personnel except during transit
between airports.
June temperatures were measured using an InterOcean 513D
electronic water quality probe. The dissolved oxygen and
salinity monitoring features of this sensor were not functional
during the June survey. Temperature was recorded at June
sediment stations at the- standard National Ocean Survey depths
of surface, 2 m (6.6 ft) , 5 m (16.4 ft) , 10 m (32.8 ft) , 15 m
(49.2 ft), 25 m (82 ft), 30 m (98.4 ft), and bottom.
Secchi disk transparency was measured at selected sediment
stations in June using a standard 20-cm diameter Secchi disk.
Turbidity measurements were made in June using a Hach
turbidity meter (Model 106900-00) at each water quality station
at depths of 0.9 m (3 ft), 15.2 m (50 ft), 21.3 m (70 ft), and
near bottom. Dissolved oxygen was measured from near bottom
samples at selected water quality stations by means of a titra-
tion procedure based on the Winkler method. Color was deter-
mined by comparison with precalibrated standards to yield
platinum/cobalt units (PCLJs) . Settleable solids were measured
using a 1-liter Imhoff cone.
Dissolved oxygen concentration, conductivity (salinity),
pH, and temperature were measured in the field at 20 stations in
September with a Martek Mark VIII water quality data logger.
Water samples were taken at surface and near bottom with a Van
Dorn water bottle. Dissolved oxygen concentration was also
measured in September by Winkler titration of a subsample of
surface water at each station. Turbidity measurements were made
in September using a Hach turbidity meter (Model 106900-00) and
6
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subsamples of surface and near bottom- water at each water
quality station. A standard 20-cm Secchi disc was also used to
determine water transparency at each station.
Sediment Studies
Sediments were sampled in Akutan Harbor in June and
September to determine the magnitude and extent of substrate
modifications and any associated impacts on infaunal benthos
associated with seafood processing wastes. Outer harbor sedi-
ments were sampled to provide documentation of the existing
substrata and data on possible alternative disposal sites. A
cooperative effort was also carried out in June to collect data
for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) at sites proposed for
a small boat harbor. The latter information was provided
separately as raw data to the COE and is not discussed further
in this report.
Side-Scan Sonar Surveys
On June 4 and 5, 1983 a sub-bottom profiling (SBP) and
side-scan sonar survey was conducted in Akutan Harbor. This
work was performed using a Klein 3.5 kHz sub-bottom profiler,
100 kHz side-scan sonar, and high resolution 500 kHz side-scan
sonar. Navigational control was maintained using a Motorola
Mini Ranger III positioning system. The 3.5 kHz SBP is a
down-looking acoustic device used to identify structure in the
upper portions of the sediment column, and was used on this
survey to determine the depth of waste piles associated with
seafood processing activities in the harbor. The side-scan
sonar systems were used to locate individual piles of processing
waste for subsequent sampling, and to characterize sediment type
as an indication of the energy of the bottom environment with
inference to the strength of bottom currents and circulation.
Sediment Sampling Procedures
Sediments were sampled at 36 locations in June and six
locations in September. In June, one sediment sample was
collected at each station using a 0.1 m2 Van Veen grab. Samples
with insufficient grab penetration (<10 cm), evidence of leak-
age, or disturbed sediment-water interface were discarded.
Subsamples (475 ml) in June were labelled, frozen, transported
to an analytical lab in Anchorage, and' analyzed for grain size
and ammonia content. Coarse grain size was determined using
sieves that allow separation of particles down to 0.063 mm in
diameter. The procedure for ammonia determination was distilla-
tion with distillate analysis. All analytical procedures were
standard EPA-certified techniques. Samples remained in custody
of field personnel, except during transit between baggage
facilities at Dutch Harbor and Anchorage airports. The June
7
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subsamples were later transported from Anchorage to a commercial
laboratory in Seattle for total organic carbon (TOC) and further
grain size analyses. TOC was determined using a combustion-
infrared analyzer after acidification.
In September, six sediment stations were occupied. Three
samples were taken at each inner harbor station, and five
samples were taken at each outer harbor and Akutan Bay station.
September subsamples were labelled, kept cold, and transported
on ice to an analytical lab in Seattle. Samples remained in
custody of field personnel, except during transit between
baggage facilities at Dutch Harbor and Seattle airports. A *
subsample for sulfide analysis was fixed with a zinc acetate
solution immediately upon subsampling. Laboratory analysis
A T\ d "I
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(at least 24 hours) . Shipment was made in fresh water. All
specimens were then stored in 70 percent isopropanol after 48
hours in fresh water.
Identical sampling and sieving procedures were employed in
September. However, excess formalin was decanted from sample
jars and 70 percent isopropanol was added prior to shipment from
Dutch Harbor.
Laboratory analysis consxsted of sorting and identification
to the lowest possible taxonomic unit. Polychaetes were shipped
to Dr. J, Kudenov (Univ. of Alaska, Anchorage) for identifica-
tion.
Underwater Television Camera
An underwater television camera (Hydro Products, Inc.) and
video recording system were deployed in Akutan Harbor in June
and in September. Preliminary transects in June were run over
the Trident waste pile and southward across the harbor. During
the preliminary survey, a diode burned out in the power supply
and resulted in a current overload in the camera unit. Field
repairs were unsuccessful; subsequent diagnosis determined that
the vidicom tube had also burned out. Unfortunately, the video
recorder was not in use during preliminary transects.
In September, recordings were successfully made at the
Trident outfall site, southward of Trident in the inner harbor,
off the City of Akutan dock, and at outer harbor stations.
9
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Intentionally Blank Page
10
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RESULTS
Hydrodynamic Studies
Harbor flushing characteristics are determined primarily by
.the shape of the embayment, tides, freshwater inflow, and wind
forces.
Bathymetry
Akutan Harbor is a typical, glacier-formed, fjord-type
embayment (Figure 2). The harbor is approximately 6.3 km (3,9
mi) long from a line south of Akutan Point to the head of the
harbor. Slopes along the side and head of the harbor are very
steep with water depths of 13 m (60 ft) reached within 146 m
(480 ft) from shore. The harbor bottom is relatively flat and
gradually deepens from the head at 27 m (90 ft) to the mouth at
61 m (200 ft) .
Tides
The tidal amplitude at Akutan Harbor is relatively small
with a range between mean higher high water and mean lower low
water of 1.2 m (3.9 ft). The tide at Akutan is such that it is
semidiurnal around the times the moon is on the equator, but
becomes diurnal around the times of maximum north or south
declination of the moon (NOS 1983). The maximum (spring) tidal
prism is less than 5 percent of the mean harbor volume, which is
typical of a deep fjord embayment.
Figure 3 compares the June 5 and 6, 1983 tide predicted for
Akutan Harbor to the tide observed along the south shore near
Miniranger Station B (Figure 2) . Tidal amplitudes compare
reasonably well; a maximum difference of about 0.12 m (0.4 ft)
was observed. It should be noted, however, that the vertical
datum for the observed tide is arbitrary, so that a precise
comparison of predicted and observed amplitude is not possible.
The time of high and low tide does not compare as well as
amplitude. The observed tide is approximately 3.5 hours later
than the predicted tide. The reason for this is not known.
Tidal elevations were not recorded during the September
survey because tidal action is not a dominant harbor flushing
mechanism.
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A\
»
>27
© A MINIRANQER STATION
Coalou'i in Fathoms
1/2
Figure 2. Estimated freshwater inflow to Akutan Harbor in cubic feet per second (cfs),
on 5 June 1983.
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5 JUNE 1983
6 JUNE 1983
Figure 7. Comparison of predicted arid observed tides, Akutan Harbor, 5 and 6 June 1983.
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Freshwater Inflow
Estimated discharges of streams flowing into Akutan' Harbor
during the June survey are shown in Figure 2. The largest
stream at the head of the harbor was gaged with a pygmy current
meter. The discharge for all other streams was visually estimat-
ed by two observers. The freshwater discharge estimated during
the June field survey was 1.8 m /sec (64 ft /sec). Over a tidal
cycle, this is only about 0.01 percent of mean harbor volume.
Stream discharge was not estimated during the September
survey. It is expected to be less than total stream discharge
during the June survey because remnants of the winter snow pack
were present in June but absent in September. Groundwater inflow
is unknown.
Wind-driven Circulation
June data. To obtain an initial estimate of wind—driven
circulation, drogue data collected in June 1983 have been
analyzed and an analytical calculation of vertical and horizon-
tal, circulation patterns has been made.
Drogue paths for June 1983 have been plotted and are shown
in Figures 4, 5, and 6, Movement of surface drogues released
nearshore in the vicinity of the seafood processing plant
discharge is shown in Figure 4. Figure 5 depicts paths for
drogues set at 15 m and released across an inner portion of the
harbor. Figure 6 shows surface drogue paths along the outer
boundary of the harbor. Over the 2-day field period, winds were
consistently from the east at approximately 15 knots. According
to the drogue data, an easterly wind sets up a relatively
complex circulation pattern with surface currents directed
inward toward the head of the harbor and deep currents directed
outward through the harbor boundary. In addition, a counter-
clockwise circulation pattern exists in the outer portion of the
harbor which may be wind related or a combination of wind-driven
local currents and eddies from currents passing through Akun
Strait.
To further characterize wind-driven circulation, an analyt-
ical solution to the governing fluid flow equation was solved
for an idealized channel with a closed end following the method
of Cooper and Pearce (1977) (Appendix B).
For Akutan Harbor, assuming a wind velocity of 15 knots
from the east (steady state), a vertical eddy viscosity
coefficient of 0.25 ft /sec (approximate value), and an average
depth of 38.4 m (126 ft), the vertical velocity profile was
computed as shown in Figure 7. Approximate net drogue veloc-
ities from the two' inner harbor transects (Figures 4 and 5) are
also shown for comparison to the analytical solution. Consider-
ing the simplified treatment of the analytical solution, the
comparison between field drogue movements and the analytical
solution is reasonable. Drogue velocities from the outer harbor
14
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N
/N
AKUTAN ISLAND
.AKUTAN .
4A ^ "
Whataig Station
Contowt in Fathom*
0 1/2
mm NAUTICAL MILE
2
KILOMETERS
® A MINIRANQER STATION
iWINO
'10-15 KNOTS
TIDAL TIME
JuneS, 1983
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DROGUE 03
DROGUE #4-A
DROGUE *4B
inn
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NET TOTAL AVERAGE DROGUE
DISTANCE
SPEED
DEPTH
DROGUE #1
850m
10,81 cm/sea
1-2(11
DROGUE #2
600m
9,20 cm/sec
1-2fl1
DROGUE #3
580m
15.85 em/sec
1-2m
DROGUE MA
300m
3.97 cm/sec
10m
DROGUE MB
370m
2.13 em/sec
10m
Ftquro 4. Drogue positions - Outfall series. 5 June 1983.
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i
WIND
10-15 KNOTS
H
/K
A K U T A N ISLAND
AKUTAN ;
M A H
VWhatifig Station
Contoura in Fathoms
0 V2
NAUTICAL M!U
2
KILOMETERS
TIDAL TIME
Juno 6,1983
. . . I I I I I I ! I I
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DROGUE *2
1 HI
1 1 1
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DROGUE #3
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II 1
III
DROGUE #4
II 111
II 1
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NET TOTAL AVERAGE DROGUE
DISTANCE SPEED DEPTH
DROGUE #1 zoom 0,4 em/sec 15m
DROGUE #2 500m t,11 cmteec 15m
DROGUE #3 zoom 0.0 15m
DROGUE #4 1100m 2.66 cm/sec 15m
© A MINIRANQER STATION
Figure 5, Drogue positions - 15 ni depth, 6 Juno 1983.
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N
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A K U T A N
ISLAND
AKUTAN .
AKUTAN HAH
Whaling Station
Contour* in Fatttomt
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June 5,1983
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DEPTH
5
DROGUE #1-A
510m
5,21 cm/sec
12m
DROGUE #2
100m
0.4 cm/sec
1-2m
—-
DROGUE #3
200m
0.9 cm/sec
1-2m
DROGUE 05
300m
1.34 em/sac
1-2m
1
DROGUE 116
960m
3.70 CfTWSBC
1-?m
y
DROGUE MB
580m
4.9 cm/sec
1-2m
Figure 6. Drogue Positions - 1-2 m depth. June 5, 1983
-------
INNER HARBOR OUTER HARBOR
WIND
5--
15 KNOTS
10 --
DROGUE DATA
1- 20 --
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
30 "
35 --
VELOCITY
BOTTOM
¦12.
-8,0 -7.0 -6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 -1.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
CM/SEC
Figure 12. Comparison of analytical solution to inner harbor drogue data for June, 1983.
-------
transect (Figure ,6) were not plotted .on .Figure 7 since the
drogues in this area indicated an apparent counterclockwise
surface eddy, which is probably due to boundary effects and
lateral eddies that the analytical solution cannot represent.
September Data. The movement of current-following drogues
exhibited a complex pattern in September in response to variable
winds. Winds on the day prior to drogue deployment (September
16) were light (about 5 knots) and from the east. During the
early morning of September 17, winds from the east strengthened
to a maximum of about' 40 knots by 1300. Wind speed then
decreased quickly to less than 5 knots by 1600 . Winds remained
calm on September 18 and 19 in rain and fog. Fog periodically
hampered efforts to relocate the drogue surface floats.
The drogues set at 30 m (Figure 8) exhibited a generally
counterclockwise circulation pattern in the outer harbor.
During the nearly 48-hour period from about 1200 on September 17
to about 1100 on September 19 none of the 30-m drogues were
advected out of the harbor. Minimum drogue velocities were
generally less than 4 cm/sec. The largest 30-m drogue excursion
was observed with drogue #15 along the southern side of the
outer harbor.
The drogues set at 20 m (Figure 9) in the outer harbor
moved out of the harbor from about 160 0 on September 17 to about
1200 on September 18. Over the next 6-hour interval, the
drogues moved southward. At the next observation, about 17
hours later, they had consistently moved back into the harbor.
The minimum speed of 20-m. drogues in the outer harbor during
periods of less than 5 hours ranged from about 2.3 to
6.7 cm/sec.
The drogues set at 20 m in the inner harbor (Figure 9)
traveled relatively small distances from 1200 on September 17 to
about 1200 on September 18. Through the remaining time inter-
vals, until 1100 on September 19, the inner harbor 20-m drogues
moved outward along the south shore while the 20-m drogues in
the outer harbor moved into the harbor.
The drogues set at 10 m (Figure 10) exhibited the largest
excursions. From 1200 to 1600 on September 17, the 10-m drogues
moved inward in response to the wind. By 2100 on September 17,
the 10 m drogues moved outward with minimum velocities ranging
from 7.2 to 9.9 cm/sec. At the next observation, around 1200 on
September 18, the drogues had moved further east. Drogues
observed in Akutan Bay were retrieved because it was assumed
they would not return to the harbor. Two 10-m drogues moved
back into the harbor between 1200 on September 18 and 1100 on
September 19.
In summary, the drogues followed a complex pattern during
the September survey. The patterns suggest that a counter-
19
-------
O
Conlouu M Fsthom*
1/2
NAUTICAL MILE
KILOMETERS
® A MINfRANGER STATION
'AKUTAH PT
AKUTAN
#12
TIMES
1200 v I? SEPTEMBER
1600 ¦v 17 SEPTEMB
tidal time:
SEPTEMBER 17 - 19, 1983
LOCAL STANDARD TIME
2100 v 17 SEPTE«ER
1200 * IB SEPTEMBER
leuo i. 18 SEPTEMBER
1100 * 19 SEPTEMBER
DROGUES SET AT 30 M
0C h*
Ul —•
I— HQ
«C GC
3 <
Figure 8, Drogue Positions - 30 in depth. September 1983
O
-------
K>
Centaur* in Fathoms
1/2
NAUTICM. MILE
KILOMETERS
® A MINIRANQER STATION
akutah pt
20
AKUTAN
30'
*19
TIMES
1200 1, 17 SEPTEWER
1600 -v 17 SEPTEMBEI
T10AI TIME
SEPTEMBER 17 - 19, 1983 PS
LOCAL STANDARD TIME
2100 17 SEPTEMBER
1200 -v IB SEPTEMBER
leOQ •v 18 SEPTEMBER
1100 -v 19 SEPTEMBER
DROGUES SET AT 20 H
Q£ h
Figure 9. Drogue Positions - 20 ra depth. September 1983
O
-------
Contours in Frthcmt
11%
NAUTICAL MILE
KILOMETERS
® A MINIRANGER STATION
AKUTAH PT
AKUTAN
•30"
©/
#n
~ 5
#20
TIMES
1200 ^ 17 SEPTEMBER
©/
1600 -v 17 SEPTEMBER
2100 'v 1? SEPTEMBER
*1?
TIDAL TIME
SEPTEMBER 17 - 19, 1983
LOCAL STANDARD TIME
1200 v 18 SEPTEMBER
1»00 % IB SEPTEMBER
1100 v 19 SEPTEMBER
_j a
UJ
s»35
DROUGUES SET AT 10 M
1-
Figure 10. Drogue Positions - 10 m depth. September 1983
o
-------
clockwise circulation pattern was present in the outer harbor at
30 m. The drogues at 20 and 10 m moved in a direction out of
the harbor following a decrease of strong winds from the east.
The 20-m drogues subsequently moved back toward the harbor - but
some of the 10~m drogues presumably would not have returned.
A second, and perhaps more meaningful method to estimate
flushing time is to examine the salinity distribution in Akutan
Harbor through the "fraction of freshwater method" (Tetra Tech
1983) . The equations used to develop this estimate are de-
scribed in Appendix C. The technique subdivides the harbor into
segments displaying uniform salinity throughout the segment.
Salinity data collected in Akutan Harbor in September are
presented in Appendix D. In general, these data indicated small
salinity gradients in the horizontal and vertical directions, so
selection of segment numbers and sizes was not critical to the
flushing time calculations by the above method. As such, the
harbor was divided into six segments (Figure 11). The resulting
total flushing or residence time (Appendix C) is estimated to be
approximately 177 days (342 tidal cycles). Note, however, that
the flushing time calculation is very sensitive to total fresh-
water inflow (R) , which was not actually measured for the
September survey period. In fact, if the average residence time
of Akutan Harbor is on the order of 177 days, then it is neces-
sary to know the average freshwater inflow which occurred over a
similar period of time prior to the September survey of salinity
profiles. If the average total freshwater inflow was signifi-
cantly greater than 64 cfs, then the estimated flushing time
would be significantly less than given above. For example, for
twice the freshwater flow used, the total flushing time would be
halved.
Water Quality
June Data
In June, temperature and Secchi disc readings were taken at
background sediment stations (Figure 12) . All other water
quality data were taken at 10 water quality stations (Fig-
ure 13). These data are summarized by station in Appendix E.
Temperature. Temperatures at various depths and water
column transparency were determined at the same time and loca-
tions as Sediment Samples 1-19 (Figure 12). Sediment Station 19
was located at the north end of Akun Strait (Figure 12 inset).
Table 2 summarizes temperatures recorded at depth. The
temperature data show a slight decrease with depth, although the
variation is not large enough to indicate even minor water
column stratification. This mixed condition agrees with the
earlier water quality studies conducted in May (EPA & ADEC 1978,
23
-------
to
31.67
AKUTAN PT
31.59
30.66
AKUTA!
"Ic 30.48
m o
29.28
29.00
'O 30.86
30.
029.27
Segment 1
Segment
©A MINIRANGER STATION
Segment S
1/2
NAUTICAL MILE
egme
Figure 11. Depth - Averaged Salinity Distribution. September 1983.
-------
AKUTAN
ISLAND
fjf
Whjimg Station
^iilSiSl
Contour! in Fathom#
O 1/2
NAUTICAL MILE
3 KILOMETERS
9 A MINI RANGER STATION
FOR LOCATION OF INSET. SEE FIQURE 16
FIGURE 12. LOCATION OF SEDIMENT STATIONS.
JUNE, 1983
-------
Table 2. Water Quality Parameters Measured at Sediment Stations in June
SEDIMENT TEMPERATURE (°C) AT DEPTH (in)
to
-------
ADEC 1982). The data were collected sequentially by station' from
mid morning (0930) to mid afternoon (1500). A diurnal warming
of the surface layer was observed at stations occupied later in
the day (Sediment Stations 8-19).
Turbidity, Color, Settleable Solids. Secchi disk measure-
ments at Sediment Stations 9-18 in June (Table 2) show the outer
harbor to be clear, with very good light penetration. This
indicates that dissolved organic matter and suspended solids are
low in the outer harbor.
