December 2002
Sub-Metering Energy Use in Colleges and Universities:
Incentives and Challenges
A Resource Document for Energy, Facility, and Financial Managers
from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's ENERGY STAR®
1. Introduction
The supply and costs of energy have become increasingly volatile over the last several years.
Electricity shortages and rising costs of natural gas in the summer of 2001 increased national
attention on those energy sources. There are many possible actions to address energy supply and
cost issues. One option is to improve building energy efficiency to reduce demand. Decisions
about improving energy systems in buildings rest, in part, on detailed knowledge of current
energy use. That, in turn, depends upon the metering of all energy sources such as electricity,
natural gas, steam, and chilled water.
Government agencies, K-12 schools, and privately owned facilities generally receive utility bills
showing individual building energy use and costs as gathered from utility meters. However,
colleges and universities with multiple buildings on campus generally do not receive utility bills
for each building and have traditionally not found it cost effective to sub-meter the campus to
collect such data. The volatility of energy supplies and costs, as well as the restructuring of the
electricity industry, have affected this traditional view; as a result, many schools find themselves
evaluating the costs/benefits of sub-metering.
This paper examines the technical and economic aspects of sub-metering individual campus
buildings. The paper also presents the results of a member survey conducted by the Association
of Higher Education Facilities Officers (APPA) on the number of individually metered buildings
on campuses and the trend with regard to sub-metering. For copies of this paper or further
information, contact Katy Hatcher, ENERGY STAR National Manager, Public Sector at
hatcher. caterina@epa. gov.
2. Benefits of Sub-Metering: Campus Energy Management Strategy
Sub-metering can benefit colleges from a business perspective, an engineering perspective, and a
management perspective—all of them important. To a certain degree, the importance varies with
the size of the school. Small, liberal arts colleges without significant research programs (and the
accounting systems that must accompany them) benefit from sub-metering if it forms part of an
energy/cost improvement program: the metered data identifies buildings with high energy use,
and renovation programs follow to bring costs down. Mid-size to large schools stand to benefit
in a number of additional ways. The advantages of sub-metering for colleges and universities
are broken out below by business, engineering, and management perspective.
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From a business perspective, the benefits of sub-metering include:
Separates energy use in facilities that receive funds from different sources, e.g., state-
supported vs. auxiliary, instruction vs. research, academic vs. hospital.
Facilitates charge-backs1 to departments or other campus units as a way to encourage energy
efficiency measures.2
Assists in developing cost recovery and overhead analyses as they apply to sponsored
research: if a facility housing research work uses energy at a rate higher than the campus
average, the agency sponsoring the research may allow cost recovery for utilities for that
particular building if its energy use can be documented. Research universities must establish
overhead rates with funding agencies. In most cases, schools negotiate a rate on a campus-
wide basis with each funding agency. At some institutions, details on energy usage are used
to determine overhead rates so that research done in one facility does not effectively
subsidize work done in another.
Verifies savings from energy improvement projects.
From an engineering perspective, the benefits of sub-metering include:
Identifies performance improvements and guides preventive maintenance: trends in monthly
and annual use of each form of energy help to identify the benefits received from system
upgrades and also the energy systems (e.g., boilers or chillers) that may need attention if they
show unexpected increases in use.
Enables quick response to failures of system components, assuming the meters are linked to
an energy management system (EMS).
Helps to compile baseline energy use for setting contractual terms with an energy service
company (ESCO).
From a management perspective, the benefits of sub-metering include:
Assists in making decisions about energy upgrades in buildings by comparing energy use in
similar facilities.
Focuses accountability for building operations on the facilities department, encouraging
building managers to control energy consumption. Facilities department staff review
metered data, know which buildings consume a disproportionate amount, and can be held
accountable. The data also facilitate a dialog between the energy manager and deans, leading
to collaboration on ways to reduce energy consumption in buildings with high energy use.
As the list above shows, campuses can derive many benefits from sub-metering. Moreover, the
results of the APPA survey indicate that many colleges and universities are already enjoying
these benefits because they chose to invest in sub-metering equipment and staff training.
1	A charge-back is a charge to, or reduction in, a department's budget for the amount of money actually used.
2	State and local governments can also employ this charge-back mechanism.. A Department of General Services or
Department of Administration often pays the government's energy bills, providing individual agencies no incentive
to reduce energy costs. The charge-back changes that picture.
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3. Campus Considerations
Just as office buildings differ distinctly from K-12 school buildings, facilities on college
campuses have quite distinct characteristics. Campus buildings include (1) dormitories,
(2) buildings with classrooms and office space, (3) gymnasiums, (4) dining halls, and
(5) facilities with classrooms, office space, and energy-intensive laboratories. Sub-metering
permits comparisons of energy use among buildings within these various categories.
Dormitories and buildings within categories (1) and (2) encompass the largest amount of square
footage on most campuses, suggesting that schools might give priority to sub-metering facilities
in these two categories.
