ENERGY STAR
Qualified Homes
THERMAL BYPASS CHECKLIST
GUIDE Version 2.1
I l..ปA OAftQ
Updated June 2008 I ENERGY STAR
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ENERGY STAR QUALIFIED HOMES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Thermal Bypass Checklist Introduction 5
General Tips and Best Practices 6
1. Overall Air Barrier and Thermal Alignment 7
1.1 Air Barrier and Thermal Alignment 7
1.2 Garage Band Joist Air Barrier 13
1.3 Attic Eave Baffles 15
1.4 Slab-edge Insulation 18
1.5 Air Barrier at all Band Joists 20
1.6 Minimize Thermal Bridging 22
2. Walls Adjoining Exterior Walls or Unconditioned Spaces 27
2.1 Wall Behind Shower/Tub 27
2.2 Wall Behind Fireplace 30
2.3 Insulated Attic Slopes for Unvented Attic Spaces 33
2.4 Attic Knee Walls 35
2.5 Skylight Shaft Walls 38
2.6 Wall Adjoining Porch Roof 40
2.7 Staircase Walls 43
2.8 Double Walls 46
3. Floors Between Conditioned and Unconditioned Spaces 49
3.1 Insulated Floor Above Garage 49
3.2 Cantilevered Floor 53
4. Shafts 57
4.1 Duct Shaft 57
4.2 Piping Shaft/Penetrations 60
4.3 Flue Shaft 62
5. Attic/Ceiling Interface 65
5.1 Attic Access Panel 65
5.2 Attic Drop-Down Stair 67
5.3 Dropped Ceiling/Soffit 70
5.4 Recessed Lighting Fixtures 73
5.5 Whole-house Fan 76
6. Common Walls Between Dwelling Units 79
6.1 Common Wall Between Dwelling Units 79
Thermal Bypass Inspection Checklist 83
Key Terms 85
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ENERGY STAR QUALIFIED HOMES
THERMAL BYPASS CHECKLIST INTRODUCTION
In response to significant changes in residential energy codes and standards, the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released a new set of guidelines for ENERGY STAR
qualified homes, to be implemented in 2006. A major new requirement is the Thermal Bypass
Checklist.
The Thermal Bypass Checklist is a comprehensive list of building details where thermal bypass, or
the movement of heat around or through insulation, frequently occurs due to missing air barriers or
gaps between the air barrier and insulation. The Thermal Bypass Checklist must be completed by
a certified home energy rater in order for a home to be qualified as ENERGY STAR, however, up
to six items may be verified by the builder to minimize required field trips by the rater.
Below are key points regarding the implementation of the Thermal Bypass Checklist:
Key Points
1. If a state, local, or regional energy code contradicts the ENERGY
STAR Thermal Bypass Checklist, precedence must be given to the
state, local, or regional energy code. Precedence should also be
given to guidelines set by regional ENERGY STAR programs.
2. Not every specific detail and field condition can be covered in these
guidelines. EPA and the Residential Services Network (RESNET) rely
on Home Energy Rating System (HERS) Providers and raters to
employ their judgment when determining compliance with the general
intent of the Thermal Bypass Checklist.
3. Builders may self-verify up to six items on the list; the remaining items,
however, must be verified by a certified home energy rater.
4. The certified rater shall always sign the Checklist, and the builder shall
only sign the checklist if the builder verified any of the items.
5. Any items found to be non-compliant with the Thermal Bypass
Checklist must be corrected in order for the home to be qualified as
ENERGY STAR.
A copy of the Thermal Bypass Checklist is provided at the end of this guide for reference.
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ENERGY STAR QUALIFIED HOMES
GENERIC TIPS AND BEST PRACTICES
Infrared Images in Guide:
Infrared images help reveal thermal bypass conditions by exposing hot and cold surface
temperatures resulting from unintended thermal airflow. In infrared images, darker colors
indicate cool temperatures, while lighter colors indicate warmer temperatures.
Builder:
This guidance has been created to facilitate both contractor bidding and quality installation.
Have architect or designer construction drawings include complete air barrier details and
clearly delineate all thermal barrier transitions between conditioned and unconditioned space
on wall sections.
Provide drawings or scopes of work in multiple languages needed to accommodate likely field
crews (e.g., English and Spanish).
Typically, the material and installation measures required for an effective thermal enclosure
involve multiple trades including the framing, air sealing, insulation and HVAC subcontractors.
Therefore, it's important to coordinate the work with these trades before starting construction.
All trades must be informed to limit penetrations being cut into blocking and other air barrier
details.
Consult with local building code officials regarding acceptable air barrier materials exposed to
air spaces in attics, shafts, soffits, and dropped ceilings.
Contractor:
Use photos for technical assistance and to ensure compliance with the Thermal Bypass
Checklist.
Share new ideas with the builder for more effectively and economically providing required air
barriers.
Field Superintendent:
Review contractor performance by verifying the work (e.g. installation) meets objectives of the
Thermal Bypass Checklist and the scopes of work, and provide immediate feedback.
Develop in-house procedures for inspection to ensure the air and thermal barriers are not
compromised by other trade contractors.
Installation Criteria:
The purpose of the thermal bypass inspection is to constructively work with builders to provide
more effective thermal envelopes. If the general intent of an air barrier requirement is met, but
not perfect, use good judgment before failing. Use field observations as an opportunity to
help the builder be more successful in the future.
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1. OVERALL AIR BARRIER AND THERMAL ALIGNMENT
1.1 AIR BARRIER AND THERMAL ALIGNMENT
Scope of Work:
Insulation shall be installed in full contact with sealed interior and exterior air barrier except for
alternate to interior air barrier under Section #2 (Walls Adjoining Exterior Walls or Unconditioned
Spaces).
An air barrier is any material that restricts the flow of air through a construction assembly. In wall
assemblies, the exterior air barrier is typically a combination of sheathing and either building paper,
house wrap, or rigid board insulation. The interior air barrier is often an interior finish, like gypsum
board. A thermal barrier restricts or slows the flow of heat. This is typically accomplished through
different insulation materials (e.g., fiberglass, rock wool, cellulose, polystyrene, polyurethane,
vermiculite) and applications (batts, blown-in, spray foam, rigid board, and granules).
Regardless of which material and application is used, insulation is not fully effective unless it is
installed properly - that is, fully aligned with a contiguous air barrier. Insulation works because it
incorporates air pockets that resist the flow of heat- that is, it slows the conduction of heat. This
resistance to heat flow is measured by the R-value of the material. However, most insulation (with
the exception of spray foam and rigid foam board) does not stop air flow (Figure 1.1.1).
Heat flow
Air flow
\,
Insulation
Figure 1.1.1 - Most insulation does not stop the flow of air.
Thus, for most insulation to be effective, a separate air barrier or skin is needed to stop the flow of
air (Figure 1.1.2). For the air barrier itself to be effective, it must be contiguous and continuous
across the entire building envelope, with all holes and cracks fully sealed, and it must be perfectly
aligned with the insulation (Figure 1.1.3).
Air barrier
Heat flow
Air flow
Insulation
Figure 1.1.2 - Air barrier prevents the flow of air through insulation.
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1.1 AIR BARRIER AND THERMAL ALIGNMENT
Generally, the Thermal Bypass Inspection Checklist requires a sealed air-barrier on all six sides of
insulation (top, bottom, back, front, left, and right), however, there are a few exceptions as noted
throughout the checklist. In Climate Zones 1 thru 3, there is a general exemption for the internal air
barrier closest to conditioned space because the predominant direction of air-flow in hot climates is
from the outside to the inside of the house. In Climate Zones 4 thru 6, the most critical air-flow is
from inside the home to the outside during cold weather, therefore the internal air barrier is
required.
Image courtesy of Southface Energy Institute
Figure 1.1.3 - The air barrier should be contiguous and continuous over the entire building
envelope. Insulation should be perfectly aligned with the air barrier.
In order for insulation to be an effective thermal barrier, it should be installed without any gaps,
voids, compression, or wind intrusion. Gaps and voids allow air to flow through the insulation,
decreasing its effectiveness (Figure 1.1.4). Compression reduces the effective R-value of the
insulation.
Figure 1.1.4 - Gaps (left) and voids (right) allow air to flow through insulation.
The following images depict misalignment between the air barrier and insulation that undermine the
performance of the thermal enclosure.
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1.1 AIR BARRIER AND THERMAL ALIGNMENT
Figure 1.1.5 - Misalignment of insulation due to compression
Figure 1.1,5 shows a common insulation installation practice called inset stapling where tabs of
faced batts are stapled to the inside edges of wall framing. However, this practice commonly
results in large gaps between the insulation and interior finish that will allow convective air flow
around the insulation. This also facilitates air leakage at any gaps or holes in the framing. In
contrast, stapling the insulation to the face of the studs would have allowed the batts to fill the
framing space and be aligned with the interior finish. Note also how the insulation is also
compressed around piping and wiring, resulting in a reduced R-value.
