oEPA
EPA/600/R-17/485F
April 2018
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
National Center for Environmental Assessment
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, DC 20460
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Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
DISCLAIMER
This document has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency policy and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products
does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES 11-iv
11. INTAKE OF MEATS, DAIRY PRODUCTS, AND FATS 11-1
11.1. INTRODUCTION 11-1
11.2. RECOMMENDATIONS 11-2
11.3. INTAKE OF MEAT AND DAIRY PRODUCTS 11-6
11.3.1. Key Meat and Dairy Intake Study 11-6
11.3.1.1. EPA Analysis of Consumption Data from 2005-2010 National Health
and Nutrition Examination Survey 11-6
11.3.2. Relevant Meat and Dairy Intake Studies 11-7
11.3.2.1.USDA(1980, 1992, 1996a, b)—Food and Nutrient Intakes of
Individuals in 1 Day in the United States 11-7
11.3.2.2.USDA(1999a)—Food and Nutrient Intakes by Children 1994-1996,
1998, Table Set 17 11-8
11.3.2.3. EPA Analysis ofCSFII 1994-1996, 1998 Based on USD A (2000) and
U.S. EPA (2000) 11-8
11.3.2.4. Smiciklas-Wright et al. (2002)—Foods Commonly Eaten in the United
States: Quantities Consumed per Eating Occasion and in a Day,
1994-1996 11-9
11.3.2.5. Vitolins et al. (2002)—Quality of Diets Consumed by Older Rural
Adults 11-10
11.3.2.6. Fox et al. (2004)—Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study: What Foods
Are Infants and Toddlers Eating 11-10
11.3.2.7. Ponza et al. (2004)—Nutrient Food Intakes and Food Choices of
Infants and Toddlers Participating in Women, Infants, and Children
(WIC) 11-11
11.3.2.8. Mennella et al. (2006)—Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study: The Types
of Foods Fed to Hispanic Infants and Toddlers 11-11
11.3.2.9. Fox et al. (2006)—Average Portion of Foods Commonly Eaten by
Infants and Toddlers in the United States 11-11
11.3.2.10. Siega-Riz et al. (2010)—Food Consumption Patterns of Infants and
Toddlers: Where Are We Now?; Fox et al. (2010)—Food Consumption
Patterns of Young Preschoolers: Are They Starting off on the Right
Path?; Deming et al. (2014)—Infant Feeding Practices and
Consumption Patterns of Children Participating in WIC 11-12
11.3.2.11. Briefel et al. (2010)—The Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study
2008; Study Design and Methods 11-12
11.3.2.12. Taylor et al. (2012)—Ground Beef Consumption Patterns in the
United States, Food Net, 2006 through 2007 11-12
11.3.3 Pregnant and Lactating Women 11-13
11.4. INTAKE OF FAT 11-13
11.4.1. Key Fat Intake Study 11-13
11.4.1.1. U. S. EPA (2007)—Analysis of Fat Intake Based on the U.S.
Department of Agriculture's 1994-1996, 1998 Continuing Survey of
Food Intakes by Individuals 11-13
11.4.2. Relevant Fat Intake Studies 11-14
11.4.2.1. Cresanta et al. (1988)/Nicklas et al. (1993)/Frank et al.
(1986)—Bogalusa Heart Study 11-14
11.5. CONVERSION BETWEEN WET- AND DRY-WEIGHT INTAKE RATES 11-15
11.6. CONVERSION BETWEEN WET- AND LIPID-WEIGHT INTAKE RATES 11-15
11.7. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 11 11-16
APPENDIX A A-l
APPENDIX B B-l
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Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
LIST OF TABLES
Table 11-1. Recommended Values for 2-Day Average Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats,
(edible portion, uncooked weight) 11-3
Table 11-2. Confidence in Recommendations for Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats 11-5
Table 11-3. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Total Meat and Total Dairy Products Based on
2005-2010 NHANES (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) 11-18
Table 11-4. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Total Meat and Total Dairy Products Based on
2005-2010 NHANES (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) 11-21
Table 11-5. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Meats Based on 2005-2010 NHANES
(g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) 11-24
Table 11-6. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Meats Based on 2005-2010
NHANES (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) 11-25
Table 11-7. Mean Meat Intakes per Individual in a Day, by Sex and Age (g/day, as-consumed) for
1977-1978 11-26
Table 11-8. Mean Meat Intakes Per Capita in a Day, by Sex and Age (g/day, as-consumed) for
1987-1988 11-27
Table 11-9. Mean Meat Intakes Per Capita in a Day, by Sex and Age (g/day, as-consumed) for 1994
and 1995 11-28
Table 11-10. Mean Dairy Product Intakes Per Capita in a Day, by Sex and Age (g/day, as-consumed)
for 1977-1978 11-29
Table 11-11. Mean Dairy Product Intakes Per Capita in a Day, by Sex and Age (g/day, as-consumed)
for 1987-1988 11-30
Table 11-12. Mean Dairy Product Intakes Per Capita in a Day, by Sex and Age (g/day, as-consumed)
for 1994 and 1995 11-30
Table 11-13. Mean Quantities of Meat and Eggs Consumed Daily by Sex and Age, Per Capita (g/day,
as-consumed) 11-31
Table 11-14. Percentage of Individuals Consuming Meats and Eggs, by Sex and Age (%) 11-32
Table 11-15. Mean Quantities of Dairy Products Consumed Daily by Sex and Age, Per Capita (g/day,
as-consumed) 11-33
Table 11-16. Percentage of Individuals Consuming Dairy Products, by Sex and Age (%) 11-34
Table 11-17. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Total Meat and Total Dairy Products Based on
1994-1996, 1998 CSFII (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) 11-35
Table 11-18. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Total Meat and Total Dairy Products Based on
1994-1996, 1998 CSFII (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) 11-38
Table 11-19. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Meats and Dairy Products Based on
1994-1996, 1998 CSFII (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) 11-41
Table 11-20. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Meats and Dairy Products Based on
1994-1996, 1998 CSFII (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) 11-43
Table 11-21. Quantity (as-consumed) of Meat and Dairy Products Consumed per Eating Occasion and
Percentage of Individuals Using These Foods in Two Days 11-45
Table 11-22. Consumption of Milk, Yogurt, and Cheese: Median Daily Servings (and ranges) by
Demographic and Health Characteristics 11-48
Table 11-23. Percentage of Infants and Toddlers Consuming Milk, Meat, or Other Protein Sources 11-49
Table 11-24. Food Choices for Infants and Toddlers by WIC Participation Status 11-50
Table 11-25. Percentage of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Infants and Toddlers Consuming Different
Types of Milk, Meats, or Other Protein Sources on a Given Day 11-51
Table 11-26. Average Portion Sizes per Eating Occasion of Meats and Dairy Products Commonly
Consumed by Infants from the 2002 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study 11-52
Table 11-27. Average Portion Sizes per Eating Occasion of Meats and Dairy Products Commonly
Consumed by Toddlers from the 2002 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study 11-53
Table 11-28. Percentage of Infants and Toddlers Consuming Meats in the 2008 FITS 11-54
Table 11-29. Percentage of Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers Consuming Meats and Other Protein
Sources, and Milk in a Given Day, by WIC Participation, FITS 2008 11-55
Table 11-30. Mean Amount Consumed (g/eating occasion) Among Children 12-23.9 Months of Age 11-56
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Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED)
Table 11-31. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Total Meats and Total Dairy: Pregnant, Lactating,
and All Women of Child-bearing Age (13 to <50 years) 11-57
Table 11-32. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Total Meats and Total Dairy: Pregnant,
Lactating, and All Women of Child-bearing Age (13 to <50 years) 11-59
Table 11-33. Per Capita and Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Meats: Pregnant,
Lactating, and All Women of Child-Bearing Age (13 to <50 years) 11-61
Table 11-34. Per Capita Total Fat Intake (g/day) 11-63
Table 11-35. Per Capita Total Fat Intake (g/kg-day) 11-65
Table 11-36. Consumer-Only Total Fat Intake (g/day) 11-67
Table 11-37. Consumer-Only Total Fat Intake (g/kg-day) 11-69
Table 11-38. Consumer-Only Total Fat Intake—Top 10% of Animal Fat Consumers (g/day) 11-71
Table 11-39. Consumer-Only Total Fat Intake—Top 10% of Animal Fat Consumers (g/kg-day) 11-73
Table 11-40. Fat Intake among Children Based on Data from the Bogalusa Heart Study, 1973-1982
(g/day) 11-75
Table 11-41. Fat Intake among Children Based on Data from the Bogalusa Heart Study, 1973-1982
(g/kg-day) 11-77
Table 11-42. Mean Percentage of Moisture and Total Fat Content of Selected Meat and Dairy Products.... 11-79
Table 11-43. Water Content Range of Selected Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats 11-80
Table A-1. Terms Used in Literature Searches 1
Table B-l. Food Commodity Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 2005-2010 (and 2003-
2008) NHANES WWEIA 1
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Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
11. INTAKE OF MEATS, DAIRY
PRODUCTS, AND FATS
11.1. INTRODUCTION
This document is an update to Chapter 11 ("Intake
of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats") of the Exposure
Factors Handbook: 2011 Edition (U.S. EPA, 2011).
New information that has become available since 2011
has been added, and the recommended values have
been revised as needed to reflect the new information.
The chapter includes a comprehensive review of the
scientific literature through 2016. The new literature
was identified via formal literature searches conducted
by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) staff
as well as targeted Internet searches conducted by the
authors of this chapter. Appendix A provides a list of
the key terms that were used in the literature searches.
Revisions to this chapter have been made in
accordance with the approved quality assurance plan
for the Exposure Factors Handbook.
The American food supply is generally considered
to be one of the safest in the world. Nevertheless,
meats, dairy products, and fats can become
contaminated with toxic chemicals by several
pathways. For example, these foods sources can
become contaminated if animals are exposed to
contaminated media (i.e., soil, water, or feed crops).
To assess exposure through this pathway, information
on meat, dairy, and fat ingestion rates are needed.
A variety of terms may be used to define intake of
meats, dairy products, and fats (e.g., consumer-only
intake, per capita intake, total meat, dairy product, or
fat intake, as-consumed intake, uncooked edible
portion intake, dry-weight intake). As described in
Chapter 9, "Intake of Fruits and Vegetables,"
consumer-only intake is defined as the quantity of
meats, dairy products, or fats consumed by individuals
during the survey period averaged across only the
individuals who consumed these food items during the
survey period. Per capita intake rates are generated by
averaging consumer-only intakes over the entire
survey population (including those that reported no
intake). In general, per capita intake rates are
appropriate for use in exposure assessment for which
average dose estimates are of interest because they
represent both individuals who ate the foods during the
survey period and individuals who may eat the food
items at some time, but did not consume them during
the survey period. Per capita intake, therefore,
represents an average across the entire population of
interest, but does so at the expense of underestimating
consumption for the subset of the population that
consumes the food in question. Total intake refers to
the sum of all meats, dairy products, or fats consumed
in a day.
Intake rates may be expressed on the basis of the
as-consumed weight (e.g., cooked or prepared) or on
the uncooked or unprepared weight. As-consumed
intake rates are based on the weight of the food in the
form that it is consumed and should be used in
assessments where the basis for the contaminant
concentrations in foods is also indexed to the
as-consumed weight. Some of the food ingestion
values provided in this chapter are expressed as
as-consumed intake rates because this is the way that
data were reported by survey respondents. Other
values are provided as uncooked weights based on
analyses of survey data that account for weight
changes that occur during cooking. This adjustment is
important because concentration data to be used in the
dose equation are often measured in uncooked food
samples. Note that cooking can either increase or
decrease food weight. Similarly, cooking can increase
the mass of a contaminant in food (due to formation
reactions, or absorption from cooking oils or water) or
decrease the mass of a contaminant in food (due to
vaporization, fat loss, or leaching). The combined
effects of changes in food weight and changes in
contaminant mass can result in either an increase or
decrease in contaminant concentration in cooked food.
Therefore, if the as-consumed ingestion rate and the
uncooked concentration are used in the dose equation,
dose may be underestimated or overestimated. It is
important for the assessor to be aware of these issues
and choose intake rate data that best match the
concentration data being used. For more information
on cooking losses and conversions necessary to
account for such losses, refer to Chapter 13 of this
handbook.
Sometimes contaminant concentrations in food are
reported on a dry-weight basis. When these data are
used in an exposure assessment, it is recommended
that dry-weight intake rates also be used. Dry-weight
food concentrations and intake rates are based on the
weight of the food consumed after the moisture
content has been removed. Similarly, when
contaminant concentrations in food are reported on a
lipid-weight basis, lipid-weight intake rates should be
used. For information on converting the intake rates
presented in this chapter to dry-weight or lipid-weight
intake rates, refer to Sections 11.5 and 11.6 of this
chapter.
The purpose of this chapter is to provide intake
data for meats, dairy products, and fats. The
recommendations for ingestion rates for these food
sources for use in risk assessment are provided in the
next section, along with a summary of the confidence
ratings for these recommendations. The recommended
values are based on the key studies identified by EPA
for these factors. As described in Chapter 1 of the
April 2018
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Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Exposure Factors Handbook: 2011 Edition (U.S. EPA,
2011), the key studies represent the most up-to-date
and scientifically sound ones for deriving
recommendations for exposure factors, whereas other
studies are designated "relevant," meaning applicable
or pertinent, but not necessarily the most important.
For example, studies that provide supporting data or
information related to the factor of interest (e.g.,
percentage of the population consuming meats, dairy
products, or fats), or have study designs or approaches
that make the data less applicable to the general
population (e.g., studies that targeted specific
populations or older studies) have been designated as
relevant rather than key. Key studies were selected
based on the general assessment factors described in
Chapter 1 of the Handbook. Following the
recommendations, the key study on ingestion of meats
and dairy products among the general population is
summarized (see Section 11.3.1). Relevant data on
general population ingestion of meats and dairy
products are also provided (see Section 11.3.2). These
studies are presented to provide the reader with added
perspective on the current state-of-knowledge
pertaining to ingestion of meats and dairy products.
Data on pregnant and lactating women are provided in
Section 11.3.3, and key and relevant studies on intake
of fats are provided in Section 11.4.
11.2. RECOMMENDATIONS
Table 11-1 presents a summary of the
recommended values for per capita and consumer-only
intake of meats, dairy products, and fats for use in
exposure and risk assessment. Table 11-2 provides
confidence ratings for these recommendations.
EPAanalyses of data from the 2005-2010 National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
were used in selecting recommended intake rates for
intake of meats and dairy products by the general
population. The EPA analysis of meat and dairy
products was conducted using childhood age groups
from EPA's Guidance on Selecting Age Groups for
Monitoring and Assessing Childhood Exposures to
Environmental Contaminants (U.S. EPA, 2005). The
EPA analysis of fat intake data from the U.S.
Department of Agriculture's (USDA's) Continuing
Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII,
U.S. EPA, 2007) were used in selecting recommended
intake rates for fats. This study also used the childhood
age groups recommended by U.S. EPA (2005).
The NHANES data on which the
recommendations for meats and dairy products are
based, and the CSFII data on which the
recommendations for fats are based are short-term
survey data and may not necessarily reflect the
long-term distribution of average daily intake rates.
However, because these broad categories of food (i.e.,
total meats and dairy products), are eaten on a daily
basis throughout the year with minimal seasonality,
the short-term distribution may be a reasonable
approximation of the long-term distribution, although
it will display somewhat increased variability. This
implies that the upper percentiles shown here will tend
to overestimate the corresponding percentiles of the
true long-term distribution. In general, the
recommended values based on EPA's analyses of
NHANES data and CSFII data represent the uncooked
weight of the edible portion of meat, dairy, and fats. It
should be noted that because the recommendations for
fat intake are based on 1994-1996 and 1998 CSFII
data, they may not reflect the most recent changes that
may have occurred in consumption patterns.
USDA and the U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services (USDHHS) jointly developed
Dietary Guidelines for Americans: 2010 that provide
information and advice for choosing healthy eating
patterns (USDA and USDHHS, 2010). The guidance
may differ from the recommended intake rates for
meat, dairy, and fats that are provided in this chapter
for use in exposure/risk assessment because NHANES
and similar surveys reflect actual intake rather than
dietary goals.
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Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-1. Recommended Values for 2-Day Average3 Intake of Meatsb, Dairy
Products0, and Fats, (edible portion, uncooked weight)d
Per Capita
Consumers Only
Mean
95th Percentile
Mean
95th Percentile
Multiple
Percentiles Source
Age Group (years)
g/kg-day
g/kg-day
g/kg-day
g/kg-day
Total Meat
Birth to <1 month
0
0e
0
0e
1 to <3 months
<0.005
0e
<0.005
<0.05e
3 to <6 months
0.2
1.6e
1.6
5.3e
6 to <12 months
2.4
8.1
3.1
9.3
Birth to <1 year
1.3
5.7
3.0
8.9
1 to <2 years
3.9
9.5
4.1
9.6
2 to <3 years
4.2
9.5
4.3
9.6
3 to <6 years
4.0
9.0
4.0
9.0
6 to <11 years
3.0
6.6
3.0
6.7
EPA
See Tables Analysis of
11-3 and 11-4. NHANES
11 to <16 years
16 to <21 years
2.1
2.0
4.9
4.6
2.2
2.0
4.9
4.6
21 to <30 years
1.9
4.2
1.9
4.2
2005-2010.
30 to <40 years
1.8
4.2
1.8
4.2
40 to <50 years
1.7
3.8
1.8
3.8
50 to <60 years
1.6
3.4
1.6
3.5
60 to <70 years
1.4
3.2
1.4
3.2
70 to <80 years
1.3
2.9
1.3
2.9
80+ years
1.2
2.8
1.2
2.8
21 to <50 years
1.8
4.1
1.8
4.1
50+ years
1.4
3.2
1.5
3.2
Whole Population
1.9
4.8
2.0
4.8
Total Dairy Products
Birth to <1 month
6.7
20.6e
9.6
26.3e
1 to <3 months
5.4
17.9e
8.3
19.4e
3 to <6 months
5.1
16.le
6.5
17.8e
6 to <12 months
16.1
78.7
17.0
83.2
Birth to <1 year
10.9
57.1
13.1
64.2
1 to <2 years
48.8
100.5
48.8
100.5
2 to <3 years
36.1
78.7
36.1
78.7
3 to <6 years
22.6
51.1
22.6
51.1
6 to <11 years
13.8
31.8
13.8
31.8
EPA
See Tables Analysis of
11-3 and 11-4. NHANES
11 to <16 years
16 to <21 years
6.8
4.4
18.2
13.0
6.8
4.4
18.2
13.0
21 to <30 years
3.2
9.7
3.2
9.7
2005-2010.
30 to <40 years
3.2
10.1
3.2
10.1
40 to <50 years
3.2
8.9
3.2
8.9
50 to <60 years
3.2
9.6
3.2
9.6
60 to <70 years
3.0
9.1
3.0
9.1
70 to <80 years
3.2
9.2
3.2
9.2
80+ years
4.0
10.2
4.0
10.2
21 to <50 years
3.2
9.6
3.2
9.6
50+ years
3.2
9.6
3.2
9.6
Whole Population
6.3
23.5
6.3
23.5
Individual Meat and Dairy Products—See Tables 11-5 and 11-6.
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Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-1. Recommended Values for 2-Day Average3 Intake of Meatsb, Dairy
Products0, and Fats (edible portion, uncooked weight)d (Continued)
Per Capita
Mean 95th Percentile
Consumers Only
Mean 95th Percentile
Age Group
g/kg-day
g/kg-day
g/kg-day
g/kg-day
Multiple
Percentiles
Source
Total Fat
Birth to <1 month
5.2
16
7.8
16
1 to <3 months
4.5
12
6.0
12
3 to <6 months
4.1
8.2
4.4
8.3
6 to <12 months
3.7
7.0
3.7
7.0
1 to <2 years
4.0
7.1
4.0
7.1
2 to <3 years
3.6
6.4
3.6
6.4
3 to <6 years
3.4
5.8
3.4
5.8
6 to <11 years
2.6
4.2
2.6
4.2
11 to <16 years
1.6
3.0
1.6
3.0
16 to <21 years
1.3
2.7
1.3
2.7
21 to <31 years
1.2
2.3
1.2
2.3
31 to <41 years
1.1
2.1
1.1
2.1
41 to <51 years
1.0
1.9
1.0
1.9
51 to <61 years
0.9
1.7
0.9
1.7
61 to <71 years
0.9
1.7
0.9
1.7
71 to <81 years
0.8
1.5
0.8
1.5
>81 years
0.9
1.5
0.9
1.5
See Tables
11-35 and
11-37.
U.S. EPA
(2007).
Based on the average of two days of food consumption reported for each NHANES respondent. If the respondent
reported zero consumption on one of the two days and non-zero consumption on the other day, his/her average
consumption would be the average of zero and non-zero consumption.
Total Meat includes: beef, fat; beef, fat-baby food; beef, kidney; beef, liver; beef, liver-baby food; beef, meat;
beef, meat byproducts; beef, meat byproducts-baby food; beef, meat, dried; beef, meat-baby food; chicken, fat;
chicken, fat-baby food; chicken, liver; chicken, meat; chicken, meat byproducts; chicken, meat byproducts-
baby food; chicken, meat-baby food; chicken, skin; chicken, skin-baby food; goat, fat; goat, kidney; goat, liver;
goat, meat; goat, meat byproducts; horse, meat; meat, game; pork, fat; pork, fat-baby food; pork, kidney; pork,
liver; pork, meat; pork, meat byproducts; pork, meat byproducts-baby food; pork, meat-baby food; pork, skin;
poultry, other, fat; poultry, other, liver; poultry, other, meat; poultry, other, meat byproducts; poultry, other, skin;
rabbit, meat; sheep, fat; sheep, fat-baby food; sheep, kidney; sheep, liver; sheep, meat; sheep, meat byproducts;
sheep, meat-baby food; turkey, fat; turkey, fat-baby food; turkey, liver; turkey, liver-baby food; turkey, meat;
turkey, meat byproducts; turkey, meat byproducts-baby food; turkey, meat-baby food; turkey, skin; turkey, skin-
baby food.
Total Dairy includes: milk, fat; milk, fat-baby food/infant formula; milk, nonfat solids; milk, nonfat solids-baby
food/infant formula; milk, sugar (lactose)-baby food/infant formula; milk, water; milk, water-baby food/infant
formula.
For more information, refer to the Frequently Asked Questions at http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
Estimates are less statistically reliable based on guidance published in the Joint Policy on Variance Estimation
and Statistical Reporting Standards on NHANES III and CSFIIReports: Human Nutrition Information Service,
National Center for Health Statistics (HNIS/NCHS) Analytical Working Group Recommendations (NUHS, 1993).
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Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-2. Confidence in Recommendations for Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats"
General Assessment Factors
Rationale
Rating
Soundness
Adequacy of Approach
The survey methodology and data analysis were adequate. The
surveys sampled nearly 25,000 individuals for meats and dairy
products and 20,000 individuals for fats. Analyses of primary data
were conducted.
High
Minimal (or Defined) Bias
No physical measurements were taken. The method relied on
recent recall of meats and dairy products eaten.
Applicability and Utility
Exposure Factor of Interest
The key studies were directly relevant to meat, dairy, and fat
intake.
High for meats and dairy
products; medium for fats
Representativeness
The data were demographically representative of the U.S.
population (based on stratified random sample).
Currency
Data were collected between 2005 and 2010 for meat and dairy
products and between 1994 and 1998 for fats.
Data Collection Period
Data were collected for two nonconsecutive days.
Clarity and Completeness
Accessibility
The NF1ANES data, the FCID Consumption Calculator, and the
CSFII data are publicly available.
High
Reproducibility
The methodology used was clearly described; enough information
was included to reproduce the results.
Quality Assurance
NHANES and CSFII follow strict QA/QC procedures. Data
generated by the FCID Consumption Calculator has been reviewed
by EPA.
Variability and Uncertainty
Variability in Population
Full distributions were provided for total meats, total dairy
products, and total fats. Means were provided for individual meats
and dairy products.
Medium to high for averages,
low for long-term upper
percentiles; low for
individual foods
Uncertainty
Data collection was based on recall of consumption for a 2-day
period; the accuracy of using these data to estimate long-term
intake (especially at the upper percentiles) is uncertain. However,
use of short-term data to estimate chronic ingestion can be assumed
for broad categories of foods such as total meats, total dairy
products, and total fats. Uncertainty is likely to be greater for
individual meats and dairy products.
Evaluation and Review
Peer Review
Both the NCHS NHANES and the USDA CSFII survey received
high levels of peer review. The EPA analysis of the NHANES data
has not been peer reviewed outside the Agency, but the
methodology has been used in analysis of previous data.
Medium
Number and Agreement of
Studies
There was one key study for intake of meat and dairy products
(2005-2010 NHANES) and one key study for fat intake
(U.S. EPA, 2007, based on 1994-1996, 1998 CSFII).
Overall Rating
Medium to high confidence
in the averages; Low
confidence in the long-term
upper percentiles
a See Section 1.5.2 in Chapter 1 of the Exposure Factors Handbook: 2011 Edition (U.S. EPA, 2011) for a detailed
description of the evaluation criteria used in this table.
FCID = Food Commodity Intake Database.
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11.3. INTAKE OF MEAT AND DAIRY
PRODUCTS
11.3.1. Key Meat and Dairy Intake Study
11.3.1.1. EPA Analysis of Consumption Data from
2005-2010 National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey
The key source of recent information on
consumption rates of meat and dairy products is the
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's
National Center for Health Statistics' (NCHS)
NHANES. Data from NHANES 2005-2010 have
been used by the EPA to generate per capita and
consumer-only intake rates for both individual meat
and dairy products and total meat and dairy products.
NHANES is designed to assess the health and
nutritional status of adults and children in the United
States. In 1999, the survey became a continuous
program that interviews a nationally representative
sample of approximately 7,000 persons each year and
examines a nationally representative sample of about
5,000 persons each year, located in counties across the
country, 15 of which are visited each year. Data are
released on a 2-year basis, thus, for example, the 2005
data are combined with the 2006 data to produce
NHANES 2005-2006.
The dietary interview component of NHANES is
called What We Eat in America (WWEIA) and is
conducted by the USDAand the USDHHS. USDHHS'
NCHS is responsible for the sample design and data
collection and USD A's Food Surveys Research Group
is responsible for the dietary data collection
methodology, maintenance of the databases used to
code and process the data, and data review and
processing. Beginning in 2003, two nonconsecutive
days of 24-hour intake data were collected. The first
day is collected in-person, and the second day is
collected by telephone 3 to 10 days later. These data
are collected using USDA's dietary data collection
instrument, the Automated Multiple Pass Method.
This method provides an efficient and accurate means
of collecting intakes for large-scale national surveys.
It is fully computerized and uses a 5-step interview.
Details can be found at USDA's Agriculture Research
Service (http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/fsrg').
The 2005-2010 NHANES surveys are stratified,
multistage probability samples of the civilian
noninstitutionalized U.S. population. The sampling
frame was based on the 2000 U.S. population census
estimates. Several sets of sampling weights are
available for use with the intake data. By using
appropriate weights, data for all 6 years of the surveys
can be combined. Additional information on
NHANES can be obtained at
http://www.cdc. gov/nchs/nlianes.htm.
