Exhaust and Crankcase Emission Factors
for Nonroad Compression-Ignition
Engines in MOVES2014b
4% United States
Environmental Protection
hI Agency
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Exhaust and Crankcase Emission Factors
for Nonroad Compression-Ignition
This technical report does not necessarily represent final EPA decisions or
positions. It is intended to present technical analysis of issues using data
that are currently available. The purpose in the release of such reports is to
facilitate the exchange of technical information and to inform the public of
technical developments.
Engines in MOVES2014b
Assessment and Standards Division
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
NOTICE
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
EPA-420-R-18-009
July 2018
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents 1
1 Introduction 3
2 Emission Standards and Technology Types 4
2.1 Summary of Nonroad Compression Ignition Emission Standards and Technology Types
4
2.2 Tier 4 Technology Types 9
2.3 Technology Type Distributions 9
3 Methodology for Calculation of Emission Factors 12
4 Zero-Hour, Steady State Emission Factors - HC, CO, NOx, PM and BSFC 14
4.1 Default Certification Fuel Sulfur Level 14
4.2 Brake-Specific Fuel Consumption 15
4.3 HC, CO, NOx, PM Emission Factors for Base (Pre-1998), Tier 0, Tier 1, Tier 2, and
Tier 3 Engines 15
4.4 HC, CO, NOx, PM Emission Factors for Tier 4 Engines 26
5 Recreational Marine and Underground Mining Emission Factors 27
6 Transient Adjustment Factors - HC, CO, NOx, PM, and BSFC 30
7 Deterioration Factors - HC, CO, NOx, and PM 30
8 Sulfur Adjustment for PM Emissions 31
9 Emission Factors - CO2 and SO2 33
10 Crankcase HC Emission Factors 34
11 PM2.5 Fraction of PM10 34
12 Peer Review of Draft Report 35
12.1 Overview of the Peer-Review 35
12.2 General Comments from Robert F. Sawyer 37
12.3 General Comments from Phil Lewis 39
13 References 41
14 Appendix A: Nonroad CI Inputs for MOVES2014b: Technology Distributions, Zero-
Hour, Steady-State Emission Factors, Transient Adjustment Factors, and Deterioration Factors43
15 Appendix B: Sources of Previous Emission Factors for Nonroad Compression Ignition
Engines 79
16 Appendix C: 1988-1995 (Tier 0) Zero-Hour, Steady-State Emission Factors and Fuel
Sulfur Adjustment for Nonroad Compression Ignition Engines 82
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17 Appendix D: Certification Data for Tier 1 and Selected Tier 2 Nonroad Compression
Ignition Engines 88
18 Appendix E: Derivation of Highway-Certification Compliance Margins and Application
to Selected Tier 2/3 Nonroad Compression Ignition Engines 152
19 Appendix F: Derivation of Transient Adjustment Factors (TAFs) for Nonroad
Compression Ignition Engines 155
20 Appendix G: Derivation of Deterioration Factors for Nonroad Compression Ignition
Engines 169
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1 Introduction
The nonroad module in MOVES estimates air pollution from more than 80 types of compression
ignition (CI) and spark ignition (SI) nonroad engines including such items as lawnmowers,
motorboats, portable generators and construction equipment. By bringing together information
on engine populations, equipment use, and emission factors, the MOVES-Nonroad model
estimates nonroad emissions for specific states and counties for past and future years, providing
a flexible tool that can be applied to a wide variety of air quality modeling and planning
functions.
The MOVES-Nonroad calculations rely on emission factors - estimates of the amount of
pollution emitted by a particular type of equipment during a unit of use. Typically, emission
factors for nonroad engines are reported in grams per horsepower-hour (g/hp-hr), but they also
may be reported in grams per mile, grams per hour, and grams per gallon. The CI emission
factors in the MOVES-Nonroad model are reported in g/hp-hr and are based on emissions test
data where available and adjusted when necessary to account for in-use operation that differs
from the typical test conditions. These emission factors are stored in MOVES-Nonroad's data
input files. Emission changes with the age of the engine, often called 'deterioration,' are also
applied by the model.
This report describes and documents exhaust emission factors used for compression ignition (CI)
engines in the nonroad module of MOVES2014b. The term "compression ignition" is
synonymous with "diesel" for the purposes of this report. Pollutants covered include
hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), particulate matter (PM),
carbon dioxide (CO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), which
is a fuel rate measurement, is also discussed.
An overview of the CI exhaust emission standards is provided in Section 2. Section 3 discusses
the methodology MOVES-Nonroad uses for calculating emission rates. Zero-hour, steady-state
emission factors for HC, CO, NOx, PM, and BSFC are discussed in Section 4 and 5, followed by
adjustments (where applicable) to account for transient operation in Section 6, deterioration
(Section 7), and adjustments to particulate matter emissions due to variations in fuel sulfur level
(Section 8). There are no additional adjustments to CI emissions for temperature, altitude, or for
other fuel parameters. Derivation of CO2 and SO2 emission factors follows in Section 9.
Crankcase HC emission factors are then discussed in Section 10. Exhaust particulate matter
emissions are reported in both PM10 (particulate matter smaller than 10 microns) and PM2.5
(particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns) as discussed in Section 11.
Emission factors for spark ignition engines (including gasoline and natural gas/propane) are
covered in a separate report1. Emission factors for different organic aggregates of hydrocarbons
(e.g. volatile organic compounds, total organic gases) and toxics are also documented in a
separate report2.
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For the nonroad module of MOVES2014b, we have updated the nonroad emission factors and
engine technology fractions for 2011+ model year nonroad engines subject to Tier 4 emission
standards. As discussed in Section 2, many of the default values for Tier 2, Tier 3, and Tier 4
emission standards and technology fractions had been based on projections made when
developing NONROAD2005. With limited resources, we focused our current efforts on updating
the 2011+ nonroad engine emission rates and technology classifications. Updating values for
Tier 4 was a higher priority than updating values for Tier 2 and 3 for several reasons: First,
engine certification information, including emission factors, descriptions, and projected sales
volumes was more accessible for the 2011+ CI nonroad engines3. Second, updating the Tier 4
emission rates will have a larger impact on future inventories than updating the Tier 2 and Tier 3
emission rates. The PM and NOx emission reductions for Tier 4 engines are much larger than
Tier 2/Tier 3 reductions and Tier 4 standards are the current and future emission standards for
most CI engines, contributing an increasingly large fraction of future emissions inventories.
Other than updates to the emission rates for model year 2011+ Tier 4 engines, the data and
algorithms described here are unchanged from those documented in the July 2010 version of this
report4, including the exhaust emission factors and technology fractions for pre-2010 nonroad
engines, and inputs for all model years of recreational marine engines and underground mining
equipment. In addition, no updates were made to the exhaust adjustment factors (transient
adjustment factors and fuel sulfur adjustments) or to crankcase emission factors.
2 Emission Standards and Technology Types
MOVES-Nonroad defines technology types according to applicable emission standards. This
section provides an overview of the applicable nonroad compression ignition emission standards,
definitions of nonroad technology types, and methods used to estimate the population
distribution of nonroad engines within different technology types.
2.1 Summary of Nonroad Compression Ignition Emission Standards and Technology
Types
In addition to estimating emissions from uncontrolled engines, the MOVES-Nonroad model is
designed to account for the effect of federal emissions standards. MOVES-Nonroad does not
cover California emission standards. The nonroad module of MOVES2014b accounts for
emission factors under five regulations that establish up to four tiers of nonroad emission
standards:
• "Determination of Significance for Nonroad Sources and Emission Standards for New
Nonroad Compression Ignition Engines at or above 37 Kilowatts." This rule establishes
"Tier 1" standards for CI engines at or above 50 hp (37 kW)5.
• "Control of Emissions from Nonroad Diesel Engines." This rule lists "Tier 1" and "Tier
2" standards for CI engines below 50 hp, and "Tier 2" and "Tier 3" standards for engines
of 50 hp and greater6.
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• "Control of Emissions from Nonroad Large Spark-Ignition Engines and Recreational
Engines (Marine and Land-Based)." This rule establishes "Tier 2" equivalent standards
for recreational marine diesel engines over 50 hp7.
• "Control of Emissions from Nonroad Diesel Engines and Fuel." This rule establishes
"Tier 4" standards for CI engines covering all hp categories, and also regulates diesel fuel
sulfur content8.
• "Control of Emissions of Air Pollution from Locomotive Engines and Marine
Compression Ignition Engines Less Than 30 Liters per Cylinder; Republication." This
rule establishes "Tier 3" standards for recreational marine diesel engines9.
The emission standards with the affected model years and the corresponding model tech types
are provided in Table 2-1. Table 2-1 covers all CI engines except recreational marine engines,
and reflects the new tech type definitions for Tier 4. The standards and emission factors for
recreational marine CI engines are discussed separately. Tech types are defined for unique sets of
standards and/or certification fuel sulfur levels. The certification fuel sulfur levels are presented
in Table 4-1 in Section 4.1 of this report.
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Table 2-1. Nonroad CI Engine Emission Standard"
Emission Standards (g/hp-hr)
Engine Power
(hp)
Model Years
Regulation
HCb
NMHC+NOx
CO
NOx
PM
Nonroad Tech Types8
<11
2000-2004
Tier 1
7.8
6.0
0.75
T1
2005-2007
Tier 2
5.6
6.0
0.60
T2
2008+
Tier 4
5.6
6.0
0.30
T4A, T4B
>11 to <25
2000-2004
Tier 1
7.1
4.9
0.60
T1
2005-2007
Tier 2
5.6
4.9
0.60
T2
2008+
Tier 4
5.6
4.9
0.30
T4A, T4B
>25 to <50
1999-2003
Tier 1
7.1
4.1
0.60
T1
2004-2007
Tier 2
5.6
4.1
0.45
T2
2008-2012
Tier 4
transitional
5.6
4.1
0.22
T4A
2013+
Tier 4 final
3.5
4.1
0.02
T4FA/T4FB/T4FC/TF4D
>50 to <75
1998-2003
Tier 1
6.9
T1
2004-2007
Tier 2
5.6
3.7
0.30
T2
2008-2011
Tier 3 0
3.5
3.7
0.30
T3
2008-2012
Tier 4
transitional
(Option 1) d
3.5
3.7
0.22
T4A
2012
Tier 4
transitional
(option 2) d
3.5
3.7
0.02
T 41A/T 4IB/T 4IC/TI4D
2013+
Tier 4 final
3.5
3.7
0.02
T4FA/T4FB/T4FC/TF4D
>75 to <100
1998-2003
Tier 1
6.9
T1
2004-2007
Tier 2
5.6
3.7
0.30
T2
2008-2011
Tier 3
3.5
3.7
0.30
T3B
2012-2013
Tier 4
transitionale
3.5
3.7
0.01
T 41 A/T 4IB/T 4IC/TI4D
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Table 2-1. Nonroad CI Engine Emission Standard (cont.)a
Emission Standards (g/hp-hr)
Engine Power
(hp)
Model Years
Regulation
HCb
NMHC+NOx
CO
NOx
PM
Nonroad Tech Types8
2014+
Tier 4 finalf
0.14
3.7
0.30
0.01
T4FA/T4FB/T4FC/TF4D
>100 to <175
1997-2002
Tier 1
6.9
T1
2003-2006
Tier 2
4.9
3.7
0.22
T2
2007-2011
Tier 3
3.0
3.7
0.22
T3
2012-2013
Tier 4
transitionale
3.0
3.7
0.01
T 41A/T 4IB/T 4IC/TI4D
2014+
Tier 4 finalf
0.14
3.7
0.30
0.01
T4FA/T4FB/T4FC/TF4D
>175 to <300
1996-2002
Tier 1
1.0
8.5
6.9
0.4
T1
2003-2005
Tier 2
4.9
2.6
0.15
T2
2006-2010
Tier 3
3.0
2.6
0.15
T3
2011-2013
Tier 4
transitionale
3.0
2.6
0.01
T 41 A/T 4IB/T 4IC/TI4D
2014+
Tier 4 finalf
0.14
2.6
0.30
0.01
T4FA/T4FB/T4FC/TF4D
>300 to <600
1996-2000
Tier 1
1.0
8.5
6.9
0.4
T1
2001-2005
Tier 2
4.8
2.6
0.15
T2
2006-2010
Tier 3
3.0
2.6
0.15
T3
2011-2013
Tier 4
transitionale
3.0
2.6
0.01
T 41 A/T 4IB/T 4IC/TI4D
2014+
Tier 4 finalf
0.14
2.6
0.30
0.01
T4FA/T4FB/T4FC/TF4D
>600 to <750
1996-2001
Tier 1
1.0
8.5
6.9
0.4
T1
2002-2005
Tier 2
4.8
2.6
0.15
T2
2006-2010
Tier 3
3.0
2.6
0.15
T3
2011-2013
Tier 4
transitionale
3.0
2.6
0.01
T 41 A/T 4IB/T 4IC/TI4D
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Table 2-1. Nonroad CI Engine Emission Standard (cont.)a
Engine Power
(hp)
Model Years
Regulation
Emission Standards (g/hp-hr)
Nonroad Tech Types8
HCb
NMHC+NOx
CO
NOx
PM
2014+
Tier 4 finalf
0.14
2.6
0.30
0.01
T4FA/T4FB/T4FC/TF4D
>750 except
generator sets
2000-2005
Tier 1
1.0
8.5
6.9
0.4
T1
2006-2010
Tier 2
4.8
2.6
0.15
T2
2011-2014
Tier 4
transitional
0.30
2.6
2.6
0.075
T 41A/T 4IB/T 4IC/TI4D
2015+
Tier 4 finalf
0.14
2.6
2.6
0.03
T4FA/T4FB/T4FC/TF4D
Generator sets
>750 to <1200
2000-2005
Tier 1
1.0
8.5
6.9
0.4
T1
2006-2010
Tier 2
4.8
2.6
0.15
T2
2011-2014
Tier 4
transitional
0.30
2.6
2.6
0.075
T 41 A/T 4IB/T 4IC/TI4D
2015+
Tier 4 finalf
0.14
2.6
0.5
0.02
T4FA/T4FB/T4FC/TF4D
Generator sets
>1200
2000-2005
Tier 1
1.0
8.5
6.9
0.4
T1
2006-2010
Tier 2
4.8
2.6
0.15
T2
2011-2014
Tier 4
transitional
0.30
2.6
0.5
0.075
T 41 A/T 4IB/T 4IC/TI4D
2015+
Tier 4 finalf
0.14
2.6
0.5
0.02
T4FA/T4FB/T4FC/TF4D
a The standards for recreational marine diesel engines are provided in Table 5-1 .
b Tier 4 standards are in the form of NMHC.
0 These Tier 3 standards apply only to manufacturers selecting Tier 4 Option 2. Manufacturers selecting Tier 4 Option 1 will be
meeting those standards in lieu of Tier 3 standards.
d A manufacturer may certify all their engines to either Option 1 or Option 2 sets of standards starting in the indicated model year.
Manufacturers selecting Option 2 must meet Tier 3 standards in the 2008-2011 model years.
e These standards are phase-out standards. Not more than 50 percent of a manufacturer's engine production is allowed to meet
these standards in each model year of the phase out period. Engines not meeting these standards must meet the final Tier 4
standards.
f These standards are phased in during the indicated years. At least 50 percent of a manufacturer's engine production must
meet these standards during each year of the phase in. Engines not meeting these standards must meet the applicable phase-
out standards.
g The Tier 4 transitional (also called interim) technology T4I and the Tier 4 final technology T4F use sub-categories A, B, C
and D as defined in Table 2-2.
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2.2 Tier 4 Technology Types
In the nonroad module of MOVES2014b, we have modified how Tier 4 technology types are
defined:
For both transitional (interchangeably called as "interim") Tier 4 and final Tier 4, MOVES2014b
now subdivides the tech types - 41 (for interim) and 4F (for final) - based on engine after-
treatment configuration.* The sub-category indices "A", "B", "C" and "D" are used to indicate
whether the after-treatment configuration includes a diesel particular filter ("DPF") and/or a
selective catalytic reduction ("SCR"), yielding four possible combinations as shown in Table
2-2.
T4I/T4F Sub-category Index
DPF
SCR
A
No
No
B
No
Yes
C
Yes
No
D
Yes
Yes
This new Tier 4 tech type definition makes it possible to model the varying emission
characteristics from different after-treatment technology employed by engine manufacturers to
comply with Tier 4 standards. It also provides more flexibility in terms of modeling speciation
and toxics as described in detail in a separate technical report on Speciation Profiles and Toxic
Emission Factors for Nonroad Engines2.
2.3 Technology Type Distributions
For emission calculations, MOVES-Nonroad requires the distributions of the technology types as
input data. The distributions are calculated by considering the engine standards listed in Table
2-1, together with flexibility allowances for equipment manufacturers. Under the percentage
phase-in allowance, the flexibility program (also known as Transition Program for Equipment
Manufacturers - TPEM)10, a manufacturer may exempt to a cumulative total of eighty percent of
the production over the first seven years in which a new emission standard applies. In addition,
there are allowances for manufacturers producing a small volume of equipment11, as well as
engineering or technical hardship relief allowances12. These apply separately to each regulatory
power category. The engines used in such exempted equipment only have to meet the previous
standard.
In MOVES2014b, the technology distribution calculation accounts for the Tier-2/3 flexibility
* For engine power categories where hp < 75, tech types T4A and/or T4B are still used for some model years for
compatibility with previous NONROAD models.
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program in the same way as NONROAD2008a: engines used in exempted equipment only have
to meet the previous standard, which is either the Tier 1 standard in the case of equipment at or
above 50 hp, or unregulated in the case of equipment under 50 hp. For categories of engines
where there is an overlap in standards (this only occurs in equipment at or above 50 hp), the
standard for the exempted equipment continues to be the Tier 1 standard.
The following example illustrates the percent exemptions applied during the introduction of Tier
2 and Tier 3 standards for equipment <100 to 175 hp. As listed in Table 2-1, Tier 2 is nominally
required for this engine size class in 2003, and Tier 3 is required in 2007. Under TPEM, the
standard required for the exempted equipment is the Tier 1 standard.
Table 2-3. Tier 2/3 TPEM Example for Equipment <100 to 175 hp
Model Year
Technology Distributions
2002
100% Tier 1
2003
20% Tier 1; 80% Tier 2
2004
20% Tier 1; 80% Tier 2
2005
10% Tier 1; 90% Tier 2
2006
10% Tier 1; 90% Tier 2
2007
10% Tier 1; 90% Tier 3
2008
10% Tier 1; 90% Tier 3
2009
100% Tier 3
Total exemption
80%
For the purposes of emissions modeling, we assumed that the manufacturers took full advantage
of the Percentage Phase-in Allowance provisions under Tier 2/3 flexibility program.
In MOVES2014b, we have updated the way the Tier 4 technology distributions are calculated
since newly introduced Tier 4 tech types are now based on the after-treatment configuration in
addition to the horsepower category and the model year. The calculation was done in two steps:
In the first step, we analyzed the Tier 4 nonroad compression ignition engine certification data
extracted from EPA VERIFY database3 for model years from 2011 thru 2017. * The composition
of the sample data is shown in Table 2-4 where the numbers of the certified engine families are
broken down by model year and engine power categories. The compliance data set includes
information that the manufacturers reported to EPA about engine family, power category,
applicable certification tier, after-treatment device types, and emission rates. In addition,
confidential business information on projected engine sale volumes was also available for
analysis.
Only partial data was available for model year 2011. It was combined with model year 2012 data set for analysis.
10
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Table 2-4. Tier 4 Certification Data Sample Size
(Number of Engine Families)
Model
Year
HP<25
25< HP<50
50< HP<75
75
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Table 2-5. Certified Engine vs. TPEM Engine Volume Ratios
Model Year
HP<25
25
750
3 Methodology for Calculation of Emission Factors
For HC, CO, and NOx, the exhaust emission factor for a given diesel equipment type in a given
model year/age is calculated as follows:
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EFadJiHc,co,Nox, ~ EFss x TA F x DF
Equation 1
Where:
EFadj = final emission factor used in model, after adjustments to account for transient
operation and deterioration (g/hp-hr)
EFSS = zero-hour, steady-state emission factor (g/hp-hr)
TAF = transient adjustment factor (unitless)
DF = deterioration factor (unitless)
The zero-hour, steady-state emission factors (EFSS) are mainly a function of model year and
horsepower category, which defines the technology type. The transient adjustment factors
(TAFs) vary by equipment type. The deterioration factor (DF) is a function of the technology
type and age of the engine.
Since PM emissions are dependent on the sulfur content of the fuel the engine is burning, the
equation used for PM is slightly modified from equation [1] as follows:
EFadj(PM) = EFss X TAF X DFX
SpMadj Equation 2
Where:
Spm adj = adjustment to PM emission factor to account for variations in fuel sulfur content
(g/hp-hr)
PM and SO2 are the only diesel pollutants that are dependent on fuel sulfur content.
For BSFC, there is no deterioration applied, so the equation is simplified to:
FFadj(BSFC) = FF,-s X 1-AI1 Equation3
Where:
EFa^ (bsfc) = final brake specific fuel consumption used in model, after adjustments to
account for transient operation (lb/hp-hr)
EFm = steady-state brake specific fuel consumption (lb/hp-hr)
TAF = transient adjustment factor (unitless)
Emission factors for CO2 and SO2 are calculated based on brake-specific fuel consumption;
therefore, the model does not require CO2 or SO2 emission factor input files. The equations for
computing these emissions are discussed in detail later in this report.
Crankcase HC emissions are simply a fraction (2 percent) of exhaust HC emissions for Tier 3
and earlier engines14. For Tier 4 engines, zero crankcase emissions are assumed. Crankcase
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emissions are discussed in more detail later in this report.
For ease of reference, the model inputs for EFSS, TAFs, and DFs are included with the technology
model year fractions in Appendix A.
4 Zero-Hour, Steady State Emission Factors - HC, CO, NOx, PM and BSFC
This section describes the steady-state fuel consumption and emission factors for HC, CO, NOx,
and PM. These emission factors are listed in Table A4 in Appendix A. We have used engine
model year and horsepower as categories to group MOVES-Nonroad emission factors. These
groupings are consistent with emission standards for CI engines with a few exceptions. One
exception is that the pre-control engines have been split into two groups, pre-1988 MY engines,
and 1988 MY to Tier 1 engines. The pre-1988 MY engines are referred to as "Base" engines and
the 1988 MY to Tier 1 engines are referred to as "Tier 0" engines. This distinction was made
based on data indicating a difference in emission rates. Another exception is a minor difference
in the horsepower categories used in MOVES-Nonroad versus those used for standard setting.
The MOVES-Nonroad horsepower categories follow the general formula, x
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Table 4-1. Default Certification Diesel Fuel Sulfur Content for Tier 3 and Tier 4 Engines
Engine Power
Model Years
Regulation
MOVES-Nonroad
Tech Types
Modeled Default
Fuel Sulfur
Content (ppm)
hp < 75
2008-2012
Tier 4 transitional
T4A
500
2013+
Tier 4
T4B, T4F
15
75 < hp < 100
2008-2011
Tier 3 transitionala
T3B
500
2012+
Tier 4 transitional
and final
T4IA/T4IB/T4IC/T4IC,
T4FA/T4FB/T4FC/T4FD
15
100 < hp < 175
2007-2011
Tier 3
T3
2000
2012+
Tier 4 transitional
and final
T4IA/T4IB/T4IC/T4IC,
T 4FA/T 4FB/T 4F C/T 4FD
15
175 < hp < 750
2006-2010
Tier 3
T3
2000
2011+
Tier 4 transitional
and final
T4IA/T4IB/T4IC/T4IC,
T 4FA/T 4FB/T 4F C/T 4FD
15
hp > 750
2011+
Tier 4 transitional
and final
T4IA/T4IB/T4IC/T4IC,
T 4FA/T 4FB/T 4F C/T 4FD
15
a Since the Tier 3 standard begins in 2008, it is assumed that this new technology introduction will allow
manufacturers to take advantage of the availability of 500 ppm fuel that year.
4.2 Brake-Specific Fuel Consumption
Due to lack of data, the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) for the 1988-and-later pre-
control (Tier 0) engines is used for all engines, both earlier pre-control engines and later engines
subject to emissions standards. The derivation of the BSFC values is described in Appendix C.
While it is likely that fuel consumption varies between these categories, there is not sufficient
data available at this time for EPA to specify alternate values.
4.3 HC, CO, NOx, PM Emission Factors for Base (Pre-1998), Tier 0, Tier 1, Tier 2, and
Tier 3 Engines
There is little test data available on nonroad engines. In developing the emission factors for
MOVES-Nonroad, we have considered data from various sources. The basis for the emission
factors by model year/hp category is described below and summarized in Table 4-2 thru Table
4-5.
Base (Pre-1988\ Engines <50 hp:
There are no known tests of pre-1988 CI engines of less than or equal to 50 hp. Thus, MOVES-
Nonroad will use the same emission factors as for the 1988 through Tier 1 years for engines of
this size described below.
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Table 4-2. Summary of the Basis for the HC Zero-Hour Nonroad Steady-State CI Emission Factors in MOVES2Q14b
HP
HC g/hp-hr
Tier 0"
TO Basis
Tier 1
T1 Basis
Tier 2b
T2 Basis0
Tier 3b
T3 Basis0
Tier 4°
T4 Basis
>0 to 11
1.5
OFFROAD
0.7628
cert
0.5508'1
(5) 10% default margin from 0.6
equivalent std
(since T1 EF exceeds T2 std, cannot be
used)
na
varies by
lech type
cert
>11 to 16
1.7
OFFROAD
0.4380
cert
0.4380
(3) Same as T1
(since T1 EF still below 0.6 T2 equivalent
std)
na
varies by
lech type
cert
>16 to 25
1.7
OFFROAD
0.4380
cert
0.4380
(3) Same as T1
(since T1 EF still below 0.6 T2 equivalent
std)
na
varies by
lech type
cert
>25 to 50
1.8
OFFROAD
0.2789
cert
0.2789
(3) Same as T1
(since T1 EF still below 0.6 T2 equivalent
std)
na
varies by
lech type
cert
>50 to 75
0.99
EF data
0.5213
cert
0.3672d
(5) 10% default margin from 0.4
equivalent std
(since T1 EF exceeds T2 std, cannot be
used)
0.1836'1
(5) 10% margin
from 0.2 eqv std
varies by
lech Ivpe
cert
>75 to 100
0.99
EF data
0.5213
cert
0.3672d
(5) 10% default margin from 0.4
equivalent std
(since T1 EF exceeds T2 std, cannot be
used)
0.1836"'
(5) 10% margin
from 0.2 eqv std
varies by
lech ivpe
cert
>100 to 175
0.68
EF data
0.3384
cert
0.3384
(3) Same as T1
(since T1 EF still below 0.4 T2 equivalent
std)
0.1836'1
(5) 10% margin
from 0.2 eqv std
varies by
lech ivpe
cert
>175 to 300
0.68
EF data
0.3085
cert
0.3085
(3) Same as T1
(since T1 EF still below 0.4 T2 equivalent
std)
0.1836'1
(5) 10% margin
from 0.2 eqv std
varies by
lech type
cert
>300 to 600
0.68
EF data
0.2025
cert
0.1669
cert
0.1669
(3) Same as T2
varies by
lech type
cert
>600 to 750
0.68
EF data
0.1473
cert
0.1669
(1 and 2) Same as the >300 to 600hp
category. Rationale:
0.1669
(3) Same as T2
varies by
lech ivpe
cert
16
-------
HP
HC g/hp-hr
Tier 0"
TO Basis
Tier 1
T1 Basis
Tier 2b
T2 Basis0
Tier 3b
T3 Basis0
Tier 4°
T4 Basis
>750 except
gen sets
0.68
EF data
0.2861
cert
0.1669
a) All these HP categories meet same 0.3
HC eqv std.
b) The NOx T1 EFs exceed the T2 std. To
meet NOx T2, changes are likely to
increase HC.
c) EF based on actual cert data.
na
varies by
lech type
cert
Gen sets
>750 to 1200
0.68
EF data
0.2861
cert
0.1669
na
varies by
lech type
cert
Gen sets
>1200
0.68
EF data
0.2861
cert
0.1669
na
varies by
tech type
cert
a Tier 0 represents 1988+ MY engines for MYs prior to Tier 1. Separate EFs are also provided for Base (pre-1988 MY) engines. For <50hp engines, Base EF = Tier 0
EF. For >50hp engines, the Base EFs vary by application, so are not provided in this table.
b The Tier 2 and Tier 3 standards are expressed as a combined NMHC + NOx standard. The NMHC assumed fractions of these combined standards are taken from the
RIA. The resulting NMHC portion of the combined standard is referred to here as the "equivalent" standard.
0 Numbers in parentheses correspond to the option selected, which is briefly described here. For more details regarding the options, consult the text.
d An adjustment of 1.02 (1/0.984) is also applied to convert from NMHC to THC, since the standards apply to NMHC. This adjustment is described in report NR-002b.
e Tier 4 emission factors are considered to be transient, rather than steady-state.
17
-------
Table 4-3. Summary of the Basis for the CO Zero-Hour Steady-State Nonroad CI Emission Factors in MOVES2Q14b
HP
CO g/hp-hr
Tier 0"
TO Basis
Tier 1
T1 Basis
Tier 2
T2 Basisb
Tier 3
T3 Basisb
Tier 4d
T4 Basis
>0 to 11
5
OFFROAD
4.1.127
cert
4.1127
Same as T1 (since T1 EF still below T2
std)
na
varies by
tech tvoc
cert
>11 to 16
5
OFFROAD
2.1610
cert
2.1610
Same as T1 (since T1 EF still below T2
std)
na
varies by
tech t\DC
cert
>16 to 25
5
OFFROAD
2.1610
cert
2.1610
Same as T1 (since T1 EF still below T2
std)
na
varies by
tech tvoc
cert
>25 to 50
5
OFFROAD
1.5323
cert
1.5323
Same as T1 (since T1 EF still below T2
std)
na
varies by
tech t\DC
cert
>50 to 75
3.49
EF data
2.3655
cert
2.3655
Same as T1 (since T1 EF still below T2
std)
2.3655
Same as T1
varies by
tech tvoc
cert
>75 to 100
3.49
EF data
2.3655
cert
2.3655
Same as T1 (since T1 EF still below T2
std)
2.3655
Same as T1
varies by
tech t\DC
cert
>100 to 175
2.7
EF data
0.8667
cert
0.8667
Same as T1 (since T1 EF still below T2
std)
0.8667
Same as T1
varies by
tech tvoc
cert
>175 to 300
2.7
EF data
0.7475
cert
0.7475
Same as T1 (since T1 EF still below T2
std)
0.7475
Same as T1
varies by
tech t\DC
cert
>300 to 600
2.7
EF data
1.3060
cert
0.8425
cert
0.8425
Same as T2
varies by
tech tvoc
cert
>600 to 750
2.7
EF data
1.3272
cert
1.3272
Same as T1 (since T1 EF still below T2
std)
1.3272
Same as T1
varies by
tech t\DC
cert
>750 except
gen sets
2.7
EF data
0.7642
cert
0.7642
Same as T1 (since T1 EF still below T2
std)
na
varies by
tech type
cert
Gen sets
>750 to 1200
2.7
EF data
0.7642
cert
0.7642
Same as T1 (since T1 EF still below T2
std)
na
varies by
tech type
cert
Gen sets
>1200
2.7
EF data
0.7642
cert
0.7642
Same as T1 (since T1 EF still below T2
std)
na
varies by
tech type
cert
a Tier 0 represents 1988+ MY engines for MYs prior to Tier 1. Separate EFs are also provided for Base (pre-1988 MY) engines. For <50hp engines, Base EF = Tier 0
EF. For >50hp engines, the Base EFs vary by application, so are not provided in this table.
b The Tier 2 and Tier 3 CO emission factors are based on application of option 2, the carryover of emission factors derived from nonroad certification data. For more
detail regarding this option, consult the text.
c For >25 to 75 hp engines, CO emissions for engines meeting the Tier 4 transitional PM standard of 0.22 g/hp-hr in 2008-2012 are unchanged from Tier 1. In 2013+,
when the Tier 4 PM standard of 0.02 g/hp-hr takes effect, the corresponding CO EFs are reduced by 90 percent.
18
-------
d Tier 4 emission factors are considered to be transient, rather than steady-state.
Table 4-4. Summary of the Basis for the NOx Zero-Hour Steady-State Nonroad CI Emission Factors in MOVES2Q14b
HP
NOx g/hp-hr
Tier 0"
TO Basis
Tier 1
T1 Basis
Tier 2b
T2 Basis0
Tier 3b
T3 Basis0
Tier 4d
T4 Basis
>0 to 11
10
OFFROAD
5.2298
cert
4.3
(4) 14% hwy margin from 5.0 equivalent
std
na
varies by
tech tvDC
cert
>11 to 16
8.5
OFFROAD
4.4399
cert
4.4399
(3) Same as T1
Csince T1 EF still below 5.0 T2 eauivalent
na
varies by
tech t\DC
cert
>16 to 25
8.5
OFFROAD
4.4399
cert
4.4399
(3) Same as T1
(since T1 EF still below 5.0 T2 eauivalent
na
varies by
tech tvDC
cert
>25 to 50
6.9
OFFROAD
4.7279
cert
4.7279
(3) Same as T1
Csince T1 EF still below 5.0 T2 eauivalent
na
varies by
tech tvDC
cert
>50 to 75
8.30
EF data
5.5988
cert
4.7
(5) 10% default margin from 5.2 T2 equiv
std
3.0
(5) 10% margin
from 3.3 eav std
varies by
tech tvDC
cert
>75 to 100
8.30
EF data
5.5988
cert
4.7
(5) 10% default margin from 5.2 T2 equiv
std
3.0
(5) 10% margin
from 3.3 eav std
varies by
tech tvoe
cert
>100 to 175
8.38
EF data
5.6523
cert
4.1
(5) 10% default margin from 4.5 T2 equiv
std
2.5
(5) 10% margin
from 2.8 eav std
varies by
tech tvDC
cert
>175 to 300
8.38
EF data
5.5772
cert
4.0
(4) 10.5% hwy margin from 4.5 T2
eauivalent std
2.5
(4) 10.5% hwy
marein from 2.8
varies by
tech tvDC
cert
>300 to 600
8.38
EF data
6.0153
cert
4.3351
cert (real data preferred even though
marein from 4.5 eav T2 std <10%)
2.5
(5) 10% margin
from 2.8 eav std
varies by
tech tvDC
cert
>600 to 750
8.38
EF data
5.8215
cert
4.1
(5) 10% default margin from 4.5 T2 equiv
std
2.5
(5) 10% margin
from 2.8 eav std
varies by
tech tvDC
cert
>750 except
gen sets
8.38
EF data
6.1525
cert
4.1
(5) 10% default margin from 4.5 T2 equiv
std
na
varies by
tech type
cert
Gen sets
>750 to 1200
8.38
EF data
6.1525
cert
4.1
(5) 10% default margin from 4.5 T2 equiv
std
na
varies by
tech type
cert
Gen sets
>1200
8.38
EF data
6.1525
cert
4.1
(5) 10% default margin from 4.5 T2 equiv
std
na
varies by
tech type
cert
11 Tier 0 represents 1988+ MY engines for MYs prior to Tier 1. Separate EFs are also provided for Base (pre-1988 MY) engines. For
-------
The resulting N0X portion of the combined standard is referred to here as the "equivalent" standard.
0 Numbers in brackets correspond to the option selected, which is briefly described here. For more details regarding the options, consult the text. The derivation of the
highway-based compliance margins is discussed in Appendix E.
d Tier 4 emission factors are considered to be transient, rather than steady-state.
Table 4-5. Summary of the Basis for the PM10 Zero-Hour Steady-State Nonroad CI Emission Factors in MOVES2Q14b
HP
PMio g/hp-hr
Tier 0"
TO Basis
Tier 1
T1 Basis
Tier 2
T2 Basisb
Tier 3
T3 Basisb
Tier 4d
T4 Basis
>0 to 11
1
OFFROAD
0.4474
cert
0.50
(1) The NOx T1 EF exceeds the T2 std. To
meet NOx T2, changes are likely to
increase PM. The T2 PM EF is therefore
expected to be greater than 0.44 (T1 EF)
and less than 0.60 (T2 std); 0.50 chosen as
a reasonable value.
na
varies by
tech type
cert
>11 to 16
0.9
OFFROAD
0.2665
cert
0.2665
(3) Same as T1 (since T1 EF still below T2
std)
na
varies by
tech type
cert
>16 to 25
0.9
OFFROAD
0.2665
cert
0.2665
(3) Same as T1 (since T1 EF still below T2
std)
na
varies by
tech type
cert
>25 to 50
0.8
OFFROAD
0.3389
cert
0.3389
(3) Same as T1 (since T1 EF still below T2
std)
na
varies by
tech type
cert
>50 to 75
0.722
EF data
0.4730
0.24
(4) 20% highway-based margin from std
(since T1 EF exceeds T2 std, cannot be
used)
0.30
(1) T3 std
varies by
tech type
cert
>75 to 100
0.722
EF data
0.4730
0.24
(4) 20% highway-based margin from std
(since T1 EF exceeds T2 std, cannot be
used)
0.30
(1) T3 std
varies by
tech type
cert
>100 to 175
0.402
EF data
0.2799
0.18
(4) 20% highway-based margin from std
(since T1 EF exceeds T2 std, cannot be
used)
0.22
(1) T3 std
varies by
tech type
cert
>175 to 300
0.402
EF data
0.2521
cert
0.1316
(2) T2 EF for >300 to 600hp category
applied to these hp categories. Rationale:
All four hp categories meet same PM std.
Also, T2 EF of 0.1316 based on actual
certification data.
0.15
(1) T3 std
varies by
tech tvne
cert
>300 to 600
0.402
EF data
0.2008
cert
0.1316
0.15
(1) T3 std
varies by
tech tvne
cert
>600 to 750
0.402
EF data
0.2201
cert
0.1316
0.15
(1) T3 std
varies by
tech tvne
cert
20
-------
HP
PMio g/hp-hr
Tier 0"
TO Basis
Tier 1
T1 Basis
Tier 2
T2 Basisb
Tier 3
T3 Basisb
Tier 4d
T4 Basis
>750 except
gen sets
0.402
EF data
0.1934
cert
0.1316
na
varies by
tech type
cert
Gen sets
>750 to 1200
0.402
EF data
0.1934
cert
0.1316
na
varies by
tech type
cert
Gen sets
>1200
0.402
EF data
0.1934
cert
0.1316
na
varies by
tech type
cert
a Tier 0 represents 1988+ MY engines for MYs prior to Tier 1. Separate EFs are also provided for Base (pre-1988 MY) engines. For D50hp engines, Base EF =
Tier 0 EF. For >50hp engines, the Base EFs vary by application, so are not provided in this table.
b Numbers in brackets correspond to the option selected, which is briefly described here. For more details regarding the options, consult the text. The derivation
of the highway-based compliance margins is discussed in Appendix E.
0 For >25 to 75 hp engines, there is also a transitional Tier 4 PM standard of 0.22 g/hp-hr in 2008-2012. The corresponding PM EF in NONROAD is 0.20 g/hp-
hr.
d Tier 4 emission factors are considered to be transient, rather than steady-state.
21
-------
Base (Pre-1988\ Engines > 50 hp:
For pre-1988 CI engines of greater than 50 hp, MOVES-Nonroad's steady-state emission factors are
based on the emission factors used in the Nonroad Engine and Vehicle Emission Study (NEVES)14.
The sources of the emission factors used in NEVES are described in Appendix B. The emission factors
vary by application. However, NEVES includes an adjustment for in-use operation. Since MOVES-
Nonroad uses a different in-use adjustment factor than NEVES (see Appendix F), the NEVES
adjustment is removed to determine pre-1988 average steady-state emissions.
Because the testing fuel is generally unknown, we assume that the NEVES PM factors are appropriate
for the default certification fuel sulfur content of 0.33 wt. percent sulfur used in MOVES-Nonroad.
A conversion from gram per gallon to gram per horsepower-hr was made to NEVES emission rates for
the greater than 50 horsepower engines for the diesel recreational marine categories; inboard, outboard,
and sailboat auxiliary. Outboard and sailboat auxiliary engines above 50 hp were converted from the
NEVES gram per gallon to gram per horsepower using the higher fuel consumption of 0.408 lbs/hp-hr
and 7.1 lbs/gallon fuel density because these engines are primarily less than 100 hp. The NEVES
emission rate for inboard engines was converted using the lower fuel consumption rate of 0.367 lbs/hp-
hr because these engines are primarily above 100 horsepower.
Tier 0 (1988 to Tier 1). Engines <50 hp
For 1988-and-later pre-control engines less than or equal to 50 hp, we used the emission factors
described in the documentation for ARB's OFF-ROAD model17. We have combined the direct
injection and indirect injection factors using the technology fractions listed in the Regulatory Impact
Analysis (RIA) for the emission standards18. Again, because the sulfur content of fuels used in
generating these emission factors is unknown, we have assumed that the PM emission factors are
appropriate for the default certification fuel sulfur level of 0.33 weight percent.
Tier 0 (1988 to Tier 1), Engines >50 hp
Studies have indicated that, in general, emission rates from Tier 0 engines greater than 50 hp are lower
than for Tier 0 engines less than or equal to 50 hp. For these engines, we will use emission factors
calculated from recent studies. A summary of the emission data from these studies is provided in
Appendix C. As explained in Appendix C, a correction for fuel sulfur content is applied.
22
-------
Tier 1 Engines, all hp categories
The MOVES-Nonroad model's emission factors for Tier 1 engines are based on EPA certification data.
The certification data are described in Appendix D.
Tier 2 Engines, >300 to 600 hp
Since EPA certification data are available for this hp category, the emission factors are based on
analysis of the certification data, as described in Appendix D.
Tier 2 Engines <300 hp and > 600 hp and Tier 3 Engines
The emission factors for these engines were developed for NONROAD2005, when certification data
were not available. As a result, we developed five alternative options for calculating zero mile, steady-
state emission factors for these engines. These options were considered in the order they are presented
here.
1. Examine likely impacts of expected technology changes. In this option, we consider offsetting
changes to PM and HC with implementation of stricter emission standards for NOx. This
includes assigning the applicable standard as the PM emission factor without applying a
compliance margin. The compliance margin is the percent difference between a standard and
average emissions at certification for engines manufactured under that standard.
2. Assign an emission factor from another hp category. In this option, we assume that an emission
factor based on certification data is applicable to another hp category and is preferable to
applying a compliance margin to the applicable nonroad standard.
3. Continue to use the Tier 1 or Tier 2 emission factors derivedfrom the nonroad certification
data. In this option, we assume that manufacturers will maintain current emission levels, e.g.,
design technologies, if they appear adequate to achieve compliance while maintaining some
margin of safety. Under this option, we would assume that emission factors remain at the same
levels used for Tier 1 or Tier 2 engines.
This option was only considered if the compliance margin (percent difference) between the
proposed emission factor and the applicable nonroad standard was at least 10 percent. We
based this lower bound (10 percent) on average highway-certification compliance margins for
NOx, assuming that it represents progressive highway certification experience for a "controlling
pollutant," i.e., a pollutant for which the necessity to achieve compliance drives innovation in
engine design or control technology.
4. Reduce the applicable nonroad standard by a compliance margin derivedfrom certification test
results for analogous highway engines. We expect that the control of emissions from nonroad
engines will follow a course similar to that experienced for highway engines, since we believe
that as standards for nonroad engines become more stringent, manufacturers will adopt
technologies similar to those already introduced in highway engines. Based on this expectation,
we calculated compliance margins using highway standards and corresponding highway
certification test results. In this discussion, we will refer to compliance margins calculated for
23
-------
highway engines as "highway-certification compliance margins" (HCCM). The derivation of
the HCCMs is discussed in detail in Appendix E. An HCCM is only considered for use if it is
greater than or equal to 10 percent and less than 75 percent.
5. Apply a default compliance margin of 10percent. In this option, we assume that on average,
manufacturers will maintain a minimum compliance margin. This margin is based on average
highway certification compliance margins for NOx, the pollutant appearing to drive measures to
achieve compliance in highway diesel engines. A default compliance margin was considered
when the highway-based compliance margins were outside the acceptable range. With this
option, the applicable nonroad standard is simply reduced by 10 percent.
The EPA regulates HC and NOx under a combined standard for all Tier 2 and Tier 3 engines. Thus, in
order to apply compliance margins for these pollutants, where applicable, we split the combined
standard into pollutant-specific components for HC and NOx. These are presented in Table 4-6.
For each pollutant in Tiers 2 and 3, we evaluated one or more of these five options for each horsepower
category. The specific options selected for each pollutant and Tier are presented in Table 4-2 thru
Table 4-5 and summarized below:
HC: Tier 2: For categories less than 300 hp, we continued to use the Tier 1 nonroad certification
results (option 3) or applied the default compliance margin (option 5) on an individual basis by
horsepower category to give nonroad compliance margins of at least 10 percent. We did not use
the highway-certification compliance margins because the highway HC standards have not
driven technology development; as a result, the HC standards are unrelated to the certification
values.