Figure 1.1.6 - Insulation installed with gaps and voids
Similarly, in Figure 1.1.6, the large gap between the insulation and where the interior ceiling finish
will be installed will allow convective airflow around and through the insulation.
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1.1 AIR BARRIER AND THERMAL ALIGNMENT
Image courtesy of Environments for Living
1.1.7 - Alignment of insulation and air barrier
In Figure 1.1.7, excellent insulation installation is shown with both faced and unfaced fiberglass
insulation batts. This is because the batts are not compressed; there are no gaps, voids or
compression; and when the interior surface is installed, the insulation will be fully aligned. Note also
that the insulation is also carefully fit around piping and electrical wiring rather than being
compressed in these areas, as was shown in Figure 1.1.5, Homes like this with carefully installed
fiberglass insulation can be more comfortable and will have fewer moisture problems.
Image courtesy of
Environments for Living
Figure 1.1.8 - Insulation is fit around piping and wiring
Figure 1.1.8 demonstrates proper installation of fiberglass batts around piping and wiring by
carefully splitting the batt.
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1.1 AIR BARRIER AND THERMAL ALIGNMENT
Figure 1.1.9 - Blown cellulose insulation
Several options outside of traditional batt insulation are available. Figure 1.1.9 shows wet-spray
cellulose insulation. This insulation is blown into wall assemblies with a mixture of water and glue
that allows it to stay in place without falling out or settling. Since it goes in wet, it does need time to
dry according to manufacturer's specifications. Other insulation materials such as fiberglass are
also available for blown-in insulation. An advantage of blown-in insulation is that it inherently fills
the entire wall cavity without any gaps, voids or compression.
Figure 1.1.10 - Spray foam insulation
Figure 1.1.10 shows a wall being insulated with spray foam. Spray foams are available in both
open- and closed-cell configurations. All spray foam insulation acts as both an air barrier and a
thermal barrier, so it is not critical that the foam be aligned with the interior finish. Properly installed,
the foam application will fill holes and cracks for both a well insulated and air-tight wall assembly,
making the home comfortable and reducing the likelihood of moisture problems. It should be noted
that houses built to the 2006 IECC building code in Climate Zones 5 and higher must have
insulation installed with a vapor retarder on the warm side to prevent moisture paths through the
insulation. Since closed-cell spray foam is also a vapor barrier, it would meet this requirement.
Open-cell spray foam would require a separate vapor retarder (e.g., latex paint).
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1.1 AIR BARRIER AND THERMAL ALIGNMENT
KEY POINTS
Installation Criteria:
Insulation shall be installed in full contact with the air barrier on all six sides to provide
continuous alignment with the air barrier. For example, batt insulation shall be cut to fit
around any wiring, pipes, or blocking and shall be correctly sized for wall width and
height.
Climate Zones 1 thru 3 are not required to have an inside air barrier at exterior wall
assemblies since the predominant driving force in hot climates is from outside to inside.
Two general exceptions to the requirement for a six-sided air barrier with insulation are
at band joist insulation and at the top of ceiling insulation. Although a significant
performance advantage is realized where a six-sided assembly is provided (e.g. SIPs),
band joist insulation is only required to be in contact with the exterior framing and any
exposed edges, and ceiling insulation is only required to be in contact with the air-
barrier below (e.g. the ceiling sheetrock) and at any exposed edges. This is due to
current cost effectiveness concerns with traditional construction practices. As a best
practice, air barriers at band joists are discussed further in Section 1.5.
Tips and Best Practices:
When choosing insulation, consider options that most readily achieve the proper
installation requirements.
Verify that insulation subcontractor installers are trained and/or certified in proper
installation practices.
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1.2 GARAGE BAND JOIST AIR BARRIER
Sealing the garage completely from the conditioned areas of the house is important from both an
energy perspective because it can be a major source of heat gain and heat loss, and a health
perspective due to common pollutants from car exhaust and stored materials. When the garage is
attached to the house, the gaps created by joists spanning both conditioned space and the garage
must be blocked off and sealed. See Figure 1.2.1 for an example of a house which blocked the
joists from the garage but did not seal them.
No gaps at ends
Figure 1.2.1 - Gap between garage and conditioned space due to incomplete blocking
Creating air barriers to close gaps between the garage and the conditioned space can become
increasing difficult to construct as the joists become more irregular at their cross section. This is
particularly true for l-joists and web-trusses (see Figure 1.2.2). A simple solution is to plan ahead
and align the end of joists with the wall adjoining the conditioned space to allow for end blocking.
ir-r
Filler blocking much
simpler shape with
dimensional lumber
Figure 1.2.2 - Two types of joist-gaps
_l L_
n r
Filler blocking much
harder shape with
Engineered lumber
d between garage and conditioned space
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1.2 GARAGE BAND JOIST AIR BARRIER
KEY POINTS
Installation Criteria:
Ensure blocking is complete and fully sealed at all band joists between garage and
conditioned space.
Ensure insulation is installed without any gaps, voids or compression.
Tips and Best Practices:
Instead of continuous framing extending from the garage to conditioned spaces,
terminate framing at the boundary wall to the conditioned space so end-blocking can
be installed.
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1.3 ATTIC EAVE BAFFLES
Wind intrusion can occur at roof eaves through soffit vents. If the attic insulation is left exposed, the
wind blowing through the soffit can flow through the insulation and in some cases blow it away from
the edge. As a result, wind intrusion can undermine the effectiveness of the insulation and create
opportunities for moisture problems.
Figure 1.3.1 - Wind intrusion from a soffit vent
In Figure 1.3.1 above, air flow coming through the soffit vent has completely blown back the
insulation originally installed at the attic eave.
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1.3 ATTIC EAVE BAFFLES
A baffle shall be installed at a minimum wherever soffit vents are located that extends over the top
of the attic insulation to serve as an air barrier and prevent wind-washing. Ideally, baffles should be
installed between all rafters or trusses because air gaps are typical between roof underlayment and
fascia boards. The baffle can be any solid material such as cardboard or thin rigid insulation
sheathing.
Image courtesy of MaGrann Associates
Figure 1.3.2 - Cardboard baffles
In Figure 1.3.2 above, cardboard baffles have been installed to direct the flow of air over and above
the attic insulation.
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1.3 ATTIC EAVE BAFFLES
KEY POINTS
Installation Criteria:
Solid baffles shall be provided at all framing bays with soffit vents to prevent wind
washing at attic insulation.
Tips and Best Practices:
Even if soffit vents are not continuous, wind baffles are strongly recommended at all
framing bays since air gaps commonly occur between roof sheathing and the fascia
board. This can allow wind intrusion along the entire roof edge.
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1.4 SLAB-EDGE INSULATION
While the alignment of air and thermal barriers is important throughout the home, one specific
detail merits further mention. In cold climates, exposed concrete slab edges are a common source
of discomfort and high utility bills. Properly insulating the slab edge can dramatically improve home
performance.
Rigid insulation
encapsulated or
covered with
membrane to
protect from
termites and
exterior
damage.
Metal termite
flashing
Sill gasket
Perforated drainage pipe is embedded in gravel,
covered with filter fabric, and located at lower
perimeter of foundation footing to provide drainage-
Gravel
10-mil poly vapor
diffusion retarder is
extented under
footing.
gasket
insulation
Metal termite
flashing
Gravel
base
Perforated drainage pipe is embedded in gravel,
covered with filter fabric, and located at lower perimeter
of foundation footing to provide drainage.
10-mil poly
vapor diffusion
retarder
Diagrams courtesy of the US Department of Energy
Figure 1.4.1 - Options for slab insulation
There are two basic ways to insulate a slab. First, rigid insulation can be installed directly against
the exterior of the slab, as shown in the detail at left in Figure 1.4.1. Note that in areas with high
termite populations, builders should be careful to avoid installing foam insulation in contact with the
ground. A second option is a "floating slab," which can be constructed using interior insulation, as
shown in the detail at right. In both cases, insulation should be continuously aligned with the air
barrier.
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1.4 SLAB-EDGE INSULATION
KEY POINTS
Installation Criteria:
In Climate Zones 4 and higher, continuous slab insulation meeting the R-value
specified in IRC 2004 shall be provided to avoid thermal bypass at exposed concrete
slabs.
A partial exemption applies to Climate Zones 4 and 5 where a maximum of 25% of the
slab perimeter may be un-insulated.
Tips and Best Practices:
Consider solutions to accommodate flooring materials and their required installation
details (e.g., adhesive for sheet flooring, and nailing strips for carpet) where slab edge
insulation will be exposed at exterior walls.
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1.5 AIR BARRIER AT ALL BAND JOISTS
An exception to the six-side air barrier requirement discussed earlier is at band joists. However,
inside air barriers at band joists are highly encouraged for Climate Zones 4 and higher and in any
homes with open web truss-joist floors because as the homes are being heated, driving forces will
cause heated air between the floors to flow through the band joist to the cold exterior framing. This
can lead to higher utility bills, discomfort, and potential moisture problems.