The EPA Office of Pesticide Programs used
NHANES 2005-2010 data to update the Food
Commodity Intake Database (FCID) that was
developed in earlier analyses of data from the USDA's
CSFII (USDA, 2000; U.S. EPA, 2000) (see
Section 11.3.2.3). The updated FCID is available at:
http://fcid.foodrisk.org/. along with the FCID
Consumption Calculator, which was used to develop
the estimates provided in this chapter for various age
and racial/ethnic groups. The Calculator may also be
used to develop estimates for other age groups or
population, customized to the users' needs. In the
FCID, NHANES data on the foods people reported
eating were converted to the quantities of agricultural
commodities eaten. "Agricultural commodity" is a
term used by EPA to mean plant (or animal) parts used
as feed or consumed by humans as food; when such
items are raw or unprocessed, they are referred to as
"raw agricultural commodities." For example, beef
stew may contain the commodities beef, potatoes,
carrots, and other vegetables. FCID contains
approximately 560 unique commodity names and
8-digit codes. The FCID commodity names and codes
were selected and defined by EPA and were based on
the EPA Food Commodity Vocabulary
(http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/foodfeed/). The codes
and definitions used to determine the various meat and
dairy commodities in the EPA analysis are provided in
Appendix B.
Intake rates were generated for a variety of food
items/groups based on the agricultural commodities
included in the FCID. These intake rates represent
intake of all forms of the product (e.g., both home
produced and commercially produced) for 2 survey
days. For respondents who reported intake on both
days, their intake rate represents the average rate for
the 2 survey days. For respondents who reported
consumption on one day and no consumption on the
other day, their intake rate represents the average of
zero and nonzero consumption. Two-day average
intake rates were calculated for all individuals in the
database for each of the food items/groups. These
average daily intake rates were divided by each
individual's reported body weight to generate intake
rates in units of grams per kilogram of body weight per
day (g/kg-day). The data were weighted according to
the 6-year, 2-day sample weights provided in
NHANES 2005-2010 to adjust the data for the sample
population to reflect the national population. The
2005-2010 analysis of NHANES/FCID data for meats
and dairy products included data for nearly 25,000
respondents.
Summary statistics were generated on a
consumer-only and on a per capita basis. Summary
statistics, including number of observations,
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percentage of the population consuming the meats and
dairy products being analyzed, mean intake rate, and
standard error of the mean intake rate were calculated
for total meats, total dairy products, and selected
individual meats and dairy products. Percentiles of the
intake rate distribution (i.e., 1st, 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th,
90th, 95th, 99th, and the maximum value) were also
provided for total meats and dairy products. Data were
provided for the following childhood age groups: <1
month, 1 to <3 months, 3 to <6 months, 6 to <12
months, 1 to <2 years, 2 to <3 years, 3 to <6 years, 6
to <11 years, 11 to <16 years, and 16 to <21 years to
be consistent with those recommended in EPA's
Guidance on Selecting Age Groups for Monitoring and
Assessing Childhood Exposures to Environmental
Contaminants (U.S. EPA, 2005). Data for the birth to
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(i.e., 1-day) dietary data, which may not reflect
long-term consumption. Also, intake rates are not
normalized to body weight and data are not consistent
with EPA's recommended age groups. These data are
based on older surveys and may not be entirely
representative of current eating patterns, but may
provide some historical perspective on intake of these
foods.
11.3.2.2. USD A (1999a)—Food and Nutrient
Intakes by Children 1994-1996,1998,
Table Set 17
USD A (1999a) calculated national probability
estimates of food and nutrient intake by children based
on 4 years of the CSFII (1994-1996 and 1998) for
children ages 9 years and under and on CSFII
1994-1996 only for individuals ages 10 years and
over. The CSFII was a series of surveys designed to
measure the kinds and amounts of foods eaten by
Americans. Intake data, based on 24-hour dietary
recall, were collected through in-person interviews on
2 nonconsecutive days. Section 11.3.2.3 provides
additional information on these surveys.
USD A (1999a) used sample weights to adjust for
nonresponse, to match the sample to the U.S.
population in terms of demographic characteristics,
and to equalize intakes over the 4 quarters of the year
and the 7 days of the week. A total of 503 breast-fed
children were excluded from the estimates, but both
consumers and nonconsumers were included in the
analysis.
USD A (1999a) provided data on the mean per
capita quantities (grams) of various food
products/groups consumed per individual for 1 day,
and the percentage of individuals consuming those
foods in 1 day of the survey. Tables 11-13 and 11-14
present data on the mean quantities (grams) of meat
and eggs consumed per individual for 1 day, and the
percentage of survey individuals consuming meats and
eggs on that survey day. Tables 11-15 and 11-16
present similar data for dairy products. Data on mean
intakes or mean percentages are based on respondents'
Day 1 intakes.
The advantage of the USD A (1999a) study is that
it uses the 1994-1996, 1998 CSFII data set, which
includes 4 years of intake data, combined, and
includes supplemental data on children. This data set
is expected to be generally representative of the U.S.
population, and includes data on a wide variety of
meats and dairy products. The data set is one of a series
of USD A data sets that are publicly available. One
limitation of this data set is that it is based on 1 day,
and short-term dietary data may not accurately reflect
long-term eating patterns. Other limitations of this
study are that it only provides mean values of food
intake rates, consumption is not normalized by body
weight, and presentation of results is not consistent
with EPA's recommended age groups. These data are
based on older surveys and may not be entirely
representative of current eating patterns but may
provide some historical perspective on intake of these
foods.
11.3.2.3. EPA Analysis of CSFII 1994-1996,1998
Based on USDA (2000) and U.S. EPA
(2000)
EPA/Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP), in
cooperation with USDA's Agricultural Research
Service, used data from the 1994-1996,1998 CSFII to
develop the FCID (U.S. EPA, 2000; USDA, 2000), as
described in Section 11.3.1.1. The CSFII 1994-1996
was conducted between January 1994 and January
1997 with a target population of noninstitutionalized
individuals in all 50 states and Washington, DC. In
each of the 3 survey years, data were collected for a
nationally representative sample of individuals of all
ages. The CSFII 1998 was conducted between
December 1997 and December 1998 and surveyed
children 9 years of age and younger. It used the same
sample design as the CSFII 1994-1996 and was
intended to be merged with CSFII 1994-1996 to
increase the sample size for children. The merged
surveys are designated as CSFII 1994-1996, 1998
(USDA, 2000). Additional information on the CSFII
can be obtained at
http ://www. ars. usda. gov/Services/docs.htm?docid= 14
531.
The CSFII 1994-1996, 1998 collected dietary
intake data through in-person interviews on
2 nonconsecutive days. The data were based on
24-hour recall. A total of 21,662 individuals provided
data for the first day; of those individuals, 20,607
provided data for a second day. The 2-day response
rate for the 1994-1996 CSFII was approximately
76%. The 2-day response rate for CSFII 1998 was
82%. The CSFII 1994-1996,1998 surveys were based
on a complex multistage area probability sample
design. The sampling frame was organized using 1990
U.S. population census estimates, and the stratification
plan took into account geographic location, degree of
urbanization, and socioeconomic characteristics.
Several sets of sampling weights are available for use
with the intake data. By using appropriate weights,
data for all 4 years of the surveys can be combined.
USDA has recommended that all 4 years be combined
to provide an adequate sample size for children.
The meats and dairy items/groups selected for the
EPA analysis included total meats and total dairy
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products, and individual meats and dairy such as beef,
pork, poultry, and eggs. CSFII data on the foods people
reported eating were converted to the quantities of
agricultural commodities eaten. Intake rates for these
food items/groups were calculated and summary
statistics were generated on both a per capita and a
consumer-only basis using the same general
methodology as in the EPA analysis of 2003-2006
NHANES data, as described in Section 11.3.1.1.
Because these data were developed for use in EPA's
pesticide registration program, the childhood age
groups used are slightly different from those
recommended in EPA's Guidance on Selecting Age
Groups for Monitoring and Assessing Childhood
Exposures to Environmental Contaminants (U.S. EPA,
2005).
Table 11-17 presents per capita intake data for total
meat and total dairy products in g/kg-day; Table 11-18
provides consumer-only intake data for total meat and
total dairy products in g/kg-day. Table 11-19 provides
per capita intake data for certain individual meats and
dairy products, and Table 11-20 provides
consumer-only intake data for these individual meats
and dairy products. In general, these data represent
intake of the edible portions of uncooked foods.
Because the results are presented in units of
g/kg-day, the use of these data in calculating potential
dose does not require the body-weight factor to be
included in the denominator of the average daily dose
equation. The cautions concerning converting these
intake rates into units of g/day by multiplying by a
single average body weight and the discussion of the
use of short term data in the NHANES description in
Section 11.3.1.1 apply to the CSFII estimates as well.
A strength of EPA's analysis is that it provides
distributions of intake rates for various age groups,
normalized by body weight. The analysis uses the
1994-1996, 1998 CSFII data set, which was designed
to be representative of the U.S. population. The data
set includes 4 years of intake data combined and is
based on a 2-day survey period. As discussed above,
short-term dietary data may not accurately reflect
long-term eating patterns and may under-represent
infrequent consumers of a given food. This is
particularly true for the tails (extremes) of the
distribution of food intake. Although the analysis as
conducted used slightly different age groups than
those recommended in EPA's Guidance on Selecting
Age Groups for Monitoring and Assessing Childhood
Exposures to Environmental Contaminants (U.S. EPA,
2005), given the similarities in the age groups used,
the data should provide suitable intake estimates for
the childhood age groups of interest While the CSFII
data are older than the NHANES data, they provide
relevant information on consumption in individuals by
season, region of the United States, and urbanization,
cohorts that are not available in the publicly released
NHANES data.
11.3.2.4. Smiciklas-Wright et aL (2002)—Foods
Commonly Eaten in the United States:
Quantities Consumed per Eating
Occasion and in a Day, 1994-1996
Using data gathered in the 1994-1996 USDA
CSFII, Smiciklas-Wright et al. (2002) calculated
distributions for the quantities of meat, poultry, and
dairy products consumed per eating occasion by
members of the U.S. population (i.e., serving sizes).
The estimates of serving size are based on data
obtained from 14,262 respondents, ages 2 years and
above, who provided 2 days of dietary intake
information. Only dietary intake data from users of the
specified food were used in the analysis (i.e.,
consumer-only data).
Table 11-21 presents serving size data for meats
and dairy products. These data are presented on an
as-consumed basis (grams) and represent the quantity
of meats and dairy products consumed per eating
occasion. These estimates may be useful for assessing
acute exposures to contaminants in specific foods, or
they may be used in other assessments where the
amount consumed per eating occasion is necessary.
Only the mean and standard deviation serving size
data and percentage of the population consuming the
food during the 2-day survey period are presented in
this handbook. Percentiles of serving sizes of the foods
consumed by these age groups of the U.S. population
can be found in Smiciklas-Wright et al. (2002).
The advantages of using these data are that they
were derived from the USDA CSFII and are
representative of the U.S. population. The analysis
conducted by Smiciklas-Wright et al. (2002)
accounted for individual foods consumed as
ingredients of mixed foods. Mixed foods were
disaggregated via recipe files so that the individual
ingredients could be grouped together with similar
foods that were reported separately. Thus, weights of
foods consumed as ingredients were combined with
weights of foods reported separately to provide a more
thorough representation of consumption. However,
note that because the recipes for the mixed foods
consumed were not provided by the respondents,
standard recipes were used. As a result, the estimates
of quantity consumed for some food types are based
on assumptions about the types and quantities of
ingredients consumed as part of mixed foods. This
study used data from the 1994-1996 CSFII; data from
the 1998 children's supplement were not included.
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11.3.2.5. Vitolins et al. (2002)—Quality of Diets
Consumed by Older Rural Adults
Vitolins et al. (2002) conducted a survey to
evaluate the dietary intake, by food groups, of older
(ages >70 years) rural adults. The sample consisted of
130 community-dwelling residents from two rural
counties in North Carolina. Data on dietary intake over
the preceding year were obtained in face-to-face
interviews conducted in participants' homes, or in a
few cases, a senior center. The food frequency
questionnaire used in the survey was a modified
version of the National Cancer Institute Health Habits
and History Questionnaire, which included an
expanded food list containing a greater number of
ethnic foods than the original food frequency form.
Demographic and personal data collected included
sex, ethnicity, age, education, denture use, marital
status, chronic disease, and weight.
Food items reported in the survey were grouped
into food groups similar to the USD A Food Guide
Pyramid and the National Cancer Institute's 5 A Day
for Better Health program. These groups are: (1) fruits
and vegetables; (2) bread, cereal, rice, and pasta; (3)
milk, yogurt, and cheese; (4) meat, fish, poultry, beans,
and eggs; and (5) fats, oils, sweets, and snacks.
Medians, ranges, frequencies, and percentages were
used to summarize intake of each food group, broken
down by demographic and health characteristics. In
addition, multiple regression models were used to
determine which demographic and health factors were
jointly predictive of intake of each of the five food
groups.
Thirty-four percent of the survey participants were
African-American, 36% were European American,
and 30% were Native American. Sixty-two percent
were female, 62% were not married at the time of the
interview, and 65% had some high school education or
were high school graduates. Almost all of the
participants (95%) had one or more chronic diseases.
Sixty percent of the respondents were between 70 and
79 years of age; the median age was 78 years old.
Table 11-22 presents the median servings of milk,
yogurt, and cheese broken down by demographic and
health characteristics. None of the demographic
characteristics were significantly associated with milk
intake, and only ethnicity was found to be borderline
(p = 0.13). In addition, none of the demographic
characteristics were jointly predictive of milk, yogurt,
and cheese consumption.
One limitation of the study, as noted by the study
authors, is that the study did not collect information on
the length of time the participants had been practicing
the dietary behaviors reported in the survey. The
questionnaire asked participants to report the
frequency of food consumption during the past year.
The study authors noted that there are no dietary
assessment tools that allow the collection of
comprehensive dietary data over years of food
consumption. Another limitation of the study is the
small sample size used, which makes associations by
sex and ethnicity difficult.
11.3.2.6. Fox et al. (2004)—Feeding Infants and
Toddlers Study: What Foods Are Infants
and Toddlers Eating
Fox etal. (2004) used data from the Feeding
Infants and Toddlers study (FITS) to assess food
consumption patterns in infants and toddlers. The
FITS was sponsored by Gerber Products Company and
was conducted to obtain current information on food
and nutrient intakes of children, ages 4 to 24 months,
in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The FITS
is described in detail in Devaney et al. (2004). FITS
was based on a random sample of 3,022 infants and
toddlers for which dietary intake data were collected
by telephone from their parents or caregivers between
March and July 2002. An initial recruitment and
household interview was conducted, followed by an
interview to obtain information on intake based on
24-hour recall. The interview also addressed growth,
development, and feeding patterns. A second dietary
recall interview was conducted for a subset of
703 randomly selected respondents. The study
over-sampled children in the 4 to 6 and 9 to 11 -months
age groups; sample weights were adjusted for
nonresponse, over-sampling, and under-coverage of
some subgroups. The response rate for the FITS was
73% for the recruitment interview. The recruited
households had a response rate of 94% for the dietary
recall interviews (Devaney et al., 2004).
Fox et al. (2004) analyzed the first set of 24-hour
recall data collected from all study participants. For
this analysis, children were grouped into six age
categories: 4 to 6 months, 7 to 8 months, 9 to
11 months, 12 to 14 months, 15 to 18 months, and 19
to 24 months. Table 11-23 provides the percentage of
infants and toddlers consuming milk, meats, or other
protein sources at least once in a day. The percentage
of children consuming any type of meat or protein
source ranged from 14.2% for 4 to 6- month olds to
97.2% for 19 to 24 month olds (see Table 11-23).
The advantages of this study are that the study
population represented the U.S. population and the
sample size was large. One limitation of the analysis
done by Fox et al. (2004) was that only frequency data
were provided; no information on actual intake rates
was included. In addition, Devaney et al. (2004) noted
several limitations associated with the FITS data. For
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the FITS, a commercial list of infants and toddlers was
used to obtain the sample used in the study. Because
many of the households could not be located and did
not have children in the target population, a lower
response rate than would have occurred in a true
national sample was obtained (Devaney et al., 2004).
In addition, the sample was likely from a higher
socioeconomic status when compared with all U.S.
infants in this age group (4 to 24 months old), and the
use of a telephone survey may have omitted lower
income households without telephones (Devaney
et al., 2004).
11.3.2.7. Ponza et al. (2004)—Nutrient Food
Intakes and Food Choices of Infants and
Toddlers Participating in Women,
Infants, and Children (WIC)
Ponza etal. (2004) conducted a study using
selected data from FITS to assess feeding patterns,
food choices, and nutrient intake of infants and
toddlers participating in the Special Supplemental
Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
(WIC). Ponza et al. (2004) evaluated FITS data for the
following age groups: 4 to 6 months (N= 862), 7 to
11 months (N= 1,159), and 12 to 24 months
(N= 996). Table 11-24 shows the total sample size
described by WIC participants and nonparticipants.
The foods consumed were analyzed by tabulating
the percentage of infants who consumed specific
foods/food groups per day (Ponza etal., 2004).
Weighted data were used in all of the analyses used in
the study (Ponza etal., 2004). Table 11-24 provides
the food choices for infants and toddlers. In general,
there was little difference in food choices among WIC
participants and nonparticipants, except for
consumption of yogurt by infants 7 to 11 months of
age and toddlers 12 to 24 months of age (see
Table 11-24). Nonparticipants, 7 to 24 months of age,
were more likely to eat yogurt than WIC participants
(Ponza et al., 2004).
An advantage of this study is that it had a relatively
large sample size and was representative of the U.S.
general population of infants and children. A limitation
of the study is that intake values for foods were not
provided. Other limitations are associated with the
FITS data and are described previously in
Section 11.3.2.6.
toddlers in the United States. The FITS 2002 data for
children between 4 and 24 months old were used for
the study. The data represent a random sample of
371 Hispanic and 2,367 non-Hispanic infants and
toddlers (Mennella etal., 2006). Mennella etal.
(2006) grouped the infants as follows: 4 to 5 months
(N = 84 Hispanic; 538 non-Hispanic), 6 to 11 months
(N = 163 Hispanic; 1,228 non-Hispanic), and 12 to
24 months (N = 124 Hispanic; 871 non-Hispanic) of
age.
Table 11-25 provides the percentages of Hispanic
and non-Hispanic infants and toddlers consuming
milk, meats, or other protein sources on a given day.
In most instances, the percentages consuming the
different types of meats and protein sources were
similar (Mennella et al., 2006).
The advantage of the study is that it provides
information on food preferences for Hispanic and
non-Hispanic infants and toddlers. A limitation is that
the study did not provide food intake data, but
provided frequency of use data instead. Other
limitations are those noted previously in
Section 11.3.2.6 for the FITS data.
11.3.2.9. Fox et al. (2006)—Average Portion of
Foods Commonly Eaten by Infants and
Toddlers in the United States
Fox et al. (2006) estimated average portion sizes
consumed per eating occasion by children 4 to
24 months old who participated in the FITS. The FITS
is a cross-sectional study designed to collect and
analyze data on feeding practices, food consumption,
and usual nutrient intake of U.S. infants and toddlers
and is described in Section 11.3.2.6 of this chapter. It
included a stratified random sample of 3,022 children
between ages 4 and 24 months.
Using the 24-hour recall data, Fox et al. (2006)
derived average portion sizes for six major food
groups, including meats and other protein sources.
Average portion sizes for select individual foods
within these major groups were also estimated. For
this analysis, children were grouped into six age
categories: 4 to 5 months, 6 to 8 months, 9 to
11 months, 12 to 14 months, 15 to 18 months, and 19
to 24 months. Tables 11-26 and 11-27 present the
average portion sizes of meats and dairy products for
infants and toddlers, respectively.
11.3.2.8. Mennella etal (2006)—Feeding Infants
and Toddlers Study: The Types of Foods
Fed to Hispanic Infants and Toddlers
Mennella etal. (2006) investigated the types of
food and beverages consumed by Hispanic infants and
toddlers in comparison to the non-Hispanic infants and
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11.3.2.10. Siega-Riz et al (2010)—Food
Consumption Patterns of Infants and
Toddlers: Where Are We Now?; Fox et
aL (2010)—Food Consumption Patterns
of Young Preschoolers: Are They
Starting off on the Right Path ?; Deming
et al. (2014)—Infant Feeding Practices
and Consumption Patterns of Children
Participating in WIC
In 2008, a second FITS study was conducted (Fox
et al., 2010; Siega-Riz et al., 2010). The study
population included 3,273 children ages 0 to 47.9
months. Siega-Riz et al. (2010) described the dietary
consumption patterns of 1,596 infants (4 to 5.9 months
and 6 to 11.9 months) and toddlers (12 to 23.9 months)
in the 2008 FITS. As in the 2002 FITS, parents or
primary caregivers of study participants were
interviewed by telephone to collect demographic and
dietary information (two 24-hour dietary recalls).
Food group data were used to calculate the percentage
of children who consumed specific foods or food
groups at least once per day. Table 11-28 provides the
percentage of infants and toddlers consuming various
types of meat at least once per day in 2008 (Siega-Riz
et al., 2010). In general, the percentage of infants and
toddlers consuming meats increased with increasing
age (see Table 11-28).
Fox et al. (2010) presented data on the percentages
of children, ages 21 to 47.9 months, consuming whole,
2%, 1%, and skim milk. The percentages of children,
ages 21-23.9 months old, consuming whole, 2%, 1%,
and skim milk were 61%, 28%, 4%, and 2%,
respectively. For 24 to 29.9 month old children, the
percentages were 34%, 35%, 8%, and 6%,
respectively. For 30-35.9 month old children, the
percentages were 34%, 36%, 19%, and 10%
respectively, and for 36-47.9 month old children, the
percentages were 27%, 45%, 14%, and 12%,
respectively.
Deming et al. (2014) used the data for children
6-11, 12-23, and 24-47 months old from the 2008
FITS. The percentage of children consuming meats
and other protein sources, and milk was estimated
based on participation (n = 794) or nonparticipation
(n = 2,477) in the WIC program (see Table 11-29).
The limitations of these studies are that the FITS
dietary data were reported as the percentage of the
respondents consuming per day and not as amounts of
meats, milk, or other protein sources consumed per
day. However, useful information was provided for
the consumption of meats, milk, and other protein
sources by children.
11.3.2.11. Brief el et al. (2010)—The Feeding
Infants and Toddlers Study 2008; Study
Design and Methods
Briefel et al. (2010) used a subsample of the 2008
FITS data to estimate the amount of meats and other
protein sources, including milk products, consumed
per eating occasion among children ages 12 to 23.9
months. The data were collected as part of a "bridging"
study aimed at testing the effects of changes made to
the food model booklet and protocol since the 2002
FITS was conducted. A total of 123 children were
included in the sample. Table 11-30 provides the mean
amount consumed per eating occasion for 2008.
Siega-Riz et al. (2010) provided additional
information on the 2008 FITS study population
between 0 and 2 years of age, and the percentages of
children eating meats and dairy products, based on
comparisons between the 2002 and 2008 FITS.
The advantage of the Briefel et al. (2010) study is
that it provides quantitative information on the amount
of meats and other protein sources consumed by eating
occasion; other FITS studies provide only percentages
of the population eating certain foods. Because this
study was based on a subsample of the study
population, the sample size is relatively small.
11.3.2.12. Taylor et al. (2012)—Ground Beef
Consumption Patterns in the United
States, Food Net, 2006 through 2007
Taylor et al. (2012) used data from the Foodborne
Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) to
estimate the frequency of ground beef consumption in
the general population. The study was also used to
estimate the percentage of the population that ate raw
or undercooked (pink) ground beef because eating raw
or undercooked ground beef may result in exposure to
foodborne pathogens. The Centers for Disease
Control, USD A, the Food and Drug Administration
and selected state health departments conduct the
FoodNet surveys. FoodNet data from 2006 and 2007
were used to evaluate ground beef consumption
patterns at sites within 10 states: California, Colorado,
Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, New
Mexico, New York, Oregon, and Tennessee. Survey
respondents (n = 8,543) were interviewed by
telephone, completing a series of questions pertaining
to their consumption of ground beef inside and outside
the home during the previous 7 days. An estimated
75.3% reported eating some type of ground beef
within the previous week; 61.8% and 45.8% reported
eating ground beef inside and outside the home,
respectively. Most of the ground beef eaten at home
was fresh (27.5%), and ground beef eaten outside the
home, was most often eaten at restaurants (39%).
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This study provides information on the proportion
of the population eating different types of ground beef
at different locations. However, only data on the
percentage of the study population consuming ground
beef were provided; Taylor et al. (2012) did not
provide intake data.
11.3.3 Pregnant and Lactating Women
EPA estimated food intake rates for pregnant,
lactating and all women of child-bearing age (13 to
<50 years) using data from the NHANES for the years
2005 to 2010 and the FCID Consumption Calculator
available at http://fcid.foodrisk.org/. as described in
Section 11.3.1.1. NHANES 2005-2010 collected data
on dietary recall of foods eaten over the previous
24-hour period on two nonconsecutive days. Two-day
data were available for 426 pregnant women, 101
lactating women, and 5,543 women of child-bearing
age. EPA's FCID was used to convert the NHANES
"as eaten" food consumption data into consumption of
individual meat and dairy commodities, as described
in Section 11.3.1.1, and the data were weighted
according to sampling weights provided for the years
2005 to 2010. Two-day average intake rates were
calculated for each survey respondent for total meats
and total dairy, and for a variety of individual meat and
dairy products. Summary statistics were calculated for
the populations of pregnant, lactating, and females of
child-bearing age (i.e., 13 to <50 years) on both a
consumer-only and on a per capita basis.
Table 11-31 provides summary statistics for per
capita intake of total meats and total dairy products,
and Table 11-32 provides the same data on a
consumer-only basis. Mean, standard error, 95th
percentile per capita, and consumer-only intake rates
for individual meats are provided in Table 11-33.
Tables 11-31 and 11-32 indicate that the average per
capita consumption rates of total dairy for lactating
females (5.2 g/kg-day) and pregnant females (4.5
g/kg-day) were higher than that of all females 13 to
<50 years (3.6 g/kg-day).
As indicated in Section 11.3.1.1, an advantage of
using the EPA's analysis of NHANES data is it was
designed to be representative of the U.S. population.
The data set used in this analysis used six years of
intake data combined. However, the sample sizes for
pregnant and lactating women were relatively small
and short-term dietary data may not accurately reflect
long-term eating patterns and may under-represent
infrequent consumers of a given food. This is
particularly true for the tails (extremes) of the
food-intake distribution.
Limited data are available on differences in food
choices over the duration of pregnancy. Crozier et al.
(2009) collected dietary data in Southampton, U.K.
using a food frequency questionnaire for 2,270 women
in early pregnancy, 2,649 women in late pregnancy,
and 12,572 nonpregnant women. Data on the
consumption of 48 foods or food groups were
collected. During early pregnancy, intake of processed
meats increased. During late pregnancy, intake of
puddings, cream, milk, cheese, full-fat spread, cooking
fats and salad oils, and red meat increased. Intake of
liver and kidney decreased during pregnancy (Crozier
et al., 2009). These results indicate that meat and dairy
intake rates may change over the course of pregnancy.
However, the consumption patterns or food choices
observed in this study may not be representative of
pregnant women in the United States. Also, while
there may be differences in food choices over the
course of pregnancy, the data are insufficient to draw
specific conclusions. This limitation may need to be
considered when assessing exposure among pregnant
women.