For the two hp categories greater than 600 hp, we assigned the emission factor for the 300-600
hp category. The rationale, which applies options 1 and 2, is threefold: 1) all three hp categories
meet the same HC equivalent standard, 2) the use of certification data is preferable to applying a
compliance margin, and 3) changes necessary to meet the Tier 2 NOx standard for the 600-750
hp category are likely to increase HC, so a slight increase in HC emissions from Tier 1 to Tier 2
for this hp category is not unexpected.
Tier 3: We continued to use the Tier 2 nonroad certification results (option 3) or applied the
default compliance margin (option 5) to give nonroad compliance margins of at least 10
percent. We ruled out use of highway-certification compliance margins (option 4) for the same
reason as for Tier 2.
CO: Tiers 2 and 3: We continued to use the Tier 1 nonroad certification results (option 2) for all
horsepower categories in Tiers 2 and 3. Highway-certification compliance margins (option 4)
were very large (>90 percent), and as with HC, give implausibly low emission factors in Tiers 2
and 3.
24
-------
Table 4-6. Tier 2 and Tier 3 Combined and Estimated Pollutant-Specific Emissions Standards
for Nonroad Diesel Engines1
Power Range
(hp)
Combined Standard
HC+NOx
(g/hp-hr)
Estimated
Pollutant-Specific
HC
(g/hp-hr)
Estimated
Pollutant-Specific
NOx
(g/hp-hr)
Tier 2
Tier 3
Tier 2
Tier 3
Tier 2
Tier 3
< 11
5.6
0.6
5.0
>11 to <25
5.6
0.6
5.0
>25 to <50
5.6
0.6
5.0
>50 to <100
5.6
3.5
0.4
0.2
5.2
3.3
>100 to <175
4.9
3.0
0.4
0.2
4.5
2.8
>175 to <300
4.9
3.0
0.4
0.2
4.5
2.8
>300 to <600
4.8
3.0
0.3
0.2
4.5
2.8
>600 to <750
4.8
3.0
0.3
0.2
4.5
2.8
>750
4.8
0.3
4.5
1 Pollutant-specific components have no regulatory significance and are derived to facilitate modeling analyses.
Basis for Pollutant-Specific HC and NOx Emission Standards:
Tier 2 <50 hp: As in the RIA18, EPA assumes minimum HC emissions of 0.6 g/hp-hr based on
ARB data on indirect injection (DDI) engines under 25 hp. This rate is then subtracted from the
combined HC+NOx standard to split the standard into single pollutant emission factors.
Tier 2 >50 hp: As in the RIA18, the proposed European NOx standard is used to split the
combined HC+NOx standard into single pollutant emission factors.
Tier 3: MOVES-Nonroad follows the RIA18 in using engineering judgment to assume minimum
HC emissions of 0.2 g/hp-hr. This rate is then subtracted from the combined HC+NOx standard
to split the standard into single pollutant emission factors.
NOx: Tier 2: We applied highway-certification compliance margins (option 4), continued to use the
Tier 1 nonroad certification results (option 3) or applied the default compliance margin (option
5) on an individual basis by horsepower category to give compliance margins of at least 10
25
-------
percent.
Tier 3: We applied the highway certification compliance margin (option 4) or the default
compliance margin (option 5) for all horsepower categories. Nonroad certification results
(option 3) did not provide adequate compliance margins.
PM: Tier 2: We applied the first four options on an individual basis by horsepower category to give
compliance margins of at least 10 percent. The highway-certification compliance margin used
for the 50-100 hp and 100-175 hp categories was 20 percent.
Tier 3: Tier 3 PM emission factors were set equal to the appropriate nonroad standards. To
meet the NOx Tier 3 standards, technological changes are likely to increase PM; therefore,
compliance margins were not applied to PM (option 1).
4.4 HC, CO, NOx, PM Emission Factors for Tier 4 Engines
In NONROAD2008a, an eight percent compliance margin was applied to the standards. This
compliance margin was derived from data for highway diesel vehicles and used in the HD2007
rulemaking. This simple approach was needed due to the absence of Tier 4 certification data at the time
of the model release.
In MOVES2014b the modeling approach was changed to utilize the available certification dataset
extracted from EPA VERIFY database3 for model years from 2011 * thru 2017. This data set is
described earlier in this document under the Emission Standards section. The HC, CO, NOx, and PM
emission factors reported by the manufacturers for each certified engine family were weighted with
projected sale volumes in order to come up with averaged emission factors for each Tier 4 tech type by
horsepower category. The VERIFY database has its own horsepower category definition, which has a
few additional horsepower bins that aggregate several individual horsepower categories defined in the
Tier 4 standards. For instance, VERIFY has a category for 75
-------
The resulting zero-hour, steady-state emission factors for all Tiers and pollutants are summarized in
Table A4 in Appendix A.
5 Recreational Marine and Underground Mining Emission Factors
Recreational marine CI engines under 50 hp are subject to the Tier 1 and Tier 2 CI engine standards in
the October 1998 rule6. Tier 2 standards for recreational marine CI engines over 50 hp were established
by the November 2002 rule7. In 2008, Tier 3 standards were promulgated for all recreational marine
engines9, so the emission factor inputs used for these engines do not exactly follow those presented in
Table 4-2 thru Table 4-5. The emission standards for this category are provided in Table 5-1. Table 5-2
shows the base and controlled recreational marine emission factors in MOVES2014b, which was
carried over from NONROAD2008a. The technology type names have also been revised to
differentiate marine CI from other CI engines.
Although underground mining equipment emissions are not controlled by EPA, there have been
controls imposed by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MHSA). The MHSA standards do
not directly follow the form used for the MOVES-Nonroad model, but they are considered
approximately equivalent to the EPA Tier 2 standards for land-based CI equipment. Therefore, the
MOVES-Nonroad model simply uses the NEVES uncontrolled emission factors for Base, Tier 0, and
Tier 1 underground mining inputs, and then applies the Tier 2 emission factors from Table 4-2 thru
Table 4-5 for all newer engines.
27
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Table 5-1. Emission Standards for Recreational Marine Diesel Engines
Engine
Engine
Model
Emission Standards (g/hp-hr)
Power (hp)
Displacement
(L/cyl)
Year
Start
Regulation
NMHC
+NOx
HC
+NOx
CO
PM
Nonroad
Tech Types
<11
<0.9
2000
Tier 1
7.8
6.0
0.75
TIM
2005
Tier 2
5.6
6.0
0.60
T2M
2009
Tier 3
5.6
6.0
0.30
T3M
>11 to <25
<0.9
2000
Tier 1
7.1
4.9
0.60
TIM
2005
Tier 2
5.6
4.9
0.60
T2M
2009
Tier 3
5.6
4.9
0.30
T3M
>25 to <50
<0.9
1999
Tier 1
7.1
4.1
0.60
TIM
2004
Tier 2
5.6
4.1
0.45
T2M
2009
Tier 3
5.6
4.1
0.22
T3M
2014
Tier 3
3.5
4.1
0.15
T4Ma
>50 to
<0.9
2007
Tier 2
5.6
4.1
0.30
T2M
<100
2009
Tier 3
5.6
4.1
0.22
T3M
2014
Tier 3
3.5
4.1
0.22
T4Ma
>100
<0.9
2007
Tier 2
5.6
4.1
0.30
T2M
2012
Tier 3
4.3
4.1
0.11
T3M
0.9< disp <1.2
2006
Tier 2
5.4
4.1
0.22
T2M
2013
Tier 3
4.3
4.1
0.10
T3M
1.2< disp <2.5
2006
Tier 2
5.4
4.1
0.15
T2M
2014
Tier 3
4.3
4.1
0.10
T2M
2.5< disp <3.5
2009
Tier 2
5.4
4.1
0.15
T2M
2013
Tier 3
4.3
4.1
0.09
T3M
>3.5
2009
Tier 2
5.4
4.1
0.15
T2M
2012
Tier 3
4.3
4.1
0.08
T3M
a Although, the full phase-in of the Tier 3 standard for this engine size is labeled as T4M nonroad engineTech
these engines are subject to Tier 3 standards, not Tier 4 emission standards.
28
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Table 5-2. MOVES-Nonroad Model EF Inputs for Recreational Marine Diesel Engines
Engine Power
(hp)
Model
Year Start
Tech Type
Emission Factor Modeling Inputs (g/hp-hr)
BSFC
(lb/hp-hr)
HC
CO
NOx
PM
hp < 11
Pre-2000
BaseM
1.50
5.00
10.00
1.00
0.408
2000
TIM
0.76
4.11
5.23
0.45
2005
T2M
0.68
4.11
4.39
0.38
2009
T3M
0.43
4.11
4.39
0.24
11 < hp <25
Pre-2000
BaseM
1.70
5.00
8.50
0.90
0.408
2000
TIM
0.44
2.16
4.44
0.27
2005
T2M
0.21
2.16
3.63
0.19
2009
T3M
0.21
2.16
3.63
0.19
25 < hp < 50
Pre-1999
BaseM
1.80
5.00
6.90
0.80
0.408
1999
TIM
0.28
1.53
4.73
0.34
2004
T2M
0.54
1.53
3.71
0.23
2009
T3M
0.41
1.53
3.71
0.18
2014
T4Ma
0.41
1.53
2.32
0.18
50 < hp < 100
Pre-2007
BaseM
0.22
0.95
6.67
0.16
0.408
2007
T2M
0.20
0.95
3.82
0.13
2009
T3M
0.20
0.95
3.82
0.13
2014
T4Ma
0.20
0.95
2.39
0.13
100 < hp < 175
Pre-2006
BaseM
0.22
0.95
6.67
0.16
0.367
2006
T2M
0.20
0.95
3.82
0.13
2012
T3M
0.13
0.95
3.34
0.088
175 < hp < 300
Pre-2006
BaseM
0.22
0.95
6.67
0.16
0.367
2006
T2M
0.25
0.95
4.46
0.090
2013
T3M
0.22
0.95
3.90
0.080
300 < hp < 750
Pre-2006
BaseM
0.22
0.95
6.67
0.16
0.367
2006
T2M
0.33
0.95
4.42
0.082
2014
T3M
0.29
0.95
3.98
0.072
750 < hp <1200
Pre-2006
BaseM
0.22
0.95
6.67
0.16
0.367
2006
T2M
0.33
0.95
4.42
0.082
2013
T3M
0.29
0.95
3.98
0.072
>1200
Pre-2009
BaseM
0.22
0.95
6.67
0.16
0.367
2009
T2M
0.33
0.95
4.42
0.082
2012
T3M
0.29
0.95
3.98
0.064
a Although, the full phase-in of the Tier 3 standard for this engine size is labeled as T4M nonroad engineTech
these engines are subject to Tier 3 standards, not Tier 4 emission standards.
29
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6 Transient Adjustment Factors - HC, CO, NOx, PM, and BSFC
Nonroad engines are primarily tested with steady-state tests. However, the steady-state operation
typically used for emission testing is not always representative of the operation of engines in many
nonroad applications. Some of the differences can be due to load or engine speed, and other differences
can be due to transient demands. We will apply "transient adjustment factors" ("TAFs") to the steady-
state emission factors previously described. TAFs are applied to the Base, Tier 0, Tier 1, Tier 2, and
Tier 3 emission factors. Transient emission control is expected to be an integral part of all Tier 4
engine design considerations. The Tier 4 standards required that engines be certified on a transient
cycle, with the exception of constant-speed engines, and engines below 50 HP and larger than 750
HP20. As a result, TAFs are not applied to the emission factors for Tier 4 engines (i.e., the model
applies a TAF of 1.0).
We calculate the TAF as the ratio of the transient emission factor (EF^a™) to the corresponding steady-
state (ISO-C1) emission factor (EF«):
Transient adjustment factors may be greater than or less than 1.0.
The derivation and application of the TAFs, including the test data used, are described in more detail in
Appendix F.
Table A5 presents the resulting TAFs assigned to each equipment application. The steady-state
emission factors given in Table A4 were then multiplied by the appropriate TAFs to create MOVES-
Nonroad's emission factor input files for CI engines.
7 Deterioration Factors - HC, CO, NOx, and PM
The MOVES-Nonroad model addresses the effects of deterioration in the inventory calculation by
multiplying a zero hour emission factor for each category of engine by a deterioration factor, DF (see
equation 1 above). DF varies as a function of engine age. The following equation is used to calculate
DF as a function of engine age:
DF = 1 + A * (Age Factor)b for Age Factor < 1
trans
Equation 4
Equation 5
DF = 1 + A
for Age Factor > 1
30
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Where:
Age Factor = fraction of median life expended = (cumulative hours * load factor)
median life at full load, in hours
A, b = constants for a given pollutant/technology type; b< 1.
Deterioration is capped at the end of an engine's median life (age factor =1), under the assumption that
an engine deteriorates to a point where any increased deterioration is offset by maintenance.
The constants A and b can be varied to approximate a wide range of deterioration patterns. "A" can be
varied to reflect differences in maximum deterioration. For example, setting A equal to 2.0 would
result in emissions at the engine's median life being three times the emissions when new (DF =1+2).
The shape of the deterioration function is determined by the second constant, "b." This constant can be
set at any level between zero and 1.0. For compression-ignition engines, b is always equal to 1.0. This
results in a linear deterioration pattern, in which the rate of deterioration is constant throughout the
median life of an engine.
Due to lack of deterioration data for nonroad compression-ignition engines, the deterioration factors are
based on data derived from highway engines. The derivation of the constant "A" for compression-
ignition engines is described in Appendix G and the resulting deterioration factors (i.e., the constants
"A") are given in Table A6.
8 Sulfur Adjustment for PM Emissions
MOVES-Nonroad adjusts PM emissions according to the sulfur content of the fuel using an additive
factor. This is different than many of the other fuel effects in MOVES which are multiplicative factors.
Spm adj corrects PM emissions from the certification fuel sulfur level to the fuel sulfur level provided in
the MOVES fuel supply15. Spm adj is calculated using the following equation:
SpMadj = BSFC * 453.6 * 7.0 * soxcnv * 0.01 * (soxbas - soxdsl) Equation 6
Where:
Spm adj = PM sulfur adjustment (g/hp-hr)
BSFC = in-use adjusted brake-specific fuel consumption (lb fuel/hp-hr)
453.6 = conversion from lb to grams
7.0 = grams PM sulfate/grams PM sulfur
soxcnv = grams PM sulfur/grams fuel sulfur consumed
0.01= conversion from percent to fraction
soxbas certification fuel sulfur weight percent
soxdsl = fuel sulfur weight percent (provided in NRfuel supply)
The soxcnv term represents the fraction of diesel fuel sulfur converted to PM. This varies by
technology type. Soxcnv is equal to 0.02247 for the Base, TO, Tl, T2, T3, T3B, T4A, T4B technology
types. For Tier 4 engines meeting stringent PM standards below 0.1 g/hp-hr, soxcnv is equal to 0.30.
This applies to the T4I and T4F technology types. If the soxcnv value for a technology type is not
31
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provided in the MOVES input database, the default value used in the model is 0.02247. Derivation of
the soxcnv term is described in Appendix C.
Values for the soxbas term vary by technology type and were discussed previously. If the soxbas value
for a technology type is not provided in the MOVES input database the default value used in the model
is 0.33 weight percent for diesel engines.
In general, the sulfur adjustment is subtracted from the base PM emission rates. However, if the input
sulfur level (soxdsl) is higher than the certification fuel sulfur percent (soxbas) than the sulfur
adjustment is added to the base PM emission factors.
Sample Calculation—EF adi
The following example illustrates how emission factors are calculated in MOVES-Nonroad.
Example: Calculate the PM emission factor for a three-year-old 100-175 hp diesel excavator in 2003.
The diesel fuel sulfur level in the nonroad fuel supply is 2284 ppm. (In MOVES-Nonroad, three-year-
old equipment in 2003 translates to equipment made in model year 2001, since the calendar year of
interest is assigned age =1 year).
Needed inputs: For 100-175 hp, MY2001 = Tier 1 (from Table 2-1)
100-175 hp, Tier 1 PM EFSS = 0.2799 g/hp-hr (from Table A4)
Excavator, Tier 1 PM TAF = 1.23 (from Table A5)
Tier 1 PM Deterioration "A" = 0.473 (from Table A6)
The deterioration factor, DF, is calculated as:
DF = 1 + Accumulative hours * load factor) Equation 7
median life at full load, in hours
Where:
Diesel excavator activity = 1092 hours/year (from nrsourceusetype MOVES input DB file)
Diesel excavator load factor = 0.59 (from nrsourceusetype MOVES input DB file )
Diesel excavator median life = 4667 hours (from nrsourceusetype MOVES input DB file )
Cumulative hours = age * activity = 3*1092 = 3276 hours
Substituting the above values into the equation yields:
DF = 1 + 0.473 *{3276 MX59) = 1 + 0.473 * 0.414 = 1.196
4667
The sulfur adjustment factor, SpMadj, is calculated as:
32
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SpMadj = BSFC * 453.6 * 7.0 * soxcnv * 0.01 * (soxbas - soxdsl)
Equation 8
Where:
BSFC = 100-175 hp BSFCss * Excavator BSFC TAF = 0.367*1.01 = 0.371
(BSFCss from Table A2 and BSFC TAF from Table A5)
soxcnv = 0.02247
soxbas = 0.3300
soxdsl = 0.2284
Substituting the values into the equation yields:
SpMadj = 0.371* 453.6 * 7.0 * 0.02247 * 0.01 * (0.33 - 0.2284) = 0.0269g/hp-hr
The resulting adjusted emission factor is calculated as follows:
EF adj(PM) = EFss * TAF * DF - SpMadj
= (0.2799 * 1.23 * 1.196) - 0.0269
= 0.385 g/hp-hr
9 Emission Factors - CO2 and SO2
Emission factors for CO2 and SO2 are calculated based on brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC).
The MOVES-Nonroad model uses in-use adjusted brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) to compute
CO2 emissions directly, as shown in the equation below. The carbon that goes to exhaust HC emissions
is subtracted as the correction for unburned fuel. This does not require a CO2 emission factors input
Where:
CO2 is in g/hp-hr
BSFC is the in-use adjusted brake-specific fuel consumption in lb/hp-hr
453.6 is the conversion factor from pounds to grams
HC is the in-use adjusted hydrocarbon emissions in g/hp-hr
0.87 is the carbon mass fraction of diesel
44/12 is the ratio of CO2 mass to carbon mass
The model does not require an SO2 emission factors input file either. EPA will calculate SO2 emission
factors as shown in the equation below.
file.
C02= (BSFC * 453.6 - HC) * 0.87 * (44/12)
Equation 9
S02= (BSFC * 453.6* (1 - soxcnv) - HC) * 0.01 * soxdsl * 2
Equation 10
33
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Where:
SO2 is in g/hp-hr
BSFC is the in-use adjusted fuel consumption in lb/hp-hr
453.6 is the conversion factor from pounds to grams
soxcnv is the fraction of fuel sulfur converted to direct PM
HC is the in-use adjusted hydrocarbon emissions in g/hp-hr
0.01 is the conversion factor from weight percent to weight fraction
soxdsl is the episodic weight percent of sulfur in nonroad diesel fuel
2 is the grams of SO2 formed from a gram of sulfur
This equation includes corrections for the fraction of sulfur that is converted to direct PM and for the
fraction of sulfur remaining in unburned fuel. This equation assumes that the unburned fuel, as
indicated by HC emissions, has the same sulfur level as the base fuel.
Note that BSFC for the pre-control (Tier 0) engines is used for all engines in the model. As a result,
related emissions of CO2 and SO2 will change very little with the advent of new emission reduction
technologies. Minor changes will result as HC emissions are changed, since the carbon that goes to
exhaust HC is subtracted in the CO2 and SO2 equations. For diesel engines, this adjustment is
insubstantial.
10 Crankcase HC Emission Factors
Crankcase emissions are those emissions that escape from the combustion chamber past the piston rings
into the crankcase. For diesel engines with open crankcases, MOVES-Nonroad assumes the crankcase
HC emission factor is equal to 2.0 percent of the exhaust HC emission factor. This applies for all Tier
3 and prior engines. This estimate was obtained from NEVES 14, and is based on data from on-
highway engines. These percentages are applied to the final calculated exhaust emission factors, so the
resulting crankcase emission factors include the same percentage deterioration as used for exhaust HC.
For Tier 4 engines, zero crankcase emissions are assumed. The Tier 4 rule requires that crankcase
emissions be controlled (through the use of closed crankcase systems), or if the engines discharge
crankcase emissions, the crankcase emissions must be added to the exhaust emissions for emissions
testing21. Because the Tier 4 emission rates are based on certification tests as discussed in Section 4, we
assume that crankcase emissions from Tier 4 engines with open crankcase are included in the tailpipe
emission factors. Thus, we are including the crankcase HC emissions from Tier 4 engines, while
modeling a HC crankcase factor of 0 percent.
11 PM2.5 Fraction of PM10
For diesel engines, all exhaust PM emissions are assumed to be smaller than 10 microns, and reported
as PM10. MOVES allows the user to report results for PM10 and PM2.5 (smaller than 2.5 microns). If
PM2.5 is selected, an adjustment of 0.97 is applied to the PM10 output based on an analysis of size
distribution data of particulate matter emissions from diesel engines22.
34
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12 Peer Review of Draft Report
This section contains comments on the draft report of Exhaust and Crankcase Emission Factors for
Nonroad Compression-Ignition Engines inMOVES2014b from two peer reviewers and EPA's
responses to those comments. The reviewers were selected by a third-party contractor, ICF
International, facilitating a peer review of MOVES technical reports. The submitted peer review
comments are publicly available on the EPA Science Inventory database23.
12.1 Overview of the Peer-Review
The two experts who reviewed the draft report of Exhaust and Crankcase Emission Factors for
Nonroad Compression-Ignition Engines inMOVES2014b were:
Robert F. Sawyer, Ph.D. Phil Lewis, Ph.D.
Partner Associate Professor
Sawyer Associates Department of Construction Science
College of Architecture
Texas A&M University
The peer-reviewers were charged with reviewing only the updated material in this report, which
included the following sections:
• Section 1 and 2, with a focus on the proposed updates made for MOVES related to Tier
4 nonroad engines.
• Section 4.4, HC, CO, NOx, PM Emission Factors for Tier 4 Engines: Evaluate updates
to the Tier 4 Engine emission rates
• Table A1: Evaluate the updated nonroad CI technology distributions for 2011+ model
years among certification levels and aftertreatment configurations
• Table A4 & Figure 2: Evaluate updates to the Tier 4 Engine emission rates
In conducting the peer-review, the peer-reviewers were given the following charge:
We are submitting this material for you to review selected methods and underlying assumptions, their
consistency with the current science as you understand it, and the clarity and completeness of the
presentation. For this review, no independent data analysis is required. Rather, we ask that you assess
whether the information provided is representative of the state of current understanding, and whether
incorporating the information into EPA 's MOVES model will result in appropriate predictions and
conclusions.
We request you provide us comments on substantive content sequentially. These will be listed as an
appendix to the final published report, along with EPA's responses. Comments on organization,
formatting, and other minor issues are welcome, but should be provided separately.
35
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Below are questions to define the scope of the review. We are not expecting individual responses to the
questions, but would like them to help guide your response.
General Questions to Consider:
1. Does the presentation describe the selected data sources sufficiently to allow the reader to form
a general view of the quantity, quality and representativeness of data used in the analysis? Are
you able to recommend alternate data sources that might better allow the model to estimate
national or regional default values?
2. Is the description of analytic methods and procedures clear and detailed enough to allow the
reader to develop an adequate understanding of the steps taken and assumptions made by EPA
while developing the model inputs? Are examples selectedfor tables andfigures well-chosen
and effective in improving the reader's understanding of approaches and methods?
3. Are the methods and procedures employed technically appropriate and reasonable, with respect
to the relevant disciplines, including physics, chemistry, engineering, mathematics and
statistics? Are you able to suggest or recommend alternate approaches that might better
achieve the goal of developing accurate and representative model inputs? In making
recommendations, please distinguish between instances involving reasonable disagreement in
adoption of methods as opposed to instances where you conclude that current methods involve
specific technical errors.
4. Where EPA has concluded that applicable data is meager or unavailable, and consequently has
made assumptions to frame approaches and arrive at solutions, do you agree that the
assumptions are appropriate and reasonable? If not, and you are able to do so, please suggest
alternative assumptions that might lead to more reasonable or accurate model inputs.
5. Are the resulting model inputs appropriate and, to the best of your knowledge and experience,
reasonably consistent with physical and chemical processes involved in mobile source
emissions, formation and control? Are the resulting model inputs empirically consistent with the
body of data and literature with which you are familiar?
Specific Questions:
In addition to the general review, we request specific responses to the following question:
1. Due to limited resources and data, we have not updated the transient adjustment factors,
deterioration factors, sulfur adjustments, and crankcase emission factors for Tier 4 nonroad
engines [Sections 6, 7, 8, and 10]. For example, for Tier 4 engines, we assume a transient
adjustment factor =1. The current deterioration factors for Tier 4 engines are unchangedfrom
Tier 3 engines. We are currently assuming a crankcase emission factor = 0% for Tier 4 engines.
How appropriate are the current assumptions for these adjustments andfactors for Tier 4
engines? Are there data available for informing updates to these adjustment andfactors?
36
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12.2 General Comments from Robert F. Sawyer
General Comments:
The EPA MOVES emissions inventory model was designed to make use of data rich
information on vehicle emissions. Data on in-use offroad emissions is woefully lacking for both
Tier 4 and pre Tier 4 technology. Estimating in-use emissions from Tier 4 certification data
combined with pre Tier 4 correction factors is inherently unreliable.
RESPONSE: See our comments below in the Introduction section with regard to using Tier 4
certification data. With regard to pre Tier 4 adjustment factors, we address this comment
further below in the section labeled Section 4.4: HC, CO, NOx, PM Emission Factors for Tier 4
Engines.
Presentation of data sources, details, and descriptions is clear and easy to follow. Reliance on engine
certification data, independent of application, is a deficiency as it the dependence on old correction
factors for transient operation and deterioration. The California Air Resources Board has additional
California specific offroad emissions data.
Methods and procedures descriptions are straightforward. The accompanying tables and figures assist
in the clarity of the presentation and assist reader understanding.
RESPONSE: In 2017 the California Air Resources Board (CARB) updated the off-road diesel
engine NOx and PM emission factors usedfor their mobile source emissions inventory24.
According to the CARB's documentation25, they used the EPA nonroad compression ignition
certification data26 as a basis to update the emission factors for 1996-2016 model year engines.
EPA is continuing dialogue with CARB staff to expand the datasets available for future
modeling updates.
The technical methodology is sound.
The assumptions made by the EPA to make up for the basic lack of test data are reasonable.
The model inputs are consistent with processes impacting emissions, but they are incomplete in that
they do not adequately treat such factors as deterioration, transient operation, ambient temperature,
altitude, or fuel. The lack of in-use data prevents assessment of the uncertainty in the model output.
Considering the constrains of very limited Tier 4 offroad measurements, the EPA has made reasonable
approximations and extrapolations to make up for this basic deficiency. A portable emissions
measurements systems (PEMS) in-use measurement program to provide reliable emissions and activity
data for the offroad sector should be a high priority.
Specific Comments:
Section 1: Introduction
37
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Reliance of certification data to estimate emissions is a major problem. The statement. .updating Tier
4 emission rates will have a larger impact on future inventories than updating the Tier 2 and Tier 3
emission rates" while eventually true is not obvious because of deterioration and low turnover rates.
RESPONSE: We agree that a modeling approach based on certification data has its
limitations. And in-use emission data - if available and amenable for modeling purpose - can
be valuable for further improvement in the future. Tier 4 update was given a priority over
others this time in order to enhance the model predictions by accounting for the actual
implementation of Tier 4 emission standards that occurred since the last nonroad model update.
According to our analysis, the newer engines certifiedfor Tier-4 standards tend to have
significantly lower emission rates (especially when equipped with a modern aftertreatment
system) than previously estimated. In addition, EPA also updated the nonroad equipment
population growth rate for MOVES2014b to capture the effect of the population changes on the
future inventories. Due to a combined effect of those updates, the national NOx and PM2.5
emissions from nonroad diesel engines that MOVES2014b estimates for calendar year 2023 are
reduced by 15.2 and 14.8percent respectively, compared to MOVES2014a estimates. For
calendar year 2028, the reductions are 21.4 and 21.2 percent respectively.
Section 2: Emission Standards and Technology Type
The presentation of emissions standards in Table 2.1 is comprehensive and clear. Is there any evidence
that manufacturers actually took full advantage of phase-in allowances? TPEM data suggest otherwise.
RESPONSE: The level of voluntary participation in the flexibility program varies significantly
by manufacturer, engine power category, model year and the types of allowances (percent of
production, small volume: single family or multiple families) applied. For modeling purpose,
we used the available information reported by manufacturers to obtain reasonable estimates of
certified us. TPEM engine volume ratios in an aggregated way as shown in Table 2-5.
Section 4.4: HC, CO, NOx, PM Emission Factors for Tier 4 Engines
Reliance on certification data provides an extensive amount of data, but may not be consistent with in-
use emissions due to the failure of test cycles to match actual use and the chance of defeat strategies.
Other than the lack of data, there is no reason to assume that deterioration factors and transient
adjustment factors have not changed for Tier 4 engine applications.
RESPONSE: We agree that a modeling approach relying on certification data has its
limitations. For future versions of MOVES, EPA is interested in collecting real-world nonroad
emission data as well as in leveraging other data sources27 to further improve the nonroad
model.
With regard to deterioration factors, we are using the same deterioration factors for Tier 4
engines as we usedfor Tier 3 engines as discussed in Section 7.
For transient adjustment factors, we are using different transient adjustment factors for Tier 4
engines compared to Tier 3 engines as discussed in Section 6. As discussed in Appendix F, the
38
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Tier 3 engines transient adjustment factors were based on engineering judgment, considering
the engine technologies (including EGR) and the steady-state certification cycles required
under the Tier 3 regulation. We used a transient adjustment factor =1 for Tier 4 engines,
because Tier 4 engines are required to be certified on transient cycles as documented in Section
6.
Table Al: Nonroad CI Technology Distributions by HP Category and Model Year
The populations are based on projected sales. Has this been checked? (Perhaps any differences are not
significant?)
RESPONSE: A rigorous verification of the projected sales data was not possible because
sufficient information about actual engine production volumes was not available for our
analysis. However, it should be noted that the projected sales data was only used to estimate the
engine population fractions (distributions) among different engine technologies, not the
populations themselves. (Regarding the actual populations of non-road equipment that MOVES
uses, refer to "NonroadEngine Population Growth Estimates in MOVES2014b " technical
report.) For that limited use, the projected volumes provide a reasonable approximation.
Table A4: Zero-Hour, Steady-State Emission Factors for Nonroad CI Engines
The assignment of only two brake specific fuel consumption values cannot be correct. While this will
not affect HC, CO, NOx, or PM emissions, it may be a problem with CO2 estimates and relating fuel
consumption to engine populations.
RESPONSE: The revision of the fuel consumption values was not within the scope of the
nonroad model update this time. Fuel consumption rates are certainly important for CO2
estimates and will be one of the candidates for future updates.
Figure 2: Record Counts and Emission Factors for Tier 4 Based on Certification Data in
MOVES2014b
I do not detect anything that is questionable in these figures.
12.3 General Comments from Phil Lewis
General Comments:
In my opinion, the reports include an adequate presentation of the methods used to update the Nonroad
model. As a user of previous versions of Nonroad, I frequently referred to the documents and reports to
gain better insight to the application of the model. I believe these reports provide a sufficient
explanation of the assumptions and data used in the updated Nonroad model. As a potential user of
39
-------
Nonroad in the future, I am satisfied with the explanations given for the assumptions and data sources
provided in the reports. Furthermore, I have no recommendations for alternate data sources.
Description of the analytical methods are thorough enough for the reader to gain an understanding of
the general approaches used to update the Nonroad model; however, it would be somewhat difficult to
duplicate the methodologies in their entirety. In order to duplicate the methodologies, I believe more
detail is needed, perhaps in the form of sample calculations. I do not believe, however, that duplication
is the primary objective of the reports; therefore, I do not recommend adding unnecessary details. I also
found the examples provided for tables and figures to be appropriate for their intended use.
I believe the methods and procedures are technically and scientifically sound. This is a reasonable
approach to predict the future of nonroad equipment on a grand scale. I have no suggestions or
recommendations for improving the approach.
When trying to predict the future, no one has a High Definition crystal ball; therefore, we are left with
assumptions. I believe the assumptions chosen to fill in the gaps in data are sufficient enough to provide
reasonable model outputs.
Unfortunately, I have limited expertise with the physical and chemical processes associated with the
formation and speciation of emissions. I believe the model inputs are empirically consistent and
adequate based on my limited knowledge.
Specific Comments:
I have no objections to TAF = 1.0 or crankcase emission factor = 0% for Tier 4 engines. I feel this is a
reasonable assumption given the lack of empirical data. I am not convinced that additional study or
investigation aimed at improving estimates of these two variables would yield significant results in the
model outputs. I am not aware of other data sources that could be used to verify or disclaim these
assumptions.
40
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13 References
1 USEPA, "Exhaust Emission Factors for Nonroad Engine Modeling - Spark-Ignition, NR-OlOf," EPA-420-R-10-019, July
2010 (https://www.epa.gOv/moves/nonroad-technical-reports#2008a).
2 USEPA, "Speciation Profiles and Toxic Emission Factors for Nonroad Engines in MOVES2014b," EPA-420-R-18-011,
July 2018, Ann Arbor, MI, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, US Environmental Protection Agency
(https://www.epa.gov/moves/moves-technical-reports).
3 USEPA, "VERIFY Database" (https://www.epa.gov/compliance-and-fuel-economy-data/annual-certification-data-engines-
and-equipment).
4 USEPA, "Exhaust Emission Factors for Nonroad Engine Modeling - Compression-Ignition, NR-009d," EPA-420-R-10-
018, July 2010 (https://www.epa.gOv/moves/nonroad-technical-reports#2008a).
5 USEPA, "Control of Air Pollution; Determination of Significance for Nonroad Sources and Emission Standards for New
Nonroad Compression Ignition Engines At or Above 37 Kilowatts," 59 FR 31306, June 17, 1994.
6 USEPA, "Control of Emissions of Air Pollution From Nonroad Diesel Engines," 63 FR 56967, October 23, 1998.
7 USEPA, "Control of Emissions From Nonroad Large Spark-Ignition Engines and Recreational Engines (Marine and Land-
Based); Final Rule," 67 FR 68241, November 8, 2002.
8 USEPA, "Control of Emissions of Air Pollution From Nonroad Diesel Engines and Fuel; Final Rule," 69 FR 38958, June
29, 2004.
9 USEPA, "Control of Emissions of Air Pollution From Locomotive Engines and Marine Compression-Ignition Engines
Less Than 30 Liters per Cylinder; Republication," (Final Rule), 73 FR 37096, June 30, 2008.
10 USEPA, "Transition Program for Equipment Manufacturers (TPEM)" (https://www.epa.gov/vehicle-and-engine-
certification/transition-program-equipment-manufacturers-tpem).
11 USEPA, "Regulatory Requirements for Equipment Manufacturers to Participate in the Transition Program for Equipment
Manufacturers (TPEM)" (https://www.epa.gov/vehicle-and-engine-certification/regulatory-requirements-equipment-
manufacturers-participate) .
12 USEPA, "Regulatory Requirements and Recordkeeping for TPEM Hardship Relief' (https://www.epa.gov/vehicle-and-
engine-certification/regulatory-requirements-and-recordkeeping-tpem-hardship-relief).
13 USEPA, "Nonroad Engine Population Estimate technical report", EPA-420-R-10-017, July 2010.
14 USEPA, "Nonroad Engine and Vehicle Emission Study" (NEVES), U.S. EPA, Office of Air and Radiation, 21A-2001,
November 1991.
15 USEPA, "Fuel Supply Defaults: Regional Fuels and the Fuel Wizard inMOVES2014b," EPA-420-R-18-008, July 2018,
Ann Arbor, MI, Office of Transportation and Air Quality. US Environmental Protection Agency
(https://www.epa.gov/moves/moves-technical-reports).
16 Korotney, David. "Estimates for In-Use Nonroad Diesel Fuel Levels," Memorandum to Docket A-96-40, July 1, 1997.
17 EEA, "Documentation of Input Factors for the New Off-Road Mobile Source Emissions Inventory Model," ("Inputs...")
Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc. for California Air Resources Board. February, 1997.
18 USEPA, "Final Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of Emissions from Nonroad Diesel Engines," August 1998.
19 USEPA, "Certification for Nonroad Compression-Ignition (NRCI) Engines" (https://www.epa.gov/vehicle-and-engine-
certification/certification-nonroad-compression-ignition-nrci-engines).
20 USEPA, "Nonroad Compression-Ignition Engines: Exhaust Emission Standards," EPA-420-B-16-022, March 2016,
Office of Transportation and Air Quality. US Environmental Protection Agency,
(https://nepis.epa. gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi?Dockey=P1000A05.pdf).
21 Code of Federal Regulations, 40: Chapter 1, Subchapter U, Part 1039, Subpart B, 1039.115.
22 Cantrell, Bruce. "Recommended Revision of the Fraction of Diesel Particulate Emissions Mass Less Than 2.5 Microns in
Size," Memorandum to Docket A-2001-28, Document IV-B-21, October 17, 2003.
23 USEPA, "EPA Science Inventory. Peer Review: Nonroad (NR) Updates to Population Growth, Compression Ignition (CI)
Criteria, Toxic Emission Factors and Speciation Profiles," 2018
(https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=339678).
24 The California Air Resources Board, "Mobile Source Emissions Inventory - Off-Road Diesel Vehicles," 2017
(https ://www. arb .ca. gov/msei/ordiesel.htm).
41
-------
25 The California Air Resources Board, "2017 Off-road Emissions Factor Documentation," 2017
(https ://www. arb .ca. gov/msei/ordiesel/ordas_ef_fcf_2017 .pdf).
26 USEPA, "Annual Certification Data for Vehicles, Engines, and Equipment," 2018
(https://www.epa.gov/compliance-and-fuel-economy-data/annual-certification-data-vehicles-engines-and-
equipment).
27 For example: James Pang, The California Air Resources Board, "Proposal to Investigate Real-World In-Use
and Engine Dynamometer Test Results from Off-Road Diesel Equipment," 2018, the 28th CRC Real World
Emissions Workshop.
42
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14 Appendix A: Nonroad CI Inputs for MOVES2014b: Technology Distributions,
Zero-Hour, Steady-State Emission Factors, Transient Adjustment Factors, and
Deterioration Factors
43
-------
Table Al. Nonroad CI Technology Distributions by HP Category and Model Year"
Engine
Power
(hp)
Model
Year
Fraction of Population in Each Technology Typeb
Base
TierO
Tier 1
Tier 2
Tier 3C
Tier
4IAd
Tier
4IB
Tier
4IC
Tier
4ID
Tier
4FAe
Tier
4FB
Tier
4FC
Tier
4FD
<25
Pre-
1988
1
1988-
1999
1
2000-
2001
0.2
0.8
2002-
2004
0.1
0.9
2005
0.1
0.9
2006-
2007
1
2008-
2010
1
2011
0.010
0.064
0.926
2012
0.010
0.064
0.926
2013
0.138
0.862
2014
0.048
0.952
2015
1.000
2016
1.000
2017+
1.000
>25 to 50
Pre-
1988
1
1988-
1998
1
1999-
2000
0.2
0.8
44
-------
Table Al. Nonroad CI Technology Distributions by HP Category and Model Year (cont.)a
Engine
Power
(hp)
Model
Year
Fraction of Population in Each Technology Typeb
Base
TierO
Tier 1
Tier 2
Tier 3°
Tier
4IAd
Tier
4IB
Tier
4IC
Tier
4ID
Tier
4FAe
Tier
4FB
Tier
4FC
Tier
4FD
2001-
2003
0.1
0.9
2004
0.1
0.9
2005-
2007
1
2008-
2010
1
2011
1
2012
1
2013
0.648
0.105
0.247
2014
0.242
0.361
0.397
2015
0.091
0.444
0.465
2016
0.048
0.535
0.417
2017+
0.574
0.426
>50 to 75
Pre-
1988
1
1988-
1997
1
1998-
2003
1
2004-
2005
0.2
0.8
2006-
2007
0.1
0.9
2008-
2009
0.1
0.9
2010
1
45
-------
Table Al. Nonroad CI Technology Distributions by HP Category and Model Year (cont.)a
Engine
Power
(hp)
Model
Year
Fraction of Population in Each Technology Typeb
Base
TierO
Tier 1
Tier 2
Tier 3°
Tier
4IAd
Tier
4IB
Tier
4IC
Tier
4ID
Tier
4FAe
Tier
4FB
Tier
4FC
Tier
4FD
2011
1.000
2012
1.000
2013
0.648
0.081
0.271
2014
0.242
0.248
0.509
2015
0.091
0.383
0.526
2016
0.048
0.456
0.496
2017+
0.552
0.448
>75 to 100
Pre-
1988
1
1988-
1997
1
1998-
2003
1
2004-
2005
0.2
0.8
2006-
2007
0.1
0.9
2008-
2009
0.1
0.9
2010
1
2011
0.151
0.592
0.257
2012
0.482
0.361
0.157
2013
0.187
0.399
0.414
2014
0.107
0.224
0.669
2015
0.401
0.066
0.497
0.036
46
-------
Table Al. Nonroad CI Technology Distributions by HP Category and Model Year (cont.)a
Engine
Power
(hp)
Model
Year
Fraction of Population in Each Technology Typeb
Base
TierO
Tier 1
Tier 2
Tier 3°
Tier
4IAd
Tier
4IB
Tier
4IC
Tier
4ID
Tier
4FAe
Tier
4FB
Tier
4FC
Tier
4FD
2016
0.206
0.274
0.429
0.091
2017+
0.451
0.375
0.174
>100 to
175
Pre-
1988
1
1988-
1996
1
1997-
2002
1
2003-
2004
0.2
0.8
2005-
2006
0.1
0.9
2007-
2008
0.1
0.9
2009-
2010
1
2011
0.102
0.146
0.173
0.579
2012
0.453
0.089
0.105
0.353
2013
0.187
0.093
0.070
0.650
2014
0.107
0.108
0.081
0.687
0.005
0.011
2015
0.401
0.441
0.034
0.124
2016
0.206
0.654
0.001
0.138
2017+
0.767
0.020
0.213
>175 to
300
Pre-
1988
1
1988-
1995
1
47
-------
Table Al. Nonroad CI Technology Distributions by HP Category and Model Year (cont.)a
Engine
Power
(hp)
Model
Year
Fraction of Population in Each Technology Typeb
Base
TierO
Tier 1
Tier 2
Tier 3°
Tier
4IAd
Tier
4IB
Tier
4IC
Tier
4ID
Tier
4FAe
Tier
4FB
Tier
4FC
Tier
4FD
1996-
2002
1
2003-
2004
0.2
0.8
2005
0.1
0.9
2006-
2008
0.1
0.9
2009-
2010
1
2011
0.286
0.016
0.158
0.541
2012
0.167
0.018
0.184
0.631
2013
0.130
0.017
0.220
0.624
0.009
2014
0.306
0.417
0.023
0.254
2015
0.145
0.501
0.008
0.346
2016
0.099
0.447
0.002
0.452
2017
0.048
0.423
0.002
0.527
2018+
0.445
0.001
0.554
>300 to
600
Pre-
1988
1
1988-
1995
1
1996-
2000
1
2001-
2002
0.2
0.8
2003-
2005
0.1
0.9
48
-------
Table Al. Nonroad CI Technology Distributions by HP Category and Model Year (cont.)a
Engine
Model
Year
Fraction of Population in Each Technology Typeb
Power
(hp)
Base
TierO
Tier 1
Tier 2
Tier 3°
Tier
4IAd
Tier
4IB
Tier
4IC
Tier
4ID
Tier
4FAe
Tier
4FB
Tier
4FC
Tier
4FD
2006
0.1
0.9
2007-
2010
1
2011
0.286
0.016
0.158
0.541
2012
0.167
0.018
0.184
0.631
2013
0.130
0.017
0.214
0.631
0.009
2014
0.306
0.417
0.023
0.254
2015
0.145
0.501
0.008
0.346
2016
0.099
0.447
0.002
0.452
2017
0.048
0.423
0.002
0.527
2018+
0.445
0.001
0.554
Pre-
1988
1
1988-
1995
1
1996-
2001
1
>600 to
2002-
2003
0.2
0.8
750
2004-
2005
0.1
0.9
2006-
2007
0.1
0.9
2008-
2010
1
2011
0.286
0.016
0.158
0.541
49
-------
Table Al. Nonroad CI Technology Distributions by HP Category and Model Year (cont.)a
Engine
Power
(hp)
Model
Year
Fraction of Population in Each Technology Typeb
Base
TierO
Tier 1
Tier 2
Tier 3°
Tier
4IAd
Tier
4IB
Tier
4IC
Tier
4ID
Tier
4FAe
Tier
4FB
Tier
4FC
Tier
4FD
2012
0.167
0.018
0.184
0.631
2013
0.130
0.017
0.214
0.631
0.009
2014
0.306
0.417
0.023
0.254
2015
0.145
0.501
0.008
0.346
2016
0.099
0.447
0.002
0.452
2017
0.048
0.423
0.002
0.527
2018+
0.445
0.001
0.554
>750 Non-
Generators
Pre-
1988
1
1988-
1999
1
2000-
2005
1
2006-
2007
0.3
0.7
2008
0.2
0.8
2009-
2010
1
2011
0.242
0.449
0.308
2012
0.237
0.453
0.311
2013
0.412
0.331
0.255
0.003
2014
0.219
0.193
0.162
0.420
0.007
2015
0.301
0.451
0.249
2016
0.265
0.330
0.402
0.003
2017
0.225
0.443
0.329
0.003
50
-------
Table Al. Nonroad CI Technology Distributions by HP Category and Model Year (cont.)a
Engine
Power
(hp)
Model
Year
Fraction of Population in Each Technology Typeb
Base
TierO
Tier 1
Tier 2
Tier 3°
Tier
4IAd
Tier
4IB
Tier
4IC
Tier
4ID
Tier
4FAe
Tier
4FB
Tier
4FC
Tier
4FD
2018+
0.571
0.425
0.004
750-1200
Generators
Pre-
1988
1
1988-
1999
1
2000-
2005
1
2006-
2007
0.3
0.7
2008
0.2
0.8
2009-
2010
1
2011
0.242
0.294
0.464
2012
0.237
0.296
0.468
2013
0.412
0.234
0.354
2014
0.219
0.225
0.556
2015
0.301
0.634
0.065
2016
0.265
0.593
0.142
2017
0.225
0.720
0.055
2018+
0.929
0.071
>1200
Generators
Pre-
1988
1
1988-
1999
1
2000-
2005
1
51
-------
Table Al. Nonroad CI Technology Distributions by HP Category and Model Year (cont.)a
Engine
Power
(hp)
Model
Year
Fraction of Population in Each Technology Typeb
Base
TierO
Tier 1
Tier 2
Tier 3°
Tier
4IAd
Tier
4IB
Tier
4IC
Tier
4ID
Tier
4FAe
Tier
4FB
Tier
4FC
Tier
4FD
2006-
2007
0.3
0.7
2008
0.2
0.8
2009-
2010
1
2011
0.242
0.758
2012
0.237
0.763
2013
0.412
0.298
0.290
2014
0.219
0.495
0.286
2015
0.301
0.374
0.325
2016
0.265
0.368
0.368
2017
0.225
0.775
2018+
1.0
" Used in MOVES2014b for all nonroad diesel equipment with the exception of recreational marine engines and underground mining equipment; these are
presented in separate tables. The technology fractions are contained in the nrengtechfraction MOVES input DB file. Blank cells have a technology
fraction of 0.000. For model years 2011-2017, population fractions are calculated using VERIFY data weighted by projected sales volumes for engine
families.
b Base = pre-control, pre-1988 MY engines. Tier 0 = pre-control 1988+ MY engines prior to Tier 1.