Spray Foam
SIP Panel
F
Figure 1.5.1 - Options for insulation/air barrier alignment at band joists
Figure 1.5.1 depicts two best practices for ensuring the alignment of an air barrier and thermal
barrier at band joists. In the detail at the left, spray foam is used to fill the entire joist area and acts
as a thermal barrier and an air barrier. At right, a small structural insulated panel (SIP) is installed,
also acting as both a thermal and air barrier.
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1.5 AIR BARRIER AT ALL BAND JOISTS
KEY POINTS
Tips and Best Practices:
In order to eliminate higher utility bills, discomfort and potential moisture problems,
inside air barriers are highly recommended for Climate Zones 4 and higher and in any
home with open web truss-joist floors.
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1.6 MINIMIZE THERMAL BRIDGING
Optimal Value Engineering (OVE) is one option to reduce thermal bridging through walls that uses
standard building materials. In order to accomplish this, a framing plan is laid out as part of the
architectural design that minimizes the studs and plates needed for structural support. For
example, 2x6s spacing can typically be increased from 16" on-center to 24" on-center. Further
framing reductions are possible by lining up trusses with the studs so that only one, rather than
two, top plates are needed.
In addition, "California Corners" that use two instead of three studs to frame corners saves on
framing and allows insulation to span the full length of the wall (see Figure 1.6.1). Similarly three-
stud framing assemblies at interior/exterior wall intersections can be eliminated by using furring
lattice behind the exterior wall stud (see Figure 1.6.2). This assembly reduces framing and allows
for continuous insulation.
By adhering to these practices, it is possible to reduce the framing fraction from the standard 23%
to around 15%. This 8% reduction in framing area would result in an 8% gain in insulation area.
In addition to energy savings associated with reduced framing area, capital costs are reduced due
to less framing. Unlike advanced wall systems that can also be used to reduce thermal bridging
(e.g., SIPs, Insulated Concrete Forms), OVE still needs to address quality control issues with
insulation installation to ensure continuous alignment with the air barrier along with no gaps, voids,
and compression.
For more information see http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/info/documents/pdfs/26449.pdf or
www.pathnet.org.
Sngls loc 5*ale
Pictures from http://www.eere.enerqv.gov/buildinqs/info/documents/pdfs/26449.pdf
Figure 1.6.1 - Advanced corner framing techniques
ComecUif piate
SQ
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1.6 MINIMIZE THERMAL BRIDGING
Figure 1.6.2 - Advanced interior/exterior wall framing techniques
Exterior rigid insulation wall sheathing can be used to provide a complete thermal break at all wall
framing (see Figure 1.6.3). The only uninsulated wall areas are the window and door openings.
Figure 1.6.3 - Complete thermal break with rigid insulation sheathing
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1.6 MINIMIZE THERMAL BRIDGING
f
Figure 1.6.4 - Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs)
There are factory-built insulated wall assemblies readily available today that, by virtue of how they
are manufactured and assembled in the field, ensure minimal thermal bridging along with full
alignment of insulation with the integrated air barriers including no gaps, voids or compression.
Structural Insulated Panels or SIPs (Figure 1.6.4) are whole wall panels composed of insulated
foam board glued to both an internal and external layer of wood sheathing, typically OSB or
plywood. This assembly will often be manufactured with precut window openings and chases.
Figure 1.6.5 - Insulated Concrete Form (ICF)
Another factory-built wail system shown is Insulated Concrete Forms, or iCFs (see Figure 1.6.5 ).
ICFs are blocks made from extruded polystyrene insulation designed to be assembled like "Lego"
blocks into a compete wall assembly. Steel reinforcing rods are added and concrete is poured into
the voids, resulting in a very air-tight, well-insulated, and sturdy wall. In addition to no thermal
bridging, the insulation is inherently aligned with the exterior and interior air barriers with no gaps,
voids or compression.
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1.6 MINIMIZE THERMAL BRIDGING
KEY POINTS
Installation Criteria:
OVE (Optimal Value Engineering) still needs to address quality control issues with
insulation installation to ensure continuous alignment with the air barrier with no gaps,
voids, or compression.
Tips and Best Practices:
OVE reduces thermal bridging by laying out a framing plan that minimizes the studs
and plates need for structural support.
Two factory built assemblies that ensure thermal bridging along with full alignment of
insulation and integrated air barriers with no gaps, voids or compression, are SIPs
(Structurally Insulated Panels) and ICFs (Insulated Concrete Forms).
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2. WALLS ADJOINING EXT. WALLS OR UNCOND. SPACES
Scope of Work:
Fully insulated wail aligned with air barrier at both interior and exterior, OR
Alternate for Climate Zones 1 thru 3, sealed exterior air barrier aligned with RESNET Grade 1
insulation fully supported
Continuous top and bottom plates or sealed blocking
2.1 WALL BEHIND SHOWER/TUB
In the construction process for many homes,
tubs and showers are installed immediately after
rough framing is complete and before insulation
is installed (Figure 2.1.1). As a result, it is
almost impossible to properly install insulation
and complete air barriers at exterior walls
adjoining tubs and showers. This can lead to
convective airflow that circumvents insulation.
Image courtesy of Building Science Corp.
Figure 2.1.1 - Tub installed against exterior
wall without air barrier or insulation
Figure 2.1.2 - Infrared image showing thermal bypass at tub with incomplete
insulation and air barrier
The infrared image in Figure 2.1.2 shows a common problem where homeowners have tubs and
showers that get cold in the winter. In this case, thermal bypass to the cold air outside the home is
decreasing the temperature of the tub inside the home. If an air barrier and insulation had been
properly installed behind the tub against the exterior wall, the tub would be protected by an
effectively insulated wall assembly, making the bathroom more comfortable for the homeowner.
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2.1 WALL BEHIND SHOWER/TUB
AIR BARRIER t
(EG.THIN PROFILE
STRUCTURAL SHEATHING)
Figure 2.1.3 - Architectural detail of
' Diagram courtesy of MaGrann Associates
tub installation with complete air and thermal barriers
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2.1 WALL BEHIND SHOWER/TUB
KEY POINTS
Installation Criteria:
Exterior walls shall be enclosed on all six sides, including a complete and continuous
air barrier behind the tub. An exception is provided for Climate Zones 1 thru 3 where as
an alternative to the inside air barrier, the builder can install a fully sealed and
continuous exterior along with RESNET Grade 1 insulation fully supported.
Tips and Best Practices:
Use a material that is readily available to ensure the air barrier is installed prior to
setting the tub. Plywood, oriented strand board (OSB), sheathing boards, and drywall
are good choices.
Using spray foam at framing behind tubs is also an option to avoid labor installing both
air barrier and insulation. However, it will need to be installed prior to setting the tub or
shower.
Insulation material and air barrier sheathing should be made available on site for
installation by the framing subcontractor prior to plumbing rough-ins, or the framing
subcontractor could install an air barrier behind the tub with the wall cavity left
accessible for installation of loose fill or blown-in insulation by the insulation
subcontractor.
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2.2 WALL BEHIND FIREPLACE
Air barriers are also needed in wall chases, such as the furred out space behind fireplaces. Once
framed in, they are very difficult to complete with insulation and air barriers.
Air barrier missing at
framed exterior wall
Figure 2.2.2
Diagram courtesy of MaGrann Associates
- Architectural detail of fireplace air barrier installation
Image courtesy of EriergyLogic
Figure 2.2.1 - Fireplace installed without air barrier
In Figure 2.2.1 above, the fireplace has been framed and installed without an air barrier, and it will
be difficult to install the insulation properly. The diagram in Figure 2.2.2 below shows an
architectural detail of how the air barrier behind the fireplace wall can be installed.
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2.2 WALL BEHIND FIREPLACE
One way to include an air barrier at the fireplace wall is for the builder to hold the framer
responsible for installing the Insulation and drywall at the fireplace shaft during the framing process
when it is easily accessible.
Image courtesy of EnergyLogic
Image courtesy of Building Science Corp
Figure 2.2.3 - Fireplaces installed with air barrier and insulation
At left in Figure 2.2.3, the builder has used a thin board sheathing and insulation product that
effectively locates the thermal enclosure at the exterior wall behind the fireplace. At right, the
builder has used drywall and insulation for the same purpose.
An exemption to the inside air barrier requirement for Climate Zones 1 thru 3 allows for an air
barrier only at the outside of the wall This exemption exists because the prevailing driving force
in hot climates moves from outside inward.
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2.2 WALL BEHIND FIREPLACE
KEY POINTS
Installation Criteria:
For Climate Zones 4 thru 8, an inside air barrier shall be installed that is fully aligned
with the wall insulation, and any gaps shall be fully sealed with caulk, foam, or tape.
As an alternate detail for Climate Zones 1 thru 3, houses may comply with the
specification by ensuring a sealed and continuous air-barrier at the exterior wall along
with RESNET Grade 1 insulation fully supported.
Fire-rated caulking along with flashing or UL-rated collars must be installed continuous
around any fireplace flue and wall penetration.