Electricity consumption and demand can account for up to 80 percent of the total energy costs on
campuses. Because electricity sub-metering is less expensive than steam, chilled water, and
natural gas sub-metering, many schools begin by metering electricity and subsequently meter
other energy sources.
4. Sub-metering Barriers and Potential solutions
4.1 Electricity Metering
For most large users, the local electric utility offers rate structures that can result in a lower
average cost of electricity under their "General Large Service" or "General Large Time of Use"
tariffs. Typically, mid-size to large college campuses have large service meters at specific points
of service to the campus— for example, groups of administrative buildings, science buildings,
the gymnasium, and clusters of dormitories.
Unless the utility assumes the cost of buying and installing several smaller meters, a college will
not benefit from asking the utility to replace each of the large meters on a campus with smaller,
more numerous sub-metering units. Utilities do not usually provide this service at no cost
(unless customers are permitted to request such a change as stipulated in their utility tariff).
From a billing perspective, the main disadvantage to the college of smaller metering units is that,
if peak demand is billed separately, the combined peak demand charges of the smaller meters
will be greater than the peak demand charge of a single large meter. Additional disadvantages
include individual customer service charges for each meter and higher rate structures for smaller
loads.
In a restructured market with competition among energy providers, however, some utilities may
be open to the idea of "virtual aggregation" of smaller sub-meters to reduce the total demand that
occurs by summing demands from individual sub-meters. The utility then reads the demand
from a "single meter" after it adds the contributions from all the sub-meters. This results in
lower total demand because a peak at one sub-meter may occur during a trough at another. (See
Section 5.1 for more information on aggregation.)
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4.2	How to Mitigate Utility Company Barriers
A campus can evaluate the cost/benefits of utility company sub-metering through the following
analysis: (1) Perform a rate analysis to determine whether partitioning the utility service into
several smaller meters will result in a higher overall cost for electricity. In many instances, the
utility account representative will provide this analysis service free of charge. If the overall cost
of electricity will not be adversely affected, then (2) determine whether the utility will provide
the smaller meters at no charge, or will spread that charge over a long time period through the
utility bills. If the utility agrees to provide meters, then (3) evaluate the utility proposal,
including meter maintenance, if the utility continues to own the meter.
4.3	Cost of Meters
About 100 companies provide electricity metering products and services. A representative
example is listed in Appendix B, along with the type of products and services offered. The cost
of electricity sub-metering is largely a function of the type of product and service required and
the quantity of sub-meters to be installed at a given site. In contrast, natural gas, steam, and
chilled water sub-metering costs depend strongly on the size of pipe whose flow will be
metered.3 The table below provides estimated costs of an installed electricity sub-metering
system.
3 Appendix C provides comments on natural gas, steam, and chilled water metering.
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Cost Estimate for Electricity Sub-Meter Installation on a College Campus
Costs Based on Six Sub-Meters in Three Separate Locations on Campus
Item Description
Quantity
Unit
Mat'l Cost
Unit
Labor Cost
Total Cost
Electricity sub-meter with demand
display and pulse device
6
$ 1,200
$ 450
$ 9,900
Current transducers
18
$ 300
$ 320
$ 11,160
16 point PLC reading board
3
$ 1,400
$ 600
$ 6,000
Terminal Interrogation Module
w/modem
3
$ 2,400
$ 500
$ 8,700
Windows-based meter reading
software
1
$ 3,500
$ 200
$ 3,700
Supervision of installation and set-
up
1

$ 1,500
$ 1,500
Total Cost:



$ 40,960
(Data provided by Kapadia Energy Services)
The table assumes two meters per building. Under this common practice, one meter measures
the power into the building, and the second in the mechanical room measures the demands from
the equipment. This arrangement permits an analysis of the HVAC equipment loads versus the
lighting and plug loads.
Based on the table's figures, the average installed cost of an electricity sub-meter with data
acquisition software is about $6,300 per location. Depending on meter quantity and on which
accessories are needed, the price could range between $5,000 and $7,500 for each sub-metered
point. This does not include any incidental or contingent costs, such as coordinating the
electrical shut-down to install the current transducers or making changes to correct possible
existing code violations. The estimate also assumes that the software is installed on an existing
personal computer or in a building automation system central computer.
4.4 How to Mitigate the Cost Barrier
Several metering companies provide sub-metering services by owning, operating, and
maintaining the meters. In some cases, these companies provide a long-term contract and
incorporate the high capital cost of the sub-meters into a flat monthly fee, which includes
software assistance and periodic calibration and maintenance. Monthly fees are based on the
type of service needed and the quantity of sub-meters served. Monthly costs per sub-meter range
from $150 to $400.
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The number of sub-meters installed in a given utility service area can be reduced by one if the
subtractive method for calculating electricity demand and consumption can be used. Instead of
using three sub-meters, for example, two can be used and the third value can be calculated by
subtracting the sum of the two sub-meters from the main utility meter. The disadvantage of this
method is that the sub-meters cannot be used to corroborate the accuracy of utility meter
numbers; if one meter fails or provides false data, the data for the calculated point will be
erroneous.