Tier 41 = Tier 4 interim (transitional). Tier 4F = Tier 4 final. Tier 4 subcategories: A = Without diesel particulate filter (DPF) and without selective catalytic
reduction (SCR). B = Without DPF and with SCR. C = With DPF and without SCR. D = With DPF and with SCR.
0 For hp >75 to 100 category only, tech type is T3B. For all the other hp categories, tech type is T3.
d For engine power categories where hp < 75, tech type T4A instead of T4IA is used.
e For hp < 25 category only, tech type T4B instead of T4FA is used.
52
-------
Table A2. Recreational Marine CI Technology Distributions by HP Category and Model Year"
Engine Power
Model Year
Fraction of Population in Each Technology Type
(hp)
Baseb
Tier 0b
Tier 1
Tier 2
Tier 3
Tier 4C
<25
Pre-1988
1.000
1988-1999
1.000
2000
0.200
0.800
2001-2004
0.100
0.900
2005-2006
0.100
0.900
2007-2008
1.000
2009+
1.000
>25 to 50
Pre-1988
1.000
1988-1998
1.000
1999
0.200
0.800
2000-2003
0.100
0.900
2004-2005
0.100
0.900
2006-2008
1.000
2009-2013
1.000
2014+
1.000
>50 to 100
Pre-2007
1.000
2007-2008
1.000
2009-2013
1.000
2014+
1.000
>100 to 175
Pre-2006
1.000
2006-2011
1.000
2012+
1.000
>175 to 300
Pre-2006
1.000
2006-2012
1.000
2013+
1.000
>300 to 750
Pre-2006
1.000
53
-------
Table A2. Recreational Marine CI Technology Distributions by HP Category and Model Year (cont.)
Engine Power
(hp)
Model Year
Fraction of Population in Each Technology Type
Baseb
Tier 0b
Tier 1
Tier 2
Tier 3
Tier 4°
2006-2013
1.000
2014+
1.000
>750 to 1200
Pre-2006
1.000
2006-2012
1.000
2013+
1.000
>1200
Pre-2009
1.000
2009-2011
1.000
2012+
1.000
a The technology fractions are contained in the nrengtechfraction MOVES input DB file. Blank cells have a
technology fraction of 0.000.
b Base = pre-control, pre-1988 MY engines. Tier 0 = pre-control 1988+ MY engines prior to Tier 1.
0 This source category is not subject to Tier 4 standards. Some horsepower categories are subject to two
phases of the Tier 3 standard; the second phase is referred to as Tier 4.
54
-------
Table A3. Underground Mining Equipment
Technology Distributions by HP Category and Model Year"
Engine Power
Model Year
Fraction of Population in Each Technology Type
(hp)
Baseb
Tier 0b
Tier 1
Tier 2
<25
Pre-1988
1.000
1988-1999
1.000
2000-2001
1.000
2002-2004
1.000
2005
0.100
0.900
2006+
1.000
>25 to 50
Pre-1988
1.000
1988-1998
1.000
1999-2000
1.000
2001-2003
1.000
2004
0.100
0.900
2005+
1.000
>50 to 100
Pre-1988
1.000
1988-1997
1.000
1998-2003
1.000
2004-2005
0.200
0.800
2006-2007
0.100
0.900
2008-2009
0.100
0.900
2010+
1.000
>100 to 175
Pre-1988
1.000
1988-1996
1.000
1997-2002
1.000
2003-2004
0.200
0.800
2005-2006
0.100
0.900
2007-2008
0.100
0.900
55
-------
Table A3. Underground Mining Equipment
Technology Distributions by HP Category and Model Year (cont.)a
Engine Power
(hp)
Model Year
Fraction of Population in Each Technology Type
Baseb
Tier 0b
Tier 1
Tier 2
2009+
1.000
>175 to 300
Pre-1988
1.000
1988-1995
1.000
1996-2002
1.000
2003-2004
0.200
0.800
2005
0.100
0.900
2006-2008
0.100
0.900
2009+
1.000
>300 to 600
Pre-1988
1.000
1988-1995
1.000
1996-2000
1.000
2001-2002
0.200
0.800
2003-2005
0.100
0.900
2006
0.100
0.900
2007+
1.000
>600 to 750
Pre-1988
1.000
1988-1995
1.000
1996-2001
1.000
2002-2003
0.200
0.800
2004-2005
0.100
0.900
2006-2007
0.100
0.900
2008+
1.000
>750
Pre-1988
1.000
1988-1999
1.000
2000-2005
1.000
2006-2007
0.300
0.700
2008
0.200
0.800
2009+
1.000
a The technology fractions are contained in the nrengtechfraction MOVES input DB file. Blank cells
have a technology fraction of 0.000.
b Base = pre-control, pre-1988 MY engines. Tier 0 = pre-control 1988+ MY engines prior to Tier 1.
56
-------
Table A4. Zero-Hour, Steady-State Emission Factors for Nonroad CI Engines"
Engine
Power
(hp)
Technology
BSFC
(lb/hp-
hr)
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Type
HC
CO
NOx
PM
Base
1.500
5.000
10.000
1.000
TierO
1.500
5.000
10.000
1.000
>0 to 11
Tier 1
0.408b
0.763
4.113
5.230
0.447
Tier 2
0.551
4.113
4.300
0.500
Tier 4 A
0.540
2.084
4.037
0.213
Tier 4B
0.741
2.251
4.163
0.185
Base
1.7000
5.0000
8.5000
0.9000
TierO
1.7000
5.0000
8.5000
0.9000
>11 to 16
Tier 1
0.408
0.4380
2.1610
4.4399
0.2665
Tier 2
0.4380
2.1610
4.4399
0.2665
Tier 4 A
0.540
2.084
4.037
0.213
Tier 4B
0.311
1.362
3.744
0.132
Base
1.7000
5.0000
8.5000
0.9000
TierO
1.7000
5.0000
8.5000
0.9000
>16 to 25
Tier 1
0.408
0.4380
2.1610
4.4399
0.2665
Tier 2
0.4380
2.1610
4.4399
0.2665
Tier 4 A
0.540
2.084
4.037
0.213
Tier 4B
0.311
1.362
3.744
0.132
Base
1.8000
5.0000
6.9000
0.8000
TierO
1.8000
5.0000
6.9000
0.8000
Tier 1
0.2789
1.5323
4.7279
0.3389
>25 to 50
Tier 2
0.408
0.2789
1.5323
4.7279
0.3389
Tier 4 A
0.420
1.373
3.905
0.161
Tier 4FA
0.136
0.408
2.762
0.027
Tier 4FC
0.018
0.047
2.184
0.001
Base
Vary by application, see NEVES
TierO
0.990
3.490
6.900
0.722
>50 to 75
Tier 1
0.408
0.521
2.366
5.599
0.473
Tier 2
0.367
2.366
4.700
0.240
Tier 4 A
0.177
0.978
3.030
0.149
Tier 4FA
0.074
0.267
2.787
0.024
57
-------
Table A4. Zero-Hour, Steady-State Emission Factors for Nonroad CI Engines (cont.)a
Engine
Power
(hp)
Technology
BSFC
(lb/hp-
hr)
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Type
HC
CO
NOx
PM
Tier 4FC
0.018
0.055
2.218
0.001
Base
Vary by application, see NEVES
TierO
0.990
3.490
6.900
0.722
Tier 1
0.521
2.366
5.599
0.473
Tier 2
0.367
2.366
4.700
0.240
>75 to
100
Tier 3B
0.184
2.366
3.000
0.200
Tier 41A
0.408
0.087
0.392
2.521
0.115
Tier 4IC
0.007
0.027
1.955
0.007
Tier 4FA
0.075
1.342
3.274
0.186
Tier 4FB
0.012
0.101
0.136
0.015
Tier 4FC
0.000
0.000
2.064
0.007
Tier 4FD
0.008
0.000
0.091
0.000
Base
Vary by application, see NEVES
TierO
0.680
2.700
8.380
0.402
Tier 1
0.338
0.867
5.652
0.280
Tier 2
0.338
0.867
4.100
0.180
Tier 3
0.184
0.867
2.500
0.220
>100 to
Tier 4IA
0.367
0.035
0.200
1.976
0.033
175
Tier 4IB
0.017
0.262
2.029
0.011
Tier 4IC
0.003
0.009
1.888
0.004
Tier 4ID
0.007
0.075
0.224
0.000
Tier 4FB
0.007
0.052
0.144
0.011
Tier 4FC
0.003
0.004
1.828
0.002
Tier 4FD
0.010
0.023
0.096
0.001
Base
Vary by application, see NEVES
TierO
0.680
2.700
8.380
0.402
Tier 1
0.309
0.748
5.577
0.252
>175 to
Tier 2
0.367
0.309
0.748
4.000
0.132
300
Tier 3
0.184
0.748
2.500
0.150
Tier 4IA
0.114
1.642
2.467
0.108
Tier 4IB
0.008
0.247
1.100
0.011
Tier 4IC
0.011
0.052
1.116
0.001
58
-------
Table A4. Zero-Hour, Steady-State Emission Factors for Nonroad CI Engines (cont.)a
Engine
Power
(hp)
Technology
BSFC
(lb/hp-
hr)
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Type
HC
CO
NOx
PM
Tier 4ID
0.028
0.000
0.110
0.007
Tier 4FB
0.008
0.020
0.148
0.009
Tier 4FC
0.011
0.214
1.153
0.000
Tier 4FD
0.010
0.015
0.079
0.002
Base
Vary by application, see NEVES
TierO
0.680
2.700
8.380
0.402
Tier 1
0.203
1.306
6.015
0.201
Tier 2
0.167
0.843
4.335
0.132
Tier 3
0.167
0.843
2.500
0.150
>300 to
Tier 4IA
0.367
0.114
1.642
2.467
0.108
600
Tier 4IB
0.008
0.247
1.100
0.011
Tier 4IC
0.012
0.053
1.115
0.001
Tier 4ID
0.028
0.000
0.110
0.007
Tier 4FB
0.008
0.020
0.148
0.009
Tier 4FC
0.011
0.214
1.153
0.000
Tier 4FD
0.010
0.015
0.079
0.002
Base
Vary by application, see NEVES
TierO
0.680
2.700
8.380
0.402
Tier 1
0.147
1.327
5.822
0.220
Tier 2
0.167
1.327
4.100
0.132
Tier 3
0.167
1.327
2.500
0.150
>600 to
Tier 4IA
0.367
0.114
1.642
2.467
0.108
750
Tier 4IB
0.008
0.247
1.100
0.011
Tier 4IC
0.012
0.053
1.115
0.001
Tier 4ID
0.028
0.000
0.110
0.007
Tier 4FB
0.008
0.020
0.148
0.009
Tier 4FC
0.011
0.214
1.153
0.000
Tier 4FD
0.010
0.015
0.079
0.002
>750
except
Base
Vary by application, see NEVES
TierO
0.367
0.680
2.700
8.380
0.402
generator
sets
Tier 1
0.286
0.764
6.153
0.193
Tier 2
0.167
0.764
4.100
0.132
59
-------
Table A4. Zero-Hour, Steady-State Emission Factors for Nonroad CI Engines (cont.)a
Engine
Power
(hp)
Technology
BSFC
(lb/hp-
hr)
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Type
HC
CO
NOx
PM
Tier 41A
0.100
0.369
2.208
0.044
Tier 4IB
0.066
0.149
2.218
0.014
Tier 4FA
0.035
0.019
2.278
0.021
Tier 4FB
0.026
0.131
2.083
0.015
Tier 4FC
0.007
0.000
2.088
0.000
Base
Vary by application, see NEVES
TierO
0.680
2.700
8.380
0.402
Tier 1
0.286
0.764
6.153
0.193
Gen sets
>750 to
1200
Tier 2
0.367
0.167
0.764
4.100
0.132
Tier 4IA
0.084
0.691
2.239
0.051
Tier 4IB
0.030
0.224
2.386
0.030
Tier 4FB
0.000
0.075
0.231
0.015
Tier 4FD
0.015
0.000
0.068
0.007
Base
Vary by application, see NEVES
TierO
0.680
2.700
8.380
0.402
Tier 1
0.286
0.764
6.153
0.193
Gen sets
Tier 2
0.367
0.167
0.764
4.100
0.132
>1200
Tier 4IB
0.008
0.567
0.399
0.056
Tier 4ID
0.015
1.044
0.403
0.000
Tier 4FB
0.004
0.571
0.379
0.052
Tier 4FD
0.015
1.044
0.403
0.000
Trior to listing in MOVES-Nonroad input files, these ISO-C1 emission factors are adjusted for in-use operation as
explained in Appendix F. The emission factors in the input files are rounded to two decimal places. The emission
factors for recreational marine CI engines are provided in Table 5-2. Underground mining equipment inputs are just
the Base (NEVES) and Tier 2 values from this table.
bBSFC for engines <50 hp is assumed to be the same as 50-100 hp engines
60
-------
Engine Family Counts
Average Emission Factor [g/hp-hr]
Engine Family Counts
Average Emission Factor [g/hp-hr]
Average Emission Factor [g/hp-hr]
Average Emission Factor [g/hp-hr]
-------
Average Emission Factor [g/hp-hr]
Engine Family Counts
Average Emission Factor [g/hp-hr]
Average Emission Factor [g/hp-hr]
Average Emission Factor [g/hp-hr]
Average Emission Factor [g/hp-hr]
-------
Engine Family Counts
—» ro w
o o o o
P
a>
a
o
~t
O-
O
»
¦
>'
o
c
3
5
o
41D
Tier
>
to
Tl.
o
¦
a'
¦
3
<1
A
o
erage Emission Factor [g/hp-hr]
NOx
r—K
O
O
O
>'
_H is
S
o
l<
w
Jo
44.
.0)
1—1
o
H |~
i
CD' O
>
15
CD
o
.<
'co
H «o
-t^
a
'"ft.
o
f H
a
l'
Average Emission Factor [g/hp-hr]
Engine Family Counts
Average Emission Factor [g/hp-hr]
Average Emission Factor [g/hp-hr]
-------
Figure 2. Record Counts and Emission Factors for Tier 4 Based On Certification Data in MOVES2014b (cont.)
NMHC
MOVES2014a T4F
MOVES2014a T4I
MOVES3814a T4F
)VES2014a T4I
HP: 100 to 175
Record Count
NOx
II
.1
MOVES2014a T4I
MOVES2014a 1
3 4IA 4IB 4IC 4ID 4FA 4FB 4FC 4FD
Tier
3 4IA 41B 4IC 4ID 4FA 4FB 4FC 4FD
Tier
NMHC
PM
MOVES2014a T4I
MOVES2014a T4F
i
i
4IA 4IB 4IC 4ID 4FA 4FB 4FC 4FD
Tier
VES2D14a T4I _ _ MOVES2Q14a T4F _
4IA 4IB 4IC 4ID 4FA 4FB 4FC 4FD
Tier
64
-------
Engine Family Counts
Average Emission Factor [g/hp-hr]
Average Emission Factor [g/hp-hr]
Engine Family Counts
Average Emission Factor [g/hp-hr]
Average Emission Factor [g/hp-hr]
-------
On
G\
Average Emission Factor [g/hp-hr]
Engine Family Counts
Average Emission Factor [g/hp-hr]
Average Emission Factor [g/hp-hr]
Average Emission Factor [g/hp-hr]
Average Emission Factor [g/hp-hr]
f
J?
bJ
j?
n
©
n
o
c
3
P
3
c.
W
3
o
3
P
r>
H
w
p
p.
o
S3
n
n
3
s
o*
Ł
o*
3
o
a
p
o
c
w
C/J
O
n
o
3
-------
Figure 2. Record Counts and Emission Factors for Tier 4 Based On Certification Data in MOVES2014b (cont.)
HP: >750 - non generator
Record Count
NOx
° 20
I
MpVES2014aT4l _
"a '
MOVES2014a T4F
3 4IA 4IB 4IC 4ID 4FA 4FB 4FC 4FD
Tier
3 4IA 4IB 4IC 4ID 4FA 4FB 4FC 4FD
Tier
NMHC
PM
MOVbS2014a I4I
i
MOVES2014a T4F
I
S) 0.02
CO
©
I
MOVES2014a I4I
3 4IA 4IB 4IC 4ID 4FA 4FB 4FC 4FD
Tier
MOVES2014aT4F_
I
3 4IA 4IB 4IC 4ID 4FA 4FB 4FC 4FD
Tier
HP: 750 to 1200 - generator
Record Count
NOx
4IB 4IC 4ID 4FA 4FB 4FC 4FD
Tier
MOVtS2014a I4I
MOVES2014a T4F
3 4IA 4IB 4IC 4ID 4FA 4FB 4FC 4FD
Tier
67
-------
On
00
Average Emission Factor [g/hp-hr]
Engine Family Counts
Average Emission Factor [g/hp-hr]
Average Emission Factor [g/hp-hr]
Average Emission Factor [g/hp-hr]
Average Emission Factor [g/hp-hr]
f
J?
bJ
j?
n
©
n
o
c
3
P
3
c.
W
3
o
3
P
r>
H
w
p
p.
o
S3
n
n
3
s
o*
Ł
o*
3
o
a
p
o
c
w
C/J
O
n
o
3
-------
Table A5. Transient Adjustment Factors by Equipment Type for Nonroad CI Equipmenta
see
Equipment Type
Cycle
TAF
Assignment
HC
CO
NOx
PM
BSFC
Base-
T3
Base-
T3
Base, T0-
T2
Tier 3
Base, T0-
T2
Tier 3
Base-
T3
2270001000
Recreational Vehicles All
Backhoe
Lo LF
2.29
2.57
1.10
1.21
1.97
2.37
1.18
2270001020
Recreational Vehicles Snowmobiles
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270001030
Recreational Vehicles All-Terrain Vehicles
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270001040
Recreational Vehicles Minibikes
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270001050
Recreational Vehicles Golf Carts
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270001060
Recreational Vehicles Specialty Vehicle
Carts
Backhoe
Lo LF
2.29
2.57
1.10
1.21
1.97
2.37
1.18
2270002003
Construction Equipment Pavers
Crawler
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
2270002006
Construction Equipment Tampers/Rammers
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270002009
Construction Equipment Plate Compactors
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270002015
Construction Equipment Rollers
Crawler
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
2270002018
Construction Equipment Scrapers
Crawler
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
2270002021
Construction Equipment Paving Equipment
Crawler
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
2270002024
Construction Equipment Surfacing
Equipment
Crawler
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
69
-------
Table A5. Transient Adjustment Factors by Equipment Type for Nonroad CI Equipmenta
see
Equipment Type
Cycle
TAF
Assignment
HC
CO
NOx
PM
BSFC
Base-
T3
Base-
T3
Base, T0-
T2
Tier 3
Base, T0-
T2
Tier 3
Base-
T3
2270002027
Construction Equipment Signal Boards
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270002030
Construction Equipment Trenchers
Crawler
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
2270002033
Construction Equipment Bore/Drill Rigs
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270002036
Construction Equipment Excavators
Excavator
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
2270002039
Construction Equipment Concrete/Industrial
Saws
Crawler
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
2270002042
Construction Equipment Cement & Mortar
Mixers
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270002045
Construction Equipment Cranes
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270002048
Construction Equipment Graders
Crawler
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
2270002051
Construction Equipment Off-highway
Trucks
Crawler
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
2270002054
Construction Equipment Crushing/Proc.
Equipment
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270002057
Construction Equipment Rough Terrain
Forklifts
RTLoader
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
70
-------
Table A5. Transient Adjustment Factors by Equipment Type for Nonroad CI Equipmenta
see
Equipment Type
Cycle
TAF
Assignment
HC
CO
NOx
PM
BSFC
Base-
T3
Base-
T3
Base, T0-
T2
Tier 3
Base, T0-
T2
Tier 3
Base-
T3
2270002060
Construction Equipment Rubber Tire
Loaders
RTLoader
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
2270002063
Construction Equipment Rubber Tire
Dozers
Crawler
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
2270002066
Construction Equipment
Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes
Backhoe
Lo LF
2.29
2.57
1.10
1.21
1.97
2.37
1.18
2270002069
Construction Equipment Crawler Dozer
Crawler
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
2270002072
Construction Equipment Skid Steer Loaders
SSLoader
Lo LF
2.29
2.57
1.10
1.21
1.97
2.37
1.18
2270002075
Construction Equipment Off-Highway
Tractors
Crawler
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
2270002078
Construction Equipment Dumpers/Tenders
Backhoe
Lo LF
2.29
2.57
1.10
1.21
1.97
2.37
1.18
2270002081
Construction Equipment Other Construction
Equipment
Crawler
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
2270003010
Industrial Equipment Aerial Lifts
Backhoe
Lo LF
2.29
2.57
1.10
1.21
1.97
2.37
1.18
2270003020
Industrial Equipment Forklifts
RTLoader
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
2270003030
Industrial Equipment Sweepers/Scrubbers
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270003040
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
71
-------
Table A5. Transient Adjustment Factors by Equipment Type for Nonroad CI Equipmenta
see
Equipment Type
Cycle
TAF
Assignment
HC
CO
NOx
PM
BSFC
Base-
T3
Base-
T3
Base, T0-
T2
Tier 3
Base, T0-
T2
Tier 3
Base-
T3
Industrial Equipment Other General
Industrial Equipment
2270003050
Industrial Equipment Other Material
Handling Equipment
Backhoe
Lo LF
2.29
2.57
1.10
1.21
1.97
2.37
1.18
2270003060
Industrial Equipment ACYRefrigeration
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270003070
Terminal Tractors
Crawler
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
2270004000
Lawn & Garden Equipment ALL
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270004010
Lawn & Garden Equipment Lawn mowers
(Residential)
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270004011
Lawn & Garden Equipment Lawn mowers
(Commercial)
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270004015
Lawn & Garden Equipment Rotary Tillers
<6 HP
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270004016
Lawn & Garden Equipment Rotary Tillers
< 6 HP (Commercial)
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270004020
Lawn & Garden Equipment Chain Saws < 6
HP
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270004021
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
72
-------
Table A5. Transient Adjustment Factors by Equipment Type for Nonroad CI Equipmenta
see
Equipment Type
Cycle
TAF
Assignment
HC
CO
NOx
PM
BSFC
Base-
T3
Base-
T3
Base, T0-
T2
Tier 3
Base, T0-
T2
Tier 3
Base-
T3
Lawn & Garden Equipment Chain Saws < 6
HP (Commercial)
2270004025
Lawn & Garden Equipment
Trimmcrs/Edgers/Brush Cutters
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270004026
Lawn & Garden Equipment
Trimmers/Edgers/Brush Cutters
(Commercial)
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270004030
Lawn & Garden Equipment
Leafblo wers/Vacuums
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270004031
Lawn & Garden Equipment
Leafblowers/Vacuums (Commercial)
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270004035
Lawn & Garden Equipment Snowblowers
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270004036
Lawn & Garden Equipment Snowblowers
(Commercial)
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270004040
Lawn & Garden Equipment Rear Engine
Riding Mowers
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270004041
Lawn & Garden Equipment Rear Engine
Riding Mowers (Commercial)
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270004045
Lawn & Garden Equipment Front Mowers
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
73
-------
Table A5. Transient Adjustment Factors by Equipment Type for Nonroad CI Equipmenta
see
Equipment Type
Cycle
TAF
Assignment
HC
CO
NOx
PM
BSFC
Base-
T3
Base-
T3
Base, T0-
T2
Tier 3
Base, T0-
T2
Tier 3
Base-
T3
2270004046
Lawn & Garden Equipment Front Mowers
(Commercial)
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270004050
Lawn & Garden Equipment Shredders < 6
HP
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270004051
Lawn & Garden Equipment Shredders < 6
HP (Commercial)
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270004055
Lawn & Garden Equipment Lawn &
Garden Tractors
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270004056
Lawn & Garden Equipment Lawn &
Garden Tractors (Commercial)
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270004060
Lawn & Garden Equipment Wood Splitters
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270004061
Lawn & Garden Equipment Wood Splitters
(Commercial)
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270004065
Lawn & Garden Equipment
Chippers/Stump Grinders
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270004066
Lawn & Garden Equipment
Chippers/Stump Grinders (Commercial)
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270004071
Lawn & Garden Equipment Commercial
Turf Equipment (Commercial)
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
74
-------
Table A5. Transient Adjustment Factors by Equipment Type for Nonroad CI Equipmenta
see
Equipment Type
Cycle
TAF
Assignment
HC
CO
NOx
PM
BSFC
Base-
T3
Base-
T3
Base, T0-
T2
Tier 3
Base, T0-
T2
Tier 3
Base-
T3
2270004075
Lawn & Garden Equipment Other Lawn &
Garden Equipment
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270004076
Lawn & Garden Equipment Other Lawn &
Garden Equipment (Commercial)
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270005010
Farm Equipment 2-Wheel Tractors
AgTractor
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
2270005015
Farm Equipment Agricultural Tractors
AgTractor
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
2270005020
Farm Equipment Combines
AgTractor
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
2270005025
Farm Equipment Balers
AgTractor
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
2270005030
Farm Equipment Agricultural Mowers
AgTractor
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
2270005035
Farm Equipment Sprayers
AgTractor
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
2270005040
Farm Equipment Tillers > 6 HP
AgTractor
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
2270005045
Farm Equipment Swathers
AgTractor
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
2270005050
Farm Equipment Hydro Power Units
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270005055
Farm Equipment Other Agricultural
Equipment
AgTractor
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
75
-------
Table A5. Transient Adjustment Factors by Equipment Type for Nonroad CI Equipmenta
see
Equipment Type
Cycle
TAF
Assignment
HC
CO
NOx
PM
BSFC
Base-
T3
Base-
T3
Base, T0-
T2
Tier 3
Base, T0-
T2
Tier 3
Base-
T3
2270005060
Farm Equipment Irrigation Sets
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270006000
Light Commercial ALL
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270006005
Light Commercial Generator Sets
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270006010
Light Commercial Pumps
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270006015
Light Commercial Air Compressors
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270006020
Light Commercial Gas Compressors
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270006025
Light Commercial Welders
ArcWelder
Lo LF
2.29
2.57
1.10
1.21
1.97
2.37
1.18
2270006030
Light Commercial Pressure Washers
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2270007005
Logging Equipment Chain Saws > 6 HP
RTLoader
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
2270007010
Logging Equipment Shredders > 6 HP
RTLoader
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
2270007015
Logging Equipment Forest Equipment
RTLoader
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
2270008005
Airport Service Equipment Airport Support
Equipment
RTLoader
Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
2270009010
Other Underground Mining Equipment
Backhoe
Lo LF
2.29
2.57
1.10
1.21
1.97
2.37
1.18
2270010010
Other Oil Field Equipment
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
76
-------
Table A5. Transient Adjustment Factors by Equipment Type for Nonroad CI Equipmenta
see
Equipment Type
Cycle
TAF
Assignment
HC
CO
NOx
PM
BSFC
Base-
T3
Base-
T3
Base, T0-
T2
Tier 3
Base, T0-
T2
Tier 3
Base-
T3
2282020005
Recreational Pleasure Craft, Inboards
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2282020010
Recreational Pleasure Craft, Outboards
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2282020015
Recreational Pleasure Craft, Personal Water
Craft
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2282020025
Recreational Pleasure Craft, Sailboat Aux.
Outboard
None
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2285002015
Railway Maintenance
Backhoe
Lo LF
2.29
2.57
1.10
1.21
1.97
2.37
1.18
a TAFs are not applied to the emission factors for Tier 4 engines (i.e., the model applies a TAF of 1.0). "Base-T3" in this table refers to Tier 3 and prior
engines.
77
-------
Table A6. Deterioration Factors for Nonroad Diesel Engines
Pollutant
Relative Deterioration Factor (A)
(% increase/%useful life)
Base/Tier 0
Tier 1
Tier 2
Tier 3+
HC
0.047
0.036
0.034
0.027
CO
0.185
0.101
0.101
0.151
NOx
0.024
0.024
0.009
0.008
PM
0.473
0.473
0.473
0.473
DF =l+A*(fraction of useful life expended)11
b = 1 for diesel nonroad engines
78
-------
15 Appendix B: Sources of Previous Emission Factors for Nonroad
Compression Ignition Engines
There is little test data available on nonroad engines. Table B1 lists the data sources used
for EPA's Nonroad Engine and Vehicle Study's (NEVES) diesel emission factors.
Published in November, 1991, NEVES was mandated by Congress to determine whether
nonroad sources made a significant contribution to urban air pollution. It covers HC, CO,
NOx, PM, SOx and other pollutants. It provides inventories for 19 ozone and 16 CO
nonattainment areas.
Table Bl. Data sources for NEVES Diesel Emission Factors
Application
Emissions Test
Data Source
Notes
Lawn and Garden and
Light Commercial
None
NEVES emission factors were
based on factors for "continuous
service diesel < 50 hp" SwRI,
1991, which are based on Radian,
1988 factors for truck/container
refrigeration units.
Agriculture
Cal/ERT, 1982
Construction
EMA
SwRI, 1973
Cal/ERT, 1982
NEVES emission factors were
based on EMA when possible. For
PM and for applications not
available from EMA, factors were
taken from AP-42, which relies on
Cal/ERT for most emission factors
and on SwRI, 1973 for PM and
SOx.
Logging (skidders)
EMA
Industrial and
Airport Service Equipment
SwRI, 1973
Recreational Marine (Inboard)
NMMA
79
-------
Table B2 lists the data sources used for California's Air Resources Board (ARB)
OFFROAD diesel emission factors. OFFROAD is designed to estimate nonroad
emissions for the state of California only. A version of this model was released in late
summer 1997. It covers HC, CO, NOx, PM, SO2, and CO2. The studies listed in the
tables are described below.
Table B2. Data sources for ARB OFFROAD Diesel Emission Factors
Horsepower Class
Emissions Test
Data Source
Notes
0-15 hp
Manufacturers' data—
2 Yanmar engines
1 Deutz engine
15-25 hp
Manufacturers (ARB Off-Road
Equipment Study, 1990)
25-50 hp
Manufacturers Submissions (ARB
Off-Road Equipment Study, 1990 )
50-125 hp
Manufacturers (CA HD
Construction Study, 1988)
125-250
250+
Manufacturers (CA HD
Construction Study, 1988)
ARB factors on all engines from
125 hp and above are based on the
same data, but the weighting
between turbo-charged and
naturally aspirated engines is
different in the two horsepower
categories listed here.
Description and Citations of Sources used for Previous Emission Factors
Radian, 1988. Radian's estimates of HC, CO, NOx and PM for truck/container
refrigeration units are not based on testing, but on Radian's estimates for "typical small
direct injection and indirect injection diesel engines." (Weaver, C.S., "Feasibility and
Cost Effectiveness of Controlling Emissions from Diesel Engines in Rail, Marine,
Construction, Farm and Other Mobile Off-Highway Equipment." Final Report by Radian
Corporation for U.S. EPA, Office of Policy Analysis, under contract 68-01-7288,
February, 1988.)
SwRI, 1973. Southwest Research Institute tested 8 diesel engines for HC, CO, NOx and
PM. Emissions of SOx were calculated for no. 2 diesel fuel assuming sulfur content of
0.22 percent. BSFC is not stated. The emissions tests were given different weightings to
80
-------
estimate industrial, construction and farm equipment emission factors. (Hare, C.T and
K.J. Springer. Exhaust Emission from Uncontrolled Vehicles and Related Equipment
Using Internal Combustion Engines, Final Report, Part 5, Heavy Duty Farm,
Construction and Agricultural Engines. San Antonio TX: Southwest Research Institute,
October 1973.)
EMA. Emission factors for 17 applications based on unknown number of tests, unknown
horsepower engines. Engine vintage unknown, but data was submitted by the Engine
Manufacturers Association to EPA prior to NEVES (1991). (Listed in NEVES table I-
06.)
Cal/ERT, 1982. Data from 13 engine manufacturers representing 391 models of
construction equipment. Raw data was aggregated by an accounting firm prior to
analysis and reporting. (Environmental Research and Technology, Inc. "Feasibility, Cost
and Air Quality Impact of Potential Emission Control Requirements on Farm,
Construction and Industrial Equipment in California", Document PA841, sponsored by
the Farm and Industrial Equipment Institute, Engine Manufacturers Association, and
Construction Industry Manufacturers Association, May 1982.)
NMMA. The National Marine Manufacturers Association submitted data to EPA on HC,
CO, NOx and BSFC for 3 diesel inboard motors. Engine vintage unknown, but data was
submitted to EPA prior to NEVES (1991). (NEVES, Table 1-11(e).)
ARB Off-Road Study, 1990. A study of lawn and garden and utility emissions.
(Manufacturer Submissions to ARB on Exhaust Emission Standards for Utility and Lawn
and Garden Equipment Engines. California ARB, October 1990. EPA requests
assistance in locating this study)
ARB Heavy Duty Construction Study, 1988.28 Reports HC, NOx and PM emission factors
based on emission information from four manufacturers. Does not include information
on test programs. It is not clear how data collected in the study was used to create the
inputs for the ARB model. (Energy and Environment Analysis, Inc. " Feasibility of
Controlling Emissions from Off-Road, Heavy-Duty Construction Equipment." Final
Report to the California Air Resources Board. Arlington, VA, December 1988.)
81
-------
16 Appendix C: 1988-1995 (Tier 0) Zero-Hour, Steady-State Emission
Factors and Fuel Sulfur Adjustment for Nonroad Compression
Ignition Engines
Introduction
EPA's 1991 Nonroad Engine and Vehicle Emission Study (NEVES) (1) used emission
factors for diesel engines based primarily on tests of older engines. All the NEVES
particulate matter (PM) emission factors are from tests conducted in 1972 and many of
the other emissions factors in NEVES are based on data from tests prior to 1982.
To better characterize emissions from more recent, pre-control engines, EPA analyzed
available emission test data on 1988-1995 nonroad diesel engines. This analysis provides
the basis for MOVES-Nonroad pre-control emission factors for 1988-and-later engines
greater than 50 hp, as described in the main body of this report. The analysis indicated a
significant difference in emissions based on engine power. Engines between 50 and 100
horsepower in general had higher emissions and fuel consumption than engines larger
than 100 horsepower. Table CI summarizes these results.
Table CI. Average Emission Test Results for 1988 to 1995 Model Year Engines
Engine
(Reference)
HC
(g/hp-hr)
CO
(g/hp-hr)
NOx
(g/hp-hr)
PM
(g/hp-hr)
BSFC
(lb/hp-hr)
Average (50 to
100 hp)
0.99
3.49
8.30
0.722
0.408
Average
(>=100 hp)
0.68
2.70
8.38
0.402
0.367
A summary of test results for individual engines is presented in Table C2. Note that
testing was conducted using the current certification test procedure, also known as ISO-
C1. The procedure uses eight steady-state modes weighted by time to produce one
number in units such as grams per horsepower-hour. EPA adjusted this test data to
account for differences between the test fuel and typical in-use fuel sulfur levels of 0.33
wt. percent as explained below.
82
-------
Table C2. Summary of ISO-C1 Emission Results for 1988 through 1995 Engines
Engine
(Reference)
Model
Year
Age
(Hrs)
Fuel
Sulfur
(wt. %)
Power
Level
(hp)
HC
(g/hp-hr)
CO
(g/hp-hr)
NOx
(g/hp-hr)
PM
(g/hp-hr)
BSFC
(lb/hp-hr)
Ford New
Holland (2)
1991
0
0.26
127
1.02
7.70
7.48
1.10
0.358
John Deere
7068T (2)
1990
0
0.26
139
0.45
2.98
11.74
0.41
0.349
Volvo TD
71G (avg. of
2) (3)
1984
0
0.046
144
0.47
1.64
12.68
0.149
0.373
Volvo TD73
KBE (avg. of
2) (3)
1992
0
0.046
139
0.64
0.85
4.52
0.12
0.386
Weterbeke
32BEDA (4)
1995
0
0.033
95
1.95
7.43
7.99
1.50
0.484
Caterpillar
3176B (4)
1995
0
0.033
451
0.09
2.94
6.37
0.213
0.358
Cummins
KTA19-M3
(4)
1995
0
0.033
599
0.68
3.26
8.78
0.257
0.359
Caterpillar
3306
(Nonroad) (5)
1990
0
0.26
285
1.1
1.4
6.5
0.18
0.354
Cummins 4BT
(Nonroad) (5)
1990
0
0.26
100
0.8
2.1
11
0.39
0.365
John Deere
403 9D (6)
1991
0
0.25
72
0.6
3.5
7.2
0.59
0.385
Caterpillar
3116(7)
1991
2,511
0.28
201
0.07
2.51
9.38
0.406
0.352
0.035
0.350
Caterpillar
3054 (7)
1991
1,964
0.28
85
0.66
1.00
7.53
0.387
0.393
0.035
0.340
1994
2,265
0.28
86
0.41
2.17
11.22
0.384
0.389
83
-------
Engine
(Reference)
Model
Year
Age
(Hrs)
Fuel
Sulfur
(wt. %)
Power
Level
(hp)
HC
(g/hp-hr)
CO
(g/hp-hr)
NOx
(g/hp-hr)
PM
(g/hp-hr)
BSFC
(lb/hp-hr)
John Deere
4039 (7)
0.035
0.256
John Deere
7076 (7)
1993
3,300
0.28
174
0.53
2.05
10.22
0.250
0.385
0.035
0.205
Consolidated
Diesel
6TA-830 (7)
1990
4,370
0.28
226
0.86
1.50
6.53
0.397
0.365
0.035
0.338
John Deere
6619 (7)
1993
4,970
0.28
275
0.82
4.69
7.29
0.662
0.397
0.035
0.556
Consolidated
Diesel 4039
(7)
1988
3,570
0.28
71
1.32
3.37
7.57
0.581
0.389
0.035
0.484
Caterpillar
3306 (7)
1990
6,700
0.28
278
1.27
1.46
6.52
0.248
0.373
0.035
0.245
Average
(50 to 100 hp)
0.33
0.99
3.49
8.30
0.722*
0.408
Average
(>=100 hp)
0.33
0.68
2.70
8.38
0.402*
0.367
* Adjusted to the national average fuel sulfur level of 0.33 weight percent
Fuel Sulfur Adjustment
PM emissions from diesel engines are highly dependent on the sulfur content of the fuel
the engine is burning. PM emissions from diesel engines are generally comprised of
unburned or partially burned fuel, engine oil, and sulfur compounds. When the engine
burns fuel, the fuel sulfur is oxidized to both sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide. The
sulfur trioxide rapidly absorbs water to form hydrated sulfuric acid which condenses and
is collected on filters as particulate matter (PM) during emission testing.
Because historically the sulfur content of diesel fuel could vary considerably, it is
important to account for fuel sulfur in establishing emission factors for PM. To adjust
emission test data to the default sulfur level used in MOVES-Nonroad for Tier 1 and pre-
84
-------
control emissions (0.33 wt. percent), EPA followed the approach described below.
EPA measured particulate emissions from nine nonroad diesel engines using fuel with
two different sulfur levels, a typical highway diesel fuel at a sulfur level of 0.035 weight
percent and a typical nonroad diesel fuel doped to a sulfur level of 0.28 weight percent to
simulate more closely the average nonroad diesel fuel sulfur level of 0.33 weight percent.
(8) Data from eight of the engines is listed in Table C2, above. In addition, the study
included a 1997 John Deere nonroad engine. This engine is not shown in Table C2
because it is certified for the Tier 1 emission regulations and should not be used to
determine an overall emission factor for pre-control engines. Test results from this study
(including all 9 engines tested) were used to determine the emission adjustment
associated with fuel sulfur level. Other fuel parameter differences such as cetane and fuel
distillation that might also have affected particulate emissions were ignored for this
analysis.
The study found that emissions of all pollutants were reduced by using highway fuel as
compared to the nonroad fuel; however, only the average PM reduction was statistically
significant at the 90 percent confidence level.
The particulate sulfur emission rate should be proportional to the fuel consumption and
the fuel sulfur level. By dividing the difference in particulate emissions by the difference
in fuel sulfur consumption, EPA calculated the average effect of fuel sulfur levels on PM
emissions for the nine engines, as shown in Table C3 below.
Table C3. Effects of Fuel Sulfur on PM Emissions
Engine
MY
Fuel Sulfur
(wt percent)
PM
(g/hp-hr)
BSFC
(lb/hp-hr)
Delta
PM
(g/hp-hr)
Delta Fuel
Sulfur
Consumed*
(g/hp-hr)
Delta PM
/ Delta
Sulfur
Cat 3116
1991
0.280
0.406
0.352
0.056
0.391
0.143
Cat 3116
1991
0.035
0.350
0.352
Cat 3054
1991
0.280
0.387
0.393
0.047
0.437
0.107
Cat 3054
1991
0.035
0.340
0.393
Deere 4039
1994
0.280
0.384
0.389
0.128
0.432
0.296
Deere 4039
1994
0.035
0.256
0.389
Deere 7076
1993
0.280
0.250
0.385
0.045
0.428
0.105
Deere 7076
1993
0.035
0.205
0.385
ConDsl 6TA-830
1990
0.280
0.397
0.365
0.059
0.405
0.146
ConDsl 6TA-830
1990
0.035
0.338
0.365
Deere 6619
1993
0.280
0.662
0.397
0.106
0.441
0.240
Deere 6619
1993
0.035
0.556
0.397
ConDsl 4039
1988
0.280
0.581
0.389
0.097
0.432
0.225
85
-------
ConDsl 4039
1988
0.035
0.484
0.389
Cat 3306
1990
0.280
0.248
0.373
0.003
0.415
0.007
Cat 3306
1990
0.035
0.245
0.373
Deere 6101
1997
0.280
0.186
0.350
0.057
0.389
0.147
Deere 6101
1997
0.035
0.129
0.350
Average:
0.1573
* Delta fuel sulfur consumed (g S/hp-hr) = 0.01*(0.280-0.035)*BSFC*453.6 g/lb.
The value of 0.1573 is the average change in PM emissions per change in grams of fuel
sulfur consumed. The change in PM emissions would be due to PM sulfate, so this can
also be expressed as the change in PM sulfate emissions per change in grams of fuel
sulfur consumed. We assume that PM sulfate is H2SO4:7H20 (sulfuric acid hydrated
seven times). For PM sulfate, there is 7.0 grams sulfate per gram sulfur. Therefore,
0.1573 -t-1 = 0.02247 grams PM sulfur per gram fuel sulfur consumed, which is the
fraction of fuel sulfur converted to PM. In the MOVES-Nonroad model, the change in
PM emissions per change in grams of fuel sulfur consumed is expressed as the term,
"soxcnv * 7," where soxcnv is the fraction of fuel sulfur converted to PM and 7 is the
grams sulfate PM per gram sulfur. Soxcnv is equal to 0.02247 and soxcnv * 7 is equal to
0.157 for diesel equipment not equipped with advanced oxidation catalyst technologies.