Drywall, thermoply, or other air barrier materials may be used to create an interior air
barrier on the exterior wall behind the fireplace.
Tips and Best Practices:
Install insulation prior to the installation of the inside air barrier. However, this will often
rely on the builder to verify proper installation of insulation and therefore complete
verification of this item on the Thermal Bypass Checklist.
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2.3 INSULATED ATTIC SLOPES FOR UNVENTED
ATTIC SPACES
It is common practice to install HVAC ductwork and air handlers in attic spaces. One way to
dramatically improve the performance of these systems is to create an unvented, conditioned attic
that results in having the HVAC system located inside the conditioned space. This is accomplished
by insulating the sloped attic roof and any vertical attic walls (e.g., gable ends) rather than the flat
attic ceiling. This change can provide a considerable reduction in ductwork heat loss and gain.
As with all other walls adjoining exterior walls or unconditioned spaces, the inside air barrier
exception applies to Climate Zones 1 thru 3, allowing as an alternate the exterior air barrier to be
fully sealed along with insulation meeting RESNET Grade 1 requirements and fully supported.
Thus, in Climate Zones 4 and higher, an inside air barrier is required at unvented attic insulation. In
addition, the IECC requires a vapor retarder in Climate Zones 5 and higher. This can be
accomplished with several different strategies, including a variety of insulation choices. One way to
accomplish this is with closed-cell spray foam or with open-cell spray foam coated with a latex
paint. Figure 2.3.1 below shows an unvented attic with spray foam insulation.
Figure 2.3.1 - Unvented attic with spray foam insulation at slopes and walls
33
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2.3 INSULATED ATTIC SLOPES FOR UNVENTED
ATTIC SPACES
KEY POINTS
Installation Criteria:
Insulation shall be installed in full contact with the air barrier on all six sides to provide
continuous alignment with the air barrier.
For Climate Zones 1 thru 3, as an alternate to the interior air barrier, the exterior air
barrier can be fully sealed along with RESNET Grade 1 insulation that is fully
supported.
Tips and Best Practices:
In Climate Zones 4 and higher, there are several different strategies that will
accomplish this assembly, including a variety of insulation types. If chosen, spray foam
insulation will act as both an air barrier and insulation in one application without any R-
value restrictions due to truss framing dimensions.
In very cold climates, closed-cell spray foam is one option to achieve an air barrier,
insulation, and vapor barrier in one application.
34
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2.4 ATTIC KNEE WALLS
Where air barriers are not installed on the attic side of attic knee walls, very hot or cold attic air can
lead to thermal bypass around the knee wall insulation.
K
r
I (' I
l: _ I /
i .
Images courtesy of D.R. Wastchak
Figure 2.4.1 - Infrared image of attic knee wall detail
In infrared images, dark colors (blue, black) indicate colder surface temperatures, and lighter colors
(yellow, orange) indicate warmer surface temperatures. Figure 2.4.1. shows an attic knee wall
along with an infrared image taken during a cold winter day. As a result of no attic-side air barrier,
there is excessive thermal bypass to the cold attic as evident by the dark color of the insulated
framing bays. In fact, the R-3 wood studs appear as much brighter vertical lines with much less
heat loss than the R-19 insulated bays between them. This shows clearly how important it is to
include complete air barrier details as an improperly installed insulation assembly loses most of its
rated R-value, thereby increasing energy bills and significantly compromising comfort.
An effective attic knee wall assembly should include a six-sided air barrier with sheathing or rigid
insulation installed on the attic side. Figure 2.4.2 shows a good architectural detail for an attic knee
wall including air barriers on all sides of the insulation along with top and bottom plates or blocking.
Knee wal
to attic
space
Partition
.wall to
another
hected
space
(c'l
Diagram courtesy of MaGrann Associates
Figure 2.4.2 - Architectural detail for an attic knee wall
pgrotmras
zjimm
ItSIMETllfi'
35
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2.4 ATTIC KNEE WALLS
Images courtesy of Energy Services Group
Figure 2.4.3 - Examples of properly blocked and air sealed attic knee walls
The images in Figure 2.4.3 above show examples of attic knee walls that have been fully blocked
and air sealed. Once these walls are properly insulated, the rooms will be more comfortable and
less likely to suffer from comfort and moisture problems. Note: The attic access opening in the
knee wall needs to be treated as an exterior door with appropriate insulation and a complete gasket
seal.
Figure 2.4.4 - Attic knee wall with no Figure 2.4.5 - Attic knee wall with
exterior air barrier exterior air barrier
The images in Figure 2.4.4 and Figure 2.4.5 show a before-and-after picture of a knee wall and the
installation of the appropriate knee wall air barrier.
36
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2.4 ATTIC KNEE WALLS
KEY POINTS
Installation Criteria:
Continuous top and bottom plates shall be installed along with an air barrier on the attic
side of insulated walls, including exposed edges of insulation at joists and rafters.
Where truss framing is used, blocking is required at the top and bottom of each framing
bay.
For houses located in Climate Zones 1 thru 3 and in houses with unfinished interior
attic knee walls (e.g., storage closet), use the alternate detail to the interior side air
barrier by ensuring a fully sealed and continuous air-barrier to the attic-side of the wall
along with RESNET Grade 1 insulation that is fully supported.
Tips and Best Practices
Recognize that attic knee wall barriers are only needed when adjoining an
unconditioned attic.
Acceptable materials for attic-side barriers vary significantly around the country. Be
sure to confirm that the preferred material is acceptable to the local code official.
FSK radiant barrier facing material typically meets code requirements for flame
spreadability on attic-side materials.
37
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2.5 SKYLIGHT SHAFT WALLS
Skylight shafts protruding through the ceiling and an unconditioned space need to be insulated
since the shaft's walls are effectively attic knee walls adjoining an unconditioned space. Skylight
shaft walls shall be insulated to the same level as attic knee walls and shall include a sealed air-
barrier aligned with the insulation on both interior and exterior sides of the walls (see Figure 2.5.1)
Climate Zones 1 thru 3 are exempt from the sealed interior air-barrier, but this is unlikely to be an
issue since skylight shafts are almost always finished.
Skylight
Air Barrier
Air Barrier
Insulation
Figure 2.5.1 - Architectural detail for insulation and air barrier at skylight shaft
Light tubes such as the one pictured in Figure 2.5.2 should also be covered with insulation and an
air-barrier. In fact, the light tube depicted includes approximately 30 square feet of exposed surface
area to the unconditioned attic. One acceptable method for insulating the light tube is to use R-8
duct insulation with the plastic lining functioning as the exterior air-barrier. Additionally, the
penetration of the light tube through the ceiling shall be sealed between conditioned and
unconditioned space. See Section 4.1 and 4.2 of this document.
Figure 2.5.2 - Example of an un-insulated light tube
38
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2.5 SKYLIGHT SHAFT WALLS
KEY POINTS
Installation Criteria:
Light tubes can represent a significant amount of exposed surface area to
unconditioned attics, and therefore need a complete insulation and air barrier
assembly.
Tips and Best Practices:
Consider using R-8 duct insulation to provide both an air barrier and insulation in one
step. However, where possible, more insulation (e.g., R-13 to R-19) would be
appropriate.
39
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2.6 WALL ADJOINING PORCH ROOF
Where blocking and air sealing are missing at the intersection between conditioned space and a
porch roof (as shown below in Figure 2.6.1), air can easily pass through the insulation, between the
exterior and interior of the home, causing high utility bills along with potential comfort and moisture
problems. This thermal bypass is evident in the infrared image in Figure 2.6.2. Here, you can see
how missing air barriers can lead to cold surface areas in walls adjoining a porch roof.
Image courtesy of Energy
Services Group
Figure 2.6.1 - Air barrier missing at porch roof
$FLIR
12/28/05 3:19:33 p
Image courtesy of Energy Services
Group
Figure 2.6.2 - Cold air thermal bypass at a porch roof
40
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2.6 WALL ADJOINING PORCH ROOF
To complete an air barrier at porch roofs, install blocking or another solid air barrier between the
porch roof and conditioned space of the home, as shown Figures 2.6.3 (flat porch roof) and 2.6.4
(sloped porch roof) below. Once the blocking is installed, the area can be easily insulated much
like a band joist (flat porch roof) or attic knee wall (sloped porch roof).
Figure 2.6.3
Image courtesy of Energy
Services Group
Appropriate blocking at intersection of fiat porch roof and conditioned space
Image courtesy of Environments
for Living
Figure 2.6.4 - Appropriate blocking between sloped porch roof and conditioned space
41
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2.6 WALL ADJOINING PORCH ROOF
KEY POINTS
Installation Criteria:
A complete air barrier shall be installed at the intersection of the porch roof and
conditioned space.
Where truss framing is used, blocking shall be provided at the top and bottom of each
wall/roof section. Blocking shall be installed prior to insulation.
Tips and Best Practices:
At sloped porch roofs, the porch/conditioned space intersection is effectively an attic
knee wall. Follow the tips and best practices included in Section 2.4.