4.5	Calibration and Maintenance
Electricity sub-meters are typically calibrated once every three to four years. The calibration
cost for electricity meters is not high, because the current and voltage can be verified with an
instantaneous demand meter. In some cases, colleges face the added inconvenience of shutting
down service in order to open the electricity panel and place the current transducers around the
conduits. While electricity meters have no moving parts, components such as current
transducers can fail or provide erroneous data. An annual maintenance/calibration/certification
contract with a sub-metering company will typically cost about $400 per sub-metered point.
Calibration of steam and chilled water sub-meters should be performed annually, or more
frequently if meter data stray beyond expected ranges. While meter calibration is relatively
inexpensive, replacing a broken meter turbine can be expensive when the costs of shutting down
or isolating entire systems and opening large diameter pipes are included. If condensate flow is
metered instead of steam, costs can be reduced substantially. This cost reduction occurs because
small volumetric flow (condensate) meters are less expensive than high-volume gas flow (steam)
meters. For example, one can monitor an 8" steam pipe with a IV2" condensate line.
4.6	Integration/Installation of an Energy Management System
Integrating a sub-meter with a data acquisition system (DAS), either stand-alone or via an
existing building automation system, is the least expensive component of a sub-metering
program. As long as the vendor-supplied sub-meter software program uses ANSI standard
"open protocol" methods, the data generated by the sub-meter can be used in conjunction with
any major brand building automation system program. (Making these data available on the Web
can add to the cost, however). Because the software costs essentially the same whether one sub-
meter or several hundred sub-meters are integrated into the building automation system, the cost
per point can vary greatly. In many cases, the cost of integration software is included in the
price of the sub-metering system, as illustrated by the estimated costs presented in the table
above. (One copy of the software supports all meters.)
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5. Case Studies
The two universities selected for case studies have used sub-metering for over a decade to
improve energy efficiency and reduce costs. The Large Research University (Section 5.1)
meters all energy sources for many buildings and has benefitted from the data collected in a
variety of ways. Section 5.1.2 summarizes this as "Lessons Learned." With the cooperation of
the local electric utility company, the university developed a novel method of aggregating
electricity demand that has resulted in at least a 10-percent reduction in electricity demand costs.
The Technical Research University (Section 5.2) used sub-metered data as part of a successful
three-phase energy reduction effort which, to a large degree, other colleges and universities
across the country can replicate. Phase 1 of the plan, an Energy Awareness Program that relied
heavily on sub-metered data, was so well received by the administration and faculty that it
resulted in a 10-percent reduction in electricity use. Additional savings were realized through
subsequent energy retrofit capital projects (Phase 2) and through negotiations for lower
electricity rates (Phase 3).
5.1 A Large Research University
This university has been sub-metering its electricity and steam use for more than 15 years and its
chilled water use since the mid-1990s. The driving factors behind the University's sub-metering
program included verifying the utility's billing data, allocating energy use by department, and
gauging consumption and demand for baseline usage and budgeting purposes. This university
uses the FASER software for utility accounting, and some sub-meter data are manually fed into
this program to allocate consumption and costs to various departments.
One of the more important characteristics of the University's electricity sub-metering program is
the "virtual aggregation" of 30 accounts through meters installed by the utility to save on peak
demand costs. Known as "conjunctive metering," the process works as follows: If each building
is metered separately, the University pays a peak demand charge for each building. If a single
meter (actually a virtual meter) records electricity demand for a cluster of buildings, the chances
that they all peak at the same point in time is negligible. The "conjunctive metering" process
results in at least a 10-percent reduction in peak demand and costs, relative to metering
individual buildings. The University's innovative, sub-metering program was established before
deregulation. Because the meters are still owned and operated by the utility, the University
incurred no significant cost for this project.
The University has generated a Request for Proposals to companies interested in converting all
data generated by the sub-meters and collected by a data acquisition system into a central
database accessible through the Internet. This conversion may take place as a monthly service or
as a one-time capital project.
Chilled water meters, installed in the mid-1990s, are used to record the chilled water rate (gpm)
and consumption (e.g., gal/month). These data are read and transferred manually into the
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FASER energy accounting program. This step remains manual rather than automatic because it
allows the data entry person to check for anomalies in the data resulting from meter failures and
other sources of error. Doing so avoids contaminating the energy data with erroneous values.
The University continues to replace existing turbine steam meters with vortex shedding meters
on an ongoing basis. These newer meters have proven to be more reliable and to require much
less maintenance. As with chilled water meters, the data generated electronically by the steam
meters are manually transferred into the FASER accounting system.