11.4. INTAKE OF FAT
11.4.1. Key Fat Intake Study
11.4.1.1. U.S. EPA (2007)—Analysis of Fat Intake
Based on the U.S. Department of
Agriculture's 1994-1996, 1998
Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by
Individuals
EPA conducted an analysis to evaluate the dietary
intake of fats by individuals in the United States using
data from the USDA's 1994-1996, 1998 CSFII
(USD A, 2000). Intakes of CSFII foods were converted
to EPA food commodity codes using data provided in
EPA's FCID (U.S. EPA, 2000). The FCID contains a
"translation file" that was used to break down the
USD A CSFII food codes into 548 EPA commodity
codes. The method used to translate USD A food codes
into EPA commodity codes is discussed in detail in
U.S. EPA (2000).
Each of the 548 EPA commodity codes was
assigned a value between zero and one that indicated
the mass fraction of fat in that food item. For many
sources of fat, a commodity code existed solely for the
nutrient fat portion of the food. For example, beef is
represented in the FCID database by 10 different
commodity codes; several of these codes specifically
exclude fat, and one code is described as "nutrient fat
only." In these cases, the fat fraction could be
expressed as 0 or 1, as appropriate. Most animal food
products and food oils were broken down in this way.
The fat contents of other foods in the EPA commodity
code list were determined using the USD A Nutrient
Database for Standard Reference, Release 13 (USDA,
1999b). For each food item in the EPA code list, the
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Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
best available match in the USD A Nutrient Database
was used. If multiple values were available for
different varieties of the same food item (e.g., green,
white, and red grapes), a mean value was calculated.
If multiple values were available for different cooking
methods (i.e., fried vs. dry cooked), the method least
likely to introduce other substances, such as oil or
butter, was preferred. In some cases, not all of the
items that fell under a given food commodity code
could be assigned a fat content. For example, the food
commodity code list identified "turkey, meat
byproducts" as including gizzard, heart, neck, and tail.
Fat contents could be determined only for the gizzard
and heart. Because the relative amounts of the
different items in the food commodity code were
unknown, the mean fat content of these two items was
assumed to be the best approximation of the fat content
for the food code as a whole.
The analysis was based on respondents who had
provided body weights and completed both days of the
2-day survey process. These individuals were grouped
according to various age categories. The mean,
standard error, and a range of percentiles of fat intake
were calculated for 12 food categories (i.e., all fats,
animal fats, meat and meat products, beef, pork,
poultry, organ meats, milk and dairy products, fish,
oils, nuts/seeds/beans/legumes/tubers, and others) and
98 demographic cohorts. Fat intake was calculated as
a 2-day average consumption across both survey days
in units of grams per day and grams per kilogram of
body weight per day for the whole survey population
and for consumers only.
A secondary objective of the study was to evaluate
fat consumption patterns of individuals who consume
high levels of animal fats. The entire data analysis was
repeated for a subset of individuals who were
identified as high consumers of animal fats. The
selection of the high-consumption group was done for
each age category individually, rather than on the
whole population, because fat intake on a
per-body-weight basis is heavily skewed towards
young children, and an analysis across the entire
American population was desired. For infants, the
"less-than-1-year-old" group was used instead of the
smaller infant groups (<1 month, 1 to <3 months, etc.).
Within each of the age categories, individuals who
ranked at or above the 90th percentile of consumption
of all animal fats on a per-unit body-weight basis were
identified. Because of the sample weighting factors,
the high consumer group was not necessarily 10% of
each age group. The selected individuals made up a
survey population of 2,134 individuals. Fat intake of
individuals in this group was calculated in g/day and
g/kg-day for the whole population (i.e., per capita) and
for consumers only.
The analysis presented in U.S. EPA (2007) was
conducted before EPA published the guidance entitled
Guidance on Selecting Age Groups for Monitoring and
Assessing Childhood Exposures to Environmental
Contaminants (U.S. EPA, 2005). Therefore, the age
groups used for children in U.S. EPA (2007) were not
entirely consistent with the age groups recommended
in the 2005 guidance. A reanalysis of the some of the
data was conducted to conform with EPA's
recommended age groups for children. The results of
this reanalysis are included in Tables 11-34 through
11-39 for all individuals. Only intake rates of all fats
are provided in these tables; refer to U.S. EPA (2007)
for fat intake rates from individual food sources.
Tables 11-34 and 11-35 present intake rates of all fats
for the whole population (i.e., per capita) in g/day and
g/kg-day, respectively. Tables 11-36 and 11-37 present
intake rates of all fats for consumers only in g/day and
g/kg-day, respectively. Fat intake rates of all fats for
the top decile of animal fat consumers from the
consumers-only group are presented in Table 11-38 in
g/day and in Table 11-39 in g/kg-day (per capita total
fat intake rates for the top decile of animal fat
consumers are not provided because they are the same
as those for consumers only).
11.4.2. Relevant Fat Intake Studies
11.4.2.1. CresantaetaL (1988)/Nicklas et al.
(1993)/Frank et al. (1986)—Bogalusa
Heart Study
Cresanta etal. (1988), Nicklas etal. (1993), and
Frank et al. (1986) analyzed dietary fat intake data as
part of the Bogalusa heart study. The Bogalusa study,
an epidemiologic investigation of cardiovascular
risk-factor variables and environmental determinants,
collected dietary data on subjects residing in Bogalusa,
LA, beginning in 1973. Among other research, the
study collected fat intake data for children,
adolescents, and young adults. Researchers examined
various cohorts of subjects, including (1) six cohorts
of 10-year olds, (2) two cohorts of 13-year olds, (3)
one cohort of subjects from 6 months to 4 years of age,
and (4) one cohort of subjects from 10 to 17 years of
age (Nicklas, 1995). To collect the data, interviewers
used the 24-hour dietary recall method. According to
Nicklas (1995), "the diets of children in the Bogalusa
study are similar to those reported in national studies
of children." Thus, these data are useful in evaluating
the variability of fat intake among the general
population. Tables 11-40 and 11-41 present data for
6-month-old to 17-year-old individuals collected
during 1973 to 1982 (Frank etal., 1986). Data are
presented for total fats, animal fats, vegetable fats, and
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Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
fish fats in units of g/day (see Table 11-40) and
g/kg-day (see Table 11-41).
11.5. CONVERSION BETWEEN WET- AND
DRY-WEIGHT INTAKE RATES
The intake rates presented in this chapter are
reported in units of wet weight (i.e., as-consumed or
uncooked weight of meats and dairy products
consumed per day or per eating occasion). However,
data on the concentration of contaminants in meats and
dairy products may be reported in units of either wet
or dry weight (e.g., mg contaminant per gram
dry-weight of meats and dairy products). It is essential
that exposure assessors be aware of this difference so
that they may ensure consistency between the units
used for intake rates and those used for concentration
data (i.e., if the contaminant concentration is measured
in dry weight of meats and dairy products, then the
dry-weight units should be used for their intake
values).
If necessary, wet weight (e.g., as-consumed) intake
rates may be converted to dry-weight intake rates
using the moisture content percentages presented in
Table 11-42 or Table 11-43 and the following
equation:
The moisture content data presented in Table 11 -42
are for selected meats and dairy products taken from
USDA (2007). Table 11-43 provides additional data on
the water content of meats, dairy products, and fats,
based on data from Popkin et al. (2010).
11.6. CONVERSION BETWEEN WET- AND
LIP ID-WEIGHT INTAKE RATES
In some cases, the residue levels of contaminants
in meat and dairy products may be reported as the
concentration of contaminant per gram of fat. This
may be particularly true for lipophilic compounds.
When using these residue levels, the assessor should
ensure consistency in the exposure assessment
calculations by using consumption rates that are based
on the amount of lipids consumed for the meat or dairy
product of interest.
If necessary, wet-weight (e.g., as-consumed)
intake rates may be converted to lipid-weight intake
rates using the fat content percentages presented in
Table 11-42 and the following equation:
/fliw = IR
L
100
(Eqn. 11-3)
IRdw - IR w
where:
100 -w
100
(Eqn. 11-1)
where:
IRu
IRviVi
L
lipid-weight intake rate,
wet-weight intake rate, and
percentage lipid (fat) content.
/Rdw = dry-weight intake rate,
IRv:,x = wet-weight intake rate, and
II ' = percent water content.
Alternatively, dry-weight residue levels in meat
and dairy products may be converted to wet-weight
residue levels for use with wet-weight (e.g.,
as-consumed) intake rates as follows:
Alternately, wet-weight residue levels in meat and
dairy products may be estimated by multiplying the
levels based on fat by the fraction of fat per product as
follows:
Cw
Ciw
100
(Eqn. 11-4)
Cw
where:
Cwv
Cdw
w
('f Kv
100 -w
100
(Eqn. 11-2)
wet-weight concentration,
dry-weight concentration, and
percent water content.
where:
Cww = wet-weight concentration,
Ciw = lipid-weight concentration, and
L = percentage lipid (fat) content.
The resulting residue levels may then be used in
conjunction with wet-weight (e.g., as-consumed)
consumption rates. Table 11-42 presents the total fat
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Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
content data for selected meat and dairy products taken
from USD A (2007).
11.7. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 11
Briefel, RR; Kalb, LM; Condon, E; Deming, DM;
Clusen, NA; Fox, MK; Harnack, L; Gemmill,
E; Stevens, M; Reidy, KC. (2010) The
feeding infants and toddlers study 2008:
study design and methods. J Am Diet Assoc
110:S16-S26.
Cresanta, JL; Farris, RP; Croft, JB; Webber, LS;
Frank, GC; Berenson,GS. (1988) Trends in
fatty acid intakes of 10-year-old children,
1973-1982. JAmDiet Assoc 88(2):178-184.
Crozier, SR; Robinson, SM; Godfrey, KM; Cooper, C;
Inskip, HM. (2009) Women's dietary patterns
change little from before to during
pregnancy. J Nutr 139(10): 1956—1963.
Deming, DM; Briefel, RR; Reidy, KC (2014) Infant
feeding practices and food consumption
patterns of children participating in WIC. J
NutrEduc and Behav 46; S29-S37.
Devaney, B; Kalb, L; Briefel, R; Zavitsky-Novak, T;
Clusen, N; Ziegler, R (2004) Feeding infants
and toddlers study: overview of the study
design. J Am Diet Assoc 104(Suppl
1):S8-S13.
Fox, MK; Pac, S; Devaney, B; Jankowski, L. (2004)
Feeding infants and toddlers study: what
foods are infants and toddlers eating? J Am
Diet Assoc 104(Suppl 1):S22-S30.
Fox, MK; Reidy, K; Karwe, V; Ziegler, R (2006)
Average portions of foods commonly eaten
by infants and toddlers in the United States.
J Am Diet Assoc 106 (Suppl 1):S66-S76.
Fox, MK; Condon, E; Briefel, RR; Reidy, KC;
Deming, DM. (2010) Food consumption
patterns of young preschoolers: are they
starting off on the right path? J Am Diet
Assoc 110:S52-59.
Frank, GC; Webber, LS; Farris, RP; Berenson, GS.
(1986) Dietary databook: quantifying dietary
intakes of infants, children, and adolescents,
the Bogalusa heart study, 1973-1983.
National Research and Demonstration Center
- Arteriosclerosis, Louisiana State University
Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Mennella, J; Ziegler, P; Briefel, R; Novak, T. (2006)
Feeding infants and toddlers study: the types
of foods fed to Hispanic infants and toddlers.
J Am Diet Assoc 106 (Suppl 1): S96-S106.
NCHS (National Center for Health Statistics) (1993).
Joint policy on variance estimation and
statistical reporting standards on NHANES
III and CSFII Reports: HNIS/NCHS Analytic
Working Group Recommendations. Human
Nutrition Information Service
(HNIS)/Analytic Working Group.
Agricultural Research Service, Survey
Systems/Food Consumption Laboratory,
Riverdale, MD.
Nicklas, TA. (1995) Dietary studies of children: The
Bogalusa Heart Study experience. J Am Diet
Assoc 95(10): 1127—1133.
Nicklas, TA; Webber, LS; Srinivasan, SR; Berenson,
GS. (1993) Secular trends in dietary intakes
and cardiovascular risk factors in 10-y-old
children: the Bogalusa heart study
(1973-1988). Am J Clin Nutr
57(6):930-937.
Ponza, M; Devaney, B; Ziegler, P; Reidy, K; Squatrito,
C. (2004) Nutrient intakes and food choices
of infants and toddlers participating in WIC.
J Am Diet Assoc 104 (Suppl 1):S71-S79.
Popkin, BM; D'Anci, KE; Rosenberg, IH (2010)
Water, hydration and health. Nutr Rev.
68(8): 439-458. doi: 10.1111/j. 1753-
4887.2010.00304.x.
Siega-Riz, AM; Deming, DM; Reidy, KC; Fox, MK;
Condon, E; Briefel, RR. (2010) Food
consumption patterns of infants and toddlers:
where are we now? J AmDiet Assoc. 110(12
Suppl): S3 8-S51.
Smiciklas-Wright, H; Mitchell, DC; Mickle, SJ; Cook,
AJ. (2002) Foods commonly eaten in the
United States: Quantities consumed per
eating occasion and in a day, 1994-1996.
NFS Report No. 96-5. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Beltsville, MD. Available at
https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/804
00530/pdf/portion.pdf
Taylor, EV; Holt, KG; Mahon, BE; Ayers, T; Norton,
D; Gould, LH. (2012) Ground beef
consumption patterns in the United States,
FoodNet, 2006 through 2007. J Food Prot
75(2):341-346.
USDA (Department of Agriculture). (1980) Food and
nutrient intakes of individuals in one day in
the United States, Spring 1977. Nationwide
Food Consumption Survey 1977-1978.
Preliminary Report No. 2. Human Nutrition
Information Service, Beltsville, MD.
Available online at
https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/804
00530/pdf/7778/nfcs7778 prelim 2.pdf
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USDA (Department of Agriculture). (1992) Food and
nutrient intakes by individuals in the United
States, 1 day, 1987-88. Nationwide Food
Consumption Survey Report No. 87. Human
Nutrition Information Service, Beltsville,
MD. Available online at
https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/804
00530/pdf/8788/nfcs8788 rep 87-i-l.pdf
USDA (Department of Agriculture). (1996a) Data
tables: results from USDA's 1994
Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by
Individuals and 1994 Diet and Health
Knowledge Survey. Agricultural Research
Service, Riverdale, MD. Available online at
https ://www.webharvest. gov/peth04/200410
25213349/http://www.barc.usda. gov/bhnrc/f
oodsurvev/pdf/Tbs 1994.pdf.
USDA (Department of Agriculture). (1996b) Data
tables: results from USDA's 1995
Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by
Individuals and 1995 Diet and Health
Knowledge Survey. Agricultural Research
Service, Riverdale, MD. Available online at
https ://www.webharvest. gov/peth04/200410
25163037/http://www.barc.usda. gov/bhnrc/f
oodsurvev/pdf/Tbs 1995 .pdf.
USDA (Department of Agriculture). (1999a) Food and
nutrient intakes by children 1994-96, 1998:
table set 17. Food Surveys Research Group,
Human Nutrition Research Center,
Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville,
MD. Available online at
https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/804
00530/pdf/scs all PDF-.
USDA (Department of Agriculture). (1999b) USDA
nutrient database for standard reference,
Release 13. Agricultural Research Service,
Nutrient Data Laboratory, Riverdale, MD.
USDA (Department of Agriculture). (2000) 1994-96,
1998 continuing survey of food intakes by
individuals (CSFII). CD-ROM. Agricultural
Research Service, Human Nutrition Research
Center, Beltsville, MD. Available from the
National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA; PB-2000-500027.
USDA (Department of Agriculture). (2007) USDA
national nutrient database for standard
reference, release 20. Agricultural Research
Service Nutrient Data Laboratory Home
Page. Available online at
lltti^^www,ais,us!to--gpv/b_a/blunc/nd[.
USDA and USDHHS (Department of Agriculture and
Department of Health and Human Services).
(2010) Dietary guidelines for Americans,
2010, 7th edition. Washington, DC: US
Government Printing Office, December
2010.
U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). (2000)
Food commodity intake database [FCID raw
data file]. Office of Pesticide Programs,
Washington, DC. Available from the National
Technical Information Service, Springfield,
VA; PB2000-5000101.
U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). (2005)
Guidance on selecting age groups for
monitoring and assessing childhood
exposures to environmental contaminants.
Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, DC;
EPA/630/P-03/003F. Available online at
https://www.epa.gOv/sites/production/files/2
013 -09/documents/agegroups.pdf.
U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). (2007)
Analysis of fat intake based on USDA's
1994-96, 1998 continuing survey of food
intakes by individuals (CSFII). National
Center for Environmental Assessment,
Washington, DC; EPA/600/R-05/021F.
Available online at
https://cfbub. epa. gov/ncea/efp/recordisplav.c
fm?deid= 116096.
U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). (2011)
Exposure factors handbook: 2011 Edition.
Office of Research and Development,
Washington, DC. EPA/600//R-09/052F.
Available online at
https ://cfbub. epa. gov/ncea/risk/recordisplav.
cfm?deid=236252.
Vitolins, M; Quandt, S; Bell, R; Arcury, T; Case, LD.
(2002) Quality of diets consumed by older
rural adults. J Rural Health 18 (l):49-56.
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Table 11-3. Per Capita 2-Day Average3 Intake of Total Meat and Total Dairy Products Based on 2005-2010 NHANES (g/kg-day,
edible portion, uncooked weight)b
Percentiles
Percent
Population Group N Consuming0 Mean SE 1st 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th Maximum
Total Meatd
Whole Population 24,673 98 1.94 0.02 0 0.2 0.5 0.9 1.6 2.5 3.8 4.8 7.8 28.1e
Age Group
Birth to <1 month
87
0
0
0
0e
oe
0e
0
0
0
0e
0e
0e
0
1 to <3 months
233
<0.5
<0.005
<0.005
0e
oe
0
0
0
0
0
0e
0e
<0.05!
3 to <6 months
282
15
0.24
0.06
0e
oe
0
0
0
0
0.4
1.6e
4.7e
0°
U)
6 to <12 months
588
75
2.36
0.22
0e
0
0
<0.05
1.4
3.3
5.6
8.1
18.7e
22.0e
Birth to <1 year
1,190
42
1.26
0.12
0e
0
0
0
0
1.6
4.1
5.7
12.4e
22.0e
1 to <2 years
728
97
3.94
0.14
0e
0.3
0.6
1.9
3.5
5.4
8.0
9.5
12.9e
23.2e
2 to <3 years
751
98
4.17
0.13
0e
0.4
0.9
2.2
3.7
5.6
8.2
9.5
13.3e
18.3e
3 to <6 years
1,418
99
3.96
0.13
0e
0.7
1.3
2.1
3.4
5.0
7.1
9.0
12.8e
28.le
6 to <11 years
2,292
99
2.99
0.07
<0.05
0.6
1.0
1.7
2.7
3.9
5.1
6.6
9.4
16.7e
11 to <16 years
2,551
99
2.13
0.06
0
0.3
0.6
1.1
1.8
2.9
4.3
4.9
7.2
13.0e
16 to <21 years
2,191
99
1.98
0.05
0
0.2
0.5
1.0
1.7
2.6
3.6
4.6
7.2
13.5e
21 to <30 years
2,082
99
1.86
0.04
0
0.3
0.5
1.0
1.6
2.5
3.5
4.2
6.0
12.0e
30 to <40 years
2,282
98
1.81
0.03
0
0.2
0.5
0.9
1.6
2.5
3.5
4.2
5.2
8.1e
40 to <50 years
2,378
99
1.73
0.03
0
0.3
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.3
3.2
3.8
5.1
10.2e
50 to <60 years
2,103
99
157
0.03
0
0.2
0.5
0.9
1.4
2.0
2.9
3.4
5.1
10.9e
60 to <70 years
2,214
99
1.42
0.04
0
0.2
0.4
0.7
1.2
1.9
2.6
3.2
4.5
12.0e
70 to <80 years
1,578
99
1.28
0.03
0e
0.2
0.4
0.7
1.2
1.7
2.3
2.9
4.2e
9.2e
80+ years
915
98
1.22
0.03
0e
0.1
0.3
0.6
1.1
1.6
2.3
2.8
4.0e
5.6e
21 to <50 years
6,742
99
1.79
0.02
0
0.3
0.5
0.9
1.6
2.4
3.4
4.1
5.3
12.0e
50+ years
6,810
99
1.44
0.02
0
0.2
0.4
0.8
1.3
1.9
2.7
3.2
4.7
12.0e
Race
Mexican American
5,787
98
2.18
0.04
0
0.2
0.5
1.0
1.8
2.9
4.3
5.4
8.6
18.3'
Non-Hispanic Black
5,337
98
2.12
0.04
0
0.3
0.5
1.0
1.7
2.7
4.3
5.6
8.9
23.21
Non-Hispanic White
10,294
98
1.84
0.02
0
0.2
0.4
0.9
1.5
2.4
3.5
4.4
7.1
22.0'
Other Hispanic
2,082
98
2.20
0.05
0
0.3
0.5
1.0
1.8
2.8
4.3
5.7
9.6
19.5'
Other Race—Including Multiple
1,173
97
2.11
0.07
0e
<0.05
0.3
0.9
1.8
2.8
4.3
5.6
8.0e
28.1'
April 2018
Page 11-18
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-3. Per Capita 2-Day Average3 Intake of Total Meat and Total Dairy Products Based on 2005-2010 NHANES (g/kg-day,
edible portion, uncooked weight)b (Continued)
Population Group
N
Percent
Consuming0 Mean
SE
pt
5th
10th
25th
Percentiles
50th 75th
90th
95th
99th
Maximum
Total Dairy Productsf
Whole Population
24,673
100
6.26
0.10
<0.05
0.2
0.5
1.3
3.0
6.6
14.1
23.5
57.0
184.4d
Age Group
Birth to <1 month
87
69
6.66
1.12
0e
0e
0e
0
2.6
13.8
17.0e
20.6e
28.4e
28.4e
1 to <3 months
233
65
5.42
0.47
0e
0e
0
0
2.0
10.4
15.3
17.9e
25. le
26.2e
3 to <6 months
282
79
5.10
0.55
0e
0e
0
0.3
3.2
8.3
12.4
16.le
20.6e
24.2e
6 to <12 months
588
95
16.14
1.59
0e
0
0.3
2.0
6.3
13.9
55.9
78.7
110.26
184.4e
Birth to <1 year
1,190
84
10.92
0.89
0e
0
0
1.1
4.9
11.0
24.1
57.1
95.3e
184.4e
1 to <2 years
728
100
48.78
1.67
0.6e
4.0
8.1
25.0
47.1
67.2
88.4
100.5
139.4e
175.2e
2 to <3 years
751
100
36.13
0.98
l.le
5.7
9.6
17.4
32.2
50.8
64.0
78.7
99.0e
164.5e
3 to <6 years
1,418
100
22.55
0.50
0.6e
3.9
6.8
12.1
20.2
29.9
40.8
51.1
65.9e
111.5e
6 to <11 years
2,292
100
13.75
0.27
0.7
2.1
3.5
7.0
11.8
18.3
26.0
31.8
43.0
62.3e
11 to <16 years
2,551
100
6.79
0.25
0.2
0.6
1.0
2.5
5.5
9.3
13.8
18.2
26.1
45.0e
16 to <21 years
2,191
100
4.36
0.17
0.1
0.2
0.6
1.4
3.0
6.0
9.7
13.0
20.9
35.2e
21 to <30 years
2,082
100
3.23
0.17
<0.05
0.2
0.4
0.9
2.3
4.5
7.5
9.7
14.1
34.5e
30 to <40 years
2,282
100
3.24
0.09
<0.05
0.2
0.4
1.0
2.3
4.4
7.4
10.1
15.3
26.9e
40 to <50 years
2,378
100
3.22
0.12
<0.05
0.2
0.4
1.0
2.2
4.3
7.3
8.9
17.2
41.6e
50 to <60 years
2,103
100
3.17
0.11
<0.05
0.2
0.4
0.9
2.1
4.1
7.3
9.6
15.9
33.8e
60 to <70 years
2,214
100
3.01
0.11
<0.05
0.2
0.4
0.9
2.1
3.9
6.5
9.1
14.4
77.4e
70 to <80 years
1,578
100
3.24
0.10
<0.05e
0.3
0.5
1.3
2.4
4.2
6.8
9.2
13.9e
24.8e
80+ years
915
100
4.01
0.12
0.1e
0.4
0.8
1.7
3.4
5.4
8.2
10.2
14.9e
18.5e
21 to <50 years
6,742
100
3.23
0.10
<0.05
0.2
0.4
1.0
2.3
4.4
7.4
9.6
15.1
41.6e
50+ years
6,810
100
3.22
0.06
<0.05
0.2
0.4
1.0
2.3
4.2
7.1
9.6
15.3
77.4e
Race
Mexican American
5,787
100
8.06
0.30
<0.05
0.2
0.5
1.4
3.6
8.4
21.1
32.4
67.4
184.4e
Non-Hispanic Black
5,337
100
4.64
0.17
<0.05
0.1
0.2
0.7
1.7
4.4
11.4
18.3
46.8
175.2e
Non-Hispanic White
10,294
100
6.20
0.11
<0.05
0.3
0.6
1.4
3.2
6.6
13.6
22.0
55.5
164.5e
Other Hispanic
2,082
99
7.49
0.42
<0.05
0.2
0.5
1.4
3.2
7.3
17.7
32.5
63.2
139.4e
Other Race—Including Multiple
1,173
99
6.29
0.31
<0.05e
0.1
0.3
1.1
3.1
6.8
14.2
25.9
57.3e
124.4^
April 2018
Page 11-19
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-3. Per Capita 2-Day Average3 Intake of Total Meat and Total Dairy Products Based on 2005-2010 NHANES (g/kg-day,
edible portion, uncooked weight)b (Continued)
Based on the average of two days of food consumption reported for each NHANES respondent. If the respondent reported zero consumption on one of the two days and
non-zero consumption on the other day, his/her average consumption would be the average of zero and non-zero consumption. Single day rates can be generated using
http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
For more information, refer to the Frequently Asked Questions at http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
Represents the percentage of individuals consuming these foods at least once over the 2-day survey period. Rounded to whole numbers; thus, values of 100 percent
mean that >99.5 percent of the population consumed the foods during the 2-day survey period.
Total Meat includes: beef, fat; beef, fat-baby food; beef, kidney; beef, liver; beef, liver-baby food; beef, meat; beef, meat byproducts; beef, meat byproducts-baby food;
beef, meat, dried; beef, meat-baby food; chicken, fat; chicken, fat-baby food; chicken, liver; chicken, meat; chicken, meat byproducts; chicken, meat byproducts-
baby food; chicken, meat-baby food; chicken, skin; chicken, skin-baby food; goat, fat; goat, kidney; goat, liver; goat, meat; goat, meat byproducts; horse, meat; meat,
game; pork, fat; pork, fat-baby food; pork, kidney; pork, liver; pork, meat; pork, meat byproducts; pork, meat byproducts-baby food; pork, meat-baby food; pork, skin;
poultry, other, fat; poultry, other, liver; poultry, other, meat; poultry, other, meat byproducts; poultry, other, skin; rabbit, meat; sheep, fat; sheep, fat-baby food; sheep,
kidney; sheep, liver; sheep, meat; sheep, meat byproducts; sheep, meat-baby food; turkey, fat; turkey, fat-baby food; turkey, liver; turkey, liver-baby food; turkey, meat;
turkey, meat byproducts; turkey, meat byproducts-baby food; turkey, meat-baby food; turkey, skin; turkey, skin-baby food.