At flat porch roofs, the porch/conditioned space intersection is effectively a band joist
that is not required to include an interior side air barrier. However, it is highly
encouraged per recommendations in Section 1.5.
42
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2.7 STAIRCASE WALLS
Staircases adjoining exterior walls, garages, or attics (see Figure 2.7.1) need complete air barriers
throughout the framed assembly. Note that Climate Zones 1 thru 3 are exempt from the interior
side air barrier for this detail where the exterior air barrier is ensured to be fully sealed along with
RESNET Grade 1 insulation that is fully supported. A common area missing an air barrier at
staircase walls occurs at small areas under enclosed landings or bottom stairs. Once framed,
staircases can be difficult to complete with insulation and air barriers so it is important to coordinate
details with the framing subcontractor.
Figure 2.7.1
Image courtesy of Energy Services Group
Staircase adjoining unconditioned attic needs to be fully blocked and sealed
43
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2.7 STAIRCASE WALLS
An air barrier is needed at staircases where they come in contact with the exterior wall or attic
above and below the stairs. This involves sealing any gaps with caulk or foam, and providing a
complete air barrier assembly (see Figure 2.7.2).
TMtfcKHNT
CCMVC&NPSUt
CTICnVMI SM14TMNG
WMSWkx
hniXJKTCmiKiMS
TWEItJOKT
ซhSN)UM>SUl
Diagram courtesy of MaGrann Associates
Figure 2.7.2 - Architectural detail for staircase with complete air barrier
44
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2.7 STAIRCASE WALLS
KEY POINTS
Installation Criteria:
Structural sheathing can be used to extend above and below stringers to allow for
taping with joint compound.
Air barrier shall be fully aligned with insulation and any gaps are fully sealed with caulk
or foam.
Tips and Best Practices:
If stair air barrier is complete at HERS inspection, builder verification may be needed
for this item.
45
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2.8 DOUBLE WALLS
Double walls are becoming common in some markets to provide a more dimensional architectural
appearance. The insulation must be aligned with and enclosed by air barriers on all sides. There
are multiple ways to accomplish this such as placing an air barrier on the exterior side of the
interior wall and insulating the interior cavity (Figure 2.8.1). However, this can be very difficult to
install, and it is therefore suggested that the entire wall cavity be filled with blown-in insulation or
spray foam (Figure 2.8.2). If blown-in insulation is used, shelves located approximately every two
feet of vertical distance up the wall should be installed to prevent excessive settling over time with
such a wide unsupported area of insulation. If spray foam is used, it only needs to be the thickness
required for the specified R-value without a separate air barrier since it functions as both insulation
and an air barrier.
Interior air
barrier
Interior air barrier
Exterior boundary
Exterior air barrier
Interior wall with
insulation
Double wall area
filled with insulation
The interior wall
with exterior air
barrier
Figure 2.8.1 - Double wall with air barrier Figure 2.8.2 - Double wall with filled cavity
Figure 2.8.3 - Example of a double wall
46
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2.8 DOUBLE WALLS
KEY POINTS
Installation Criteria:
Insulation shall be installed in full contact with the air barrier on all six sides to provide
continuous alignment.
For Climate Zones 1 thru 3, houses may use an alternate detail to the interior air
barrier by ensuring the exterior is fully sealed along with RESNET Grade 1 insulation
that is fully supported.
Tips and Best Practices:
Fill the entire wall cavity with blown-in insulation or spray foam.
If blown-in insulation is used, provide shelves located approximately every two feet of
vertical distance up the wall to prevent excessive settling over time with such a wide
unsupported area of insulation.
If spray foam is used, it only needs to be the thickness required for the specified R-
value without a separate air barrier since it functions as both insulation and an air
barrier.
47
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48
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3. FLOORS BETWEEN CONDITIONED AND
UNCONDITIONED SPACES
Scope of Work:
Air barrier is installed at any exposed insulated edges
Insulation is installed to maintain permanent contact with sub-floor above including necessary
supports (e.g., staves for blankets, netting for blown-in)
Blanket insulation is verified to have no gaps, voids, or compression
Blown-in insulation is verified to have proper density with firm packing
3.1 INSULATED FLOOR ABOVE GARAGE
Cold and hot air in the garage can lead to thermal bypass if insulation is not properly installed
between the garage ceiling and the sub-floor above. This can lead to hot floors in the summer and
cold floors in the winter that compromise comfort. Figure 3.1.1 shows a common occurrence where
insulation may have been installed in contact with the garage ceiling, but settles down leaving a
large air gap between the insulation and the sub-floor above. In this detail, thermal flow can easily
bypass the floor insulation rendering it ineffective.
Thermal Bypass
Garage ceiling
Diagram courtesy of Environments for Living
Figure 3.1.1 - Thermal bypass at garage ceiling
One solution for effectively insulated floors above the garage is to completely fill the floor framing
space with insulation so it is snug against the sub-floor and ceiling below, and then provide
blocking such as plywood, OSB, or rigid insulation at any exposed edges of the insulation between
floor framing to stop airflow through the insulation (see Figure 3.1.2). If blown-in insulation is used,
it is very important to ensure proper density to avoid settling away from the sub-floor.
Floor
X
Garage ceiling
Air barrier
Diagram courtesy of Environments for Living
Figure 3.1.2 - Alignment of insulation and air barrier at garage ceiling
Another solution for effectively insulated floors above the garage is to install spray foam insulation
snug against the sub-floor to thickness needed for desired R-value. Bottom side and edge air
barrier details would not be required because spray foam functions as both insulation and an air
barrier. Batt or blown-in insulation properly supported (e.g., netting and metal staves respectively)
can also be installed snug against the sub-floor without the bottom-side air barrier. However,
complete air barriers are required at the edges of batt and blown-in insulation. These options are
shown in Figure 3.1.3 on the next page.
49
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3.1 INSULATED FLOOR ABOVE GARAGE
Floor
Spray-foam or faced
batt insulation
Garage ceiling
r
K
Air barrier if batts
are used
Diagram courtesy of Environments for Living
Figure 3.1.3 - Alignment of insulation and air barrier at garage ceiling with spray foam or
faced batt insulation
Floors constructed of dimensional lumber can be easier to block, insulate and seal than those
constructed with engineered framing members. With dimensional lumber, only the two open ends
of the joist cavities need to be blocked and air sealed. The sub-floor and drywall ceilings below can
be sealed to the framing members at the time of installation. Figure 3.1.4 illustrates blocking
material locations.
Diagram courtesy of McGrann Associates, Inc.
Drywall ceiling
Figure 3.1.4 - Blocking for floor over garage
The installation of a
blocking material is
required on the open ends
of each joist cavity.
Subfloor
50
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3.1 INSULATED FLOOR ABOVE GARAGE
Floor assemblies constructed with open web trusses can be very difficult to effectively block,
insulate, and air seal. In particular, open web areas are labor-intensive to fill with batt or rigid
insulation but can easily be filled with blown or spray insulation. All four edges of an open-web
truss floor assembly require the installation of a sheathing material to enclose the entire floor cavity
and then all joints and penetrations need to be air sealed. If the framing is continuous from garage
to conditioned space, this can be extremely difficult to effectively block. Figure 3.1.5 illustrates how
to enclose the floor assembly on all four sides.
Subfloor
All joints in the sheathing
material must be air
sealed. The sheathing
must be air sealed to the
subfloor and also to the
drywall on the bottom.
The installation of
sheathing material on all
four edges to enclose the
floor assembly.
Air seal
Diagram courtesy of McGrann Associates, Inc.
Drywall ceiling
Figure 3.1.5 - Enclosing four edges of open web truss floor
51
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3.1 INSULATED FLOOR ABOVE GARAGE
KEY POINTS
Installation Criteria:
Until July 1, 2008, insulation shall be installed to maintain permanent contact with the
underside of the sub-floor decking and be properly supported (e.g., metal staves for
batt insulation and netting for blown-in insulation). Thereafter, the complete framing
space between floors shall be filled with insulation so it is aligned with the top and
bottom air barrier. If spray foam is used, the bottom surface of the foam functions as
the air barrier and therefore does not need to be full depth.
Except where spray foam insulation is used, air barriers shall be provided at any
exposed edges of insulation
Tips and Best Practices:
Before choosing to completely fill the floor cavity (as in Figure 3.1.2), make sure that
the weight of the insulation will not be excessive for the drywall ceiling due to the depth
of the floor framing. Check with the drywall manufacturer to determine whether netting
installed for blown-in insulation effectively removes the extra weight from bearing on
the drywall ceiling.
If weight is not an issue, blown-in insulation completely filling the floor space may be
the simplest and most cost-effective solution for assuring alignment with both sub-floor
and ceiling, but it is critical to ensure proper density to avoid settling away from the
sub-floor.
Since spray foam functions as both insulation and an air barrier, consider using spray
foam insulation to avoid completely filling thick framing space between garage and sub-
floor with insulation and installing edge air barriers.
Batt insulation may be installed with metal staves holding the insulation against the
sub-floor above the garage. Any pipes in the floor system should have adequate
insulation installed below them.