The most common use of the information generated by the sub-meters at this university, and
many others, is to bill separate departments for their energy usage. As the metering program
matured, the various departments received more accurate data on energy consumption and
demand. In some cases, this accuracy has resulted in a marked increase in billings to certain
departments, which has led to a re-evaluation of energy use. For example, the older turbine
steam meters could not measure steam flow below a certain flow rate, resulting in zero readings
during early fall and non-heating months, despite continued use of steam for domestic hot water
and other uses. The new vortex shedding meters show consumption, however slight, in non-
heating months. It is believed that once the sub-meter data are available via the Internet, closer
control of energy usage will become possible, especially the spikes in peak demand. Upon
notification by the energy manager of such spikes, departments can check on their consumption
and demand and can react quickly to sudden changes in consumption rather than be surprised at
the end of the billing cycle.
5.1.1 Lessons Learned from Sub-metering at a Large Research University
If a utility will allow its meters to be used as sub-meters and as part of a "virtual
aggregation" program, that is a recommended course of action in order to save on peak
demand charges.
Sub-meter data should not be used to perform automatic billing functions. Instead, a manual
review of monthly consumption data to check for failing or un-calibrated meters or other
discrepancies is recommended. If a billing is false due to a failed meter, it tends to discredit
the entire program.
If project capital is tight, identify an outside company to provide the software functions of
gathering sub-meter data electronically and posting them on a Web site. This spreads the
capital cost into monthly service charges, which may be recoverable. For example, if a
department must pay a specific amount per month for sub-metering, that addition to its utility
costs may be allowable in an analysis of overhead expenses for a research funding agency.
Size the steam meter recording range to an optimal setting. Instead of a meter that reads
rates from 100 to 10,000 pounds of steam for an application where 95 percent of the recorded

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flows lie between 500 and 3,000 pounds, select a meter with a tighter range. This will result
in more accuracy within the normal operating range.
Where possible, install condensate meters instead of steam meters. They cost 50 percent to
75 percent less than steam meters and, unless a large amount of steam is used for process
loads or humidification (thereby not being returned as condensate), the consumption numbers
are equally accurate. Condensate meters, however, should not be used if measuring
instantaneous steam loads.
Where possible, install steam meters in high pressure steam lines because they are of a
smaller diameter than low pressure steam lines. Meter cost rises sharply with the increase in
pipe diameter.
Require all electricity meters to meet the new ANSI standards regarding "open protocol."
This will enable any future sub-metering or DAS company to interface with any product or
software, giving the university the flexibility to change vendors and sub-contractors as
needed.
Use a professionally designed energy accounting system to handle all meter output data.
Simple spreadsheet software is not sufficient, even in the hands of a knowledgeable energy
manager; programs such as FASER or Metrix have many years of energy data-handling
experience designed into them. For example, some of these programs can accept weather
data and utility rate structures and analyze energy use and costs as normalized by these
factors.
5.1.2 Benefits of Sub-Metering at a Large Research University
Conjunctive metering reduced the cost of demand (kW) by at least 10 percent in all 30
buildings involved.
Sub-meters were used to size loads for new buildings: sizes for new steam and chilled water
piping and fittings were optimized to lower construction costs.
Sub-metering for electrical usage allowed the University to determine which utility company
account to add load to because the cost of electricity could be calculated on an account-by-
account basis. For example, when school officials decided to install a new chiller plant, they
compared the impact of electricity costs on various sub-metered points, deciding in the end
to install the chiller plant in a building that had some remaining tax-abatements on the
electricity tariffs. This is a complex topic, but, in brief, sub-metering allows for optimizing
future electrical loads.
Combined with the FASER program, the sub-meters helped to verify the accuracy of utility
meters for whole buildings.
Sub-meters helped to determine whether expanded electrical service was necessary based on
demand measured in similar facilities on campus.
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5.2 A Technical Research University
This school began sub-metering its campus more than 15 years ago, driven by pressures both to
reduce overall expenses and to allocate indirect costs to the appropriate research activities. That
is, certain buildings used for research consumed considerably more energy per square foot than
the campus average, and the school wished to recover its actual costs. This required
documenting actual usage in all relevant research facilities. The school instituted a three-phase
energy management plan that extended over several years, as described below.
5.2.1	Phase 1 - Establish Procedures That Result in Near-term Savings
School officials began by metering electricity at the research buildings with known energy-
intensive equipment. They printed the energy usage and cost information onto a form similar to
a bill and sent it monthly to the building coordinator—often the head of the largest department.
Their goal was to sensitize the departments to the costs of their operations and to secure buy-in
for an Energy Awareness Program. The Program sought to reduce energy costs through
operational and behavioral changes—measures that could be instituted quickly.
The Program's central feature offered departments a chance to receive payments of up to 30
percent of the savings achieved, if they cut costs relative to baseline energy usage. At 6-month
intervals, the University compared a department's most recent energy usage against that of the
comparable 6-month period one year earlier. If energy use dropped by 10 percent or more, the
department received a payment equal to 30 percent of the cost savings. If the energy reductions
were between 5 and 10 percent, the department received a proportionately smaller part of the
savings; e.g., a 5-percent reduction meant a payment of 15 percent of the savings; an 8-percent
decrease resulted in a 24-percent payment. Weather adjustments were not included in this
calculation.