The values obtained for turbidity, color, and settleable
solids at water- quality stations (Figure 13) were very low in
June. Measured turbidity was less than 1 NTU for all 10 water
quality stations (Table 3), and no significant trends with depth
were observed (-.8
-------
akutan
© A MINIRANQER STATION
NMlTlCM. MK.C
Figure 13. Location of Water Quality Stations
June 1983
-------
Table 3. Turbidity Measurements at Depth in June
TURBIDTY (MTU) .
WATER
QUALITY
BOTTOM
DEPTH
STATION
SURFACE
50 ft*
70 ft*
BOTTOM
(feet)
(meters)
1
0.41
0.39
0.35
0
50
111
33.8
2
0.40
0.35
0.33
0
85
140
42.7
3
0.42
0.31
0.40
0
87
120
36.6
4
0.44
0.54
0.38
0
34
95
29.0
5
0.42
0.30
0.42
0
50
125
38.1
6
0.55
0.39
0.34
0
62
130
39.6
7
0.44
0.39
-
-
8
0.44
0.35
0.35
0
.94
155
47.2
9
0.74
0.65
0.36
0
.42
160
48.8
10
0.59
0 .40
0.31
0
.65
180
54.9
* 50 ft =
15.2 m;
70 ft = 21
.3 m.
29
-------
Table 4. Dissolved Oxygen Near Bottom In June
WATER
QUALITY
STATION
D.O. (mg/1)
feet
DEPTH
meters
1 SAT.
5°C
1
9.17
111
33.8
90.4
2
-
-
-
3
9.43
120
36.6
93.0
4
9.72
95
29.0
95.6
5
9.60
125
38.1
94.7
6
9.51
130
39.6
93.8
7
10.00
50
15.2
98.6
8
9.58
155
4-7.2
94.5
9
10.00
160
48.8
98.6
10
—
_
—
Table 5. Hydrogen Sulfide vs Depth in June
H2S (mg/1) AT DEPTH
WATER
QUALITY
*
BOTTOM
DEPTH
STATION
SURFACE
50 ft*
70 ft*
BOTTOM
(feet)
(meters)
1
< .002
<.002
< .002
<.002
111
38.8
2
<.002
<.002
<.002
<.002
130
39.6
3
<.002
< .002
<.002
<.002
120
36.6
4
< .002
<.002
< .002
<.002
95
29.0
5
< .002
<.002
< .002
<.002
125
38.1
6
< .002
<.002
<.002
< .002
1
39.6
7
<.002
_
_
<.002
60
18.3
8
_
_
-
< .002
160
48.8
9
-
-
-
< .002
165
50.3
10
-
-
< .002
180
54.9
* 50 ft = 15,2 ra; 70 ft = 21.3 m.
30
-------
because dissolved oxygen and hydrogen sulfide concentrations in
bottom water over the Trident waste pile indicated that measure-
ments of hydrogen sulfide at "background" stations were unneces-
sary.
Oil and Grease. Near bottom water samples near waste piles
(Water Quality Stations 3-6) were analyzed in June for oil and
grease. The maximum value was 0.06 mg/1 (Table 6) for Station
4, one of three stations on the Trident Seafoods' waste pile
(Figure 13)„ All other values were less, and two were below the
detection limit of 0.01 mg/1. Oil and grease should not form a
visible sheen at these concentrations. Some sediment samples
did have a sheen and may indicate oil and grease buildup in.the
sediments that was not detected in the overlying water column.
Nitrogen Ammonia (NH,) was measured at all June water
quality stations {Figure 13/ and at all depths. The values
ranged from <0.05" to 0.20 mg/1 as nitrogen (Table 7), with
Stations 1-6 having significantly higher values than Stations
7-10. No correlation between depth and concentration was
observed. Assuming a pH of 8.3, approximately 3 percent of
ammonia will be in the more toxic un-ionized form (Willingham
1976). This would convert the maximum value of 0.2 mg/1 ammonia
nitrogen to 0.006 mg/1 of un-ionized ammonia nitrogen. While no
EPA water quality criterion has been established for sea water
or marine life, the freshwater standard has been set at
0.02 mg/1, threefold higher than the calculated un-ionized
ammonia concentration.
Total Kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrate, and nitrite nitrogen were
measured in June in the near bottom samples of the water quality
stations near waste piles (Stations 3-6). High DO levels in
water over the waste piles, even at near bottom depths, indicate
little dissolved HjS would be found. It was decided that
further H^S sampling would be unnecessary, and would be replaced
by additional nitrogen sampling at the remaining stations.
Therefore, these parameters were also measured at the surface
and intermediate depths for Water Quality Stations 8-10 (Table
7) . Nitrate levels increased with depth and were slightly
higher for the near-bottom samples over the Trident Seafood
waste piles. Station 7, near the Akutan Village dock, was below
the detection limit for nitrate. Nitrite levels were below
detection above the waste piles and were just over that limit
for Stations 8-10. Higher nitrite values in the outer harbor
water column may be associated in some manner with the observed
higher ammonia concentrations in the sediments, relative to the
inner harbor sediments. No correlation between NO~ and depth
was found. Nitrite is easily oxidized to nitrate ana low values
can be expected with oxygenated waters.
Kjeldahl nitrogen measurements allow for computation of
organic nitrogen (e.g. proteins) after subtraction of the
measured ammonia concentration. The data on Kjeldahl nitrogen
and ammonia concentration (Table 7) show that organic nitrogen
31
-------
WATER
QUALITY
STATION
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8-10
Table 6. Oil and Grease vs Depth in June
OIL AND GREASE (mq/1) AT DEPTH
50 ft*
<0.01
BOTTOM
0.01
0.06
0.02
<0.01
BOTTOM DEPTH
(feet]
120
95
125
130
(meters)
36.6
29.0
38.1
39.6
* 50 ft = 15.2 m
32
-------
Table 7. Nitrogen (Amnonia, Kjeldahl, Nitrate, Nitrite) vs Depth in June
WATER
QUALITY
STATION
NH-
SURFACE
1KN
NO,
NO,
NH,
50 ft*
TKN
NO,
NO,
Mi,
70 ft*
TKN
NO,
NO,
NH,
TKN
BOTTOM
NO,
NO,
DEPTH
feet waters
1
0.11
-
-
-
0.12
-
-
-
0.12
-
-*
—
0.10
-
-
-
111
33.8
2
0.08
-
-
-
0.10
-
_
-
0.19
-
-
_
0.09
-
_
_
130
39.6
3
0.07
_
-
0.05
-
-
_
0.07
0.11
0.19
<0.01
<0.05
0.05
0.40
<0.010
120
36.6
4
0.20
-
-
-
0.10
-
-
-
<0.05
-
-
-
0.06
0.15
0.58
<0.010
95
29.0
5
0.06
-
-
_
0.08
_
-
-
0.08
-
_
-
0.09
0.14
0.55
<0.010
125
38.1
6
0.05
-
-
-
<0.05
-
-
-
<0.05
-
-
-
0.19
0.23
0.26
<0.010
130
39.6
7
<0.05
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
-
<0.05
0.11
<0.10
<0.010
60
18.3
8
<0.05
<0.05
<0.10
0.014
<0.05
<0.05
<0.10
0.012
<0.05
< .05
0.11
0.015
0.06
0.06
0.34
0.013
160
48.8
9
0.05
0.05
<0.10
0.015
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.012
<0.05
< .05
0.12
0.012
<0.05
-
-
-
165
50.3
10
<0.05
<0.05
0.17
0.012
<0.05
<0.05
<0.10
0.012
<0.05
0.08
0.13
0.012
<0.05
-
-
_
180
54.9
* 50 ft = 15.2 m; 70 ft = 21.3 m.
NH, = Jtamonia-Nitrogen mg/l
¦Hot = Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen mg/l
MX = Nitrate-Nitrogen mg/l
NO- = Nitrite-Nitrogen mg/l
-------
occurs in the near-bottom water around waste piles (range 0.04 -
0.09 mg/1), but is not present in the water column in the outer
harbor.
Salinity. Salinity measurements were performed in the
laboratory on the near-bottom samples from Water Quality
Stations 3-7 during the June survey. The average of these five
measurements is 28.7 parts per thousand (ppt). The Bering Sea
has a salinity ranging from 32.6-33.2 ppt (Jones & Stokes
Associates 1983) , significantly higher than those observed in
Akutan Harbor. The data collected by ADEC (1982) ranged from
22-28 ppt, which is in agreement with observed values during
June.
September Data
Unlike June water quality data, all water quality data
collected in September were taken at 20 water quality stations
(Figure 14), i.e., no water quality data were collected at
September sediment stations. Water Quality Station 19 in
September was located at the north end of Akun Strait, a few
hundred meters west of the June Sediment Station 19 (Figure 12).
Temperature and Salinity. Water temperatures in Akutan
Harbor in September were nearly isothermal both vertically and
horizontally, ranging from 7.7 to 8.3°C. Salinity within the
harbor ranged from about 28.9 to 31.3 parts per thousand (ppt).
Vertically, the water column was well mixed. The water column
was stable with a small increase in density with depth. The
magnitude of the density increase varied considerably between
stations. The salinity temperature, density, and pH values
observed at each station are shown in Appendix D.
Figure 15 displays vertical profiles of salinity, tempera-
ture, and density [sigma tau ( ) ] at September Water Quality
Stations 2, 4, 7, 13, 16, and 18. These stations represent a
transect from the head of the harbor to Akun Bay. The density
profiles within the harbor exhibit more vertical variation than
the station in Akutan Bay. This is probably because of the
greater interaction of the flow with the boundary within Akutan
Harbor. The highest rate of change in salinity and density
occurs in an upper layer that varies from 5 to 20 m deep.
The horizontal salinity distribution is quite variable.
The depth-averaged salinity for each water quality station is
shown in Figure 11. The average salinity in Akutan Bay
(Stations 18, 19 and 20) is 31.61 ppt. Salinities within Akutan
Harbor are lower, reflecting the input of freshwater. The lack
of clear horizontal salinity gradients is probably due to
unsteady circulation patterns.
34
-------
20 •
'AKUTAN PT
18*
to
20
AKUTAN
ao
10*
\1%
11»
® A MINIRANGER STATION
Contours m Filtonw
nautical mile
Figure 14. Location of Water Quality Stations. September 1983.
-------
.93 23.00 .10
30 . 40 .50
4 .5
22.SO .60
¦90 2S.Q0
8.0 .1
22,60 . 50 .§0 .70 ,80
28-80 . 90 29.00 .10 .20
8.0 rl .2 .3 .4
23.00
29.70
.10 .26 .38
.80 -90 30.00 ,10
8.2 ft.4
STATION 2
STATION 7
STATION 2
STATION 4
STATION 7
22.00 . 20 .33 .40 .50 60
28.60 . 70 , 80 .90 29-00 .10
8.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5
22.50
29.50
23.00
30.00
7.6 .7 .3
23. SO 24.00
30.50
.S 8.0 .2
24.50
31.50
50
24.00 24.50
31.00 31.50 32.00
7.3 7.9 8,0 a . -2
IT
* I
i i
I :
/ !
/ !
I' i
STATION 13
STATION 16
STATION 18
Ficjuirs 15. Density ( cj.^ ) f Sslimty (s) , and TemperAture (T)
Profiles. September 1983.
36
-------
Turbidity. Measurement of turbidity in September showed
slightly higher values (Table 8) than in June (Table 3) . A
one-way ANOVA test of mean surface turbidity for June and
September . showed a significant difference at a 95 percent
confidence level. Higher turbidity in September may be a
product of the summer phytoplankton bloom.
Secchi disc readings in September (Water Quality Stations
9-19) were taken in overcast weather between 1400 and 1800 hours
on 16 September. Water Quality Stations 1-8 in September were
occupied after 1800 hours, when light conditions prevented use
of the Secchi disc. Station 20 was occupied during fog at 1500
hours on 18 September. The data ranged from 6.5-10 m, with a
mean value of 8 m. With the exception of Station 17, values
decreased toward the inner harbor (Table 8) . These data could
be affected by decreasing light over the course of the after-
noon. In general, Secchi disc readings and turbidity measure-
ments indicate generally clear water in Akutan Bay and Akutan
Harbor in September.
Dissolved Oxygen. The September surface dissolved oxygen
concentrations determined by titration are shown in Table 9
along with the dissolved oxygen saturation concentration comput-
ed from the observed temperature and salinity.. All values are
within 95 percent of saturation.
Although the Martek water quality data logger was calibrat-
ed in air by Martek prior to the survey and again calibrated in
the field prior to deployment, dissolved oxygen concentrations
measured with the probe were consistently about 20 percent
higher than the values measured by titration. The probe appear-
ed to otherwise be responding properly. None of the probe
values, measured continuously from the bottom to the surface at
each station, indicated any significant depression of dissolved
oxygen concentrations below saturation anywhere within Akutan
Harbor. The probe and titrating equipment were tested and
calibrated following field work, and no mechanical problems were
found. It is possible that the difference in values is a
product of consistent procedural bias during the Winkler titra-
tion.
Sediment Studies
The data gathered for sediment analysis consisted of
side-scan sonar surveys and benthic grab samples.
Side-Scan Sonar Surveys (June)
On June 4, a 100 kHz side-scan sonar track was run from the
southern entrance of Akun Strait northward through the strait
and westward to the head of Akutan Harbor (Figure 16) . Addi-
tional tracks were run with the 500 kHz system, which
37
-------
Table 8. Turbidity Measurements Taken in September
Water
Quality
Station
Depth (m)
Turbidity
(NTU)
Secchi
Disc
m
Water
Quality
Station
Depth (m)
Turbidity
(NTO
Secchi
Disc
(ra)
1
Surface
0.60
—
11
Surface
0.82
7
1
20
0.78
11
45
0.55
2
Surface
0.66
-
12
Surface
0.56
10
2
25
0.69
12
40
0.55
3
Surface
0.63
_
13
Surface
0.87
8.5
3
30
0.47
13
50
0.64
4
Surface
0.55
_
14
Surface
1.30
7.0
4
35
0.62
14
30
0.76
5
Surface
0.60
-
15
Surface
0.37
8.5
5
40
0.70
15
18
0.55
6
Surface
0,53
_
16
Surface
0.35
8.0
6
45
0.55
16
60
1.10
7
Surface
1.50
17
Surface
1.30
6.5
7
40
1.00
17
35
1.70
8
Surface
0.62
_
18
Surface
2.30
8.0
8
30
0.42
18
50
1.60
•
9
Surface
0.96
7
19
Surface
1.20
9.5
9
9
1.20
19
30
1.70
10
Surface
0.95
7
20
Surface
0.96
10
10
40
0.56
20
70
0.39
-------
Table 9. Surface Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations
Measured in Titration in September
Measured
Water
Quality
Station
Dissolved
Oxygen
(mg/1)
Calculated
Saturation
(mg/1)
Percent
C a 4*11 va 4* i c\n
O ci L. LI Jl> ct Ju vJ X1
1
9
54
9.78
97.5
2
9
53
9.83
96.9
6
9
63
10.15
94.9
7
9
69
9.78
99.1
8
9
53
9.73
97.9
15
9
42
9.74
97.7
16
9
50
10 .02
94.8
18
9
50
9.71
97.8
19
9
.50
9.72
97.7
20
9
.36
9.71
96.4
39
-------
i-ARQf
SAND
WAVES
rock At/on m*R tm
SEDIMENT SUflFACI
its
SANO
WAVES
GRAVEL ASSOCIATED WITH
STREAM DISCHARGE
AKUTAN
BOTTOM CURRENT DIRECTION
INDICATED B¥ SANO WAVES
GRAVEL Oft GASEOUS
"SEDIMENTS
I
TRANSITION FROM SANOVStlTTtf
StLTV SAND GfUDIML AND HOT
VERY WELL DEFINED
TRIDENT
— WASTE
SsJW-E
m
¦teft
LEGEND:
SANDY SILT
SILT* SAND
SAND i GRAVEL
ROCK
• A MIN1RANQER STATION
figure 16. Side Scan Sonar/SBP Areal Coverage, Akutan Harbor
Survey, June 4-5, 1983.
-------
essentially covered the entire inner harbor west of Aleut an
Village. On the following day, 3.5 kHz SBP tracklines were
completed in the vicinity of Akutan Point (a proposed boat
harbor site), across a waste pile near Akutan Village, across
the Trident outfall and associated waste pile, and across
several waste piles in the inner harbor, which had previously
been identified by side-scan sonar.
The 100 kHz side-scan sonar transect from Akun Strait to
the head of Akutan Harbor revealed a progression in bottom
types, from exposed rock swept clean of any sediment cover
through the Strait, to sandy silt from Akutan Village to the
head of the harbor. Sand waves were found in three areas near
the mouth of the harbor. The sand waves occurring nearest the
strait were large, exhibiting wave lengths of 5 m and heights of
more than 0.5 m. As one might expect, orientation of these
large sand waves indicated water motion parallel to Akun Strait
(NW-SE). In the other two areas, the sand waves were smaller in
size (wave lengths of less than 2 m), and exhibited orientation
suggesting bottom water motion parallel to a NNW-SSE line.
Several waste piles were located in addition to the pro-
cessing waste associated with the Trident Seafoods outfall
(Figure 16) . A low relief feature characterized by high acous-
tic reflectivity was found south of Akutan Village, and five
well defined piles of material were located near the head of the
harbor. The pile near the whaling station had approximate
dimensions of 45 m by 50 m by 3m high. From east to west, the
approximate dimensions of the piles along the central axis of
the inner harbor were as follows:
Length Width Height
35m 30m 0.6m
95 m 75 m 3.5m
16 jn 22 m 2 m
8 m 8 m 1 m
Two areas of gravel, apparently from stream discharge, were also
identified. Numerous drag marks were noted on the bottom of the
inner portions of the harbor, indicating extensive use as an
anchorage.
Several tracklines were run with the 500 kHz high resolu-
tion side-scan sonar to further define the waste pile around
Trident Seafoods' discharge. With both 100 and 500 kHz units
the waste pile exhibited high acoustic reflectivity, probably
due to the presence of gas in the near surface material. From
the side-scan sonographs, the Trident Seafoods waste pile
appeared to be approximately 7 m high and 200 m in diameter.
The sonograph indicated that the bulk of the deposited solids
are located in a pile over the outfall. There was no evidence
41
-------
that the pile tailed off in a particular (downcurrent) direc-
tion.
On June 5, 3.5 kHz SBP records were obtained from the
Trident Seafoods' waste pile, a pile near the Akutan Village
dock, and several of the piles identified near the head of the
harbor. The SBP cross section of the Trident outfall discharge
site revealed a 5.8 m pile of material overlaying the natural
bottom, somewhat less than the height indicated by side-scan
sonar. Although height measurements by both methods were in
close agreement, the greater value produced from the side-scan
sonograph may indicate that the SBP profile did not cross the
waste pile at its highest point. At the Akutan Village dock, a
2.3 m pile was located, and near the head of the harbor two of
the piles previously found with side scan were profiled, the
largest being 3.5 m in height.
June Sediment Data
Table 10 summarizes data from the June sediment sampling
that was performed at 37 sediment stations (Figure 11) . TOC
results are expressed as percent dry weight. Sediment Station
31 was not analyzed for fines due to its high gravel and sand
content. Sediment Station 19 in Akun Strait was found to have a
rock bottom which could not be successfully sampled by the Van
Veen grab. A fist-sized rock was retrieved and visually
examined, but not retained for further analysis. Station 23 was
located directly over the Trident Seafoods discharge and the
grab contained pure seafood waste and thus was not sub-sampled.
Station 25 was sampled for visual analysis only and was not
subsampled. Stations 33-36 were located to sample an aged waste
pile, and Station 36 was subsampled to be representative of the
pile.
The data presented in Table 10 are presented graphically in
Figures 17 through 19. From these figures a clear distinction
can be made in June between the inner and outer harbors. The
outer harbor has low TOC values (Figure 17) , sand-dominated
sediments (Figure 18), and higher ammonia-nitrogen concen-
trations (Figure 19). Sediment character near waste piles
(Stations 2, 3, 19B-36) varies from the background inner harbor
(Stations 1, 5-9, 11) for at least one of these parameters,
perhaps as a result of processing activities.