This applies to the Base, Tier 0, Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 3, Tier 3B, Tier 4A, and Tier 4B
technology types in MOVES-Nonroad.
Consistent with our analysis in the Heavy-Duty (HD) 2007 highway rule, we have
assumed that the conversion of fuel sulfur to sulfate emissions for engines equipped with
advanced oxidation catalyst technologies (e.g., catalyzed diesel particulate filters) will be
30 percent. As a result, soxcnv is equal to 0.30 for the Tier 4 and Tier 4N technology
types in MOVES-Nonroad. The balance (70 percent) of the fuel sulfur is assumed to be
emitted as SO2. The memo to EPA Air Docket A-99-06 Item II-B-32 documents the
analysis from the HD 2007 rulemaking. Extensive discussion of diesel fuel sulfur
oxidation to sulfate PM can be found in Chapter 3 of the HD 2007 Final Regulatory
Impact Analysis (RIA) and in Chapter 4 of the nonroad Tier 4 RIA. The 30 percent
conversion of fuel sulfur to sulfate represents an assumed average rate; sulfur conversion
rates can vary widely depending upon operating conditions and catalyst technology.
The above analysis of engine test data provided the constant "A" in the equation below,
which describes the adjustment made to correct PM emissions from the test fuel sulfur
level to the default sulfur level of 0.33 weight percent.
PMBase = PM + BSFC * A * (0.0033 - Fuel Sulfur)
Where:
86
-------
PMBase = PM emissions with default fuel, in g/hp-hr
PM = PM emissions with test fuel, in g/hp-hr
BSFC = Brake Specific Fuel Consumption in g/hp-hr
A = 0.157 g PM/hp-hr/Weight Fraction sulfur/BSFC
0.0033= the default weight fraction of fuel sulfur for nonroad diesel
Fuel Sulfur = Weight Fraction of sulfur in test fuel
EPA then used this equation for all tests listed in Table C2 to correct PM emissions from
the test-fuel sulfur level to a fuel sulfur level of 0.33 wt. percent before computing the
averages listed in Table CI and at the bottom of Table C2. Since the engines tested are
pre-Tier 4 technologies, the constant "A" value of 0.157 was used in the equation.
References
(1)"Nonroad Engine and Vehicle Emission Study" (NEVES), U.S. EPA, Office of Air
and Radiation, 21A-2001. November, 1991.
(2) Doorlag, M. and M. Samulski. "Heavy-Duty Engine Testing Report: Non-Road
Engine Configurations, Test Results 1991" EPA Technical Report, 1991.
(3) Hedbom, A. "Emission tests of two Volvo//VME Heavy Duty Off Road Engines."
Motortestcenter, Hanige, Sweden. MTC 9307A. March. 1994.
(4) Carroll, J.N. and C. M. Urban. "Emission Testing of Nonroad Compression Ignition
Engines." Draft Final Report. Southwest Research Institute, 6886-802. September
1995.
(5) Fritz, S. G., "Dynamometer Testing of Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines to Support
Non-Road Regulations," SwRI Report No. 08-3426-010, Work Assignment 0-10 of
EPA Contract No. 68-C0-0014 (September 1991).
(6) Smith, Michael. "Dynamometer Testing of Nonroad Diesel Engines to Support
Nonroad Regulations." Southwest Research Institute, 08-4855-150, EPA Docket A-91-
24, June 1992.
(7) Fritz, S. G. and M.E. Starr, "Emission Factors for Compression Ignition Nonroad
Engines Operated on Number 2 Highway and Nonroad Diesel Fuel," Southwest Research
Institute. EPA contract # 68-C5-0077, SwRI 08-7601-822, March 1998.
(8) Korotney, David. "Estimates for In-Use Nonroad Diesel Fuel Levels," Memorandum
to Docket A-96-40. July 1, 1997.
87
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17 Appendix D: Certification Data for Tier 1 and Selected Tier 2
Nonroad Compression Ignition Engines
Certification data were available and therefore used to develop zero-hour, steady-state
emission factors for Tier 1 engines in all hp categories and Tier 2 engines in the >300 to
600 hp category. Certification data were extracted from the database as of October,
2001. Official test results (OTR values) obtained with the nonroad 8-mode test procedure
were used. Note that emissions for some engines exceed the applicable standards if the
engine families are part of the Average Banking and Trading (ABT) program.
Tests were conducted with fuel meeting either diesel nonroad or diesel on-highway
specifications. For tests conducted on the Tier 1 engines with diesel on-highway fuel, the
PM emissions were adjusted from 350 ppm to 3300 ppm sulfur (the default diesel sulfur
level used in MOVES-Nonroad), using the equation described in Appendix C. For tests
conducted on the Tier 2 engines with diesel on-highway fuel, the PM emissions were
adjusted from 350 ppm to 2000 ppm. An estimate of brake-specific fuel consumption is
required to calculate the adjustment. If the fuel rate for a certification test was reported,
the engine-specific BSFC was calculated and used directly. If the fuel rate was not
reported, the default BSFC values in MOVES-Nonroad were used to calculate the
adjustment.
The certification data were grouped by model year and by hp category. Sales-weighted
emission averages were calculated for each model year/hp category. Then, for each hp
category, a straight average of the applicable model year data was used.
For categories less than 50 hp, the Tier 1 standard for HC and NOx is expressed as a
combination of HC and NOx (HC+NOx, refer to Table 1). As a result, most of the
certification data for these engines is provided as the sum of HC and NOx, although there
are some data reported for HC and NOx separately. To obtain separate HC and NOx
emission factors for categories less than 50 hp, HC fractions of HC+NOx emissions were
calculated for those tests which reported both HC and HC+NOx emission factors. The
average HC fraction was then calculated and multiplied by the sales-weighted average
HC+NOx emission factor to obtain an HC emission factor (referred to as HC calc in the
tables). The remaining fraction of the HC+NOx emission factor was assigned as the NOx
emission factor (referred to as NOx calc in the tables). This was done for each model
year and for each of the hp categories less than 50 hp (i.e., 0-11 hp, 11-25 hp, 25-50 hp).
Table D1 presents a summary of the results, as well as the sample sizes for each
pollutant/model year/hp category. The numbers in bold are those used in the model.
Tables D2-D7 present the individual engine emissions data and sales weightings for each
model year and hp category. The engine identification and specific sales information
have been removed. For categories less than 50 hp, the HC fractions, HC calc emission
88
-------
factors, and NOx calc emission factors are also provided. The HC calc and NOx calc
emission factors are used in the model.
Table Dl. Summary of Certification Data for Nonroad Compression Ignition Engines*
>0 to 11 hp
g/hp-hr
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
HC frac
HC calc
NOx calc
2000
0.692103
5.170337
5.966223
4.051366
0.452858
0.113196
0.675351
5.290871
2001
0.828378
5.073763
6.018891
4.174066
0.44201
0.141247
0.850153
5.168738
average
0.760241
5.12205
5.992557
4.1127
0.4474
0.7628
5.2298
sample size
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
2000
4
6
20
20
20
2001
5
5
19
19
19
total
9
11
39
39
39
>11 to 25 hp
g/hp-hr
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
HC frac
HC calc
NOx calc
2000
0.489983
3.749647
4.9489
2.207041
0.289982
0.081156
0.401631
4.547269
2001
0.447831
4.109521
4.80692
2.114884
0.242992
0.09869
0.474395
4.332525
average
0.468907
3.929584
4.87791
2.1610
0.2665
0.4380
4.4399
sample size
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
2000
9
10
40
39
40
2001
16
16
43
43
43
total
25
26
83
82
83
>25 to 50 hp
g/hp-hr
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
HC frac
HC calc
NOx calc
1999
0.496458
4.558405
4.983359
1.54213
0.35614
0.047095
0.23469
4.748669
2000
0.452946
4.893606
5.083919
1.522782
0.331337
0.056039
0.284899
4.79902
2001
0.472917
4.469647
4.952901
1.532028
0.329222
0.064006
0.317014
4.635887
average
0.474107
4.640553
5.006726
1.5323
0.3389
0.2789
4.7279
sample size
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
1999
11
15
72
72
72
2000
14
22
95
96
96
2001
25
35
103
104
104
total
50
72
270
272
272
89
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Table Dl. Summary of Certification Data for Nonroad Compression Ignition Engines (cont.)*
>50 to 100 hp
g/hp-hr
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
1998
0.528845
5.682411
4.235576
2.753546
0.472055
1999
0.517642
5.613376
6.569501
2.34687
0.452553
2000
0.46289
5.494892
4.235576
2.047055
0.460428
2001
0.575867
5.604515
5.976957
2.314372
0.506824
average
0.5213
5.5988
5.254402
2.3655
0.4730
sample size
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
1998
18
71
1
21
19
1999
27
91
3
33
31
2000
35
104
1
38
36
2001
40
127
3
47
43
total
120
393
8
139
129
>100 to 175 hp
g/hp-hr
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
1997
0.297479
5.599201
0.745072
0.281314
1998
0.355336
5.743938
0.961288
0.276378
1999
0.35159
5.749792
0.93731
0.270345
2000
0.33246
5.593736
0.68581
0.282059
2001
0.355107
5.574714
1.003922
0.28934
average
0.3384
5.6523
0.8667
0.2799
sample size
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
1997
29
43
0
29
25
1998
25
52
0
27
24
1999
25
59
0
27
25
2000
27
61
0
29
28
2001
34
69
0
37
36
total
140
284
0
149
138
>175 to 300 hp
g/hp-hr
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
1996
0.331633
5.667602
0.834876
0.239994
1997
0.307044
5.723983
0.819777
0.24542
1998
0.316321
5.574079
0.722968
0.262486
1999
0.314974
5.549376
0.695869
0.257528
2000
0.26631
5.441729
4.54
0.666725
0.240685
2001
0.314765
5.506545
4.203295
0.744633
0.266622
average
0.3085
5.5772
4.371648
0.7475
0.2521
sample size
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
1996
44
44
0
44
44
1997
43
43
0
43
43
1998
72
72
0
72
72
1999
71
71
0
71
71
2000
64
64
2
64
64
2001
86
86
6
88
88
90
-------
total
380
380
382
382
Table Dl. Summary of Certification Data for Nonroad Compression Ignition Engines (cont.)*
>300 to 600 hi)
g/hp-hr
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
1996
0.260521
6.264393
1.353145
0.195978
1997
0.1553
5.865363
1.431343
0.213156
1998
0.209071
6.126551
1.289223
0.198893
1999
0.201521
6.04976
1.201752
0.192703
2000
0.186024
5.77026
5.24
1.254546
0.203148
average
0.2025
6.0153
5.24
1.3060
0.2008
2001Tier2
0.1669
4.3351
4.345348
0.8425
0.1316
sample size
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
1996
40
40
0
40
40
1997
35
35
0
35
35
1998
48
48
0
48
48
1999
55
55
0
55
55
2000
51
51
1
51
51
2001
14
14
35
35
35
total
243
243
36
264
264
>600 to 750 hp
g/hp-hr
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
1996
0.174804
6.063537
1.502117
0.242149
1997
0.135125
5.872338
1.571034
0.236991
1998
0.190719
5.866023
1.277422
0.205116
1999
0.118392
5.723896
1.361031
0.227162
2000
0.126821
5.790567
1.368105
0.225632
2001
0.138065
5.612418
3.975047
0.883305
0.183773
average
0.1473
5.8215
3.975047
1.3272
0.2201
sample size
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
1996
11
11
0
11
11
1997
10
10
0
10
10
1998
12
12
0
12
12
1999
13
13
0
13
13
2000
15
15
0
15
15
2001
16
16
3
17
17
total
77
77
3
78
78
91
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Table Dl. Summary of Certification Data for Nonroad Compression Ignition Engines (cont.)*
>750 hi)
g/hp-hr
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
2000
0.25906
6.252638
0.727419
0.183308
2001
0.313093
6.052394
0.800887
0.203589
average
0.2861
6.1525
0.7642
0.1934
sample size
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
2000
16
16
0
16
16
2001
18
18
0
18
18
total
34
34
0
34
34
* Values in bold are used in MOVES-Nonroad. All are Tier 1 emission factors, with the exception that
both Tier 1 and Tier 2 emission factors are provided for the >300 to 600 hp category.
92
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lo 3(
ted ]
261
248
215
260
240
260
225
275
258
275
220
200
215
260
240
255
296
196
287
263
275
216
293
261
194
280
241
193
215
240
189
252
273
248
275
210
225
228
182
207
188
235
201
255
S-Wf
Table D2. 1996 MY Certification Data
Emission Factors
(g/hp-hr)
HC
NOx
CO
PM
Sales wgt
0.47
6.06
0.89
0.27
0.0005
0.34
5.31
1.04
0.35
0.0005
0.32
5.51
0.55
0.33
0.0628
0.44
5.81
0.70
0.27
0.0398
0.29
5.38
0.49
0.27
0.0545
0.37
5.73
1.30
0.31
0.0177
0.41
5.70
0.84
0.15
0.0862
0.11
4.56
1.25
0.18
0.0174
0.05
6.34
0.89
0.22
0.0064
0.08
4.93
1.80
0.25
0.0034
0.11
6.16
0.89
0.20
0.0563
0.26
5.12
0.60
0.22
0.0910
0.32
5.51
0.55
0.33
0.1054
0.44
5.80
0.70
0.27
0.0652
0.29
5.38
0.49
0.27
0.0362
0.46
6.11
0.52
0.20
0.0014
0.31
6.41
0.96
0.18
0.0005
0.28
5.44
0.65
0.21
0.0074
0.33
5.94
1.16
0.21
0.1080
0.43
6.13
2.68
0.24
0.0322
0.46
6.51
1.19
0.15
0.0273
0.59
6.20
1.55
0.20
0.0262
0.09
6.20
0.46
0.12
0.0018
0.30
4.38
0.69
0.23
0.0050
0.30
6.26
0.80
0.17
0.0024
0.25
4.03
0.56
0.18
0.0005
0.41
6.44
1.11
0.26
0.0036
0.60
6.69
0.85
0.28
0.0025
0.32
5.51
0.55
0.33
0.0136
0.29
5.38
0.49
0.27
0.0362
0.31
5.40
0.92
0.16
0.0020
0.22
6.23
0.30
0.17
0.0058
0.31
4.46
0.48
0.08
0.0009
0.34
5.31
1.04
0.35
0.0005
0.10
4.14
0.78
0.13
0.0028
0.16
6.85
1.47
0.17
0.0043
0.11
6.63
0.57
0.06
0.0014
0.36
5.45
0.59
0.21
0.0504
0.42
6.43
0.87
0.32
0.0072
0.44
6.59
1.15
0.36
0.0045
0.37
5.51
0.63
0.18
0.0018
0.31
6.18
0.52
0.13
0.0018
0.42
5.38
0.63
0.16
0.0018
0.43
6.43
0.76
0.20
0.0027
0.331633
5.667602
0.834876
0.239994
1.0000
93
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Sample Size
44
44
44
44
Table D2.
1996 MY Certification Data (cont.)
300 to 600 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Rated HP
HC
NOx
CO
PM
Sales wgt
335
0.27
5.51
0.74
0.28
0.0013
543
2.24
5.66
0.54
0.24
0.0010
300
0.28
6.13
0.81
0.28
0.0249
330
0.34
5.27
1.07
0.28
0.0075
362
0.16
5.49
1.57
0.13
0.3220
425
0.09
6.38
2.18
0.08
0.0155
500
0.17
8.19
2.24
0.13
0.0078
455
0.12
5.48
0.82
0.17
0.0039
542
0.07
6.05
1.43
0.31
0.0959
300
0.08
5.78
0.43
0.05
0.0093
397
0.19
4.65
1.35
0.19
0.0216
535
0.08
5.79
2.10
0.34
0.0186
515
0.05
6.05
1.44
0.21
0.0180
300
0.31
5.50
0.41
0.22
0.0052
480
0.17
6.85
1.16
0.17
0.0833
525
0.25
6.36
0.45
0.15
0.0104
375
0.40
6.03
1.51
0.20
0.0339
337
0.41
5.99
1.31
0.22
0.0170
300
0.51
8.03
1.28
0.21
0.1823
313
0.10
6.55
0.49
0.14
0.0039
440
0.39
6.55
0.43
0.18
0.0052
568
0.37
6.46
2.17
0.37
0.0124
350
0.78
6.32
1.30
0.37
0.0357
400
0.10
6.28
0.49
0.14
0.0129
412
0.35
6.51
1.76
0.30
0.0039
322
0.23
5.00
0.87
0.23
0.0026
563
0.18
4.56
0.48
0.18
0.0078
305
0.24
6.29
0.72
0.29
0.0044
335
0.19
5.78
0.41
0.10
0.0003
349
0.20
5.41
0.34
0.15
0.0016
526
0.17
6.06
0.60
0.16
0.0003
493
0.16
5.89
0.95
0.20
0.0005
573
0.14
5.86
0.62
0.17
0.0005
571
0.31
3.98
0.48
0.11
0.0026
308
0.28
5.68
0.45
0.18
0.0021
335
0.27
5.51
0.74
0.28
0.0023
543
0.22
5.66
0.54
0.25
0.0037
300
0.07
4.54
0.51
0.15
0.0052
300
0.07
6.35
0.52
0.04
0.0078
369
0.24
5.43
0.51
0.14
0.0052
Sales-wgt EF
0.260521
6.264393
1.353145
0.195978
1.0000
Sample Size
40
40
40
40
94
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Table D2. 1996 MY Certification Data (cont.)
600 to 750 hp Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Rated HP
HC
NOx
CO
PM
Sales wgt
750
0.07
5.90
1.29
0.22
0.1010
750
0.07
5.84
0.90
0.16
0.0056
750
0.08
6.01
1.92
0.30
0.1330
750
0.35
5.80
1.48
0.29
0.0859
660
0.05
6.24
0.83
0.14
0.1627
740
0.10
5.53
1.63
0.33
0.1324
640
0.10
5.62
0.83
0.19
0.0056
730
0.05
5.04
0.99
0.18
0.0960
600
0.46
6.86
1.46
0.23
0.1403
710
0.25
6.64
2.42
0.27
0.1347
740
0.24
5.85
1.37
0.21
0.0028
Sales-wgt EF
0.174804
6.063537
1.502117
0.242149
1.0000
Sample Size
11
11
11
11
95
-------
Table D3. 1997 MY Certification Data
100 to 175 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
100
0.35
6.08
0.70
0.28
0.0015
0.0011
0.0015
0.0015
125
0.23
6.21
0.47
0.16
0.0087
0.0069
0.0087
0.0090
165
0.36
4.95
0.75
0.31
0.1552
0.1226
0.1552
0.1597
110
6.06
0.0000
0.0174
0.0000
0.0000
165
6.24
0.0000
0.0915
0.0000
0.0000
166
4.95
0.0000
0.0022
0.0000
0.0000
100
0.35
6.08
0.70
0.30
0.0102
0.0080
0.0102
0.0104
125
0.23
6.21
0.47
0.16
0.1001
0.0790
0.1001
0.1030
165
0.36
4.95
0.75
0.31
0.2320
0.1833
0.2320
0.2388
114
0.39
4.88
0.88
0.0038
0.0030
0.0038
0.0000
141
0.39
4.97
2.30
0.0057
0.0045
0.0057
0.0000
134
0.33
6.59
1.15
0.17
0.0218
0.0172
0.0218
0.0224
168
0.43
6.52
1.25
0.17
0.0044
0.0034
0.0044
0.0045
110
0.75
6.18
2.60
0.41
0.0058
0.0046
0.0058
0.0060
158
0.51
6.26
1.28
0.38
0.0247
0.0195
0.0247
0.0254
153
5.65
0.0000
0.0206
0.0000
0.0000
134
6.51
0.0000
0.0041
0.0000
0.0000
103
6.26
0.0000
0.0069
0.0000
0.0000
106
6.01
0.0000
0.0018
0.0000
0.0000
100
0.35
6.08
0.70
0.28
0.0022
0.0017
0.0022
0.0022
125
0.23
6.21
0.47
0.16
0.0015
0.0011
0.0015
0.0015
165
0.36
4.95
0.75
0.31
0.0537
0.0424
0.0537
0.0552
162
0.62
6.11
0.90
0.29
0.0035
0.0028
0.0035
0.0036
130
5.58
0.0000
0.0115
0.0000
0.0000
134
6.08
0.0000
0.0183
0.0000
0.0000
131
5.18
0.0000
0.0115
0.0000
0.0000
157
0.12
6.55
1.15
0.13
0.0125
0.0099
0.0125
0.0128
168
0.11
6.63
0.57
0.06
0.0091
0.0072
0.0091
0.0094
108
0.17
5.99
0.37
0.17
0.0242
0.0191
0.0242
0.0249
166
0.38
6.21
0.56
0.22
0.0182
0.0143
0.0182
0.0187
121
0.68
6.11
1.22
0.18
0.0085
0.0067
0.0085
0.0087
108
0.20
5.63
0.70
0.32
0.2393
0.1890
0.2393
0.2463
103
6.19
0.0000
0.0128
0.0000
0.0000
172
0.13
5.31
0.45
0.25
0.0258
0.0204
0.0258
0.0266
130
0.64
6.70
1.23
0.36
0.0004
0.0003
0.0004
0.0004
102
6.68
0.0000
0.0023
0.0000
0.0000
172
6.23
0.0000
0.0069
0.0000
0.0000
117
6.23
0.0000
0.0023
0.0000
0.0000
173
0.54
6.57
1.83
0.42
0.0029
0.0023
0.0029
0.0030
122
0.07
5.75
1.06
0.34
0.0029
0.0023
0.0029
0.0030
122
0.12
4.12
0.64
0.0030
0.0024
0.0030
0.0000
161
0.23
5.96
0.83
0.0160
0.0126
0.0160
0.0000
161
0.34
5.26
1.05
0.19
0.0029
0.0023
0.0029
0.0030
Sales-wgt EF
0.297479 5.599201
0.745072 0.281314
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Sample Size
29
43
29
25
96
-------
Table D3. 1997 MY Certification Data (cont.)
175 to 300 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
261
0.47
6.06
0.89
0.27
0.0048
0.0048
0.0048
0.0048
248
0.34
5.31
1.04
0.35
0.0060
0.0060
0.0060
0.0060
280
0.47
5.47
0.52
0.23
0.1439
0.1439
0.1439
0.1439
260
0.37
5.73
1.30
0.39
0.0282
0.0282
0.0282
0.0282
246
0.34
5.27
1.07
0.36
0.0056
0.0056
0.0056
0.0056
225
0.41
5.70
0.84
0.22
0.1444
0.1444
0.1444
0.1444
220
0.11
6.16
0.89
0.27
0.1523
0.1523
0.1523
0.1523
275
0.11
4.56
1.25
0.26
0.0489
0.0489
0.0489
0.0489
205
0.19
5.96
1.73
0.25
0.0060
0.0060
0.0060
0.0060
260
0.08
6.48
0.82
0.29
0.0854
0.0854
0.0854
0.0854
275
0.08
4.93
1.80
0.32
0.0116
0.0116
0.0116
0.0116
280
0.47
5.47
0.52
0.23
0.0059
0.0059
0.0059
0.0059
260
0.46
6.11
0.52
0.27
0.0104
0.0104
0.0104
0.0104
188
0.50
5.29
1.31
0.37
0.0045
0.0045
0.0045
0.0045
296
0.23
4.78
0.72
0.21
0.0013
0.0013
0.0013
0.0013
264
0.64
6.38
2.37
0.41
0.0085
0.0085
0.0085
0.0085
250
0.10
6.41
0.54
0.12
0.0040
0.0040
0.0040
0.0040
189
0.43
6.65
1.04
0.34
0.0053
0.0053
0.0053
0.0053
261
0.30
4.38
0.69
0.23
0.0240
0.0240
0.0240
0.0240
194
0.30
6.26
0.80
0.17
0.0133
0.0133
0.0133
0.0133
189
0.37
5.87
0.76
0.28
0.0069
0.0069
0.0069
0.0069
241
0.41
6.44
1.11
0.26
0.0115
0.0115
0.0115
0.0115
227
0.51
6.72
1.07
0.31
0.0101
0.0101
0.0101
0.0101
193
0.60
6.69
0.85
0.28
0.0051
0.0051
0.0051
0.0051
296
0.42
5.77
0.82
0.25
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
234
0.31
4.22
0.51
0.08
0.0027
0.0027
0.0027
0.0027
248
0.34
5.31
1.04
0.35
0.0044
0.0044
0.0044
0.0044
247
0.57
6.13
0.69
0.17
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
240
0.35
5.36
0.54
0.23
0.0053
0.0053
0.0053
0.0053
225
0.14
6.73
0.64
0.16
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
228
0.36
5.45
0.59
0.21
0.1289
0.1289
0.1289
0.1289
253
0.55
4.64
1.10
0.29
0.0133
0.0133
0.0133
0.0133
182
0.42
6.43
0.87
0.29
0.0027
0.0027
0.0027
0.0027
207
0.44
6.59
1.15
0.36
0.0027
0.0027
0.0027
0.0027
183
0.54
6.63
0.81
0.34
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
227
0.35
0.63
0.51
0.27
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
272
0.35
6.44
1.09
0.23
0.0027
0.0027
0.0027
0.0027
255
0.25
5.85
0.40
0.13
0.0373
0.0373
0.0373
0.0373
255
0.25
6.22
1.10
0.14
0.0250
0.0250
0.0250
0.0250
188
0.37
5.51
0.60
0.18
0.0053
0.0053
0.0053
0.0053
235
0.31
6.41
0.54
0.13
0.0053
0.0053
0.0053
0.0053
201
0.42
5.38
0.63
0.16
0.0053
0.0053
0.0053
0.0053
255
0.43
6.43
0.76
0.20
0.0053
0.0053
0.0053
0.0053
Sales-wgt EF
0.307044 5.723983
0.819777 0.245420
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Sample Size
43
43
43
43
97
-------
Table D3. 1997 MY Certification Data (cont.)
300 to 600 hp Emission Factors (g/hp-hr) Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
335
0.27
5.51
0.74
0.28
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
543
0.22
5.66
0.54
0.24
0.0035
0.0035
0.0035
0.0035
425
0.09
6.38
2.18
0.16
0.0282
0.0282
0.0282
0.0282
300
0.28
6.13
0.81
0.36
0.0339
0.0339
0.0339
0.0339
397
0.19
4.65
1.35
0.19
0.0261
0.0261
0.0261
0.0261
362
0.16
5.49
1.57
0.21
0.4232
0.4232
0.4232
0.4232
373
0.17
8.19
2.24
0.21
0.0141
0.0141
0.0141
0.0141
455
0.12
5.48
0.82
0.17
0.0023
0.0023
0.0023
0.0023
599
0.04
6.59
2.67
0.33
0.1521
0.1521
0.1521
0.1521
492
0.05
6.24
0.83
0.14
0.0052
0.0052
0.0052
0.0052
535
0.08
5.79
2.10
0.34
0.0065
0.0065
0.0065
0.0065
559
0.07
5.84
0.90
0.16
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
300
0.08
5.78
0.43
0.13
0.0173
0.0173
0.0173
0.0173
307
0.10
6.52
0.51
0.14
0.0069
0.0069
0.0069
0.0069
430
0.38
6.58
0.43
0.18
0.0177
0.0177
0.0177
0.0177
425
0.08
6.44
0.76
0.16
0.0355
0.0355
0.0355
0.0355
413
0.35
6.51
1.76
0.29
0.0140
0.0140
0.0140
0.0140
590
0.34
6.40
0.72
0.23
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
313
0.18
4.56
0.48
0.18
0.0121
0.0121
0.0121
0.0121
305
0.24
6.29
0.72
0.29
0.0089
0.0089
0.0089
0.0089
493
0.16
4.26
1.04
0.30
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
426
0.31
3.98
0.48
0.11
0.0040
0.0040
0.0040
0.0040
308
0.28
5.68
0.45
0.20
0.0019
0.0019
0.0019
0.0019
335
0.27
5.51
0.74
0.28
0.0115
0.0115
0.0115
0.0115
543
0.22
5.66
0.54
0.16
0.0275
0.0275
0.0275
0.0275
308
0.38
5.70
0.39
0.18
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
330
0.07
5.07
0.44
0.12
0.0270
0.0270
0.0270
0.0270
320
0.12
7.41
0.51
0.08
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
300
0.08
5.62
0.45
0.12
0.0121
0.0121
0.0121
0.0121
381
0.21
6.55
0.61
0.08
0.0403
0.0403
0.0403
0.0403
496
0.13
6.12
0.28
0.07
0.0379
0.0379
0.0379
0.0379
369
0.24
6.50
0.51
0.14
0.0081
0.0081
0.0081
0.0081
526
0.45
5.59
0.67
0.11
0.0081
0.0081
0.0081
0.0081
315
0.34
5.48
0.79
0.13
0.0081
0.0081
0.0081
0.0081
362
0.37
5.29
0.82
0.12
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
Sales-wgt EF
0.155300
5.865363
1.431343
0.213156
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Sample Size
35
35
35
35
98
-------
Table D3. 1997 MY Certification Data (cont.)
600 to 750 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
740
0.04
5.67
1.57
0.25
0.3355
0.3355
0.3355
0.3355
750
0.08
6.01
1.92
0.30
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
0.0205
740
0.10
5.53
1.63
0.33
0.0169
0.0169
0.0169
0.0169
640
0.10
5.62
0.83
0.19
0.0319
0.0319
0.0319
0.0319
743
0.05
5.04
0.99
0.18
0.1004
0.1004
0.1004
0.1004
750
0.07
5.90
1.29
0.22
0.0771
0.0771
0.0771
0.0771
600
0.26
6.02
1.78
0.24
0.1597
0.1597
0.1597
0.1597
710
0.25
6.64
2.42
0.27
0.1643
0.1643
0.1643
0.1643
750
0.13
5.89
1.07
0.13
0.0479
0.0479
0.0479
0.0479
748
0.30
6.04
0.45
0.24
0.0456
0.0456
0.0456
0.0456
Sales-wgt EF
0.135125 5.872338
1.571034 0.236991
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Sample Size
10
10
10
10
99
-------
Table D4. 1998 MY Certification Data
50-100 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
67
6.40
0.0000
0.0071
0.0000
0.0000
79
5.74
0.0000
0.0024
0.0000
0.0000
96
5.81
0.0000
0.0006
0.0000
0.0000
80
0.48
7.61
4.32
0.56
0.2600
0.0914
0.2581
0.0000
67
0.75
6.35
1.96
0.34
0.1418
0.0499
0.1408
0.0000
80
0.72
5.78
3.26
0.51
0.2786
0.0979
0.2765
0.0000
98
0.71
6.30
1.68
0.21
0.0009
0.0003
0.0009
0.0000
62
6.23
0.0000
0.0012
0.0000
0.0000
57
6.20
0.0000
0.0012
0.0000
0.0000
59
6.56
0.0000
0.0310
0.0000
0.0000
84
5.74
0.0000
0.0413
0.0000
0.0000
64
5.92
0.0000
0.0049
0.0000
0.0000
82
5.23
0.0000
0.0605
0.0000
0.0000
53
6.32
0.0000
0.0175
0.0000
0.0000
72
6.30
0.0000
0.0006
0.0000
0.0000
78
6.22
0.0000
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
52
4.59
0.0000
0.0208
0.0000
0.0000
50
4.14
0.0000
0.0036
0.0000
0.0000
51
0.60
6.68
3.04
0.63
0.0004
0.0001
0.0004
0.0000
55
0.39
6.16
0.98
0.28
0.0118
0.0042
0.0117
0.0000
64
0.43
5.62
2.17
0.60
0.0254
0.0089
0.0252
0.0000
73
0.29
5.35
1.08
0.52
0.0118
0.0042
0.0117
0.0000
56
0.48
4.88
0.46
0.27
0.0016
0.0006
0.0016
0.0000
79
0.55
5.25
2.47
0.55
0.0258
0.0091
0.0256
0.0000
91
0.42
6.63
1.32
0.54
0.0133
0.0047
0.0132
0.0000
59
6.65
0.0000
0.0170
0.0000
0.0000
62
6.23
0.0000
0.0012
0.0000
0.0000
80
0.72
5.78
3.26
0.51
0.0051
0.0018
0.0050
0.0000
98
0.71
6.30
1.68
0.21
0.0009
0.0003
0.0009
0.0000
59
4.37
0.0000
0.0042
0.0000
0.0000
56
4.18
0.0000
0.0148
0.0000
0.0000
86
5.42
0.0000
0.0047
0.0000
0.0000
93
4.71
0.0000
0.0030
0.0000
0.0000
72
4.31
0.0000
0.0059
0.0000
0.0000
54
0.55
6.31
2.42
0.0077
0.0027
0.0076
0.0000
65
0.05
4.18
4.24
0.90
0.0010
0.0003
0.0010
1.0000
54
2.62
0.0000
0.0057
0.0000
0.0000
50
4.38
0.0000
0.0190
0.0000
0.0000
89
5.98
0.0000
0.0066
0.0000
0.0000
72
4.63
0.0000
0.0145
0.0000
0.0000
78
6.05
0.0000
0.0101
0.0000
0.0000
52
6.32
0.0000
0.0060
0.0000
0.0000
67
0.14
4.94
1.07
0.45
0.1213
0.0426
0.1204
0.0000
92
0.27
5.62
0.99
0.27
0.0834
0.0293
0.0828
0.0000
55
2.62
0.0000
0.0015
0.0000
0.0000
100
-------
Table D4. 1998 MY Certification Data
50-100 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
HC+NOx CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
85
2.18
0.0000
0.0018
0.0000
0.0000
59
5.90
0.0000
0.0006
0.0000
0.0000
58
3.23
0.0000
0.0297
0.0000
0.0000
52
6.62
0.0000
0.0125
0.0000
0.0000
64
5.13
0.0000
0.0064
0.0000
0.0000
60
6.06
0.0000
0.0297
0.0000
0.0000
96
5.09
0.0000
0.0861
0.0000
0.0000
72
6.30
0.0000
0.0025
0.0000
0.0000
68
5.85
0.0000
0.0772
0.0000
0.0000
68
6.44
0.0000
0.0504
0.0000
0.0000
80
0.86
5.40
4.00
0.64
0.0091
0.0032
0.0091
0.0000
59
4.33
0.0000
0.0036
0.0000
0.0000
84
6.14
0.0000
0.0012
0.0000
0.0000
94
5.75
0.0000
0.0003
0.0000
0.0000
82
4.84
1.22
0.44
0.0000
0.0011
0.0032
0.0000
60
5.87
3.96
0.39
0.0000
0.0006
0.0017
0.0000
62
6.19
1.69
0.30
0.0000
0.0009
0.0026
0.0000
75
3.87
0.0000
0.0046
0.0000
0.0000
58
3.91
0.0000
0.0069
0.0000
0.0000
54
5.40
0.0000
0.0003
0.0000
0.0000
67
4.89
0.0000
0.0148
0.0000
0.0000
80
4.80
0.0000
0.0006
0.0000
0.0000
60
4.12
0.0000
0.0042
0.0000
0.0000
70
5.59
0.0000
0.0006
0.0000
0.0000
56
5.23
0.0000
0.0018
0.0000
0.0000
58
5.12
0.0000
0.0033
0.0000
0.0000
Sales-wgt
0.52884
5.68241
EF
5
1
4.235576 2.753546 0.472055
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Sample
Size
18
71
1 21
19
101
-------
Table D4. 1998 MY Certification Data (cont.)
100-175 hp Emission Factors (g/hp-hr) Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
167
0.34
5.26
1.05
0.18
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
108
6.47
0.0000
0.0009
0.0000
0.0000
100
0.35
6.08
0.70
0.28
0.1104
0.0940
0.1101
0.1112
125
0.23
6.21
0.47
0.16
0.0041
0.0035
0.0041
0.0042
165
0.36
4.95
0.75
0.31
0.0647
0.0551
0.0645
0.0652
110
6.06
0.0000
0.0062
0.0000
0.0000
165
6.24
0.0000
0.0336
0.0000
0.0000
166
4.95
0.0000
0.0029
0.0000
0.0000
100
0.35
6.08
0.70
0.28
0.1765
0.1504
0.1760
0.1779
125
0.23
6.21
0.47
0.16
0.0537
0.0457
0.0535
0.0541
165
0.36
4.95
0.75
0.31
0.1891
0.1611
0.1886
0.1906
158
6.53
0.0000
0.0018
0.0000
0.0000
109
6.41
0.0000
0.0018
0.0000
0.0000
133
6.44
0.0000
0.0018
0.0000
0.0000
172
6.48
0.0000
0.0018
0.0000
0.0000
114
0.52
6.54
1.18
0.0014
0.0012
0.0014
0.0000
141
3.71
0.0000
0.0018
0.0000
0.0000
135
0.40
5.70
1.75
0.29
0.2535
0.2160
0.2528
0.2555
155
6.39
0.0000
0.0021
0.0000
0.0000
124
6.60
0.0000
0.0068
0.0000
0.0000
103
6.22
0.0000
0.0310
0.0000
0.0000
158
6.26
0.0000
0.0077
0.0000
0.0000
103
0.57
6.26
1.58
0.39
0.0033
0.0028
0.0033
0.0033
153
0.51
5.65
0.49
0.26
0.0126
0.0108
0.0126
0.0127
106
6.01
0.0000
0.0095
0.0000
0.0000
144
6.61
0.0000
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
100
0.35
6.08
0.70
0.28
0.0085
0.0072
0.0085
0.0086
125
0.23
6.21
0.47
0.16
0.0012
0.0010
0.0012
0.0012
165
0.36
4.95
0.75
0.31
0.0140
0.0119
0.0140
0.0141
114
5.87
0.0000
0.0049
0.0000
0.0000
148
0.16
6.58
0.70
0.13
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
168
0.34
6.17
0.63
0.13
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
162
0.62
6.11
0.90
0.28
0.0006
0.0005
0.0006
0.0006
108
6.11
0.0000
0.0137
0.0000
0.0000
113
4.41
0.0000
0.0020
0.0000
0.0000
108
0.17
5.99
0.37
0.17
0.0555
0.0473
0.0553
0.0559
121
0.68
6.11
1.22
0.18
0.0117
0.0100
0.0117
0.0118
166
0.38
6.21
0.56
0.22
0.0196
0.0167
0.0195
0.0197
118
6.30
0.0000
0.0006
0.0000
0.0000
103
6.19
0.0000
0.0070
0.0000
0.0000
103
0.53
5.30
1.24
0.51
0.0018
0.0015
0.0018
0.0018
100
0.57
5.50
1.35
0.47
0.0024
0.0020
0.0023
0.0024
102
6.68
0.0000
0.0027
0.0000
0.0000
127
5.38
0.0000
0.0009
0.0000
0.0000
117
6.23
0.0000
0.0009
0.0000
0.0000
102
-------
Table D4. 1998 MY Certification Data (cont.)
100-175 hp Emission Factors (g/hp-hr) Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
172
6.23
0.0000
0.0027
0.0000
0.0000
173
0.54
6.57
1.83
0.42
0.0032
0.0027
0.0032
0.0032
123
4.12
0.64
0.0000
0.0015
0.0018
0.0018
122
0.07
5.75
1.06
0.44
0.0021
0.0018
0.0021
0.0022
142
5.92
1.33
0.31
0.0000
0.0010
0.0011
0.0011
138
6.68
0.0000
0.0004
0.0000
0.0000
161
0.23
5.96
0.83
0.0092
0.0078
0.0092
0.0000
Sales-wgt EF
0.355336
5.743938
0.961288
0.276378
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Sample Size
25
52
27
24
103
-------
Table D4. 1998 MY Certification Data (cont.)
175-300 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
257
0.43
6.43
0.76
0.20
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
261
0.47
6.06
0.89
0.27
0.0013
0.0013
0.0013
0.0013
248
0.34
5.31
1.04
0.35
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
200
0.26
5.13
0.60
0.22
0.0124
0.0124
0.0124
0.0124
215
0.32
5.51
0.55
0.32
0.0184
0.0184
0.0184
0.0184
260
0.44
5.82
0.70
0.27
0.0222
0.0222
0.0222
0.0222
240
0.29
5.38
0.49
0.27
0.0222
0.0222
0.0222
0.0222
278
0.13
4.70
0.51
0.15
0.0061
0.0061
0.0061
0.0061
280
0.47
5.47
0.52
0.23
0.0160
0.0160
0.0160
0.0160
275
0.11
4.56
1.26
0.26
0.0049
0.0049
0.0049
0.0049
205
0.19
5.96
1.73
0.25
0.0056
0.0056
0.0056
0.0056
260
0.17
6.48
0.82
0.29
0.0108
0.0108
0.0108
0.0108
290
0.10
5.60
2.19
0.32
0.0030
0.0030
0.0030
0.0030
260
0.42
6.16
1.30
0.39
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
225
0.41
5.70
0.84
0.22
0.0253
0.0253
0.0253
0.0253
275
0.04
4.76
0.31
0.14
0.0013
0.0013
0.0013
0.0013
200
0.26
5.13
0.60
0.22
0.0726
0.0726
0.0726
0.0726
215
0.32
5.51
0.55
0.32
0.0749
0.0749
0.0749
0.0749
260
0.44
5.82
0.70
0.27
0.0616
0.0616
0.0616
0.0616
240
0.29
5.38
0.49
0.27
0.0738
0.0738
0.0738
0.0738
284
0.41
5.76
0.52
0.22
0.0042
0.0042
0.0042
0.0042
200
0.19
4.05
0.92
0.28
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
253
0.34
6.58
0.57
0.21
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
188
0.50
5.29
1.31
0.37
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
256
0.46
6.11
0.52
0.27
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
296
0.23
4.78
0.72
0.21
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
261
0.47
6.06
0.89
0.27
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
220
0.20
5.87
0.72
0.27
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
234
0.19
5.45
0.62
0.25
0.0104
0.0104
0.0104
0.0104
196
0.28
5.44
0.65
0.28
0.3023
0.3023
0.3023
0.3023
197
0.23
5.52
0.75
0.29
0.0074
0.0074
0.0074
0.0074
263
0.43
6.13
2.68
0.31
0.0040
0.0040
0.0040
0.0040
294
0.38
5.99
0.95
0.23
0.1154
0.1154
0.1154
0.1154
280
0.49
6.14
2.52
0.31
0.0157
0.0157
0.0157
0.0157
294
0.64
6.38
2.37
0.40
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
283
0.09
6.38
0.51
0.12
0.0020
0.0020
0.0020
0.0020
196
0.35
6.52
0.95
0.36
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
240
0.29
4.88
0.73
0.23
0.0056
0.0056
0.0056
0.0056
187
0.26
5.99
0.73
0.15
0.0026
0.0026
0.0026
0.0026
189
0.37
5.87
0.76
0.35
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
241
0.41
6.44
1.11
0.34
0.0028
0.0028
0.0028
0.0028
227
0.51
6.72
1.07
0.33
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
193
0.60
6.69
0.85
0.28
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
296
0.38
6.19
0.54
0.22
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
255
0.42
5.77
0.82
0.26
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
104
-------
Table D4. 1998 MY Certification Data (cont.)
175-300 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
200
0.26
5.13
0.60
0.22
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
215
0.32
5.51
0.55
0.32
0.0049
0.0049
0.0049
0.0049
240
0.29
5.38
0.49
0.27
0.0052
0.0052
0.0052
0.0052
189
0.31
5.40
0.92
0.21
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
252
0.22
6.23
0.30
0.23
0.0027
0.0027
0.0027
0.0027
211
0.37
5.42
0.57
0.22
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
253
0.23
5.28
0.47
0.27
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
231
0.32
4.69
0.46
0.15
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
260
0.18
6.35
0.73
0.15
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
275
0.14
5.38
0.48
0.14
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
248
0.34
5.31
1.04
0.35
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
247
0.57
6.13
0.69
0.17
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
225
0.11
6.63
0.57
0.13
0.0028
0.0028
0.0028
0.0028
210
0.12
6.55
1.15
0.20
0.0048
0.0048
0.0048
0.0048
225
0.14
6.73
0.64
0.16
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
228
0.37
5.46
0.60
0.21
0.0294
0.0294
0.0294
0.0294
190
0.66
6.08
1.56
0.40
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
268
0.44
6.50
0.50
0.30
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
182
0.42
6.43
0.87
0.30
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
207
0.44
6.59
1.15
0.36
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
217
0.36
5.49
1.00
0.22
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
183
0.54
6.63
0.81
0.34
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
227
0.35
0.63
0.51
0.27
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
244
0.19
6.30
1.66
0.36
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
272
0.35
6.44
1.09
0.23
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
255
0.25
5.89
0.40
0.13
0.0056
0.0056
0.0056
0.0056
255
0.25
6.22
1.10
0.14
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
Sales-wgt EF
0.316321
5.574079
0.722968
0.262486
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Sample Size
72
72
72
72
105
-------
Table D4. 1998 MY Certification Data (cont.)