One major research department used 10 million kWh per year. With electricity priced at about
$ 0.075/kWh, the department could potentially receive $25,000 if it met the reduction target.
The departments liked this plan as did the administration, and participation rates were high.
After 18 months, the departments had accomplished the energy savings possible, and the school
had reduced its usage from about 44 million kWh to 40 million kWh, saving about $300,000 per
year. These energy and cost reductions were accomplished through modifications to operational
procedures to eliminate wasteful practices in energy intensive research departments. These
Phase 1 modifications involved existing equipment only; equipment retrofit and replacement
projects were considered in Phase 2.
5.2.2	Phase 2 - Energy Savings Through Capital Investments
Throughout Phase 1 and continuing into Phase 2, the school began to meter steam and water
usage at various buildings—water constituting another high usage item because of research
activities. The facilities staff identified several energy retrofit projects costing about
$2.5 million, with a 4-year simple payback. School management agreed to the proposal and the
work proceeded, resulting in a second round of major reductions in energy costs of about
$625,000 per year.
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5.2.3 Phase 3 - Utility Rates
Having accomplished significant savings through their own efforts, the school considered a
cogeneration facility to supply some of its power. Coincidentally, the state was evaluating
changes in electricity pricing that involved Independent Power Producers (IPP). The school
knew its electric utility company would not welcome a cogeneration capability, so the school
worked with the utility and the utility commission to secure lower, long-term rates.
The school estimates that, from the three phases, it has saved about $1 million per year for the
past 10 years.4
6. Results of Survey of Higher Education Institutions
EPA's discussions with campus facility managers indicated that dormitories and combination
office and classroom buildings (otherwise known as non-lab buildings) constitute the largest
percentage of square footage on college campuses. This applies to both large research
universities and small liberal arts colleges. The Association of Higher Education Facilities
Officers (APPA) offered its assistance in surveying members on the extent of sub-metering in
these two types of facilities; APPA's brief survey form appears in Appendix D.
One hundred schools responded to the APPA survey, and an analysis of their data reveals the
following:
Sixty-nine percent of the schools meter all dormitory buildings, and 48 percent of the schools
meter all non-lab classroom facilities (buildings that include only classroom and office
space).
Forty-five percent of the schools meter all dormitory energy sources, while 39 percent meter
only some energy sources.
Thirty percent of the schools meter all energy sources in non-lab classroom facilities, while
53 percent meter only some energy sources.
Of those schools that meter just some energy sources, 80 percent indicate that they plan to
increase sub-metering for both dormitories and non-lab classroom facilities. This 80 percent
figure applies only to schools that currently meter at least 40 percent of their dormitory and
non-lab classroom buildings.5
These results suggest that a significant number of dormitory and non-lab classroom buildings on
college campuses are metered and the trend is to increase sub-metering.
4	The school's actions with respect to utility rates are not relevant to a discussion of sub-metering. It is included
because the school identified sustained savings of about $1 million per year from all three actions, and did not
indicate each action's contribution to that total.
5	The 40 percent figure, while arbitrary, was used as a way to include schools involved in a significant amount of sub-
metering.
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7. Conclusions
The case studies from the two schools, the information obtained during communications with
higher education facility managers, and the survey results lead to the following conclusions
about energy use and costs and sub-metering on college and university campuses:
Costs for electricity comprise most of the campus energy budget, exceeding those for steam,
chilled water, natural gas, and other fuels. Electricity costs can equal up to 80 percent of the
total energy budget.
Colleges and universities generally sub-meter electricity before any other energy source
because electricity costs dominate the energy budget.
Facility managers do see a trend toward sub-metering for electricity usage, driven by a
variety of factors, including campus cost reduction efforts, charge-back practices,
accountability, and electricity industry restructuring.
A significant amount of sub-metering currently exists on college campuses and the trend is to
increase this practice. By knowing in detail where energy use is high, campuses can focus
efforts to improve energy efficiency and lower costs.
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Appendix A
Sources of Information on Campus Sub-Metering
EPA gathered data on this topic through the APPA listserv, conversations with APPA staff, and
conversations with campus facility managers. The following table lists the primary sources.
Name
Institution
Dr. Theodore Weidner
University of Massachusetts
Peter Sandberg
St. Olaf College
Oliver Holmes
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Tony Trocchia
Columbia University
W. J. Irwin
California Institute of Technology
Becky Griffith
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical
University
L. Joe Spoonemore
Washington State University
Carol Dollard
Colorado State University
Rick Catasus
University of Central Florida
Kevin Kuretich
University of Missouri - Columbia
Art Chonko
Denison University
Bob Friedman
Duke University
Lander Medlin
APPA
Steve Glazner
APPA
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Appendix B
Manufacturers of Electricity Meters
About 100 companies provide electricity metering products and services. The table below,
provided by Kapadia Energy Services, is a representative list of the major manufacturers and the
types of products and services offered.6
Company
City
State
Attributes/Options
ABB Automation Inc.