September Sediment Data
In September, sediment chemistry data were collected at six
stations (S1-S6, Figure 20) with 3 or 5 grab samples within the
station area. Table 11 summarizes mean and standard deviation
of September sediment parameters. Station SI was located in an
42
-------
Table 10. Sediment Sanplinf Performed at Sediment Stations in June
GRAIN SIZE
SECTION
roc w
% SRND
% FINE
TKBB1
AMMONIA (port)
1
0.34
60
40
N. Silty Sand
2.9
1 rep
0.22
1
99
N. Clayey Silt
3.2
2
0.13
20
20
N. Sandy Gravel
5.7
3
0.38
45
45
N. Silty Sand
6.8
4
0.25
50
50
N. Silty Sand
3.2
5
0.20
40
60
N, Sandy Silt
0.7
6
0.50
30
70
N. Clayey Silt
1.7
7
0.13
35
65
N. Sandy Silt
2.3
8
0.29
48
50
M. Silty Sand
1.1
9
0.26
30
68
N. Sandy Silt
4.4
10
<0.01
70
25
N, Silty Sand
84.0
11
0.21
35
65
N. Sandy Silt
1.3
12
0.09
60
40
N. Silty Sand
29.0
13
0.01
99
1
O. Medium Sand
15.0
14
<0.01
99
1
O. Fine Sand
30.0
15
0.08
50
50
N. Silty Sand
15,0
16
<0.01
70
30
N. Silty Sand
24.0
17
<0.01
60
40
N. Silty Sand
24.0
18
<0.01
75
25
N. Silty Sand
3.0
13*
-
-
-
-
-
19B
<0.01
90
3
U. Medium Sand
8.3 '
20**
0.04
60
40
N. Silty Sand
11.0
21
0.34
40
60
N. Sandy Silt
3.7
22**
0.71
65
35
N. Silty Sand
75.0
23**
-
24**
0.03
70
30
N. Salty Sard
26.0
25**
•
-
-
-
•
26
0.15
60
28
N. Silty Sand
8.2
27
0.23
65
20
N. Gravelly Sand
41.0
28
0.15
90
8
N. Fine Sand
2.5
29***
0.08
92
8
N. Fine Sand
10.0
30
0.06
68
32
N. Silty Sand
3.1
31***
0.32
27
-
N. Sandy Gravel
14.0
32**#
0.06
88
12
N. Fine Sand
6.1
33
-
-
-
-
-
34
-
_
-
-
-
35
-
-
-
-
-
36
0.03
77
8
N. Gravelly Sand
3.7
1 N = Nonuniform, U = Uniform.
* Rocky fcottan in Akun Strait.
** Trident waste pile.
*** Akutsn Village waste pile.
43
-------
N
A\
AKUTAN
Y
AKUTAN PT
AKUTAN
m
^^mrnmrnm ;
~ >0.10 PERCENT DRY WEIGHT
I I «0 I0 PERCENT DRV WEIGHT
I I UNKNOWN
ASSUMED aOtJNDAUV
Contour* in Fathomi
0
NAUTICAL MILE
2
kilometers
FIGURE 17. TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON IN
SEDIMENT SAMPLES. JUNE, 1983
®A UINIRANQER STATION
FOB LOCATION OF INSET, SEE FIGURE 1«.
-------
AKUTAN PT
AKUTAN
AKUTAN
* ;*N 1 R
r
%
Wtilling Station
-LEGEN D-
[ ] SILT
fc£jj GRAVEL
r~] SAND
UNIFORM MEDIUM SAM) ~ UNKNOWN
'•¦>• ¦ UNIFORM FINE SANO ASSUMED BOUNDARY
Contouri In Fathom*
NAUTICAL MILE
I
KILOMETERS
® A MINIHANQEH STATION
FOR LOCATION OF INSET, SEE FIGURE IB
FIGURE 18. GRAIN SIZE OF SEDIMENT SAMPLES
JUNE, 1983
-------
AKUTAN PT
AKUTAN
ISLAND
AKUTAN
Si® 4
Wtilling Station: ,
-LEGEND
SB ABOVE 30 ppra
I II 9-30 ppm
O »»"
~ UNKNOWN
Contour* In Fathoms
^WBihto
1 ft"
NAUTICAL MILE
2
V^19 m
KILOMETERS
® A MINtR ANGER STATION
FOR LOCATION OF INSET, SEE FIGURE 16,
FIGURE 10. AMMONIA - NITROGEN CONCENTRATION
OF SEDIMENT SAMPLES. JUNE, 1983
-------
OO
S6
o o
10
90
S4
® A MINIRANQER STATION
Figure 20. Sediment Sampling Stations. September 1983.
-------
Table 11. Mean ± Standard Deviation Values for Sediment Parameters in September
ORGANIC
STATION
N
TOC1
%
SULFIDE
ppm
AMMONIA
PFm
NITROGEN
ppn
PH
SAND
%
PINES
%
SEDIMENT
TYPE
SI
3
1.47+0.25
20+10
15+4
6391168
7.4+0.1
21.1+6.0
78.816.0
Sandy Silt
S2
3
1.03+0.40
107511025
27+23
9471306
7.410.2
43.8+10.0
56.3+10.5
Sandy Silt
S3
3
0.84±0.09
30+10
16+9
410+125
7.4+0.1
62.5+3.3
37.413.6
Silty Sand
S4
5
1.0310.32
36+37
17+8
5011331
7.4+0.1
58.5114,5
41.4+14.5
Silty Sand
S5
5
0.59±0.14
- _
_ _
— _
7.4+0.1
79.513.2
20.5+3.3
Silty Sand
S6
5
0.81+0.20
_ _
— _
- -
7.6+0.1
82.4+4.5
17.7+4.6
Silty Sand
CO
1 Percent dry weight
-------
area that showed a possibly impacted benthic community in June.
Station S2 was located near the perimeter of the Trident waste
pile. Stations S3 and S4 were located in presumed background
areas m the inner and outer harbor/ respectively. Stations S5
and S6 were located in Akutan Bay, and are being considered as
solid waste dump sites for the City of Akutan. Sediments at
these latter two stations were not analyzed for sulfide, am-
monia, and organic nitrogen. Appendix F is a complete'listing
of sediment data gathered at each station. The data presented
in Table 11 are presented graphically in Figures 21 through 25.
Sediment of Station S2, near the Trident waste pile, has
higher values for sulfide, ammonia, and organic nitrogen than
other September stations. These elevated levels probably result
from the wastes.
Average TOC levels (Table 11, Figure 22) were greater than
1 percent for Stations SI, S2, and S4; mean values of each of
these three stations were within the standard deviation of the
other two. TOC was significantly higher at Station SI relative
to Stations S3, S5, and S6. Ammonia levels (Table 11, Figure
23) do not vary significantly between stations, although Station
S2, near the Trident waste pile, has the highest average
concentration. Organic nitrogen at Station S2 is the highest
observed and is significantly greater than Station S3 (Table 11,
Figure 24) . Station SI is also noticeably higher in organic
nitrogen than Stations S3 and S4, but the difference is not
significant. Sulfide concentrations at S2 were significantly
greater than at SI, S3, and S4 (Table 11, Figure 25).
With the exception of grain size (Figure 21), the distinc-
tion between inner and outer harbor sediment chemistry that was
visible in June had vanished in September. Ammonia levels
(Figure 20) generally increased in the inner harbor; two
stations (SI, S3) showed significant increases between June and
September. The outer harbor station (S4) showed a decrease in
ammonia levels, but the June value is within the standard
deviation of the September data. TOC values (Figure 21)
significantly increased from June to September.
Biological Community - June 1983
The locations of benthic community sampling stations in
June are shown in Figure 26. These correspond to June sediment
sampling stations (Figure 12) . Sediment Stations 1-19 were
initially selected to characterize the harbor bottom community
away from waste piles ("background stations"). Because of field
scheduling constraints, selection of background stations was
made prior to determining location of waste piles with side-scan
sonar equipment. Sediment Stations 1-3 and 5-18 are presumed to
be characteristic of the harbor bottom. It was discovered later
49
-------
LEGEND
SILT
SAND
AKUTAN PT
20
® A MtNIRANGEB STATION
Cntfouri m fittiami
1/2
NAUTtCM, MILE
Figure 21 . Grain Size in September 1983
-------
U1
O 9
0.81
0.59
10-
AKUTAN
03
L, F-o%'0
»0 T A I
S3
1.4
1.03
0.84
® A MINIRAMQER STATION
1/2
Figure 22 . Total Organic Carbon (%), September 1983
-------
to
y
oo "
O o
AKUTAN PT
AKUTAN
15,
17
® A MINIRANQER STATION
Figure 23. Ammonia (ppm), September 1983.
-------
Ui
OJ
S6
oo
o o
To
2d
L f.0%-d^- 947
% 1 A N HA
G-1°"H S3
639,
501
©A MINIRANGER STATION
Figure 24,. Organic Nitrogen (ppni) , September 1983
-------
Lfl
OS.
0O
¦JO-
AKUTAN
20
36
30
® A MINIRANGER STATION
Figure 25 , Sulfide (ppm), September 1983
-------
that Station 4 was on the edge of a large mound of undetermined
age and composition? therefore# this station is included in the
discussion of other stations deliberately located on or near
waste piles. Sediment Station 19 in Akun Strait (Figure 12,
inset) proved to be a hard bottom community. The Van Veen grab
collected a softball-sized cobble encrusted by sponges, tuni-
cates, and bryozoans; a small majid crab was also collected.
This habitat type was not characteristic of the harbor, and the
sample was not preserved.
Sediment Stations 19B-28 were taken on or near the Trident
Seafoods waste pile. Stations 19B-21 were taken on a north-
south transect across the waste pile, with 19B and 21 presumed
to represent the shoreward and seaward margins of the pile,
respectively. Stations 22-26 were placed along a transect from
the center of the pile to the northwest, along the longitudinal
axis of the pile. Station 23 was taken as close as possible to
the end of the outfall. Stations 27 and 28 were placed along
the longitudinal axis of the pile to the east. Stations 26 and
28 were at the landward and seaward margins, respectively, of
the longitudinal axis of the Trident waste pile.
Sediment Stations 29-32 were located on or near an old
waste pile off the Akutan Village dock. The floating processor
M/V Deep Sea had discharged next to the ship at the dock until
1978 (Soderlund pers. comm.)
Sediment Stations 4 and ' 33-36 were located on or near a
large mound discovered with side-scan sonar and of undetermined
age. It is presumed that this mound represents a waste pile on
an otherwise homogeneously flat bottom. It is a discrete
topographic feature visible on side-scan sonar and located
between two permanent mooring buoys. With the exception of
Station 4, samples taken on this pile were not analyzed for
benthos.
Background Stations in June
The biota found at "background" stations (Sediment Stations
1-3 and 5-18) in June are listed in Appendix G. Although
numbers of individuals are provided, these samples should be
considered semiquantitative. Replicate samples (necessary for
quantitative purposes) were not required for the purpose of the
survey in June.
The sediments at background stations were typically brown,
stiff silts or fine sands, and did not yield an odor of HjS. In
general, three different "background" communities were identi-
fied at depth in the harbor (Figure 26): a community occupying
fine (silt/clay) sediments in the inner harbor,* a community
occupying fine sand in the outer harbor? and a sand dollar
community occupying uniform fine sands along the south (exposed)
shore of the outer harbor. A fourth community undoubtedly
55
-------
,n
n
AKUTAN ISLAND
T
AKUTAN PT
AKUTAN
>.^\v
HARBOR
fe A N
®8
8 tNNFR HARBOR LOW DIVERSITY
C INNER HARBOR HIGH DIVERSITr
0 OUTER HARBOR
E SAW DOLLAR BED
r TBIOIKT HASTE PILE
8 WASTE PILE PERIMETER
H OLD WASTE PILE
Contour* In Fathom*
0 f/I
NAUTICAL MILE
i
\s~il9 Jp
KILOMETERS
FIGURE 26. BENTHIC INFAUNAL COMMUNITIES
OF AKUTAN HARBOR
® A MtNIHANGER station
FOR LOCATION OF INSET, SEE FIQURE IB.
-------
occupied kelp habitat observed in shallow water south of Akutan
Point and along the south shore of the outer harbor.
The most abundant organism in the inner harbor benthic
community is apparently Boccardia sp. , a spionid polychaete.
Codominant species (in terms of number of individuals) would
appear to be: Ninoe simpla, a lumbrinerid polychaete;
Scalibregma inflatum, a scalibregmid polychaete; and' Maeoma
moesta, a tellinid bivalve. Spionid polychaetes are typically
opportunistic tube-dwelling forms that tolerate lowered oxygen
tensions and feed on organic matter deposited on the sediment
surface. Lumbrinerids are free-burrowing forms that tend to be
carnivorous. Scalibregmids are active burrowers and feed on
detritus found in the sediment (Fauchald and Jumars 1979).
Maeoma spp. typically feed on organic matter deposited on the
sediment surface. In general, the species composition at the
inner harbor stations (Stations 1-12) indicates recent distur-
bance and high organic input.
It may be possible to subdivide the inner harbor into two
deep water communities, particularly based on species richness.
Stations 5 and 6 are distinguishable from Stations 1-3 and 7-12
by the low number of polychaete and molluscan species
(Table 12) , even though the codominant species are the same
throughout the inner harbor. Low species diversity (H1 , the
Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Table 12), together with species
composition that suggests disturbance, indicates that Stations 5
and 6 represent an area that may be impacted ¦ by adverse water
quality or high organic input.
Stations 1-3 are noteworthy background stations in the
inner harbor because of the heterogeneity of the sediments.
Station 1 was located off the mouth of the largest freshwater
stream draining into Akutan Harbor. The first sample taken at
this station was rejected because a small pebble had lodged in
the jaws, resulting in a loss of some material. The sediment
apparently included alluvial sands. High detritus input to the
sediment at Station 1 is indicated by the presence of Echiuris
echiuris (=E. alaskanus). This small sac-like worm (Phylum:
Echiura) feeds on organic detritus that settles on a spoon-like
proboscis extended on the sediment surface. Stations 2 and 3
were located near the moored floating processor M/V Deep Sea
(Plate 4) . Station 2 sediments included gravel material, and
Station 3 included a low-density material resembling pumice or
perhaps coal cinders. The heterogeneity of the sediments at
these three stations may be either highly localized, resulting
from stream discharge or human activity, or may be characteris-
tic of the benthic community at the extreme head of the harbor.
Although sediment heterogeneity often increases species
diversity or species composition, this did not occur at these
three stations (Table 12).
The benthic community in the silty sand of the outer harbor
(Stations 13, 15, 17-18) displays similarities as well as
57
-------
Number of
Area and Station No.
Inner harbor low diversity
Table 12. Number of Species and Codoninant Species at Each Station in June
Species H' Codoninant Species
1.74
0.70
1
Boccardia/Scalibreama
Boccardia
Inner harbor high diversity
1
2
3
7
8
9
10
11
12
16
18
16
15
16
15
13
25
14
22
25
2.70
2.21
2.58
2.69
2.63
2.47
3.02
2.19
3.00
3.61
Boccardia/Maccna moesta
Bcccaxdia/Macana moesta/Ninoo
Boccardia/Iaonice/Ninoe
Boccardia/Maccroa moesta
Boecardia/Minoe/Sealibregma
Boccardia
Boceardia/Maeetaa moesta/Ninoe
Boccardia/Prionospio/Axinopsida
Boccardia/Prionospio
Boceardia/Nince
Sand dollar bed
14
15
2.12
Outer Harbor
13
15
17
18
10
16
20
26
2.84
3.00
3.35
4.20
rrionospio/Ninoe/Maeana moesta
Ninoe/MfiEima rooesta
Euclymene/Boccardia/Ninoe
fixincos ida/Travisia/Ninoe
Trident waste pile
19B
20
22
24
27
0.56*
0.31
0.00
1.00
Boccardia
Axinopsida
Waste pile perimeter
21
26
28
Old waste pile
29
30
31
32
4
17
3
10
14
12
18
15
18
66-
oe^
35
0.77
1.77
1.99
0.36
3.12
Scalibregna/Boocardia/Macaaa moesta
Boccardia/Echiuris
Boccardia/Prionospio
Boccardia/Echiuris/Prionospio
Boccard ia / Ech i u cis/Prior.osp io
Boccardia/Echiuris/Prionospio
Boccardia/Echiuris
Boccardia/Scalibregitia/Ninoe
* H' calculated to base 2.
2
Unquantified taxon not included (see Appendix H),
58
-------
differences relative to those found in the fine sediments of the
inner harbor. For example, Boccardia sp. - is present in the
outer harbor community, but is not the' most abundant organism
and may not even be a c©dominant species (with the possible
exception of the shallow basin around Station 17) . The codo-
minants at the stations of the outer harbor appear to be Ninoe
simpla (Lumbrineridae) and Macoma moesta. Species diversity
(H*, Table 12) may also be greater in the outer harbor due to a
more even distribution of numbers of individuals over the taxa
present {Appendix G), compared to inner harbor stations.
A unique community occurred in Station 14, apparently as a
result of sampling in a sand dollar bed. Although this station
was occupied by only 15 species, it contained more crustaceans
(individuals and species) than any other station. Constant
reworking of the uniformly fine sands by the sand dollars, and
perhaps by waves off the Bering Sea, may have resulted in fewer
species (especially numbers of polychaete species) relative to
Station 10, which occurred in silty sands near the south shore.
Stations on or Near Waste Piles in June
Biological sampling was conducted on or near the Trident
waste pile (Sediment Stations 19B-28), near an old waste pile
(Sediment Stations 29-32) , and near a pile of undetermined age
(Sediment Station 4). Additional visual observations (Sediment
Stations 33-36) were made on the pile near Station 4. The biota
found on or near waste piles in June are listed in Appendix H.
Trident Waste Pile. The Trident waste pile is composed
primarily of codfish wastes, and secondarily of wastes from
crab, herring, and other species. The longitudinal axis of the
impacted area is apparently oriented parallel to the shoreline
around the obtuse angle formed by the bulkhead, but the bulk of
the material is located as a pile on the outfall (Sediment
Station 23).
Station 19B was placed as close to the bulkhead as possi-
ble. The sample consisted primarily of quantities of black
granular material, garbage, and fish wastes. It smelled of H2S,
and gave off an oil-like sheen when subsampled. Stations 20,
22-25, and 2 7 were clearly located on the waste pile, and
revealed little biota (Appendix H, Table 12, Plate 5) . Station
23 was located as close as possible to the outfall. When
brought to the surface, the material degassed (H„S and perhaps
methane, CH^) and boiled out of the screens on the top of the
Van Veen grab (Plate 6) . No sample was preserved at this
station. Samples at remaining stations on the waste pile were
typically anoxic, comprised of grainy black material,
recognizable bone fragments, pieces of fish tissue, and a strong
H2S odor. Station 25 was taken in an effort to sample the
northwest edge of the waste pile; however, the sample appeared
no different from that of Station 24 and was not preserved.
59
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Stations 21, 26, and 28 were taken in an effort to sample
the biota near the waste pile. It would appear from the biota
and species richness that Station 21 is similar to background
conditions, i.e. dominated by Scalibregma/Boccardia/Macoma
rooesta (Table 12) . However, the station clearly was influenced
by the waste pile because of an anoxic layer below the top 3-4
cm of brown sandy silt. The sample had a slight odor of H„S
combined with an "organic" smell. Station 26 displayed low
species richness and a thin layer of aerobic sediment over
anoxic muds, but was unusual in the presence of a few juvenile
Echiuris echiuris (=E. alaskanus). Station 28 showed little
evidence of impact (Appendix H) ; with the exception of the
absence of bivalves, faunal composition at Station 28 was
similar to that found at Stations 7-12 (Appendix G).
Preliminary underwater television camera work in June
revealed that pelagic crustacean species occurred in the water
column over the Trident waste pile, but bottomfish and epiben-
thic invertebrates were absent from the pile. All of these
organisms were commonly seen elsewhere in the harbor. Crabs
were most abundant near the waste pile.
Old Waste Pile. The waste pile off the Akutan Village dock
theoretically had not received crab wastes since 1978, but
probably received low input of miscellaneous garbage off the
dock, the M/V Western Sea, and fishing vessels as they offloaded
catches to the M/V Western Sea. Crab wastes were noted at
Stations 29 and 31. The wastes were clearly old; the
exoskeleton had demineralized and the remaining chitin matrix
was very pliable. The sediments at Stations 29 and 30 were dark
brown and sandy, whereas the materials at Stations 31 and 32
were black and anoxic.
The biological community associated with this waste pile
contained species approximately similar to those found in
background conditions at Stations 7-12. A major difference was
the abundance of Echiuris, especially juveniles (Appendix H) .
Furthermore, most of the rare species (found only once at one
station) associated only with waste piles were found here
(Appendix I).
Inner Harbor Waste Pile. Stations 4 and 33-36 were located
near or on a large mound between two permanent mooring buoys in
the inner harbor. Stations 4, 33, and 34 were near or at the
edge of the mound and did not appear to be different from
background conditions. Sediment grain size visually (4, 33, 34)
and analytically (Station 4 only) was comprised primarily of
¦fine brown silt or clay. The biota from Stations 33 and 34
appeared similar to that of Station 4 (Appendix D). Station 35,
located near the apex of the pile, contained dark sediments and
a soapy, sludge-like gray material with scattered aggregated
materials similar to those associated with corroded metals.