52
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3.2 CANTILEVERED FLOOR
Cantilevered floor assemblies are another location where thermal bypass is common. Plywood or
other soffit material typically installed at the bottom of cantilever framing is often not air sealed at
the framing edges. Blocking is often missing between the cantilever and conditioned space (Figure
3.2.1), and insulation often settles away from the sub-floor resulting in a large air gap (Figure 3.2.2).
Thermal bypass around the insulation is often the effect, resulting in floors that are too cold in
winter and too warm in summer.
Image courtesy of Energy Services Group
Figure 3.2.1 - Cantilevered floor with no air
barrier between overhang and conditioned
space
Figure 3.2.2 - Insulation settling
away from sub-floor
Exterior soffit appeared
to be tightly fit
As the infrared photo (right) shows, this
dining room cantilever was cold due to
ineffective insulation and air leakage.
(Infrared photo taken with blower
door operating.)
Residual warmth
from heat run
Cantilever boundary
clearly visible
Images courtesy of Fort Collins Utilities
Figure 3.2.3 - Infrared image of a cantilevered floor without thermal bypass details
In Figure 3.2.3, the temperature differential on the cantilevered floor is clearly visible, as the floor
over the cantilever is much cooler (darker colored) than the floor over conditioned space.
53
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3.2 CANTILEVERED FLOOR
To eliminate thermal bypass at cantilevered floors, the framing space should be completely filled
with insulation so that the insulation is in full contact with the sub-floor above. Also, an air barrier of
thin sheathing, blocking, or rigid insulation should be added to the edge of the insulation, so that air
flow is blocked between the exterior and interior of the home (Figure 3.2.4). Proper air sealing of
the exterior sheathing on the bottom of the cantilevered floor is extremely important to stop air
infiltration into the floor system. Not only will these proper insulation and air sealing details improve
the energy efficiency, they will the improve comfort, air quality, and durability of the home.
INSU.ATICN IN PERMANENT-
CONTACT LUTM SUBFLOOR
baseplate sealed
TO SUBfLOOR
BLOCKING BE "RUE EN
JOI&TS. SEALED
AT PERIMETER
SOLID MATERIAL
A!R SEALED AT
PERIMETER
Diagram courtesy of MaGrann Associates
Figure 3.2.4 - Architectural detail for cantilevered floor assembly
Images courtesy of MaGrann Associates
Figure 3.2.5 - Proper installation of insulation under a cantilevered floor
The image at left in Figure 3.2.5 above shows Insulation Installed to fill the space underneath the
sub-floor. In the image at right, the assembly has been blocked and air sealed below the
conditioned floor above.
54
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3.2 CANTILEVERED FLOOR
KEY POINTS
Installation Criteria:
Until July 1, 2008, insulation shall be installed to maintain permanent contact with the
underside of the sub-floor decking and be properly supported (e.g., metal staves for
batt insulation and netting for blown-in insulation). Thereafter, the complete framing
space between floors shall be filled with insulation so it is aligned with the top and
bottom air barrier. If spray foam is used, the bottom surface of the foam functions as
the air barrier and therefore does not need to be full depth.
Except where spray foam insulation is used, air barriers shall be provided at the inside
edge of the wall top plate across the cantilever.
The air barrier shall be fully air sealed between sheathing, gaps, cracks and edges with
a compressible sealant, caulk, foam, or mastic.
Tips and Best Practices:
If the cantilever is completely closed in at inspection, builder verification may be
needed for this item since the insulation will not be exposed.
Spray foam insulation installed to desired thickness functions as both insulation and an
air barrier.
55
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56
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4. SHAFTS
4.1 DUCT SHAFT
Scope of Work:
Openings to unconditioned space are fully sealed with solid blocking or flashing and any
remaining gaps are sealed with caulk or foarri.
Since it is very common to install HVAC ductwork and air handlers in attics, it is also common to
find large shafts to accommodate ductwork to the conditioned space. Although it can be difficult
due to its large size and odd shapes, these shafts need to be fully blocked and sealed for an
effective air barrier. Figure 4.1.1 shows large gaps to the attic without blocking. Figure 4.1.2 shows
a poor solution for providing an air barrier with insulation. Most insulation will not work as an air
barrier because while it effectively resists thermal flow, it does not resist air flow. Figure 4.1.3
shows how to properly seal a duct shaft with a complete air barrier using solid blocking and good
air sealing techniques (mastic).
Courtesy of Building Science Corp.
Figure 4,1.1 - Duct penetration to attic that
needs blocking
Image courtesy of EnergyLogic
Figure 4.1.2 - Duct shaft with
ineffective air barrier (insulation)
Use caulk or mastic
to seal the
penetrations
Figure 4.1.3 - Effective air barrier and sealing at duct shafts
57
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4.1 DUCT SHAFT
Figure 4.1.4 shows a duct shaft with blocking and sealing that effectively accommodates a flue,
piping and electrical wiring in the same shaft.
Image courtesy of Energy
Services Group
Figure 4.1.4 - Blocking and foam air sealing in chase
58
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4.1 DUCT SHAFT
KEY POINTS
Installation Criteria:
Openings to unconditioned spaces shall be sealed with solid blocking as required and
any remaining gaps shall be sealed with caulk or foam.
Tips and Best Practices:
Since the flashing or framed caps at shafts and penetrations are typically installed by
the framing subcontractors before the HVAC trades do their work, make sure
subcontractors understand the importance of complete air barrier assemblies.
Use mastic to seal cracks and gaps.
59
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4.2 PIPING SHAFT/PENETRATIONS
Penetrations in framing can be made by plumbers, electricians, or HVAC contractors who are not
always careful cutting holes between conditioned and unconditioned spaces. Unfortunately, these
holes can allow excessive air leakage. Sealing duct and plumbing penetrations involves fully
sealing the holes leading to unconditioned spaces with caulk or foam and providing flashing where
needed for very large air spaces (see Figure 4.2.1).
Figure 4.2.1 - Typical piping penetrations leaving large holes
In Figure 4.2.2 below, only caulking is needed because the plumber has neatly cut the hole around
the plastic pipe penetration.
Image courtesy of Building
Science Corp.
Figure 4.2.2 - Caulking around piping penetration
60
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4.2 PIPING SHAFT/PENETRATIONS
KEY POINTS
Installation Criteria:
Openings to unconditioned spaces shall be sealed with solid blocking as required and
any remaining gaps shall be sealed with caulk or foam.
Tips and Best Practices:
Work with plumbing and electrical subcontractors to make the smallest openings
needed for penetrations.
Since the flashing or framed caps at shafts and penetrations are typically installed by
framers before the plumbing and electrical trades do their work, make sure
subcontractors understand the importance of complete air barrier assemblies.
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4.3 FLUE SHAFT
Flue penetrations into attics are more complicated because they also need code mandated
combustion safety clearances with combustible framing materials. In Figure 4.3.1 below, insulation
is used to fill the space between the flue and the studs. However, this is a poor detail because batt
insulation is not an effective air barrier and does not meet combustion safety clearances.
tt insulation
Image courtesy of EnergyLogic
Figure 4.3.1 - Insulation improperly used as an air barrier
Figure 4.3.2 shows how a flue can be properly sealed in a large opening. In this case, an OSB
panel was cut to fill the air space around the flue. The flue was then fitted with a metal collar to fill
the gap needed for combustion safety clearance between the OSB panel and flue.
Figure 4.3.2 -
Image courtesy of Building
Science Corp.
UL-rated metal collar installed around a flue shaft
62
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4.3 FLUE SHAFT
Where acceptable to local building code officials, fire-rated foam or caulk can be used to seal any
remaining gap between the flue and the air barrier. For example, in Figure 4.3.3, fire-rated caulk
that is typically red in color has been used to seal the remaining gap between the flue and metal
flashing.
Image courtesy of EnergyLogic
Figure 4.3.3 - Fire-rated caulk around a flue shaft
Note: Caution should always be used when installing insulation against potentially hot surfaces, for
both combustible and non-combustible insulation may present a fire hazard if caused to overheat.
Refer to local building codes for more Information.
63
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4.3 FLUE SHAFT
KEY POINTS
Installation Criteria:
Flue openings shall be fully sealed with flashing as required and any remaining gaps
sealed with fire-rated caulk or sealant.
Combustion clearance between flue openings and combustible materials (e.g., OSB)
shall be properly closed with UL-approved metal collars.
Tips and Best Practices:
Plumbing, electrical, and HVAC trades should be informed to prevent degradation of
the flue shaft air barrier assembly typically installed by the framing subcontractor.
Special colored fire-rated foam used for sealing difficult air gaps at flue openings
should be checked for acceptability with local building code officials prior to
construction.
64
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5. ATTIC/CEILING INTERFACE
Scope of Work:
All attic penetrations and dropped ceilings include a full interior air barrier aligned with
insulation with any gaps fully sealed with caulk, foam or tape
Movable insulation fits snugly in opening and air barrier is fully gasketed
5.1 ATTIC ACCESS PANEL
Attic access panels without insulation and gaskets are essentially large holes in the house
envelope, allowing thermal flow and air leakage between the conditioned home and the
unconditioned attic space.