Raleigh
NC
AMR, cellular/PCS, FCC approved, interval
data, load control systems, load profiling,
power line carrier (PLC), radio modem
(RF), satellite communication, solid-state
meter, sub-meter, TOU metering, UL listed
Aeris.net
San Jose
CA
cellular/PCS
AES-Intellinet
Peabody
MA
AMR, energy monitoring hardware, energy
monitoring software, FCC approved,
interval data, load control systems, load
profiling, pulse retrofit, radio modem
(RF),solid-state meter, sub-meter,TOU
metering, UL listed
AMCO Automated Systems
Horsham
PA
AMR, cellular/PCS, load profiling,
multi-site energy data analysis software,
pulse retrofit, radio modem (RF), sub-meter
Ameren DMS
St. Louis
MO
AMR, energy monitoring hardware, energy
monitoring software, interval data, load
profiling, multi-site energy data analysis
software, pulse retrofit, solid-state meter,
sub-meter,TOU metering
Antenna Products Corp.
Mineral Wells
TX
AMR, cellular/PCS, energy monitoring
hardware, energy monitoring software, load
profiling, multi-site energy data analysis
software.
Applied Metering
Technologies, Inc.
Whittier
CA
AMR, energy monitoring hardware, energy
monitoring software, interval data,load
control systems, load
monitoring/dispatching,meter, sub-meter,
TOU metering
6 This list of companies does not represent an endorsement of particular firms nor is it a complete roster of companies
selling electricity meters.
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Company
City
State
Attributes/Options
Applied Power Technologies
Cupertino
CA
AMR, energy monitoring hardware, energy
monitoring software, interval data, load
control systems, load
monitoring/dispatching, load profiling,
multi-site energy data analysis, software,
radio modem (RF), real-time pricing (RTP),
solid-state meter, sub-meter, TOU metering
A-TEC Energy Corporation
Des Moines
IA
cellular/PCS, load control systems, radio
modem (RF)
Badger Meter Inc.
Milwaukee
WI
AMR, radio modem (RF)
BLP Components
Manasquan
NJ
UL listed
Cannon Technologies Inc.
Wayzata
MN
AMR, energy monitoring hardware, energy
monitoring software, interval data, load
control systems, load
monitoring/dispatching, load profiling,
multi-site energy data analysis software,
power line carrier (PLC), real-time pricing
(RTP), sub-meter, TOU metering, UL listed
Cognyst Consulting, LLC
Pequanock
NJ
AMR, cellular/PCS, energy monitoring
hardware, energy monitoring software, load
control systems, load
monitoring/dispatching, load profiling,
multi-site energy data analysis software,
power line carrier (PLC), radio modem
(RF), satellite communication, sub-meter,
UL listed
Comverge Technologies
Florham Park
NJ
AMR, cellular/PCS, energy monitoring
hardware, energy monitoring software, FCC
approved, load control systems, load
monitoring/dispatching, load profiling,
multi-site energy data analysis software,
power line carrier (PLC), pulse retrofit,
radio modem (RF),UL listed
Datamatic.Com Ltd.
Richardson
TX
AMR, FCC approved, interval data, load
profiling, radio modem (RF), TOU metering
DCSI
Hazelwood
MO
AMR, FCC approved, interval data, load
control systems ,load profiling, real-time
pricing (RTP), TOU metering, UL listed
eBidenergy.com
West Henrietta
NY
AMR, cellular/PCS, energy monitoring
hardware, energy monitoring software,
interval data, load profiling, multi-site
energy data analysis software, pulse retrofit,
sub-meter, TOU metering
Electro Industries/Guage Tech
Westbury
NY
Energy monitoring hardware, energy
monitoring software, interval data, load
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December 2002
Company
City
State
Attributes/Options



control systems, load profiling, multi-site
energy data analysis software, solid-state
meter, sub-meter, TOU metering
E-MON Corp.
Langhorne
PA
AMR, cellular/PCS, energy monitoring
hardware, energy monitoring software,
interval data, load profiling, radio modem
(RF), solid-state meter, sub-meter, TOU
metering, UL listed
Energy Management Systems
Elkhart
IN
Energy monitoring hardware, energy
monitoring software, interval data, load
control systems, load profiling, multi-site
energy data analysis software, pulse retrofit,
solid-state meter, sub-meter, UL listed
Enetics, Inc.
Victor
NY
cellular/PCS, energy monitoring hardware,
energy monitoring software, FCC approved,
load control systems, load profiling,
real-time pricing (RTP), solid-state meter,
sub-meter, TOU metering, UL listed
Flex-Core Inc.
Columbus
OH
Energy monitoring software, load control
systems, sub-meter
Gateway Communications Inc.