Station 36 was located on the apex of the pile, and consisted of
60
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medium sand. Bivalves and polychaetes were observed.
Clinocardium sp., typically associated with sandy substrate, was
also observed at Station 36.
Biological Community - September 1983
Six stations (3 inner harbor and 3 outer harbor) were
sampled in September 1983. Sampling locations correspond to
September sediment stations (Figure 20) . Species collected at
these stations are listed in Appendices J, K, and L.
Stations SI, S2, and S3 are inner harbor stations approxi-
mately corresponding to June Sediment Stations 6, 20, and 7,
respectively. Three replicate grabs were taken at each of these
stations. Stations S4, S5, and S6 are outer harbor or Akutan
Bay stations; five replicate grabs were collected at these
stations. Station S4 corresponded to June Sediment Station 17
in the outer harbor. Stations S5 and S6 in Akutan Bay were
sampled to characterize the benthic community at possible solid
waste disposal sites for the City of Akutan#
Inner Harbor Stations
Station S3 was occupied in September as a representative of
an inner harbor "background" area generally characterized as
having a high diversity community in June. Species richness
(17, 18, and 23 species) in three separate grabs taken in
September (Table 13) reflects that seen in June (Table 12). The
community was numerically dominated by the polychaetes Ninoe
simpla and Boccardia polybranchia.
Station S2 was on the edge of the Trident waste pile,
between June Stations 20 and 21. Species richness was lower
than at the background station; only 7, 8, and 12 species were
found in the separate grabs (Table 13). This community was also
numerically dominated by polychaetes? especially Capitella
species A. Overall abundance was low except for Capitella,
which was more abundant here than at any other site. The
sediments at this station were black and exhibited few surface
burrows. High numbers or high biomass of Capitella spp. is
often taken as an indicator of high organic pollution, as might
be expected in the vicinity of the waste pile.
Station Si was off the waste pile at a distance approxi-
mately equal to that of S3, but the area was characterized in
June by low diversity. In September, species richness at this
station was not distinguishable from background stations
(Table 13). The polychaetes Prionospio steenstrupi and N.
simpla and the bivalve Macoma moesta numerically dominated this
61
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Table 13, Hunter of Species and Numerically Dominant Species at Each Station in September
Number of
Area (Station) £ Sample No.
Species
H'
1 2
Inner harbor low diversity (S-l)
e
A
20
3.55-
B
18
3.16
C
13
2.45
2
Inner harbor high diversity (S-3)
G
17
2.82
H
18
3.66
J " 2
23
3.76
Waste pile perimeter (S-2) •
D
12
3.02
E
7
1.18
F 3
8
2.75
Outer harbor (S-4)
K
24
4.14
L
31
3.93
M
27
3.45
N
23
4.09
P 3
27
4.25
Akutan Bay (S-5, S-6}
Q (S-5)
'28
4.35
R "
30
4.33
S "
33
4.08
T **
28
4.01
U "
43
3.72
V (S-6)
24
4.09
W "
31
4.34
X "
27
3.93
Y "
23
4.22
Z "
27
3.98
Codaninant Species
Ninoe/Boccardia/AKinopsida
Frionospio steenstrupi/Macana moesta
Ninoe/Scalibregroa
Boccarfia/Ninoe
Minoe/ Boccardia/Axinopsida
Ninoe/Scalxbregraa
Boccardia
Capitella sp, A
Nereis zonata/Scalibregma
.4
Nir.og/Maccroa moesta
Medicroastus/Ninoe
frionospio steenstrupi
Macama moesta
Macena moesta/P. steenstrupi/Axinopsida
Axinopsida/Macana moesta ,
Axir.opsida/Harpiriia/?. steenstrupi ^
Mediayastas/Hacoma {wsesta/Axir.oosiQa
Kinoe 4
P. steenstrupi/Axinopsida/Medicmastus
Nuculana ,
Axir.opsida/Macatia moesta/Ninoe .
P. steenstrupi/Huculana/Harpinia
Axtoopsida/Medianastus 4
Medicniastus/Macana moesta
Area designations correspond to June designations {Table 12)
Sieved with 1-flm mesh screen
Sieved with 0.5-roa mesh screen
Nematodes in fine (0.5-imi) portion
H' calculated to base 2.
62
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area. There are other indications, however, that Station SI in
September was still different from background conditions
(Station S3). Several of the species at Station SI were repre-
sented only by juveniles. This suggests a recent increase in
species richness in this area. A subjective comparison of
biomass suggests that bivalve biomass is measurably higher at
Station SI, whereas polychaete biomass is measurably lower at
Station SI (Table 14), At Station SI, Sample C appears'to have
the lowest values in the several parameters included in
Table 14. It appears, therefore, that inner harbor communities
as identified by June data (Figure 26) are probably applicable
to September observations.
Outer Harbor and Akutan Bay Stations
Station S4 was in the vicinity of June outer harbor back-
ground Station 17. The five grabs at this station had 23, 24,
27, 27, and 31 species (Table 13). Abundance was also generally
high. The macrofaunal community was numerically dominated by M.
moesta and the polychaetes P. steenstrupi and N. simpla.
Nematodes also appear as dominants if contents of the 0.5-nun
mesh sieve are included in the analysis. The 0.5-mm mesh sieve
also retained large quantities of algal fragments. This
detrital material probably originated in the kelp beds that
occurred in the area along shore in June, but to a greatly
reduced extent in September.
The stations identified as possible ocean dumping sites for
incineration wastes from the Village of Akutan (S5 and S6) were
similar to Station S4 in general species richness and abundance.
Station S5 had especially high species richness (Table 13) and
abundance (550 total individuals). The macrofauna was numeri-
cally dominated by the deposit-feeding bivalve Axinopsida
orbiculata and the polychaetes P. steenstrupi and Mediomastus
capensis. Nematodes were abundant in the material retained by
the 0.5-mm sieve.
To a certain extent, higher species richness at Stations
S4-S6 occurs because inner harbor stations (S1-S3) were handled
differently from the outer harbor stations (S4-S6) . Inner
harbor stations were sieved with 1-mm mesh, while outer harbor
stations were sieved with 0.5-mm mesh. On the other hand, some
real differences occur between these two areas. The macrofauna
of the inner harbor were in all cases numerically dominated by
polychaetes. The outer harbor stations tended to be dominated
by bivalves (either M. moesta or Axinopsida); polychaetes were
less dominant. A number of species unique to the outer harbor
or Akutan Bay were also noted (Appendices J and K) . For exam-
ple, sea whips (a soft coral) were collected in Akutan Bay? they
also were frequently observed in the video camera transects
through the outer harbor, but not in the inner harbor. These
63
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Table 14, Comparison of Stations SI and S3 in September.
Station SI
A
B
C
Station S3
G
H
J
cr>
H' POLYCHAETES BIVALVES
BIOMftSS* # SPECIES # INDIVIDUALS # SPECIES # INDIVIDUALS
3.55 0.74g 12 47 5 26
3.16 0.74g 11 47 5 24
2.45 0.29g 9 32 2 5
2.82 3.27g 11
3.66 1.15g 11
3.76 1.35g 21
63 6 13
43 6 14
63 2 7
* Wet weight preserved in alcohol
-------
differences in community composition likely reflect habitat
differences between the areas.
65
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Intentionally Blank Page
66
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CONCLUSIONS
The purpose of this investigation was to describe flushing
characteristics and assess the possible impacts of seafood waste
deposits on the water quality, sediments, and biological commu-
nity of Akutan Harbor.
Flushing Characteristics
The flushing characteristics or residence time of marine
embayments is a primary consideration in evaluation of potential
impacts of wastewater discharges. At steady state, the mass of
wastewater accumulated in the embayment is approximately equal
to the wastewater mass discharged during the residence time
period. For example, if the residence time is 7 days, the
steady state total mass of wastewater distributed throughout the
embayment would be approximately equal to 7 days of discharged
waste. Particles discharged with the wastewater are not flushed
¦from an embayment in the same manner since they are subject to
settling within the bay.
Flushing is commonly defined as the action of gradual
replacement of "old" water inside an estuary (or embayment) with
"new" water originating outside of the estuary. Flushing is
governed by two basic processes: dispersion (diffusion)
processes, and advective processes. Advective processes are the
predominant mechanisms controlling flushing action, and can be
approximately categorized by the following three processes;
1. Fresh water outflow
2. Tidal advection
3. Wind driven and/or geostrophic circulation.
Estuaries that receive a significant amount of fresh water
flow relative to the average water volume of the estuary experi-
ence a net movement of water through and out from the estuary
which carries pollutants along with it and results in a direct
flushing mechanism. Estuaries that have a large tidal prism
(i.e., on the order of 30 percent or greater of the average
water volume) experience significant flushing indirectly through
the continuous oscillatory motion of the tidal waters and
eventual exchange with water originating outside the boundaries
of the estuary.
Akutan Harbor does not benefit significantly from either of
the above two flushing mechanisms. The third type of
advective/flushing mechanism, i.e., wind-driven and/or
geostrophic circulation, is the predominating flushing mechanism
within Akutan Harbor, The size of Akutan Harbor likely
67
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precludes significant flushing by geostrophic circulation,
therefore, wind-driven circulation is likely the most important
advective process. This phenomenon is also the most difficult
to assess accurately since the forcing mechanisms are erratic
and the resulting circulation patterns can be very complex.
Based on the June results, it is possible to estimate an
approximate residence time of a water particle released near the
Trident seafood processing plant outfall during a sustained
15 knot east wind event. Assuming an average surface layer
velocity of about 2.5 cm/lsec for the layer 0 to 13 m (toward
the west) and an average bottom velocity of about 1.0 cm/sec for
the layer 13 to 38 m (toward the east), the residence time of a
surface water particle at the trident outfall would be approxi-
mately 5.5 days, and the residence time of a water particle
released in the bottom layer at the Trident outfall would be
approximately 2.5 days.
It is emphasized that the above flushing calculations
assume a steady-state 15 knot wind from the east. This condi-
tion represents a "best case" for flushing in that circulation
under these conditions results in net bottom currents moving out
of the harbor. In actuality, however, sustained easterly wind
events are not the norm for this area. According to the NOAA
climate atlas, wind direction statistically is evenly distribut-
ed from all directions with easterly wind events (NE, E, SE)
occurring approximately 30 percent of the time. Easterly wind
events that are of sufficient strength and duration to create a
steady-state type circulation (as observed during the June
survey) probably occur much less than 30 percent of the time,
hnwpvpr. It* i <=> cei-tain. 1"hPTpfoT"P. that the Tesidpnce time at
the Trident outfall is significantly greater than the 5-6 days
estimated for a sustained, 15 knot easterly wind event.
The observed movement of the drogues in September was only
partially in response to wind circulation. After 1600 on
September 17, when winds subsided, circulation induced by flow
patterns in Akutan Bay was probably responsible for the observed
drogue motion.
To infer a harbor flushing or residence time from September
drogue data is difficult due to the large variations in wind
conditions and the complexity of the drogue movements. The
large temporal variations in wind conditions create an unsteady
circulation pattern that defies representation by any known
analytical model. A qualitative description of circulation
patterns, however, can be inferred from the drogue movements.
It is apparent that Akutan Harbor is composed of inner and outer
circulation regimes. The boundary between these regimes is not
exact, but is approximately located along a line drawn south
from the town of Akutan. This corresponds to the area at which
the width of the harbor begins to increase rapidly to the east.
In general, drogues released inside (west of) this line tend to
meander and/or move inward toward the head of the harbor.
68
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Drogues released outside (east of) this, line tend to move more
rapidly and in a general counterclockwise manner, thereby
inferring the existence of a , large-scale gyre in the outer
portion of the harbor. Drogues observed during the June survey
exhibited the same general behavior in the outer harbor. This
gyre (eddy) is probably caused by the larger scale circulation
in Akutan Bay and through Akun Strait, The effect of these
large eddies on the harbor would be to generally increase the
flushing rate in the outer harbor, i.e., a water particle orig-
inating near the south shore of the harbor would tend to be
carried outward toward Akutan Bay where it has a greater chance
of being carried away by the external currents.
Based on an evaluation of September drogue movements, the
residence time of the harbor appears to be longer than the 2.5
to 5.5 days estimated from drogue motion observed during persis-
tent winds from the east in June. This is because the 20-m and
30-m drogues did not leave the harbor over an approximately
48-hr period. The residence time of deeper water under condi-
tions of circulation induced by Akun Strait only (no wind) may
be on the order of a few weeks. The surface layer, as indicated
by the 10-m drogues, appears to have a shorter residence time
than the deeper layers. Two shallow drogues, #5 and #17, were
advected out of the harbor xn less than 24 hours. Sustained
winds from the east (as observed in June) may represent the
worst case for surface layer flushing and a best case for
flushing of deeper water. Again it must be emphasized that
circulation in Akutan Harbor, and therefore the residence time,
will be highly variable because of the importance of wind on
harbor circulation.
It is cautioned that the fraction of freshwater method is
relatively crude, especially when the ratio of freshwater inflow
to harbor volume is very small. An estimate of 177 days,
obtained by using this method, is very approximate. There are
several factors that must be considered in evaluating this
estimate. First, it is based on a June freshwater inflow
estimate of 64 cfs. It is not known how this compares to total
freshwater input during the approximately 177 days prior to the
September observations on salinity structure. Stream runoff is
primarily influenced by precipitation patterns (Stepetin pers.
comm.) . The June data were taken at a time when some snowpack
was still present, but rainfall was not a major contributor.
Second, groundwater input to the harbor is possible, particular-
ly from the valley at the head of the harbor. Although this may
contribute to the observed salinity structure of the harbor, its
significance is unknown because no data are available on
quantity. Third, precipitation falling directly on the harbor
will contribute to salinity structure, particularly if easterly
winds tend to trap surface water in the harbor.
Although calculations from drogue data and salinity struc-
ture are not conclusive, the data indicate that residence time
of water in Akutan Harbor is measured in weeks. The salinity
69
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structure observed in September integrates best (sustained
easterly winds >_ 15 knots) as well as worst (calm air) con-
ditions during the previous weeks. If it is assumed that the
volume of freshwater inflow used in the calculations is as much
as either twice or half the actual value, the residence time
would range from 88 to 354 days.
Currents in the inner harbor are not adequate for resuspen-
sion of deposited wastes. Assuming that all particles are
ground to 1.27 cm (0.5 in) or less and that the specific gravity
of flesh is approximately 1.03 to 1.06, a current velocity of
15-20 cm/sec is necessary to set deposited particles in motion
(Wennekens pers. comm.). Drogue data indicate that current
speeds in the inner harbor are significantly less, perhaps by as
much as an order of magnitude, even during sustained easterly
winds.
Water Quality
Previous water quality sampling of Akutan Harbor consisted
of two separate water quality studies that occurred in May: EPA
and ADEC (1978) and ADEC (1982). These reports indicate
generally good water quality. Discussion of these analyses was
presented in the draft Reconnaissance Report: Water Quality
Assessment of Akutan Harbor, Alaska (Jones & Stokes Associates
1983) , and will not be presented in this report.
The data collected in June and September 1983 indicate that
the harbor was well mixed and • oxygenated. A variation in
ammonia concentration between the inner and outer harbor in June
was observed in the water column, but cannot be linked at this
point to seafood waste discharge or the occurrence of waste
deposits.
The water quality parameters measured did not indicate a
detrimental impact from seafood waste piles. Elevated nitrogen
compound concentrations above the Trident Seafoods waste pile
are indicative of a flux between the waste pile and the water
column. The anoxic condition of the waste pile in contrast to
the high dissolved oxygen concentration directly above the waste
pile leads to the conclusion that the rate of oxygen transfer to
the waste pile from the water column is significantly less than
the oxygen transfer within the water column. This relationship
would vary if stratification occurs during the summer and the
lower layer becomes relatively stagnant. Nitrogen concentra-
tions may also increase under the above conditions. Water column
stratification was not evident in September, however, indicating
that summer stratification in Akutan Harbor is temporary or
absent.
No water samples were collected in a discharge plume or
during discharge because processing activity was absent or at a
low level during the field work. These data were to have been
70
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provided to EPA by Trident Seafoods as a' requirement of a Clean
Water Act Section 309 order. The data.have not been provided.
It is likely that locally adverse water'column conditions occur
as the effluent discharges through the anoxic waste pile on the
Trident outfall. Hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and suspended and
dissolved organic matter from the waste pile are probably
entrained in the discharge plume. During water column
circulation established by sustained easterly winds, the efflu-
ent plume most likely moves westward and southward in a counter-
clockwise direction. During quiet water conditions, the efflu-
ent plume most likely meanders in the inner harbor area.
The waste discharges have violated Alaska Water Quality
Standards (ADEC 1979). No mixing zone has been established for
the Trident outfall. The effluent results in the deposits of
solids on the bottom. State standards prohibit solids accumula-
tion in marine waters classified for use ini seafood processxng?
growth and propagation of fish, shellfish, aquatic life, and
wildlife? and harvesting raw molluscs or other raw aquatic life
for consumption. This prohibition also applies to marine waters
classified for contact and secondary recreation.
Sediment
Akutan Harbor has fairly steep sides sloping to a generally
flat bottom between 35 and 55 m deep. Small alluvial fans have
formed at the mouths of many of the streams, ¦ and have created
locally shallow nearshore areas. Large-scale sand waves were
detected in Akutan Bay, but not in the harbor (west of Akutan
Point). The analysis of the top few centimeters of sediments
showed that the bottom sediments in the inner harbor have a
higher percentage of fines and that the percent of sand in-
creases toward the outer harbor. These findings indicate that
the inner harbor is more protected than the outer harbor, and
that scouring and dispersion capabilities are apparently absent
in the inner harbor.
Higher ammonia-nitrogen levels in June in the outer harbor
relative to inner harbor sediments are not easily explained.
Typically, one would expect higher ammonia-nitrogen in the finer
sediments, especially near decomposing seafood waste piles. It
is possible that relatively low organic carbon in the outer
harbor may be limiting to nitrification, and this may account
for higher ammonia concentration in the outer harbor. Total
organic carbon (TOC) data support this possibility; TOC levels
were as much as an order of magnitude greater in the inner
harbor during June. Thus, more carbon was available for nitri-
fying bacteria in the inner harbor, resulting in decreased
ammonia concentrations, even though inner harbor sediments are
finer.
Seafood waste accumulations on the bottom sediments were
detected at six locations, as discussed in the side-scan sonar
71
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results section. The accumulation of wastes has a major impact
on the physical and chemical characteristics of sediment near an
outfall. The surface sediment layer is totally covered by waste
in areas with large depositions. Along the edges of a waste
pile some mixing of the wastes with the sediment may occur.
Increases in TOG, ammonia, and grain size were found near and on
the waste piles sampled, and probably result from the waste
discharge and subsequent decay.
In September the sediment sampling showed a significant
difference between the station located near the Trident waste
pile (S2) and other stations. High levels of sulfide, ammonia,
TOG, and organic nitrogen indicate the presence of fish waste
and anaerobic decomposition at this site. The amounts of toxic
hydrogen sulfide and un-ionized ammonia are both functions of
pH; the lower the pH, the higher the ionization. Temperature is
also a factor in ammonia speciation. Criteria for ammonia and
sulfide have been established for water by EPA (1976) . Based on
sediment data, both criteria would be exceeded for all stations
if the total amounts measured were dissolved in the pore water
of the sediment. However, a large percentage of ammonia and
sulfide are probably bound to particles and are not dissolved in
the pore waters. This would decrease the concentration and
resultant toxicity of sulfide and un-ionized ammonia.
A correlation analysis between the sediment parameters in
CAnf omhAT <5 h AMC! a fiACI +-1 I/O PArTol af i fin cn 1 f 1
ihtf t* v Jm. q Xi w W O ot w O JL Lr JL- v s# v* w .1— w J. vl w* vXX w i# W w w XX m JL -L .JL v-* m
nitrogen (ammonia and organic nitrogen); however, no correlation
was found between sulfide and TOC. High TOC levels therefore
are not sufficient to indicate anoxic sediments.
September data revealed no major differences between inner
harbor and outer harbor sediment chemistry. This is in contrast
to June data. There are two major factors that may account for
the observed similarities in September. First, Trident dis-
charges occurred until just prior to the June survey. Destruc-
tion of the plant by fire in June eliminated these discharges
during the months prior to the September survey. Organic input
from this source to the inner harbor was significantly lower
during the period prior to the September field work. Second,
extensive die-off of kelp beds near Akutan Point and along the
south shore of the outer harbor resulted in significant input of
detrital material to outer harbor sediments. Either factor
alone could account for the observed differences between June
and September sediment chemistry.