Estimates are less statistically reliable based on guidance published in the Joint Policy on Variance Estimation and Statistical Reporting Standards on NHANES III and
CSFII Reports: NHIS/NCHS Analytical Working Group Recommendations (NCHS, 1993).
Total Dairy includes: milk, fat; milk, fat-baby food/infant formula; milk, nonfat solids; milk, nonfat solids-baby food/infant formula; milk, sugar (lactose)-baby
food/infant formula; milk, water; milk, water-baby food/infant formula.
N = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
Source: Based on EPA analysis of 2005-2010 NHANES using the FCID Consumption Calculator available at http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
April 2018
Page 11-20
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-4. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average3 Intake of Total Meat and Total Dairy Products Based on 2005-2010 NHANES
(g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)b
Percentiles
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Maximur
Total Meat'
Whole Population
23,715
1.99
0.02
<0.05
0.3
0.5
1.0
1.6
2.6
3.8
4.8
7.8
28.ld
Age Group
Birth to <1 month
0
0
0
0d
0d
0d
od
0
0d
0d
0d
0d
0d
1 to <3 months
2
<0.005
<0.005
<0.05d
<0.05d
<0.05d
<0.05d
<0.05
<0.05d
<0.05d
<0.05d
<0.05d
<0.05d
3 to <6 months
51
1.60
0.30
<0.05d
<0.05d
<0.05d
0.2d
1.2
1.9d
4.5d
5.3d
7.6d
8.3d
6 to <12 months
453
3.14
0.27
<0.05d
<0.05
0.2
1.0
2.3
4.0
6.7
9.3
18.7d
22.0d
Birth to <1 year
506
3.02
0.25
<0.05d
<0.05
0.1
1.0
2.2
3.9
6.7
8.9
18.7d
22.0d
1 to <2 years
714
4.05
0.13
0.1d
0.5
1.0
2.0
3.6
5.6
8.0
9.6
12.9d
23.2d
2 to <3 years
740
4.25
0.14
<0.05d
0.6
1.1
2.2
3.8
5.6
8.2
9.6
13.3d
18.3d
3 to <6 years
1,399
4.01
0.13
0.1d
0.9
1.3
2.2
3.5
5.1
7.2
9.0
12.8d
28.ld
6 to <11 years
2,279
3.02
0.07
0.2
0.7
1.0
1.7
2.7
3.9
5.2
6.7
9.4
16.7d
11 to <16 years
2,531
2.16
0.06
<0.05
0.4
0.7
1.1
1.8
2.9
4.3
4.9
7.2
13.0d
16 to <21 years
2,172
2.00
0.05
<0.05
0.3
0.5
1.0
1.7
2.7
3.6
4.6
7.2
13.5d
21 to <30 years
2,060
1.88
0.04
<0.05
0.3
0.5
1.0
1.6
2.5
3.5
4.2
6.1
12.0d
30 to <40 years
2,245
1.84
0.03
0.1
0.3
0.5
1.0
1.6
2.5
3.5
4.2
5.2
8.1d
40 to <50 years
2,348
1.75
0.03
<0.05
0.3
0.6
1.0
1.5
2.3
3.2
3.8
5.1
10.2d
50 to <60 years
2,072
1.59
0.03
<0.05
0.3
0.5
0.9
1.4
2.0
2.9
3.5
5.1
10.9d
60 to <70 years
2,192
1.44
0.04
<0.05
0.2
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.9
2.6
3.2
4.5
12.0d
70 to <80 years
1,564
1.29
0.03
<0.05d
0.2
0.4
0.7
1.2
1.7
2.3
2.9
4.2d
9.2d
80+ years
893
1.24
0.03
<0.05d
0.2
0.4
0.6
1.1
1.7
2.4
2.8
4.0d
5.6d
21 to <50 years
6,653
1.82
0.02
<0.05
0.3
0.5
1.0
1.6
2.4
3.4
4.1
5.4
12.0d
50+ years
6,721
1.46
0.02
<0.05
0.2
0.4
0.8
1.3
1.9
2.7
3.2
4.7
12.0d
Race
Mexican American
5,497
2.23
0.05
<0.05
0.3
0.6
1.1
1.8
3.0
4.3
5.4
8.7
18.3d
Non-Hispanic Black
5,192
2.16
0.04
0.1
0.4
0.6
1.0
1.7
2.7
4.3
5.6
8.9
23.2d
Non-Hispanic White
9,912
1.88
0.02
<0.05
0.3
0.5
0.9
1.5
2.4
3.6
4.4
7.2
22.0d
Other Hispanic
2,006
2.25
0.05
<0.05
0.4
0.6
1.1
1.8
2.9
4.3
5.7
9.9
19.5d
Other Race—Including Multiple
1,108
2.17
0.07
<0.05d
0.2
0.5
1.0
1.8
2.9
4.3
5.6
8.2d
28.ld
April 2018
Page 11-21
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-4. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average3 Intake of Total Meat and Total Dairy Products Based on 2005-2010 NHANES
(g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)b (Continued)
Percentiles
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
Pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Maximum
Total Dairy Products6
Whole Population
24,492
6.28
0.1
<0.05
0.3
0.5
1.3
3.0
6.6
14.1
23.5
57.0
184.4d
Age Group
Birth to <1 month
64
9.64
1.12
0.9d
l.ld
1.9d
2.4d
9.0
14.7d
19.2d
26.3d
28.4d
28.4d
1 to <3 months
171
8.34
0.66
0.4d
0.6d
1.7d
2.4
8.0
12.6
17.ld
19.4d
25.ld
26.2d
3 to <6 months
233
6.46
0.62
0.1d
0.3d
0.9
2.0
5.7
9.7
13.6
17.8d
21.0d
24.2d
6 to <12 months
564
17.01
1.68
<0.05d
0.3
1.0
2.7
6.8
15.1
57.1
83.2
110.2d
184.4d
Birth to <1 year
1,032
13.06
1.06
<0.05d
0.3
1.0
2.4
6.7
12.7
27.9
64.2
95.3d
184.4d
1 to <2 years
728
48.78
1.67
0.6d
4.0
8.1
25.0
47.1
67.2
88.4
100.5
139.4d
175.2d
2 to <3 years
751
36.13
0.98
l.ld
5.7
9.6
17.4
32.2
50.8
64.0
78.7
99.0d
164.5d
3 to <6 years
1,418
22.55
0.50
0.6d
3.9
6.8
12.1
20.2
29.9
40.8
51.1
65.9d
111 .5d
6 to <11 years
2,292
13.75
0.27
0.7
2.1
3.5
7.0
11.8
18.3
26.0
31.8
43.0
62.3d
11 to <16 years
2,549
6.79
0.25
0.2
0.6
1.0
2.5
5.5
9.3
13.8
18.2
26.1
45.0d
16 to <21 years
2,189
4.36
0.17
0.1
0.2
0.6
1.4
3.0
6.0
9.7
13.0
20.9
35.2d
21 to <30 years
2,076
3.24
0.17
<0.05
0.2
0.4
0.9
2.3
4.5
7.5
9.7
14.1
34.5d
30 to <40 years
2,279
3.25
0.09
<0.05
0.2
0.4
1.0
2.3
4.4
7.4
10.1
15.3
26.9d
40 to <50 years
2,373
3.24
0.12
<0.05
0.2
0.4
1.0
2.2
4.3
7.3
8.9
17.2
41.6d
50 to <60 years
2,101
3.17
0.11
<0.05
0.2
0.4
0.9
2.1
4.1
7.3
9.6
15.9
33.8d
60 to <70 years
2,211
3.01
0.11
<0.05
0.2
0.4
0.9
2.1
3.9
6.5
9.1
14.4
77.4d
70 to <80 years
1,578
3.24
0.10
<0.05d
0.3
0.5
1.3
2.4
4.2
6.8
9.2
13.9d
24.8d
80+ years
915
4.01
0.12
0.1d
0.4
0.8
1.7
3.4
5.4
8.2
10.2
14.9d
18.5d
21 to <50 years
6,728
3.24
0.10
<0.05
0.2
0.4
1.0
2.3
4.4
7.4
9.6
15.1
41.6d
50+ years
6,805
3.22
0.06
<0.05
0.2
0.4
1.0
2.3
4.2
7.1
9.6
15.3
77.4d
Race
Mexican American
5,736
8.10
0.30
<0.05
0.3
0.5
1.4
3.6
8.5
21.1
32.4
67.4
184.4d
Non-Hispanic Black
5,317
4.66
0.17
<0.05
0.1
0.3
0.7
1.7
4.4
11.4
18.5
46.8
175.2d
Non-Hispanic White
10,212
6.21
0.11
0.1
0.4
0.6
1.5
3.2
6.7
13.6
22.0
55.8
164.5d
Other Hispanic
2,067
7.54
0.42
<0.05
0.2
0.5
1.4
3.2
7.4
17.8
32.5
63.3
139.4d
Other Race—Including Multiple
1,160
6.35
0.31
<0.05d
0.1
0.4
1.2
3.1
6.8
14.2
25.9
57.3d
124.4d
April 2018
Page 11-22
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Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-4. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average3 Intake of Total Meat and Total Dairy Products Based on 2005-2010 NHANES (g/kg-day,
edible portion, uncooked weight)b (Continued)
a Based on the average of two days of food consumption reported for each NHANES respondent. If the respondent reported zero consumption on one of the two days and
non-zero consumption on the other day, his/her average consumption would be the average of zero and non-zero consumption. Single day rates can be generated using
http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
b For more information, refer to the Frequently Asked Questions at http: //fcid.foodrisk.org/.
c Total Meat includes: beef, fat; beef, fat-baby food; beef, kidney; beef, liver; beef, liver-baby food; beef, meat; beef, meat byproducts; beef, meat byproducts-baby food;
beef, meat, dried; beef, meat-baby food; chicken, fat; chicken, fat-baby food; chicken, liver; chicken, meat; chicken, meat byproducts; chicken, meat byproducts-
baby food; chicken, meat-baby food; chicken, skin; chicken, skin-baby food; goat, fat; goat, kidney; goat, liver; goat, meat; goat, meat byproducts; horse, meat; meat,
game; pork, fat; pork, fat-baby food; pork, kidney; pork, liver; pork, meat; pork, meat byproducts; pork, meat byproducts-baby food; pork, meat-baby food; pork, skin;
poultry, other, fat; poultry, other, liver; poultry, other, meat; poultry, other, meat byproducts; poultry, other, skin; rabbit, meat; sheep, fat; sheep, fat-baby food; sheep,
kidney; sheep, liver; sheep, meat; sheep, meat byproducts; sheep, meat-baby food; turkey, fat; turkey, fat-baby food; turkey, liver; turkey, liver-baby food; turkey, meat;
turkey, meat byproducts; turkey, meat byproducts-baby food; turkey, meat-baby food; turkey, skin; turkey, skin-baby food.
d Estimates are less statistically reliable based on guidance published in the Joint Policy on Variance Estimation and Statistical Reporting Standards on NHANES III and
CSFII Reports: HNIS/NCHS Analytical Working Group Recommendations (NCHS, 1993).
e Total Dairy includes: milk, fat; milk, fat-baby food/infant formula; milk, nonfat solids; milk, nonfat solids-baby food/infant formula; milk, sugar (lactose)-baby
food/infant formula; milk, water; milk, water-baby food/infant formula.
N = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
Source: Based on EPA analysis of 2005-2010 NHANES using the FCID Consumption Calculator available at http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
April 2018
Page 11-23
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Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-5. Per Capita 2-Day Average" Intake of Individual Meats Based on 2005-2010 NHANES (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked
weight)b
N
PCC
Mean
SE
N
PCC
Mean
SE
N
PCC
Mean
SE
Population Group
Beef
Porke
Poultry'
Whole Population
24,673
86
0.73
0.01
24,673
79
0.38
0.01
24,673
76
0.81
0.02
Age Group
Birth to <1 month
87
0
0
0
87
0
0
0
87
0
0
0
1 to <3 months
233
<0.05
<0.005
<0.005
233
0
0
0
233
<0.5
<0.005
<0.005
3 to <6 months
282
5
0.02
0.01
282
4
0.03
0.01
282
11
0.19
0.06
6 to <12 months
588
49
0.75
0.12
588
36
0.30
0.06
588
61
1.31
0.15
Birth to <1 year
1,190
26
0.39
0.06
1,190
19
0.16
0.03
1,190
34
0.71
0.08
1 to <2 years
728
81
1.27
0.09
728
67
0.60
0.05
728
82
2.06
0.09
2 to <3 years
751
88
1.46
0.08
751
75
0.76
0.06
751
81
1.94
0.09
3 to <6 years
1,418
89
1.35
0.09
1,418
81
0.75
0.05
1,418
82
1.85
0.07
6 to <11 years
2,292
90
1.14
0.05
2,292
85
0.57
0.02
2,292
80
1.27
0.05
11 to <16 years
2,551
89
0.83
0.05
2,551
79
0.39
0.02
2,551
75
0.90
0.03
16 to <21 years
2,191
88
0.79
0.04
2,191
74
0.33
0.02
2,191
77
0.84
0.04
21 to <30 years
2,082
86
0.69
0.03
2,082
78
0.34
0.01
2,082
79
0.81
0.03
30 to <40 years
2,282
86
0.70
0.02
2,282
80
0.37
0.02
2,282
76
0.72
0.02
40 to <50 years
2,378
86
0.65
0.02
2,378
79
0.36
0.02
2,378
76
0.69
0.03
50 to <60 years
2,103
86
0.59
0.02
2,103
80
0.34
0.02
2,103
76
0.63
0.02
60 to <70 years
2,214
86
0.55
0.03
2,214
82
0.30
0.01
2,214
74
0.55
0.02
70 to <80 years
1,578
86
0.53
0.03
1,578
82
0.31
0.02
1,578
67
0.43
0.02
80+ years
915
83
0.47
0.02
915
80
0.29
0.02
915
69
0.45
0.02
21 to <50 years
6,742
86
0.68
0.01
6,742
79
0.36
0.01
6,742
77
0.74
0.02
50+ years
6,810
86
0.55
0.02
6,810
81
0.32
0.01
6,810
73
0.55
0.02
Race
Mexican American
5,787
84
0.82
0.03
5,787
84
0.42
0.01
5,787
78
0.93
0.03
Non-Hispanic Black
5,337
86
0.72
0.02
5,337
76
0.37
0.02
5,337
83
1.02
0.02
Non-Hispanic White
10,294
87
0.73
0.02
10,294
79
0.37
0.01
10,294
73
0.73
0.02
Other Hispanic
2,082
80
0.73
0.06
2,082
78
0.43
0.03
2,082
81
1.03
0.04
Other Race—Including Multiple
1,173
81
0.68
0.04
1,173
75
0.46
0.04
1,173
77
0.93
0.06
a Based on the average of two days of food consumption reported for each NHANES respondent. If the respondent reported zero consumption on one of the two days and non-zero consumption on the
other day, his/her average consumption would be the average of zero and non-zero consumption. Single day rates can be generated using http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
b For more information, refer to the Frequently Asked Questions at http:/ fcid.foodrisk.org/.
c PC = Percent consuming. Represents the percentage of individuals consuming these foods at least once over the 2-day survey period.
d Beef includes: beef, fat; beef, fat-baby food; beef, kidney; beef, liver; beef, liver-baby food; beef, meat; beef, meat byproducts; beef, meat byproducts-baby food; beef, meat, dried; beef, meat-baby food.
e Pork includes: pork, fat; pork, fat-baby food; pork, kidney; pork, liver; pork, meat; pork, meat byproducts; pork, meat byproducts-baby food; pork, meat-baby food; pork, skin.
f Poultry includes: chicken, fat; chicken, fat-baby food; chicken, liver; chicken, meat; chicken, meat byproducts; chicken, meat byproducts-baby food; chicken, meat-baby food; chicken, skin; chicken,
skin-baby food; poultry, other, fat; poultry, other, liver; poultry, other, meat; poultry, other, meat byproducts; poultry, other, skin; turkey, fat; turkey, fat-baby food; turkey, liver; turkey, liver-baby food;
turkey, meat; turkey, meat byproducts; turkey, meat byproducts-baby food; turkey, meat-baby food; turkey, skin; turkey, skin-baby food.
N = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
Source: Based on EPA analysis of 2005-2010 NHANES using the FCDD Consumption Calculator available at http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
April 2018
Page 11-24
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Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-6. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average" Intake of Individual Meats Based on 2005-2010 NHANES (g/kg-day, edible portion,
uncooked weight)b
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
Beef
Porkd
Poultry®
Whole Population
20,614
0.86
0.01
19,163
0.49
0.01
18,710
1.08
0.02
Age Group
Birth to <1 month
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 to <3 months
1
<0.005
0
0
0
0
1
<0.005
0
3 to <6 months
18
0.46
0.23
14
0.71
0.43
41
1.67
0.33
6 to <12 months
290
1.53
0.19
212
0.84
0.14
367
2.15
0.21
Birth to <1 year
309
1.48
0.18
226
0.84
0.14
409
2.12
0.20
1 to <2 years
594
1.57
0.10
514
0.90
0.08
613
2.50
0.08
2 to <3 years
658
1.67
0.08
577
1.02
0.08
629
2.39
0.10
3 to <6 years
1,255
1.51
0.10
1,137
0.93
0.06
1,164
2.25
0.08
6 to <11 years
2,076
1.27
0.05
1,941
0.67
0.03
1,877
1.60
0.05
11 to <16 years
2,295
0.93
0.05
2,104
0.49
0.03
1,991
1.19
0.04
16 to <21 years
1,949
0.90
0.05
1,748
0.45
0.02
1,727
1.09
0.04
21 to <30 years
1,787
0.80
0.03
1,659
0.44
0.02
1,661
1.02
0.03
30 to <40 years
1,977
0.82
0.03
1,848
0.46
0.02
1,752
0.95
0.03
40 to <50 years
2,029
0.76
0.02
1,915
0.45
0.02
1,845
0.91
0.03
50 to <60 years
1,755
0.68
0.02
1,672
0.43
0.02
1,607
0.83
0.03
60 to <70 years
1,826
0.64
0.03
1,807
0.37
0.01
1,670
0.75
0.02
70 to <80 years
1,352
0.62
0.03
1,285
0.38
0.02
1,126
0.64
0.02
80+ years
752
0.57
0.02
730
0.36
0.02
639
0.64
0.02
21 to <50 years
5,793
0.79
0.01
5,422
0.45
0.01
5,258
0.96
0.02
50+ years
5,685
0.65
0.02
5,494
0.40
0.01
5,042
0.76
0.02
Race
Mexican American
4,672
0.98
0.03
4,630
0.50
0.02
4,448
1.19
0.03
Non-Hispanic Black
4,540
0.84
0.02
4,079
0.49
0.02
4,406
1.24
0.02
Non-Hispanic White
8,824
0.84
0.02
8,051
0.47
0.01
7,324
1.00
0.02
Other Hispanic
1,649
0.91
0.06
1,548
0.56
0.03
1,653
1.27
0.03
Other Race—Including Multiple
929
0.84
0.05
855
0.62
0.05
879
1.20
0.07
' Based on the average of two days of food consumption reported for each NHANES respondent. If the respondent reported zero consumption on one of the two days and non-zero
consumption on the other day, his/her average consumption would be the average of zero and non-zero consumption. Single day rates can be generated using http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
b For more information, refer to the Frequently Asked Questions at http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
c Beef includes: beef, fat; beef, fat-baby food; beef, kidney; beef, liver; beef, liver-baby food; beef, meat; beef, meat byproducts; beef, meat byproducts-baby food; beef, meat, dried; beef,
meat-baby food.
11 Pork includes: pork, fat; pork, fat-baby food; pork, kidney; pork, liver; pork, meat; pork, meat byproducts; pork, meat byproducts-baby food; pork, meat-baby food; pork, skin.
e Poultry includes: chicken, fat; chicken, fat-baby food; chicken, liver; chicken, meat, chicken, meat byproducts; chicken, meat byproducts-baby food; chicken, meat-baby food; chicken,
skin; chicken, skin-baby food; poultry, other, fat; poultry, other, liver; poultry, other, meat; poultry, other, meat byproducts; poultry, other, skin; turkey, fat; turkey, fat-baby food; turkey,
liver; turkey, liver-baby food; turkey, meat; turkey, meat byproducts; turkey, meat byproducts-baby food; turkey, meat-baby food; turkey, skin; turkey, skin-baby food.
N = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
Source: Based on EPA analysis of 2005-2010 NHANES using the FCID Consumption Calculator available at http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
April 2018
Page 11-25
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-7.
Mean Meat Intakes per Individual in a Day, by Sex and Age (g/day, as-consumed)3 for 1977-1978
Frankfurters,
Total Meat,
Sausages,
Poultry and
Lamb, Veal,
Luncheon Meats,
Meat
Group Age (years)
Fish
Beef
Pork
Game
Spreads
Total Poultry
Chicken Only
Mixtures'5
Male and Female
1 and under
72
9
4
3
2
4
1
51
1 to 2
91
18
6
C
15
16
13
32
3 to 5
121
23
8
C
15
19
19
49
6 to 8
149
33
15
1
17
20
19
55
Male
9 to 11
188
41
22
3
19
24
21
71
12 to 14
218
53
18
C
25
27
24
87
15 to 18
272
82
24
1
25
37
32
93
19 to 22
310
90
21
2
33
45
43
112
23 to 34
285
86
27
1
30
31
29
94
35 to 50
295
75
28
1
26
31
28
113
51 to 64
274
70
32
1
29
31
29
86
65 to 74
231
54
25
2
22
29
26
72
75 and over
196
41
39
7
19
28
25
54
Female
9 to 11
162
38
17
1
20
27
23
55
12 to 14
176
47
19
1
18
23
22
61
15 to 18
180
46
14
2
16
28
27
61
19 to 22
184
52
19
1
18
26
24
61
23 to 34
183
48
17
1
16
24
22
66
35 to 50
187
49
19
2
14
24
21
63
51 to 64
187
52
19
2
12
26
24
60
65 to 74
159
34
21
4
12
30
25
47
75 and over
134
31
17
2
9
19
16
49
Male and Female
All Ages
207
54
20
2
20
27
24
72
a Based on USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey 1977-1978 data for 1 day.
b Includes mixtures containing meat, poultry, or fish as a main ingredient.
c Less than 0.5 g/day, but more than 0.
Source: USDA (1980)
April 2018
Page 11-26
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Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-8. Mean Meat Intakes Per Capita in a Day, by Sex and Age (g/day, as-consumed)3 for 1987-1988
Frankfurters,
Total Meat, Sausages,
Poultry, and Lamb, Veal, Luncheon Total Meat
Group Age (years) Fish Beef Pork Game Meats Poultry Chicken Only Mixtures'5
Male and Female
5 and under
92
10
9
<0.5
11
14
12
39
Male
6 to 11
156
22
14
<0.5
13
27
24
74
12 to 19
252
38
17
1
20
27
20
142
20 and over
250
44
19
23
2
31
25
108
Female
6 to 11
151
26
9
1
11
20
17
74
12 to 19
169
31
10
<0.5
18
17
13
80
20 and over
170
29
12
1
13
24
18
73
All individuals
193
32
14
1
17
26
20
86
Based on USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey 1987-1988 data for 1 day.
Includes mixtures containing meat, poultry, or fish as a main ingredient.
Source: USDA (1992).
April 2018
Page 11-27
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-9.
Mean Meat Intakes Per Capita
in a Day, by Sex and Age (g/day, as-consumed)3 for 1994 and 1995
Frankfurters,
Total Meat,
Lamb, Veal,
Sausages,
Poultry, and Fish
Beef
Pork
Game
Luncheon Meats
Total Poultry
Chicken Only
Meat Mixtures'5
Group Age (years)
1994
1995
1994
1995
1994
1995
1994
1995
1994
1995
1994
1995
1994
1995
1994
1995
Male and Female
5 and under
94
87
10
8
6
4
C
C
17
18
16
15
14
14
41
39
Male
6 to 11
131
161
19
18
9
7
0
c
22
27
19
25
16
22
51
68
12 to 19
238
256
31
29
11
11
1
1
21
27
40
26
29
23
119
150
20 and over
266
283
35
41
17
14
2
1
29
27
39
31
30
27
124
149
Female
6 to 11
117
136
18
16
5
5
C
c
18
20
19
17
15
14
51
69
12 to 19
164
158
23
22
5
7
c
0
16
10
20
19
15
18
94
82
20 and over
168
167
18
21
9
11
1
1
16
15
25
22
20
19
87
83
All individuals
195
202
24
27
11
10
1
1
21
21
29
24
23
21
98
104
Based on USDA CSFII 1994 and 1995 data for 1 day.
b Includes mixtures containing meat, poultry, or fish as a main ingredient.
c Less than 0.5 grams/day, but more than 0.
Source: USDA (1996a, b).
April 2018
Page 11-28
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-10. Mean Dairy Product Intakes Per Capita in a Day, by Sex
and Age (g/day, as-consumed)3 for 1977-1978
Group Age (years) Total Milk Fluid Milk Cheese Eggs
Male and Female
1 and under
618
361
1
5
1 to 2
404
397
8
20
3 to 5
353
330
9
22
6 to 8
433
401
10
18
Male
9 to 11
432
402
8
26
12 to 14
504
461
9
28
15 to 18
519
467
13
31
19 to 22
388
353
15
32
23 to 34
243
213
21
38
35 to 50
203
192
18
41
51 to 64
180
173
17
36
65 to 74
217
204
14
36
75 and over
193
184
18
41
Female
9 to 11
402
371
7
14
12 to 14
387
343
11
19
15 to 18
316
279
11
21
19 to 22
224
205
18
26
23 to 34
182
158
19
26
35 to 50
130
117
18
23
51 to 64
139
128
19
24
65 to 74
166
156
14
22
75 and over
214
205
20
19
Based on USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey 1977-1978 data for 1 day.
Source: USDA (1980).
April 2018
Page 11-29
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Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-11. Mean Dairy Product Intakes Per Capita in a Day, by Sex and Age (g/day,
as-consumed)3 for 1987-1988
Low-Fat/Skim
Group Age (years) Total Fluid Milk Whole Milk Milk Cheese Eggs
Male and Female
5 and under
347
177
129
7
11
Male
6 to 11
439
224
159
10
17
12 to 19
392
183
168
12
17
20 and over
202
88
94
17
27
Female
6 to 11
310
135
135
9
14
12 to 19
260
124
114
12
18
20 and over
148
55
81
15
17
All individuals
224
99
102
14
20
Based on USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey 1987-1988 data for 1 day.
Source: USDA (1992).
Table 11-12. Mean Dairy Product Intakes Per Capita in a Day, by Sex and Age (g/day,
as-consumed)3 for 1994 and 1995
Total Fluid Milk Whole Milk Low-Fat Milk Cheese Eggs
Group Age (years) 1994 1995 1994 1995 1994 1995 1994 1995 1994 1995
Male and Female
5 and under
424
441
169
165
130
129
12
9
11
13
Male
6 to 11
407
400
107
128
188
164
11
12
13
15
12 to 19
346
396
105
105
160
176
19
20
18
24
20 and over
195
206
50
57
83
88
19
16
23
23
Female
6 to 11
340
330
101
93
136
146
17
13
12
15
12 to 19
239
235
75
71
88
107
14
13
13
17
20 and over
157
158
37
32
56
57
16
15
15
16
All individuals
229
236
65
66
89
92
17
15
17
19
Based on USDACSFII 1994 and 1995 data for 1 day.