Tucson
AZ
AMR, FCC approved, interval data, load
control systems, load profiling, radio
modem (RF), solid-state meter, TOU
metering
Hexagram, Inc.
Cleveland
OH
AMR, radio modem (RF)
Hunt Technologies Inc.
Pequot Lakes
MN
AMR, FCC approved, power line carrier
(PLC), UL listed
Innovatec Communications,
LLC
Milwaukee
WI
AMR, cellular/PCS, energy monitoring
hardware, energy monitoring software, FCC
approved, interval data, load profiling,
power line carrier (PLC), radio modem
(RF), real-time pricing (RTP), satellite
communication, solid-state meter,
sub-meter, TOU metering, UL listed
Internet Telemetry Corp.
Tulsa
OK
AMR, FCC approved, interval data, load
profiling, optical reader retrofit, pulse
retrofit, radio modem (RF), solid-state
meter, sub-meter, UL listed
Itron Inc.
Spokane
WA
AMR, cellular/PCS, FCC approved, load
profiling, radio modem (RF), UL listed
KP Electronics Inc.
North Wales
PA
AMR, cellular/PCS, FCC approved, interval
data, load profiling, optical reader retrofit,
pulse retrofit, radio modem (RF), real-time
pricing (RTP), satellite communication,
solid-state meter, TOU metering
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December 2002
Company
City
State
Attributes/Options
KW Aware LLC
Cota de Caza
CA
AMR, energy monitoring hardware, interval
data, load control systems, load
monitoring/dispatching, load profiling,
multi-site energy data analysis software,
real-time pricing (RTP), TOU metering
Logicon Inc.
San Diego
CA
AMR, radio modem (RF)
Main Street Networks
San Jose
CA
AMR, FCC approved, interval data, load
profiling, multi-site energy data analysis
software, optical reader retrofit, pulse
retrofit, solid-state meter, TOU metering
Marwell Corp.
San Bernardino
CA
load control systems
Mass Installation
Norwood
MA
AMR, sub-meter
Measuring & Monitoring
Services Inc.
Tinton Falls
NJ
AMR, cellular/PCS, energy monitoring
hardware, energy monitoring software,
interval data, load monitoring/dispatching,
load profiling, multi-site energy data
analysis software, pulse retrofit, solid-state
meter, sub-meter, TOU metering, UL listed
Motorola Utility Solutions
Scottsdale
AZ
energy monitoring hardware, energy
monitoring software, interval data, load
profiling, multi-site energy data analysis
software, power line carrier (PLC),
solid-state meter, TOU metering, UL listed
MTC-Metering Technology
Corp.
Scotts Valley
CA
AMR, cellular/PCS, energy monitoring
hardware, energy monitoring software, FCC
approved, interval data, load control
systems, load profiling,power line carrier
(PLC), radio modem (RF), solid-state meter,
sub-meter, TOU metering
muNet.com
Lexington
MA
AMR, interval data, load profiling,
real-time pricing (RTP), solid-state meter,
sub-meter, TOU metering
National Meter Industries
Bedford
NH
AMR, energy monitoring hardware, energy
monitoring software, FCC approved,
interval data, load control systems, load
monitoring/dispatching, load profiling,
multi-site energy data analysis software,
radio modem (RF), real-time pricing (RTP),
sub-meter, TOU metering, UL listed
National Rural
Telecommunications
Cooperative (NRTC)
Herndon
VA
AMR, FCC approved, interval data, load
profiling, radio modem (RF), TOU metering
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December 2002
Company
City
State
Attributes/Options
NexusData
Grapevine
TX
AMR, energy monitoring software, FCC
approved, load profiling, radio modem
(RF), UL listed
Plexus Research Inc.
Boxborough
MA
AMR, energy monitoring hardware, energy
monitoring software, interval data, load
control systems, load
monitoring/dispatching, load profiling,
multi-site energy data analysis software,
radio modem (RF), real-time pricing (RTP),
solid-state meter, sub-meter, TOU metering
Powel B2B Services, Inc.
West Jordan
UT
Energy monitoring software, load control
systems, load monitoring/dispatching, load
profiling, multi-site energy data analysis
software, real-time pricing (RTP), satellite
communication, solid-state meter,
sub-meter, TOU metering
QuadLogic Controls Corp.
New York
NY
AMR, energy monitoring hardware, energy
monitoring software, interval data, load
control systems, load profiling, multi-site
energy data analysis software, power line
carrier (PLC), real-time pricing (RTP),
solid-state meter, sub-meter, TOU metering,
UL listed
Radiopath
Redmond
WA
AMR, real-time pricing (RTP), sub-meter,
TOU metering
Radix Corp
Salt Lake City
UT
AMR, energy monitoring hardware, energy
monitoring software, FCC approved, load
monitoring/dispatching, load profiling,
multi-site energy data analysis software,
pulse retrofit, radio modem (RF), UL listed
RAMAR Technology
Research
Triangle Park
NC
AMR, pulse retrofit
SATEC Inc.