Biological Data
It is self-evident that persistent waste piles on the
harbor floor kill biota beneath them. It is unclear how far
from the piles benthos will be impacted, and what period of time
is necessary for the benthos community to return to pre-
discharge conditions.
72
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Evidence from Akutan Harbor indicates that the waste piles
are discrete units that apparently retain their integrity for a
great length of time, i.e., do not disperse. Old wastes off the
Akutan Village dock were still apparent as a pile 5 years after
discharge is presumed to have ceased. A waste pile of indeter-
minate age in the inner harbor (June Sediment Stations 4, 33-36)
retained a sharp profile, but was apparently aged sufficiently
such that an aerobic outer layer, and no recognizable crab
parts, were visible. Cod wastes on the Trident waste pile,
although near neutral buoyancy, remained as a cohesive pile on a
relatively steep slope. Observations with an underwater TV
camera indicated that the edge of the pxle was remarkably
narrow, i.e., complete waste cover gave way to clear bottom
within only a few meters. There was no evidence that relatively
fresh codwaste occurred anywhere other than as a pile over the
Trident outfall.
In addition to the area of the waste pile, it is evident
that the biota near the edge of the waste, piles are impacted.
The magnitude and areal extent of the impact vary, depending on
the distance and direction taken from the waste pile. For
example, Sediment Station 21 in June was comprised of anoxic
muds below an aerobic surface layer, but the biota living in the
aerobic layer were not much different from background condi-
tions. Biota at Sediment Station 2 7 were clearly impacted,
whereas biota and sediment conditions at nearby Station 28 were
very similar to background conditions. Compared to background
stations, species richness was significantly lower in June in an
area extending for some distance to the southwest of the Trident
pile (Stations 5 and 6, Figure 26) . This area showed signs of
recovery in species richness in September (Station Si, Table 13)
but other observations on the fauna (Table 14) indicate condi-
tions continued to be different from those at a background
station (S-3) in September,
A difficult question is whether background conditions in
Akutan Harbor are indicative of impact on ber.thic community
structure. The seasonal occurrence of floating processors in
the inner harbor results in periodic deposition of organic
wastes throughout the inner harbor. The polychaetes throughout
the inner harbor are typically associated with high organic
input and occasional bottom disturbance. The dominant species
in inner Akutan Harbor are similar to those found within a
kilometer of waste outfalls at Dutch Harbor (Feder and Burrell
19 79) and Cordova (Caponigro 1979) , but outside of areas receiv-
ing waste deposits. At Cordova, a similar benthic community
occupied a waste outfall site in a well-flushed area that had
not received waste discharges for a year.
Sediment and biological data from June indicate that
anaerobic sediments occur parallel to shore in both directions
from the waste pile over the Trident outfall. These areas are
probably impacted as a result of tidal movements, particularly
during calm weather and the absence of wind-generated currents.
73
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It is likely that the benthic community extending to the
southwest of the Trident outfall has also responded to the waste
discharge. Several pieces of evidence together support this
observation. Modelled water current and flushing patterns
indicate that a southwesterly flow of the discharge plume from
the Trident plant is likely during sustained easterly winds.
Circulation in the inner harbor is driven by wind; winds from
other directions may not be adequate to set up a circulation
pattern in the inner harbor that carries the plume in other
directions. TOC and organic nitrogen in the sediments are
higher to the southwest of the Trident waste pile (Sediment
Stations 5, 6, or SI) than directly to the south (Sediment
Station 7 or S3) . Soon after cessation of discharge (June),
species richness to the southwest of Trident was low; however, 4
months after cessation, species richness apparently was
recovering. This indicates that the benthic community is
affected by the Trident discharge plume directly, or by the
plume after it percolates through the waste pile. The waste
pile alone may not be impacting this area, because the pile
could not have changed significantly in 4 months. Whether the
benthic community to the southwest of Trident is responding to
settling solids, high BOD, or dissolved sulfide or ammonia in
the plume cannot be determined until the discharge plume is
sampled during circulation patterns induced by easterly winds.
Case Study - Dutch Harbor
Major seafood processing activity occurs in the vicinity
of Dutch Harbor on Unalaska and Amaknak Islands, part of the
eastern Aleutian Island chain of Alaska. This area is well
known for its seafood processing of king crab, Tanner crab,
Dungeness crab, and shrimp. Over 70 million pounds of shellfish
were processed during the 1976 season and resulted in approxi-
mately 47 million pounds of wastes that were disposed of mainly
by discharge into the adjacent bays (Kama 1978) . The effects
of seafood processing, and waste disposal within this general
area have been studied extensively.
Several investigators have documented the build-up of
processing wastes around the points of discharge (U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service 1982, Bechtel 1979, Feder and Burrell 19 79 ,
Kama 1978) . Factors affecting the fate and amount of waste
build-up include compaction and slumping, microbial degradation,
downslope movement, and dispersion. The location of the outfall
with respect to local wave and tidal currents plays a signifi-
cant role in the amount of waste accumulated. Brown and Cald-
well (1978, 1979, 1980) has conducted performance studies, on
nearshore outfalls versus deep water outfalls (over 7 fathoms)
at Dutch Harbor. The nearshore environment was more energetic
and resulted in greater waste dispersion. As a result, near-
shore outfalls displayed limited waste accumulations (within
NPDES permit limitations), no beach accumulation, no hydrogen
sulfide detected, and complete dispersion of accumulated wastes
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during winter storms. Problems identified with deep water
disposal include little dispersion of wastes, anoxic conditions
within the waste pile, and the associated production of hydrogen
sulfide.
Benthic biota were found by investigators to be eliminated
within the area of waste deposition (Kama 1978, Feder and
Burrell 1979), either due to suffocation from burial or anoxic
condition. Documentation of the effect of waste piles in Dutch
Harbor on biota near the pile perimeters and on motile epifauna
has been contradictory. Feder and Burrell (1979) found that the
biota near deposition areas were reduced in diversity and
stressed. Bechtel (1979) found evidence that motile biota were
attracted to the waste piles as a food source. They suggested
further study on the beneficial aspects of the increased food
supply on the biota.
The water quality of the inner bays, Dutch Harbor and
Iliuliuk Bay, is affected by natural summer and fall water
column stratification and resulting anoxic conditions in the
lower waters. The discharge of processing wastes no longer
occurs in this region to prevent aggravation of natural water
quality problems (Brown and Caldwell 1978). The majority of the
processing wastes are now discharged to the western side' of
Amaknak Island. Due to the current velocities at these sites
little impact on the quality of the water column is observed
(Bechtel 1979) , although anoxic conditions are found within the
waste piles. Hydrogen sulfide is produced during decomposition
and can be detected within and sometimes just above the waste
piles.
Comparison with Akutan
Both Dutch Harbor and Akutan receive large quantities of
seafood processing wastes, although very little, if any, codfish
processing occurs at Dutch Harbor. Both crab and cod wastes
exert a large oxygen demand during decomposition. Wastes tend
to accumulate near discharge points because the rate of dis-
charge during processing is greater than the decomposition rate.
Comparison of physical conditions at Dutch Harbor with those of
Akutan leads to the following:
1. Water column stratification in the fall is a common
feature in the Aleutian Islands (Reeburgh pers. comm.),
but no stratification was observed during the September
investigation at Akutan. Dutch Harbor is unlike Akutan
in that comparatively shallow sills separate deeper
basins in the Dutch Harbor area, thereby exacerbating
stratified water circulation and anoxic conditions at
depth. The biological community at Akutan near the
waste piles is obviously affected by anoxic conditions
in the nearby waste; however, the biota at Akutan inner
harbor is not like that in Dutch Harbor and Iliuliuk Bay
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where anoxic conditions are common in the deeper water.
It is not clear whether adverse water quality will occur
in the water column at Akutan as' waste piles continue to
accumulate.
There is evidence from sediment chemistry and biota that
a plume may occur to the southwest of the Trident
discharge. The hydrologic modelling suggests that this
plume may occur only when inner harbor water is induced
to circulate by east winds. It is not clear whether
adverse water quality will occur in the inner harbor
during discharge when wind patterns " are not inducing
movement of inner harbor water.
2. During fully-mixed conditions when no discharge is
occurring, the circulation in Akutan Harbor is suffi-
cient to flush the water column but not to remove the
waste piles. Waste piles eliminate benthic life within
the deposition area, but do not result in detectable
water quality problems in the water column.
Case Study - Petersburg
Several seafood processing plants are located at Peters-
burg, Alaska, a small community on the northern tip of Mitkof
Island in southeastern Alaska. The processors are located along
the waterfront and discharge processing wastes into Wrangell
Narrows. This channel receives significant flushing due to the
strong tidal currents and narrow channel cross-section. The
major seafoods processed at these plants are salmon, halibut,
shrimp, and crab.
Beyer et al. (1971) determined the effects of salmon
processing wastes on the water quality and marine organisms near
the Petersburg canneries. Water quality parameters observed
included: dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, salinity, turbid-
ity, pH, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Biological
samples were collected and analyzed for species composition.
The only significant impact identified by this study was a
limited area of waste accumulation and a resulting decline in
the number of benthic organisms beneath the waste piles. DO,
temperature, salinity, and pH values of the water column were
not affected by the wastes. Turbidity and BOD were found to
increase within a small area around . the discharges, but soon
dissipated after discharge was halted.' Benthic organisms tended
to avoid the waste piles but numerous scavengers (fish and
birds) actively consumed wastes from the discharge plumes. The
study concluded that strong tidal currents (up to 5 knots) flush
the receiving area, limiting waste accumulation and benthic
impacts to small areas near discharges. No deterioration of
water quality conditions resulted from the waste discharge;
daily and seasonal fluctuations in water quality parameters were
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due to tidal movement, sunlight intensity, and seasonal weather
conditions.
Comparison with Akutan -
The major difference between the Petersburg and Akutan
processing areas is the vigorous flushing of the receiving
waters off Petersburg. The Wrangell Narrows is an aptly named
channel about 40 km long, 0.4 to 0.8 km wide, and 9 to 15 in deep
at Petersburg. The tidal amplitude reaches 6 m, and maximum
tidal current velocities range from 3 to 5 knots. The receiving
waters at Akutan do not receive comparable flushing. The
calculated residence time of the harbor is probably measured in
weeksr however, turbidity and dissolved oxygen levels were not
affected during the nondischarging condition of the investiga-
tion. With this feature in mind two conclusions are possible:
1) The high BOD and turbidity measurements observed at Peters-
burg during processing will most likely also be observed at
Akutan during processing; and 2) the Petersburg study has shown
that even with significant dispersion and flushing, some benthic
impacts can result from seafood processing waste disposal.
Case Study - Kodiak
Kodiak Island has a large concentration of seafood process-
ing plants that discharged wastes into Kodiak Harbor and Gibson
Cove. Salmon and crab are the major seafoods processed, along
with shrimp, clam, halibut, and herring. Approximately 3 8
million pounds of finished seafood products were processed by
the se plants in 1971. This corresponds to a waste discharge of
approximately 72 million pounds (EPA 1975). This compares to a
waste discharge of approximately 62 million pounds of codfish
wastes alone from the Trident Seafood facility (based on full
production of 500,000 raw pounds/day, 15 days/month, 31 percent
production recovery).
EPA conducted two water quality surveys in the Kodiak area:
one prior to waste treatment requirements in 1971, and the other
after installation of screens in 1974.
The 1971 survey concluded that severe water quality and
benthic impacts resulted from the waste discharge. Impacts
included depressed DO concentrations, low light transmittance,
waste accumulations, generation of hydrogen sulfide bubbles,
elimination of benthic fauna, and extensive discoloration of the
water column. Furthermore, water column stratification in the
fall caused dissolved and suspended constituents of the low-
density waste discharge to concentrate in the upper reaches of
the water column. This exerted a large BOD loading and signifi-
cantly lowered the surface water DO concentration, while the
bottom water layer remained fairly well oxygenated. The
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sediments were anoxic due to the decomposition of the larger
waste particles that settled out after discharge.
The 1974 survey was performed to evaluate the benefits of
the new screening and solids removal equipment on water quality
and benthic communities. Improvements included higher
DO concentrations, reduction in hydrogen sulfide levels and
bubble formation, some presence of pollution-tolerant polychaete
worms, significant reduction in the quantity of settled wastes,
and improved water color. Depressed DO concentrations in the
surface layer were still evident during water column strati-
fication, but to a lesser degree.
Comparison with Akutan
Kodiak Harbor, like Akutan, receives very little freshwater
flow, which results in a marine rather -than estuarine environ-
ment. Comparison between the harbors' physical and waste
characteristics leads to the following:
1. Similar low energy flushing mechanisms indicate that
minimal waste dispersion is likely to occur in Akutan
Harbor.
2. The water column could be impacted during discharge.
Water quality problems are less likely when water
circulation in the inner harbor is induced by sustained
winds from the east.
78
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REFERENCES
Documents
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation. 1979. Water
Quality Standards. 34 pp.
. 1982. Akutan Bay water quality analysis, Pre-
preliminary draft. 25 pp.
American Public Health Association, American Water Works
Association, Water Pollution Control Federation. 1976.
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater;
Edition 14. Washington, D.C.. 1,193 pp.
Bechtel, T.J. 1979. Biological and water quality implications
of current crab processing waste disposal practices in Dutch
Harbor, Alaska. Prepared for the Pacific Seafood Processors
Association, Seattle, Washington. 38 pp.
Beyer, D.L., R. E. Nakatani, and C. P. Staude. 1975. Effects
of salmon cannery wastes on water quality and marine
organisms. Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation, 47
(7):1857-1869.
Brown and Caldwell Consulting Engineers. 1978. Crab waste
disposal: Outfall feasibility study, Dutch Harbor, Alaska.
Prepared for the Association of Pacific Fisheries, Seattle,
Washington. 27 pp.
. 1979. Investigation of crab waste disposal
alternatives, Dutch Harbor, Alaska. Prepared for Pacific
Seafood Processors Association, Seattle, Washington. 44 pp.
. 1980. Crab waste disposal, nearshore outfall
status report, Dutch Harbor, Alaska. Prepared for Pacific
Seafood Processors Association, Seattle, Washington. 22 pp.
Caponigro, M. A. 1979. Benthic macrofauna, sediment and water
quality near seafood cannery outfalls in Kenai and Cordova,
Alaska. EPA Contract No. 68-03-2578. Industrial
Environmental Research Laboratory, U. S. EPA.
Cooper, C., and B. Pearce. 1977. A 3-Dimensional numerical
model to calculate currents in coastal waters utilizing a
depth varying vertical eddy viscosity. R. M. Parsons
Laboratory Technical Report No. 226.
Evans Research Group, Inc. 1983. Biological and physical
survey of Trident Seafoods waste discharge site in Akutan
Harbor, Alaska. Prepared for Trident Seafoods, Seattle,
Washington. 2 8 pp.
79
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Fauchald, K., and P. A. Jumars. 1979., The diet of worms; A
study of polychaete feeding guilds, Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann.
Rev. 17: 193-284.
Feder, H. M., and D. C. Burrell. 1979. Impact of seafood
cannery waste on the benthic biota and adjacent waters at
Dutch Harbor. Institute of Marine Science, University of
Alaska, Fairbanks. 211 pp.
Imamura, K. K. 1978. Reconnaissance investigations of four
floating crab processor waste disposal sites in Akutan Harbor,
May 25-26, 1978. Alaska Department of Environmental
Conservation. 7 pp.
Jones & Stokes Associates. June 19 83. Draft reconnaissance
report: Water Quality Assessment of Akutan Harbor, Alaska.
Prepared for EPA Region 10, Sacramento, California. 26 pp.
Jones & Stokes Associates. June 1983. Preliminary Ocean
Discharge Criteria Evaluation, St. George Basin OCS. Lease Sale
70. Prepared for EPA Region 10, Bellevue, Washington. 102
PP.
Kama, D. W. 1978. Investigations of seven disposal locations
used by seafood processors at Dutch Harbor, Alaska. EPA
910/8-78-101. 39 pp.
National Ocean Survey, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1983.
Tide Tables.
Tetra Tech, Inc. 1983. Water quality assessment: a screening
procedure for toxic and conventional pollutants. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Research
Laboratory. Athens, GA. 5 80 pp.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1975. Effects of
industrial wastewater effluents of water quality in Gibson
Cove and Kodiak Harbor, Kodiak, AK. EPA 910/8-76-095. 62 pp.
. 1976. Quality criteria for water. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 256 pp.
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1982. SCUBA dive survey of
seafood wastes accumulations and related biological impacts,
Amaknak and Unalaska Islands, Alaska. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Western Alaska Ecological Services, Unpublished
memorandum, Anchorage. 16 pp.
Willingham, W. T. 1976. Ammonia toxicity. EPA 908/3-76-001.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Denver, CO. 19 pp.
80
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Personal Communications
Reeburgh, William, institute of Marine Science, University of
Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska. May 4, 1983.
Soderlund, Dianne. Environmental Protection Agency, Operations
Office, Anchorage, Alaska. June 21, 1983.
Stepetin, Jacob. Mayor of Akutan, Alaska. September 18, 1983.
Sundberg, K. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, AK.
June 24, 1983.
Trident Seafoods. Letter to Florence Carroll, EPA. February
28, 1983.
Wennekens, M. P. 0. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Anchorage,
AK. February 17, 1983.
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Intentionally Blank Page
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Appendix A
CHRONOLOGICAL REPORTS OF
FIELD STUDIES IN AKUTAN HARBOR,
JUNE AND SEPTEMBER
A—1
Preceding page blank
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JONES & STOKES ASSOCIATES, INC. I 2321 P STREET / SACRAMENTO, CA. 95816
9161444-5638
DATE; June 13, 1983
TO: Bill Eiley
FROM: Curtis Spencer
SUBJECT: Field studies in Akutan Harbor
This memo provides a nontechnical chronology of the June
1983 field work in Akutan Harbor. It documents the contacts
made, general field work accomplished, and logistics problems
CvIImUUII Lv«L cU •
From May 31 to June 7 the project team traveled to Akutan
and conducted field studies in support of Work Assignment 009,
Akutan Harbor water quality assessment. The work was success-
fully completed, but not without difficulty.
The project team included the following:
Curtis Spencer, JSA*
Harvey Van Veldhuizen, JSA*
Alice Godbey, JSA*
Gary Bigham, TTI**
Mike Williamson, W&A***
John Yearsley, EPA
Dianne Soderlund, EPA
Kim Sundberg, Alaska DFG
Project Manager
Cruise Leader, Task Leader
(Biology)
Field Technician
Task Leader {Physical and
Chemical Oceanography)
Task Manager (Sidescan Sonar)
Task Manager (Video)
*Jones & Stokes Associates,Inc.
** Tetra Tech, Inc.
*** Williamson & Associates
The logistics of shipping equipment to Dutch Harbor was an
early concern prior to departure of the team. Equipment was
shipped on May 26 on recommendation of Alaska Airlines to ensure
delivery by June 1. On Monday, May . 30, Gary Bigham was assured
by Alaska Airlines that all shipments had arrived in Dutch
Harbor. Gary communicated this news to Harvey Van Veldhuizen on
the same day.
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Tuesday, May 31, Curtis Spencer flew to Anchorage. The
remaining Jones & Stokes Associates and Tetra Tech team members
flev/ from Seattle on June 1, and all eight team members assem-
bled at the Anchorage Airport and flew to Dutch Harbor,
Our checked luggage was retrieved and transported to the
Fishing Vessel (F/V) Silver Sea, our 117-foot fish tender
chartered for the Akutan Harbor survey. We reviewed the terms
of the charter agreement with Konrad Engeset, part owner and
captain of the F/V Silver Sea, and both parties signed the
agreement shortly after noon on June 1.
Several team members returned to the airport to claim
equipment and discovered that not all equipment had arrived.
The missing equipment included the mini-ranger and 6 cases
containing sidescan sonar gear. The shipment of sidescan sonar
gear from Seattle had consisted of 9 pieces. Only 3 pieces
arrived, along with the paperwork. {Mike Williamson was later
told that the shipment had been split in Cordova, with only the
lighter equipment and the paperwork going on" to Anchorage and
Dutch Harbor at that time. Apparently the heavier equipment was
subsequently sent to Anchorage and then, we speculate, held for
arrival of the other 3 pieces and the paperwork. Since these
had already gone ahead, the freight just sat until discovered by
Mike Williamson's associate.)
In addition, some equipment that had arrived was stored
under lock and key and was not immediately obtainable by the
crew since the holder of the key could not be located. It was
therefore necessary to postpone our departure from Dutch Harbor
until these problems could be resolved.