Source: USDA (1996a, b).
April 2018
Page 11-30
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-13
Mean Quantities of Meat and Eggs Consumed Daily by Sex and Age, Per Capita (g/day, as-consumed)3
Lamb,
Frankfurters,
Poultry
Mixtures, Mainly
Sample
Veal,
Organ
Sausages,
Meat/Poultry/
Age Group
Size
Total
Beef
Pork
Game
Meats
Luncheon Meats
Total
Chicken
Eggs
Fish
Male and Female
Under 1
1,126
24
lb
b,c
b,c
b,c
2
3
2
3
16
1
1,016
80
5
2
b,c
b,c
13
12
12
13
43
2
1,102
94
7
6
b,c
b,c
18
17
16
18
41
1 to 2
2,118
87
6
4
b,c
b,c
15
15
14
16
42
3
1,831
101
8
6
b,c
b,c
19
19
18
13
43
4
1,859
115
10
6
b,c
b,c
22
20
19
13
49
5
884
121
14
6
b,c
b,c
22
22
19
13
51
3 to 5
4,574
112
11
6
c
b,c
21
21
19
13
47
5 and under
7,818
93
8
5
c
b,c
17
16
15
13
42
Male
6 to 9
787
151
18
7
b,c
b,c
24
23
21
11
71
6 to 11
1,031
154
19
7
b,c
b,c
24
22
20
12
72
12 to 19
737
250
30
12
ib
0
28
31
26
22
134
Female
6 to 9
704
121
17
4
b,c
b,c
18
19
16
10
55
6 to 11
969
130
18
5
b,c
b,c
19
20
17
11
60
12 to 19
732
158
21
5
b,c
b,c
15
21
19
13
85
Male and Female
9 and under
9,309
110
12
5
c
b,c
19
18
17
12
50
19 and under
11,287
152
18
7
b,c
b,c
20
22
19
14
76
a Based on data from 1994-
-1996, 1998 CSFII.
b Estimate is not statistically reliable due to small sample size reporting intake.
c Value less than 0.5, but greater than 0.
Note: Consumption amounts shown are representative of the 1st
day of each participant's survey response.
Source: USDA (1999a).
April 2018
Page 11-31
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-14. Percentage of Individuals Consuming Meats and Eggs, by Sex and Age (%)a
Lamb,
Frankfurters,
Sample
Veal,
Organ Sausages, Luncheon
Mixtures, Mainly
Age Group (years)
Size
Total
Beef
Pork
Game
Meats
Meats
Total
Chicken
Eggs
Meat/Poultry/F ish
Male and Female
Under 1
1,126
26.0
2.1
l.lb
0.2b
0.2b
6.1
6.3
5.0
6.7
13.7
1
1,016
77.4
11.9
7.3
0.8b
0.2b
26.3
24.0
23.1
22.8
32.2
2
1,102
85.2
16.2
14.9
0.8b
0.2b
33.2
27.6
25.6
27.3
31.4
1 to 2
2,118
81.4
14.1
11.2
0.8b
0.2b
29.9
25.8
24.4
25.1
31.8
3
1,831
86.2
13.8
13.3
0.5b
b,c
36.4
28.3
26.0
19.8
29.2
4
1,859
86.2
16.1
13.8
0.5b
0.2b
37.0
27.4
25.1
16.9
30.5
5
884
87.1
18.2
13.2
0.6b
0.2b
35.1
27.7
24.8
16.4
30.8
3 to 5
4,574
86.5
16.0
13.4
0.5
0.2b
36.1
27.8
25.3
17.7
30.2
5 and under
7,818
77.5
13.7
11.2
0.6
0.2b
30.4
24.5
22.6
18.9
28.8
Male
6 to 9
787
87.4
20.1
11.9
0.4b
0.1b
37.4
24.8
22.3
15.1
36.2
6 to 11
1,031
87.8
22.0
12.2
0.4b
0.2b
36.2
22.9
20.5
15.6
35.7
12 to 19
737
86.8
24.2
15.8
0.6b
0.0
31.8
20.6
17.6
17.0
38.3
Female
6 to 9
704
84.6
19.4
9.2
0.4b
0.2b
33.5
23.1
20.2
13.4
32.4
6 to 11
969
86.5
20.2
10.0
0.4b
0.1b
33.1
22.9
19.8
13.3
32.8
12 to 19
732
80.1
22.0
11.2
0.1b
0.1b
24.6
21.6
18.9
15.0
34.0
Male and Female
9 and under
9,309
80.9
16.1
10.9
0.5
0.2b
24.3
24.3
22.0
17.1
31.0
19 and under
11,287
82.8
19.6
12.1
0.4
0.1b
22.7
22.7
20.1
16.4
33.3
a Based on data from 1994-
1996,1998 CSFII.
b Estimate is not statistically reliable due to small sample
size reporting intake.
c Value less than 0.5, but greater than 0.
Note: Percentages shown are representative of the 1st
day of each participant's survey response.
Source: USDA (1999a).
April 2018
Page 11-32
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-15
Mean Quantities of Dairy Products Consumed Daily by Sex and Age, Per Capita (g/day,
as-consumed)a
Milk, Milk Drinks, Yogurt
Total Milk
Fluid Milk
Sample
and Milk
Milk
Age Group (year)
Size
Products
Total
Total Whole Low-Fat
Skim
Yogurt
Desserts
Cheese
Male and Female
Under 1
1,126
762
757
61 49
11
b,c
4
3
1
1
1,016
546
526
475 347
115
5b
14
11
9
2
1,102
405
377
344 181
141
17
10
16
11
1 to 2
2,118
474
450
408 262
128
11
12
14
10
3
1,831
419
384
347 166
150
26
10
22
12
4
1,859
407
369
328 147
149
27
10
23
14
5
884
417
376
330 137
159
25
9
25
14
3 to 5
4,574
414
376
335 150
153
26
10
23
13
5 and under
7,818
477
447
327 177
127
18
10
18
11
Male
6 to 9
787
450
405
343 127
176
29
6
31
13
6 to 11
1,031
450
402
335 121
172
33
6
35
12
12 to 19
737
409
358
303 99
158
40
3b
29
19
Female
6 to 9
704
380
337
288 105
146
26
4
29
13
6 to 11
969
382
336
283 108
136
29
4
30
14
12 to 19
732
269
220
190 66
92
30
4b
29
14
Male and Female
9 and under
9,309
453
417
323 153
141
22
8
23
12
19 and under
11,287
405
362
291 121
135
29
6
27
14
a Based on data from 1994-
1996,1998 CSFII.
b Estimate is not statistically reliable due to small sample size reporting intake.
c Value less than 0.5, but greater than 0.
Note: Consumption amounts shown are representative of the 1st day of each participant's survey response
Source: USDA (1999a).
April 2018
Page 11-33
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-16. Percentage of Individuals Consuming Dairy Products, by Sex and Age (%)a
Milk, Milk Drinks, Yogurt
Fluid Milk
Sample
Total Milk and
Milk
Age Group (year)
Size
Milk Products
Total
Total Whole
Low-Fat
Skim
Yogurt
Desserts
Cheese
Male and Female
Under 1
1,126
85.4
84.6
11.1 8.3
2.4
0.2b
3.1
4.5
6.0
1
1,016
95.3
92.7
87.7 61.7
26.5
1.5b
10.0
13.9
29.7
2
1,102
91.6
87.3
84.3 44.8
36.3
5.2
6.8
17.5
32.6
1 to 2
2,118
93.4
90.0
86.0 53.0
31.5
3.4
8.4
15.8
31.2
3
1,831
94.3
88.3
84.6 42.5
39.5
6.8
7.3
21.4
37.0
4
1,859
93.2
87.8
85.0 41.3
40.4
7.7
5.8
21.7
36.9
5
884
93.1
86.4
81.2 38.1
41.7
6.5
5.5
21.4
34.9
3 to 5
4,574
93.5
87.5
83.6 40.6
40.6
7.0
6.2
21.5
36.3
5 and under
7,818
92.5
88.0
75.7 41.0
32.9
4.9
6.6
17.5
30.9
Male
6 to 9
787
93.2
85.5
80.7 32.4
44.3
8.6
3.8
24.0
34.6
6 to 11
1,031
92.3
84.6
79.0 30.8
43.1
9.5
3.7
25.0
32.3
12 to 19
737
81.3
65.8
59.6 22.6
30.7
7.0
1.7b
13.6
37.1
Female
6 to 9
704
90.2
82.5
77.5 31.5
40.8
8.1
2.9
24.1
30.9
6 to 11
969
90.2
81.5
76.0 33.2
37.8
8.4
3.0
22.4
31.9
12 to 19
732
75.4
54.0
49.7 17.5
23.9
9.5
2.2b
17.1
36.1
Male and Female
9 and under
9,309
92.2
86.4
77.1 37.4
36.8
6.3
5.3
20.1
31.7
19 and under
11,287
86.7
75.6
68.1 30.1
33.1
7.5
3.8
18.6
33.5
a Based on data from 1994-
1996,1998 CSFII.
b Estimate is not statistically reliable due to small sample size
reporting intake.
Note: Percentages shown are representative of the 1st
day of each participant's survey response.
Source: USDA (1999a).
April 2018
Page 11-34
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-17. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Total Meat and Total Dairy Products Based on 1994-1996,
1998 CSFII
(g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)
Percent
Percentiles
Population Group
N
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Total Meat
Whole population
20,607
97.5
2.1
0.02
0.0
0.2
0.5
1.0
1.7
2.7
4.0
5.3
8.7
30.3
Age Group
Birth to 1 year
1,486
40.0
1.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.6
4.2
6.7
10.7
29.6
1 to 2 years
2,096
97.3
4.1
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.8
1.9
3.6
5.7
8.0
9.8
14.1
20.6
3 to 5 years
4,391
98.8
4.1
0.05
0.0
0.6
1.2
2.2
3.6
5.4
7.7
9.4
12.7
23.4
6 to 12 years
2,089
98.7
2.9
0.05
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.5
2.5
3.8
5.4
6.5
9.6
18.0
13 to 19 years
1,222
98.8
2.1
0.05
0.0
0.2
0.5
1.0
1.9
2.7
3.8
4.8
7.1
30.3
20 to 49 years
4,677
98.2
1.9
0.04
0.0
0.2
0.5
1.0
1.6
2.5
3.5
4.2
6.9
13.4
50+ years
4,646
98.2
1.5
0.02
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.8
1.3
1.9
2.7
3.3
4.8
9.7
Season
Fall
4,687
96.8
2.1
0.06
0.0
0.1
0.5
1.0
1.7
2.8
4.2
5.4
8.7
21.2
Spring
5,308
97.6
2.1
0.04
0.0
0.2
0.5
1.0
1.7
2.7
4.0
5.2
8.7
23.6
Summer
5,890
97.4
2.1
0.03
0.0
0.1
0.5
0.9
1.6
2.7
4.0
5.4
8.6
30.3
Winter
4,722
98.0
2.0
0.04
0.0
0.2
0.5
1.0
1.6
2.6
3.8
5.0
7.9
29.6
Race
American Indian, Alaska Native
177
98.4
2.4
0.25
0.0
0.3
0.5
1.0
2.0
3.3
4.3
6.3
9.0
12.4
Asian, Pacific Islander
557
96.8
2.5
0.17
0.0
0.1
0.3
1.1
2.1
3.5
4.5
6.0
9.6
13.0
Black
2,740
97.9
2.6
0.10
0.0
0.3
0.6
1.2
2.0
3.3
5.4
7.1
10.4
23.6
Other
1,638
96.5
2.5
0.08
0.0
0.2
0.5
1.1
2.0
3.1
4.9
6.5
10.8
29.6
White
15,495
97.5
1.9
0.02
0.0
0.2
0.5
0.9
1.6
2.5
3.7
4.8
7.7
30.3
Region
Midwest
4,822
97.9
2.2
0.04
0.0
0.3
0.6
1.1
1.8
2.8
4.1
5.3
9.1
30.3
Northeast
3,692
96.3
2.1
0.07
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.9
1.6
2.7
4.1
5.4
8.7
20.5
South
7,208
97.7
2.0
0.03
0.0
0.2
0.5
0.9
1.7
2.6
3.9
5.2
8.3
23.4
Midwest
4,822
97.9
2.2
0.04
0.0
0.3
0.6
1.1
1.8
2.8
4.1
5.3
9.1
30.3
West
4,885
97.6
2.0
0.06
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.9
1.6
2.7
4.0
5.2
8.1
29.6
Urbanization
MSA, central city
6,164
97.3
2.1
0.04
0.0
0.1
0.5
0.9
1.7
2.7
4.2
5.6
8.9
23.6
MSA, outside central city
9,598
97.3
2.0
0.04
0.0
0.2
0.5
1.0
1.6
2.6
3.9
5.1
8.0
29.6
Non-MSA
4,845
98.1
2.1
0.03
0.0
0.3
0.6
1.0
1.7
2.7
4.1
5.1
8.6
30.3
April 2018
Page 11-35
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-17. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Total Meat and Total Dairy Products Based on 1994-1996,
(g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
1998 CSFII
Percent
Percentiles
Population Group
N
Consuming3
Mean
SE
pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Total Dairy Products
Whole population
20,607
99.5
6.7
0.1
0.01
0.2
0.4
1.2
3.2
7.3
16.1
25.4
52.1
223
Age group
Birth to 1 year
1,486
79.5
12.6
0.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
8.0
14.1
24.1
48.7
127
186
1 to 2 years
2,096
99.8
36.7
0.7
0.4
3.9
7.7
17.4
31.3
49.8
72.1
88.3
126
223
3 to 5 years
4,391
100.0
23.3
0.3
1.1
4.2
7.0
13.0
20.8
30.9
42.0
49.4
67.7
198
6 to 12 years
2,089
100.0
13.6
0.4
0.3
1.8
3.5
6.7
11.7
18.5
26.0
31.5
42.7
80.6
13 to 19 years
1,222
99.8
5.6
0.2
0.01
0.2
0.5
1.5
4.2
8.1
12.5
15.5
25.4
32.7
20 to 49 years
4,677
99.8
3.3
0.1
0.01
0.2
0.3
0.9
2.2
4.6
7.6
9.9
14.9
36.4
50+ years
4,646
99.8
3.2
0.1
0.02
0.2
0.4
1.0
2.4
4.5
6.9
8.9
14.1
42.5
Season
Fall
4,687
99.7
7.0
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
1.3
3.4
8.0
16.9
26.9
55.3
156.8
Spring
5,308
99.5
6.6
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
1.3
3.1
7.3
16.2
25.0
52.0
185.6
Summer
5,890
99.6
6.4
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
1.2
3.1
6.8
15.2
24.7
52.8
164.8
Winter
4,722
99.4
6.7
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.5
1.3
3.4
7.3
16.4
25.0
49.1
223.2
Race
American Indian, Alaska
Native
177
99.8
8.0
1.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.8
3.1
11.0
21.2
30.2
68.9
146.2
Asian, Pacific Islander
557
97.0
6.4
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
3.0
7.4
14.9
28.1
51.7
164.8
Black
2,740
99.6
5.6
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.6
2.1
6.5
14.7
23.3
45.4
185.6
Other
1,638
99.1
9.5
0.6
0.0
0.1
0.4
1.3
4.2
11.5
25.4
36.3
69.3
185.2
White
15,495
99.6
6.6
0.1
0.0
0.3
0.5
1.4
3.4
7.2
15.6
24.7
51.2
223.2
April 2018
Page 11-36
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-17. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Total Meat and Total Dairy Products Based on 1994-1996,
(g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
1998 CSFII
Percentiles
Population Group
N
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Region
Midwest
4,822
99.7
7.0
0.3
0.0
0.3
0.5
1.4
3.5
7.7
16.9
25.8
52.7
198.4
Northeast
3,692
99.6
6.7
0.2
0.0
0.3
0.6
1.5
3.4
7.3
15.9
25.7
54.2
185.6
South
7,208
99.6
6.0
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.3
1.0
2.8
6.3
14.5
23.7
48.6
223.2
West
4,885
99.2
7.4
0.4
0.0
0.2
0.4
1.4
3.7
8.5
17.5
27.6
54.5
185.2
Urbanization
MSA, central city
6,164
99.6
6.5
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
1.1
3.2
7.1
15.8
25.1
49.8
198.4
MSA, outside central city
9,598
99.4
7.0
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.5
1.4
3.4
7.7
16.9
26.3
54.3
223.2
Non-MSA
4,845
99.7
6.3
0.3
0.0
0.2
0.4
1.1
3.0
6.8
15.0
23.9
51.4
180.7
a Percent consuming at least once in 2-day survey period.
N = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
MSA = Metropolitan statistical area.
Source: EPA analysis of 1994-
-1996, 1998 CSFII.
April 2018
Page 11-37
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-18. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Total Meat and Total Dairy Products Based on 1994-
CSFII (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)
-1996,
1998
Percentiles
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
1st
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Total Meat
Whole population
19,384
2.1
0.02
0.04
0.4
0.6
1.0
1.7
2.7
4.0
5.3
8.7
30.3
Age group
Birth to 1 year
575
3.0
0.2
0.01
0.1
0.3
1.0
2.2
4.2
7.4
9.2
12.9
29.6
1 to 2 years
2,044
4.2
0.1
0.04
0.6
1.0
2.1
3.6
5.7
8.1
9.8
14.1
20.6
3 to 5 years
4,334
4.2
0.1
0.04
0.8
1.2
2.2
3.6
5.5
7.7
9.4
12.7
23.4
6 to 12 years
2,065
2.9
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.9
1.5
2.5
3.9
5.4
6.5
9.6
18.0
13 to 19 years
1,208
2.1
0.05
0.02
0.3
0.6
1.1
1.9
2.8
3.8
4.8
7.1
30.3
20 to 49 years
4,593
1.9
0.04
0.04
0.4
0.6
1.0
1.6
2.5
3.5
4.2
6.9
13.4
50+ years
4,565
1.5
0.02
0.03
0.3
0.5
0.8
1.3
2.0
2.7
3.3
4.8
9.7
Season
Fall
4,423
96.8
2.2
0.06
0.0
0.4
0.6
1.0
1.7
2.8
4.2
5.5
8.7
Spring
4,995
97.6
2.1
0.04
0.0
0.3
0.6
1.0
1.7
2.7
4.1
5.2
8.8
Summer
5,510
97.4
2.1
0.03
0.0
0.3
0.5
1.0
1.7
2.7
4.0
5.5
8.7
Winter
4,456
98.0
2.0
0.04
0.0
0.4
0.6
1.0
1.7
2.6
3.9
5.0
7.9
Race
American Indian, Alaska Native
171
98.4
2.5
0.27
0.2
0.4
0.5
1.1
2.1
3.3
4.3
6.3
9.0
Asian, Pacific Islander
503
96.8
2.6
0.18
0.0
0.3
0.6
1.2
2.3
3.5
4.5
6.0
9.6
Black
2,588
97.9
2.6
0.10
0.0
0.5
0.7
1.2
2.0
3.3
5.4
7.2
10.5
Other
1,508
96.5
2.6
0.09
0.1
0.4
0.7
1.2
2.0
3.2
5.0
6.6
10.9
White
14,614
97.5
2.0
0.02
0.0
0.3
0.5
1.0
1.6
2.5
3.7
4.8
7.7
April 2018
Page 11-38
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-18.
Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Total Meat and Total Dairy Products Based on 1994-
CSFII (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
-1996,
1998
Percentiles
Population Group N
Mean
SE
pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Total Dairy Products
Region
Midwest
4,573
97.9
2.2
0.04
0.1
0.4
0.7
1.1
1.8
2.8
4.1
5.3
9.2
Northeast
3,448
96.3
2.1
0.07
0.0
0.4
0.5
1.0
1.7
2.7
4.2
5.5
8.7
South
6,798
97.7
2.1
0.03
0.0
0.3
0.5
1.0
1.7
2.7
3.9
5.2
8.3
West
4,565
97.6
2.1
0.06
0.0
0.3
0.5
1.0
1.6
2.7
4.0
5.2
8.1
Urbanization
MSA, central city
5,783
97.3
2.2
0.04
0.0
0.3
0.5
1.0
1.7
2.8
4.2
5.6
9.1
MSA, outside central city
9,004
97.3
2.1
0.04
0.0
0.3
0.6
1.0
1.7
2.6
3.9
5.2
8.0
Non-MSA
4,597
98.1
2.2
0.02
0.0
0.4
0.6
1.1
1.7
2.8
4.1
5.1
8.6
Whole population
20,287
6.7
0.1
0.02
0.2
0.4
1.3
3.3
7.4
16.2
25.5
52.2
223.2
Age group
Birth to 1 year
1,192
15.9
1.0
0.03
0.8
1.9
5.8
10.2
16.0
27.7
57.5
141.8
185.6
1 to 2 years
2,093
36.8
0.7
0.4
4.2
7.8
17.4
31.3
49.8
72.1
88.3
126.2
223.2
3 to 5 years
4,390
23.3
0.3
1.1
4.2
7.0
13.0
20.8
30.9
42.0
49.4
67.7
198.4
6 to 12 years
2,089
13.6
0.4
0.3
1.8
3.5
6.7
11.7
18.5
26.0
31.5
42.7
80.6
13 to 19 years
1,221
5.6
0.2
0.01
0.3
0.5
1.5
4.2
8.1
12.5
15.5
25.4
32.7
20 to 49 years
4,666
3.3
0.1
0.01
0.2
0.3
0.9
2.3
4.6
7.6
9.9
14.9
36.4
50+ years
4,636
3.2
0.1
0.02
0.2
0.4
1.1
2.4
4.5
6.9
8.9
14.1
42.5
Season
Fall
4,630
99.7
7.1
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.5
1.3
3.4
8.0
16.9
26.9
55.4
Spring
5,210
99.5
6.6
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
1.3
3.2
7.3
16.3
25.1
52.1
Summer
5,801
99.6
6.4
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
1.2
3.1
6.8
15.2
24.7
53.0
Winter
4,646
99.4
6.7
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.5
1.3
3.4
7.3
16.5
25.1
49.2
April 2018
Page 11-39
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-18. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Total Meat and Total Dairy Products Based on 1994-
CSFII (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
-1996,
1998
Percentiles
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Race
American Indian, Alaskan Native
176
99.8
8.0
1.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.8
3.1
11.1
21.2
30.2
68.9
Asian, Pacific Islander
537
97.0
6.6
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.6
3.1
7.6
15.6
28.1
51.7
Black
2,708
99.6
5.7
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.6
2.1
6.6
14.8
23.4
45.4
Other
1,607
99.1
9.6
0.7
0.0
0.2
0.4
1.3
4.3
11.6
25.5
36.5
69.3
White
15,259
99.6
6.7
0.1
0.0
0.3
0.6
1.4
3.4
7.2
15.7
24.7
51.3
Region
Midwest
4,765
99.7
7.1
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.6
1.4
3.5
7.8
16.9
25.8
52.7
Northeast
3,638
99.6
6.8
0.2
0.0
0.3
0.6
1.5
3.4
7.3
16.0
25.8
54.3
South
7,104
99.6
6.0
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.3
1.0
2.8
6.3
14.6
23.8
48.6
West
4,780
99.2
7.4
0.4
0.0
0.2
0.5
1.5
3.8
8.5
17.8
27.7
54.6
Urbanization
MSA, central city
6,072
99.6
6.5
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
1.2
3.2
7.2
15.9
25.2
49.8
MSA, outside central city
9,440
99.4
7.0
0.1
0.0
0.3
0.5
1.4
3.5
7.8
17.0
26.4
54.3
Non-MSA
4,775
99.7
6.3
0.3
0.0
0.2
0.4
1.1
3.0
6.8
15.0
23.9
51.5
N = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
MSA = Metropolitan statistical area.
Source: EPA analysis of 1994-1996, 1998 CSFII.
April 2018
Page 11-40
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-19.
Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Meats and Dairy Products Based on 1994-1996,1998 CSFII
(g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)
Population Group
N
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming
a Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Beef
Pork
Poultry
Eggs
Whole population
20,607
85.9
0.9
0.02
78.5
0.42
0.01
67.6
0.71
0.01
93.4
0.40
0.01
Age Group
Birth to 1 year
1,486
25.3
0.4
0.04
17.7
0.15
0.02
30.1
0.66
0.05
27.9
0.30
0.04
1 to 2 years
2,096
85.5
1.7
0.06
69.7
0.72
0.03
73.7
1.7
0.05
92.3
1.3
0.04
3 to 5 years
4,391
90.8
1.8
0.04
79.8
0.84
0.02
73.0
1.5
0.03
95.1
0.91
0.03
6 to 12 years
2,089
92.7
1.3
0.04
82.4
0.59
0.03
67.1
0.93
0.03
95.8
0.51
0.02
13 to 19 years
1,222
91.1
1.0
0.05
81.5
0.40
0.03
65.5
0.68
0.03
95.4
0.33
0.02
20 to 49 years
4,677
86.1
0.8
0.03
78.9
0.37
0.01
69.0
0.64
0.02
94.1
0.31
0.01
50+ years
4,646
83.5
0.6
0.02
79.3
0.34
0.01
66.5
0.52
0.02
94.0
0.33
0.01
Season
Fall
4,687
85.0
0.9
0.05
78.5
0.41
0.02
69.7
0.76
0.03
93.1
0.39
0.02
Spring
5,308
86.4
0.9
0.03
78.1
0.44
0.02
66.8
0.70
0.02
93.5
0.41
0.02
Summer
5,890
85.7
0.9
0.03
78.1
0.42
0.02
65.4
0.69
0.02
93.3
0.39
0.01
Winter
4,722
86.7
0.9
0.02
79.1
0.40
0.02
68.6
0.70
0.02
93.8
0.39
0.02
Race
American Indian, Alaskan Native 177
87.9
1.3
0.21
85.2
0.49
0.06
78.1
0.62
0.07
94.5
0.49
0.06
Asian, Pacific Islander
557
78.6
0.9
0.08
71.5
0.63
0.11
78.1
0.90
0.09
84.7
0.46
0.05
Black
2,740
85.3
1.1
0.10
82.1
0.53
0.04
73.3
0.93
0.05
93.9
0.48
0.01
Other
1,638
85.0
1.1
0.05
79.4
0.48
0.03
68.7
0.83
0.06
89.9
0.62
0.05
White
15,495
86.4
0.9
0.02
78.0
0.39
0.01
66.1
0.66
0.01
93.9
0.36
0.01
April 2018
Page 11-41
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-19.
Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Meats and Dairy Products Based on 1994-1996,1998 CSFII
(g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
Population Group
N
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Region
Midwest
4,822
89.8
1.0
0.02
83.1
0.47
0.02
66.9
0.69
0.03
95.1
0.38
0.01
Northeast
3,692
82.0
0.8
0.08
72.1
0.41
0.02
68.3
0.78
0.04
91.2
0.36
0.02
South
7,208
86.1
0.9
0.02
79.8
0.42
0.02
67.2
0.70
0.02
94.2
0.39
0.01
West
4,885
85.1
0.9
0.04
77.0
0.36
0.03
68.4
0.70
0.03
92.5
0.44
0.02
Urbanization
MSA, central city
6,164
84.0
0.9
0.04
77.1
0.41
0.02
70.6
0.78
0.02
92.8
0.41
0.01
MSA, outside central city
9,598
85.9
0.9
0.02
77.2
0.39
0.01
68.5
0.72
0.02
93.4
0.39
0.01
Non-MSA
4,845
88.9
1.0
0.04
83.3
0.49
0.02
61.1
0.60
0.03
94.5
0.39
0.01
3 Percent consuming at least once in
N = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
MSA = Metropolitan statistical area.