300-600 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
310
0.34
5.48
0.79
0.13
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
373
0.24
6.50
0.51
0.14
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
335
0.27
5.51
0.74
0.28
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
543
0.22
5.66
0.54
0.24
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
300
0.08
5.78
0.43
0.13
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
425
0.90
6.38
2.17
0.16
0.0514
0.0514
0.0514
0.0514
300
0.28
6.13
0.81
0.36
0.0118
0.0118
0.0118
0.0118
330
0.33
5.28
1.07
0.36
0.0111
0.0111
0.0111
0.0111
397
0.19
5.24
1.35
0.29
0.0040
0.0040
0.0040
0.0040
362
0.16
5.49
1.57
0.21
0.2369
0.2369
0.2369
0.2369
500
0.13
6.10
1.67
0.17
0.0257
0.0257
0.0257
0.0257
455
0.12
5.48
0.82
0.17
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
599
0.04
6.59
2.67
0.33
0.0715
0.0715
0.0715
0.0715
350
0.22
6.52
1.17
0.20
0.1676
0.1676
0.1676
0.1676
525
0.25
6.36
0.45
0.15
0.0032
0.0032
0.0032
0.0032
480
0.17
6.85
1.16
0.18
0.1718
0.1718
0.1718
0.1718
336
0.14
5.48
0.45
0.15
0.0070
0.0070
0.0070
0.0070
375
0.40
6.03
2.02
0.28
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
336
0.41
5.99
1.31
0.30
0.0084
0.0084
0.0084
0.0084
399
0.18
5.33
0.91
0.14
0.0285
0.0285
0.0285
0.0285
339
0.21
5.72
0.92
0.15
0.0020
0.0020
0.0020
0.0020
517
0.17
5.74
0.37
0.13
0.0630
0.0630
0.0630
0.0630
401
0.23
6.02
0.50
0.14
0.0090
0.0090
0.0090
0.0090
313
0.13
6.38
0.59
0.15
0.0077
0.0077
0.0077
0.0077
420
0.36
6.65
0.47
0.18
0.0118
0.0118
0.0118
0.0118
425
0.08
6.44
0.76
0.15
0.0193
0.0193
0.0193
0.0193
567
0.28
5.65
2.26
0.33
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
586
0.20
4.64
0.45
0.18
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
329
0.26
6.38
0.61
0.19
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
590
0.34
6.40
0.72
0.23
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
306
0.24
6.29
0.72
0.37
0.0086
0.0086
0.0086
0.0086
493
0.16
4.26
1.04
0.30
0.0037
0.0037
0.0037
0.0037
335
0.19
5.78
0.41
0.18
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
375
0.22
5.72
0.32
0.20
0.0014
0.0014
0.0014
0.0014
525
0.17
6.06
0.60
0.23
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
493
0.16
5.89
0.95
0.28
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
572
0.14
5.86
0.62
0.24
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
571
0.31
3.98
0.48
0.17
0.0021
0.0021
0.0021
0.0021
531
0.36
5.01
0.40
0.16
0.0021
0.0021
0.0021
0.0021
327
0.22
6.39
0.46
0.14
0.0021
0.0021
0.0021
0.0021
327
0.24
6.11
0.48
0.13
0.0021
0.0021
0.0021
0.0021
308
0.30
5.67
0.45
0.18
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
335
0.27
5.51
0.74
0.28
0.0027
0.0027
0.0027
0.0027
543
0.02
5.66
0.54
0.24
0.0064
0.0064
0.0064
0.0064
330
0.07
5.07
0.44
0.10
0.0068
0.0068
0.0068
0.0068
106
-------
Table D4. 1998 MY Certification Data (cont.)
300-600 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
330
0.04
5.64
0.40
0.16
0.0114
0.0114
0.0114
0.0114
381
0.21
6.55
0.61
0.08
0.0167
0.0167
0.0167
0.0167
496
0.13
6.12
0.28
0.07
0.0021
0.0021
0.0021
0.0021
Sales-wgt EF
0.209071
6.126551
1.289223
0.198893
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Sample Size
48
48
48
48
Table D4. 1998 MY Certification Data (cont.)
600-750 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
660
0.10
6.03
0.54
0.13
0.0630
0.0630
0.0630
0.0630
640
0.11
5.62
0.83
0.19
0.0132
0.0132
0.0132
0.0132
740
0.10
5.53
1.62
0.33
0.0350
0.0350
0.0350
0.0350
600
0.26
6.02
1.78
0.24
0.2955
0.2955
0.2955
0.2955
606
0.16
6.01
0.58
0.12
0.1128
0.1128
0.1128
0.1128
725
0.16
5.88
0.84
0.12
0.0855
0.0855
0.0855
0.0855
750
0.07
5.84
0.90
0.16
0.0210
0.0210
0.0210
0.0210
750
0.07
5.90
1.29
0.22
0.1089
0.1089
0.1089
0.1089
750
0.06
4.48
1.43
0.24
0.0389
0.0389
0.0389
0.0389
750
0.35
5.80
1.48
0.30
0.1322
0.1322
0.1322
0.1322
750
0.13
5.89
1.06
0.13
0.0855
0.0855
0.0855
0.0855
740
0.24
5.85
1.37
0.28
0.0086
0.0086
0.0086
0.0086
Sales-wgt EF
0.190719
5.866023
1.277422
0.205116
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Sample Size
12
12
12
12
107
-------
Table D5. 1999 MY Certification Data
25-50 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weighting
Rated HP
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
HC frac of
HC+NOx*
HC wgt
NOx wgt
HC+NOx
wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
34
5.21
1.44
0.38
0.0000
0.0000
0.0107
0.0107
0.0107
36
3.12
1.31
0.40
0.0000
0.0000
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
45
5.95
0.48
0.26
0.0000
0.0000
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
50
6.14
0.0000
0.1061
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
38
6.69
1.92
0.32
0.0000
0.0000
0.0113
0.0113
0.0113
35
5.68
1.74
0.21
0.0000
0.0000
0.0282
0.0282
0.0282
39
6.58
1.84
0.11
0.0000
0.0000
0.0068
0.0068
0.0068
47
5.84
1.35
0.09
0.0000
0.0000
0.0056
0.0056
0.0056
28
3.76
1.24
0.20
0.0000
0.0000
0.0025
0.0025
0.0025
33
3.65
0.87
0.17
0.0000
0.0000
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
40
4.50
0.62
0.20
0.0000
0.0000
0.0013
0.0013
0.0013
47
3.38
0.87
0.27
0.0000
0.0000
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
27
5.66
1.62
0.56
0.0000
0.0000
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
29
4.11
1.16
0.35
0.0000
0.0000
0.0310
0.0310
0.0310
40
2.78
1.62
0.42
0.0000
0.0000
0.0507
0.0507
0.0507
45
4.04
0.87
0.38
0.0000
0.0000
0.0158
0.0158
0.0158
28
3.57
2.65
0.43
0.0000
0.0000
0.0017
0.0017
0.0017
27
0.17
4.29
4.46
1.25
0.52
0.038763
0.0019
0.0014
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
37
0.16
3.56
3.72
2.30
0.60
0.043011
0.0027
0.0020
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
32
0.26
4.22
4.49
1.61
0.54
0.058036
0.0360
0.0262
0.0048
0.0048
0.0048
27
0.09
3.95
4.04
0.82
0.42
0.022277
0.0046
0.0034
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
39
0.14
4.59
4.74
0.90
0.45
0.029598
0.0115
0.0084
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
34
0.16
3.30
3.46
0.68
0.30
0.046243
0.0028
0.0020
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
35
0.56
4.54
5.10
1.52
0.48
0.109804
0.8386
0.6112
0.1127
0.1127
0.1127
34
0.08
4.56
4.64
0.90
0.40
0.017241
0.0616
0.0449
0.0083
0.0083
0.0083
40
0.69
6.18
6.88
1.62
0.25
0.100868
0.0046
0.0034
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
34
4.59
0.92
0.42
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
46
3.79
0.68
0.33
0.0000
0.0000
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
34
3.80
0.98
0.54
0.0000
0.0000
0.0058
0.0058
0.0058
47
0.12
6.71
6.83
0.74
0.30
0.01757
0.0042
0.0031
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
38
6.16
1.66
0.41
0.0000
0.0000
0.0451
0.0451
0.0451
26
4.64
1.30
0.28
0.0000
0.0000
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
31
3.80
1.16
0.36
0.0000
0.0000
0.0163
0.0163
0.0163
42
3.84
0.77
0.24
0.0000
0.0000
0.0047
0.0047
0.0047
26
4.46
0.96
0.35
0.0000
0.0000
0.0417
0.0417
0.0417
41
4.81
0.75
0.25
0.0000
0.0000
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
31
5.27
0.74
0.19
0.0000
0.0000
0.0118
0.0118
0.0118
31
5.11
0.80
0.26
0.0000
0.0000
0.0662
0.0662
0.0662
37
4.47
0.80
0.29
0.0000
0.0000
0.1936
0.1936
0.1936
40
0.18
4.99
5.17
0.94
0.48
0.034632
0.0315
0.0230
0.0042
0.0042
0.0042
30
2.79
3.06
0.46
0.0000
0.0000
0.0013
0.0013
0.0013
38
3.62
2.13
0.51
0.0000
0.0000
0.0025
0.0025
0.0025
25
5.78
3.66
0.43
0.0000
0.0000
0.0045
0.0045
0.0045
33
2.37
1.58
0.53
0.0000
0.0000
0.0017
0.0017
0.0017
108
-------
Table D5. 1999 MY Certification Data
25-50 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weighting
Rated HP
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
HC frac of
HC+NOx*
HC wgt
NOx wgt
HC+NOx
wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
30
5.29
1.50
0.33
0.0000
0.0000
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
35
5.48
1.61
0.36
0.0000
0.0000
0.0025
0.0025
0.0025
40
5.53
2.57
0.22
0.0000
0.0000
0.0025
0.0025
0.0025
44
5.56
1.69
0.34
0.0000
0.0000
0.0017
0.0017
0.0017
44
5.96
2.39
0.19
0.0000
0.0000
0.0017
0.0017
0.0017
38
6.00
1.25
0.36
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
30
6.51
3.22
0.50
0.0000
0.0000
0.0034
0.0034
0.0034
39
4.73
1.01
0.34
0.0000
0.0000
0.0021
0.0021
0.0021
35
6.27
2.35
0.48
0.0000
0.0000
0.0118
0.0118
0.0118
44
6.19
1.09
0.53
0.0000
0.0000
0.0225
0.0225
0.0225
34
3.53
3.55
1.22
0.54
0.0000
0.0458
0.0085
0.0085
0.0085
49
3.20
3.31
1.29
0.40
0.0000
0.0917
0.0169
0.0169
0.0169
49
4.85
0.0000
0.0275
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
28
5.78
3.61
0.40
0.0000
0.0000
0.0152
0.0152
0.0152
30
5.82
2.93
0.35
0.0000
0.0000
0.0026
0.0026
0.0026
33
5.76
2.74
0.28
0.0000
0.0000
0.0596
0.0596
0.0596
41
5.97
1.35
0.49
0.0000
0.0000
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
29
5.82
2.82
0.25
0.0000
0.0000
0.0070
0.0070
0.0070
37
6.76
1.71
0.40
0.0000
0.0000
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
37
6.03
2.59
0.35
0.0000
0.0000
0.0098
0.0098
0.0098
30
6.07
3.01
0.38
0.0000
0.0000
0.0169
0.0169
0.0169
45
5.85
3.21
0.45
0.0000
0.0000
0.0423
0.0423
0.0423
38
5.79
3.23
0.39
0.0000
0.0000
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
48
6.00
1.56
0.44
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
34
5.94
1.87
0.34
0.0000
0.0000
0.0507
0.0507
0.0507
46
6.01
2.54
0.20
0.0000
0.0000
0.0039
0.0039
0.0039
41
5.76
2.79
0.33
0.0000
0.0000
0.0041
0.0041
0.0041
48
6.25
1.59
0.28
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
27
3.04
0.98
0.40
0.0000
0.0000
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
39
5.53
1.96
0.26
0.0000
0.0000
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
Sales-wgt
EF
0.4965
4.5584
4.9834
1.5421
0.3561
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Sample
Size
11
15
72
72
72
0.047095
Calc HC* 0.2347
Calc NOx* 4.7487
* HC fraction of HC+NOx = HC ^ (HC+NOx). The average HC fraction is not a sales-weighted average.
Calculated HC = (avg HC fraction of HC+NOx) * (sales-wgt avg HC+NOx).
Calculated NOx = (1- avg HC fraction of HC+NOx) * (sales-wgt avg HC+NOx).
109
-------
Table D5. 1999 MY Certification Data (cont.)
50-100 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
HC+NOx
CO wgt
PM wgt
67
6.40
0.0000
0.0035
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
79
5.74
0.0000
0.0007
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
96
5.81
0.0000
0.0005
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
80
0.48
7.61
4.32
0.56
0.1942
0.0652
0.0000
0.1802
0.1814
67
0.75
6.35
1.96
0.34
0.1177
0.0395
0.0000
0.1092
0.1100
75
0.70
5.68
2.28
0.49
0.1618
0.0544
0.0000
0.1502
0.1512
80
0.72
5.78
3.26
0.51
0.0647
0.0217
0.0000
0.0601
0.0605
56
0.46
5.71
2.19
0.29
0.0309
0.0104
0.0000
0.0287
0.0289
75
0.70
5.68
2.28
0.49
0.0486
0.0163
0.0000
0.0451
0.0454
98
0.71
6.30
1.68
0.21
0.0008
0.0003
0.0000
0.0008
0.0008
62
6.23
0.0000
0.0010
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
57
6.20
0.0000
0.0010
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
55
5.80
0.0000
0.0010
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
59
6.56
0.0000
0.0216
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
84
5.74
0.0000
0.0306
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
59
0.89
8.82
3.55
0.84
0.0099
0.0033
0.0000
0.0092
0.0092
74
5.82
0.0000
0.0045
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
82
5.23
0.0000
0.0552
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
53
6.32
0.0000
0.0280
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
56
6.70
2.22
0.34
0.0000
0.0000
0.9552
0.0655
0.0660
60
6.16
0.0000
0.0173
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
72
6.30
0.0000
0.0018
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
56
5.21
0.0000
0.0040
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
70
5.02
0.0000
0.0005
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
96
6.32
0.0000
0.0006
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
74
3.22
0.0000
0.0049
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
78
6.22
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
52
4.59
0.0000
0.0148
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
50
4.14
0.0000
0.0030
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
52
0.17
5.22
1.18
0.45
0.0049
0.0016
0.0000
0.0045
0.0045
54
0.69
4.15
1.45
0.36
0.0183
0.0062
0.0000
0.0170
0.0171
51
0.60
6.68
3.04
0.63
0.0003
0.0001
0.0000
0.0003
0.0003
61
0.46
6.07
1.33
0.32
0.0121
0.0041
0.0000
0.0112
0.0113
64
0.43
5.62
2.17
0.60
0.0056
0.0019
0.0000
0.0052
0.0052
73
0.24
4.79
0.87
0.52
0.0110
0.0037
0.0000
0.0102
0.0103
56
0.48
4.88
0.46
0.27
0.0003
0.0001
0.0000
0.0003
0.0003
63
0.52
6.27
1.67
0.57
0.0118
0.0040
0.0000
0.0109
0.0110
71
0.55
5.27
2.17
0.57
0.0236
0.0079
0.0000
0.0219
0.0221
91
0.42
6.63
1.32
0.54
0.0287
0.0096
0.0000
0.0266
0.0268
59
6.65
0.0000
0.0230
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
80
0.72
5.78
3.26
0.51
0.0044
0.0015
0.0000
0.0041
0.0041
98
0.71
6.30
1.68
0.21
0.0008
0.0003
0.0000
0.0008
0.0008
56
0.46
5.71
2.19
0.29
0.0002
0.0001
0.0000
0.0002
0.0002
59
4.37
0.0000
0.0022
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
56
4.18
0.0000
0.0148
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
110
-------
Table D5. 1999 MY Certification Data (cont.)
50-100 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
HC+NOx
CO wgt
PM wgt
86
5.42
0.0000
0.0089
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
93
4.71
0.0000
0.0074
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
72
4.31
0.0000
0.0119
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
54
0.55
6.31
2.42
0.0060
0.0020
0.0000
0.0056
0.0000
58
0.08
3.32
3.41
0.89
0.0011
0.0004
0.0149
0.0010
0.0000
59
3.34
0.0000
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
54
2.62
0.0000
0.0047
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
79
5.06
0.0000
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
50
4.09
0.80
0.25
0.0000
0.0000
0.0299
0.0020
0.0021
57
4.46
0.0000
0.0061
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
55
2.91
0.0000
0.0014
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
51
5.35
0.0000
0.0083
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
87
5.92
0.0000
0.0058
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
52
6.32
0.0000
0.0050
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
89
6.40
0.0000
0.0005
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
67
0.14
4.94
1.07
0.45
0.1378
0.0463
0.0000
0.1279
0.1288
92
0.27
5.62
0.99
0.27
0.0902
0.0303
0.0000
0.0837
0.0842
58
3.00
0.0000
0.0012
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
85
2.18
0.0000
0.0013
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
59
5.90
0.0000
0.0010
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
58
3.23
0.0000
0.0247
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
81
5.43
0.0000
0.0059
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
52
6.62
0.0000
0.0104
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
64
5.13
0.0000
0.0049
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
60
6.06
0.0000
0.0247
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
96
5.09
0.0000
0.1503
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
68
5.85
0.0000
0.0652
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
68
6.34
0.0000
0.0420
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
80
0.83
6.00
3.19
0.63
0.0063
0.0021
0.0000
0.0059
0.0059
80
0.86
5.40
4.00
0.64
0.0079
0.0027
0.0000
0.0074
0.0074
59
4.33
0.0000
0.0030
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
84
6.14
0.0000
0.0010
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
94
5.75
0.0000
0.0003
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
82
4.84
1.22
0.44
0.0000
0.0010
0.0000
0.0029
0.0029
62
6.06
3.96
0.39
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
100
6.27
0.87
0.41
0.0000
0.0003
0.0000
0.0007
0.0007
62
6.19
1.69
0.30
0.0000
0.0003
0.0000
0.0007
0.0007
75
3.87
0.0000
0.0020
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
58
3.91
0.0000
0.0022
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
54
5.40
0.0000
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
67
4.89
0.0000
0.0163
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
80
4.80
0.0000
0.0005
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
56
5.23
0.0000
0.0020
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
58
5.12
0.0000
0.0004
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
60
4.12
0.0000
0.0025
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Ill
-------
50-100 hp
70
93
100
Table D5. 1999 MY Certification Data (cont.)
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated HP HC NOx HC+NOx CO PM HC wgt NOx wgt HC+NOx CO wgt PM wgt
5.59
5.35
5.73
Sales-wgt EF 0.517642 5.613376
Sample Size 27 91
6.569501
3
2.3468
7
33
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.45255
3 1.0000
31
0.0049
0.0005
0.0002
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
1.0000 1.0000
112
-------
Table D5. 1999 MY Certification Data (cont.)
100-175 hp Emission Factors (g/hp-hr) Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
167
0.34
5.26
1.05
0.18
0.0004
0.0003
0.0004
0.0004
108
6.47
0.0000
0.0005
0.0000
0.0000
100
0.35
6.08
0.70
0.28
0.1343
0.1074
0.1342
0.1355
125
0.23
6.21
0.47
0.16
0.0048
0.0039
0.0048
0.0049
155
0.38
4.23
0.75
0.35
0.1246
0.0996
0.1245
0.1257
110
6.06
0.0000
0.0014
0.0000
0.0000
165
6.24
0.0000
0.0373
0.0000
0.0000
166
4.95
0.0000
0.0030
0.0000
0.0000
100
0.35
6.08
0.70
0.28
0.2077
0.1660
0.2075
0.2095
125
0.23
6.21
0.47
0.16
0.1179
0.0942
0.1178
0.1189
158
6.53
0.0000
0.0020
0.0000
0.0000
109
6.41
0.0000
0.0020
0.0000
0.0000
133
6.50
0.0000
0.0020
0.0000
0.0000
141
4.97
0.0000
0.0020
0.0000
0.0000
172
4.83
0.0000
0.0020
0.0000
0.0000
168
0.11
6.17
0.63
0.13
0.0004
0.0003
0.0004
0.0004
162
0.62
6.11
0.90
0.29
0.0004
0.0003
0.0004
0.0004
135
0.40
5.70
1.75
0.29
0.2486
0.1987
0.2483
0.2507
155
6.39
0.0000
0.0022
0.0000
0.0000
108
6.55
0.0000
0.0102
0.0000
0.0000
157
6.65
0.0000
0.0074
0.0000
0.0000
103
0.57
6.26
1.58
0.39
0.0071
0.0056
0.0070
0.0071
144
0.53
6.08
0.55
0.28
0.0187
0.0150
0.0187
0.0189
144
6.61
0.0000
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
100
0.35
6.08
0.70
0.28
0.0100
0.0080
0.0100
0.0101
125
0.23
6.21
0.47
0.16
0.0014
0.0011
0.0014
0.0014
155
0.38
4.23
0.75
0.35
0.0165
0.0132
0.0165
0.0166
114
5.87
0.0000
0.0010
0.0000
0.0000
103
5.94
0.0000
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
151
5.60
0.0000
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
120
5.50
0.0000
0.0200
0.0000
0.0000
144
5.80
0.0000
0.0121
0.0000
0.0000
118
5.52
0.0000
0.0007
0.0000
0.0000
113
4.41
0.0000
0.0050
0.0000
0.0000
173
5.79
0.0000
0.0005
0.0000
0.0000
108
0.17
5.99
0.37
0.17
0.0515
0.0411
0.0514
0.0519
116
0.62
5.36
1.39
0.18
0.0101
0.0081
0.0101
0.0102
168
0.37
5.68
0.54
0.17
0.0257
0.0206
0.0257
0.0260
118
6.30
0.0000
0.0006
0.0000
0.0000
164
5.92
0.0000
0.0161
0.0000
0.0000
103
6.19
0.0000
0.0125
0.0000
0.0000
120
5.55
0.0000
0.0453
0.0000
0.0000
173
6.05
0.0000
0.0050
0.0000
0.0000
115
5.77
0.0000
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
135
0.45
6.68
0.92
0.24
0.0009
0.0007
0.0009
0.0009
113
-------
Table D5. 1999 MY Certification Data (cont.)
100-175 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
150
0.50
5.74
1.06
0.49
0.0009
0.0007
0.0009
0.0009
103
0.53
5.30
1.24
0.51
0.0021
0.0017
0.0021
0.0022
130
0.63
6.61
1.21
0.36
0.0015
0.0012
0.0015
0.0015
100
0.57
5.50
1.35
0.47
0.0028
0.0022
0.0028
0.0028
114
6.39
0.0000
0.0030
0.0000
0.0000
127
5.38
0.0000
0.0010
0.0000
0.0000
117
6.23
0.0000
0.0010
0.0000
0.0000
172
6.23
0.0000
0.0030
0.0000
0.0000
173
0.54
6.57
1.83
0.42
0.0013
0.0010
0.0013
0.0013
123
4.12
0.64
0.0000
0.0003
0.0003
0.0000
122
0.07
5.75
1.06
0.43
0.0010
0.0008
0.0010
0.0010
142
5.92
1.33
0.31
0.0000
0.0005
0.0007
0.0007
138
6.68
0.0000
0.0005
0.0000
0.0000
161
0.23
5.96
0.83
0.0094
0.0075
0.0093
0.0000
Sales-wgt
EF
0.351590
5.749792
0.937310
0.270345
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Sample Size
25
59
27
25
114
-------
Table D5. 1999 MY Certification Data (cont.)
175-300 hp Emission Factors (g/hp-hr) Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
257
0.43
6.43
0.76
0.20
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
200
0.26
5.13
0.60
0.22
0.0290
0.0290
0.0290
0.0290
215
0.32
5.51
0.55
0.32
0.0136
0.0136
0.0136
0.0136
260
0.44
5.82
0.70
0.27
0.0091
0.0091
0.0091
0.0091
240
0.29
5.38
0.49
0.27
0.0091
0.0091
0.0091
0.0091
280
0.47
5.47
0.52
0.23
0.0207
0.0207
0.0207
0.0207
275
0.11
4.56
1.26
0.26
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
205
0.19
5.96
1.73
0.25
0.0041
0.0041
0.0041
0.0041
255
0.08
6.20
0.96
0.27
0.0108
0.0108
0.0108
0.0108
294
0.09
5.45
2.19
0.34
0.0041
0.0041
0.0041
0.0041
260
0.36
5.73
1.30
0.39
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
225
0.41
5.70
0.84
0.22
0.0252
0.0252
0.0252
0.0252
240
0.10
5.06
0.38
0.15
0.0414
0.0414
0.0414
0.0414
200
0.26
5.13
0.60
0.22
0.0746
0.0746
0.0746
0.0746
215
0.32
5.51
0.55
0.32
0.0787
0.0787
0.0787
0.0787
260
0.44
5.82
0.70
0.27
0.0575
0.0575
0.0575
0.0575
240
0.29
5.38
0.49
0.27
0.0828
0.0828
0.0828
0.0828
280
0.47
5.47
0.52
0.23
0.0083
0.0083
0.0083
0.0083
200
0.25
5.43
1.23
0.35
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
253
0.34
6.58
0.57
0.20
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
296
0.31
6.41
0.96
0.25
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
261
0.47
6.06
0.89
0.27
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
248
0.34
5.31
1.04
0.35
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
275
0.14
5.38
0.48
0.14
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
220
0.20
5.87
0.72
0.27
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
234
0.19
5.45
0.62
0.25
0.0108
0.0108
0.0108
0.0108
196
0.28
5.44
0.65
0.28
0.2781
0.2781
0.2781
0.2781
197
0.23
5.52
0.75
0.29
0.0097
0.0097
0.0097
0.0097
294
0.38
5.99
0.95
0.23
0.0988
0.0988
0.0988
0.0988
285
0.46
6.51
1.19
0.22
0.0146
0.0146
0.0146
0.0146
216
0.59
6.20
1.55
0.28
0.0260
0.0260
0.0260
0.0260
285
0.47
4.59
0.73
0.26
0.0040
0.0040
0.0040
0.0040
237
0.78
6.32
1.31
0.38
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
196
0.35
6.52
0.95
0.36
0.0017
0.0017
0.0017
0.0017
187
0.26
5.99
0.73
0.15
0.0039
0.0039
0.0039
0.0039
186
0.34
6.28
0.69
0.23
0.0017
0.0017
0.0017
0.0017
189
0.37
5.87
0.76
0.35
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
249
0.48
6.37
1.08
0.24
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
243
0.40
5.88
1.67
0.37
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
241
0.41
6.44
1.11
0.34
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
227
0.51
6.72
1.07
0.33
0.0034
0.0034
0.0034
0.0034
193
0.60
6.69
0.85
0.21
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
200
0.26
5.13
0.60
0.22
0.0034
0.0034
0.0034
0.0034
215
0.32
5.51
0.55
0.32
0.0046
0.0046
0.0046
0.0046
240
0.29
5.38
0.49
0.27
0.0049
0.0049
0.0049
0.0049
115
-------
Table D5. 1999 MY Certification Data (cont.)
175-300 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
280
0.47
5.47
0.52
0.23
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
189
0.31
5.40
0.92
0.21
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
252
0.22
6.23
0.30
0.23
0.0026
0.0026
0.0026
0.0026
211
0.37
5.42
0.57
0.22
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
253
0.23
5.28
0.47
0.27
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
244
0.39
6.24
0.74
0.18
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
247
0.57
6.13
0.69
0.17
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
184
0.30
6.70
0.61
0.18
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
280
0.19
5.68
0.51
0.18
0.0017
0.0017
0.0017
0.0017
298
0.37
6.32
1.16
0.30
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
225
0.11
6.63
0.57
0.13
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
210
0.13
6.73
1.77
0.21
0.0019
0.0019
0.0019
0.0019
210
0.12
6.55
1.15
0.20
0.0017
0.0017
0.0017
0.0017
225
0.14
6.73
0.64
0.16
0.0017
0.0017
0.0017
0.0017
286
0.39
5.07
0.50
0.20
0.0246
0.0246
0.0246
0.0246
190
0.66
6.08
1.56
0.40
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
268
0.44
6.50
0.50
0.22
0.0013
0.0013
0.0013
0.0013
177
0.34
6.20
0.89
0.28
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
182
0.42
6.43
0.87
0.30
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
207
0.44
6.59
1.15
0.36
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
217
0.36
5.49
1.00
0.22
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
183
0.54
6.63
0.81
0.34
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
227
0.35
6.34
0.51
0.27
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
244
0.19
6.30
1.66
0.36
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
272
0.35
6.44
1.09
0.23
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
255
0.25
5.89
0.40
0.13
0.0055
0.0055
0.0055
0.0055
Sales-wgt
EF
0.314974
5.549376
0.695869
0.257528
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Sample Size
71
71
71
71
116
-------
Table D5. 1999 MY Certification Data (cont.)
300-600 hp Emission Factors (g/hp-hr) Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
310
0.34
5.48
0.79
0.13
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
415
0.10
4.65
0.40
0.08
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
340
0.12
3.91
0.56
0.17
0.0271
0.0271
0.0271
0.0271
300
0.08
5.78
0.43
0.13
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
425
0.90
6.38
2.17
0.16
0.0522
0.0522
0.0522
0.0522
300
0.28
6.13
0.81
0.36
0.0049
0.0049
0.0049
0.0049
330
0.33
5.28
1.07
0.36
0.0060
0.0060
0.0060
0.0060
397
0.19
4.65
1.35
0.19
0.0027
0.0027
0.0027
0.0027
362
0.16
5.49
1.57
0.21
0.1859
0.1859
0.1859
0.1859
500
0.13
6.10
1.67
0.17
0.0260
0.0260
0.0260
0.0260
455
0.12
5.48
0.82
0.17
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
599
0.04
6.59
2.67
0.33
0.0763
0.0763
0.0763
0.0763
535
0.08
5.79
2.10
0.34
0.0060
0.0060
0.0060
0.0060
350
0.22
6.52
1.17
0.20
0.0597
0.0597
0.0597
0.0597
430
0.14
6.29
0.34
0.13
0.0199
0.0199
0.0199
0.0199
480
0.17
6.85
1.16
0.18
0.1809
0.1809
0.1809
0.1809
525
0.16
6.52
0.65
0.16
0.0109
0.0109
0.0109
0.0109
336
0.14
5.48
0.45
0.15
0.0071
0.0071
0.0071
0.0071
422
0.15
4.97
0.40
0.11
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
563
0.14
5.11
0.40
0.11
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
308
0.28
5.68
0.45
0.20
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
335
0.27
5.51
0.74
0.28
0.0027
0.0027
0.0027
0.0027
543
0.22
5.66
0.54
0.25
0.0099
0.0099
0.0099
0.0099
336
0.37
4.65
0.68
0.25
0.0282
0.0282
0.0282
0.0282
336
0.41
5.99
1.31
0.30
0.0072
0.0072
0.0072
0.0072
339
0.21
5.72
0.92
0.15
0.0035
0.0035
0.0035
0.0035
399
0.18
5.33
0.91
0.15
0.0047
0.0047
0.0047
0.0047
517
0.17
5.74
0.37
0.13
0.0575
0.0575
0.0575
0.0575
401
0.23
6.02
0.50
0.14
0.0158
0.0158
0.0158
0.0158
431
0.17
5.59
0.43
0.15
0.0071
0.0071
0.0071
0.0071
361
0.20
5.77
0.62
0.16
0.0061
0.0061
0.0061
0.0061
350
0.08
5.74
2.10
0.15
0.0089
0.0089
0.0089
0.0089
313
0.13
6.38
0.59
0.14
0.0116
0.0116
0.0116
0.0116
430
0.35
6.64
0.56
0.19
0.0022
0.0022
0.0022
0.0022
425
0.08
6.44
0.76
0.16
0.0689
0.0689
0.0689
0.0689
586
0.20
4.64
0.45
0.18
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
329
0.26
6.38
0.61
0.19
0.0025
0.0025
0.0025
0.0025
590
0.34
6.40
0.72
0.24
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
335
0.26
6.17
1.05
0.32
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
306
0.24
6.29
0.72
0.37
0.0137
0.0137
0.0137
0.0137
326
0.50
4.04
0.43
0.14
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
493
0.16
4.26
1.04
0.22
0.0014
0.0014
0.0014
0.0014
493
0.16
5.89
0.95
0.28
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
335
0.19
5.78
0.41
0.18
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
375
0.22
5.72
0.32
0.20
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
117
-------
Table D5. 1999 MY Certification Data (cont.)
300-600 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
525
0.17
6.06
0.60
0.23
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
571
0.31
3.98
0.48
0.17
0.0022
0.0022
0.0022
0.0022
475
0.28
4.09
0.46
0.15
0.0022
0.0022
0.0022
0.0022
327
0.22
6.39
0.46
0.14
0.0022
0.0022
0.0022
0.0022
327
0.24
6.11
0.48
0.13
0.0022
0.0022
0.0022
0.0022
330
0.07
5.07
0.44
0.10
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
330
0.04
5.64
0.40
0.16
0.0116
0.0116
0.0116
0.0116
313
0.27
6.26
0.31
0.06
0.0134
0.0134
0.0134
0.0134
381
0.21
6.55
0.61
0.08
0.0186
0.0186
0.0186
0.0186
496
0.13
6.12
0.28
0.07
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
Sales-wgt
EF
0.201521
6.049760
1.201752
0.192703
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Sample Size
55
55
55
55
Table D5. 1999 MY Certification Data (cont.)
600-750 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
660
0.05
6.24
0.83
0.14
0.1765
0.1765
0.1765
0.1765
740
0.05
5.68
1.57
0.25
0.2857
0.2857
0.2857
0.2857
640
0.11
5.62
0.83
0.19
0.0071
0.0071
0.0071
0.0071
730
0.06
5.04
0.99
0.19
0.0903
0.0903
0.0903
0.0903
740
0.10
5.53
1.62
0.33
0.0429
0.0429
0.0429
0.0429
600
0.26
6.02
1.78
0.24
0.1618
0.1618
0.1618
0.1618
686
0.20
5.70
0.65
0.30
0.0139
0.0139
0.0139
0.0139
750
0.07
5.84
0.90
0.16
0.0113
0.0113
0.0113
0.0113
750
0.07
5.90
1.29
0.22
0.0588
0.0588
0.0588
0.0588
750
0.06
4.48
1.43
0.24
0.0597
0.0597
0.0597
0.0597
750
0.35
5.80
1.48
0.30
0.0828
0.0828
0.0828
0.0828
641
0.26
5.84
0.83
0.18
0.0046
0.0046
0.0046
0.0046
740
0.24
5.85
1.37
0.28
0.0046
0.0046
0.0046
0.0046
Sales-wgt
EF
0.118392
5.723896
1.361031
0.227162
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Sample Size
13
13
13
13
118
-------
Table D6. 2000 MY Certification Data
0-11 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
HC frac of
HC wgt
NOx wgt
HC+NOx
CO wgt
PM wgt
HC+NOx*
wgt
6
6.57
7.33
4.20
0.07
0.0000
0.1007
0.0289
0.0289
0.0289
6
5.28
7.78
3.16
0.12
0.0000
0.0280
0.0080
0.0080
0.0080
10
3.36
1.04
0.28
0.0000
0.0000
0.0088
0.0088
0.0088
7
3.82
2.11
0.35
0.0000
0.0000
0.0096
0.0096
0.0096
7
3.77
2.95
0.33
0.0000
0.0000
0.0225
0.0225
0.0225
11
5.45
4.10
0.24
0.0000
0.0000
0.0096
0.0096
0.0096
10
5.23
1.68
0.21
0.0000
0.0000
0.0193
0.0193
0.0193
7
6.54
3.81
0.43
0.0000
0.0000
0.0123
0.0123
0.0123
8
5.76
4.50
0.52
0.0000
0.0000
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
10
5.03
4.21
0.42
0.0000
0.0000
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
4
0.78
5.18
5.96
3.93
0.66
0.131414
0.1309
0.1141
0.0328
0.0328
0.0328
7
0.71
4.82
5.53
3.83
0.57
0.128205
0.6675
0.5817
0.1672
0.1672
0.1672
8
0.58
5.74
6.32
3.29
0.45
0.091981
0.1309
0.1141
0.0328
0.0328
0.0328
11
0.57
5.10
5.67
3.18
0.54
0.101183
0.0706
0.0615
0.0177
0.0177
0.0177
4
6.61
5.00
0.50
0.0000
0.0000
0.2089
0.2089
0.2089
7
6.25
5.03
0.49
0.0000
0.0000
0.1607
0.1607
0.1607
10
6.30
3.84
0.39
0.0000
0.0000
0.1832
0.1832
0.1832
7
6.57
3.61
0.48
0.0000
0.0000
0.0164
0.0164
0.0164
10
3.72
1.91
0.35
0.0000
0.0000
0.0501
0.0501
0.0501
9
3.88
3.84
0.33
0.0000
0.0000
0.0096
0.0096
0.0096
Sales-wgt
EF
0.692103
5.170337
5.966223
4.051366
0.452858
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Sample
Size
4
6
20
20
20
0.113196
Calc HC*
0.675351
Calc NOx* 5.290871
* HC fraction of HC+NOx = HC ^ (HC+NOx). The average HC fraction is not a sales-weighted average.
Calculated HC = (avg HC fraction of HC+NOx) * (sales-wgt avg HC+NOx).
Calculated NOx = (1- avg HC fraction of HC+NOx) * (sales-wgt avg HC+NOx).
119
-------
11-25 hp
Rated HP
Table D6.
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
HC
NOx HC+NOx
CO
2000 MY Certification Data
Sales Weightings
PM HC frac of HC wgt NOx wgt HC+NOx CO wgt PM wgt
HC+NOx* wgt
19
5.02
1.36
0.45
0.0000
0.0000
0.0030
0.0032
0.0030
17
0.58
3.79
4.37
3.82
0.57
0.131868
0.0373
0.0289
0.0051
0.0053
0.0051
25
0.45
4.07
4.52
3.09
0.38
0.099558
0.1493
0.1156
0.0203
0.0211
0.0203
21
4.30
1.74
0.24
0.0000
0.0000
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
17
5.26
1.69
0.39
0.0000
0.0000
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
18
5.15
0.77
0.23
0.0000
0.0000
0.0013
0.0014
0.0013
23
3.98
1.08
0.26
0.0000
0.0000
0.0034
0.0035
0.0034
11
4.88
1.88
0.50
0.0000
0.0000
0.0026
0.0027
0.0026
17
4.38
2.36
0.52
0.0000
0.0000
0.0140
0.0146
0.0140
12
5.54
2.57
0.33
0.0000
0.0000
0.0081
0.0084
0.0081
18
1.10
4.96
0.56
0.0000
0.2254
0.0395
0.0000
0.0395
21
3.68
1.34
0.57
0.0000
0.0000
0.0130
0.0135
0.0130
24
3.54
1.06
0.30
0.0000
0.0000
0.0020
0.0021
0.0020
24
5.67
1.66
0.56
0.0000
0.0000
0.0022
0.0023
0.0022
25
6.45
1.20
0.41
0.0000
0.0000
0.0022
0.0023
0.0022
19
3.40
0.99
0.37
0.0000
0.0000
0.0028
0.0029
0.0028
18
0.17
5.59
5.76
0.97
0.54
0.028849
0.0033
0.0025
0.0004
0.0005
0.0004
17
0.10
3.48
3.58
0.56
0.33
0.027933
0.1866
0.1445
0.0253
0.0264
0.0253
25
0.11
3.38
3.49
0.56
0.30
0.030399
0.0974
0.0754
0.0132
0.0138
0.0132
12
5.53
2.77
0.22
0.0000
0.0000
0.3139
0.3268
0.3139
23
4.30
1.73
0.14
0.0000
0.0000
0.0810
0.0843
0.0810
22
4.66
1.50
0.12
0.0000
0.0000
0.0253
0.0264
0.0253
20
5.66
2.23
0.21
0.0000
0.0000
0.0041
0.0042
0.0041
16
4.02
3.13
0.19
0.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
19
6.24
4.15
0.43
0.0000
0.0000
0.0223
0.0232
0.0223
21
4.30
1.74
0.24
0.0000
0.0000
0.0046
0.0047
0.0046
18
5.97
2.73
0.50
0.0000
0.0000
0.0152
0.0158
0.0152
21
4.10
2.24
0.35
0.0000
0.0000
0.0101
0.0105
0.0101
15
0.72
5.29
6.02
3.70
0.43
0.120198
0.0410
0.0318
0.0056
0.0058
0.0056
15
0.43
5.70
6.12
2.41
0.39
0.069428
0.0784
0.0607
0.0106
0.0111
0.0106
16
0.57
5.62
6.19
3.00
0.37
0.092771
0.0187
0.0145
0.0025
0.0026
0.0025
22
0.77
5.17
5.94
3.04
0.45
0.129397
0.3881
0.3006
0.0527
0.0548
0.0527
12
5.03
2.95
0.26
0.0000
0.0000
0.0010
0.0011
0.0010
16
4.46
2.98
0.35
0.0000
0.0000
0.0450
0.0468
0.0450
12
3.17
1.47
0.30
0.0000
0.0000
0.0505
0.0526
0.0505
19
4.29
1.28
0.08
0.0000
0.0000
0.0284
0.0295
0.0284
22
3.47
2.27
0.19
0.0000
0.0000
0.0374
0.0390
0.0374
24
5.63
0.90
0.25
0.0000
0.0000
0.0837
0.0872
0.0837
17
4.88
1.55
0.42
0.0000
0.0000
0.0398
0.0414
0.0398
18
3.24
1.91
0.32
0.0000
0.0000
0.0061
0.0063
0.0061
Sales-wgt
EF
0.489983
3.749647
4.948900
2.207041
0.289982
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Sample
Size
9
10
40
39
40
0.081156
Calc HC*
0.401631
120
-------
Table D6. 2000 MY Certification Data
11 -25 hp Emission Factors (g/hp-hr) Sales Weightings
Rated HP HC NOx HC+NOx CO PM HCfracof HCwgt NOxwgt HC+NOx COwgt PMwgt
HC+NOx* wgt
Calc NOx* 4.547269
* HC fraction of HC+NOx = HC ^ (HC+NOx). The average HC fraction is not a sales-weighted average.
Calculated HC = (avg HC fraction of HC+NOx) * (sales-wgt avg HC+NOx).
Calculated NOx = (1- avg HC fraction of HC+NOx) * (sales-wgt avg HC+NOx).
121
-------
Table D6. 2000 MY Certification Data (cont.)
25-50 hp Emission Factors (g/hp-hr) Sales Weightings
HC+NOx*
wgt
42
6.52
3.35
0.42
0.0000
0.0000
0.0025
0.0025
0.0025
25
5.31
1.49
0.50
0.0000
0.0000
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
28
4.92
1.56
0.54
0.0000
0.0000
0.0022
0.0022
0.0022
34
5.21
1.44
0.38
0.0000
0.0000
0.0069
0.0069
0.0069
45
5.95
0.48
0.26
0.0000
0.0000
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
36
3.12
1.31
0.39
0.0000
0.0000
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
38
3.62
2.13
0.51
0.0000
0.0000
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
30
2.79
3.06
0.46
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
50
6.14
0.0000
0.1584
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
30
6.94
1.64
0.27
0.0000
0.0000
0.0390
0.0390
0.0390
38
6.69
1.92
0.32
0.0000
0.0000
0.0133
0.0133
0.0133
46
6.65
2.29
0.35
0.0000
0.0000
0.0123
0.0123
0.0123
35
5.68
1.74
0.21
0.0000
0.0000
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
39
6.58
1.84
0.11
0.0000
0.0000
0.0051
0.0051
0.0051
47
5.84
1.35
0.09
0.0000
0.0000
0.0044
0.0044
0.0044
25
4.35
0.64
0.13
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
28
3.76
1.24
0.20
0.0000
0.0000
0.0022
0.0022
0.0022
30
3.86
0.83
0.17
0.0000
0.0000
0.0030
0.0030
0.0030
40
4.50
0.62
0.20
0.0000
0.0000
0.0013
0.0013
0.0013
47
3.38
0.87
0.27
0.0000
0.0000
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
26
3.18
0.98
0.37
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
27
5.66
1.62
0.56
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
29
4.11
1.16
0.35
0.0000
0.0000
0.0160
0.0159
0.0159
40
2.78
1.62
0.42
0.0000
0.0000
0.0379
0.0379
0.0379
45
4.04
0.87
0.38
0.0000
0.0000
0.0147
0.0147
0.0147
28
3.57
2.65
0.43
0.0000
0.0000
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
39
4.35
1.89
0.45
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
28
0.13
4.23
4.36
1.33
0.54
0.029817
0.0267
0.0167
0.0019
0.0019
0.0019
37
0.16
3.56
3.72
2.30
0.58
0.041678
0.0595
0.0372
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
37
0.67
6.00
6.67
3.55
0.42
0.10051
0.0017
0.0010
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
27
0.11
4.52
4.63
0.57
0.31
0.023758
0.0017
0.0010
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
27
0.09
3.95
4.04
0.82
0.46
0.021308
0.0278
0.0173
0.0020
0.0020
0.0020
37
0.85
4.85
5.56
2.55
0.38
0.149123
0.0076
0.0047
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
35
0.08
4.56
4.64
0.90
0.40
0.017234
0.0216
0.0135
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
40
0.69
6.19
6.88
1.62
0.25
0.100291
0.0056
0.0035
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
35
0.56
4.54
5.10
1.52
0.48
0.109804
0.7065
0.4409
0.0509
0.0509
0.0509
46
0.04
3.75
3.79
0.68
0.33
0.010554
0.0014
0.0009
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
34
0.14
3.66
3.80
0.98
0.50
0.036842
0.0734
0.0458
0.0053
0.0053
0.0053
47
0.12
6.71
6.83
0.74
0.30
0.01757
0.0050
0.0031
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
48
0.64
6.36
7.00
1.46
0.31
0.091429
0.0151
0.0094
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
38
6.16
1.66
0.41
0.0000
0.0000
0.0363
0.0363
0.0363
26
4.64
1.30
0.28
0.0000
0.0000
0.0076
0.0076
0.0076
31
3.80
1.16
0.36
0.0000
0.0000
0.0400
0.0400
0.0400
42
3.84
0.77
0.24
0.0000
0.0000
0.0073
0.0073
0.0073
122
-------
Table D6. 2000 MY Certification Data (cont.)