Numerous conversations ensued with Air Pac, Reeve Aleutian
Airlines and Alaska Airlines, each of whom handled shipments.
No satisfactory responses were obtained. ¦ In the evening Mike
Williamson and Gary Bigham dispatched personnel to the Anchorage
and Seattle air freight terminals. In Anchorage, Mike William-
son's associate was assured that the freight was not there, that
it had been sent on to Dutch Harbor. Upon insisting, he was
allowed to walk through the freight storage area.. He located
the lost freight in the "dead freight" area, even though it was
properly labeled. The mini-ranger was located at Reeve in
Anchorage.
About 10:00 p.m. on June 1, the holder of the key to the
storage facility came aboard the Silver Sea to arrange for
transfer of the stored equipment. It was agreed to meet the
following morning at 10:00 a.m. to retrieve the equipment.
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On June 2, Mike Williamson's associate returned to the
Anchorage air freight offices, saw to it the Reeve shipment
(mini-ranger) made it on the plane to Cold Bay for transfer to
Dutch Harbor. At Alaska Airlines/Air Pac he learned that the
equipment did not get on the morning flight due to passenger
luggage. He tentatively arranged a charter with Air Logistics
to transfer the equipment to Dutch Harbor, and called Marion
Adams, ADEC in Dutch Harbor, to advise us of the problem.
Marion was out and a message was left on his answering machine.
In the meantime, the Air Pac and Reeve flights arrived,
with no gear on either .flight. The Reeve shipment had
reportedly been bumped for passenger luggage in Cold Bay.
The team returned to the boat and were met by Marion Adams
who advised of the phone message. Calls were placed to
Anchorage to verify equipment status and a charter was
authorized by Jones & Stokes Associates and contracted by Tetra
Tech at $800 per hour air time to convey equipment from
Anchorage and Cold Bay to Dutch Harbor. The authorization was
granted about 4:00 p.m. on June 2. The plane was in the air
within the hour. The gear arrived in Dutch Harbor at 9;45 p.m.,
and the Silver Sea departed for Akutan at about 11:00 p.m., as
soon as the gear was aboard. We arrived in Akutan Bay about
4:00 a.m. and dropped anchor near the head of the bay.
Friday, June 3, we installed the two shore stations for the
mini-ranger and the tide ' gage and tide staff. Approval for
installations on existing docks was obtained from Trident
Seafoods. Dianne and I spoke with Nils Dragoy, Manager of the
Trident plant, and arranged to return for a tour and discussions
later in the trip. The sidescan sonar and depth profiling
equipment was then set up.
It was discovered that a short existed in a sidescan cable
connector. A shorter cable was tried, but it was not of
sufficient length.
Mike Williamson telephoned Seattle and Anchorage in the
afternoon and arranged to obtain a new cable. # In order to
assure delivery, he had it sent freight to Anchorage and then
arranged to have it carried as passenger luggage by a courier
from Anchorage to Akutan.
In the meantime, Kim Sundberg of ADFG deployed the video
camera at the Trident waste pile and obtained unrecorded video
information on 3 transects {annotated as to observations and
coordinates; the video recorder was inoperative). During
retrieval of the camera the video image was lost. Diagnosis and
A-4
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repair required most of the evening and part of the next
morning. The cause of the problem was a xener diode in the 28
VDC power supply for the video camera. It was decided to bypass
the power supply by using two of the car batteries, obtaining
about 26 VDC,
Dianne and I visited the village of Akutan and met with the
mayor, Jacob Stepetin, We discussed beneficial uses of- the
harbor and its waters. These uses include:
o Swimming from the beach and dock in the summer.
o Local boat transportation,
o Harvest for subsistence of two types of clams (butter
and steamer) from several beaches on the harbor.
o Subsistence harvest of salmon, trout and crab (when
available). Trout and salmon are dried and salted.
o Duck hunting for food.
o Subsistence hunting for fur seals and sea lions.
o Harvest of cod for subsistence
Jacob indicated that cod had .been infested with worms in
recent years, and local use of it had nearly ceased. " The
project team verified this with hook and line techniques. No
products are purchased from Trident or other local processors.
We discussed the City's application for ocean dumping and
the EIS that may be required by EPA. The role of Jones & Stokes
Associates in sampling was explained, Jacob indicated that the
City desires to obtain an incinerator and possibly also service
the -solid waste (not processing waste) of the processors. The
processors currently burn on the beach. (Burning at Trident and
the beach near the Deep Sea was observed by the project team.)
Jacob expressed a preference not to be involved in the
collection and disposal of processing wastes.
We then visited the Western Sea, docked adjacent to the
village. They indicated a processing season of only 50 days
operation (king crab only) in Akutan from July 1, 1982 to date.
They were packing and tying down equipment for a move up the
chain to process salmon. Craig Cross, Alaska operations manager
for the owners of the Western Sea and the- Akutan", stated that
the Western Sea would probably return to tie up in Akutan in
subsequent years, but would not operate (80 percent probability)
due to the status of the crab fishery. He indicated that prior
owners had discharged waste next to the ship, but that since
they have owned the ship (1978) that they have followed their
permit, requiring discharge through a flexible' outfall. Craig
said we could find an old sludgy waste pile near the boat but
very little evidence of any deposits at their outfall.
A-5
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The team rechecked the tide gage for proper operation and
set some buoys to mark current stations. That evening Mike
Williamson worked further with electronic gear, especially the
video camera. On Saturday morning, June 4, Mike had been
successful in getting the camera to operate for short periods,
but had detected a fault of some sort in the underwater portion
that caused fuses to blow. Substituting higher value fuses only
lengthened the time between fuse failures, and the camera- was
abandoned as unusable. .No recorded photographic images' were
obtained.
On Saturday, June 4, the team began taking sediment samples
and made salinity, temperature density, and secchi disk
observations at 19 preselected sites in the inner and outer
harbor. Sediment samples were successfully obtained at 18 of
the 19 sites. The last site, near the Akun Strait, was
determined to be rocky. In the meantime, the Air Pac goose
arrived at Akutan at midday with the courier and new sidescan
cable. After lunch Mike Williamson assembled the sidescan, and
about 4:00 p.m., upon completion of the benthic sampling, began
using the sidescan with the 100 kHz fish through the Akun
Strait. We continued surveys with the 100 kHz fish, and
completed one run from the head of Akutan Harbor to the Strait.
We then attached the 500 kHz fish and surveyed the Trident and
Western Sea discharge locations. Logs were kept of points on
the survey lines using the mini-ranger and the ship's radar. An
extensive record of bottom conditions was obtained.
Additional current meter buoys were set, the batteries were
changed at one mini-ranger transponder, and buoy locations were
logged for reference.
Sunday, June 5, the project team reviewed sidescan sonar
records and selected locations for additional sediment samples.
Eight benthic samples were taken at the Trident discharge site.
The end of the Trident outfall is marked by a buoy, and a sample
taken with the Van Veen grab at this location appeared to be
100 percent cod waste, most foul and objectionable, and which
degassed and oozed out of the grab when brought to the surface.
No samples were kept at this station. Trident pumps were
operated intermittently through the outfall, and a white ring
appeared on the water surface at one time; the team assumed that
this surfacing coincided with pumping and that it represented
surfaces of the discharge plume.
While the Silver Sea deployed drogues at Trident, the skiff
was deployed with the sidescan gear and two team members
surveyed the Corps of Engineers' small boat harbor site. The
Silver Sea deployed drogues at Trident to determine nearshore
current. (The easterly wind appeared to be a dominant influence
here.) Deeper drogues were deployed across the harbor east of
A-6
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the village, and were monitored during the day. The sidescan
and subbottom profiler were used later in the afternoon to
survey the site of the Western Sea (which had pulled out from
the dock in the morning) and at Trident. Two sediment samples
were obtained at the old piles at the City of Akutan dock.
Dianne and I visited the Deep Sea, one of the two remaining
processors in Akutan Bay as of today. We sought to meet, 'with
the plant manager, Merle Knapp. We were unsuccessful, but did
meet Terry, the plant engineer. He showed us the head end of
the processing, and indicated they process crab exclusively, are
running 20-24 hours per day, and grind and discharge over the
side. We arranged to meet with Merle the next morning.
The subbottom profiler was again deployed and old piles
near the head of the bay were profiled. Two sediment samples
were obtained at these old piles.
The small stream entering the head of the bay was gaged and
the transponders checked. The last drogues were retrieved at
11:00 p.m.
Monday, June 6, the project team began water quality
sampling and continued drogue studies as a substitute for the
current meter, which had a malfunctioning directional indicator.
Current meter readings were also taken? the wind conditions in
the harbor were such that the boat swung back and forth at
anchor so much that a 50 percent variation in velocity was
observed. Attempts to use the current meter were terminated.
Dianne and I again visited the Deep Sea, moored at the head
of the harbor. Dianne explored their permit status, and we were
given a tour of the crab processing line. Floating crab waste,
including occasional whole crabs and body shells, were observed
floating next to the vessel. Merle Knapp, the current
superintendent, indicated a willingness to provide input to
Jones & Stokes Associates on the evaluation of waste disposal
options through their Seattle office. He also expressed an
interest on bidding on providing charter craft for future
scientific work.
In the afternoon, Dianne, Harvey and I toured the Trident
plant. The plant had been processing crab, but was shut down
for most of the day for cleaning. Processing was set to resume
the following morning. Nils Dragoy, the plant superintendent,
discussed disposal options with us. He felt the economics of a
waste conversion plant would not be favorable, and would provide
no return on invested capital. He felt a 150-200 ton per day
system would never pay. He noted that soy meal is a very
competitive product in the same market as fish meal. He did
A-7
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provide us with an article, written in Norwegian, that discussed
a different type of bioreduction, involving a composting or
fermentation process, blending with herring, and use as animal
feed.
Barging seemed less objectionable to him, and we discussed
some specific engineering aspects relative to their plant. Nils
indicated that the barge would occupy valuable dock space. The
engineer believed a screw conveyor could be used to carry solids
from the existing sump to the barge; they were unsure whether
the existing utility corridor would accommodate the conveyor.
Three team members investigated a collection of discarded
50 gallon drums, some full of unidentified liquids, located at
the head of the harbor. The villagers reported that the drums
had been there at least 5-10 years, and had been put there by
the processors. Signs of oil were visible on the beach.
Dianne and I attended the village Planning Commission
meeting that evening. Nancy Gross, who serves as City
Administrator and manages the City of Akutan office in
Anchorage, led the meeting. Three village residents (Commission
members) and Michael Gushing, a representative of the Alaska
Department of Community Affairs, also were present.
Dianne and I explained the water quality and sediment work
we were doing in the harbor, the environmental assessment that
would follow, and the forthcoming EIS on the solid waste ocean
dumping permit for the City. Community concerns seem to center
on oil spills. These have historically been bad at the head of
the bay. Sources were believed to be fishing boats and
processors pumping their bilges. The worst time of year is
reported to be the fall when processing activities are greatest.
Villagers have previously contacted the Coast Guard on oil spill
problems.
The village is also concerned about the Alaska Shell, a
currently unoccupied processing ship moored at the old whaling
station. The City is concerned about the oil that would be
released should the ship break up or sink. The Alaska Shell
reportedly goes aground in the winter on occasion, and, one
Commission member speculated, may already be "sunk," resting on
the bottom near shore. The village contacted the owners of the
vessel last year and were told the ship was seaworthy, and were
given a copy of a marine survey indicating about 0.25 inch of
plate remaining.
Michael Cushing stated that his agency was conducting
socioeconomic studies related to fisheries, and that be would be
making a full presentation to the City Council on June 7. Other
items on the Commission agenda were also discussed. It was
A-8
-------
-8-
indicated that the gage located on the stream at the head of the
harbor was installed a year or two ago by Paradovich and
Nottingham to estimate water availability for a long-term
seafood processing development proposed by the City in this
area.
Following the meeting the Silver Sea retrieved drogues,
removed mini-ranger shore stations and, at about 10:00 p.m.,
departed Akutan Harbor for Dutch Harbor. Team members packed
equipment and prepared to transfer gear in Dutch Harbor the next
morning.
The Silver Sea captain arranged for transfer of our
equipment to the air freight facility of Air Pacific, and later
for transfer of team members, baggage and frozen sediment
samples to the airport. At the airport it was arranged to sell
six of the car batteries to Harding Lawson Associates to power
mini-ranger equipment at Akutan for an expanded seaplane base.
The team departed from Dutch Harbor on two separate flights.
Upon arrival in Anchorage, we retrieved three boxes of
frozen sediment samples and five boxes of water quality samples
that had been checked as excess baggage. I delivered them to
Chemical and Geological Laboratories of Alaska, Inc., 5633 B
Street, for processing. The samples were delivered intact with
documentation of. the chain of custody.
Other team members departed for home; I departed from
Anchorage early June 8.
My overall assessment of the field program is that it was
successful in spite of difficult logistics problems. -The
greatest disappointment was the lack of any recorded video
images. Secondary to this was the malfunction of the current
meter, and lack of effluent samples during cod processing (only
crab was being processed by the two operating processors). The
sidescan sonar was fully successful, sediment samples were
carefully selected to represent the broadest range of harbor
conditions possible, water quality samples were obtained
throughout the harbor, and drogue studies were , conducted at
three locations for many hours.
Major limitations involve the limited processing activity
at present, limited long-term current measurements (obtainable
only by recording strings), and the fact that weather conditions
in June provide little basis for evaluating fall and winter
conditions, when processing activity tends to peak. Water
stratification is likely to be maximum in the fall, and may
influence the discharge plume and dissolved oxygen at depth.
A-9
-------
Should further field effort be expanded it should consist
of water quality sampling at the same stations used in this
program, taken well into a period of heavy processing. Current
meter arrays could also be deployed under varying tide and wind
conditions, should further information on harbor circulation be
desired. (The team believes wind and wave influences to be
significant.)
If market conditions change such that processing activities
return to levels of 1980 and 1981, the above program would
become substantially more important to EPA in developing permit
conditions. If the village plan for development of a
world-class seafood processing complex at the head of the harbor
ever materializes, additional analysis will be required.
A-10
-------
JONES & STOKES ASSOCIATES, INC. I 2321 P STREET t SACRAMENTO, CA. 95816
9161444-5639
September 23, 1983
TO: Curt Spencer
FROM: Harvey Van Veldhuizen
RE: September Field Work for EPA Akutan WA 9/WA 11
Harvey Van Veldhuizen and Alice Godbey of Jones & Stokes
Associates met Gary Bigham and Gary Voerman at Seattle-Tacoma
International Airport on Thursday, September 15, at 0700 for
departure for Anchorage. Lee Rogers, Alaska Department of Fish
and Game, joined us at the Anchorage Airport. Lee assisted us
as we obtained our freight from the air cargo terminals in
Anchorage. We also picked up a few supplies from hardware and
grocery stores near the airport.
While we waited for Tom Dillard to arrive from Los Angeles,
I met with Dr. Jerry Kudenov and we discussed the data we had
collected in June. After Tom Dillard arrived, we departed for
Dutch Harbor at 1300 hours in a Twin Otter aircraft chartered
from Sea Airmotive, Anchorage, Alaska. It was obvious at that
time that a smaller aircraft would have been inadequate because
of the bulk of three of the pieces of equipment.
At Dutch Harbor, we met Larry Reed, skipper of the F/V
Karin Lynn. Larry informed me that Rick Hastings, partner-owner
of the F/V Karin Lynn, had just left, and that Merle Knapp of
the M/V Deep Sea would sign the charter contract. We loaded our
equipment aboard the F/V Karin Lynn, picked up the Van Veen
grab, and purchased 10 auto batteries. After dinner at the
Unisea Inn, we departed Dutch Harbor at 2200 hours. Members of
the scientific party included: Alice Godbey and me? Gary Bigham
and Tom Dillard from Tetra Tech; Lee Rogers from ADFG; and Gary
Voerman from EPA. Jacob Stepetin, Mayor of Akutan, was a crew
member on the F/V Karin Lynn.
On Friday, 16 September, we established four shore stations
for the miniranger system. This took most of the morning
because of the effort required to set up the two stations near
the'mouth of Akutan Harbor. The rest of the day was spent
occupying water quality stations until 2200 hours. We launched
one drogue at 2100 hours, and left one water quality station for
the next day because of poor visibility. Anchored vessels- in
A-11
-------
the harbor blocked out all but one miniranger channel at this
station, and fog and darkness prevented visual location of the
station relative to shore features.
On Saturday, 17 September, we occuppied the last water
quality station, and began sediment sampling for Work Assignment
11. We chose to occupy these stations first because of concerns
for weather conditions. Winds from the east-southeast were at
20 knots, gusting to 30 knots, resulting in 4-6 foot chop.
Although these were not ideal conditions for operating the Van
Veen grab, they were perhaps the best that could be expected for
thf3 time of vpst. Rc'twAprt sed i sarorjl incr. we decloved
additional drogues and recorded positions of drogues released
earlier. By 2130 hours, we had occupied all sediment sampling
stations.
On Sunday, 18 September, we awoke to calm seas. We seized
the opportunity to conduct camera work in the outer harbor
stations. We were disappointed to find that the still camera
*.Ta c n a 4- AT^di Via I" i n rr y 1 «* T »-* 4* v o i +• a Vs £i c? 4— a 4" n rtnc t.t/s
Wub I1U u y pX>Upt».L Xy * XXI UX ullb X Qliu Uc wWccIl o LQUXUilb f w"
located and took miniranger readings on the drogues. We also
took water quality data at the optional station for Work
Assignment 11. At 1300 hours, we occupied a third sediment
station in the inner harbor, near Sediment Station 6 occupied in
June. This additional station was occupied because of the
discussion I had with Dr. Kudenov. He believe there is good
evidence that a plume may occur to the southwest of the Trident
wastepile, which has adversely impacted the benthos in this
area. After sampling at this location, we continued camera work
on and near the Trident wastepile. Biological sorting was also
conducted on sediment samples collected the previous day.
At 1800 hours, we had completed all work required by the
scope of work with the exception of camera work at the Akutan
City Dock. At that point, Gary Voerman and I discussed our next
move. We had arranged a meeting with the Akutan City Council
for 2000 hours that evening. We also decided that the two outer
shore stations could not be removed after dark because of
dangerous conditions involving landing a skiff on a rocky shore
at one station and the need to hike along a narrow ridge
surrounded by steep cliffs at the other station.
We decided to occupy the optional sediment sampling station
and the last camera station while Gary and I attended the City
Council meeting, removing the shore stations in the morning, and
leaving for Dutch Harbor mid-day on Monday. I attended the City
Council meeting with Gary Voerman and Jacob Stepetin (Mayor of
Akutan and crew member of the F/V Karin Lynn) . The ship
returned from the sampling shortly after we finished the meeting
with the City Council. We occupied the last camera station at
the" Akutan dock, and watched the video tapes after tying up to
the M/V Deep Sea that evening at 2200 hours.
On Monday morning, 19 September, we checked the position of
and recovered all drogues. We removed the shore stations by
A-12
-------
1200 hours. We waited at the M/V Deep Sea for an hour while
people and- equipment were loaded on board for transport to Dutch
Harbor. During this period, we completed biological sorting and
prepared for departure. We arrived at Dutch Harbor at 1900
hours, and spent the night at the Unisea Inn. Our charter
technically ended at 1900 hours, and bunk space on board F/V
Karin Lynn had been turned over to M/V Deep Sea personnel
travelling with us to Dutch Harbor. On Tuesday morning, we
offloaded our equipment from the F/V Karin Lynn by 0930. We
returned the Van Veen grab and disposed of the batteries. We
spent the rest of Tuesday at the Dutch Harbor terminal, waiting
for flights to arrive. The fog lifted enough by late afternoon
that we could all depart from Dutch Harbor. At Anchorage, Tom
Dillard caught a flight to Los Angeles, and Gary Bigharn, Alice,
Gary Voerman, and I caught flights to Seattle that got us in
around 0 630 on Wednesday, September 21.
I would like to make three observations regarding the trip
as a whole. First, it was a pleasure to have Jacob Stepetin,
Mayor of Akutan, as a crew member. We made every effort to have
him participate in various phases of the work effort. We
discussed with him some of the creatures found and how the
information would be used in our report. This participation
should assist EPA1s effort to explain to the, Akutan community
the work that has been conducted on the two work assignments.
Second, I would like to note that the boat and her crew
were satisfactory. Larry Reed, was a good skipper and was able
to hold position in rough waters at a level that permitted us to
carry out our- work. The weather, more than anything else,
prevented us from obtaining replicate samples in a tight
sampling pattern. The degree of precision will not be
completely apparent until we have had time to plot station
locations.
Finally, we should note that the work was very successful.