2-day survey period.
Source: EPA analysis of 1994-1996, 1998 CSFII.
April 2018
Page 11-42
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-20. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Meats and Dairy Products Based on 1994-
1998 CSFII (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)
-1996,
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
Population Group
Beef
Pork
Poultry
Eggs
Whole population
17,116
1.1
0.02
15,431
0.53
0.01
13,702
1.1
0.01
18,450
0.42
0.01
Age Group
Birth to 1 year
361
1.6
0.2
248
0.83
0.08
434
2.2
0.1
402
1.1
0.1
1 to 2 years
1,795
2.0
0.06
1,488
1.0
0.04
1,552
2.2
0.06
1,936
1.4
0.04
3 to 5 years
3,964
1.9
0.04
3,491
1.1
0.03
3,210
2.0
0.04
4,171
0.96
0.03
6 to 12 years
1,932
1.4
0.04
1,731
0.72
0.03
1,421
1.4
0.04
2,001
0.53
0.02
13 to 19 years
1,118
1.1
0.05
1,002
0.50
0.03
808
1.0
0.04
1,167
0.34
0.02
20 to 49 years
4,058
1.0
0.04
3,732
0.47
0.01
3,221
0.9
0.02
4,399
0.33
0.01
50+ years
3,888
0.7
0.02
3,739
0.43
0.01
3,056
0.8
0.02
4,374
0.35
0.01
Season
Fall
3,894
1.1
0.06
3,547
0.5
0.02
3,217
1.1
0.03
4,211
0.4
0.02
Spring
4,429
1.0
0.03
3,979
0.6
0.02
3,491
1.1
0.02
4,751
0.4
0.02
Summer
4,855
1.1
0.03
4,354
0.5
0.02
3,810
1.1
0.03
5,245
0.4
0.01
Winter
3,938
1.0
0.02
3,551
0.5
0.02
3,184
1.0
0.03
4,243
0.4
0.02
Race
American Indian, Alaskan Native
157
1.5
0.15
144
0.6
0.05
116
0.8
0.08
159
0.5
0.07
Asian, Pacific Islander
413
1.2
0.08
359
0.9
0.14
410
1.2
0.11
434
0.5
0.06
Black
2,280
1.3
0.11
2,122
0.6
0.04
2,025
1.3
0.05
2,462
0.5
0.02
Other
1,296
1.3
0.06
1,152
0.6
0.04
1,125
1.2
0.07
1,404
0.7
0.05
White
12,970
1.0
0.02
11,654
0.5
0.01
10,026
1.0
0.02
13,991
0.4
0.01
Region
Midwest
4,179
1.1
0.02
3,856
0.6
0.01
3,115
1.0
0.03
4,398
0.4
0.01
Northeast
2,936
1.0
0.08
2,502
0.6
0.02
2,522
1.1
0.03
3,236
0.4
0.02
South
6,029
1.0
0.02
5,517
0.5
0.02
4,770
1.0
0.02
6,510
0.4
0.01
West
3,972
1.1
0.04
3,556
0.5
0.03
3,295
1.0
0.03
4,306
0.5
0.02
April 2018
Page 11-43
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-20. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Meats and Dairy Products Based on 1994-
1998 CSFII (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
-1996,
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
Urbanization
MSA, central city
4,992
1.1
0.05
4,516
0.5
0.02
4,275
1.1
0.02
5,475
0.4
0.01
MSA, outside central city
7,937
1.0
0.02
7,028
0.5
0.02
6,461
1.0
0.02
8,565
0.4
0.01
Non-MSA
4,187
1.1
0.03
3,887
0.6
0.02
2,966
1.0
0.03
4,410
0.4
0.01
N = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
MSA = Metropolitan statistical area.
Source: EPA analysis of 1994-1996, 1998 CSFII.
April 2018
Page 11-44
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Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-21. Quantity (as-consumed) of Meat and Dairy Products Consumed per Eating Occasion and Percentage of
Individuals Using These Foods in Two Days
Quantity consumed per eating occasion (g)
Food Category
2 to 5 years old
6 to 11 years old
12 to 19
years old
Male and Female
(N= 2,109)
Male and Female
(N= 1,432)
Male
(N= 696)
Female
(N= 702)
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
Meat
Beef steaks
11.1
58
4
11.3
87
9
9.5
168
14
9.4
112
10
Beef roasts
5.2
49
5
4.8
67
7
5.1
233a
149a
5.5
97a
16a
Ground beef
59.5
31
1
63.7
41
1
73.4
66
3
61.5
52
3
Ham
6.9
35
4
8.5
40
4
11.6
68
7
9.9
40
5
Pork chops
11.0
48
3
10.1
62
4
11.6
100
8
8.5
72
7
Bacon
10.4
15
1
9.7
19
2
14.9
25
2
11.1
18
1
Pork breakfast sausage
5.3
33
2
6.0
32
3
6.3
40a
4a
3.3
40a
5a
Frankfurters and luncheon meats
51.7
49
1
50.9
57
2
46.7
76
3
38.5
57
3
Total chicken and turkey
63.8
46
1
53.8
62
2
58.4
100
4
54.1
71
2
Chicken
44.6
52
1
36.0
70
3
34.3
117
5
36.1
80
3
Turkey
5.1
63
7
5.7
66
5
8.2
117
14
5.8
60a
9a
Dairy Products
Fluid milk (all)
92.5
196
3
89.2
241
4
72.3
337
8
64.4
262
8
Fluid milk consumed with cereal
68.1
149
4
64.7
202
5
44.4
276
10
42.7
222
8
Whole milk
50.0
202
3
39.5
244
7
30.0
333
13
22.4
258
7
Whole milk consumed with cereal
33.8
161
5
26.2
212
11
14.8
265
18
14.1
235
13
Low-fat milk
47.5
189
3
52.8
238
4
39.6
326
8
32.4
262
13
Low-fat milk consumed with cereal
31.5
136
4
32.7
198
4
24.3
277
12
21.1
227
12
Skim milk
7.8
171
9
11.1
225
9
9.7
375
38
13.5
255
14
Skim milk consumed with cereal
4.9
131
11
7.5
188
14
6.5
285a
23a
8.3
181
13
April 2018
Page 11-45
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-21. Quantity (as-consumed) of Meat and Dairy Products Consumed per Eating Occasion and Percentage of Individuals
Using These Foods in Two Days (Continued)
Quantity consumed per eating occasion (g)
2 to 5 years old
6 to 11
years old
12 to 19
years old
Male and Female
(AT =2,109)
Male and Female
(N= 1,432)
Male
(N= 696)
Female
(N= 702)
Food Category
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
Cheese, other than cream or cottage
53.2
24
1
50.4
29
1
61.1
38
2
53.9
27
1
Ice cream and ice milk
18.4
92
3
21.1
135
4
14.2
221
12
15.2
187
14
Boiled, poached, and baked eggs
8.0
36
3
8.2
34
3
5.0
44a
9a
7.7
45
7
Fried eggs
17.3
48
1
14.0
58
2
14.9
83
5
13.5
59
3
Scrambled eggs
10.4
59
4
7.1
72
5
7.1
72
5
8.9
103
9
20 to 39
years old
40 to 59
years old
60 years and older
Male
(N= 1,543)
Female
(N= 1,449)
(N
Male
= 1,663)
Female
(N= 1,694)
(N
Male
= 1,545)
Female
(N= 1,429)
Food Category
PC
Mean SE
PC Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean SE
PC Mean
SE
Meat
Beef steaks
17.1
202
20
11.8 121
8
18.3
159
7
10.7
117
6
13.4
129 7
9.5
95
6
Beef roasts
6.9
132
14
5.8
85
8
9.9
119
8
9.6
74
5
11.7
102 6
8.8
80
4
Ground beef
65.3
80
4
51.5
52
2
50.0
82
3
44.6
57
2
40.7
73 3
36.2
62
3
Ham
10.8
78
7
9.7
47
4
13.5
68
5
12.2
50
4
15.2
56 3
14.4
45
3
Pork chops
12.8
117
8
12.5
71
4
14.3
108
6
13.0
67
4
16.4
89 3
13.1
62
3
Bacon
14.1
26
1
12.4
18
1
17.5
22
1
14.8
18
1
20.6
19 1
17.4
16
1
Pork breakfast sausage
6.6
57
4
5.1
37
3
6.6
48
4
5.8
38
4
10.7
48 4
5.5
34
3
Frankfurters and luncheon meats
46.2
88
6
35.6
61
2
44.9
79
2
34.3
59
2
41.6
62 2
33.9
51
2
Total chicken and turkey
57.3
112
4
57.8
78
2
56.8
111
4
58.7
80
2
53.8
87 3
57.8
71
2
Chicken
37.1
122
3
35.5
92
3
34.5
124
4
36.0
87
2
32.1
99 3
34.0
79
2
Turkey
6.8
131
21
5.6
76
6
8.5
115
12
8.8
81
8
7.7
80 7
7.2
77
7
April 2018
Page 11-46
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-21. Quantity (as-consumed) of Meat and Dairy Products Consumed per Eating Occasion and Percentage of Individuals
Using These Foods in Two Days (Continued)
Quantity consumed per eating occasion (g)
20 to 39 years old 40 to 59 years old 60 years and older
Male Female Male Female Male Female
(N= 1,543) (N= 1,449) (N= 1,663) (N= 1,694 ) (N= 1,545) (N= 1,429)
Food Category
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
Dairy Products
Fluid milk (all)
58.0
291
9
61.3
209
6
60.5
238
6
60.2
169
5
73.9
189
5
71.6
154
4
Fluid milk consumed with cereal
26.9
275
12
32.4
198
5
30.1
211
7
30.2
166
5
48.1
170
5
46.6
140
6
Whole milk
22.9
278
11
22.4
202
10
20.3
223
15
19.0
142
7
22.3
188
9
19.7
137
8
Whole milk consumed with cereal
7.9
272
16
8.7
216
14
6.2
216
16
6.1
183
10
10.1
177
10
9.9
156
13
Low-fat milk
29.4
298
15
29.4
198
7
31.2
242
7
27.7
159
5
40.2
189
5
37.8
161
6
Low-fat milk consumed with cereal
14.0
284
22
15.2
181
5
16.1
212
10
13.1
151
7
26.5
165
5
24.4
134
5
Skim milk
9.3
318
13
15.5
235
11
15.1
244
12
19.2
193
7
17.7
186
9
21.6
154
9
Skim milk consumed with cereal
5.6
260
12
9.3
207
10
8.7
197
11
11.8
173
7
12.4
174
9
14.2
135
9
Cheese, other than cream or cottage
63.8
39
2
52.6
30
1
48.3
36
1
46.3
29
1
40.9
33
2
35.4
26
1
Ice cream and ice milk
14.7
200
2
13.6
136
6
18.0
173
6
14.2
141
8
22.7
138
5
18.9
107
4
Boiled, poached, and baked eggs
9.4
50
4
10.4
39
3
12.0
45
3
14.2
38
2
15.7
45
3
16.1
39
2
Fried eggs
15.2
86
2
14.6
61
3
20.9
83
2
17.5
60
2
24.6
70
2
18.3
56
2
Scrambled eggs
10.7
89
4
7.8
74
3
11.1
83
3
8.0
66
3
12.0
73
4
9.3
64
5
a Indicates a statistic that is potentially unreliable because of small sample size or large coefficient of variation.
N = Sample size.
PC = Percent consuming at least once in 2 days.
SE = Standard error of the mean.
Source: Smiciklas-Wright et al. (2002), based on 1994-1996 CSFII data.
April 2018
Page 11-47
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-22. Consumption of Milk, Yogurt, and Cheese: Median Daily
Servings (and ranges) by Demographic and Health Characteristics
Subject Characteristic
N
Milk, Yogurt, and Cheese
Sex
Female
80
1.6 (0.2-5.6)
Male
50
1.5(0.3-7.4)
Ethnicity
African-American
44
1.9(0.2-4.5)
European American
47
1.6 (0.2-5.6)
Native American
39
1.3(0.5-7.4)
Age
70 to 74 years
42
1.8(0.3-7.4)
75 to 79 years
36
1.6 (0.2-5.6)
80 to 84 years
36
1.4 (0.2-4.5)
85+ years
16
1.6 (0.2-3.8)
Marital Status
Married
49
1.5(0.2-7.4)
Not Married
81
1.7(0.2-5.4)
Education
8th grade or less
37
1.8(0.2-5.4)
9th to 12th grades
47
1.6 (0.2-5.6)
> High School
46
1.4 (0.3-7.4)
Denture
Yes
83
1.5(0.2-7.4)
No
47
1.6 (0.3-5.6)
Chronic Disease
0
7
2.0 (0.8-4.5)
1
31
1.8(0.3-5.6)
2
56
1.6 (0.2-7.4)
3
26
1.2 (0.2-4.8)
4+
10
1.5(0.5-4.5)
Weight8
<130 pounds
18
1.3(0.3-5.4)
131 to 150 pounds
32
1.6 (0.5-5.6)
151 to 170 pounds
27
1.8(0.2-4.5)
171 to 190 pounds
22
1.6 (0.2-3.7)
>191 pounds
29
1.5(0.2-7.4)
a = Two missing values.
iV = Number of subjects.
Source: Vitolins et al. (2002).
April 2018
Page 11-48
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-23. Percentage of Infants and Toddlers Consuming Milk, Meat, or Other
Protein Sources
Percentage of Infants and Toddlers Consuming at Least Once in a
Day
4 to 6
months
7 to 8
months
9 to 11
months
12 to 14
months
15 to 18
months
19 to 24
months
Food Group/Food
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-24. Food Choices for Infants and Toddlers by WIC Participation Status
Infants 4 to 6 months Infants 7 to 11 months Toddlers 12 to 24 months
WIC Non- WIC Non- WIC Non-
Participant Participant Participant Participant Participant Participant
Cow's milk 1.0 0.6 11.4 13.2 92.3 85.8a
Meat or other protein source
Baby food meat
0.9
2.0
3.3
3.6
0.0
0.3
Nonbaby meat
3.7
0.5b
25.0
22.0
77.7
75.1
Eggs
0.9
0.6
8.5
4.2b
24.1
23.0
Peanut butter, nuts, seeds
0.0
0.0
1.4
1.3
12.9
9.8
Cheese
0.0
0.6
9.0
12.5
38.5
38.8
Yogurt
0.8
1.4
5.5
13.3b
9.3
18.9b
Sample size (unweighted)
265
597
351
808
205
791
a p <0.05; nonparticipants significantly different from WIC participants.
b p <0.01; nonparticipants significantly different from WIC participants.
WIC = Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.
Source: Ponza et al. (2004).
April 2018
Page 11-50
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-25. Percentage of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Infants and Toddlers Consuming
Different Types of Milk, Meats, or Other Protein Sources on a Given Day
Age 4 to 5 months
Age 6 to 11 months
Age 12 to 24 months
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
(AT =84)
(N= 538)
(N= 163)
(N= 1,228)
(N= 124)
(N= 871)
Milk
Fed any cow's or goat's milk
—
—
7.5f
11.3
85.6
87.7
Fed cow's milk
Whole
—
—
5.6f
8.3
61.7
66.3
Reduced fat or nonfat
—
—
2.2f
3.0
29.0
27.0
Meat or other protein source
Any meat or protein source3
9.7f
5.3
71.6
62.0
90.3
94.7
Nonbaby food meat
—
—
22.5
19.2
72.3
76.0
Other protein sources
1.4f
—
26.5
21.2
70.1
65.3
Beans and peas
1.4f
—
5.8f
1.8
19.lb
6.5
Eggs
—
—
9.5
4.2
26.4
22.5
Cheese
—
—
11.2
9.4
29.3
40.2
Yogurt
—
—
7.7
9.8
15.7
17.0
Protein sources in mixed dishes
7.5f
4.4
44.8
41.6
33.3
22.7
Baby food dinners
6.9f
3.9
24.7b
35.3
3.5f
3.9
Soupc
—
—
16.3d
5.1
23.4b
10.7
Types of meata
Beef
—
—
5.0f
4.6
25.2
16.0
Chicken and turkey
—
—
11.2
11.9
46.5
43.6
Hotdogs, sausages, and cold cuts
—
—
7.2f
3.4
14.8
23.3
Pork/Flam
—
—
3.8f
1.7
11.7
12.1
a Includes baby food and nonbaby food sources.
b Significantly different from
non-Hispanic atp <0.05.
c The amount of protein actually provided by soups varies.
Soups could not be sorted reliably into different food
groups because many food descriptions lacked detail about major soup ingredients.
d Significantly different from
non-Hispanic at p >0.01.
¦f Statistic is potentially unreliable because of a high coefficient of variation.
— = Less than 1 % of the group consumed this food on a given day.
N = Sample size.
Source: Mennella et al. (2006).
April 2018
Page 11-51
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-26. Average Portion Sizes per Eating Occasion of Meats and Dairy Products
Commonly Consumed by Infants from the 2002 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study
4 to 5 months
(N= 624)
6 to 8 months
(N= 708)
9 to 11 months
(N = 687)
Food Group Reference Unit
Mean ± SE
Nonbaby food meats ounce
—
0.9 ± 0.16
0.8 ±0.05
Cheese ounce
—
—
0.7 ±0.05
Scrambled eggs cup
—
—
0.2 ±0.02
Yogurt ounce
—
—
3.1 ±0.20
Baby food dinners ounce
2.9 ±0.24
3.3 ±0.09
3.8 ± 0.11
— = Cell size was too small to generate a reliable estimate.
iV = Sample size.
SE = Standard error of the mean.
Source: Fox etal. (2006).
April 2018
Page 11-52
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-27. Average Portion Sizes per Eating Occasion of Meats and Dairy Products
Commonly Consumed by Toddlers from the 2002 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study
Food Group
Reference Unit
12 to 14 months
(AT =371)
15 to 18 months
(AT =312)
19 to 24 months
(N = 320)
Mean ± SE
Milk
Milk
fluid ounce
5.6 ± 0.14
5.9 ±0.14
6.2 ±0.17
Milk, as a beverage
fluid ounce
5.7 ± 0.14
6.1 ±0.14
6.4 ±0.17
Milk, on cereal
fluid ounce
3.4 ±0.37
2.7 ±0.26
3.6 ±0.29
Meats and other protein source
All meats
ounce
1.2 ±0.06
1.3 ±0.08
1.3 ±0.07
Beef
ounce
0.8 ±0.08
1.2 ±0.15
1.2 ±0.14
Chicken or turkey, plain
ounce
1.3 ± 0.10
1.3 ±0.16
1.3 ±0.10
Hot dogs, luncheon meats, sausages
ounce
1.3 ± 0.13
1.5 ±0.13
1.5 ±0.12
Chicken, breaded3
ounce
1.5 ± 0.14
1.5 ±0.13
1.8 ±0.12
nugget
2.4 ±0.22
2.4 ±0.21
2.8 ±0.19
Scrambled eggs
cup
0.2 ±0.02
0.3 ±0.03
0.3 ±0.02
Peanut butter
tablespoon
0.7 ±0.08
0.7 ±0.09
0.9 ±0.13
Yogurt
ounce
3.4 ± 0.19
3.8 ±0.26
3.8 ±0.28
Cheese
ounce
0.8 ±0.05
0.8 ±0.05
0.7 ±0.04
a Not included in total for all meats because weight includes breading.
iV = Sample size.
SE = Standard error of the mean.
Source: Fox etal. (2006).
April 2018
Page 11-53
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-28. Percentage of Infants and Toddlers Consuming Meats in the 2008 FITS
Percentage Consuming at Least Once per Day
Age (months)
Food Group/Food 4-5.9 6-8.9 9-11.9 12-14.9 15-17.9 18-20.9 21-23.9
Sample size 166 249 256 243 251 219 212
Types of meata
Beef
0b
0.4
±0.2b
1.7 ± 0.7b
6.8 ±2.1b
13.4 ±3.4
15.9 ± 4.7
13.9 ± 4.9
Chicken or turkey
0b
5.7
±2.1b
21.7 ± 4.4
35.6 ±4.9
47.0 ±5.0
38.0 ±5.2
40.3 ±5.4
Fish and shellfish
ob
0.2
±0.2b
1.9 ± 1.4b
6.0 ± 1.8b
2.8 ± 1.0b
7.2 ± 2.1b
5.0 ±2.2b
Hot dogs, sausages, and cold cuts
ob
1.1
±0.8b
6.7 ±2.2b
17.8 ±3.9
22.2 ±4.1
22.3 ±3.9
28.4 ±5.2
Pork/ham
ob
0.8
00
o
-H
1.7 ± 0.9b
3.3 ± 1.2b
5.5 ±2.5b
14.1 ±4.4
14.8 ±5.0
Other
ob
ob
3.2 ± 3.0b
4.3 ± 1.8b
3.1 ± 1.5b
0.6 ± 0.4b
2.7 ± 1.4b
Includes baby foods and nonbaby food meats.
Point estimate is considered imprecise because of small sample size and uncommon or very common event.
Source: Siega-Riz et al. (2010).
April 2018
Page 11-54
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-29. Percentage of Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers Consuming Meats and Other Protein Sources, and Milk in a Given
Day, by WIC Participation, FITS 2008a
0-5.9 months
6A
i.9 months
9-11.9 months
6-11.9 months
12-23.9 months
24^17.9 months
WIC
N= 117
Non-WIC
N = 265
WIC
jV= 84
Non-WIC
N= 165
WIC
N= 76
Non-WIC
N= 180
WIC Non-WIC
N= 160 N= 345
WIC
N = 238
Non-WIC
N= 687
WIC
N= 279
Non-WIC
N= 1,180
Meats and other proteins
Any meat or protein source
2.8a
0.0a
50.0
29.lb
78.0a
76.1
64.1
53.6
93.9a
94.1
92.9a
91.7
Baby food meat
0.0a
0.0a
2.8a
6.0a
0.9a
1.3a
1.9a
3.6a
0.4a
1.2a
0.0a
0.0a
Nonbaby food meat
0.0a
0.0a
3.9a
3.3a
42.9a
25.7
23.5
15.0
71.9
72.0
79.0
65.9C
Cheese
0.0a
0.0a
1.4a
4.3a
15.8a
11.la
8.6a
7.8
19.6
31.0b
23.6
27.5
Yogurt
0.2a
0.0a
11.0a
3.7a
6.0a
15.lb
8.5a
9.6
13.3
29.0°
16.0
23.5
Eggs
0.0a
0.0a
0.8a
0.8a
9.3a
8.5a
5.0a
4.8a
28.3
16.8b
25.8
16.2
Protein in mixed dishes
2.6a
0.0a
38.2
15.7b
41.la
43.5
39.6
30.2
24.0
27.3
20.2
22.7
Milk
Any
100.0
100.0
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
100.0
100.0
95.6a
94.2
87.1
90.1
Breast milk
21.9
69.3C
11.6a
51.0C
34.7a
31.7
23.2
40.9C
3.9a
7.4
0.9a
0.4a
Formula
90.6a
42.3C
91.9a
60.2°
60.la
66.7
75.9
63.6
8.0a
8.6
0.1a
0.2a
Cow's milk
0.0
0.0
9.5a
1.9a
17.0a
16.4
13.3
9.4
86.5
81.0
86.8
86.0
Whole milk
0.0
0.0
8.2a
1.9a
11.9a
13.2
10.0a
7.8
59.2
64.2
30.7
30.5
Reduced or low fat
0.0
0.0
0.3a
0.0a
5.1a
2.1a
2.T
l.la
31.8
19.7
50.6
52.4
Nonfat
0.0
0.0
l.la
0.0a
0.0a
0.1a
0.5
0.1a
1.0a
1.0
7.4a
10.5
a Point estimate is considered imprecise because of small samples size and uncommon or very common event.
b Statistically different from WIC participant atp = 0.05.
c Statistically different from WIC participant at p =0.01.
WIC = Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.
iV = Sample size.
Source: Deming et al. (2014).
April 2018
Page 11-55
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Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-30. Mean Amount Consumed (g/eating occasion) Among Children 12—23.9
Months of Age
Food
FITS 2008 (N= 123)
Meats and other protein sources
Milk products (includes cheese, yogurt)
Cheese
41 ±2.5
57 ±6.6
21 ±2.3
N = Sample size.
Source: Briefel et al. (2010).
April 2018
Page 11-56
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Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-31.
Per Capita 2-Day Average" Intake of Total Meatsb and Total Dairy0: Pregnant, Lactating, and All Women of
Child-bearing Age (13 to <50 years)
Percent
Percentiles
Population Group
N
Consuming"1
Mean
SE
Pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th Maximum
g/day
Total meats
Pregnant
426
99
109
4.0
0.3e
10.9
32.9
60.2
100
150
193
222
284e
405e
Lactating
101
97
119
12.9
0C
4.1e
21.0e
66.3
104
173
219e
282e
299e
314e
Child-bearing age
5,543
98
106
1.4
0
7.8
27.2
57.2
96.0
142
199
238
331
542e
Total dairy
Pregnant
426
100
335
25.1
20.6e
35.5
59.5
144
255
463
740
877
l,223e
2,121e
Lactating
101
100
337
29.3
1.2e
11.8e
61,4e
150
318
525
543e
676e
950e
l,321e
Child-bearing age
5,543
100
242
6.5
2.2
17.6
34.7
81.8
177
339
525
666
1,049
2,390e
g/kg-day
Total meats
Pregnant
426
99
1.5
0.06
<0.05c
0.2
0.4
0.8
1.3
2.1
2.8
3.3
4.9e
5.9e
Lactating
101
97
1.8
0.2
0C
0.1e
0.4e
1.0
1.7
2.1
3.3e
4.9e
5.7e
5.7e
Child-bearing age
5,543
98
1.5
0.03
0
0.1
0.4
0.8
1.3
2.0
3.0
3.6
4.9
13.3e
Total dairy
Pregnant
426
100
4.5
0.3
0.2°
0.5
0.8
2.0
3.6
6.2
9.7
12.1
16.7e
26.9e
Lactating
101
100
5.2
0.5
<0.05°
0.2e
1.0e
2.4
4.7
8.2
10.0e
10.5e
15.7e
18.9e
Child-bearing age
5,543
100
3.6
0.1
<0.05
0.2
0.5
1.1
2.5
4.9
8.0
10.3
16.9
45.0e
April 2018
Page 11-57
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-31. Per Capita 2-Day Average" Intake of Total Meatsb and Total Dairy0: Pregnant, Lactating, and All Women of
Child-bearing Age (13 to <50 years) (Continued)
a Based on the average of two days of food consumption reported for each NHANES respondent. If the respondent reported zero consumption on one of the two days and non-
zero consumption on the other day, his/her average consumption would be the average of zero and non-zero consumption. Single day rates can be generated using
http ://fcid. foodrisk. org/.
b Total Meat includes: beef, fat; beef, fat-baby food; beef, kidney; beef, liver; beef, liver-baby food; beef, meat; beef, meat byproducts; beef, meat byproducts- baby food; beef,
meat, dried; beef, meat-baby food; chicken, fat; chicken, fat-baby food; chicken, liver; chicken, meat; chicken, meat byproducts; chicken, meat byproducts-baby food; chicken,
meat-baby food; chicken, skin; chicken, skin-baby food; goat, fat; goat, kidney; goat, liver; goat, meat; goat, meat byproducts; horse, meat; meat, game; pork, fat; pork, fat-baby
food; pork, kidney; pork, liver; pork, meat; pork, meat byproducts; pork, meat byproducts-baby food; pork, meat-baby food; pork, skin; poultry, other, fat; poultry, other, liver;
poultry, other, meat; poultry, other, meat byproducts; poultry, other, skin; rabbit, meat; sheep, fat; sheep, fat-baby food; sheep, kidney; sheep, liver; sheep, meat; sheep, meat
byproducts; sheep, meat-baby food; turkey, fat; turkey, fat-baby food; turkey, liver; turkey, liver-baby food; turkey, meat; turkey, meat byproducts; turkey, meat byproducts-baby
food; turkey, meat-baby food; turkey, skin; turkey, skin-baby food.
c Total Dairy includes: milk, fat; milk, fat-baby food/infant formula; milk, nonfat solids; milk, nonfat solids-baby food/infant formula; milk, sugar (lactose)-baby food/infant
formula; milk, water; milk, water-baby food/infant formula.