Images courtesy of Energy
Services Group
Figure 5.1.1 - Infrared images of thermal bypass at attic access panels
Dark colors in the infrared images in Figure 5.1.1 reveal cold surface temperatures during winter
caused by thermal bypass at access panels. The image at the left shows an insulated attic hatch
with a missing or defective gasket that allows air to leak through the edges of the access panel.
The attic hatch in the right image is insulated, but the dark area inside the frame indicates that the
insulation does not fully cover the access panel. The resulting void allows thermal flow to the attic.
Images courtesy of Energy Services Group
Figure 5.1.2 - Example of properly insulated and sealed attic hatch
There are several relatively simple solutions for stopping thermal bypass at attic hatches. In Figure
5.1.2 above, the left image depicts an attic hatch insulated with a fiberglass batt without any gaps,
voids or compression that extends all the way to the edge of the hatch. The right image shows the
frame around the hatch has been fitted with a gasket for effective air sealing.
65
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5.1 ATTIC ACCESS PANEL
KEY POINTS
Installation Criteria:
Attic access panel shall be fully gasketed for a snug fit.
Attic access panel shall be fitted with insulation (minimum of R-5) that fits snugly in the
framed opening.
Tips and Best Practices:
To increase durability, consider using a pre-insulated door panel or SIP panel for the
attic access panel.
66
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5.2 ATTIC DROP-DOWN STAIR
Similar to attic hatches, attic drop-down stairs represent very large thermal holes to the attic when
not fully insulated and sealed. Figure 5.2.1 shows a drop-down stair installed with no insulation or
gasket. The temperature of the stair is approximately ten degrees cooler than the rest of the room.
Images courtesy of Energy Services Group
Figure 5.2.1 - Infrared images of thermal bypass at attic drop-down stair
When insulating attic drop-down stairs, the insulation should not be installed between the steps as
shown in Figure 5.2.2 because it blocks the stairs themselves and is typically compressed in place,
undermining its effective R-value. it also creates liability for the builder because the insulation
blocks the drop-down stair manufacturer's homeowner instructions and may create opportunities
for people to slip while using the stairs.
-4
Figure 5.2.2 - Improperly installed insulation is compressed and impedes the use of the
drop-down attic access stair.
67
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5.2 ATTIC DROP-DOWN STAIR
One way to properly insulate attic drop-down stairs is to construct a simple cover box and cover it
with insulation (Figure 5.2.3). Insulated boxes made specifically for this purpose are available from
several manufacturers (Figure 5.2.4).
Attic Stairs Cover Box
Diagram courtesy of the US Department of Energy
Figure 5.2.3 - Option for insulation of drop-down stair
Figure 5.2.4 - Insulated box made specifically for attic drop-down stair
68
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5.2 ATTIC DROP-DOWN STAIR
KEY POINTS
Installation Criteria:
Attic drop-down stair shall be fully gasketed for a sriug fit. However, gaps in weather-
stripping to accommodate hinge hardware shall be acceptable.
Attic drop-down stair shall be fitted with minimum R-5 insulation that fits snugly in the
framed opening or firmly covers the opening.
Tips and Best Practices:
Factory made attic drop-down stair assemblies that are fully gasketed and include a
rigid insulation panel much like an exterior insulated door are a great simple solution
(see Figure 5.2.5 below).
Insulated Cover door:
Solid wood edge, 3-1/2" ( 80 mm)
Factory-installed R-6 3A"
thick, rigid, aluminum foil
faced polyisocyanate
panel.
Wiite MFD panel. 1/8" ( 3mm)
Foairi core polystyrene insulation
1-1/2" thick cover door. 1-1/4" ( 30 mm),
1" thick cover door: 3/4" (20 mm)
White MFD panel, 1/8" ( 3mm)
Figure 5.2.3 - Pre-insulated/sealed attic drop-down stair assembly
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5.3 DROPPED CEILING/SOFFIT
Another common thermal bypass problem in homes occurs at dropped ceilings and soffits. Framing
crews build them early in the construction process often without plans for a complete air barrier
assembly. During winter, driving forces cause heat to flow from the conditioned space to the
dropped ceiling and then by convective flow through the insulation above where it can potentially
reach cold surfaces in the attic. During the summer, driving forces result in hot attic air moving
through the insulation to the dropped ceiling, in addition, thermal bypass will increase where
insulation sags or has gaps because there is no air barrier to support it (see Figure 5.3.1). The
results will be higher energy bills and less comfort.
Figure 5.3.1 - Improperly installed insulation over a dropped
Image courtesy of Maryland
Energy Administration
ceiling
Figure 5.3.2 - Infrared image of dropped ceiling without an air barrier and proper insulation
Figure 5.3.2 above shows an example of what thermal bypass at dropped ceilings in the winter
looks like through an infrared camera with extensive cold surfaces showing evidence that the
conditioned space is substantially connected to the unconditioned attic above.
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5.3 DROPPED CEILING/SOFFIT
ซn>is?aiฎ
SOLID am dmwl..
MATERIAL SEALED AT
PFRIMliTFR
to uss
Diagram courtesy of MaGrann
Associates
Figure 5.3.3 - Architectural detail illustrates proper air barrier assembly at dropped ceiling
A simple option for a complete air barrier at dropped ceilings and soffits, shown in Figure 5.3.3, is
to cap the soffit with an air barrier, making the proper installation of insulation much easier for the
insulation subcontractor. Note, as also shown in Figure 5.3.3, with the exception of Climate Zones
1 thru 3, an air barrier must also be included and aligned with insulation located where dropped
ceilings or soffits adjoin exterior walls.
Images courtesy of Energy Services Group
Figure 5.3.4 - Air sealed soffits
The dropped ceilings shown in Figure 5.3.4 are excellent examples of a complete air barrier
assembly fully sealed with foam.
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5.3 DROPPED CEILING/SOFFIT
KEY POINTS
Installation Criteria:
A complete sealed air barrier shall be provided at all attic framing above soffits and
dropped ceilings fully aligned with the attic insulation.
Where drop ceilings or soffits occur at exterior walls, air barriers shall be included at
the wall as well as at the attic floor with the exception for Climate Zones 1 thru 3
discussed earlier.
TIPS AND BEST PRACTICES
Check with local building code officials prior to construction that air barrier sheathing
material meets fire code requirements.
Where acceptable to code officials, rigid foam insulation sheathing provides both an air
barrier and a complete thermal break with the attic.
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5.4 RECESSED LIGHTING FIXTURES
Recessed lighting penetrating into unconditioned attics can cause super excessive thermal bypass
since lights get very hot and create a natural draft pulling large amounts of air through them. The
results are high utility bills along with potential comfort, and moisture problems. Non-rated
standard recessed lighting fixtures cannot be insulated above and around the fixture resulting in a
large thermal hole to the attic almost two square in size (see Figure 5.4.1). Some recessed light
fixtures are rated IC for "insulation contact," meaning insulation can be placed over the top of the
fixture. However, since insulation stops thermal flow but not airflow, the insulation above the IC
fixture is rendered ineffective as evidenced by the infrared image in figure 5.4.2.
Images courtesy of Energy Services Group
Figure 5.4.1 - Infrared image of thermal Figure 5.4.2 - Infrared image of thermal
bypass at non-rated recessed lighting fixture bypass at IC recessed lighting fixture
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5.4 RECESSED LIGHTING FIXTURES
A solution for energy efficient recessed lighting is to design them to not penetrate the attic/ceiling
interface. This can be accomplished by locating recessed light fixtures in a dropped ceiling with an
air barrier to the attic above (Figure 5.4.3). However, where recessed lighting fixtures below an
unconditioned attic cannot be avoided, then "insulation contact, air-tight" (ICAT) rated fixtures must
be used that are sealed tightly to the ceiling and covered with insulation. Note that some of ICAT
fixtures have sealed gaskets built-in (Figure 5.4.4), while others have to be carefully installed with a
separate gasket.
immmrn
Recessed fixture in a
sealed soffit
Figure 5.4.3 - Recessed light fixture in a sealed soffit
Fixture tested for air leakage
Tight housintfk
Label
Some Have gaaket-9
Figure 5.4.4 - ICAT-rated fixture installed with gasket
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5.4 RECESSED LIGHTING FIXTURES
KEY POINTS
Installation Criteria:
All recessed lighting fixtures to unconditioned attics shall be "insulation contact, airtight
rated" (ICAT), and shall be sealed to drywall with gasket, caulk, or foam.
Tips and Best Practices:
Consider using non-recessed lighting fixtures at all attic/ceiling interface locations
where appropriate to design preferences.
Install recessed lighting fixtures in dropped ceilings with a complete air barrier
assembly above.
Use ICAT fixtures that do not have air gaps in the housing assembly and with built-in
gaskets .