A wealth of data was obtained, including drogues studies in
excess of work scope requirements. The difficultires were few,
and are listed below:
o We noted discrepancies between DO as measured by the
water quality probe and by the Winkler titration method.
Changing the sensor membrane on the DO probe did not
eliminate these discrepancies. As a result, we
collected data using both techniques. We are in the
process of checking out this discrepancy.
o We discovered that the pH probe would not read properly
when inserted into undisturbed sediment in the Van Veen
grab. Since the initial goal was to measure pH in
undisturbed samples in the field, we opted for the
fallback position, which was to have the lab analyze it
at $4/sample. It was not until the last day of sampling
that we realized that the probe was malfunctioning
A-13
-------
because of interference from the metal grab. . If we
would have realized this earlier, we could have measured
pH in a subsample taken from the grab,
o The first two drogues that we deployed sank. The total
number of drogues deployed was therefore 24 rather than
26. However, tracking occurred for much longer that the
20-hour time period called for in the scope of work.
o The ADFG still camera did not operate properly and was
not deployed. We tested it before attaching it to the
sled, and discovered that the film advance mechanism was
inoperative. The video camera worked well. The live
picture on the monitor was clear. When we watched it
later on taped replay, we noted regular, infrequent
bursts of static. These may be in the film or in the
playback device.
o No processors were discharging during our final day in
Akutan (Monday, 19 September), therefore we could not
collect effluent samples. If we had collected samples,
we could not have gotten them to a lab for 48 hours,
twice the preferred maximum of 24 hours.
A-14
-------
Appendix B
ANALYTIC MODEL OF HARBOR FLUSHING USING
JUNE DROGUE DATA
B-l
-------
The following describes the analytical solution used to
calculate residence time based on June drogue data.
The simplified governing equation is:
where:
g = gravitational acceleration
n = surface level term
x = horizontal directional component along channel
longitudinal axis
z = vertical directional component
N = vertical eddy viscosity coefficient
u = horizontal velocity in x-direction
Assumptions;
1. Flow is assumed to occur only in x-direction along main
axis of channel {no lateral flow)
2. Coriolis forces are ignored (reasonable for small areas)
3. Convective accelerations are ignored
4. Steady-state conditions exist
5. Water density and atmospheric pressure are homogeneous
6. Nv is assumed constant over the water column.
Boundary conditions for Equation 1 are:
Tsx s-PsNv| @ z = 0 (surface) Eq. 2
u , o » z » H (bottom) Eq_ 3
where:
ps = density of water at surface
H = total water depth
Tsx ^ surface wind shear stress = PsKcosQ|w]w
W = wind velocity
0 = angle between W and the x-axis (positive
counterclockwi se)
K = drag coefficient;
= 0.4 x 10"6 W1/2 for W <31 mph
= 3.1 x 10"6 for W 2.31 mph
•p_?
-------
Integrating Equation 1 twice and using the boundary conditions
{Equations 2 and 3), Equation 1 yields:
I Eq. 4
Equation 4 contains two unknowns, u and o z . To evaluate ,
use can be made of the fact that no net flux will occur in the
channel, or:
/
J o
H
u dz = 0
Eq. 5
Integrating Equation 4 over the water depth and setting the
integral to zero yields:
H H
°-lvT*fjl (H-Z>2 " HtH"2) }dz + (H"2) dZ E* 6
Evaluation of the integrals in Equation 6 and some algebraic
manipulation yields;
an _ 3 Tsx
3x ~ 2 psHg Ec3* 7
Substitution of Equation 7 into Equation 4 produces an equation
which can be used to solve for u explicitly:
tsx(H"z)
4psN^
(1-3|)
Eq. 8
B-3
-------
Intentionally Blank Page
B-4
-------
Appendix C
MODEL OF HARBOR FLUSHING USING
SEPTEMBER SALINITY DATA
C-l
-------
The flushing time of a pollutant, as determined by the
fraction of freshwater method is
where
Vf = volume of freshwater in the estuary
T - = flushing time of a pollutant which enters the head
of the estuary with the river flow
Equation 9 is equivalent to the following concept of flushing
time and is more intuitively meaningful:
M Eq. 10
where
M = total mass of conservative pollutant contained in the
estuary
*
M = rate of pollutant entry into the head of the estuary
with the river water
Since the volume of freshwater in the estuary is the
product of the fraction of freshwater (f) and the total volume
of water (V), Equation 9 becomes:
T = tl Eq. 11
Tf R
If the estuary is divided into segments the flushing time
becomes;
t ,
T = Z —— Eq. 12
i
Equation 12 is more general and accurate than the three previous
expressions because both f. (the fraction of freshwater in the
ith segment) and R. (the ireshwater discharge through the ith
segment) can vary over distance within the estuary. Note that
the flushing time of a pollutant discharged from some location
other than the head of the estuary can be computed by summing
contributions over the segments seaward of the discharge.
A limitation of the fraction of freshwater method is that
it assumes uniform salinity throughout each segment. A second
limitation is that it assumes during each tidal cycle a volume
of water equal to the river discharge moves into a given
C-2
-------
estuarine segment from the adjacent upstream segment, and that
an equal volume of the water originally in the segment moves' on
to the adjacent one downstream. Once this exchange has taken
place* the water within each segment is assumed to be instanta-
neously and completely mixed and to again become a homogeneous
water mass. Proper selection of estuarine segments can reduce
these errors.
Calculation of flushing time by the fraction of freshwater
method requires a six-step procedure:
1. Graph the estuarine salinity profiles.
2. Divide the estuary into segments. There is no minimum
or maximum number of segments required, nor must all
segments be of the same length. The divisions should be
selected so that mean segment salinity is relatively
constant over the full length of the segment. Thus,
stretches of steep salinity gradient will have short
segments and stretches where salinity remains constant
may have very long segments,
3. Calculate each segment's fraction of fresh water by:
where
f^ = fraction of fresh water for segment "i"
S = salinity of local sea water, o/oo
s
and ¦
= mean salinity for segment "i", o/oo
4. Calculate the quantity of fresh water in each segment
by:
VI. = f. x V. Eq, 14
where
= quantity of fresh water in segment "i"
and
= total volume of segment "i" at MTL
C-3
-------
5. Calculate the exchange time (flushing time) for each
segment by:
Eq. 15
where
T\ = segment flushing time, in tidal cycles
and
R = river discharge over one tidal cycle
6. Calculate the entire estuary flushing time by summing
the exchange times for the individual segments:
Table C-l shows the flushing time calculated for each
segment (Figure 11), assuming boundary seawater salinity (S ) of
31.6 pp|, and a total ^ freshwater input (R) of 6§ cfs
(1.81 m /sec or 8.1 x 10 m /cycle) . The estimated residence
time is approximately 177 days (342 tidal cycles).
n
Eq. 16
where
T^ = estuary flushing time, in tidal cycles
n = number of segments.
C-4
-------
Table C-l. Calculation of Flushing Time by Segmented Fraction of Freshwater Method
Segment
Number
Mean
Segment
Salinity
Si(ppt)
30, (6
Mean
Segment
Length
(m)
/ooo
/ 0 O0
/ooo
Mean Segment
Cross-sectional
Area (m2)
<3,78 x/O
3,6& x/o
Segment Mean
Tide Volume
Vi (m3)
3.79*10
J. 66 7
I/. 7s X'6
y. 75" X'Q 7
Fraction of
River Water
Ss-Si
f,
Ss
0G6S~
.OS-j£
0/0
116.9
•if £ = 6^ c-fs
i=l
Ti ¦
342.3
177.1
cycles
(days)
-------
Intentionally Blank Page
-------
Appendix D
SEPTEMBER WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
D-l
-------
Table D-l. Parameter Values at September Water
Quality Stations.
DEPTH
TEMPERATURE
SALINITY
DENSITY
STATION (Meters)
(Degrees C)
(PPT)
(Sigma t)
pH
1
0
8.2
29.
10
22.65
8.3
5
8.2
29.
32
22.82
8.3
10
8.2
29.
33
22.83
8.3
15
8.2
29.
33
22.83
8i3
19
8.2
NA
NA
8.3
2
0
8.2
28.
94
22.53
8.3
5
8.2
29.
08
22.63
8.3
10
8.2
29.
22
22.74
8.3
15
8.2
29.
39
22.88
8.3
20
8.2
29.
46
22.93
8.3
26
8.2
29.
56
23.01
8.4
3
0
8.2
30
15
23.47
8.3
5
8.2
30
38
23.65
8.3
10
8.2
NA
NA
8t3
15
8.2
30
52
23.76
8.3
20
8.1
30
54
23.79
8.3
25
8.2
30
56
23.81
8.3
30
8.2
30
75
23.95
8.3
4
0
8.2
28
85
22.45
8.3
5
8.2
28
90
22.49
8.3
10
8.2
28
97
22.55
8.3
15
8.1
28
98
22.57
8.3
20
8.2
29
02
22.60
8.3
25
8.2
29
07
22.64
8.3
30
8.2
29
10
22.66
8.3
35
8.2
29
10
22.66
8.3
5
0
8.2
30
16
23.49
8.3
5
8.2
30
10
23.45
8.3
15
8.2
30
28
23.59
8.3
20
8.2
30
10
23.45
8.3
35
8.2
29
89
23.28
8.3
44
8.2
NA
NA
8.3
6
0
8.2
NA
NA
8.3
5
8.2
NA
NA
8.3
15
8.2
NA
NA
8.3
24
8.1
NA
NA
8.3
39
8.0
NA
NA
8.3
7
0
8.2
29.
74
23.15
8.3
D-2
-------
f
Table D-l Continued
DEPTH
TEMPERATURE
SALINITY
DENSITY
STATION (Meters)
(Degrees C)
(PPT)
(Sigma t)
pH
5
8.2
29.87
23.25
8.3
10
8.2
NA
NA
8.3
15
8.1
29.89
23.28
8.3
20
8.1
30.13
23.47
8.3
30
8.1
30.15
23.48
8.3
35
8.1
30.16
23.49
8.3
8 0
8.2
30.62
23.84
8.3
5
8.2
30.64
23.85
8.3
10
8.2
30.66
23.87
8.3
15
8.2
30.68
23.88
8.3
20
8.1
30.68
23.88
8.3
25
8.1
30.71
23.92
8.3
30
8.1
30.72
23.93
8.3
35
8.0
30.75
23.97
8.2
9 0
8.3
30.20
23.50
8.3
6
8.3
30.37
23.63
8.3
10 0
8.2
HA
NA
8.3
5
8.2
30.76
23.95
8.3
10
8.2
NA
NA
8.3
15
8.2
30.85
24.02
8.3
20
8.2
30.76
23.95
8.3
25
8.2
31.07
24.19
8.3
11 0
8.0
29.27
22.81
8.3
5
8.0
29.24
22.79
8.3
10
8.0
29.24
22.79
8.3
20
8.0
29.25
22.79
8.3
37
8.0
29.32
22.85
8.3
44
7.9
29.32
22.86
8.3
12 0
8.0
29.22
22.77
8.2
6
7.9
29.22
22.77
8.2
12
7.9
29.18
22.75
8.2
20
7.9
29.21
22.78
8.2
28
7.9
29.25
22.81
8.2
34
7.9
29.25
22.81
8.2
37
7.9
NA
NA
8.1
13 0
8.3
28.70
22.32
8.3
5
8.3
29.73
22.35
8.3
12
8.2
29.77
22.39
8.3
D-
3
-------
Table D-l Continued
14
15
16
17
18
DEPTH
TEMPERATURE
SALINITY
DENSITY
eters)
(Degrees C)
(PPT)
(Sigma t)
pH
21
8.1
29.93
22.53
8.3
35
8.1
29.01
22.59
8.3
0
8.3
30.35
23.75
8.3
5
8.3
30.59
23.80
8.3
10
8.3
30.68
23.87
8.3
15
8.2
30.67
23.88
8.3
20
8.2
30.48
23.73
8.3
25
8.1
29.57
23.03
8.4
0
8.1
29.18
22.72
8.3
5
8.1
29.47
22.95
8.3
10
8.1
29.52
22.99
8.3
14
8.1
NA
NA
8.3
0
8.1
29.47
22.95
8.3
5
8.1
29.79
23.20
8.3
10
8.1
30.33
23.63
8.3
15
8.1
30.52
23.77
8.3
20
8.1
30.75
23.95
8.3
30
8.1
30.93
24.09
8.3
35
8.1
31.20
24.31
8.3
40
8.0
31.28
24.38
8.3
50
7.8
31.30
24.43
8.3
55
7.7
31.06
24.25
8.3
0
8.0
30.83
24.03
8.3
5
8.0
30.87
24.06
8.3
10
8.0
30.92
24.10
8.3
15
8.0
30.94
24.12
8.3
20
8.0
30.96
24.14
8.3
25
7.9
30.98
24.16
8.3
30
7.9
30.81
24.03
8.3
35
7.9
NA
NA
8.3
0
8.1
31.51
24.54
8.3
5
8.1
31.52
24.55
8.3
10
8.1
31.53
24.56
8.3
15
8.1
31.53
24.56
8.3
20
8.1
31.55
24.58
8.3
25
8.1
31.64
24.66
8.3
30
8.1
31.61
24.63
8.3
35
8.0
31.61
24.64
8.3
40
8.0
31.63
24.66
8.3
D-4
-------
Table D-l Continued
19
20
DEPTH
TEMPERATURE
SALINITY
DENSITY
(Meters)
(Degrees C)
(PPT)
(Sigma t)
pH
45
7.9
31.65
24.69
8.3
50
7.8
31.63
24.68
8.3
55
7.8
31.67
24.71
8.3
0
8.0
31.49
24.55
8.3
5
8.0
31.49
24.55
8.3
10
8.0
31.52
24.57
8.3
15
8.0
31.55
24.60
8.3
20
8.0
31.57
24.61
8.3
25
7.9
31.59
24.64
8.3
30
7.8
31.63
24.68
8.3
35
7.8
31.62
24.68
8.3
0
8.2
31.23
24.31
8.3
5
8.0
31.35
24.44
8.3
15
7.9
31.43
24.51
8.3
20
7.8
31.56
24.63
8.3
25
7.4
31.77
24.85
8.2
30
7.4
31.66
24.76
8.2
35
7.3
31.74
24.84
8.2
40
7.1
31.79
24.91
8.2
45
7.0
31.79
24.92
8.2
50
7.0
31.83
24.95
8.2
60
7.0
31.86
24.97
8.2
70
6.6
32.08
25.20
8.2
D-5
-------
Intentionally Blank Page
D-6
-------
Appendix E
JUNE WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS MEASURED AT WATER QUALITY STATIONS
E-l
-------
Table E—1. Parameter Values-at Water Quality Station No. 1
PARAMETER
Turbidity, NTU
D.O., mg/1
H_S, mg/1
0x1 & grease, mg/1
NH--N, mg/1
TKN, mg/1
NO--N, mg/1
NO^-N, mg/1
* 50 ft = 15.2 m,- 70 ft = 21.3 m;
bottom depth = 111 ft = 33.8 m
SURFACE 50 ft* 70 ft* BOTTOM*
0.41 0.39 0.35 0.50
9.17
<.002 <.002 < .002 <.002
0.11 0.12 0.12 0.10
Table E-2. Parameter Values at Water Quality Station No. 2
PARAMETER SURFACE 50 ft* 70 ft* BOTTOM*
Turbidity, NTU 0.40 0.35 0.33 0.85
D.O., mg/1
H2S, mg/1 <.002 <.002 < .002 <.002**
Oil & grease, mg/1 —
NH -N, mg/1 0.08 0.10 0.19 0 .09**
TKN, mg/1
NO--N, mg/1
NOrJ-N, mg/1 — — ~ . —
* 50 ft = 15.2 m; 70 ft = 21.3 m?
bottom depth = 140 ft = 42.7 m
** taken at 130 ft = 39.6 m
E-2
-------
Table E-3. Parameter Values at Water Quality Station No. 3
PARAMETER
SURFACE
50 ft*
70 ft*
BOTTOM*
Turbidity, NTU
0.42
0.31
0.40
0.87
D.O., mg/1
—
—
¦— .
9.43
I^S, mg/1
<.002
<.002
<.002
<.002
Oil & grease, mg/1
—
—
—
0.01
NH,~N, mg/1
0.07
0.05
0.07
<0.05
TKN, mg/1
—
—
0.11
0.05
NO,-N, mg/1
—
—
0.19
0.40
N0|-N, mg/1
<0.010
<0.010
* 50 ft = 15.2 m; 70
L ~~
n ;
bottom depth = 120
ft = 36.6
m
Table E-4. Parameter Values at Water Quality Station No, 4
PARAMETER SURFACE 50 ft* 70 ft* BOTTOM*
Turbidity, NTU 0.44 0.54 0.38 0.34
D.O., mg/1 — — — 9.72
H2S, mg/1 <.002 <.002 <.002 <.002
Oxl & grease, mg/1 — -- — 0.06
NH--N, mg/1 0.20 0.10 <0.05 0.06
TKN, mg/1 — — — 0.15
NO--N, mg/1 — — —¦ 0.58
NO^-N, mg/1 — — — <0.010
* 50 ft = 15.2 m; 70 ft = 21.3 m;
bottom depth = 95 ft = 29.0 m
E-3
-------
Table E-5. Parameter Values
at Water
Quality
Station No. 5
PARAMETER
SURFACE
50 ft*
70 ft*
BOTTOM*
Turbidity, NTU
0.42
0.30
0.42
0.50
D.O., mg/1
—
—
—
9.60
I^S, mg/1
<.002
<.002
<.002
<.002
Oil & grease, mg/1
—
—
0.02
NH^-N, mg/1
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.09
TKN, mg/1
—
—
—
0.14
NO_-N, mg/1
—
—
__
0.55
NOj-N, mg/1
-*—
— —
<0.010
* 50 ft = 15.2 m; 70 ft = 21.3 m;
bottom depth = 125 ft = 38.1 m
PARAMETER SURFACE 50 ft*
<•002
Turbidity, NTU 0.55 0.39
D.O., mg/1 —
H2S, mg/1 <.002
Oxl & grease, mg/1 ¦— —
NH2-N, mg/1 0.05 <0.05
TKN, mg/1
NO^-N, mg/1 —
No|-N, mg/1
* 50 ft = 15.2 m? 70 ft = 21.3 m;
bottom depth = 130 ft = 39.6 m
Quality
Station No. 6
70 ft*
BOTTOM*
0.34
0.62
—
9.51
< .002
< .002
—
<0.01
<0.05
0.19
__
0.23
—
0.26
—-
<0.010
E-4
-------
Table E-7. Parameter Values at Water Quality Station No. 7
PARAMETER SURFACE 50 ft* 70 ft* BOTTOM*
Turbidity, NTU 0,44 0.39
D.O., mg/1 — 10.00
H2S, mg/1 <.002 — — <.002
Oil & grease, mg/1 — <0.01
NH_~N, mg/1 <0,05 — — <0.05
TKw, mg/1 — — — 0.11
NO.-N, mg/1 — — — <0.10
NO^-N, mg/1 — — — <0.010
* 50 ft = 15.2 m; 70 ft = 21.3 m;
bottom depth = 60 ft = 18.3 m
Table E-8. Parameter Values at Water Quality Station No. 8
PARAMETER
SURFACE
50 ft*
70 ft*
BOTTOM*
Turbidity, NTU
0.44
0.35
0.35
0.94**
D.O., mg/1
—
—
—
9.58**
H2S, mg/1
—;
—
—
<.002
Oil & grease, mg/1
,—
—
--
—
NH--N, mg/1
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
0.06
TKN, mg/1
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
0.06 .