11 Percent consuming at least once in 2-day survey period.
e Estimates are less statistically reliable based on guidance published in the Joint Policy on Variance Estimation and Statistical Reporting Standards on NHANES III and CSFII
Reports: HNIS/NCHS Analytical Working Group Recommendations (NCHS, 1993).
N = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
Source: Based on U.S. EPA analysis of 2005-2010 NHANES using http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
April 2018
Page 11-58
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Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-32
Consumer-Only 2-Day Average" Intake of Total Meatsb and Total Dairy
Women of Child-bearing Age (13 to <50 years)
c: Pregnant, Lactating, and All
Percentiles
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
1st
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Maximum
g/day
Total meats
Pregnant
421
109
4.1
0.6d
15.9
35.4
63.6
102
150
193
222
284d
405d
Lactating
99
122
13.0
0.7d
18.2d
29.4d
68.5
104
173
230d
282d
299d
314d
Child-bearing age
5,454
109
1.5
0.4
17.0
30.9
59.5
97.3
144
201
239
333
542d
Total dairy
Pregnant
426
335
25.1
20.6d
35.5
59.5
144
255
463
740
877
1,223d
2,12 ld
Lactating
101
337
29.3
1.2d
11.8d
61.4d
150
318
525
543d
676d
950d
1,32 ld
Child-bearing age
5,543
242
6.5
3.7
18.5
35.2
82.0
178
339
525
666
1,049
2,390d
g/kg-day
Total meats
Pregnant
421
1.5
0.06
<0.05d
0.2
0.5
0.8
1.3
2.1
2.8
3.3
4.9d
5.9d
Lactating
99
1.9
0.2
<0.05d
0.3d
0.5d
1.1
1.7
2.5
3.3d
4.9d
5.7d
5.7d
Child-bearing age
5,454
1.6
0.03
<0.05
0.2
0.4
0.8
1.3
2.1
3.0
3.6
4.9
13.3d
Total dairy
Pregnant
426
4.5
0.3
0.2d
0.5
0.8
2.0
3.6
6.2
9.7
12.1
16.7d
26.9d
Lactating
101
5.2
0.5
<0.05d
0.2d
1.0d
2.4
4.7
8.2
10.0d
10.5d
15.7d
18.9d
Child-bearing age
5,543
3.6
0.1
<0.05
0.2
0.5
1.1
2.5
4.9
8.0
10.3
16.9
45.0d
April 2018
Page 11-59
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Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-32. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average" Intake of Total Meatsb and Total Dairy0: Pregnant, Lactating, and All
Women of Child-bearing Age (13 to <50 years) (Continued)
a Based on the average of two days of food consumption reported for each NHANES respondent. If the respondent reported zero consumption on one of the two days
and non-zero consumption on the other day, his/her average consumption would be the average of zero and non-zero consumption. Single day rates can be generated
using http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
b Total Meat includes: beef, fat; beef, fat-baby food; beef, kidney; beef, liver; beef, liver-baby food; beef, meat; beef, meat byproducts; beef, meat byproducts-baby
food; beef, meat, dried; beef, meat-baby food; chicken, fat; chicken, fat-baby food; chicken, liver; chicken, meat; chicken, meat byproducts; chicken, meat
byproducts-baby food; chicken, meat-baby food; chicken, skin; chicken, skin-baby food; goat, fat; goat, kidney; goat, liver; goat, meat; goat, meat byproducts; horse,
meat; meat, game; pork, fat; pork, fat-baby food; pork, kidney; pork, liver; pork, meat; pork, meat byproducts; pork, meat byproducts-baby food; pork, meat-baby
food; pork, skin; poultry, other, fat; poultry, other, liver; poultry, other, meat; poultry, other, meat byproducts; poultry, other, skin; rabbit, meat; sheep, fat; sheep, fat-
baby food; sheep, kidney; sheep, liver; sheep, meat; sheep, meat byproducts; sheep, meat-baby food; turkey, fat; turkey, fat-baby food; turkey, liver; turkey, liver-baby
food; turkey, meat; turkey, meat byproducts; turkey, meat byproducts-baby food; turkey, meat-baby food; turkey, skin; turkey, skin-baby food.
c Total Dairy includes: milk, fat; milk, fat-baby food/infant formula; milk, nonfat solids; milk, nonfat solids-baby food/infant formula; milk, sugar (lactose)-baby
food/infant formula; milk, water; milk, water-baby food/infant formula.
d Estimates are less statistically reliable based on guidance published in the Joint Policy on Variance Estimation and Statistical Reporting Standards on NHANES III
and CSFII Reports: HNIS/NCHS Analytical Working Group Recommendations (NCHS, 1993)
N = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
Source: Based on U.S. EPA analysis of 2005-2010 NHANES using http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
April 2018
Page 11-60
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-33. Per Capita and Consumer-Only 2-Day Average" Intake of Individual Meatsb:
Pregnant, Lactating, and All Women of Child-Bearing Age (13 to <50 years)
Food
Per Capita
Consumer-Only
PC
N
Mean
SE
95th
N
Mean
SE
95th
g/day
Beef
Pregnant
88
426
38.5
4.0
131
371
43.5
4.3
135c
Lactating
82
101
48.4
8.3
180c
86
59.0
8.9
180c
Child-bearing age
84
5,543
38.2
0.9
132
4,689
45.7
1.0
139
Pork
Pregnant
86
426
22.8
2.8
84.8
367
26.6
3.0
85.4C
Lactating
84
101
20.6
5.4
110°
84
24.6
6.2
110°
Child-bearing age
75
5,543
18.6
0.6
77.2
4,327
24.9
0.7
86.6
Poultry
Pregnant
80
426
47.3
3.8
158
338
59.0
4.0
159c
Lactating
88
101
49.5
5.7
140c
85
56.5
5.8
140c
Child-bearing age
77
5,543
49.0
1.5
154
4,365
63.9
1.5
170
g/kg-day
Beef
Pregnant
88
426
0.52
0.05
1.6
371
0.59
0.06
1.9C
Lactating
82
101
0.76
0.15
3.1c
86
0.93
0.16
3.1c
Child-bearing age
84
5,543
0.55
0.01
1.9
4,689
0.65
0.02
2.1
Pork
Pregnant
86
426
0.32
0.04
1.2
367
0.38
0.05
1.3C
Lactating
84
101
0.30
0.06
1.2C
84
0.36
0.07
1.2C
Child-bearing age
75
5,543
0.27
0.01
1.1
4,327
0.36
0.01
1.3
Poultry
Pregnant
80
426
0.65
0.06
2.1
338
0.81
0.06
2.2C
Lactating
88
101
0.75
0.09
2.0C
85
0.86
0.09
2.0C
Child-bearing age
77
5,543
0.71
0.02
2.3
4,365
0.92
0.02
2.5
April 2018
Page 11-61
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Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-33. Per Capita and Consumer-Only 2-Day Average" Intake of Individual Meatsb:
Pregnant, Lactating, and All Women of Child-Bearing Age (13 to <50 years) (Continued)
a Based on the average of two days of food consumption reported for each NHANES respondent. If the respondent reported
zero consumption on one of the two days and non-zero consumption on the other day, his/her average consumption would be
the average of zero and non-zero consumption. Single day rates can be generated using http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
b Beef includes: beef, fat; beef, fat-baby food; beef, kidney; beef, liver; beef, liver-baby food; beef, meat; beef, meat
byproducts; beef, meat byproducts-baby food; beef, meat, dried; beef, meat-baby food.
Pork includes: pork, fat; pork, fat-baby food; pork, kidney; pork, liver; pork, meat; pork, meat byproducts; pork, meat
byproducts-baby food; pork, meat-baby food; pork, skin.
Poultry includes: chicken, fat; chicken, fat-baby food; chicken, liver; chicken, meat; chicken, meat byproducts; chicken,
meat byproducts-baby food; chicken, meat-baby food; chicken, skin; chicken, skin-baby food; poultry, other, fat; poultry,
other, liver; poultry, other, meat; poultry, other, meat byproducts; poultry, other, skin; turkey, fat; turkey, fat-baby food;
turkey, liver; turkey, liver-baby food; turkey, meat; turkey, meat byproducts; turkey, meat byproducts-baby food; turkey,
meat-baby food; turkey, skin; turkey, skin-baby food.
c Estimates are less statistically reliable based on guidance published in the Joint Policy on Variance Estimation and
Statistical Reporting Standards on NHANES III and CSFII Reports: HNIS/NCHS Analytical Working Group
Recommendations (NCHS, 1993).
N = Sample size.
PC = Percent consuming. Represents the percentage of respondents consuming at least once in the 2-day survey period.
SE = Standard error.
Source: Based on EPAAnalysis of NHANES 2005-2010 data using http: // fcid.foodri sk.org/.
April 2018
Page 11-62
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-34
Per Capita Total Fat Intake (g/day)
Percentiles
Age Group3
N
Mean
SE
10th
25th
50th
75th
95th
Max
Birth to <1 year
All
1,422
29
18
0
19
31
40
59
107
Female
728
28
17
0
18
30
39
57
92
Male
694
30
18
0
20
32
40
61
107
Birth to <1 month
All
88
17
16
0
0
19
32
52
64
Female
50
19
15
0
0
18
29
39
52
Male
38
15
18
0
0
19
31
43
64
1 to <3 months
All
245
22
18
0
0
27
34
47
75
Female
110
20
16
0
0
24
33
45
50
Male
135
23
19
0
0
28
34
55
75
3 to <6 months
All
411
28
17
0.1
20
31
39
52
107
Female
223
27
17
0
16
29
38
51
74
Male
188
30
18
0.2
22
31
39
50
107
6 to <12 months
All
678
33
17
8.5
25
34
43
62
100
Female
345
32
17
5.1
24
33
43
62
92
Male
333
34
16
11
25
34
44
62
100
1 to <2 years
All
1,002
46
19
24
33
43
55
79
159
Female
499
45
18
25
33
43
54
77
116
Male
503
46
20
23
32
44
56
80
159
2 to <3 years
All
994
51
21
27
37
48
60
87
197
Female
494
49
20
24
35
46
59
83
127
Male
500
52
21
29
39
50
61
89
197
3 to <6 years
All
4,112
59
22
34
44
56
70
99
218
Female
2,018
56
21
33
43
54
68
96
194
Male
2,094
61
23
35
45
59
72
103
218
6 to <11 years
All
1,553
68
24
41
50
66
81
111
179
Female
742
64
22
38
48
61
77
101
156
Male
811
72
25
43
55
70
86
115
179
11 to <16 years
All
975
80
38
42
56
74
97
145
342
Female
493
69
29
37
49
65
82
123
259
Male
482
91
42
50
64
84
111
163
342
April 2018
Page 11-63
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-34.
Per Capita Total Fat Intake (g/day) (Continued)
Percentiles
Age Group3
N
Mean
SE
10th
25th
50th
75th
95th
Max
16 to <21 years
All
743
85
47
37
54
76
108
168
463
Female
372
79
39
35
49
75
96
154
317
Male
371
92
53
41
57
77
114
186
463
21 to <31 years
All
1,412
84
45
36
53
76
104
164
445
Female
682
65
31
30
43
59
81
126
201
Male
730
103
48
50
68
93
125
181
445
31 to <41 years
All
1,628
83
43
36
52
74
106
162
376
Female
781
64
31
29
42
58
79
121
228
Male
847
101
45
49
69
96
127
190
376
41 to <51 years
All
1,644
78
39
36
50
70
99
153
267
Female
816
63
29
31
43
59
78
114
208
Male
828
93
42
46
63
87
119
166
267
51 to <61 years
All
1,578
73
37
31
46
66
90
137
306
Female
768
58
26
27
39
56
73
104
165
Male
810
88
40
39
57
82
110
156
306
61 to <71 years
All
1,507
66
33
29
42
60
80
123
235
Female
719
53
24
26
36
49
68
96
184
Male
788
78
35
37
53
73
98
138
235
71 to <81 years
All
888
60
27
28
41
55
72
104
201
Female
421
51
22
27
37
49
62
86
158
Male
467
68
29
34
48
67
86
114
201
81+ years
All
392
57
29
24
36
54
69
102
227
Female
190
49
23
22
32
48
64
84
132
Male
202
64
32
31
43
61
82
106
227
a Age groups are based on U.S. EPA (2005) Guidance
Exposures to Environmental Contaminants.
N = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
on Selecting Age Groups for Monitoring and Assessing Childhood
Source: U.S. EPA (2007).
April 2018
Page 11-64
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-35.
Per Capita Total Fat Intake (g/kg-day)
Percentiles
Age Group3
N
Mean
SE
10th
25th
50th
75th
95th
Max
Birth to <1 year
All
1,422
4.0
2.8
0
2.3
4.1
5.6
8.9
20
Female
728
4.1
2.8
0
2.4
4.3
5.8
8.7
18
Male
694
4.0
2.8
0
2.3
4.0
5.5
9.2
20
Birth to <1 month
All
88
5.2
4.9
0
0
5.7
9.1
16
20
Female
50
5.9
4.6
0
0
6.2
8.4
13
16
Male
38
4.3
5.3
0
0
4.7
9.7
18
20
1 to <3 months
All
245
4.5
3.8
0
0
4.9
6.8
12
18
Female
110
4.3
3.6
0
0
4.8
6.5
11
14
Male
135
4.7
3.9
0
0
4.9
7.0
10
18
3 to <6 months
All
411
4.1
2.7
0
2.4
4.3
5.7
8.2
18
Female
223
4.2
2.8
0
2.3
4.5
6.0
8.2
18
Male
188
4.1
2.5
0
2.6
4.1
5.5
8.2
16
6 to <12 months
All
678
3.7
1.8
1.0
2.7
3.8
4.8
7.0
11
Female
345
3.7
1.9
0.7
2.8
3.8
5.0
7.0
9.8
Male
333
3.6
1.7
1.3
2.6
3.7
4.6
6.8
11
1 to <2 years
All
1,002
4.0
1.7
2.1
2.8
3.7
4.7
7.1
12
Female
499
4.1
1.6
2.2
3.0
3.7
5.0
6.9
9.7
Male
503
3.9
1.7
1.9
2.6
3.6
4.5
7.2
12
2 to <3 years
All
994
3.6
1.5
1.9
2.6
3.4
4.4
6.4
12
Female
494
3.7
1.6
1.8
2.4
3.4
4.4
6.6
10
Male
500
3.6
1.5
2.0
2.6
3.4
4.3
6.1
12
3 to <6 years
All
4,112
3.4
1.3
1.9
2.4
3.2
4.0
5.8
11
Female
2,018
3.4
1.3
1.8
2.4
3.1
4.0
5.8
11
Male
2,094
3.5
1.4
1.9
2.4
3.2
4.1
5.8
11
6 to <11 years
All
1,553
2.6
1.1
1.3
1.7
2.3
3.0
4.2
9.9
Female
742
2.4
1.0
1.3
1.6
2.2
2.8
4.0
7.7
Male
811
2.7
1.1
1.4
1.8
2.4
3.1
4.4
9.9
11 to <16 years
All
975
1.6
0.8
0.8
1.1
1.4
2.0
3.0
5.7
Female
493
1.4
0.7
0.7
0.9
1.3
1.7
2.6
5.0
Male
482
1.8
0.9
0.9
1.2
1.6
2.1
3.3
5.7
April 2018
Page 11-65
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-35.
Per Capita Total Fat Intake (g/kg-day) (Continued)
Percentiles
Age Group3
N
Mean SE
10th
25th
50th
75th
95th
Max
16 to <21 years
All
743
1.3
0.66
0.54
0.81
1.2
1.6
2.7
6.0
Female
372
1.1
0.56
0.48
0.75
1.1
1.4
2.1
4.4
Male
371
1.4
0.73
0.63
0.85
1.2
1.7
2.9
6.0
21 to <31 years
All
1,412
1.2
0.61
0.53
0.72
1.1
1.5
2.3
7.3
Female
682
1.0
0.52
0.44
0.65
0.9
1.3
2.0
3.7
Male
730
1.3
0.66
0.63
0.85
1.2
1.6
2.4
7.3
31 to <41 years
All
1,628
1.1
0.55
0.49
0.69
1.0
1.4
2.1
4.7
Female
781
1.0
0.52
0.45
0.61
0.9
1.3
1.9
4.7
Male
847
1.2
0.54
0.59
0.85
1.2
1.5
2.3
4.3
41 to <51 years
All
1,644
1.0
0.49
0.48
0.66
0.9
1.3
1.9
4.4
Female
816
0.9
0.43
0.43
0.61
0.9
1.2
1.7
2.9
Male
828
1.1
0.53
0.53
0.72
1.0
1.4
2.0
4.4
51 to <61 years
All
1,578
0.9
0.46
0.42
0.61
0.86
1.2
1.7
3.8
Female
768
0.8
0.38
0.39
0.56
0.79
1.1
1.5
2.4
Male
810
1.0
0.50
0.47
0.65
0.95
1.3
1.9
3.8
61 to <71 years
All
1,507
0.9
0.43
0.40
0.55
0.79
1.1
1.7
3.2
Female
719
0.8
0.39
0.36
0.50
0.74
1.0
1.5
3.2
Male
788
1.0
0.45
0.46
0.61
0.87
1.2
1.8
3.1
71 to <81 years
All
888
0.8
0.37
0.40
0.56
0.78
1.0
1.5
3.2
Female
421
0.8
0.37
0.39
0.53
0.72
1.0
1.4
3.2
Male
467
0.9
0.37
0.42
0.61
0.82
1.1
1.5
2.6
81+ years
All
392
0.9
0.43
0.37
0.56
0.82
1.1
1.5
3.7
Female
190
0.8
0.39
0.35
0.54
0.82
1.1
1.5
2.1
Male
202
0.9
0.47
0.39
0.56
0.82
1.1
1.6
3.7
a Age groups are based on U.S. EPA (2005) Guidance
Exposures to Environmental Contaminants.
N = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
on Selecting Age Groups for Monitoring and Assessing Childhood
Source: U.S. EPA (2007).
April 2018
Page 11-66
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-36.
Consumer-Only Total Fat Intake (g/day)
Percentiles
Age Group2
N
Mean
SE
10th
25th
50th
75th
95th
Max
Birth to <1 year
All
1,301
31
16
7.0
24
32
41
61
107
Female
664
30
16
5.1
24
32
40
58
92
Male
637
32
16
9.0
25
33
41
62
107
Birth to <1 month
All
59
26
13
6.7
17
27
32
52
64
Female
37
26
11
7.8
17
25
32
39
52
Male
22
25
17
—
—
—
—
—
64
1 to <3 months
All
182
29
14
5.8
24
31
35
53
75
Female
79
28
12
4.3
21
30
35
46
50
Male
103
31
16
8.5
27
31
38
59
75
3 to <6 months
All
384
30
16
2.5
24
32
40
54
107
Female
205
29
16
1.2
24
31
39
52
72
Male
179
31
17
4.6
25
33
39
53
107
6 to <12 months
All
676
33
16
8.9
25
34
43
62
100
Female
343
32
17
6.2
24
34
43
62
92
Male
333
34
16
11
25
34
44
62
100
1 to <2 year
All
1,002
46
19
24
33
43
55
79
159
Female
499
45
18
25
33
43
54
77
116
Male
503
46
20
23
32
44
56
80
159
2 to <3 years
All
994
51
21
27
37
48
60
87
197
Female
494
49
20
24
35
46
59
83
127
Male
500
52
21
29
39
50
61
89
197
3 to <6 years
All
4,112
59
22
34
44
56
70
99
218
Female
2,018
56
21
33
43
54
68
96
194
Male
2,094
61
23
35
45
59
72
103
218
6 to <11 years
All
1,553
68
24
41
50
66
81
111
179
Female
742
64
22
38
48
61
77
101
156
Male
811
72
25
43
55
70
86
115
179
11 to <16 years
All
975
80
38
42
56
74
97
145
342
Female
493
69
29
37
49
65
82
123
259
Male
482
91
42
50
64
84
111
163
342
April 2018
Page 11-67
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-36.
Consumer-Only Total Fat Intake (g/day) (Continued)
Percentiles
Age Group2
N
Mean SE
10th
25th
50th
75th
95th
Max
16 to <21 years
All
743
85
47
37
54
76
108
168
463
Female
372
79
39
35
49
75
96
154
317
Male
371
92
53
41
57
77
114
186
463
21 to <31 years
All
1,412
84
45
36
53
76
104
164
445
Female
682
65
31
30
43
59
81
126
201
Male
730
103
48
50
68
93
125
181
445
31 to <41 years
All
1,628
83
43
36
52
74
106
162
376
Female
781
64
31
29
42
58
79
121
228
Male
847
101
45
49
69
96
127
190
376
41 to <51 years
All
1,644
78
39
36
50
70
99
153
267
Female
816
63
29
31
43
59
78
114
208
Male
828
93
42
46
63
87
119
166
267
51 to <61 years
All
1,578
73
37
31
46
66
90
137
306
Female
768
58
26
27
39
56
73
104
165
Male
810
88
40
39
57
82
110
156
306
61 to <71 years
All
1,507
66
33
29
42
60
80
123
235
Female
719
53
24
26
36
49
68
96
184
Male
788
78
35
37
53
73
98
138
235
71 to <81 years
All
888
60
27
28
41
55
72
104
201
Female
421
51
22
27
37
49
62
86
158
Male
467
68
29
34
48
67
86
114
201
81+ years
All
392
57
29
24
36
54
69
102
227
Female
190
49
23
22
32
48
64
84
132
Male
202
64
32
31
43
61
82
106
227
a Age groups are based on U.S. EPA (2005) Guidance on Selecting Age Groups for Monitoring and Assessing Childhood
Exposures to Environmental Contaminants.
— = Percentiles were not calculated for sample sizes less than 30.
N = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
Source: U.S. EPA (2007).
April 2018
Page 11-68
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-37.
Consumer-Only Total Fat Intake (g/kg-day)
Percentiles
Age Group2
N
Mean
SE
10th
25th
50th
75th
95th
Max
Birth to <1 year
All
1,301
4.4
2.6
0.94
2.9
4.3
5.8
9.2
20
Female
664
4.5
2.6
0.67
3.1
4.5
6.0
8.9
18
Male
637
4.3
2.6
1.2
2.8
4.1
5.6
9.3
20
Birth to <1 month
All
59
7.8
4.1
1.4
5.4
8.0
9.7
16
20
Female
37
8.0
3.5
2.0
5.3
7.7
9.1
13
16
Male
22
7.4
4.9
—
—
—
—
—
20
1 to <3 months
All
182
6.0
3.1
1.0
4.1
6.0
7.8
12
18
Female
79
5.9
2.9
0.80
4.3
6.0
7.7
12
14
Male
103
6.1
3.3
1.8
4.1
6.0
7.8
12
18
3 to <6 months
All
384
4.4
2.5
0.35
3.1
4.5
5.8
8.3
18
Female
205
4.5
2.6
0.14
3.1
4.7
6.1
8.2
18
Male
179
4.3
2.4
0.57
3.1
4.2
5.6
8.8
16
6 to <12 months
All
676
3.7
1.8
1.0
2.7
3.8
4.8
7.0
11
Female
343
3.7
1.9
0.75
2.8
3.8
5.0
7.0
9.8
Male
333
3.6
1.7
1.3
2.6
3.7
4.6
6.8
11
1 to <2 years
All
1,002
4.0
1.7
2.1
2.8
3.7
4.7
7.1
12
Female
499
4.1
1.6
2.2
3.0
3.7
5.0
6.9
9.7
Male
503
3.9
1.7
1.9
2.6
3.6
4.5
7.2
12
2 to <3 years
All
994
3.6
1.5
1.9
2.6
3.4
4.4
6.4
12
Female
494
3.7
1.6
1.8
2.4
3.4
4.4
6.6
10
Male
500
3.6
1.5
2.0
2.6
3.4
4.3
6.1
12
3 to <6 years
All
4,112
3.4
1.3
1.9
2.4
3.2
4.0
5.8
11
Female
2,018
3.4
1.3
1.8
2.4
3.1
4.0
5.8
11
Male
2,094
3.5
1.4
1.9
2.4
3.2
4.1
5.8
11
6 to <11 years
All
1,553
2.6
1.1
1.3
1.7
2.3
3.0
4.2
9.9
Female
742
2.4
1.0
1.3
1.6
2.2
2.8
4.0
7.7
Male
811
2.7
1.1
1.4
1.8
2.4
3.1
4.4
9.9
11 to <16 years
All
975
1.6
0.80
0.77
1.1
1.4
2.0
3.0
5.7
Female
493
1.4
0.69
0.67
0.91
1.3
1.7
2.6
5.0
Male
482
1.8
0.86
0.88
1.2
1.6
2.1
3.3
5.7
April 2018
Page 11-69
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-37. Consumer-Only Total Fat Intake (g/kg-day) (Continued)
Percentiles
Age Group2
N
Mean
SE
10th
25th
50th
75th
95th
Max
16 to <21 years
All
743
1.3
0.66
0.54
0.81
1.2
1.6
2.7
6.0
Female
372
1.1
0.56
0.48
0.75
1.1
1.4
2.1
4.4
Male
371
1.4
0.73
0.63
0.85
1.2
1.7
2.9
6.0
21 to <31 years
All
1,412
1.2
0.61
0.53
0.72
1.1
1.5
2.3
7.3
Female
682
1.0
0.52
0.44
0.65
0.93
1.3
2.0
3.7
Male
730
1.3
0.66
0.63
0.85
1.2
1.6
2.4
7.3
31 to <41 years
All
1,628
1.1
0.55
0.49
0.69
1.0
1.4
2.1
4.7
Female
781
0.98
0.52
0.45
0.61
0.91
1.3
1.9
4.7
Male
847
1.2
0.54
0.59
0.85
1.2
1.5
2.3
4.3
41 to <51 years
All
1,644
1.0
0.49
0.48
0.66
0.94
1.3
1.9
4.4
Female
816
0.92
0.43
0.43
0.61
0.86
1.2
1.7
2.9
Male
828
1.1
0.53
0.53
0.72
1.0
1.4
2.0
4.4
51 to <61 years
All
1,578
0.94
0.46
0.42
0.61
0.86
1.2
1.7
3.8
Female
768
0.83
0.38
0.39
0.56
0.79
1.1
1.5
2.4
Male
810
1.0
0.50
0.47
0.65
0.95
1.3
1.9
3.8
61 to <71 years
All
1,507
0.88
0.43
0.40
0.55
0.79
1.1
1.7
3.2
Female
719
0.79
0.39
0.36
0.50
0.74
0.99
1.5
3.2
Male
788
0.95
0.45
0.46
0.61
0.87
1.2
1.8
3.1
71 to <81 years
All
888
0.82
0.37
0.40
0.56
0.78
1.0
1.5
3.2
Female
421
0.77
0.37
0.39
0.53
0.72
0.95
1.4
3.2
Male
467
0.87
0.37
0.42
0.61
0.82
1.1
1.5
2.6
81+ years
All
392
0.86
0.43
0.37
0.56
0.82
1.1
1.5
3.7
Female
190
0.83
0.39
0.35
0.54
0.82
1.1
1.5
2.1
Male
202
0.89
0.47
0.39
0.56
0.82
1.1
1.6
3.7
a Age groups are based on U.S. EPA (2005) Guidance on Selecting Age Groups for Monitoring and Assessing Childhood
Exposures to Environmental Contaminants.