25-50 hp Emission Factors (g/hp-hr) Sales Weightings
Rated HP HC NOx HC+NOx CO PM HCfracof HCwgt NOxwgt HC+NOx COwgt PMwgt
HC+NOx*
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.034632 0.0465
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
26
4.46
0.96
0.35
41
4.81
0.75
0.25
31
5.27
0.74
0.19
31
5.11
0.80
0.26
37
4.47
0.80
0.29
49
5.95
1.93
0.43
38
5.99
1.58
0.36
48
4.63
0.93
0.23
40
0.18
4.99
5.17
0.94
0.48
30
2.79
3.06
0.46
38
3.62
2.13
0.51
26
2.62
1.83
0.25
25
5.78
3.66
0.43
33
2.37
1.58
0.53
36
5.73
6.06
1.07
0.33
30
5.29
1.50
0.33
35
5.15
5.48
1.61
0.36
40
4.62
5.53
2.57
0.22
42
6.35
1.01
0.13
44
4.82
5.56
1.69
0.34
40
6.36
1.33
0.33
38
6.00
1.25
0.36
30
6.51
3.22
0.50
42
6.07
0.70
0.31
39
4.73
1.01
0.34
45
5.62
1.30
0.38
49
4.09
0.80
0.25
44
6.19
1.09
0.53
47
5.32
5.81
2.45
0.44
43
6.35
2.33
0.26
41
6.35
0.95
0.32
48
6.25
1.59
0.28
26
5.45
2.00
0.15
28
5.78
3.61
0.40
25
5.53
2.91
0.37
30
5.82
2.93
0.35
25
5.91
3.45
0.24
33
5.76
2.74
0.28
41
5.97
1.35
0.49
29
5.82
2.82
0.25
37
6.76
1.71
0.40
25
6.01
3.03
0.32
37
6.03
2.59
0.35
25
6.09
3.03
0.20
wgt
0.0000
0.0545
0.0545
0.0545
0.0000
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
0.0000
0.0309
0.0309
0.0309
0.0000
0.0582
0.0581
0.0581
0.0000
0.2108
0.2107
0.2107
0.0000
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0000
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0000
0.0031
0.0031
0.0031
0.0290
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0000
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
0.0000
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0000
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0000
0.0013
0.0013
0.0013
0.0441
0.0051
0.0051
0.0051
0.0000
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0157
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0236
0.0027
0.0027
0.0027
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0157
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0000
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0000
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0000
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
0.0000
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0000
0.0138
0.0138
0.0138
0.0000
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
0.0000
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
0.0000
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
0.0693
0.0080
0.0080
0.0080
0.0000
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0055
0.0000
0.0006
0.0006
0.0000
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0000
0.0236
0.0236
0.0236
0.0000
0.0096
0.0096
0.0096
0.0000
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0000
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0000
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0000
0.0230
0.0230
0.0230
0.0000
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
0.0000
0.0070
0.0070
0.0070
0.0000
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0000
0.0222
0.0222
0.0222
0.0000
0.0181
0.0181
0.0181
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
123
-------
Table D6. 2000 MY Certification Data (cont.)
25-50 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
HC frac of
HCwgt NOxwgt HC+NOx
CO wgt
PM wgt
HC+NOx*
wgt
30
6.07
3.01
0.38
0.0000
0.0000
0.0117
0.0117
0.0117
45
5.85
3.21
0.45
0.0000
0.0000
0.0291
0.0291
0.0291
38
5.79
3.23
0.39
0.0000
0.0000
0.0027
0.0027
0.0027
48
6.00
1.56
0.44
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
34
5.94
1.87
0.34
0.0000
0.0000
0.0715
0.0715
0.0715
50
4.85
0.0000
0.0435
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
46
6.01
2.54
0.20
0.0000
0.0000
0.0064
0.0064
0.0064
41
5.76
2.79
0.33
0.0000
0.0000
0.0042
0.0042
0.0042
27
3.04
0.98
0.40
0.0000
0.0000
0.0023
0.0023
0.0023
39
5.53
1.96
0.26
0.0000
0.0000
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
Sales-wgt
EF
0.452946 4.893606
5.083919
1.522782
0.331337
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Sample
Size
14 22
95
96
96
0.056039
Calc HC*
Calc NOx*
0.284899
4.799020
* HC fraction of HC+NOx = HC ^ (HC+NOx). The average HC fraction is not a sales-weighted average.
Calculated HC = (avg HC fraction of HC+NOx) * (sales-wgt avg HC+NOx).
Calculated NOx = (1- avg HC fraction of HC+NOx) * (sales-wgt avg HC+NOx).
124
-------
Table D6. 2000 MY Certification Data (cont.)
50-100 hp Emission Factors (g/hp-hr) Sales Weightings
Rated HP HC NOx HC+NOx CO PM HCwgt NOxwgt HC+NOx COwgt PMwgt
wgt
67
6.40
0.0000
0.0035
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
79
5.74
0.0000
0.0015
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
96
5.81
0.0000
0.0005
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
80
0.48
7.61
4.32
0.56
0.1534
0.0381
0.0000
0.1520
0.1572
67
0.75
6.35
1.96
0.34
0.0219
0.0054
0.0000
0.0217
0.0225
75
0.70
5.68
2.28
0.49
0.1315
0.0327
0.0000
0.1303
0.1348
85
0.48
6.14
1.03
0.35
0.0418
0.0104
0.0000
0.0415
0.0429
56
0.46
5.71
2.19
0.29
0.0418
0.0104
0.0000
0.0415
0.0429
75
0.70
5.68
2.28
0.49
0.0279
0.0069
0.0000
0.0276
0.0286
98
0.71
6.30
1.68
0.21
0.0005
0.0001
0.0000
0.0005
0.0005
62
6.23
0.0000
0.0010
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
57
6.20
0.0000
0.0010
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
55
5.80
0.0000
0.0010
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
64
5.92
0.0000
0.0049
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
82
5.23
0.0000
0.0802
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
53
6.32
0.0000
0.0217
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
83
6.47
0.0000
0.0029
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
65
6.20
0.0000
0.0174
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
84
6.79
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
68
6.70
0.0000
0.0030
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
51
5.38
0.0000
0.0015
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
56
5.21
0.0000
0.0042
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
78
6.22
0.0000
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
52
4.59
0.0000
0.0188
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
50
3.43
0.0000
0.0079
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
52
0.17
5.22
1.18
0.45
0.0094
0.0023
0.0000
0.0093
0.0096
51
1.44
5.79
3.90
0.38
0.0110
0.0027
0.0000
0.0109
0.0112
54
0.69
4.15
1.45
0.36
0.0240
0.0060
0.0000
0.0238
0.0246
51
0.60
6.68
3.04
0.63
0.0011
0.0003
0.0000
0.0011
0.0011
55
0.39
6.16
0.98
0.28
0.0163
0.0041
0.0000
0.0162
0.0167
64
0.43
5.62
2.17
0.60
0.0076
0.0019
0.0000
0.0075
0.0078
76
0.29
5.35
1.08
0.51
0.0149
0.0037
0.0000
0.0148
0.0153
51
0.41
5.34
2.22
0.64
0.0087
0.0022
0.0000
0.0086
0.0089
56
0.48
4.88
0.46
0.27
0.0014
0.0003
0.0000
0.0014
0.0014
83
0.49
4.80
0.76
0.34
0.0099
0.0025
0.0000
0.0098
0.0101
91
0.42
6.63
1.32
0.54
0.0378
0.0094
0.0000
0.0375
0.0388
79
0.55
5.25
2.47
0.55
0.0335
0.0083
0.0000
0.0332
0.0344
86
0.46
4.98
0.83
0.38
0.0013
0.0003
0.0000
0.0013
0.0013
86
0.35
5.09
0.67
0.21
0.0013
0.0003
0.0000
0.0013
0.0014
53
6.56
0.0000
0.0478
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
51
0.05
3.56
0.75
0.20
0.0159
0.0040
0.0000
0.0158
0.0163
78
0.49
3.77
3.00
0.52
0.0159
0.0040
0.0000
0.0158
0.0163
74
0.76
4.70
2.06
0.32
0.0199
0.0050
0.0000
0.0197
0.0204
80
0.72
5.78
3.26
0.51
0.0060
0.0015
0.0000
0.0059
0.0061
125
-------
Table D6. 2000 MY Certification Data (cont.)
50-100 hp Emission Factors (g/hp-hr) Sales Weightings
Rated HP HC NOx HC+NOx CO PM HCwgt NOxwgt HC+NOx COwgt PMwgt
wgt
98
0.71
6.30
1.68
0.21
0.0050
0.0012
0.0000
0.0049
0.0051
56
0.46
5.71
2.19
0.29
0.0002
0.0001
0.0000
0.0002
0.0002
85
0.48
6.14
1.03
0.35
0.0002
0.0001
0.0000
0.0002
0.0002
59
4.37
0.0000
0.0119
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
51
5.12
0.0000
0.0005
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
56
4.18
0.0000
0.0114
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
89
3.57
0.0000
0.0178
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
73
3.68
0.0000
0.0124
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
86
5.42
0.0000
0.0104
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
93
4.71
0.0000
0.0114
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
72
4.31
0.0000
0.0054
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
54
0.54
6.31
2.42
0.0157
0.0039
0.0000
0.0156
0.0000
65
0.05
4.18
4.24
0.90
0.0178
0.0044
1.0000
0.0177
0.0000
59
3.34
0.0000
0.0003
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
53
4.60
0.0000
0.0015
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
56
5.95
0.0000
0.0005
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
54
2.62
0.0000
0.0048
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
63
5.06
0.0000
0.0006
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
57
4.46
0.0000
0.0052
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
55
2.91
0.0000
0.0014
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
51
5.35
0.0000
0.0154
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
87
5.92
0.0000
0.0154
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
52
6.32
0.0000
0.0050
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
89
6.40
0.0000
0.0025
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
67
0.22
5.71
1.01
0.54
0.1915
0.0476
0.0000
0.1898
0.1963
92
0.35
6.16
1.22
0.29
0.0992
0.0247
0.0000
0.0983
0.1017
55
2.62
0.0000
0.0012
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
59
5.90
0.0000
0.0012
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
85
2.18
0.0000
0.0013
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
64
5.58
0.0000
0.0124
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
79
6.16
0.0000
0.0067
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
58
3.23
0.0000
0.0109
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
52
6.62
0.0000
0.0097
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
64
5.13
0.0000
0.0045
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
60
6.06
0.0000
0.0258
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
96
5.09
0.0000
0.1312
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
68
5.85
0.0000
0.0669
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
52
5.97
0.0000
0.0421
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
68
6.11
0.0000
0.0099
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
80
0.83
6.00
3.19
0.63
0.0060
0.0015
0.0000
0.0059
0.0061
80
0.86
5.40
4.00
0.64
0.0075
0.0019
0.0000
0.0074
0.0077
59
3.58
0.0000
0.0030
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
84
6.14
0.0000
0.0010
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
94
5.75
0.0000
0.0003
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
126
-------
Table D6. 2000 MY Certification Data (cont.)
50-100 hp Emission Factors (g/hp-hr) Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
HCwgt NOxwgt HC+NOx
CO wgt
PM wgt
wgt
50
5.80
1.78
0.38
0.0000
0.0008
0.0000
0.0034
0.0035
77
0.03
3.55
0.15
0.18
0.0021
0.0005
0.0000
0.0021
0.0021
59
5.59
0.96
0.45
0.0000
0.0010
0.0000
0.0040
0.0042
100
6.27
0.87
0.33
0.0000
0.0004
0.0000
0.0015
0.0015
75
3.87
0.0000
0.0015
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
58
3.91
0.0000
0.0020
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
54
5.40
0.0000
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
67
4.89
0.0000
0.0163
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
80
4.80
0.0000
0.0005
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
56
5.23
0.0000
0.0016
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
58
5.12
0.0000
0.0157
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
60
4.12
0.0000
0.0025
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
70
5.59
0.0000
0.0138
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
58
5.72
0.0000
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
95
5.10
0.0000
0.0030
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
100
5.73
0.0000
0.0114
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Sales-wgt
0.4628
EF
9
5.494892
4.235576
2.04706 0.46043
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Sample
Size
35
104
1
38
36
127
-------
Table D6. 2000 MY Certification Data (cont.)
100-175 hp Emission Factors (g/hp-hr) Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
173
0.33
6.37
0.78
0.11
0.0006
0.0004
0.0006
0.0006
108
6.47
0.0000
0.0007
0.0000
0.0000
143
6.09
0.0000
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
100
0.35
6.08
0.70
0.28
0.2138
0.1425
0.2133
0.2164
125
0.23
6.21
0.47
0.16
0.0077
0.0051
0.0077
0.0078
118
0.25
4.53
0.54
0.22
0.0165
0.0110
0.0165
0.0167
155
0.38
4.23
0.75
0.35
0.1983
0.1322
0.1979
0.2008
110
6.06
0.0000
0.0019
0.0000
0.0000
165
6.24
0.0000
0.0495
0.0000
0.0000
166
4.95
0.0000
0.0040
0.0000
0.0000
125
0.23
6.21
0.47
0.16
0.1202
0.0801
0.1200
0.1217
118
0.25
4.53
0.54
0.22
0.0165
0.0110
0.0165
0.0167
144
4.97
0.0000
0.0026
0.0000
0.0000
109
6.41
0.0000
0.0026
0.0000
0.0000
133
6.50
0.0000
0.0026
0.0000
0.0000
168
0.11
6.17
0.63
0.13
0.0009
0.0006
0.0009
0.0009
155
6.39
0.0000
0.0170
0.0000
0.0000
109
6.32
0.53
0.13
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
157
6.65
0.0000
0.0116
0.0000
0.0000
121
0.49
4.30
1.23
0.28
0.0013
0.0009
0.0013
0.0013
134
0.34
4.30
1.00
0.24
0.0007
0.0004
0.0007
0.0007
103
0.57
6.26
1.58
0.39
0.0127
0.0085
0.0127
0.0129
153
0.51
5.65
0.49
0.26
0.0145
0.0097
0.0145
0.0147
164
0.47
4.67
1.06
0.23
0.0033
0.0022
0.0033
0.0033
139
0.52
4.30
1.25
0.19
0.0012
0.0008
0.0012
0.0012
144
6.61
0.0000
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
100
0.35
6.08
0.70
0.28
0.0881
0.0588
0.0880
0.0892
125
0.23
6.21
0.47
0.16
0.0220
0.0147
0.0220
0.0223
155
0.38
4.23
0.75
0.35
0.1102
0.0735
0.1100
0.1115
125
5.74
0.0000
0.0134
0.0000
0.0000
103
5.94
0.0000
0.0005
0.0000
0.0000
151
5.60
0.0000
0.0005
0.0000
0.0000
120
5.50
0.0000
0.0414
0.0000
0.0000
144
5.80
0.0000
0.0494
0.0000
0.0000
118
5.52
0.0000
0.0009
0.0000
0.0000
113
4.41
0.0000
0.0060
0.0000
0.0000
132
6.05
0.0000
0.0067
0.0000
0.0000
173
5.79
0.0000
0.0027
0.0000
0.0000
108
0.16
6.25
0.43
0.26
0.0759
0.0506
0.0757
0.0768
116
0.57
6.43
1.45
0.33
0.0150
0.0100
0.0150
0.0152
168
0.42
5.85
0.76
0.27
0.0382
0.0255
0.0381
0.0387
118
6.30
0.0000
0.0008
0.0000
0.0000
120
5.55
0.0000
0.0287
0.0000
0.0000
103
6.19
0.0000
0.0089
0.0000
0.0000
172
0.13
5.31
0.45
0.25
0.0180
0.0120
0.0180
0.0183
128
-------
Table D6. 2000 MY Certification Data (cont.)
100-175 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
115
5.77
0.0000
0.0067
0.0000
0.0000
152
5.82
0.0000
0.0601
0.0000
0.0000
103
0.53
5.30
1.24
0.51
0.0023
0.0015
0.0023
0.0023
135
0.45
6.68
0.92
0.24
0.0010
0.0007
0.0010
0.0010
130
0.63
6.61
1.21
0.36
0.0017
0.0011
0.0017
0.0017
100
0.57
5.50
1.35
0.47
0.0031
0.0021
0.0031
0.0031
114
6.39
0.0000
0.0040
0.0000
0.0000
127
5.38
0.0000
0.0013
0.0000
0.0000
117
6.23
0.0000
0.0013
0.0000
0.0000
172
6.23
0.0000
0.0040
0.0000
0.0000
173
0.54
6.57
1.83
0.42
0.0020
0.0013
0.0020
0.0020
142
5.92
1.33
0.23
0.0000
0.0013
0.0020
0.0020
138
6.68
0.0000
0.0014
0.0000
0.0000
161
0.23
5.96
0.83
0.0141
0.0094
0.0141
0.0000
130
5.05
0.0000
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
116
5.82
0.0000
0.0003
0.0000
0.0000
Sales-wgt
EF
0.332460
5.593736
0.685810
0.282059
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Sample Size
27
61
29
28
129
-------
Table D6. 2000 MY Certification Data (cont.)
175-300 hp Emission Factors (g/hp-hr) Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
HC+NOx
wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
257
0.43
6.43
0.76
0.20
0.0005
0.0005
0.0000
0.0005
0.0005
200
0.26
5.13
0.60
0.22
0.0678
0.0678
0.0000
0.0678
0.0678
240
0.10
5.06
0.38
0.15
0.0136
0.0136
0.0000
0.0136
0.0136
215
0.32
5.51
0.55
0.32
0.0329
0.0329
0.0000
0.0329
0.0329
260
0.44
5.82
0.70
0.27
0.0213
0.0213
0.0000
0.0213
0.0213
240
0.29
5.38
0.49
0.27
0.0213
0.0213
0.0000
0.0213
0.0213
280
0.47
5.47
0.52
0.23
0.0484
0.0484
0.0000
0.0484
0.0484
210
0.20
5.89
1.49
0.33
0.0362
0.0362
0.0000
0.0362
0.0362
275
0.11
4.56
1.26
0.26
0.0027
0.0027
0.0000
0.0027
0.0027
205
0.19
5.96
1.73
0.25
0.0096
0.0096
0.0000
0.0096
0.0096
255
0.08
6.20
0.96
0.29
0.0252
0.0252
0.0000
0.0252
0.0252
290
0.09
5.46
2.19
0.35
0.0097
0.0097
0.0000
0.0097
0.0097
260
0.36
5.73
1.30
0.39
0.0022
0.0022
0.0000
0.0022
0.0022
225
0.41
5.70
0.84
0.22
0.0588
0.0588
0.0000
0.0588
0.0588
240
0.10
5.06
0.38
0.15
0.0968
0.0968
0.0000
0.0968
0.0968
200
0.26
5.13
0.60
0.22
0.1355
0.1355
0.0000
0.1355
0.1355
189
0.33
3.95
0.54
0.20
0.0039
0.0039
0.0000
0.0039
0.0039
240
0.29
5.38
0.49
0.27
0.1936
0.1936
0.0000
0.1936
0.1936
200
0.25
5.43
1.23
0.35
0.0034
0.0034
0.0000
0.0034
0.0034
296
0.31
6.41
0.96
0.25
0.0034
0.0034
0.0000
0.0034
0.0034
261
0.47
6.06
0.89
0.27
0.0002
0.0002
0.0000
0.0002
0.0002
248
0.34
5.31
1.04
0.35
0.0002
0.0002
0.0000
0.0002
0.0002
275
0.14
5.38
0.48
0.14
0.0014
0.0014
0.0000
0.0014
0.0014
196
0.35
6.52
0.95
0.36
0.0037
0.0037
0.0000
0.0037
0.0037
184
0.24
5.84
0.69
0.15
0.0215
0.0215
0.0000
0.0215
0.0215
186
0.34
6.28
0.69
0.23
0.0017
0.0017
0.0000
0.0017
0.0017
249
0.48
6.37
1.08
0.24
0.0001
0.0001
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
243
0.40
5.88
1.67
0.37
0.0002
0.0002
0.0000
0.0002
0.0002
185
0.54
4.19
4.73
0.93
0.20
0.0004
0.0004
0.5000
0.0004
0.0004
241
0.21
4.14
4.35
0.67
0.17
0.0004
0.0004
0.5000
0.0004
0.0004
241
0.41
6.44
1.11
0.34
0.0024
0.0024
0.0000
0.0024
0.0024
227
0.51
6.72
1.07
0.33
0.0055
0.0055
0.0000
0.0055
0.0055
193
0.60
6.69
0.85
0.21
0.0010
0.0010
0.0000
0.0010
0.0010
200
0.26
5.13
0.60
0.22
0.0194
0.0194
0.0000
0.0194
0.0194
189
0.33
3.95
0.54
0.20
0.0039
0.0039
0.0000
0.0039
0.0039
215
0.32
5.51
0.55
0.32
0.0194
0.0194
0.0000
0.0194
0.0194
240
0.29
5.38
0.49
0.27
0.0116
0.0116
0.0000
0.0116
0.0116
280
0.47
5.47
0.52
0.23
0.0020
0.0020
0.0000
0.0020
0.0020
189
0.31
5.40
0.92
0.21
0.0014
0.0014
0.0000
0.0014
0.0014
252
0.22
6.23
0.30
0.23
0.0092
0.0092
0.0000
0.0092
0.0092
238
0.21
5.95
0.51
0.19
0.0006
0.0006
0.0000
0.0006
0.0006
244
0.39
6.24
0.74
0.18
0.0011
0.0011
0.0000
0.0011
0.0011
285
0.06
5.93
0.60
0.09
0.0009
0.0009
0.0000
0.0009
0.0009
197
0.33
5.07
0.76
0.18
0.0044
0.0044
0.0000
0.0044
0.0044
130
-------
Table D6. 2000 MY Certification Data (cont.)
175-300 hp Emission Factors (g/hp-hr) Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
HC+NOx
wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
251
0.23
5.59
0.42
0.11
0.0072
0.0072
0.0000
0.0072
0.0072
184
0.30
6.70
0.61
0.18
0.0023
0.0023
0.0000
0.0023
0.0023
280
0.19
5.68
0.51
0.18
0.0039
0.0039
0.0000
0.0039
0.0039
298
0.37
6.32
1.16
0.30
0.0029
0.0029
0.0000
0.0029
0.0029
212
0.29
6.41
0.40
0.14
0.0035
0.0035
0.0000
0.0035
0.0035
210
0.09
5.16
0.90
0.18
0.0070
0.0070
0.0000
0.0070
0.0070
225
0.09
6.78
0.40
0.16
0.0058
0.0058
0.0000
0.0058
0.0058
286
0.22
5.35
1.24
0.38
0.0304
0.0304
0.0000
0.0304
0.0304
181
0.15
5.69
0.44
0.27
0.0127
0.0127
0.0000
0.0127
0.0127
202
0.38
8.06
1.42
0.42
0.0009
0.0009
0.0000
0.0009
0.0009
190
0.66
6.08
1.56
0.40
0.0007
0.0007
0.0000
0.0007
0.0007
177
0.34
6.20
0.89
0.28
0.0026
0.0026
0.0000
0.0026
0.0026
182
0.42
6.43
0.87
0.30
0.0009
0.0009
0.0000
0.0009
0.0009
207
0.44
6.59
1.15
0.37
0.0009
0.0009
0.0000
0.0009
0.0009
217
0.36
5.49
1.00
0.22
0.0018
0.0018
0.0000
0.0018
0.0018
183
0.54
6.63
0.81
0.34
0.0009
0.0009
0.0000
0.0009
0.0009
227
0.35
6.34
0.51
0.27
0.0009
0.0009
0.0000
0.0009
0.0009
244
0.19
6.30
1.66
0.36
0.0035
0.0035
0.0000
0.0035
0.0035
272
0.35
6.44
1.09
0.23
0.0035
0.0035
0.0000
0.0035
0.0035
255
0.25
5.89
0.40
0.13
0.0087
0.0087
0.0000
0.0087
0.0087
Sales-wgt EF
0.266310 5.441729
4.540000
0.666725
0.240685
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Sample Size
64
64
2
64
64
131
-------
Table D6. 2000 MY Certification Data (cont.)
300-600 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
HC+NOx
wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
310
0.34
5.48
0.79
0.13
0.0016
0.0029
0.0016
0.0015
0.0000
415
0.10
4.65
0.40
0.08
0.0053
0.0030
0.0053
0.0042
0.0000
496
0.13
6.12
0.28
0.07
0.0011
0.0008
0.0011
0.0011
0.0000
340
0.12
3.91
0.56
0.17
0.0395
0.0253
0.0395
0.0267
0.0000
300
0.08
5.78
0.43
0.13
0.0053
0.0023
0.0053
0.0053
0.0000
395
0.51
6.48
2.14
0.16
0.0759
0.2081
0.0759
0.0852
0.0000
300
0.28
6.13
0.81
0.36
0.0071
0.0107
0.0071
0.0075
0.0000
330
0.33
5.28
1.07
0.36
0.0087
0.0154
0.0087
0.0079
0.0000
397
0.19
4.65
1.35
0.19
0.0039
0.0040
0.0039
0.0032
0.0000
362
0.16
5.49
1.57
0.21
0.2706
0.2327
0.2706
0.2574
0.0000
322
0.15
3.98
0.75
0.19
0.0379
0.0306
0.0379
0.0261
0.0000
455
0.12
5.48
0.82
0.17
0.0053
0.0034
0.0053
0.0050
0.0000
599
0.04
6.59
2.67
0.33
0.1111
0.0239
0.1111
0.1268
0.0000
535
0.08
5.79
2.10
0.34
0.0087
0.0037
0.0087
0.0087
0.0000
350
0.22
6.52
1.17
0.20
0.0869
0.1010
0.0869
0.0982
0.0000
430
0.14
6.29
0.34
0.13
0.0290
0.0221
0.0290
0.0316
0.0000
525
0.16
6.52
0.65
0.16
0.0158
0.0139
0.0158
0.0179
0.0000
440
0.11
6.38
0.35
0.13
0.0200
0.0117
0.0200
0.0221
0.0000
336
0.14
5.48
0.45
0.15
0.0103
0.0077
0.0103
0.0097
0.0000
422
0.15
4.97
0.40
0.11
0.0003
0.0002
0.0003
0.0002
0.0000
449
0.14
5.10
5.24
0.50
0.15
0.0005
0.0004
0.0005
0.0005
1.0000
308
0.28
5.68
0.45
0.20
0.0021
0.0031
0.0021
0.0021
0.0000
335
0.27
5.51
0.74
0.28
0.0006
0.0009
0.0006
0.0006
0.0000
563
0.14
5.11
0.40
0.11
0.0016
0.0012
0.0016
0.0014
0.0000
543
0.22
5.66
0.54
0.25
0.0116
0.0139
0.0116
0.0114
0.0000
305
0.09
6.00
0.99
0.13
0.0104
0.0052
0.0104
0.0108
0.0000
325
0.10
6.51
0.51
0.13
0.0235
0.0130
0.0235
0.0265
0.0000
315
0.28
5.20
0.70
0.17
0.0358
0.0545
0.0358
0.0322
0.0000
329
0.24
6.60
0.84
0.17
0.0037
0.0048
0.0037
0.0042
0.0000
590
0.34
6.40
0.72
0.23
0.0001
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0.0000
335
0.26
6.17
1.05
0.32
0.0003
0.0004
0.0003
0.0003
0.0000
306
0.24
6.29
0.72
0.37
0.0145
0.0187
0.0145
0.0158
0.0000
326
0.50
4.04
0.43
0.14
0.0048
0.0130
0.0048
0.0034
0.0000
493
0.16
4.26
1.04
0.22
0.0029
0.0025
0.0029
0.0021
0.0000
493
0.16
5.89
0.95
0.28
0.0006
0.0005
0.0006
0.0006
0.0000
334
0.25
5.58
0.31
0.18
0.0284
0.0387
0.0284
0.0275
0.0000
322
0.23
3.99
0.41
0.20
0.0009
0.0011
0.0009
0.0006
0.0000
375
0.22
5.72
0.32
0.20
0.0055
0.0066
0.0055
0.0055
0.0000
525
0.17
6.06
0.60
0.23
0.0047
0.0044
0.0047
0.0050
0.0000
330
0.21
6.39
0.44
0.20
0.0003
0.0004
0.0003
0.0004
0.0000
571
0.31
3.98
0.48
0.17
0.0032
0.0052
0.0032
0.0022
0.0000
475
0.28
4.09
0.46
0.15
0.0032
0.0048
0.0032
0.0022
0.0000
542
0.32
3.80
0.56
0.19
0.0032
0.0054
0.0032
0.0021
0.0000
327
0.22
6.39
0.46
0.14
0.0032
0.0038
0.0032
0.0035
0.0000
132
-------
Table D6. 2000 MY Certification Data (cont.)
300-600 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
HC+NOx
CO wgt
PM wgt
wgt
327
0.24
6.11
0.48
0.13
0.0032
0.0041
0.0032
0.0033
0.0000
460
0.19
3.35
0.33
0.05
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0002
0.0000
335
0.43
4.29
0.81
0.12
0.0013
0.0029
0.0013
0.0009
0.0000
330
0.05
5.33
0.43
0.21
0.0405
0.0115
0.0405
0.0374
0.0000
313
0.27
6.26
0.31
0.06
0.0148
0.0214
0.0148
0.0161
0.0000
381
0.21
6.55
0.61
0.08
0.0289
0.0324
0.0289
0.0328
0.0000
496
0.13
6.12
0.28
0.07
0.0016
0.0011
0.0016
0.0017
0.0000
Sales-wgt
EF
0.186024
5.770260
5.240000
1.254546 0.203148
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Sample Size
51
51
1
51
51
Table D6. 2000 MY Certification Data (cont.)
600-750 hp Emission Factors (g/hp-hr) Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
660
0.05
6.24
0.83
0.14
0.1743
0.1743
0.1743
0.1743
740
0.05
5.68
1.57
0.25
0.2823
0.2823
0.2823
0.2823
730
0.06
5.04
0.99
0.19
0.0892
0.0892
0.0892
0.0892
740
0.10
5.53
1.62
0.33
0.0423
0.0423
0.0423
0.0423
600
0.26
6.02
1.78
0.24
0.1598
0.1598
0.1598
0.1598
630
0.16
4.46
0.66
0.18
0.0249
0.0249
0.0249
0.0249
641
0.19
5.98
1.05
0.23
0.0137
0.0137
0.0137
0.0137
740
0.24
5.85
1.37
0.28
0.0066
0.0066
0.0066
0.0066
740
0.24
5.85
1.37
0.28
0.0066
0.0066
0.0066
0.0066
750
0.07
5.84
0.90
0.16
0.0112
0.0112
0.0112
0.0112
750
0.08
6.01
1.92
0.30
0.0589
0.0589
0.0589
0.0589
750
0.35
5.80
1.48
0.30
0.0818
0.0818
0.0818
0.0818
750
0.13
5.89
1.06
0.13
0.0357
0.0357
0.0357
0.0357
684
0.19
5.98
0.68
0.22
0.0062
0.0062
0.0062
0.0062
671
0.48
6.63
0.52
0.16
0.0062
0.0062
0.0062
0.0062
Sales-wgt EF
0.126821
5.790567
1.368105
0.225632
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Sample Size
15
15
15
15
133
-------
Table D6. 2000 MY Certification Data (cont.)
>750 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
800
0.03
6.19
0.36
0.10
0.0321
0.0321
0.0321
0.0321
758
0.07
5.26
1.07
0.16
0.0067
0.0067
0.0067
0.0067
1082
0.04
5.96
0.70
0.15
0.0555
0.0555
0.0555
0.0555
1850
0.16
5.89
1.10
0.31
0.0658
0.0658
0.0658
0.0658
2750
0.14
6.18
1.31
0.17
0.0515
0.0515
0.0515
0.0515
1200
0.17
5.17
0.34
0.16
0.0044
0.0044
0.0044
0.0044
2000
0.31
5.91
1.49
0.25
0.0297
0.0297
0.0297
0.0297
1250
0.20
6.51
0.51
0.13
0.4683
0.4683
0.4683
0.4683
1500
0.54
6.24
0.87
0.27
0.2120
0.2120
0.2120
0.2120
1200
0.17
5.17
0.34
0.16
0.0297
0.0297
0.0297
0.0297
899
0.21
6.02
0.53
0.15
0.0044
0.0044
0.0044
0.0044
1230
0.12
6.03
0.67
0.26
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
1874
0.38
6.15
1.36
0.15
0.0059
0.0059
0.0059
0.0059
1207
0.23
5.45
1.26
0.24
0.0059
0.0059
0.0059
0.0059
1026
0.26
5.07
0.70
0.18
0.0059
0.0059
0.0059
0.0059
2346
0.40
6.04
1.39
0.26
0.0198
0.0198
0.0198
0.0198
Sales-wgt
EF
0.259060
6.252638
0.727419
0.183308
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Sample
Size
16
16
16
16
134
-------
0-11 hp
Rated HP
HC
Table D7.
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
NOx HC+NOx CO
2001 MY Certification Data
PM HC frac of HC wgt
Sales Weightings
NOx wgt HC+NOxw CO wgt
Sample
Size
Calc HC*
Calc
NOx*
5
0.850153
19
19
19
0.141247
PM wgt
HC+NOx*
gt
9
6.70
4.70
0.57
0.0000
0.0000
0.0426
0.0426
0.0426
10
3.36
1.04
0.28
0.0000
0.0000
0.0059
0.0059
0.0059
7
3.82
2.11
0.35
0.0000
0.0000
0.0106
0.0106
0.0106
7
3.77
2.95
0.33
0.0000
0.0000
0.0355
0.0355
0.0355
11
5.45
4.10
0.24
0.0000
0.0000
0.0284
0.0284
0.0284
10
5.23
1.68
0.21
0.0000
0.0000
0.0248
0.0248
0.0248
7
1.59
4.67
6.26
3.81
0.44
0.253454
0.2013
0.2013
0.0106
0.0106
0.0106
8
4.09
1.09
0.44
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
4
0.78
5.18
5.96
3.93
0.66
0.131414
0.1409
0.1409
0.0075
0.0075
0.0075
7
0.71
4.82
5.53
3.83
0.57
0.128205
0.1477
0.1477
0.0078
0.0078
0.0078
8
0.58
5.74
6.32
3.29
0.45
0.091981
0.1409
0.1409
0.0075
0.0075
0.0075
10
5.49
3.86
0.51
0.0000
0.0000
0.0075
0.0075
0.0075
11
0.57
5.10
5.67
3.18
0.54
0.101183
0.3691
0.3691
0.0195
0.0195
0.0195
4
6.61
5.00
0.50
0.0000
0.0000
0.2768
0.2768
0.2768
7
6.25
5.03
0.49
0.0000
0.0000
0.1821
0.1821
0.1821
10
6.30
3.84
0.39
0.0000
0.0000
0.2425
0.2425
0.2425
7
6.57
3.61
0.48
0.0000
0.0000
0.0234
0.0234
0.0234
10
3.72
1.91
0.35
0.0000
0.0000
0.0554
0.0554
0.0554
9
3.88
3.84
0.33
0.0000
0.0000
0.0114
0.0114
0.0114
Sales-wgt
EF
0.828378 5.073763
6.018891
4.174066 0.442010
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
5.168738
* HC fraction of HC+NOx = HC ^ (HC+NOx). The average HC fraction is not a sales-weighted average.
Calculated HC = (avg HC fraction of HC+NOx) * (sales-wgt avg HC+NOx).
Calculated NOx = (1- avg HC fraction of HC+NOx) * (sales-wgt avg HC+NOx).
135
-------
Table D7. 2001 MY Certification Data (cont.)
1-25 hp Emission Factors (g/hp-hr) Sales Weightings
ed HP
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
HC frac of
HC+NOx*
HC wgt
NOx wgt
HC+NOx
wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
19
5.02
1.36
0.45
0.0000
0.0000
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
17
0.58
3.79
4.37
3.82
0.57
0.131868
0.0312
0.0312
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
25
0.45
4.07
4.52
3.09
0.38
0.099558
0.1248
0.1248
0.0143
0.0143
0.0143
16
0.60
3.61
4.21
2.31
0.10
0.141844
0.0062
0.0062
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
21
0.30
3.77
4.07
1.72
0.20
0.073394
0.0312
0.0312
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
17
5.26
1.69
0.39
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
18
5.15
0.77
0.23
0.0000
0.0000
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
23
3.98
1.08
0.26
0.0000
0.0000
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
11
4.88
1.88
0.50
0.0000
0.0000
0.0027
0.0027
0.0027
17
4.38
2.36
0.52
0.0000
0.0000
0.0037
0.0037
0.0037
12
5.54
2.57
0.33
0.0000
0.0000
0.0021
0.0021
0.0021
18
4.96
1.10
0.56
0.0000
0.0000
0.0301
0.0301
0.0301
21
3.68
1.34
0.57
0.0000
0.0000
0.0064
0.0064
0.0064
24
3.54
1.06
0.30
0.0000
0.0000
0.0014
0.0014
0.0014
24
5.67
1.66
0.56
0.0000
0.0000
0.0020
0.0020
0.0020
19
3.40
0.99
0.37
0.0000
0.0000
0.0031
0.0031
0.0031
18
0.17
5.59
5.76
0.97
0.54
0.028849
0.0027
0.0027
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
17
0.10
3.48
3.58
0.56
0.33
0.027933
0.2702
0.2702
0.0309
0.0309
0.0309
25
0.11
3.38
3.49
0.56
0.30
0.030399
0.1179
0.1179
0.0135
0.0135
0.0135
12
5.53
2.77
0.22
0.0000
0.0000
0.3563
0.3563
0.3563
20
5.66
2.23
0.21
0.0000
0.0000
0.0107
0.0107
0.0107
23
4.30
1.73
0.14
0.0000
0.0000
0.2138
0.2138
0.2138
22
4.66
1.50
0.12
0.0000
0.0000
0.0356
0.0356
0.0356
16
0.60
3.61
4.21
2.31
0.10
0.142113
0.0031
0.0031
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
19
0.98
4.38
5.36
3.78
0.25
0.182132
0.1373
0.1373
0.0157
0.0157
0.0157
18
1.03
5.04
6.05
3.50
0.41
0.169964
0.0811
0.0811
0.0093
0.0093
0.0093
21
0.30
3.77
4.07
1.72
0.20
0.073154
0.0343
0.0343
0.0039
0.0039
0.0039
21
4.10
2.24
0.35
0.0000
0.0000
0.0071
0.0071
0.0071
17
3.62
1.57
0.30
0.0000
0.0000
0.0170
0.0170
0.0170
23
5.34
0.68
0.22
0.0000
0.0000
0.0020
0.0020
0.0020
15
0.72
5.29
6.02
3.70
0.43
0.120198
0.0137
0.0137
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
15
0.43
5.70
6.12
2.41
0.39
0.069428
0.0137
0.0137
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
16
0.57
5.62
6.19
3.00
0.37
0.092771
0.0069
0.0069
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
22
0.77
5.17
5.94
3.04
0.45
0.129397
0.0630
0.0630
0.0072
0.0072
0.0072
22
0.37
5.17
5.53
1.58
0.32
0.066038
0.0624
0.0624
0.0071
0.0071
0.0071
12
5.03
2.95
0.26
0.0000
0.0000
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
16
4.46
2.98
0.35
0.0000
0.0000
0.0323
0.0323
0.0323
12
3.17
1.47
0.30
0.0000
0.0000
0.0355
0.0355
0.0355
19
4.29
1.28
0.08
0.0000
0.0000
0.0217
0.0217
0.0217
22
3.47
2.27
0.19
0.0000
0.0000
0.0276
0.0276
0.0276
24
5.63
0.90
0.25
0.0000
0.0000
0.0351
0.0351
0.0351
17
4.88
1.55
0.42
0.0000
0.0000
0.0280
0.0280
0.0280
18
3.24
1.91
0.32
0.0000
0.0000
0.0043
0.0043
0.0043
136
-------
Table D7. 2001 MY Certification Data (cont.)
11 -25 hp Emission Factors (g/hp-hr) Sales Weightings
Rated HP HC NOx HC+NOx CO PM HCfracof HCwgt NOxwgt HC+NOx COwgt PMwgt
HC+NOx* wgt
Sales-wgt
EF 0,447831 4,109521 4.806920 2.114884 0.242992 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
Sample
Size 16 16 43 43 43 0.09869
CalcHC* 0.474395
Calc
NOx* 4.332525
* HC fraction of HC+NOx = HC ^ (HC+NOx). The average HC fraction is not a sales-weighted average.
Calculated HC = (avg HC fraction of HC+NOx) * (sales-wgt avg HC+NOx).
Calculated NOx = (1- avg HC fraction of HC+NOx) * (sales-wgt avg HC+NOx).
137
-------
Table D7. 2001 MY Certification Data (cont.)
25-50 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
HC frac of
HC wgt
NOx wgt HC+NOx
CO wgt
PM wgt
HP
HC+NOx*
wgt
42
6.52
3.35
0.42
0.0000
0.0000
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
25
5.31
1.49
0.50
0.0000
0.0000
0.0013
0.0013
0.0013
28
4.92
1.56
0.54
0.0000
0.0000
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
49
4.93
0.92
0.34
0.0000
0.0000
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
34
5.21
1.44
0.38
0.0000
0.0000
0.0041
0.0041
0.0041
33
0.11
4.65
4.77
0.98
0.25
0.023474
0.0149
0.0116
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
38
0.26
3.59
3.85
0.92
0.19
0.067829
0.0030
0.0023
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
30
0.16
4.00
4.17
1.17
0.26
0.039356
0.0030
0.0023
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
26
0.29
3.02
3.31
1.33
0.15
0.087838
0.0030
0.0023
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
28
0.00
7.02
1.48
0.24
0.0000
0.0000
0.0350
0.0349
0.0349
43
0.00
6.89
2.10
0.34
0.0000
0.0000
0.0119
0.0119
0.0119
48
0.00
6.82
1.99
0.44
0.0000
0.0000
0.0110
0.0110
0.0110
35
5.68
1.74
0.21
0.0000
0.0000
0.0013
0.0013
0.0013
39
6.39
1.87
0.16
0.0000
0.0000
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
47
6.37
1.24
0.12
0.0000
0.0000
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
25
4.35
0.64
0.13
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
28
3.76
1.24
0.20
0.0000
0.0000
0.0047
0.0047
0.0047
30
3.86
0.83
0.17
0.0000
0.0000
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
40
4.50
0.62
0.20
0.0000
0.0000
0.0025
0.0025
0.0025
47
3.38
0.87
0.27
0.0000
0.0000
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
29
4.11
1.54
0.50
0.0000
0.0000
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
29
4.11
1.16
0.35
0.0000
0.0000
0.0156
0.0156
0.0156
33
3.13
1.00
0.34
0.0000
0.0000
0.0495
0.0495
0.0495
35
4.21
0.85
0.37
0.0000
0.0000
0.0204
0.0204
0.0204
28
3.57
2.65
0.43
0.0000
0.0000
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
39
4.35
1.89
0.45
0.0000
0.0000
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
28
0.13
4.23
4.36
1.33
0.54
0.029817
0.0417
0.0324
0.0046
0.0046
0.0046
33
0.55
4.81
5.36
2.62
0.47
0.102612
0.1204
0.0935
0.0132
0.0131
0.0131
37
0.16
3.56
3.72
2.30
0.58
0.041678
0.0459
0.0356
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
37
0.67
6.00
6.67
3.55
0.42
0.10051
0.0361
0.0280
0.0039
0.0039
0.0039
27
0.11
4.52
4.63
0.57
0.31
0.023758
0.0002
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
37
0.82
4.27
5.09
3.10
0.37
0.1611
0.0387
0.0301
0.0042
0.0042
0.0042
27
0.09
3.95
4.04
0.82
0.46
0.021308
0.0051
0.0039
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
49
0.51
4.59
5.10
2.85
0.50
0.1
0.0605
0.0470
0.0066
0.0066
0.0066
35
0.08
4.56
4.64
0.90
0.40
0.017234
0.0566
0.0440
0.0062
0.0062
0.0062
45
0.75
5.33
6.08
2.40
0.29
0.123355
0.0548
0.0426
0.0060
0.0060
0.0060
35
0.56
4.54
5.10
1.52
0.48
0.109804
0.4172
0.3240
0.0456
0.0456
0.0456
46
0.04
3.75
3.79
0.68
0.33
0.010554
0.0038
0.0029
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
34
0.14
3.66
3.80
0.98
0.50
0.036842
0.0459
0.0356
0.0050
0.0050
0.0050
47
0.12
6.71
6.83
0.74
0.30
0.01757
0.0015
0.0012
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
48
0.64
6.36
7.00
1.46
0.31
0.091429
0.0042
0.0032
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
30
1.41
0.62
0.26
0.0000
0.0000
0.0326
0.0325
0.0325
26
4.64
1.30
0.28
0.0000
0.0000
0.0065
0.0065
0.0065
31
3.80
1.16
0.36
0.0000
0.0000
0.0195
0.0195
0.0195
138
-------
Table D7. 2001 MY Certification Data (cont.)