NO-.-N, mg/1
<0.10
<0.10
0.11
0.34
NO2-N, mg/1
0.014
0.012
0.015
<0.013
* 50 ft = 15.2
ihJ U U L- JU vil
** taken at 155
m; 70 ft = 21.3 m;
= 160 ft = 48.8 m
ft = 47.2 m
E-5
-------
Table E-9. Parameter Values at Water Quality Station No. 9
PARAMETER SURFACE 50 ft* 70 ft* BOTTOM*
Turbidity, NTU 0.74 0.65 0.36 0.42**
D.O., mg/1 — — — 10.00**
H2S, mg/1 — — — <.002
Oil & grease, mg/1
NH.-N, mg/1 0.05 0.12 <0.05 <0.05
TKN, mg/1 0.05 0.12 <0.05
NO,-N, mg/1 <0.10 0.11 0.12
NO^-N, mg/1 0 .015 0 .012 0.012
* 50 ft = 15.2 m; 70 ft = 21.3 m?
bottom depth = 165 ft = 50.3 m
** taken at 160 ft = 48.8 m
. Table E-10. Parameter Values at Water Quality Station No. 10
PARAMETER SURFACE 50 ft* 70 ft* BOTTOM*
Turbidity, NTU 0.59 0.40 0.31 0.65
D.O., mg/1
H2S, mg/1 -- — — <.002
Oil & grease, mg/1 -- — — —
NK--N, mg/1 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
TKN, mg/1 <0.05 <0.05 0.08
NO--N, mg/1 0.17 <0.10 0.13 —
Nof-N, mg/1 0.012 0.012 0.012
* 50 ft = 15.2 mj 70 ft = 21.3 m?
bottom depth = 180 ft = 54.9 m
E-6
-------
Appendix F
SEPTEMBER SEDIMENT ANALYSIS
-------
Table F-l, Sediment Analysis, September 1983, Station Si
i
PARAMETER
TOG %
Sulfide ppti
Ammonia ppti
Organic
Nitrogen ppm
pH
Sand %
Silt %
Clay %
1.7
20
17
683
7.3
16.2
75.6
8.2
1.5
<10
10
780
7.4
19.4
72.7
7.9
1.2
30
17
453
7.5
27.8
65.1
7.1
AVERAGE
1.47
20
14.7
639
7.4
21.1
71.1
7.7
RANGE
1.2-1.7
<10-30
10-17
453-780
7.3-7.5
16.2-27.8
65.1-75.6
7.1-8.2
STANDARD
DEVIATION
0.25
10
4.0
168
0.1
6.0
5.4
0.6
-------
Table F-2. Sediment Analysis, September 1983, Station S2
STANDARD
PARAMETER
D
E
F
AVERAGE
RANGE
DEVIATION
TOG %
1.1
0.59
1.4
1.03
0.59-1.4
0.4
Sulfide ppra
350
1800
«
1075
350-1800
1025
Airmonia ppm
10
53
17
27
10-53
23
Organic
Nitrogen ppm
1190
1047
603
947
603-1190
306
pH
7.3
7.7
7.3
7.4
7.3-7.7
0.2
Sand %
47.2
51.7
32.4
43.8
32.4-51.7
10
Silt %
45.6
43.6
60.1
49.8
43.6—60,1
9
Clay %
7.2
4.7
7.5
6.5
4.7-7.5
1.5
-------
Table F-3. Sediment Analysis, September 1983, Station S3
STANDARD
PARAMETER
G
H
J
AVERAGE
RANGE
DEVIATION
TOC %
0.86
0.91
0.74
0.84
0.74-0.91
0.09
Sulfide ppm
20
40
30
30
20-40
10
ArmiDnia ppm
15
8
26
16
8-26
9.1
Organic
Nitrogen ppm
555
332
344
410
332—555
125
pH
7.4
7.3
7.4
7.4
7.3-7.4
0.06
Sand %
62.3
59.4
65,9
62.5
59.4-65.9
3.3
Silt %
31.8
35.3
29.3
32.1
29.3-35.3
3.0
Clay %
5.9
5,3
4.8
5.3
4.8-5.9
0.6
-------
Table F-4. Sediment Analysis, Septsnber 1984, Station S4
STANDARD
PARAMETER
K
L
M
N
P
AVERAGE
RANGE
DEVIATION
•roc %
0.80
0.77
0.87
1.2
1.5
1.03
0.77-1.5
0.32
Sulfide pprtt
30
<10
10
30
100
36
<10-100
37.1
Anmonia ppn
7
10
19
22
25
17
7-25
7.8
Organic
nitrogen pprn
393
90
381
958
685
501
90-958
331
PH
7.4
7.4
7.5
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.4-7.5
0.05
Sand %
65.2
75.1
65.9
43.8
42.7
58.5
42.7-75.1
14.5
Silt %
28.8
20.8
28.9
47.3
48.4
34.8
20.8-48.4
12.3
Clay %
6.0
4.1
5.2
8.9
8.9
6.6
4.1-8.9
2.2
-------
Table F-5. Sediirsent Analysis, September 1984, Station S5
PARAMETER
Q
R
S
T
U
AVERAGE
RANGE
STANDARD
DEVIATION
IDC %
0.56
0.82
0.43
0.57
0.57
0.59
• 0.43-0.82
0.14
pH
7.3
7.4
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.4
7.3-7.6
0.1
Sand %
79.6
79.3
84.4
75.4
78.6
79.5
75.4-79.6
3.2
Silt %
16.1
16.6
11.6
20.1
17.1
16.3
11.6-20.1
3.1
Clay %
4.3
4.1
4.0
4.5
4.3
4.2
4.0-4.5
0.2
-------
Table F-6. Sediment Analysis, September 1984, Station S6
PARAML'l'ER
V
W
X
Y
Z
AVERAGE
RANGE
STANDARD
DEVIATION
TOC 1
1.1
0.69
0.61
0.73
0.90
.81
0.61-1.1
0.2
pH
7.8
7.6
7.6
7.4
7.6
7.6
7.4-7.8
0.14
Sand %
78.7
80.4
89.9
79.9
82.9
82.4
78.7-89.9
4.5
Silt %
18.1
16.3
6.7
16.6
13.7
14.3
6.7-18.1
4.5
Clay %
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.4
3.4
3.2-3.5
0.1
-------
Intentionally Blank Page
F-S
-------
Appendix G
SPECIES LIST FOR "BACKGROUND" STATIONS IN JUNE
-------
Appendix G
Species list for "background" stations in June, rare species (i.e., those found only once at one station) are
listed in Appendix I.
Station
Taxetr
1
2
3
5
6
1
8
i
10
11
12
IS
14
13
15
17
11
3
2
1
1
X
1
2
I
2
I
1
1
1
2
1
4
1
%
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
"
1
1
2
3
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
6
11
10
2
4
32
2
6
1
4
«
«
5
3
7
1
1
1
2
1
1
44
18
38
31
38
32
42
26
50
45
49
17
€8
2
3
4
2
1
11
1
1
3
1
1
3
7
1
2
3
1
1
4
3
3
9
6
3
2
1
2
3
2
1
•*1
1
3
1
I
«
2
15
3
5
3
1
5
1
1
2
1
I
1
1
7
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
«
3
3
1
2
2
2
fi
3
3
4
1
1
2
3
2
3
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
< J
1
1
5
1
1
4
1
1
Polyehaeta
Eune« nr. oeratedli
Photo* nr. parva
Etecni cf. '» oicta
Goniada ffaculata
ttothria mlwaaT
HTnatf sir-ala
kaitoaeblopToa alcmaata
Beecardia nr.poiybranenia
ISoniate eirrata
Erionospio cirr i fera
Pricmoapxo st»enstrqpi
jSpio" ctrrifera
WacreXona loncucognis
Crtaecozone satosa
SealLbreem* unlamra
Kotowastus nr. lineatus
Hetiieraastus nr. capensis
Tray is la fafbgsiT""
Euciygien'ft reticulata
Maldane crleibiflex
gcaxxliella cracxlis
KyTxccheXe beerj.
^ohicteTs glabra
Aftphisaawthai biocylata
Asaoellidgs sxbirica
TereDellidas stroeaii
Polveirrus nr» sp. XXI 2 1
Jasraineira paeiiica j 2
Kanartea
C^rebratultt« sp, | j
spp. Ill I I
EChitira
Echjjris echjuris 3
Gastropoda
Margarita* sp. 11 j
Tyrbineiia sp. , J j
Qancpota sp. Ill
j fretusa "sp. I J
•ivalwia
Macula tenuis 12 1 2
ffctcaiana radiata 111 231 22
Axmopsxda orbiculata 194 3 4711 1 " 1 J
Macoma calcareat 1 1
Haccma el'imul'afca 1 2
Hacoaa siesta 12 13 4 2 20 7 16222 <82?
Haccwa sp. 1 2
Tellina sp. 2
Hya p5<"-igoargnaria 1 J
Crustacea
Ostracsda 1 1
Affpftipoda 5 2
Crangon cownunls 1 1
Chionoecgtes fcair-1 111 1
Pinai** sp. 2 1
Ophiuroidea
JUaphjadia sp. 1 11
SehinQidea
Eehittaraehftius parma 1
-------
Appendix H
SPECIES LIST FOR STATIONS ON OR NEAR WASTEPILES IN JUNE
H-l
-------
Appendix H
Species list for stations on or near waste piles in Jot®. Bare species (i.e., these found only once at one
station) not found at background stations are listed in Appendix I.
Station
Taxcn 19B 20 21 22 24 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 _4
Polychaeta ,
Ewoe nr. ocrstedi 4 11- 1
Pholoe nr. parva 2 13 '71
PhyXlodges oroentandica 1
Excoone qepnifera 2
Hephtyg ferruoinea - 1
Heehtvs sp. 1
Glvcera caoitata 2 3 3
Glvejtnde pieta 1
Kjnoe smvoia 8 3 6 1"®
? Haiodorvillea sp. .1 1
t.eitoseotoolo¥~ eionsata I 1
Boccardia nr. poivbganchia .42 3S 55 22 247 41 69 169 21
Laoniee" cirrata 1
Polydora socialis -1
Prionospio cirfTTera 1 1
Prionospio steanstruoi 4 14 16 8 32 3 2
Splo cirrtfera 2
Spioohanes bonbyx 2
? Trochochaetidae n.f. " 3
Chaetozone setcsa " 1
Sealibrecaa intlatua 41 1 2 14
Casitella sp. A 1 2
Kotcnsastus nr. lineatus 1
• Euelymene retieclaea *1
Amnhicteis glabra 1 1
Awohisaavtha bioculata 1
ABabellides sibirica 1
Euchone nr. analis 2
Newatoaa . 2
Neraertea
Cerebratalus sp. 1
Nemettea spp. 2 1 1
Echiura
Eehioris echiuris C A C F A
Bivalvia
Kueala tenuis 2 -1 11'
Kuculana raoiata 1 1
Axincosida orbicalata 16" 1 1113
Piolodonta sp. 1 1
Kaeoraa calcarea 2
Kaeoma Poesta "" 10 114
Macoma sp. 1 1 1
Mya cseudoarenaria 1
• ' Biatella sp. '1
Crustacea
Cumacea p 3
Mysidacea P
tophipoda 6 1
Crannon centmwnis 1
Chionoecetes bairdi 1*
Hyas lyratus 1 2
Ophiuroidea
Ar.phiodia sp. . 1
P: Present
C: Cotrmon
At Abundant
H-2
-------
Appendix I
RARE SPECIES IN JUNE
1-1
-------
Appendix I . Rare species, i.e. one individual found only at one station in June.
Background Stations
Stations on or near Wastepiles **
Station
Station
Hyas lyratus
Capitella sp. A
Diplodonta sp.
Station 3
Polydora socialis
Clinocardium sp.
Station
Station
Piromis sp.
7
Harmothoinae n.g.
Sipunculida
Station 10
cf Neonotomastus sp. A
Neptunea sp.
Macoroa carlottensis
Station 12
? Trochochaetidae n.g.
station 14
Neverita sp.
Cumacea
Mysidacea
Station 17
Hiatella sp»
Station 18
Nicolea nr. zostricola
(crab)*
(polychaete)*
(bivalve)*
(polychaete)*
(bivalve)
(polychaete)
(polychaete)
(sipunculid)
(polychaete)
(gastropod)
(bivalve)
(polychaete)*
(gastropod)
(crustacean)*
(crustacean)*
(bivalve)
(polychaete)
Station
Station
Station
Station
Station
Station
19B
Platynereis bicanaliculata
21
Artacama conifera
27
Nuculana minuta
29
Auchenoplax cf. crinita
Modiolus sp.
30
Lurabrineris nr. similabirs
31
Cirratulus cirratus
Armandia brevis
Sabellidae sp.
Yoldia hyperborea
(polychaete)
(polychaete)
(bivalve)
(polychaete)
(mussel)
(polychaete)
(polychaete)
(polychaete)
(polychaete)
(bivalve)
* Found once at background stations, but also found on or near wastepiles (see AppendixH )•
ot found at background stations. «
-------
Appendix J
SPECIES LIST FOR INNER HARBOR STATIONS IN SEPTEMBER
-------
SPECIES LIST TOR INNER HARBOR STATIONS IN SEPTEMBER.
RARE SPECIES {i.e. THOSE POUND ONLY ONCE IN ONE SAMPLE
FROM THE INNER HARBOR) ARE LISTED IN APPENDIX L«
TAXOK
Polychaeta
Sunoe nr oersted!
Fholoe nr parva
Eteone nr californiea
Mereis nr zonata
Glycera capitata
Glvcinde pieta
Lumbrineris nr similabris
Ninoe simpla
Leitoscoloplos elongata
Boccardia nr polybranchia
Polydora socialis
PrionospiQ steenstrupi
Spio cirrifera
Capitella sp. A
Mediomastus nr capensis
Scalibreqma inflatum
Arraandia brevis
Euclymene reticulata
graxlllella gracilis
Amphicteis glabra*
Amphisareytha bioculata
Nemertea spp.
Nematoda
Gastropoda
Rctusa sp.
Bivalvia
Hueula tenuis
Nuculana radiata
Axinopsida orbieulata
Macoma moesta
'Hacoma obliqua
Macoma carlottensis
Hacoma ealcarea
STATION SI
STATION S2
STATION S3
A
B
C
D
E F
G H J
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
4
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
14
8
9
2
2
15
11
13
2
1
13
4
4
10
33
9
8
2
4
23
4
1
7
1
3
1
2
2
34
1
2
S
1
S
7
4
1
4
3
2
13
4
1
1
4
1
1
5
1
1
3
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
10
2
4
1
2
2
2
7
S
12
17
1
4
2
7
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
-------
Appendix K
SPECIES LIST FOR OUTER HARBOR AND
AKUTAN BAY STATIONS IN SEPTEMBER
K—1
-------
SPECI2S LIST FOR OUTER HARBOR
AMD AJCOTAN BAY STATIONS IN SEPTEMBER
RASE SPECIES (I.E. THOSE FOUND ONVt ONCE IN ONE SAMP1E FROM THE OUTER
HARBOR OS AKUTAN BAY) ARE LISTED IN APPENDIX L
STAT
IOII
Si
STATION
SS
S'
-ATIOH
S6
K
L
M
N
P
9
8
S
T
U
V
w
X
¥
2
ychaeta
Eunoe nr oerstedi
1
1
i
1
1
2
Pholoe nr parva
2
1
1
1
Anaitides nr citrina
4
1
1
1
Bteone nr califarniea
2
1
Phvllodoce qroenlandica
1
1
Exooone lourei
1
1
1
1
Streptesyllis nr latipalpa
1
1
1
1
Sphaerodoropsis minuta
2
Glycera capitata
1
1
1
1
Glycinde picta
i
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
Nephtys nr californiensis
1
1
Nephtys ferruqinea
1
1
1
Nephtys punctata
1
i
Nothria eleoans
l
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
Lujnbrineris nr similabris
i
2
2
Ninoe simpla
9
ii
3
4
6
2
3
4
7
4
S
1
I^itoscoloplos elonaata
2
i
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
Tauberia gracilis
i
1
1
1
2
2
Boccardia nr polybranchia
1
2
1
Laonice cirrata
l
1
1
Prionospio steenstrupi
3
13
2
10
2
?
6
3
25
1
6
1
Spiophanes borabyx
3
1
1
Apistobranchus tullberci
2
Cossura nr soyeri
1
2
6
1
Haoelona lonoicornis
1
1
1
Chaetozone aetosa
2
5
1
Capitella sp. A
S
1
1
4
3
1
1
Decamastus nr gracilis
2
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
Notomastus lineatus
3
2
3
4
3
4
2
1
2
2
5
Mediemastus nr capenais
1
14
7
1
1
S
2
20
13
3
2
7
3
Seal LbreQnia inflations
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
3
1
Arr.andia bravis
1
1
Travisia forbesii
1
4
1
2
3
2
2
1
2
1
3
Ophelina acuminata
1
1
4
1
Myriochelo nr heeri
3
2
1
Suclywene reticulata
1
1
3
1
3
1
2
2
2
3
1
2
Praxillella qracilis
1
1
2
1
1
Rhcdine bitorquata
1
5
1
Amphicteis glabra
1
1
1
2
1
3
2
3
Asabellides sibirica
2
3
1
1
1
3
Ampbisasnytha bioculata
1
2
1
2
1
1
3
1
Terebellides stroemi
1
4
1
1
2
3
1
3
1
Amaeana occidentalis
1
1
Pista crinita
1
1
1
1
1
Chone nr mollis
1
S
1
1
1
4
2
3
2
1
Euchone hancocki
9
1
3
3
3
Fabricinae spp.
4
2
K-2
-------
STATION S4 STATION S5 STATION' S6
LHNPQRSSUVWX*
Foraminifera app. 2 3 5 4 2 1
Ponnatularia
Vireru1 ariiAae 3' 111
NeEiatoda 6 36 39 7 4 14 25 23 87 21 25 36 18
Nemsrtea spp. 13 1134 21
Sipunculida II 11
Gastropoda
Harqarites sp. 1 1131 11
Oenopota sp.' 1 1 1111111
Unidentified spp. 12 3 1
Bivalvia
Nucula tenuis 114 2 3 3 1
Nucular.a radiata 32111 42 1 2filfil,2
Rxinopsida orbiculata 3 3 4 9 10 11 10 5 22 1 7 3 7
Diplodonta sp. 1
Macoma moesta 6479 17 72 12 4 11 36557
Macoma sp. 2 1
CyclQcafflla sp. 1 1 -2
CI^pocardiuia sp. 2 11
Slliqaa sp. 11
Hya psemioarenari'a 11 11
Crustacea
Ostracoda 3 1
Haroinia kobjakovae 17 3 4 5 1623
Ampelisca esehrichi 12 1
Chlonoecetes bairdi 2
Ophiuroidea
Echinoidea
Schinaraehnius pama 2
Holothuroidea
Cucawarlm caleigera 1 2
Synaptidae 1 1
Ascidia
Stolidobranchiata sp. 1 1
K-3
-------
Intentionally Blank Page
K-4
-------
Appendix L
RARE SPECIES, I.E. ONE INDIVIDUAL FOUND ONLY
AT ONE STATION, IN SEPTEMBER
L-l
-------
¦RARE SPECIES, I.E. ONE INDIVIDUAL FOUND ONLY AT ONE STATION, IN SEPTEMBER
Inner Harbor Stations
Outer Harbor Stations
\tion SI
k ftnaitides nr citrir.a
Cossura nr soyeri
ghionacetes bairdi
airohiadia EQssiea
j Kotomasttts lineatus
T^rebpllides stroemi
Turcica sp»
a.Kiot».e'.ta rubrocincta
pgiasuls candatus
ratebtaclus sp.
• ion S2
dismiss. SP-
' .gyyptomya sp.
; . Sghiuris jchiuris
^urboni 11 a Sp,
lodonta sp.
>n S3
Chone nr mollis
Oenooota sp.
"S3 Pseudoarenaria
" 'pPhtV5 ferruqlnea
¦ephtys nr califoriensis
¦ 'haetozone setosa
- sabelljdes slbiniea
Station S4
(polychaete)**
(polychaete)**
(crab)* («*)
(ophiuroid) **
(polychaete) **"
(polychaete) **
[gastropod)
(polychaete) **
(priapulid) **
(neniertean)
[gastropod) **
(bivalve) ** •
(echiuran)
(gastropod)' **
[bivalve) **
(polychaete) **
(gastropod) **
(bivalve) **
(polychaete) **
(polychaete) **
(polychaete) **
(polychaete) **
K Priapulus caudatus
Turbonilla sp.
h Adontorhina sp.
M Mereis nr zonata
Prlon3pio cirrefera
Air.pelisca macrorephala
N Spio cirrifera
P laimpenua macu latua
Aroidae?
Molpadidae?
Q Chaetepterus varlopedatus
Melinna elisabethae
R Syllis sp.-
Sccilelepis squamata
Retusa sp.
S Rsychls similis
Holothuroidea
T Harmothoinae sp.
Jteiothella gubrocincta
U Sphaerodoropsis sphaerulifer
V Pterobranch hemichordate
X Fanomya arctica
Y Sphaerodoridae n.g.
Macoma carlottewsia
Hydrozoa
Ascidia
(priapulid) **
(gastropod) **
{gastropod)
(polychaete) **
(polychaete)
(amphipod)
(polychaete) **
(fish)*
(bivalve)
(holothuroid)
(polychaete)
(polychaete)
(polychaete)
(polychaete)
(gastropod) **
(polychaete)
(sea cucumber)
(polychaete!
(polychaete) **
(polychaete)
(bivalve)
(polychaete)
(bivalve! **
(hydroid)
(tunicate)
* Rare in sample, but common based on underwater video camera observations
** Also found in inner or outer harbor stations
L-2
-------