— = Percentiles were not calculated for sample sizes less than 30.
N = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
Source: U.S. EPA (2007).
April 2018
Page 11-70
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-38.
Consumer-Only Total Fat Intake—
(g/day)
-Top 10% of Animal Fat Consumers
Percentiles
Age Group3
N
Mean
SE
10th
25th
50th
75th
95th
Max
Birth to <1 year
All
140
45
16
28
35
45
54
77
100
Female
70
45
15
26
35
45
54
69
92
Male
70
45
17
28
34
44
53
79
100
1 to <2 years
All
109
75
20
52
61
74
85
108
159
Female
54
68
16
52
57
70
78
89
114
Male
55
81
22
54
67
78
90
125
159
2 to <3 years
All
103
79
20
55
64
74
85
116
133
Female
58
77
16
55
65
74
79
109
116
Male
45
81
24
52
61
73
90
121
133
3 to <6 years
All
461
88
25
62
72
84
102
135
218
Female
217
84
24
59
68
80
95
130
194
Male
244
92
25
66
76
90
103
136
218
6 to <11 years
All
198
94
25
66
77
88
105
140
178
Female
71
88
21
58
70
86
100
123
156
Male
127
97
27
69
78
91
112
168
178
11 to <16 years
All
96
133
53
85
95
121
154
223
342
16 to <21 years
All
68
167
64
98
122
154
189
278
463
11 to <21 years
All
165
146
60
90
105
139
168
254
463
Female
53
117
30
81
92
111
140
162
195
Male
112
160
65
94
117
151
191
276
463
21 to <31 years
All
150
151
55
97
113
139
173
236
445
Female
44
115
31
80
97
108
131
160
201
Male
106
166
56
107
128
161
177
254
445
31 to <41 years
All
148
147
51
93
110
135
172
352
376
Female
48
120
33
79
93
106
132
160
228
Male
100
160
53
110
125
149
201
352
376
41 to <51 years
All
166
137
42
88
110
136
156
208
267
Female
49
110
30
72
86
103
130
150
208
Male
117
148
41
106
119
142
166
218
267
April 2018
Page 11-71
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-38. Consumer-Only Total Fat Intake—Top 10% of Animal Fat Consumers
(g/day) (Continued)
Percentiles
Age Group3
N
Mean
SE
10th
25th
50th
75th
95th
Max
51 to <61 years
All
183
127
41
80
98
118
144
206
306
Female
39
96
27
63
74
86
106
126
165
Male
144
135
41
96
112
122
151
214
306
61 to <71 years
All
168
114
35
74
88
108
133
183
235
Female
47
91
24
68
74
87
103
120
184
Male
121
123
35
87
102
117
140
197
235
71 to <81 years
All
104
98
28
65
76
92
109
144
201
81+years
All
40
97
37
60
67
86
104
137
227
71+years
All
144
98
30
62
72
91
107
144
227
Female
50
83
25
54
63
72
95
123
147
Male
94
105
30
76
88
97
115
165
227
a Age groups are based on U.S. EPA (2005) Guidance on Selecting Age Groups for Monitoring and Assessing Childhood
Exposures to Environmental Contaminants.
N = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
Source: U.S. EPA (2007).
April 2018
Page 11-72
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-39.
Consumer-Only Total Fat Intake—
(g/kg-day)
-Top 10% of Animal Fat Consumers
Percentiles
Age Group3
N
Mean
SE
10th
25th
50th
75th
95th
Max
Birth to <1 year
All
140
4.7
1.7
2.8
3.7
4.6
6.0
7.7
11
Female
70
4.8
1.6
2.7
3.7
4.7
6.0
7.7
9.5
Male
70
4.6
1.7
2.8
3.6
4.4
5.8
7.5
11
1 to <2 years
All
109
6.9
1.5
5.1
5.7
6.8
7.7
9.5
12
Female
54
6.6
1.2
5.1
5.7
6.7
7.4
9.3
9.7
Male
55
7.1
1.6
5.1
5.8
6.9
8.0
9.4
12
2 to <3 years
All
103
6.1
1.3
4.6
5.2
5.8
6.7
8.3
9.5
Female
58
6.2
1.2
4.6
5.2
5.9
6.8
7.9
9.5
Male
45
6.1
1.3
4.5
5.2
5.6
6.6
8.4
9.5
3 to <6 years
All
461
5.6
1.3
4.2
4.7
5.3
6.2
8.3
11
Female
217
5.5
1.3
4.2
4.5
5.3
6.0
7.8
11
Male
244
5.7
1.3
4.2
4.8
5.3
6.2
8.4
11
6 to <11 years
All
198
4.2
1.1
3.0
3.4
3.8
4.6
6.0
9.9
Female
71
4.2
1.1
2.9
3.3
3.8
4.8
5.8
7.7
Male
127
4.2
1.1
3.0
3.4
3.8
4.5
6.3
9.9
11 to <16 years
All
96
3.0
0.85
2.0
2.4
2.8
3.3
4.6
5.7
16 to <21 years
All
68
2.5
0.74
1.7
2.0
2.4
2.9
3.7
6.0
11 to <21 years
All
165
2.8
0.84
1.9
2.1
2.7
3.1
4.4
6.0
Female
53
2.6
0.65
1.7
2.0
2.3
2.7
3.4
4.6
Male
112
2.9
0.90
1.9
2.3
2.8
3.1
4.5
6.0
21 to <31 years
All
150
2.2
0.73
1.5
1.7
2.1
2.4
3.2
7.3
Female
44
2.0
0.54
1.5
1.8
1.9
2.3
3.1
3.7
Male
106
2.2
0.79
1.6
1.7
2.1
2.4
3.2
7.3
31 to <41 years
All
148
2.1
0.59
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.4
3.9
4.7
Female
48
2.1
0.62
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.2
2.8
4.7
Male
100
2.1
0.58
1.5
1.6
2.0
2.6
3.9
4.3
41 to <51 years
All
166
1.8
0.49
1.3
1.5
1.8
2.1
2.8
4.0
Female
49
1.8
0.45
1.3
1.4
1.8
2.1
2.6
2.9
Male
117
1.9
0.50
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.8
4.0
April 2018
Page 11-73
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-39. Consumer-Only Total Fat Intake—Top 10% of Animal Fat Consumers
(g/kg-day) (Continued)
Percentiles
Age Group3
N
Mean
SE
10th
25th
50th
75th
95th
Max
51 to <61 years
All
183
1.7
0.46
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.9
2.5
3.8
Female
39
1.5
0.34
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.7
2.0
2.4
Male
144
1.7
0.48
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.9
2.6
3.8
61 to <71 years
All
168
1.6
0.42
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.8
2.5
3.2
Female
47
1.6
0.42
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
2.3
3.2
Male
121
1.6
0.43
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.8
2.5
3.1
71 to <81 years
All
104
1.4
0.37
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.5
2.0
3.2
81+ years
All
40
1.6
0.48
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.7
2.0
3.7
71+ years
All
144
1.4
0.41
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.6
2.0
3.7
Female
50
1.4
0.41
0.96
1.1
1.4
1.6
1.8
3.2
Male
94
1.5
0.41
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.5
2.1
3.7
a Age groups are based on U.S. EPA (2005) Guidance
Exposures to Environmental Contaminants.
N = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
on Selecting Age Groups for Monitoring and Assessing Childhood
Source: U.S. EPA(2007).
April 2018
Page 11-74
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-40
. Fat Intake among Children Based on Data from the Bogalusa Heart Study,
1973-1982 (g/day)
Percentiles
Age
N
Mean
SD
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
Minimum
Maximum
Total Fat Intake
6 months
125
37.1
17.5
18.7
25.6
33.9
46.3
60.8
3.4
107.6
1 year
99
59.1
26.0
29.1
40.4
56.1
71.4
94.4
21.6
152.7
2 years
135
86.7
41.3
39.9
55.5
79.2
110.5
141.1
26.5
236.4
3 years
106
91.6
38.8
50.2
63.6
82.6
114.6
153.0
32.6
232.5
4 years
219
98.6
56.1
46.0
66.8
87.0
114.6
163.3
29.3
584.6
10 years
871
93.2
50.8
45.7
60.5
81.4
111.3
154.5
14.6
529.5
13 years
148
107.0
53.9
53.0
69.8
90.8
130.7
184.1
9.8
282.2
15 years
108
97.7
48.7
46.1
65.2
85.8
124.0
165.2
10.0
251.3
17 years
159
107.8
64.3
41.4
59.7
97.3
140.2
195.1
8.5
327.4
Total Animal Fat
6 months
125
18.4
16.0
0.7
4.2
13.9
28.4
42.5
0.0
61.1
1 year
99
36.5
20.0
15.2
23.1
33.0
45.9
65.3
0.0
127.1
2 years
135
49.5
28.3
20.1
28.9
42.1
66.0
81.4
10.0
153.4
3 years
106
50.1
29.4
21.3
29.1
42.9
64.4
88.9
14.1
182.6
4 years
219
50.8
31.7
21.4
28.1
42.6
66.4
92.6
5.9
242.2
10 years
871
54.1
39.6
20.3
30.6
45.0
64.6
97.5
0.0
412.3
13 years
148
56.2
39.8
19.8
28.5
44.8
72.8
109.4
4.7
209.6
15 years
108
53.8
35.1
15.9
28.3
44.7
67.9
105.8
0.6
182.1
17 years
159
64.4
48.5
15.2
30.7
51.6
86.6
128.8
2.6
230.3
Total Vegetable Fat Intake
6 months
125
9.2
12.8
0.6
1.2
2.8
11.6
29.4
0.0
53.2
1 year
99
15.4
14.3
3.7
6.1
11.3
18.1
38.0
0.2
70.2
2 years
135
19.3
16.3
3.8
7.9
14.8
26.6
42.9
0.7
96.6
3 years
106
21.1
15.5
3.9
8.6
18.7
26.6
45.2
1.0
70.4
4 years
219
24.5
18.6
5.7
10.4
21.8
33.3
48.5
0.9
109.0
10 years
871
23.7
21.6
4.3
9.5
18.3
30.6
49.0
0.6
203.7
13 years
148
34.3
27.4
8.4
17.9
31.2
44.6
57.5
0.0
238.3
15 years
108
27.3
22.8
5.1
11.9
22.6
38.1
54.4
0.7
132.2
17 years
159
25.7
21.3
4.2
11.7
20.8
32.9
47.6
0.0
141.5
April 2018
Page 11-75
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-40
Fat Intake among Children Based on Data from the Bogalusa Heart Study,
1973-1982 (g/day) (Continued)
Percentiles
Age
N
Mean
SD
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
Minimum
Maximum
Total Fish Fat Intake
6 months
125
0.05
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.9
1 year
99
0.05
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.9
2 years
135
0.04
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.9
3 years
106
0.1
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.5
4 years
219
2.3
31.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
459.2
10 years
871
0.3
1.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
19.2
13 years
148
0.3
2.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
25.4
15 years
108
0.4
1.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.5
0.0
9.5
17 years
159
0.5
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.0
15.3
N
SD
= Sample size.
= Standard deviation.
Source:
Frank etal. (1986).
April 2018
Page 11-76
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-41
. Fat Intake among Children Based on Data from the Bogalusa Heart Study,
1973-1982 (g/kg-day)
Percentiles
Age
N
Mean
SD
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
Minimum
Maximum
Total Fat Intake
6 months
125
4.9
2.3
2.4
3.3
4.7
6.2
8.0
0.4
13.2
1 year
99
6.1
2.8
3.0
4.1
5.7
7.5
9.5
2.3
16.4
2 years
132
7.0
3.3
3.4
4.5
6.2
8.6
11.9
2.1
18.7
3 years
106
6.4
2.7
3.6
4.6
5.5
8.2
9.9
2.2
16.7
4 years
218
6.1
3.7
2.9
4.0
5.2
7.0
10.0
2.0
38.2
10 years
861
2.7
1.5
1.2
1.7
2.4
3.3
4.5
0.3
13.9
13 years
147
2.3
1.3
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.8
3.8
0.2
10.2
15 years
105
1.7
0.8
0.8
1.2
1.5
2.1
3.1
0.2
4.7
17 years
149
1.8
1.0
0.7
0.9
1.6
2.2
3.1
0.2
6.2
Total Animal Fat
6 months
125
2.4
2.1
0.08
0.6
2.0
3.7
5.5
0.0
9.0
1 year
99
3.8
2.1
1.7
2.4
3.4
4.9
6.5
0.0
13.6
2 years
132
4.0
2.3
1.7
2.3
3.4
5.2
6.7
0.7
13.4
3 years
106
3.5
2.0
1.6
2.1
3.1
4.2
6.1
0.9
13.1
4 years
218
3.1
2.1
1.3
1.7
2.6
4.0
5.4
0.4
15.4
10 years
861
16
1.2
0.6
0.8
1.3
1.9
2.8
0.00
10.8
13 years
147
1.2
0.9
0.4
0.6
0.9
1.6
2.3
0.08
5.2
15 years
105
1.0
0.6
0.3
0.5
0.8
1.3
1.9
0.01
3.1
17 years
149
1.0
0.8
0.3
0.5
0.8
1.4
2.0
0.05
4.2
Total Vegetable Fat Intake
6 months
125
1.2
1.8
0.08
0.2
0.4
1.6
4.1
0.0
8.2
1 year
99
1.6
1.6
0.4
0.6
1.2
1.9
3.8
0.02
7.6
2 years
132
1.6
1.4
0.3
0.7
1.1
2.0
3.5
0.06
8.5
3 years
106
1.5
1.1
0.3
0.6
1.4
2.0
3.0
0.08
5.1
4 years
218
1.5
1.2
0.4
0.6
1.2
2.1
2.8
0.06
7.3
10 years
861
0.7
0.6
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.9
1.4
0.02
4.2
13 years
147
0.8
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.9
1.3
0.0
8.6
15 years
105
0.5
0.4
0.09
0.2
0.4
0.7
0.9
0.01
2.2
17 years
149
0.4
0.4
0.07
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.9
0.0
2.1
April 2018
Page 11-77
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-41
. Fat Intake among Children Based on Data from the Bogalusa Heart Study,
1973-1982 (g/kg-day) (Continued)
Percentiles
Age
N
Mean
SD
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
Minimum
Maximum
Total Fish Fat Intake
6 months
125
0.01
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.02
0.0
0.1
1 year
99
0.01
0.03
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
2 years
132
0.003
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
3 years
106
0.01
0.04
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
4 years
218
0.2
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
30.0
10 years
861
0.01
0.05
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
13 years
147
0.01
0.04
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
15 years
105
0.01
0.03
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.04
0.0
0.2
17 years
149
0.01
0.03
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.008
0.0
0.2
N
SD
= Sample size.
= Standard deviation.
Source:
Frank et al. (1986).
April 2018
Page 11-78
-------
Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-42. Mean Percentage of Moisture and Total Fat Content of Selected Meat and
Dairy Products
a
Moisture
Total Fat
Content
Content
Product
(%)
(%)
Comment
Meat
Beef (composite of trimmed retail cuts; all grades)
70.62
6.16
Raw, lean only
59.25
9.91
Cooked; lean only
60.44
19.24
Raw, lean and fat, 1/4 in fat trim
51.43
21.54
Cooked; lean and fat, 1/4 in fat trim
Pork (composite of trimmed retail cuts)
72.34
5.88
Raw, lean only
60.31
9.66
Cooked; lean only
65.11
14.95
Raw, lean and fat
54.55
17.18
Cooked; lean and fat
Cured ham
63.46
12.90
Center slice, unheated; lean and fat
55.93
8.32
Raw, center slice, country style; lean only
Cured bacon
40.20
45.04
Raw
12.52
43.27
Cooked, baked
12.32
41.78
Cooked, broiled
12.12
40.30
Cooked, pan-fried
16.49
37.27
Cooked, microwaved
Lamb (composite of trimmed retail cuts)
73.42
5.25
Raw, lean only
61.96
9.52
Cooked; lean only
60.70
21.59
Raw, lean and fat, 1/4 in fat trim
53.72
20.94
Cooked; lean and fat, 1/4 in fat trim
Veal (composite of trimmed retail cuts)
75.91
2.87
Raw, lean only
60.16
6.58
Cooked; lean only
72.84
6.77
Raw, lean and fat, 1/4 in fat trim
57.08
11.39
Cooked; lean and fat, 1/4 in fat trim
Rabbit (domesticated)
72.82
5.55
Raw
60.61
8.05
Cooked, roasted
58.82
8.41
Cooked, stewed
Chicken (broilers or fryers)
75.46
3.08
Raw, meat only
66.81
6.71
Cooked, stewed; meat only
63.79
7.41
Cooked, roasted; meat only
57.53
9.12
Cooked, fried; meat only
65.99
15.06
Raw, meat and skin
63.93
12.56
Cooked, stewed; meat and skin
59.45
13.60
Cooked, roasted; meat and skin
52.41
14.92
Cooked, fried, flour; meat and skin
Duck (domesticated)
73.77
5.95
Raw, meat only
64.22
11.20
Cooked, roasted; meat only
48.50
39.34
Raw, meat and skin
51.84
28.35
Cooked, roasted; meat and skin
Turkey (all classes)
74.16
2.86
Raw, meat only
64.88
4.97
Cooked, roasted; meat only
70.40
8.02
Raw, meat and skin
61.70
9.73
Cooked, roasted; meat and skin
71.97
8.26
Raw, ground
59.42
13.15
Cooked; ground
April 2018
Page 11-79
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Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table 11-42. Mean Percentage of Moisture and Total Fat Content of Selected Meat and Dairy
Products3 (Continued)
Moisture
Total Fat
Content
Content
Product
(%)
(%)
Comment
Dairy
Milk
Whole
88.32
3.25
3.25% milkfat
Human
87.50
4.38
Whole, mature, fluid
Low-fat (1%)
89.81
0.97
Fluid, with added nonfat milk solids and vitamin A
Reduced fat (2%)
88.86
1.92
Fluid, with added nonfat milk solids and vitamin A
Skim or fat free
90.38
0.25
Fluid, with added nonfat milk solids and vitamin A
Cream
Half and half
80.57
11.50
Fluid
Light (coffee cream or table cream)
73.75
19.31
Fluid
Heavy-whipping
57.71
37.00
Fluid
Sour
70.95
20.96
Cultured
Sour, reduced fat
80.14
12.00
Cultured
Butter
15.87
81.11
Salted
Cheese
American
39.16
31.25
Pasteurized
Cheddar
36.75
33.14
Swiss
37.12
27.80
Cream
53.75
34.87
Parmesan
29.16; 20.84
25.83; 28.61
Hard; grated
Cottage, Low-fat
82.48; 79.31
1.02; 1.93
1% fat; 2% fat
Colby
38.20
32.11
Blue
42.41
28.74
Provolone
40.95
26.62
Mozzarella
50.01; 53.78
22.35; 15.92
Whole milk; Skim milk
Yogurt
85.07; 87.90
1.55; 3.25
Plain, Low-fat; Plain, with fat
Egg
75.84
9.94
Chicken, whole raw, fresh
a
Based on the water and lipid content
in 100 grams, edible portion. Total Fat Content = saturated, mono saturated, and
polyunsaturated. For additional information, consult the USDA nutrient database.
Source:
USDA (2007).
Table 11-43. Water Content Range of Selected Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Food Item
Percent Water
Fat-free milk
90-99
Yogurt
80-89
Cottage cheese, ricotta cheese, shrimp
70-79
Salmon, ice cream, chicken breast
60-69
Ground beef, hot dogs, feta cheese, tenderloin steak (cooked)
50-59
Pizza
40^19
Cheddar cheese
30-39
Pepperoni sausage
20-29
Butter, margarine
10-19
Source: Popkin et al. (2010).
April 2018
Page 11-80
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Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
APPENDIX A
Table A-l. Terms Used in Literature Searches
Meat intake/consumption/ingestion
Dairy product intake/consumption/ingestion
Fat intake/consumption/ingestion
Poultry intake/consumption/ingestion
Chicken intake/consumption/ingestion
Beef intake/consumption/ingestion
Pork intake/consumption/ingestion
Egg intake/consumption/ingestion
Lipid intake/consumption/ingestion
Milk intake/consumption/ingestion
Dietary intake
Food preferences
Older adults diet
Pregnant/lactating women diet
FoxMK
Nicklas TA
Vitolins
Smiciklas-Wright H
April 2018
Page A-l
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Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
APPENDIX B
SUPPLEMENTAL TABLE
CODES AND DEFINITIONS USED TO DETERMINE THE VARIOUS COMMODITIES USED IN THE
EPA ANALYSIS OF WHAT WE EAT IN AMERICA FOOD COMMODITY INTAKE DATABASE
(WWEIA-FCID) DATA
The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) analyses of the National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey (NHANES) 2005-2010 food consumption data provided in the EPA's Exposure Factors Handbook (EFH)
was performed using the What We Eat in America Food Commodity Intake Database (WWEIA-FCID)
(http://fcid.foodrisk.org/). which converted the WWEIA food items into FCID raw agricultural commodities using
recipes developed by EPA. This supplement lists the FCID commodities used to generate statistics for corresponding
foods and food categories as defined in the Exposure Factors Handbook. For example, "beef' as defined here in the
EFH consists of the following ten FCID commodities: beef, meat (3100044000); beef, meat-baby food
(3100044001); beef, meat, dried (3100045000); beef, meat byproducts (3100046000); beef, meat byproducts-baby
food (3100046001); beef, fat (3100047000); beef, fat-baby food (3100047001); beef, kidney (3100048000); beef,
liver (3100049000); and beef, liver-baby food (3100049001).
Table B-
EFHFood
Category
1. Food Commodity Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 2005-2010 (and
2003-2008) NHANES WWEIA
EPA Food Commodity Codes
Dairy
3600222000 Milk, fat 3600224000 Milk water
3600222001 Milk, fat-baby food/infant formula 3600224001 Milk, water-baby food/infant formula
3600223000 Milk, nonfat solids 3600225001 Milk, sugar (lactose)-baby food/infant
3600223001 Milk, nonfat solids-baby food/infant formula
formula
Beef
3100044000 Beef, meat 3100047000 Beef, fat
3100044001 Beef, meat-baby food 3100047001 Beef, fat-baby food
3100045000 Beef, meat, dried 3100048000 Beef, kidney
3100046000 Beef, meat byproducts 3100049000 Beef, liver
3100046001 Beef, meat byproducts-baby food 3100049001Beef, liver-baby food
Pork
3400290000 Pork, meat 3400293000 Pork, fat
3400290001 Pork, meat-baby food 3400293001 Pork, fat-baby food
3400291000 Pork, skin 3400294000 Pork, kidney
3400292000 Pork, meat byproducts 3400295000Pork, liver
3400292001 Pork, meat byproducts-baby food
Poultry
4000093000 Chicken, meat 5000383001 Turkey, liver-baby food
4000093001 Chicken, meat-baby food 5000384000 Turkey, meat byproducts
4000094000 Chicken, liver 5000384001 Turkey, meat byproducts-baby food
4000095000 Chicken, meat byproducts 5000385000 Turkey, fat
4000095001 Chicken, meat byproducts-baby food 5000385001 Turkey, fat-baby food
4000096000 Chicken, fat 5000386000 Turkey, skin
4000096001 Chicken, fat-baby food 5000386001 Turkey, skin-baby food
4000097000 Chicken, skin 6000301000 Poultry, other, meat
4000097001 Chicken, skin-baby food 6000302000 Poultry, other, liver
5000382000 Turkey, meat 6000303000 Poultry, other, meat byproducts
5000382001 Turkey, meat-baby food 6000304000 Poultry, other, fat
5000383000 Turkey, liver 6000305000Poultry, other, skin
April 2018
Page B-l
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Update for Chapter 11 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 11—Intake of Meats, Dairy Products, and Fats
Table B-l. Food Commodity Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 2005-2010 (and
2003-2008) NHANES WWEIA (Continued)
EFHFood
Category
EPA Food Commodity Codes
Total Meat
3100044000 Beef, meat
3500341001 Sheep, fat-baby food
3100044001 Beef, meat-baby food
3500342000 Sheep, kidney
3100045000 Beef, meat, dried
3500343000 Sheep, liver
3100046000 Beef, meat byproducts
3800221000 Meat, game
3100046001 Beef, meat byproducts-baby food
3900312000 Rabbit, meat
3100047000 Beef, fat
4000093000 Chicken, meat
3100047001 Beef, fat-baby food
4000093001 Chicken, meat-baby food
3100048000 Beef, kidney
4000094000 Chicken, liver
3100049000 Beef, liver
4000095000 Chicken, meat byproducts
3100049001 Beef, liver-baby food
4000095001 Chicken, meat byproducts-baby food
3200169000 Goat, meat
4000096000 Chicken, fat
3200170000 Goat, meat byproducts
4000096001 Chicken, fat-baby food
3200171000 Goat, fat
4000097000 Chicken, skin
3200172000 Goat, kidney
4000097001 Chicken, skin-baby food
3200173000 Goat, liver
5000382000 Turkey, meat
3300189000 Horse, meat
5000382001 Turkey, meat-baby food
3400290000 Pork, meat
5000383000 Turkey, liver
3400290001 Pork, meat-baby food
5000383001 Turkey, liver-baby food
3400291000 Pork, skin
5000384000 Turkey, meat byproducts
3400292000 Pork, meat byproducts
5000384001 Turkey, meat byproducts-baby food
3400292001 Pork, meat byproducts-baby food
5000385000 Turkey, fat
3400293000 Pork, fat
5000385001 Turkey, fat-baby food
3400293001 Pork, fat-baby food
5000386000 Turkey, skin
3400294000 Pork, kidney
5000386001 Turkey, skin-baby food
3400295000 Pork, liver
6000301000 Poultry, other, meat
3500339000 Sheep, meat
6000302000 Poultry, other, liver
3500339001 Sheep, meat-baby food
6000303000 Poultry, other, meat byproducts
3500340000 Sheep, meat byproducts
6000304000 Poultry, other, fat
3500341000 Sheep, fat
6000305000Poultry, other, skin
April 2018
PageB-2
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