25-50 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
HC frac of
HC wgt
NOx wgt HC+NOx
CO wgt
PM wgt
HP
HC+NOx*
wgt
42
3.84
0.78
0.24
0.0000
0.0000
0.0163
0.0163
0.0163
26
4.46
0.95
0.35
0.0000
0.0000
0.0651
0.0651
0.0651
44
5.37
1.10
0.38
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
33
5.52
1.71
0.36
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
41
4.81
0.75
0.25
0.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
31
5.27
0.74
0.19
0.0000
0.0000
0.0326
0.0325
0.0325
31
5.11
0.80
0.26
0.0000
0.0000
0.0391
0.0390
0.0390
38
6.16
1.66
0.41
0.0000
0.0000
0.0260
0.0260
0.0260
37
4.47
0.80
0.29
0.0000
0.0000
0.1628
0.1627
0.1627
49
5.95
1.93
0.43
0.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
38
5.99
1.58
0.36
0.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
48
4.63
0.93
0.23
0.0000
0.0000
0.0020
0.0020
0.0020
35
3.69
3.83
1.40
0.29
0.0000
0.0231
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
40
3.36
3.54
0.95
0.21
0.0000
0.0231
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
40
0.18
4.99
5.17
0.94
0.48
0.034632
0.0136
0.0105
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
38
0.26
3.59
3.85
0.93
0.19
0.068327
0.0006
0.0005
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
26
0.29
3.02
3.31
1.33
0.15
0.088659
0.0012
0.0009
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
25
0.59
4.87
5.47
1.88
0.29
0.108272
0.0143
0.0111
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
33
0.23
4.10
4.33
0.74
0.23
0.054045
0.0104
0.0081
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
36
5.26
5.58
1.87
0.28
0.0000
0.0116
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
35
6.03
2.07
0.21
0.0000
0.0000
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
31
4.68
1.10
0.16
0.0000
0.0000
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
41
5.65
2.45
0.24
0.0000
0.0000
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
42
6.35
1.01
0.13
0.0000
0.0000
0.0020
0.0020
0.0020
30
5.12
1.98
0.43
0.0000
0.0000
0.0035
0.0035
0.0035
42
3.24
0.94
0.33
0.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
39
4.73
1.01
0.34
0.0000
0.0000
0.0026
0.0026
0.0026
45
5.62
1.30
0.38
0.0000
0.0000
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
49
4.00
0.64
0.24
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
43
5.12
1.98
0.43
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
35
6.27
2.35
0.48
0.0000
0.0000
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
44
6.19
1.09
0.45
0.0000
0.0000
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
34
3.53
3.55
1.22
0.53
0.0000
0.0127
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
49
3.20
3.31
1.29
0.40
0.0000
0.0694
0.0098
0.0098
0.0098
47
5.44
5.83
1.86
0.44
0.0000
0.0509
0.0072
0.0072
0.0072
43
6.35
2.33
0.34
0.0000
0.0000
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
30
6.09
1.99
0.46
0.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
26
5.45
2.00
0.15
0.0000
0.0000
0.0280
0.0280
0.0280
28
5.78
3.61
0.40
0.0000
0.0000
0.0097
0.0097
0.0097
25
5.53
2.91
0.37
0.0000
0.0000
0.0137
0.0137
0.0137
30
5.82
2.93
0.35
0.0000
0.0000
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
25
5.91
3.45
0.24
0.0000
0.0000
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
33
5.76
2.74
0.28
0.0000
0.0000
0.0476
0.0476
0.0476
41
5.97
1.35
0.49
0.0000
0.0000
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
139
-------
Table D7. 2001 MY Certification Data (cont.)
25-50 hp Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated HC NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
HC frac of
HC wgt
NOx wgt HC+NOx
CO wgt
PM wgt
HP
HC+NOx*
wgt
29
5.82
2.82
0.25
0.0000
0.0000
0.0030
0.0030
0.0030
37
5.40
1.73
0.50
0.0000
0.0000
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
25
6.01
3.03
0.32
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
37
6.03
2.59
0.35
0.0000
0.0000
0.0272
0.0272
0.0272
25
6.09
3.03
0.20
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
30
6.07
3.01
0.38
0.0000
0.0000
0.0110
0.0110
0.0110
45
5.85
3.21
0.45
0.0000
0.0000
0.0367
0.0367
0.0367
38
5.79
3.23
0.39
0.0000
0.0000
0.0017
0.0017
0.0017
48
6.00
1.56
0.44
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
34
5.94
1.87
0.34
0.0000
0.0000
0.0689
0.0689
0.0689
46
6.01
2.54
0.20
0.0000
0.0000
0.0063
0.0062
0.0062
41
5.76
2.79
0.33
0.0000
0.0000
0.0030
0.0030
0.0030
48
6.25
1.59
0.28
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
27
3.04
0.98
0.40
0.0000
0.0000
0.0021
0.0021
0.0021
39
5.53
1.96
0.26
0.0000
0.0000
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
30 0.17 4.01
1.17
0.26
0.040139
0.0036
0.0028
0.0000
0.0004
0.0004
50 4.85
0.0000
0.0325
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Sales- 0.4729 4.4696
4.9529
1.5320 0.3292
wgt EF 17 47
01
28
22
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Sample
Size 25 35
103
104
104
0.064006
Calc HC* 0.317014
Calc 4.63588
NOx* 7
* HC fraction of HC+NOx = HC ^ (HC+NOx). The average HC fraction is not a sales-weighted average.
Calculated HC = (avg HC fraction of HC+NOx) * (sales-wgt avg HC+NOx).
Calculated NOx = (1- avg HC fraction of HC+NOx) * (sales-wgt avg HC+NOx).
140
-------
Table D7. 2001 MY Certification Data (cont.)
50-100 hp Emission Factors (g/hp-hr) Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
HC+NOx CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt HC+NOx
wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
67
6.40
0.0000
0.0016
0.0000
0.0000
79
5.74
0.0000
0.0004
0.0000
0.0000
96
5.81
0.0000
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
80
0.48
7.61
4.32
0.56
0.0621
0.0157
0.0591
0.0608
67
0.75
6.35
1.96
0.34
0.0036
0.0009
0.0034
0.0035
75
0.70
5.68
2.28
0.46
0.0888
0.0224
0.0844
0.0869
80
0.72
5.78
3.26
0.51
0.0855
0.0216
0.0813
0.0837
56
0.62
5.83
1.63
0.41
0.0339
0.0086
0.0322
0.0332
75
0.70
5.68
2.28
0.49
0.0586
0.0148
0.0557
0.0573
98
0.71
6.30
1.68
0.21
0.0004
0.0001
0.0004
0.0004
62
6.23
0.0000
0.0008
0.0000
0.0000
57
6.20
0.0000
0.0008
0.0000
0.0000
55
5.80
0.0000
0.0008
0.0000
0.0000
59
6.56
0.0000
0.0045
0.0000
0.0000
84
5.74
0.0000
0.0478
0.0000
0.0000
59
0.89
8.82
3.55
0.84
0.1563
0.0395
0.1486
0.1530
78
0.48
5.36
1.92
0.35
0.0858
0.0217
0.0816
0.0840
81
0.33
6.35
2.33
0.38
0.0154
0.0039
0.0147
0.0151
74
5.90
0.0000
0.0040
0.0000
0.0000
59
5.90
0.0000
0.0205
0.0000
0.0000
82
5.44
0.0000
0.0661
0.0000
0.0000
65
5.80
0.0000
0.0179
0.0000
0.0000
58
6.39
0.0000
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
87
6.39
0.0000
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
83
6.56
0.0000
0.0024
0.0000
0.0000
65
6.20
0.0000
0.0143
0.0000
0.0000
84
6.79
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
79
6.32
0.0000
0.0025
0.0000
0.0000
94
6.09
0.0000
0.0004
0.0000
0.0000
94
6.09
0.0000
0.0004
0.0000
0.0000
94
6.09
0.0000
0.0004
0.0000
0.0000
51
5.38
0.0000
0.0024
0.0000
0.0000
56
4.98
0.0000
0.0011
0.0000
0.0000
78
6.22
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
51
4.86
1.51
0.0000
0.0022
0.0084
0.0000
60
4.06
1.73
0.0000
0.0022
0.0084
0.0000
52
4.59
0.0000
0.0163
0.0000
0.0000
50
3.43
0.0000
0.0094
0.0000
0.0000
52
0.17
5.22
1.18
0.45
0.0107
0.0027
0.0101
0.0104
51
1.44
5.79
3.90
0.38
0.0179
0.0045
0.0170
0.0175
54
0.69
4.15
1.45
0.36
0.0100
0.0025
0.0095
0.0098
51
0.60
6.68
3.04
0.63
0.0008
0.0002
0.0008
0.0008
55
0.39
6.16
0.98
0.28
0.0134
0.0034
0.0127
0.0131
64
0.43
5.62
2.17
0.60
0.0042
0.0011
0.0040
0.0041
141
-------
Table D7. 2001 MY Certification Data (cont.)
50-100 hp Emission Factors (g/hp-hr) Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
HC+NOx CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt HC+NOx
wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
76
0.29
5.35
1.08
0.51
0.0092
0.0023
0.0087
0.0090
51
0.41
5.34
2.22
0.64
0.0386
0.0098
0.0367
0.0378
56
0.48
4.88
0.46
0.27
0.0048
0.0012
0.0046
0.0047
83
0.49
4.80
0.76
0.34
0.0065
0.0016
0.0061
0.0063
91
0.42
6.63
1.32
0.54
0.0172
0.0043
0.0163
0.0168
79
0.55
5.25
2.47
0.55
0.0248
0.0063
0.0236
0.0243
86
0.46
4.98
0.83
0.38
0.0012
0.0003
0.0011
0.0012
86
0.35
5.09
0.67
0.21
0.0002
0.0001
0.0002
0.0002
59
6.65
0.0000
0.0333
0.0000
0.0000
51
0.05
3.56
0.75
0.20
0.0097
0.0024
0.0092
0.0095
74
0.49
3.77
3.00
0.52
0.0008
0.0002
0.0008
0.0008
74
0.76
4.70
2.06
0.32
0.0161
0.0041
0.0153
0.0158
80
0.72
5.78
3.26
0.51
0.0018
0.0004
0.0017
0.0017
99
0.28
4.15
0.76
0.25
0.0133
0.0034
0.0127
0.0130
98
0.71
6.30
1.68
0.21
0.0040
0.0010
0.0038
0.0039
56
0.62
5.83
1.63
0.41
0.0019
0.0005
0.0018
0.0018
59
4.37
0.0000
0.0367
0.0000
0.0000
51
5.12
0.0000
0.0004
0.0000
0.0000
51
4.72
0.0000
0.0004
0.0000
0.0000
56
4.18
0.0000
0.0245
0.0000
0.0000
89
4.79
0.0000
0.0020
0.0000
0.0000
73
4.93
0.0000
0.0020
0.0000
0.0000
86
5.42
0.0000
0.0082
0.0000
0.0000
93
4.71
0.0000
0.0082
0.0000
0.0000
72
4.31
0.0000
0.0151
0.0000
0.0000
54
0.54
6.31
2.42
0.0085
0.0021
0.0081
0.0000
59
3.34
0.0000
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
51
4.78
0.0000
0.0029
0.0000
0.0000
56
5.95
0.0000
0.0029
0.0000
0.0000
51
3.91
0.0000
0.0031
0.0000
0.0000
54
2.62
0.0000
0.0039
0.0000
0.0000
63
5.06
0.0000
0.0006
0.0000
0.0000
95
5.58
0.0000
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
57
4.46
0.0000
0.0046
0.0000
0.0000
51
5.35
0.0000
0.0042
0.0000
0.0000
87
5.92
0.0000
0.0056
0.0000
0.0000
55
2.91
0.0000
0.0013
0.0000
0.0000
81
5.87
0.0000
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
92
5.10
0.0000
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
52
6.32
0.0000
0.0041
0.0000
0.0000
72
5.14
0.0000
0.0008
0.0000
0.0000
89
6.40
0.0000
0.0020
0.0000
0.0000
67
0.22
5.71
1.01
0.54
0.0934
0.0236
0.0888
0.0914
92
0.35
6.16
1.22
0.29
0.0638
0.0161
0.0606
0.0624
142
-------
Table D7. 2001 MY Certification Data (cont.)
50-100 hp Emission Factors (g/hp-hr) Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt HC+NOx
CO wgt
PM wgt
wgt
55
2.62
0.0000
0.0010
0.0000
0.0000
85
2.18
0.0000
0.0011
0.0000
0.0000
59
5.90
0.0000
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
64
5.58
0.0000
0.0102
0.0000
0.0000
79
6.16
0.0000
0.0055
0.0000
0.0000
55
3.22
0.0000
0.0090
0.0000
0.0000
52
6.62
0.0000
0.0080
0.0000
0.0000
64
5.13
0.0000
0.0037
0.0000
0.0000
60
6.06
0.0000
0.0212
0.0000
0.0000
96
5.09
0.0000
0.1081
0.0000
0.0000
68
5.85
0.0000
0.0551
0.0000
0.0000
52
5.97
0.0000
0.0347
0.0000
0.0000
68
6.34
0.0000
0.0347
0.0000
0.0000
80
0.83
6.00
3.19
0.63
0.0043
0.0011
0.0041
0.0042
80
0.86
5.40
4.00
0.64
0.0051
0.0013
0.0048
0.0050
59
3.58
0.0000
0.0025
0.0000
0.0000
89
5.10
0.0000
0.0008
0.0000
0.0000
94
5.75
0.0000
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
50
5.80
1.78
0.46
0.0000
0.0002
0.0008
0.0009
74
0.05
4.00
0.25
0.20
0.0002
0.0000
0.0002
0.0002
82
0.07
4.84
1.22
0.44
0.0113
0.0029
0.0107
0.0111
60
5.87
3.96
0.31
0.0000
0.0004
0.0015
0.0016
58
6.27
1.32
0.27
0.0000
0.0015
0.0058
0.0059
59
5.59
0.96
0.45
0.0000
0.0003
0.0013
0.0013
75
3.87
0.0000
0.0013
0.0000
0.0000
58
3.91
0.0000
0.0017
0.0000
0.0000
54
5.40
0.0000
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
67
4.89
0.0000
0.0135
0.0000
0.0000
80
4.80
0.0000
0.0004
0.0000
0.0000
56
5.23
0.0000
0.0015
0.0000
0.0000
58
5.12
0.0000
0.0037
0.0000
0.0000
60
4.12
0.0000
0.0032
0.0000
0.0000
70
5.59
0.0000
0.0117
0.0000
0.0000
57
5.72
0.0000
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
95
5.10
0.0000
0.0032
0.0000
0.0000
100
5.73
0.0000
0.0144
0.0000
0.0000
50
0.52
4.77
5.28
1.94
0.33
0.0121
0.0031
0.3000
0.0115
0.0118
65
0.05
4.18
4.24
0.90
0.0040
0.0010
0.1000
0.0038
0.0000
79
5.98
6.61
1.71
0.37
0.0000
0.0061
0.6000
0.0230
0.0237
Sales-wgt 0.57586
5.60451
2.31437
0.50682
EF
7
5
5.976957
2
4
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Sample
Size
40
127
3
47
43
143
-------
Table D7. 2001 MY Certification Data (cont.)
100-175 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
173
0.33
6.37
0.78
0.11
0.0003
0.0002
0.0003
0.0003
108
6.47
0.0000
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
143
6.09
0.0000
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
100
0.35
6.08
0.70
0.28
0.0857
0.0682
0.0856
0.0863
125
0.23
6.21
0.47
0.16
0.0057
0.0045
0.0057
0.0058
118
0.25
4.53
0.54
0.22
0.0021
0.0017
0.0021
0.0021
155
0.38
4.23
0.75
0.35
0.1029
0.0819
0.1027
0.1035
110
6.06
0.0000
0.0039
0.0000
0.0000
165
6.24
0.0000
0.0303
0.0000
0.0000
166
4.95
0.0000
0.0003
0.0000
0.0000
155
0.15
4.25
1.91
0.22
0.0072
0.0057
0.0072
0.0072
100
0.35
6.08
0.70
0.28
0.1247
0.0992
0.1244
0.1255
125
0.23
6.21
0.47
0.16
0.0623
0.0496
0.0622
0.0627
118
0.25
4.53
0.54
0.22
0.0023
0.0018
0.0023
0.0023
155
0.38
4.23
0.75
0.35
0.0935
0.0744
0.0933
0.0941
158
6.53
0.0000
0.0016
0.0000
0.0000
109
6.41
0.0000
0.0016
0.0000
0.0000
144
4.97
0.0000
0.0016
0.0000
0.0000
168
0.11
6.17
0.63
0.13
0.0007
0.0006
0.0007
0.0007
135
0.40
5.70
1.75
0.29
0.2824
0.2248
0.2819
0.2842
168
6.26
0.0000
0.0105
0.0000
0.0000
109
6.32
0.53
0.13
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
158
6.70
0.0000
0.0072
0.0000
0.0000
119
0.58
6.20
0.63
0.17
0.0010
0.0008
0.0010
0.0010
121
0.49
4.30
1.23
0.28
0.0011
0.0009
0.0011
0.0011
134
0.34
4.30
1.00
0.24
0.0050
0.0040
0.0050
0.0050
103
0.57
6.26
1.58
0.39
0.0059
0.0047
0.0059
0.0059
153
0.51
5.65
0.49
0.26
0.0078
0.0062
0.0078
0.0079
164
0.47
4.67
1.06
0.23
0.0017
0.0014
0.0017
0.0017
139
0.52
4.30
1.25
0.19
0.0006
0.0005
0.0006
0.0006
106
6.01
0.0000
0.0426
0.0000
0.0000
144
6.61
0.0000
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
100
0.35
6.08
0.70
0.28
0.0457
0.0364
0.0456
0.0460
125
0.23
6.21
0.47
0.16
0.0114
0.0091
0.0114
0.0115
155
0.38
4.23
0.75
0.35
0.0571
0.0455
0.0570
0.0575
125
5.74
0.0000
0.0041
0.0000
0.0000
114
5.42
0.0000
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
151
5.60
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
120
5.50
0.0000
0.0009
0.0000
0.0000
144
5.80
0.0000
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
114
6.35
0.0000
0.0113
0.0000
0.0000
113
4.41
0.0000
0.0060
0.0000
0.0000
132
6.05
0.0000
0.0041
0.0000
0.0000
173
5.79
0.0000
0.0017
0.0000
0.0000
108
0.16
6.25
0.43
0.26
0.0407
0.0324
0.0406
0.0410
144
-------
Table D7. 2001 MY Certification Data (cont.)
100-175 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
116
0.57
6.43
1.45
0.33
0.0050
0.0040
0.0050
0.0051
168
0.42
5.85
0.76
0.27
0.0199
0.0159
0.0199
0.0200
118
6.30
0.0000
0.0005
0.0000
0.0000
120
5.55
0.0000
0.0178
0.0000
0.0000
103
6.19
0.0000
0.0055
0.0000
0.0000
172
0.13
5.31
0.45
0.17
0.0094
0.0074
0.0093
0.0094
115
5.77
0.0000
0.0041
0.0000
0.0000
152
5.82
0.0000
0.0372
0.0000
0.0000
103
0.53
5.30
1.24
0.51
0.0010
0.0008
0.0010
0.0010
135
0.45
6.68
0.92
0.24
0.0004
0.0003
0.0004
0.0004
130
0.63
6.61
1.21
0.36
0.0007
0.0006
0.0007
0.0007
100
0.57
5.50
1.35
0.47
0.0015
0.0012
0.0015
0.0015
114
6.39
0.0000
0.0025
0.0000
0.0000
127
5.38
0.0000
0.0008
0.0000
0.0000
117
6.23
0.0000
0.0008
0.0000
0.0000
172
6.23
0.0000
0.0025
0.0000
0.0000
173
0.54
6.57
1.83
0.42
0.0010
0.0008
0.0010
0.0010
122
0.07
3.93
0.42
0.14
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
122
0.07
5.75
1.06
0.34
0.0049
0.0039
0.0049
0.0050
100
6.27
0.87
0.33
0.0000
0.0005
0.0006
0.0006
142
5.92
1.33
0.23
0.0000
0.0008
0.0010
0.0010
138
6.68
0.0000
0.0019
0.0000
0.0000
161
0.23
5.96
0.83
0.0082
0.0065
0.0082
0.0000
116
5.82
0.0000
0.0005
0.0000
0.0000
Sales-wgt
EF
0.355107 5.574714
1.003922 0.289340
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Sample Size
34
69
37
36
145
-------
Table D7. 2001 MY Certification Data (cont.)
175-300 hp
Rated HP
HC
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
NOx HC+NOx CO
PM
Sales Weightings
HC wgt NOx wgt HC+NOx CO wgt PM wgt
wgt
272
0.32
6.24
0.62
0.10
0.0003
0.0003
0.0000
0.0003
0.0003
257
0.43
6.43
0.76
0.20
0.0002
0.0002
0.0000
0.0002
0.0002
200
0.26
5.13
0.60
0.22
0.0045
0.0045
0.0000
0.0045
0.0045
240
0.10
5.06
0.38
0.15
0.0023
0.0023
0.0000
0.0022
0.0022
240
0.07
4.06
0.50
0.16
0.0023
0.0023
0.0000
0.0022
0.0022
215
0.32
5.51
0.55
0.32
0.0038
0.0038
0.0000
0.0037
0.0037
260
0.44
5.82
0.70
0.27
0.0015
0.0015
0.0000
0.0015
0.0015
240
0.29
5.38
0.49
0.27
0.0064
0.0064
0.0000
0.0063
0.0063
280
0.47
5.47
0.52
0.23
0.0151
0.0151
0.0000
0.0149
0.0149
210
0.20
5.89
1.49
0.33
0.0092
0.0092
0.0000
0.0091
0.0091
275
0.11
4.56
1.26
0.26
0.0002
0.0002
0.0000
0.0002
0.0002
205
0.19
5.96
1.73
0.25
0.0024
0.0024
0.0000
0.0024
0.0024
255
0.08
6.20
0.96
0.29
0.0143
0.0143
0.0000
0.0141
0.0141
290
0.09
5.46
2.19
0.35
0.0016
0.0016
0.0000
0.0016
0.0016
205
0.39
5.95
1.19
0.31
0.0008
0.0008
0.0000
0.0007
0.0007
190
0.55
5.64
1.44
0.32
0.0227
0.0227
0.0000
0.0225
0.0225
240
0.10
5.06
0.38
0.15
0.0038
0.0038
0.0000
0.0037
0.0037
200
0.26
5.13
0.60
0.22
0.0753
0.0753
0.0000
0.0745
0.0745
189
0.33
3.95
0.54
0.20
0.0015
0.0015
0.0000
0.0015
0.0015
215
0.32
5.51
0.55
0.32
0.0376
0.0376
0.0000
0.0372
0.0372
260
0.44
5.82
0.70
0.27
0.0205
0.0205
0.0000
0.0203
0.0203
240
0.29
5.38
0.49
0.27
0.0753
0.0753
0.0000
0.0745
0.0745
280
0.47
5.47
0.52
0.23
0.0075
0.0075
0.0000
0.0074
0.0074
240
0.07
4.06
0.50
0.16
0.0038
0.0038
0.0000
0.0037
0.0037
200
0.25
5.43
1.23
0.35
0.0013
0.0013
0.0000
0.0013
0.0013
296
0.31
6.41
0.96
0.25
0.0013
0.0013
0.0000
0.0013
0.0013
255
0.36
6.45
0.72
0.24
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
261
0.47
6.06
0.89
0.27
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
248
0.34
5.31
1.04
0.35
0.0001
0.0001
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
275
0.14
5.38
0.48
0.14
0.0008
0.0008
0.0000
0.0008
0.0008
220
0.20
5.87
0.72
0.27
0.0042
0.0042
0.0000
0.0041
0.0041
234
0.19
5.45
0.62
0.25
0.0097
0.0097
0.0000
0.0096
0.0096
196
0.28
5.44
0.65
0.28
0.4205
0.4205
0.0000
0.4161
0.4161
199
0.27
5.70
1.05
0.32
0.0147
0.0147
0.0000
0.0146
0.0146
294
0.38
5.99
0.95
0.23
0.0640
0.0640
0.0000
0.0633
0.0633
285
0.46
6.51
1.19
0.22
0.0164
0.0164
0.0000
0.0163
0.0163
216
0.59
6.20
1.55
0.28
0.0458
0.0458
0.0000
0.0453
0.0453
285
0.47
4.59
0.73
0.26
0.0287
0.0287
0.0000
0.0284
0.0284
237
0.78
6.32
1.30
0.38
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
189
0.43
6.65
1.04
0.34
0.0014
0.0014
0.0000
0.0014
0.0014
194
0.31
6.28
0.81
0.17
0.0083
0.0083
0.0000
0.0083
0.0083
288
0.62
6.62
1.69
0.36
0.0005
0.0005
0.0000
0.0005
0.0005
186
0.34
6.28
0.69
0.23
0.0004
0.0004
0.0000
0.0004
0.0004
249
0.48
6.37
1.08
0.24
0.0001
0.0001
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
146
-------
Table D7. 2001 MY Certification Data (cont.)
175-300 hp
Rated HP
HC
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
NOx HC+NOx CO
PM
Sales Weightings
HC wgt NOx wgt HC+NOx CO wgt PM wgt
wgt
243
0.40
5.88
1.67
0.37
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
210
0.09
5.16
0.90
0.11
0.0021
0.0021
0.0000
0.0020
0.0020
250
0.09
5.29
0.44
0.05
0.0001
0.0001
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
215
0.10
6.30
0.50
0.07
0.0005
0.0005
0.0000
0.0005
0.0005
197
0.33
4.42
0.71
0.20
0.0002
0.0002
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
241
0.21
4.14
0.67
0.17
0.0002
0.0002
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
241
0.41
6.44
1.11
0.34
0.0006
0.0006
0.0000
0.0006
0.0006
227
0.51
6.72
1.07
0.33
0.0009
0.0009
0.0000
0.0009
0.0009
193
0.60
6.69
0.85
0.28
0.0004
0.0004
0.0000
0.0004
0.0004
200
0.26
5.13
0.60
0.22
0.0075
0.0075
0.0000
0.0074
0.0074
189
0.33
3.95
0.54
0.20
0.0015
0.0015
0.0000
0.0015
0.0015
215
0.32
5.51
0.55
0.32
0.0075
0.0075
0.0000
0.0074
0.0074
240
0.29
5.38
0.49
0.27
0.0045
0.0045
0.0000
0.0045
0.0045
280
0.47
5.47
0.52
0.23
0.0008
0.0008
0.0000
0.0008
0.0008
189
0.31
5.40
0.92
0.21
0.0001
0.0001
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
252
0.22
6.23
0.30
0.23
0.0030
0.0030
0.0000
0.0029
0.0029
283
0.14
4.25
0.43
0.17
0.0011
0.0011
0.0000
0.0011
0.0011
262
0.17
5.84
0.57
0.21
0.0002
0.0002
0.0000
0.0002
0.0002
244
0.39
6.24
0.74
0.18
0.0004
0.0004
0.0000
0.0004
0.0004
285
0.06
5.93
0.60
0.09
0.0003
0.0003
0.0000
0.0003
0.0003
215
0.04
4.10
0.51
0.16
0.0034
0.0034
0.0000
0.0034
0.0034
197
0.33
5.07
0.76
0.18
0.0021
0.0021
0.0000
0.0021
0.0021
251
0.23
5.59
0.42
0.11
0.0039
0.0039
0.0000
0.0039
0.0039
184
0.30
6.70
0.61
0.18
0.0010
0.0010
0.0000
0.0010
0.0010
280
0.19
5.68
0.51
0.18
0.0020
0.0020
0.0000
0.0019
0.0019
298
0.37
6.32
1.16
0.30
0.0011
0.0011
0.0000
0.0011
0.0011
212
0.29
6.41
0.40
0.14
0.0014
0.0014
0.0000
0.0014
0.0014
286
0.22
5.35
1.24
0.37
0.0083
0.0083
0.0000
0.0082
0.0082
208
0.15
4.28
0.52
0.26
0.0051
0.0051
0.0000
0.0050
0.0050
202
0.28
6.00
1.05
0.33
0.0003
0.0003
0.0000
0.0003
0.0003
190
0.66
6.08
1.56
0.40
0.0002
0.0002
0.0000
0.0002
0.0002
177
0.34
6.20
0.89
0.28
0.0010
0.0010
0.0000
0.0010
0.0010
182
0.42
6.43
0.87
0.29
0.0003
0.0003
0.0000
0.0003
0.0003
207
0.44
6.59
1.15
0.36
0.0003
0.0003
0.0000
0.0003
0.0003
217
0.36
5.49
1.00
0.22
0.0007
0.0007
0.0000
0.0007
0.0007
244
0.19
6.30
1.66
0.37
0.0014
0.0014
0.0000
0.0014
0.0014
272
0.35
6.44
1.09
0.22
0.0014
0.0014
0.0000
0.0014
0.0014
255
0.25
5.89
0.40
0.13
0.0026
0.0026
0.0000
0.0026
0.0026
279
4.18
0.73
0.20
0.0000
0.0000
0.8977
0.0102
0.0102
275
0.11
4.02
4.13
0.80
0.16
0.0002
0.0002
0.0209
0.0002
0.0002
185
0.54
4.19
4.73
0.93
0.20
0.0002
0.0002
0.0132
0.0001
0.0001
245
4.55
0.45
0.15
0.0000
0.0000
0.0359
0.0004
0.0004
295
0.22
4.08
4.29
0.60
0.13
0.0003
0.0003
0.0299
0.0003
0.0003
268
0.30
4.00
4.47
0.66
0.19
0.0000
0.0000
0.0024
0.0000
0.0000
147
-------
Table D7. 2001 MY Certification Data (cont.)
175-300 hp Emission Factors (g/hp-hr) Sales Weightings
Rated HP HC NOx HC+NOx CO PM HC wgt NOxwgt HC+NOx COwgt PM wgt
wgt
Sales-wgt 0.31476 5.50654 0.74463 0.26662
EF 5 5 4.203295 3 2 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
Sample
Size 86 86 6 88 88
148
-------
Table D7. 2001 MY Certification Data (cont.) (Tier 2 for this hp category)
300-600 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
HC+NOx
wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
325
4.56
1.52
0.17
0.0000
0.0000
0.0516
0.0516
0.0516
439
3.75
1.19
0.16
0.0000
0.0000
0.0589
0.0589
0.0589
515
3.58
1.14
0.17
0.0000
0.0000
0.0521
0.0521
0.0521
593
4.08
0.58
0.10
0.0000
0.0000
0.2080
0.2080
0.2080
475
4.14
0.99
0.14
0.0000
0.0000
0.0460
0.0460
0.0460
325
4.56
1.52
0.17
0.0000
0.0000
0.0516
0.0516
0.0516
449
0.10
3.80
3.91
0.37
0.10
0.0036
0.0036
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
422
0.14
4.09
4.24
0.35
0.10
0.0279
0.0279
0.0082
0.0082
0.0082
322
0.13
4.37
4.50
0.44
0.11
0.0110
0.0110
0.0032
0.0032
0.0032
333
0.15
4.38
4.53
0.53
0.14
0.6951
0.6951
0.2042
0.2042
0.2042
300
4.53
0.82
0.14
0.0000
0.0000
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
350
4.71
0.77
0.11
0.0000
0.0000
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
500
4.75
1.30
0.12
0.0000
0.0000
0.1467
0.1467
0.1467
500
4.61
0.48
0.12
0.0000
0.0000
0.0258
0.0258
0.0258
300
0.06
4.02
4.08
0.59
0.13
0.0239
0.0239
0.0070
0.0070
0.0070
317
0.39
4.19
4.58
0.80
0.15
0.0150
0.0150
0.0044
0.0044
0.0044
321
0.17
4.22
4.39
0.52
0.14
0.0389
0.0389
0.0114
0.0114
0.0114
483
0.16
4.23
4.39
0.46
0.13
0.0235
0.0235
0.0069
0.0069
0.0069
360
0.12
4.47
4.59
0.63
0.09
0.0030
0.0030
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
326
0.50
4.04
4.54
0.43
0.14
0.0022
0.0022
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
456
0.15
4.37
4.52
0.57
0.10
0.0070
0.0070
0.0021
0.0021
0.0021
481
0.10
4.44
4.53
0.43
0.08
0.0036
0.0036
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
322
4.34
0.65
0.15
0.0000
0.0000
0.0066
0.0066
0.0066
410
4.40
0.30
0.11
0.0000
0.0000
0.0264
0.0264
0.0264
508
4.20
0.30
0.12
0.0000
0.0000
0.0016
0.0016
0.0016
572
4.53
0.86
0.19
0.0000
0.0000
0.0019
0.0019
0.0019
503
4.50
0.93
0.15
0.0000
0.0000
0.0064
0.0064
0.0064
571
4.29
0.48
0.14
0.0000
0.0000
0.0035
0.0035
0.0035
475
4.38
0.46
0.11
0.0000
0.0000
0.0035
0.0035
0.0035
595
4.20
0.63
0.16
0.0000
0.0000
0.0035
0.0035
0.0035
367
4.55
0.45
0.15
0.0000
0.0000
0.0035
0.0035
0.0035
493
4.49
0.71
0.13
0.0000
0.0000
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
493
4.49
0.71
0.13
0.0000
0.0000
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
324
0.22
4.30
4.53
0.47
0.08
0.0100
0.0100
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
375
0.25
4.29
4.54
0.48
0.08
0.1354
0.1354
0.0398
0.0398
0.0398
Sales-wgt
0.1669 4.3351
4.34534 0.8424 0.1315
EF
24
13
8
60
81
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Sample
Size
14
14
35
35
35
149
-------
Table D7. 2001 MY Certification Data (cont.)
600-750 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
HC+NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
HC+NOx
wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
660
0.05
6.24
0.83
0.14
0.0276
0.0276
0.0000
0.0192
0.0192
742
0.04
6.27
0.52
0.10
0.0408
0.0408
0.0000
0.0284
0.0284
654
0.04
6.21
1.58
0.25
0.1192
0.1192
0.0000
0.0829
0.0829
730
0.06
5.04
0.99
0.19
0.1159
0.1159
0.0000
0.0806
0.0806
740
0.10
5.53
1.62
0.33
0.0850
0.0850
0.0000
0.0591
0.0591
670
0.25
6.53
1.27
0.36
0.0795
0.0795
0.0000
0.0553
0.0553
710
0.27
6.63
2.31
0.30
0.0552
0.0552
0.0000
0.0384
0.0384
641
0.19
5.98
1.05
0.23
0.0353
0.0353
0.0000
0.0246
0.0246
740
0.24
5.85
1.37
0.28
0.0839
0.0839
0.0000
0.0583
0.0583
684
0.19
5.98
0.68
0.22
0.0055
0.0055
0.0000
0.0038
0.0038
671
0.48
6.63
0.52
0.16
0.0221
0.0221
0.0000
0.0153
0.0153
747
0.22
4.50
0.76
0.09
0.0055
0.0055
0.0000
0.0038
0.0038
680
3.89
0.33
0.12
0.0000
0.0000
0.7192
0.3047
0.3047
601
0.13
4.19
4.32
0.22
0.12
0.1049
0.1049
0.1721
0.0729
0.0729
750
0.07
5.84
0.90
0.16
0.0121
0.0121
0.0000
0.0084
0.0084
750
0.13
5.89
1.06
0.13
0.1413
0.1413
0.0000
0.0982
0.0982
630
0.12
3.87
3.99
0.87
0.18
0.0662
0.0662
0.1087
0.0460
0.0460
Sales-wgt
0.13806 5.61241
0.88330
0.18377
EF
5
8
3.975047
5
3
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Sample
Size
16
16
3
17
17
150
-------
Table D7. 2001 MY Certification Data (cont.)
>750 hp
Emission Factors (g/hp-hr)
Sales Weightings
Rated HP
HC
NOx
CO
PM
HC wgt
NOx wgt
CO wgt
PM wgt
758
0.07
5.26
1.07
0.16
0.0052
0.0052
0.0052
0.0052
891
0.05
6.22
0.73
0.14
0.0152
0.0152
0.0152
0.0152
1850
0.16
5.89
1.09
0.30
0.0654
0.0654
0.0654
0.0654
2250
0.16
6.43
1.28
0.20
0.0395
0.0395
0.0395
0.0395
755
0.35
5.80
1.48
0.30
0.0599
0.0599
0.0599
0.0599
1200
0.17
5.17
0.34
0.16
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
2000
0.31
5.91
1.49
0.25
0.0228
0.0228
0.0228
0.0228
1110
0.23
6.03
0.55
0.14
0.4402
0.4402
0.4402
0.4402
1500
0.54
6.24
0.87
0.27
0.2677
0.2677
0.2677
0.2677
1200
0.17
5.17
0.34
0.16
0.0228
0.0228
0.0228
0.0228
899
0.21
6.02
0.53
0.15
0.0088
0.0088
0.0088
0.0088
1230
0.12
6.03
0.67
0.26
0.0046
0.0046
0.0046
0.0046
811
0.27
6.24
1.05
0.21
0.0152
0.0152
0.0152
0.0152
1874
0.38
6.15
1.36
0.15
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
878
0.34
5.96
0.89
0.14
0.0152
0.0152
0.0152
0.0152
1207
0.23
5.45
1.26
0.24
0.0030
0.0030
0.0030
0.0030
1026
0.26
5.07
0.70
0.18
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
2346
0.40
6.04
1.39
0.26
0.0076
0.0076
0.0076
0.0076
Sales-wgt
EF
0.313093 6.052394
0.800887 0.203589
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Sample
Size
18
18
18
18
151
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18 Appendix E: Derivation of Highway-Certification Compliance
Margins and Application to Selected Tier 2/3 Nonroad Compression
Ignition Engines
As described in Section 4.3, some Tier 2 and Tier 3 nonroad compression ignition
emission rates were adjusted to account for expected compliance margins using factors
originally calculated for highway vehicles. In this appendix, we describe the derivation
of the highway-certification compliance margins (HCCMs) in greater detail. The
highway certification results used for this purpose in derivation of Tier 2/3 emission
factors (option 4) are summarized in a report updating emission levels for heavy-duty
highway diesel engines for use in MOBILE6 (1). The report presents results for light,
medium, and heavy vehicle classes in model years 1988-1989 and 1991-1994. For this
analysis, we supplemented these certification data with more recent highway certification
data from model years 1997-2001.
We used the highway certification results to calculate compliance margins (HCCM) for
some highway engines for MY 1988-2001. The procedure followed several steps (refer
to Table El):
1. We assigned highway model-year groups, (e.g., 1991-93) to each nonroad
horsepower category (e.g., 50-100 hp). These assignments vary for each pollutant
and individual horsepower category. The assignments attempt to associate similar
highway and nonroad engine technologies. We averaged results for multiple
years within a model-year group.
2. We assigned nonroad engines less than 50 horsepower to the light heavy-duty
diesel vehicle weight class (LHDD), engines in the range of 50-250 hp to the
medium heavy-duty diesel vehicle weight class (MHDD), and engines greater
than 250 hp to the heavy heavy-duty diesel vehicle weight class (HHDD). Within
a model-year group, these assignments identified subsets of certification data to
represent specific nonroad horsepower categories. Correspondence between
highway weight class (light-duty, medium-duty, heavy-duty) and nonroad
horsepower categories follows relationships established by the California Air
Resources Board (CARB 2000).
3. We used the highway certification data described above and assigned to the
appropriate nonroad horsepower categories to calculate compliance margins for
highway engines at certification:
HS1 , -AHCt ,
HCCM = ^^
HS,
152
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where HCCMy, HS,,, and AHCy are the highway-certification compliance
margin, highway standard and average certification emissions level, respectively,
for pollutant and horsepower category j (e.g., NOx, 50-100 hp).
While we calculated the highway-certification compliance margins for all pollutants and
horsepower categories, note that Table El presents results only for NOx and PM. We do
not present compliance margins for HC and CO because the margins were higher than 80
percent. As a result, we did not use them to estimate HC and CO Tier 2/3 emission
factors.
References
(1) EPA, "Update of Heavy-Duty Emission Levels (Model Years 1988-2004+) for Use in
MOBILE6," EPA420-R-99-010, April 1999.
153
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Table El. Highway-Certification Compliance Margins by Horsepower Category
Nonroad Engine
Power Categories
(hp)
Highway Model-
Year Group
(MYG)
Corresponding Heavy-Duty Highway Vehicle Weight
Class (VWC), Emission Standards (HS), Certification Test
Results (AHC) and Compliance Margins (HCCM)
NOx
VWC1
HS
(g/hp-hr)
AHC2
(g/hp-hr)
HCCM
(% HS)
< 11
1991-93
LHDD
5.0
4.28
14
11-25
1991-93
LHDD
5.0
4.28
14
25-50
1991-93
LHDD
5.0
4.28
14
50-100
1991-93
MHDD
5.0
4.54
9.0
100-175
1998-2003
MHDD
4.0
3.78
5.5
175-300
1998-2003
MHDD
4.0
3.58
10.5
300-600
1998-2003
HHDD
4.0
3.92
2.0
600-750
1998-2003
HHDD
4.0
3.84
4.0
>750
1998-2003
HHDD
4.0
3.84
4.0
PM
< 11
1988-89
LHDD
0.6
0.44
27
11-25
1988-89
LHDD
0.6
0.44
27
25-50
1988-89
LHDD
0.6
0.44
27
50-100
1991-93
MHDD
0.25
0.20
20
100-175
1991-93
MHDD
0.25
0.20
20
175-300
1994-97
MHDD
0.10
0.08
20
300-600
1994-97
HHDD
0.10
0.08
20
600-750
1994-97
HHDD
0.10
0.08
20
>750
1994-97
HHDD
0.10
0.08
20
1 LHDD = "light heavy-duty diesel," MHDD = "medium heavy-duty diesel," and HHDD = "heavy heavy-
duty diesel."
2 Source: USEPA (1999), forNOx, Table 10 or MY 1997-2001 highway certification data; forPM, Table
11 or MY 1997-2001highway certification data.
154
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19 Appendix F: Derivation of Transient Adjustment Factors (TAFs) for
Nonroad Compression Ignition Engines
Nonroad engines often operate under conditions unlike that of the steady-state ISO-C1
testing procedure typically used in emissions testing. This alternate operation can cause a
change in the emission characteristics of nonroad compression ignition (CI) engines. As in
NEVES, the MOVES-Nonroad model accounts for in-use (transient) operation in CI engines
by applying an adjustment to emission factors generated using the ISO-C1 (8-mode) steady-
state tests. Unlike NEVES, the MOVES-Nonroad model uses transient adjustment factors
derived from emission testing designed to represent operational behavior of nonroad
equipment. Note that the transient adjustments are not applied by the MOVES-Nonroad
model, but are applied by EPA during the creation of the MOVES-Nonroad emission factor
input files.
TAFs are applied to the Base, Tier 0, Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3 emission factors. Since
transient emission control is expected to be an integral part of all Tier 4 engine design
considerations, TAFs are not applied to the emission factors for Tier 4 engines (i.e., the
model applies a TAF of 1.0).
Development of Transient Adjustment Factors
In NEVES, EPA adjusted the ISO-C1-derived emission factor data available at the time to
account for in-use operation by applying a set of multipliers. These factors were derived
from a comparison of only a few engines tested with both the ISO-C1 test procedure and the
highway Federal Test Procedure (FTP). (1) These factors shown in Table F1 were applied in
NEVES only to engines used in applications judged to be sufficiently transient in nature.
Table Fl. NEVES Test Cycle Adjustment from ISO-C1 Emission Factors
NEVES
Adjustment
HC
CO
NOx
PM
1.4
2.0
1
1.6
MOVES-Nonroad's steady-state emission factors for pre-1988 CI engines of greater than 50
hp are based on the emission factors used in the NEVES. As a result, the NEVES in-use
adjustments were removed to determine pre-1988 average steady-state emissions for these
engines. The TAFs described below are then applied consistently to all the steady-state
emission factors in MOVES-Nonroad, including the NEVES-derived steady-state emission
factors.