Summit
NJ
Energy monitoring hardware, energy
monitoring software, interval data, load
profiling, multi-site energy data analysis
software, real-time pricing (RTP),
sub-meter, TOU metering, UL listed
Schlumberger
Norcross
GA
AMR, energy monitoring hardware, energy
monitoring software, interval data, load
control systems, load
monitoring/dispatching, load profiling,
multi-site energy data analysis software,
radio modem (RF), real-time pricing (RTP),
solid-state meter, sub-meter, TOU metering
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December 2002
Company
City
State
Attributes/Options
Scientific Telemetry Corp.
Raynham
MA
AMR, cellular/PCS, interval data, load
profiling, radio modem (RF), sub-meter,
TOU metering
Sensus Technologies Inc.
Uniontown
PA
AMR, optical reader retrofit
Siemens Power Transmission
& Distribution
Lafayette
IN
AMR, cellular/PCS, energy monitoring
hardware, energy monitoring software, FCC
approved, load control systems, load
profiling, multi-site energy data analysis
software, optical, power line carrier (PLC),
satellite communication, solid-state meter,
sub-meter, TOU metering
Silicon Energy Corp.
Alameda
CA
Energy monitoring software, multi-site
energy data analysis software
Specialized Technical Services
Richmond
KY
AMR, optical reader retrofit, pulse retrofit,
solid-state meter
SpeedRead Technologies
Indianapolis
IN
AMR, FCC approved, radio modem (RF),
sub-meter
StarComm Products
Huntington
Beach
CA
AMR, cellular/PCS, radio modem (RF)
Stark North America Inc.
Charlotte
NC
AMR, cellular/PCS, energy monitoring
software, interval data, load
monitoring/dispatching, load profiling,
multi-site energy data analysis software,
radio modem (RF), real-time pricing (RTP),
sub-meter, TOU metering
Teldata Solutions
Portland
OR
AMR, cellular/PCS, energy monitoring
hardware, energy monitoring software, FCC
approved, interval data, multi-site energy
data analysis software, radio modem (RF),
solid-state meter, TOU metering, UL listed
Telenetics Corp
Lake Forest
CA
AMR, cellular/PCS, FCC approved, load
control systems, radio modem (RF), satellite
communication, UL listed
TransData Inc.
Richardson
TX
Cellular/PCS, FCC approved, interval data,
load control systems, load profiling, radio
modem (RF), real-time pricing (RTP),
solid-state meter, sub-meter, TOU metering
Tru-Check Inc.
Buffalo
NY
AMR, radio modem (RF)
ViaSat Satellite Networks -
LEO Data Systems
Atlanta
GA
AMR, FCC approved, satellite
communication, UL listed
VSI Group Inc.
Columbia
MD
AMR
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December 2002
Appendix C
Data for Chilled Water and Steam Meters
Chilled Water and Condensate Meters
The most common meters used for sub-metering chilled water or steam condensate water for
general purposes are the ultrasonic, non-intrusive types, installed on a pipe surface. To function
accurately, they typically require a straight pipe run of 10 diameters before the meter and 5
diameters after the meter. With no moving parts, these meters provide benefits by avoiding the
need to replace parts and to perform regular calibration. Meters measuring chilled water flow
require annual maintenance because condensation on the pipe surface will erode the connection
on the coupling between the transducer and the pipe surface. Ultrasonic water flow meters, when
combined with temperature sensors on the supply and return piping, provide the data needed to
calculate Btu consumption of chilled water. The temperature sensors, typically RTD type, can be
mounted either in a well or on the surface of the pipe. Well-mounted sensors require less
maintenance, but are more expensive to install because the well, to be inserted into the pipe, will
require draining, cutting, and welding of pipe. Surface mounted RTD sensors are less expensive
but require maintenance every 6 months because the combination of scaling on the pipe surface
and degradation of pipe insulation will result in a general loss of accuracy of sensed temperature
over time.
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ninriwtmlii
December 2002
Appendix D
Questions Sent to Members of
The Association of Higher Education Facilities Officers (APPA)
APPA Sub-Metering Survey
The questions in (1) below apply to only two types of facilities: dormitories and buildings that are
a mix of classroom and office spaces but do not house energy-intensive laboratory equipment
(called here non-lab classroom buildings).
(1) Indicate the percent of your dormitories that are sub-metered:
%
Are you sub-metering all dormitory energy sources? 	All 	Some 	None
("All" might include electricity, chilled water, gas, steam—all sources that would allow you to
specify the heating, cooling, and lighting energy usage.)
Indicate the percent of non-lab classroom buildings that are sub-metered:
%
Are you sub-metering all energy sources? 	All 	Some 	None
(2) Is your institution (please place an X on the line most appropriate):
increasing sub-metering activity	,
or staying with its current level	,
or reducing sub-metering	?
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