Since it was recognized that the highway test procedure may not simulate engine behavior
when used in nonroad applications, a joint EMAVEPA project was initiated to develop more
realistic test cycles for nonroad engine emissions characterization. The project developed
cycles to represent typical operation of an agricultural tractor, a crawler dozer, and a
backhoeMoader. The cycles were developed from data acquired from instrumenting one
155
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piece of each type of equipment. This data was used to construct appropriate test cycles from
statistical criteria developed by EMA and EPA. Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) then
tested nine late-model nonroad engines using the steady-state ISO-C1 certification procedure
and the three nonroad test cycles. (2) Later testing at SwRI involved three additional
engines and four additional cycles (rubber-tire loader, skid-steer loader, arc welder, and
excavator cycles). (3) A summary of the cycle specific emission results for each engine is
given in Table F2.
For each pollutant and test cycle, we calculate the TAF as the ratio of the transient emission
factor (EFtram) to the corresponding steady-state (ISO-C1) emission factor (EFVV):
EF
trans
" efss
Transient adjustment factors may be greater than or less than 1.0.
Using the emission data in Table F2, TAFs were calculated for each engine, pollutant, and
test cycle. The resulting TAFs for each engine are provided in Table F3. The TAFs for each
engine were then averaged to obtain composite TAFs for each of the seven test cycles. These
are also shown in Table F3 along with the standard deviations. TAFs for Tier 0 and Tier 1
engines were combined, since they were not statistically different, based on P values
obtained from performing the Student's t-Test.
For this version of MOVES-Nonroad, the seven average cycle TAFs were further binned into
two categories, Hi LF and Lo LF, based on the cycle load factors. We thought this approach
would be more defensible, given the limited data available. This approach is also consistent
with that used to develop the new load factors in the model. Table F4 shows how the cycle
TAFs were binned. When reviewing the cycle load factors, two bins emerged. A high load
factor bin consisted of the following cycles: agricultural tractor (LF=0.78), crawler dozer
(LF=0.58), rubber-tire loader (LF=0.48), and excavator (LF=0.53). A low load factor bin
consisted of the remaining cycles: backhoe/loader (LF=0.21), skid-steer loader (LF=0.23),
and arc welder (LF=0.19). The TAFs for the high load factor cycles were averaged to obtain
a composite Hi LF TAF. Similarly, the TAFs for the low load factor cycles were averaged
to obtain a composite Lo LF TAF. As a result, the cycle TAFs were replaced by either a Hi
LF TAF or a Lo LF TAF, depending on the cycle assignment.
Table F5 presents the CI TAFs used in MOVES-Nonroad. The TAFs are carried over from
Table F4 with the exception of the Tier 3 TAFs for NOx and PM. The rationale for the NOx
and PM Tier 3 TAFs is described in detail below.
Transient Emission Control and Implications for Tier 3 NOx and PM TAFs
The nonroad engine test cycle (for pre-Tier 4 engines) is a weighted 8 mode steady-state
emission cycle without a transient test element. This is in contrast to on-highway diesel
regulations which are set based on average emissions over a 20 minute transient test and a
separate steady-state test. The absence of a transient test allows some additional control
156
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flexibilities for nonroad engines not available, or available at a diminished level, for on-
highway diesel engines. The nonroad engine standards are therefore inherently less
restrictive than otherwise equivalent on-highway emission standards, as explained in the
following paragraphs.
Transient PM emission control is realized for on-highway diesel engines by limiting fuel
injection quantities dependent upon the oxygen content available (the air to fuel ratio, A/F) to
burn the fuel. When an on-highway diesel engine transitions from a low load steady-state
condition to a higher load it does so by increasing the fuel injection rate and the air induction
rate through increases in the intake manifold pressure (i.e. higher boost from the
turbocharger) in order to maintain an A/F ratio with acceptable PM emissions. While the
fueling rate can be changed almost instantaneously on a diesel engine, it takes a longer
amount of time for the turbocharger to increase the air flow due to the inertial lag of the
turbocharger and the mass of air. During the transient period when the turbocharger is
gradually increasing the air flow, the engine control system limits the addition of fuel in
order to prevent excess PM emissions. It is only after the air flow has increased to the proper
amount, that the engine control system allows the fueling rate to rise to the level needed to
deliver the desired engine torque. This control approach limits transient PM emissions so
that the engine will pass the highway transient test. Absent a transient PM emissions test, the
engine controller could immediately increase the fueling rate, providing rapid attainment of
the desired torque level, but this would also dramatically increase PM emissions. The
increase in PM emissions under transient conditions due to the lack of oxygen (low A/F) is
exacerbated by the use of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) to limit NOx emissions. This is
because the recirculated gases have a lower oxygen content (the very reason they help to
lower NOx emissions). In order to maintain effective PM emission control with EGR,
turbocharger boost levels are increased (more low oxygen content air is forced in to the
engine in order to give a total oxygen content similar to without EGR). Because of the
higher boost pressure required, transient PM control might be expected to be worse for EGR
equipped engines. For highway diesel engines which must meet a transient PM emission
standard, these issues are addressed with sophisticated control systems and with the use of
advanced turbocharger systems (i.e., variable geometry turbochargers). Absent a transient
test procedure, these advanced systems would not necessarily be used.
Similarly, NOx control for on-highway diesel engines equipped with EGR systems are
significantly constrained by the transient emission test procedure. When undergoing a
transient event as described in the previous example, an EGR emission control system for on-
highway engines would briefly turn off EGR in order to increase the fresh air flow to the
system in order to limit PM emissions and increase engine torque response. The control
system must, however, restore the EGR relatively quickly in order to control NOx emissions
under the highway transient test procedure. Failure to do so would lead to higher NOx
emissions. Absent a transient NOx standard, the EGR system could be turned off for a long
period under transient operation, leading to substantially higher NOx emissions than what
would be expected based upon a steady state emission test level alone. The extent of this
increase in NOx emissions is dependent upon the degree of transient operation (the relative
change in engine load). To the extent that load transient are less severe or not extended, the
differences in the resulting NOx emissions would be less evident.
157
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The lack of a transient emission test procedure for pre-Tier 4 nonroad engines is a concern to
the Agency, because we know that PM emissions realized in use can be significantly higher
than the steady-state emission level set by the PM standards. Similarly, we have concerns
that NOx emissions under transient conditions may be higher than indicated by the steady
state emissions test and the associated standards. We are therefore working to develop a
more comprehensive set of emission test requirements for nonroad engines to include a
transient test element. In the absence of such a test procedure for Tier 3 engines, we believe
that it is prudent to try to characterize these in-use emissions by increasing the TAFs applied
for NOx and PM emissions for Tier 3 engines from the level estimated for Tier 2 engines.
Since Tier 3 engines are not available to provide test data to establish the level of adjustment
required, we have applied engineering judgement to estimate the level of increase in
emissions. For PM we have estimated that the TAF will increase by 20 percent due to the
lack of a transient test and the inherent reduction in average A/F ratio values due to the use of
EGR. Given the highly transient nature of some nonroad diesel engine applications the
actual level of increase could be even higher. In the absence of more definitive data we
believe that a 20 percent increase in the TAF is appropriate. We intend to investigate this
issue further when Tier 3 engines become available for testing. We also believe that the NOx
TAF should be adjusted in a similar manner. For NOx we believe that a 10 percent increase
in the TAF is appropriate given the characteristics of EGR systems as we understand them
today. We believe that nonroad engine manufacturers will choose to modulate EGR rates
during high load change transient operation in order to limit PM emissions increases. This
will lead to an increase in NOx emission for the period that the EGR rate is modulated below
the steady-state level. For example, a 10 percent increase in NOx emissions could correspond
to an EGR rate of zero for 10 percent of the time (a duty cycle of 90 percent moderate
transient and steady-state operation and 10 percent highly transient operation) assuming that
NOx emissions double when the EGR flow is zero. For some applications with extreme
transient operations it is conceivable that the increase in emission could be even higher. As
with PM, we intend to investigate the actual level of NOx emissions when Tier 3 engines
become available.
Applying In-use Adjustment Factors
To apply the in-use adjustment factors listed in Table F5 to the entire CI equipment
population, EPA matched nonroad applications with the test cycle that most closely
represents the nonroad activity for the application. Table F6 lists the nonroad applications
used in the MOVES-Nonroad model and the in-use adjustment most representative of that
application. If steady-state operation is typical of an application no adjustment was made,
and the cycle adjustment is listed as 'none'.
Table A3 presents the resulting TAFs assigned to each equipment application. The steady-
state emission factors given in Table A2 were then multiplied by the appropriate in-use
adjustment factor to create MOVES-Nonroad's emission factor inputs for CI engines.
Comparison with Previous Draft Versions of NONROAD
158
-------
Table F7 presents a comparison of TAF methodologies used in the various draft versions of
NONROAD.
References
(1) EPA, "Nonroad Engine and Vehicle Emission Study" (NEVES), U.S. EPA, Office of
Air and Radiation, 21A-2001. November, 1991
(2) Fritz, S. G. and M.E. Starr, "Emission Factors for Compression Ignition Nonroad
Engines Operated on Number 2 Highway and Nonroad Diesel Fuel," Southwest Research
Institute. EPA contract # 68-C5-0077, SwRI 08-7601-822, March 1998.
(3) Starr, M.E., "Nonroad Engine Emissions Testing," Southwest Research Institute. EPA
contract# 68-C5-0076 and 68-C-98-169, September 1999.
Table F2. CI Engine Emissions Data Used to Calculate Transient Adjustment Factors
Engine
(reference)
Tier
Test Cycle
HC
(g/hp-hr)
CO
(g/hp-hr)
NOx
(g/hp-hr)
PM
(g/hp-hr)
BSFC
(lb/hp-
hr)
Caterpillar 3116 (2)
0
ISO-CI 8-mode
0.07
2.51
9.38
0.406
0.352
Agricultural
0.04
0.75
9.4
0.28
0.357
Backhoe Loader
0.36
7.47
9.46
0.652
0.411
Crawler Dozer
0.09
7.3
8.7
0.713
0.362
Caterpillar 3054 (2)
0
ISO-CI 8-mode
0.66
1
7.53
0.387
0.393
Agricultural
0.46
0.47
9.46
0.263
0.377
Backhoe Loader
1.22
3.34
5.45
0.759
0.446
Crawler Dozer
0.51
1.06
8.28
0.384
0.372
John Deere 4039 (2)
0
ISO-CI 8-mode
0.41
2.17
11.22
0.384
0.389
Agricultural
0.2
0.56
11.7
0.173
0.361
Backhoe Loader
1
2.62
9.57
0.447
0.471
Crawler Dozer
0.33
1.42
11.7
0.254
0.372
John Deere 7076 (2)
0
ISO-CI 8-mode
0.53
2.05
10.22
0.25
0.385
Agricultural
0.54
0.57
9.45
0.168
0.366
Backhoe Loader
1.13
4.82
14.35
0.522
0.493
Crawler Dozer
0.52
2.22
10.14
0.303
0.37
Consolidated Diesel
6TA-830 (2)
0
ISO-CI 8-mode
0.86
1.5
6.53
0.397
0.365
Agricultural
0.9
1.07
5.62
0.304
0.377
Backhoe Loader
2.08
9.86
6.69
1.698
0.438
Crawler Dozer
0.83
3.76
6.06
0.805
0.37
John Deere 6619 (2)
0
ISO-CI 8-mode
0.82
4.69
7.29
0.662
0.397
Agricultural
0.87
1.16
6.77
0.283
0.4
Backhoe Loader
1.99
6.89
8.29
1.102
0.466
Crawler Dozer
0.8
3.31
7.01
0.698
0.398
Consolidated Diesel
4039 (2)
0
ISO-CI 8-mode
1.32
3.37
7.57
0.581
0.389
Agricultural
0.86
2.5
7.28
0.43
0.367
159
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Table F2. CI Engine Emissions Data Used to Calculate Transient Adjustment Factors
Engine
(reference)
Tier
Test Cycle
HC
(g/hp-hr)
CO
(g/hp-hr)
NOx
(g/hp-hr)
PM
(g/hp-hr)
BSFC
(lb/hp-
hr)
Backhoe Loader
2.89
3.31
6.52
0.725
0.436
Crawler Dozer
1.22
2.1
7.4
0.413
0.364
Caterpillar 3306 (2)
0
ISO-CI 8-mode
1.27
1.46
6.52
0.248
0.373
Agricultural
1.33
0.82
6.46
0.201
0.372
Backhoe Loader
2.3
5.14
7.22
0.813
0.415
Crawler Dozer
1.16
2.7
6.54
0.436
0.37
John Deere 6101 (2)
1
ISO-CI 8-mode
0.47
0.86
5.55
0.186
0.350
Agricultural
0.50
0.32
4.93
0.125
0.362
Backhoe Loader
1.07
1.92
6.36
0.430
0.434
Crawler Dozer
0.51
1.17
5.25
0.246
0.362
John Deere 6101(same
engine) retested (3)
1
ISO-CI 8-mode
0.50
1.17
5.73
0.219
0.363
Agricultural
0.46
0.44
5.16
0.130
0.355
Backhoe Loader
0.93
1.90
6.04
0.430
0.419
Crawler Tractor
0.47
1.14
5.50
0.250
0.357
John Deere 6101 (same
engine) retested
1
ISO-CI 8-mode
0.46
0.95
5.75
0.19
Agricultural
0.39
0.39
5.24
0.11
Backhoe Loader
0.68
1.58
6.09
0.33
Crawler Dozer
0.37
1.33
5.61
0.24
Excavator
0.67
0.40
4.92
0.171
John Deere 6101
(average of three tests)
1
ISO-CI 8-mode
0.48
0.99
5.68
0.20
0.36
Agricultural
0.45
0.38
5.11
0.12
0.36
Backhoe Loader
0.89
1.80
6.16
0.40
0.43
Crawler Dozer
0.45
1.21
5.45
0.24
0.36
Excavator
0.67
0.40
4.92
0.171
Caterpillar 3176 (3)
1
ISO-CI 8-mode
0.08
1.78
5.51
0.183
0.333
Agricultural
0.08
1.47
5.39
0.180
0.330
Backhoe Loader
0.12
4.12
7.20
0.290
0.367
Crawler Dozer
0.06
2.67
5.61
0.230
0.334
MX270 (3)
1
ISO-CI 8-mode
0.11
0.40
4.51
0.096
0.340
Agricultural
0.06
0.30
4.33
0.090
0.332
Backhoe Loader
0.09
1.30
4.49
0.200
0.382
Crawler Tractor
0.04
0.78
4.11
0.140
0.341
Typ Rubber-Tire
0.07
1.32
4.33
0.180
0.350
Typ Skid-Steer
0.09
0.68
4.15
0.160
0.374
Typ Arc Welder
0.20
1.28
5.39
0.190
0.442
MX240 (3)
1
ISO-CI 8-mode
0.06
0.51
4.32
0.116
0.351
Agricultural
0.05
0.26
4.02
0.090
0.340
Backhoe Loader
0.12
1.06
4.63
0.200
0.380
Crawler Tractor
0.05
1.04
3.99
0.160
0.342
Tvp Rubber-Tire
0.09
2.07
4.18
0.250
0.368
Tvp Skid-Steer
0.13
1.00
4.25
0.210
0.379
160
-------
Table F2. CI Engine Emissions Data Used to Calculate Transient Adjustment Factors
Engine
(reference)
Tier
Test Cycle
HC
(g/hp-hr)
CO
(g/hp-hr)
NOx
(g/hp-hr)
PM
(g/hp-hr)
BSFC
(lb/hp-
hr)
Typ Arc Welder
0.27
1.65
6.15
0.260
0.451
Table F3. CI Transient Adjustment Factors for Various Nonroad Test Cycles
Engine
Tier
Test Cycle
HC
CO
NOx
PM
BSFC
Caterpillar 3116
0
Agricultural
0.57
0.30
1.00
0.69
1.01
Backhoe Loader
5.14
2.98
1.01
1.61
1.17
Crawler Dozer
1.29
2.91
0.93
1.76
1.03
Caterpillar 3054
0
Agricultural
0.70
0.47
1.26
0.68
0.96
Backhoe Loader
1.85
3.34
0.72
1.96
1.13
Crawler Dozer
0.77
1.06
1.10
0.99
0.95
John Deere 4039
0
Agricultural
0.49
0.26
1.04
0.45
0.93
Backhoe Loader
2.44
1.21
0.85
1.16
1.21
Crawler Dozer
0.80
0.65
1.04
0.66
0.96
John Deere 7076
0
Agricultural
1.02
0.28
0.92
0.67
0.95
Backhoe Loader
2.13
2.35
1.40
2.09
1.28
Crawler Dozer
0.98
1.08
0.99
1.21
0.96
Consolidated Diesel
6TA-830
0
Agricultural
1.05
0.71
0.86
0.77
1.03
Backhoe Loader
2.42
6.57
1.02
4.28
1.20
Crawler Dozer
0.97
2.51
0.93
2.03
1.01
John Deere 6619
0
Agricultural
1.06
0.25
0.93
0.43
1.01
Backhoe Loader
2.43
1.47
1.14
1.66
1.17
Crawler Dozer
0.98
0.71
0.96
1.05
1.00
Consolidated Diesel
4039
0
Agricultural
0.65
0.74
0.96
0.74
0.94
Backhoe Loader
2.19
0.98
0.86
1.25
1.12
Crawler Dozer
0.92
0.62
0.98
0.71
0.94
Caterpillar 3306
0
Agricultural
1.05
0.56
0.99
0.81
1.00
Backhoe Loader
1.81
3.52
1.11
3.28
1.11
Crawler Dozer
0.91
1.85
1.00
1.76
0.99
John Deere 6101
(average of three tests)
1
Agricultural
0.99
0.37
0.89
0.63
1.01
Backhoe Loader
2.06
1.88
1.10
2.12
1.20
Crawler Dozer
1.01
1.14
0.95
1.22
1.01
Excavator
1.40
0.44
0.87
0.89
1.03
Caterpillar 3176
1
Agricultural
1.00
0.83
0.98
0.98
0.99
Backhoe Loader
1.50
2.31
1.31
1.58
1.10
Crawler Dozer
0.75
1.50
1.02
1.26
1.00
MX270
1
Agricultural
0.55
0.75
0.96
0.94
0.98
Backhoe Loader
0.82
3.25
1.00
2.08
1.12
Crawler Dozer
0.36
1.95
0.91
1.46
1.00
Typ Rubber-Tire
0.64
3.30
0.96
1.88
1.03
Typ Skid-Steer
0.82
1.70
0.92
1.67
1.10
Typ Arc Welder
1.82
3.20
1.20
1.98
1.30
161
-------
Table F3. CI Transient Adjustment Factors for Various Nonroad Test Cycles
Engine
Tier
Test Cycle
HC
CO
NOx
PM
BSFC
MX240
1
Agricultural
0.83
0.51
0.93
0.78
0.97
Backhoe Loader
2.00
2.08
1.07
1.72
1.08
Crawler Dozer
0.83
2.04
0.92
1.38
0.97
Typ Rubber-Tire
1.50
4.06
0.97
2.16
1.05
Typ Skid-Steer
2.17
1.96
0.98
1.81
1.08
Typ Arc Welder
4.50
3.24
1.42
2.24
1.28
Average of
Individual TAFs
Agricultural
0.83
0.50
0.98
0.71
0.98
Backhoe Loader
2.23
2.66
1.05
2.07
1.16
Crawler Dozer
0.88
1.50
0.98
1.29
0.99
Typ Rubber-Tire
1.07
3.68
0.96
2.02
1.04
Typ Skid-Steer
1.49
1.83
0.95
1.74
1.09
Typ Arc Welder
3.16
3.22
1.31
2.11
1.29
Excavator
1.40
0.44
0.87
0.89
1.03
Standard Deviation
of TAFs
Agricultural
0.22
0.21
0.10
0.17
0.03
Backhoe Loader
1.02
1.49
0.19
0.88
0.06
Crawler Dozer
0.22
0.75
0.06
0.42
0.03
Typ Rubber-Tire
0.61
0.54
0.01
0.20
0.01
Typ Skid-Steer
0.95
0.18
0.04
0.10
0.01
Typ Arc Welder
1.90
0.02
0.16
0.19
0.01
Student's f-test:
P value*
TO vs T1
Agricultural
0.90
0.21
0.40
0.08
0.77
Backhoe Loader
0.13
0.67
0.40
0.63
0.17
Crawler Dozer
0.11
0.64
0.26
0.83
0.36
* P value > 0.05 indicates that the difference between the Tier 0 and Tier 1 values is not statistically significant.
162
-------
Table F4. CI Cycle Transient Adjustment Factors Binned by Load Factor Category
Cycle
Cycle Load
Factors*
Assignment
HC
CO
NOx
Cycle TAFs
New
TAFs
Cycle TAFs
New TAFs
Cycle TAFs
New
TAFs
None (steady-state)
N/A
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Agricultural Tractor
0.78
Hi LF
0.83
1.05
0.50
1.53
0.98
0.95
Backhoe/Loader
0.21
Lo LF
2.23
2.29
2.66
2.57
1.05
1.10
Crawler Dozer
0.58
Hi LF
0.88
1.05
1.50
1.53
0.98
0.95
Rubber-Tire Loader
0.48
Hi LF
1.07
1.05
3.68
1.53
0.96
0.95
Skid-Steer Loader
0.23
Lo LF
1.49
2.29
1.83
2.57
0.95
1.10
Arc Welder
0.19
Lo LF
3.16
2.29
3.22
2.57
1.31
1.10
Excavator
0.53
Hi LF
1.40
1.05
0.44
1.53
0.87
0.95
avg Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
avg Lo LF
2.29
2.57
1.10
Cycle
Cycle
Load
Factors*
Assignment
PM
BSFC
Cycle TAFs
New TAFs
Cycle TAFs
New TAFs
None (steady-state)
N/A
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Agricultural Tractor
0.78
Hi LF
0.71
1.23
0.98
1.01
Backhoe/Loader
0.21
Lo LF
2.07
1.97
1.16
1.18
Crawler Dozer
0.58
Hi LF
1.29
1.23
0.99
1.01
Rubber-Tire Loader
0.48
Hi LF
2.02
1.23
1.04
1.01
Skid-Steer Loader
0.23
Lo LF
1.74
1.97
1.09
1.18
Arc Welder
0.19
Lo LF
2.11
1.97
1.29
1.18
Excavator
0.53
Hi LF
0.89
1.23
1.03
1.01
avg Hi LF
1.23
1.01
avg Lo LF
1.97
1.18
* The load factors shown were obtained from engine test data and are not used directly in NONROAD.
Table F5. CI Transient Adjustment Factors in Draft NONROAD20Q4
Assignment
HC
CO
NOx
PM
BSFC
Base-Tier
3
Base-Tier
3
Base, Tiers
0-2
Tier 3*
Base,
Tiers 0-2
Tier 3*
Base-
Tier 3
avg Hi LF
1.05
1.53
0.95
1.04
1.23
1.47
1.01
avg Lo LF
2.29
2.57
1.10
1.21
1.97
2.37
1.18
None
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.10
1.00
1.20
1.00
* NOx Tier 3 TAF = l.l*(NOx Base, Tiers 0-2 TAF). PM Tier 3 TAF = 1.2*(PM Base, Tiers 0-2 TAF). TAFs
are not applied to the emission factors for Tier 4 engines (i.e., the model applies a TAF of 1.0).
163
-------
Table F6. CI Transient Adjustment Factor Assignments by Equipment Type
see
Equipment Type
Representative
Cycle
TAF
Assignment
2270001000
Recreational Vehicles All
Backhoe
LoLF
2270001020
Recreational Vehicles Snowmobiles
None
None
2270001030
Recreational Vehicles All Terrain Vehicles
None
None
2270001040
Recreational Vehicles Minibikes
None
None
2270001050
Recreational Vehicles Golf Carts
None
None
2270001060
Recreational Vehicles Specialty Vehicle Carts
Backhoe
Lo LF
2270002003
Construction Equipment Pavers
Crawler
Hi LF
2270002006
Construction Equipment Tampers/Rammers
None
None
2270002009
Construction Equipment Plate Compactors
None
None
2270002015
Construction Equipment Rollers
Crawler
Hi LF
2270002018
Construction Equipment Scrapers
Crawler
Hi LF
2270002021
Construction Equipment Paving Equipment
Crawler
Hi LF
2270002024
Construction Equipment Surfacing Equipment
Crawler
Hi LF
2270002027
Construction Equipment Signal Boards
None
None
2270002030
Construction Equipment Trenchers
Crawler
Hi LF
2270002033
Construction Equipment Bore/Drill Rigs
None
None
2270002036
Construction Equipment Excavators
Excavator
Hi LF
2270002039
Construction Equipment Concrete/Industrial Saws
Crawler
Hi LF
2270002042
Construction Equipment Cement & Mortar Mixers
None
None
2270002045
Construction Equipment Cranes
None
None
2270002048
Construction Equipment Graders
Crawler
Hi LF
2270002051
Construction Equipment Off-highway Trucks
Crawler
Hi LF
2270002054
Construction Equipment Crushing/Proc. Equipment
None
None
2270002057
Construction Equipment Rough Terrain Forklifts
RTLoader
Hi LF
2270002060
Construction Equipment Rubber Tire Loaders
RTLoader
Hi LF
2270002063
Construction Equipment Rubber Tire Dozers
Crawler
Hi LF
2270002066
Construction Equipment Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes
Backhoe
LoLF
2270002069
Construction Equipment Crawler Dozer
Crawler
Hi LF
2270002072
Construction Equipment Skid Steer Loaders
SSLoader
LoLF
2270002075
Construction Equipment Off-Highway Tractors
Crawler
Hi LF
2270002078
Construction Equipment Dumpers/Tenders
Backhoe
LoLF
2270002081
Construction Equipment Other Construction
Equipment
Crawler
Hi LF
2270003010
Industrial Equipment Aerial Lifts
Backhoe
LoLF
2270003020
Industrial Equipment Forklifts
RTLoader
Hi LF
2270003030
Industrial Equipment Sweepers/Scrubbers
None
None
164
-------
Table F6. CI Transient Adjustment Factor Assignments by Equipment Type
see
Equipment Type
Representative
Cycle
TAF
Assignment
2270003040
Industrial Equipment Other General Industrial
Equipment
None
None
2270003050
Industrial Equipment Other Material Handling
Equipment
Backhoe
LoLF
2270003060
Industrial Equipment AQRcfrigcration
None
None
2270003070
Terminal Tractors
Crawler
Hi LF
2270004000
Lawn & Garden Equipment ALL
None
None
2270004010
Lawn & Garden Equipment Lawn mowers
(Residential)
None
None
2270004011
Lawn & Garden Equipment Lawn mowers
(Commercial)
None
None
2270004015
Lawn & Garden Equipment Rotary Tillers < 6 HP
None
None
2270004016
Lawn & Garden Equipment Rotary Tillers < 6 HP
(Commercial)
None
None
2270004020
Lawn & Garden Equipment Chain Saws < 6 HP
None
None
2270004021
Lawn & Garden Equipment Chain Saws < 6 HP
(Commercial)
None
None
2270004025
Lawn& Garden Equipment Trimmers/Edgers/Brush
Cutters
None
None
2270004026
Lawn& Garden Equipment Trimmers/Edgers/Brush
Cutters (Commercial)
None
None
2270004030
Lawn& Garden Equipment Leafblowers/Vacuums
None
None
2270004031
Lawn & Garden Equipment Leafblowers/Vacuums
(Commercial)
None
None
2270004035
Lawn & Garden Equipment Snowblowers
None
None
2270004036
Lawn & Garden Equipment Snowblowers
(Commercial)
None
None
2270004040
Lawn & Garden Equipment Rear Engine Riding
Mowers
None
None
2270004041
Lawn & Garden Equipment Rear Engine Riding
Mowers (Commercial)
None
None
2270004045
Lawn & Garden Equipment Front Mowers
None
None
2270004046
Lawn & Garden Equipment Front Mowers
(Commercial)
None
None
2270004050
Lawn & Garden Equipment Shredders < 6 HP
None
None
2270004051
Lawn & Garden Equipment Shredders < 6 HP
(Commercial)
None
None
2270004055
Lawn & Garden Equipment Lawn & Garden
Tractors
None
None
2270004056
Lawn & Garden Equipment Lawn & Garden
Tractors (Commercial)
None
None
165
-------
Table F6. CI Transient Adjustment Factor Assignments by Equipment Type
see
Equipment Type
Representative
Cycle
TAF
Assignment
2270004060
Lawn & Garden Equipment Wood Splitters
None
None
2270004061
Lawn & Garden Equipment Wood Splitters
(Commercial)
None
None
2270004065
Lawn & Garden Equipment Chippers/Stump
Grinders
None
None
2270004066
Lawn & Garden Equipment Chippers/Stump
Grinders (Commercial)
None
None
2270004071
Lawn & Garden Equipment Commercial Turf
Equipment (Commercial)
None
None
2270004075
Lawn & Garden Equipment Other Lawn & Garden
Equipment
None
None
2270004076
Lawn & Garden Equipment Other Lawn & Garden
Equipment (Commercial)
None
None
2270005010
Farm Equipment 2-Wheel Tractors
AgTractor
Hi LF
2270005015
Farm Equipment Agricultural Tractors
AgTractor
Hi LF
2270005020
Farm Equipment Combines
AgTractor
Hi LF
2270005025
Farm Equipment Balers
AgTractor
Hi LF
2270005030
Farm Equipment Agricultural Mowers
AgTractor
Hi LF
2270005035
Farm Equipment Sprayers
AgTractor
Hi LF
2270005040
Farm Equipment Tillers > 6 HP
AgTractor
Hi LF
2270005045
Farm Equipment Swathers
AgTractor
Hi LF
2270005050
Farm Equipment Hydro Power Units
None
None
2270005055
Farm Equipment Other Agricultural Equipment
AgTractor
Hi LF
2270005060
Farm Equipment Irrigation Sets
None
None
2270006000
Light Commercial ALL
None
None
2270006005
Light Commercial Generator Sets
None
None
2270006010
Light Commercial Pumps
None
None
2270006015
Light Commercial Air Compressors
None
None
2270006020
Light Commercial Gas Compressors
None
None
2270006025
Light Commercial Welders
ArcWelder
Lo LF
2270006030
Light Commercial Pressure Washers
None
None
2270007005
Logging Equipment Chain Saws > 6 HP
RTLoader
Hi LF
2270007010
Logging Equipment Shredders > 6 HP
RTLoader
Hi LF
2270007015
Logging Equipment Forest Equipment
RTLoader
Hi LF
2270008005
Airport Service Equipment Airport Support
Equipment
RTLoader
Hi LF
2270009010
Other Underground Mining Equipment
Backhoe
LoLF
2270010010
Other Oil Field Equipment
None
None
166
-------
Table F6. CI Transient Adjustment Factor Assignments by Equipment Type
see
Equipment Type
Representative
Cycle
TAF
Assignment
2282020005
Recreational Pleasure Craft, Inboards
None
None
2282020010
Recreational Pleasure Craft, Outboards
None
None
2282020015
Recreational Pleasure Craft, Personal Water Craft
None
None
2282020025
Recreational Pleasure Craft, Sailboat Aux.
Outboard
None
None
2285002015
Railway Maintenance
Backhoe
Lo LF
167
-------
Table F7. Comparison of TAF Methodology Used in Draft Versions of NONROAD
Model
Model
Data as
Cycles Used
Treatment
Ratio of
TAFs Used
Date
Version
Basis (# of
of Tier 0
Averages
and
Name
engines)
vs Tier 1
or
Assignments
Data
Average
of Ratios?
June 1998
"Original"
9 engines
Ag tractor
Tier 0 and
Ratio of
3 cycle
(8 Tier 0 and
Backhoe
Tier 1 data
averages
TAFs. One
1 Tier 1
Loader
combined
assigned to
engines)
Crawler Dozer
each
equipment
type
April 1999
"Tier 2"
No TAF-related changes
June 2000
"2007 HD
12 engines
Ag tractor
Tier 0 and
Ratio of
Revised to
Rule"
(8 Tier 0 and
Backhoe
Tier 1 data
averages
accommodat
4 Tier 1
Loader
separated;
e separate TO
engines)
Crawler Dozer
separate
and T1 TAFs
RT Loader
TAFs for
and 3
SS Loader
each
additional
Arc Welder
cycles
Nov 2000
"Final
No TAF related changes relative to June 2000 version
Finding /
ANPRM"
Oct 2001
"Pentathlo
12 engines
Ag tractor
Tier 0 and
Average
6 cycle
nNPRM"
(8 Tier 0 and
Backhoe
Tier 1 data
of ratios
TAFs. One
4 Tier 1
Loader
re-
assigned to
engines)
Crawler Dozer
combined
each
RT Loader
equipment
SS Loader
type
Arc Welder
March
"NONRO
12 engines
Ag tractor
Tier 0 and
Average
7 cycle TAFs
2002
AD 2002"
(8 Tier 0 and
Backhoe
Tier 1 data
of ratios
binned in two
April 2004
and
4 Tier 1
Loader
combined
categories:
Dec 2005
"NONRO
engines)
Crawler Dozer
Hi LF and Lo
July 2009
AD 2004"
RT Loader
LF. One
and
SS Loader
assigned to
"NONRO
Arc Welder
each
AD
Excavator
equipment
2005" and
type.
"NONRO
AD
2008a"
168
-------
20 Appendix G: Derivation of Deterioration Factors for Nonroad
Compression Ignition Engines
Deterioration factors used in emissions models are intended to account for increases in
emissions above a new engine or vehicle's base emissions level with time. Emissions can
increase with time for a number of reasons including, engine wear, poor maintenance
practices, and willful or unwitting tampering with emission control systems. Emissions from
conventional (pre-aftertreatment) diesel engines increase with time (deteriorate) at a very
slow rate when the engine is properly maintained and operated. In fact for a number of
pollutants (primarily NOx), emission levels can actually drop slightly as the engine ages.
However, anecdotal and emission test experience suggests that many diesel engines emit at a
much higher level in-use (especially PM) than would be anticipated for a well maintained
diesel engine.
Diesel engines are extremely robust and can continue to provide adequate performance for a
user, even when they have been poorly maintained. Unlike speed and load characterized
performance, however, their emissions performance can decrease quite rapidly when the
engine receives poor maintenance. Analysis and testing conducted by contractors to EPA
and to the California Air Resources Board (CARB) have shown that these maintenance and
tampering issues comprise the bulk of the observed increase in PM emissions from diesel
engines in-use. (1) When CARB updated the large CI component of its OFFROAD model in
2000, they accounted for this increase in emissions by using deterioration factors developed
from real world observations of in-use PM emissions correlated to particular engine
technologies. (2) We believe that this is the appropriate approach for PM emission modeling
in order to account for all of the possible mechanisms of PM deterioration. We have
therefore adopted the PM deterioration factors from CARB's OFFROAD model in this
version of NONROAD. We averaged the highway-based LDDT, MHDT, and HHDT PM
deterioration factors used in CARB's OFFROAD model (0.31, 0.44, and 0.67, respectively)
and applied the average (0.473) to all tiers.
For HC, CO, and NOx, we have continued our practice of using deterioration factors
developed by manufacturers based upon well maintained engines. We have done so because
we believe that maintenance and tampering issues do not affect the emission rates of these
pollutants as dramatically. As a result, we base the HC, CO, and NOx deterioration factors
adopted for nonroad engines on highway certification data (zero-hour levels and lifetime
deterioration) (3). We used the same data to derive highway compliance margins for the
steady-state emission factor analysis. Correspondence between highway weight class (light,
medium, heavy), highway model-year group, and nonroad horsepower categories is identical
to that used for the steady-state emission factor analysis.
We converted the highway engine deterioration estimates into a format applicable to nonroad
engines, following these steps:
(1) We calculated absolute deterioration rates DFabs using the zero-hour emission
factors and lifetime deterioration estimates presented in reference (3).
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(2) We converted the absolute deterioration rates DFabs (g/hp-hr2) to relative
deterioration rates DFrei (percent emissions increase/percent useful life expended).
(3) We calculated a separate DFrei for each combination of pollutant, Tier, and
horsepower category. Then to derive a single value for each Tier and pollutant, we
simply averaged the DF,w.
We discuss these calculations in greater detail below.
To adapt highway-certification deterioration rates for application to nonroad engines, it was
necessary to convert them from an absolute basis (emissions increase over engine's useful
life (g/hp-hr)) to a relative basis (percent emissions increase/percent useful life expended).
This conversion involves relating the emissions increase over the engine's useful life to the
zero-hour emission factor, in proportional terms.
We achieved this conversion as follows. To begin, if we assume linear deterioration with the
intercept at the zero-hour emission factor, (0 deterioration increase at 0 miles (0 hours useful
life)), it is possible to calculate the absolute slope of the line, i.e., the absolute deterioration
rate DFabs (g/hp-hr2) (Figure 1 on next page). The required data are the absolute emissions
increase Dt (g/hp-hr) over engine's useful life L (years) and the zero-hour emission factor
EFzm (g/hp-hr):
DF = Ay = (EF™ +DT)-EF,m = Łt_
abs At L- 0 L
Dividing the numerator and denominator by EFzm and Z, respectively, and multiplying each
by 100 expresses the deterioration factor in percentage terms with respect to emissions
increase and useful life, giving a relative deterioration rate DFre/ (percent emissions
increase/percent useful life).
Thus, the relative deterioration rate is the quotient of the absolute emissions increase and the
zero-hour emission factor. Tables G1-G3 present estimates of DFre/ for each combination of
pollutant, Tier and horsepower category. To derive individual values of DFre/ for each
pollutant and Tier, we calculated simple unweighted averages.
The resulting DFre/ for each pollutant and Tier are presented in Table G4. For Tier 4 engines,
we apply the DFrei developed for Tier 3 engines.
We intend to continue to monitor in-use PM emissions levels, and as the body of data
increases (especially for newer engine technologies), we intend to further update the
deterioration factors used here. Similarly, if we learn that deterioration rates for other
pollutants also increase significantly in-use, we will update those factors as well.
References
(1) Engine, Fuel and Emissions Engineering, Inc., "Modeling Deterioration in Heavy-Duty
Diesel Particulate Emissions," report prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
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1998.
(2) ARB, "Public Meeting to Consider Approval of the Emissions Inventory of Off-Road
Large Compression-Ignited (CI) Engines (>25HP)," January 2000.
(3) EPA, "Update of Heavy-Duty Emission Levels (Model Years 1988-2004+) for Use in
MOBILE6," EPA420-R-99-010, April 1999.
DFabs
1
' Dt
L
' EFzm
time (years)
Figure 1. Conceptual representation of absolute linear emissions
deterioration over the useful life of a diesel engine.
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Table Gl. Hydrocarbon (HC) Deterioration Factors by Tier and Horsepower Category
Nonroad
Engine
Power
Categories
(hp)
Correspondin
g Highway
Vehicle
Weight Class1
Correspondin
g Highway
Model-Year
Group
Corresponding Highway Certification Test
Results and Deterioration Factors
EFzm1
(g/hp-hr)
Dt3
(g/hp-hr)
TierO
DFrel4
(%increase/%
useful life)
< 11
LHDD
1988-89
0.64
0.02
0.031
11-25
LHDD
1988-89
0.64
0.02
0.031
25-50
LHDD
1988-89
0.64
0.02
0.031
50-100
MHDD
1988-89
0.66
0.05
0.068
100-175
MHDD
1988-89
0.66
0.05
0.068
175-300
MHDD
1988-89
0.66
0.05
0.068
300-600
HHDD
1988-89
0.47
0.02
0.043
600-750
HHDD
1988-89
0.47
0.02
0.043
>750
HHDD
1988-89
0.47
0.02
0.043
Tiers 1-3
< 11
LHDD
1994-97
0.26
0.01
0.038
11-25
LHDD
1994-97
0.26
0.01
0.038
25-50
LHDD
1994-97
0.26
0.01
0.038
50-100
MHDD
1994-97
0.31
0.00
0.000
100-175
MHDD
1994-97
0.31
0.00
0.000
175-300
MHDD
1994-97
0.31
0.00
0.000
300-600
HHDD
1994-97
0.22
0.02
0.068
600-750
HHDD
1994-97
0.22
0.02
0.068
>750
HHDD
1994-97
0.22
0.02
0.068
1 LHDD = "light heavy-duty diesel," MHDD = "medium heavy-duty diesel," and HHDD = "heavy
heavy-duty diesel."
2 Zero-hour emission factor, Source: USEPA 1999, Table 8.
3 Lifetime Deterioration (cumulative deterioration over vehicle useful life), Source USEPA 1999, Table
8.
4 Relative Deterioration Factor, calculated as DT/EFzm. For discussion, see text.
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Table G2. CO Deterioration Factors by Tier and Horsepower Category1
Nonroad
Engine
Power
Categories
(hp)
Correspondin
g Highway
Vehicle
Weight Class1
Correspondin
g Highway
Model-Year
Group
Corresponding Highway Certification Test
Results and Deterioration Factors
EFzm2
(g/hp-hr)
Dt3
(g/hp-hr)
TierO
EFzm1
(g/hp-hr)
< 11
LHDD
1988-89
1.22
0.24
0.198
11-25
LHDD
1988-89
1.22
0.24
0.198
25-50
LHDD
1988-89
1.22
0.24
0.198
50-100
MHDD
1988-89
1.70
0.33
0.195
100-175
MHDD
1988-89
1.70
0.33
0.195
175-300
MHDD
1988-89
1.70
0.33
0.195
300-600
HHDD
1988-89
1.36
0.22
0.162
600-750
HHDD
1988-89
1.36
0.22
0.162
>750
HHDD
1988-89
1.36
0.22
0.162
Tiers 1-3
< 11
LHDD
1994-97
1.20
0.03
0.021
11-25
LHDD
1994-97
1.20
0.03
0.021
25-50
LHDD
1994-97
1.20
0.03
0.021
50-100
MHDD
1994-97
0.88
0.17
0.189
100-175
MHDD
1994-97
0.88
0.17
0.189
175-300
MHDD
1994-97
0.88
0.17
0.189
300-600
HHDD
1994-97
1.07
0.10
0.093
600-750
HHDD
1994-97
1.07
0.10
0.093
>750
HHDD
1994-97
1.07
0.10
0.093
1 LHDD = "light heavy-duty diesel," MHDD = "medium heavy-duty diesel," and HHDD = "heavy
heavy-duty diesel."
2 Zero-hour emission factor, Source: USEPA 1999, Table 9.
3 Lifetime Deterioration (cumulative deterioration over vehicle useful life), Source USEPA 1999, Table
9.
4 Relative Deterioration Factor, calculated as DT/EFzm. For discussion, see text.
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Table G3. NOx Deterioration Factors by Pollutant and Horsepower Category1
Nonroad
Engine
Power
Categories
(hp)
Corresponding
Highway Vehicle
Weight Class1
Corresponding
Highway Model-
Year Group
Corresponding Highway Certification Test Results
and Deterioration Factors
EFzm1
(g/hp-hr)
Dt3
(g/hp-hr)
Tier 0-1
EFzm1
(g/hp-hr)
< 11
LHDD
1988-89
4.34
0.02
0.005
11-25
LHDD
1988-89
4.34
0.02
0.005
25-50
LHDD
1988-89
4.34
0.02
0.005
50-100
MHDD
1988-89
6.43
0.16
0.025
100-175
MHDD
1988-89
6.43
0.16
0.025
175-300
MHDD
1988-89
6.43
0.16
0.025
300-600
HHDD
1988-89
6.28
0.28
0.044
600-750
HHDD
1988-89
6.28
0.28
0.044
>750
HHDD
1988-89
6.28
0.28
0.044
Tier 2
< 11
LHDD
1991-93
4.28
0.01
0.003
11-25
LHDD
1991-93
4.28
0.01
0.003
25-50
LHDD
1991-93
4.28
0.01
0.003
50-100
MHDD
1998-2003
4.67
0.03
0.006
100-175
MHDD
1998-2003
4.67
0.03
0.006
175-300
MHDD
1998-2003
4.67
0.03
0.006
300-600
HHDD
1998-2003
4.70
0.05
0.011
600-750
HHDD
1998-2003
4.70
0.05
0.011
>750
HHDD
1998-2003
4.70
0.05
0.011
Tier 3
50-100
MHDD
1998-2003
4.67
0.03
0.006
100-175
MHDD
1998-2003
4.67
0.03
0.006
175-300
MHDD
1998-2003
4.67
0.03
0.006
300-600
HHDD
1998-2003
4.70
0.05
0.011
600-750
HHDD
1998-2003
4.70
0.05
0.011
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1 LHDD = "light heavy-duty diesel," MHDD = "medium heavy-duty diesel," and HHDD = "heavy heavy-duty
diesel."
2 Zero-hour emission factor, Source: USEPA 1999, Table 10.
3 Lifetime Deterioration (cumulative deterioration over vehicle useful life), Source USEPA 1999, Table 10.
4 Relative Deterioration Factor, calculated as DT/EFzm. For discussion, see text.
Table G4. Deterioration Factors for Nonroad Diesel Engines
Pollutant Relative Deterioration Factor (DFrei) (% increase/%useful life)1
Base/Tier 0 Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 &Tier 4
HC 0.047 0.036 0.034 0.027
CO 0.185 0.101 0.101 0.151
NOx 0.024 0.024 0.009 0.008
PM 0.473 0.473 0.473 0.473
1 DF,.„/ = A in the equation: DF =l+A*(fraction of useful life expended)13. Note that the coefficient b = 1.0 for
diesel engines, i.e., the deterioration trend is linear.
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