Where ICAT fixtures are selected that come with air gaps in the housing assembly,
manually seal the gaps on the job site. However, manufacturer recommendations must
be followed since lighting fixtures get very hot.
Recognize that ICAT recessed lighting fixtures are only needed at ceilings adjoining
unconditioned space.
If gaskets are not built-in, develop a system for storing trim seal gaskets provided by
the manufacturer after initial installation of the recessed cans so they are available at
the end of the job.
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5.5 WHOLE-HOUSE FAN
While whole-house fans are not frequently found in new construction in many parts of the country,
they can provide quick night-time cooling in hot-dry climates with cool evenings. However, they
represent an almost 10 square foot thermal hole to the attic because the large opening is not
insulated and their metal louvers effectively transfer and leak heat between the home and
unconditioned attic. This problem can be fixed with a simple insulated cover that can be
constructed and gasketed to the fan to prevent the flow of heat from the attic into the conditioned
space (Figure 5.5.1). However, this cover must lift automatically when the fan is switched on, or be
able to be lifted without the homeowner climbing into the attic. Insulated covers that do require
climbing into the attic are not allowed because they are highly unlikely to be used. As a best
practice, use whole-house fans with built-in insulated covers that operate automatically and are
fully sealed (Figure 5.5.2).
Figure 5.5.1 - Whole-house fan cover
Figure 5.5.2 - Whole-house fan with built-in cover
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5.5 WHOLE-HOUSE FAN
KEY POINTS
Installation Criteria:
Whole-house fan shall include a minimum R-5 insulated cover that is fully gasketed to
the framing assembly and opens automatically or with a simple mechanism that does
not require the homeowner to climb into the attic.
Tips and Best Practices:
Select a whole-house fan with a built-in insulated cover fully gasketed to the assembly
that operates automatically when the fan is turned on.
Make sure any modifications for an insulated cover to a whole-house fan do not conflict
with manufacturer requirements.
Make sure the homeowner understands how this product works and operates with an
insulated cover.
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6. COMMON WALLS BETWEEN DWELLING UNITS
Scope of Work:
Gap between drywali shaft wall (common wall) and structural framing between units is sealed
at all exterior boundaries.
6.1 COMMON WALLS BETWEEN DWELLING UNITS
The large air spaces at common walls between units in attached housing can be significant
sources of thermal bypass. For example, the infrared image in Figure 6.1.1 shows the gap between
the fire-rated assembly and the framed wall for each unit has not been sealed, resulting in
excessive heat loss.
62,8 ฐF
1
Images courtesy of Energy Services Group
Figure 6.1.1 - Infrared image of thermal bypass at a common wall
Images courtesy of Energy
Services Group
Figure 6.1.2 - Poorly sealed common wall
In Figure 6.1.2, the image on the left shows an exterior view of a fire-rated assembly between two
framed common walls. While this corner will be covered by "J" channel for siding, the corner will
still leak since this is not an air-tight assembly. The large size of this leakage area can clearly be
seen from the inside (at right), as daylight streams into the home.
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6.1 COMMON WALLS BETWEEN DWELLING UNITS
A solution to thermal bypass at common walls is to air seal the gaps between the drywall and
framed common walls using expanding foam (if allowed by code) or fire rated blocking or caulk
(Figures 6.1.3 and 6.1.4). ^-Air seal here
Framed wall
Drywall
Diagram courtesy of EnergyLogic
Air seal here
Figure 6.1.3 - Architectural detail of air sealing at common wall
Image courtesy of MaGrann Associates
Figure 6.1.4 - Example of properly air sealed common wall with fire-rated caulking (in red)
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6.1 COMMON WALLS BETWEEN DWELLING UNITS
KEY POINTS
Installation Criteria:
Air gap between fire-rated assembly and framed walls (i.e, common wall) in duplex,
townhouse, and apartment construction shall be fully sealed at all exterior boundary
conditions.
Tips and Best Practices:
Acceptable materials for air-sealing common walls can vary significantly around the
country. Confirm that the preferred material is acceptable to the local code official prior
to construction.
Fireproof spray foam with a special color is a sealing material likely to be acceptable to
code officials for common walls, and is highly effective for air sealing.
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82
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ENERGY STAR Qualified Homes
Thermal Bypass Inspection Checklist
The Thermal Bypass Inspection Check ist must be completed for homes to earn the ENERGY STAR iabe . The
Checklist requires visual .inspection of framing areas where air barrers are commonly m ssed and inspection of
insulation to ensure proper alignment with a r barriers, thus serving as an extra check that the a r and thermal
barriers are continuous and comp ete State, local, and regional codes, as well as regional ENERGY STAR
program requirements, supersede the items specfied in th s Check ist.
Gu dance on Corns etinq the Thenral Bypass Inspection Checklist:
1. Accredited HERS Providers and certified home energy raters shah use their experience and discretion in
verifying that each inspect on Check ist item is instal ed per the nspect on guidel nes (e.g., identifying
minor defects that the Provider or rater deems acceptable versus identifying major defects that undermine
the intent of the Checklist item).
2. Alternative methods or" meeting 1he Checklist requirements may be used in completing the Checklist, if the
Provider deems them to be equivalent, or more stringent, than the Inspection Check ist guidelines.
3. In the event an item on the Checklist cannot be verified by the rater, the home cannot be qual fied as
ENERGY STAR, unless the builder assumes responsibility for verifying that the tem has met the
requirements of the Checklist. This opt on is available at the discretion of the Provider or rater but may not
be used to verify more than six (6) items on the Inspection Checkist. This responsib lity will be formal y
acknowledged by the builder signing-off on the Checklist for the tem(s) that 1hey verified. The co umn
titled 1N/A' should be used when the checklist tem is not present in the home or when local code
requirements take precedent.
4. The Checki st may be completed for a batch of homes using a RESNET-appnoved sampling protocol when
qualifying homes as ENERGY STAR. For example if the approved sarr.pl ng protocol requ res rating one
in seven homes, then the Checklist w II be completed for the one home which was rated.
5. In the event that a Provider or rater finds an item that is inconsistent with the Check ist Inspection
guidelines the home cannot be qualfied as ENERGY STAR until the item is corrected in a manner that
nneets the ENERGY STAR requirements. If correction of the tem is not possib e. the home cannot earn
the ENERGY STAR label.
6. The Provider or rater is required to keep a hard copy record of the completed and signed Checkist. The
signature of a builder employee is a so requrred if the bui der verified compliance with any stem on the
Checkist.
7. For purposes of this Checklist, an air barrier is defined as any solid material that blocks air flow between a
cond tioned so ace and an unconditioned space, including necessary sea ing to block excessive air Sow at
edges and seams. Additional information on proper air sealing of therma bypasses can be found on the
Building America Web site iwvAV.eere.ererqv.Qov'bu Id pos/i;ui ding america} and in the EEBA Builder's
Gu des (www eeba.org) These references include guidance on identifying and sealing air barriers, as well
as details on many of the items included n the Checklist
mEFnv uk
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ENERGY STAR Qualified Homes
rcrem Thermal Bypass Inspection Checklist
Home Address: Civ: State:
Thermal Bypass
Inspection Guidelines
Corrections
Needed
Builder
V erified
Rater
Verified
Ni'A
t Overa Air Bare'
3nd Thierral
Barter wignTen
Requiremente:
.misor 5ia- be 'nslalled In *ull-santaS mitt sealed Irsror and exterior ar barrier except'or a'arnatetc nlerlor ir barre-
under Hem ns. 2 iWaiis Aft'on.ip Ext&tor waUs sr UncancXSonel Spares:
Al ClmaleZonee
i 1 Overall Alignment Th'GLgnoat harre
~
~
~
~
1.2 Ga'age Band Joist A# Safer ;at bays adjoining cordlltonea ssacei
~
~
~
~
1.3 AG'c Eave EaPes Wnere '.'ente'-eakage ExsR
~
~
~
~
Onl y at CI linste Zones 4 and Hi a tier:
'.4 sisB-acge irsuaiici (A maximum OT25W of tnesiac ecge nay ce
unirsu ated lr SI mate zcnes 4 ans 5.:
~
~
~
~
Best Pra;tlceB Encouraged. Not Rsq'd.
i 5 Air Bale* A: All Bard Joists i Clln-aie Zores 4 ana h grer;
~
~
~
~
ฆ .6 M HTlze Tnernal sieging (e.g., OVE far ng. sips. iCFs
~
~
~
~
2- watejftjftfniiig
Exterior Wale or
Lnc&nEdoned
Spaces
Requirement:
=u.:y insiilssa *al allgnec wltfi ar barr er at bed ir:sror and exlelc " OR
Alternatedcurate Zones 1 ttiru 3, sealed exte-lor air barre'al grec wii re;NET Grade 1 mediation itrly supported
ซ Continuous toe ard tottor elates or sealed backlrq
2.1 Wan Benind StidwanTLb
~
~
~
~
Z2 Wall Benlnd F -eolace
~
~
~
~
2.3 Insulates Atฃc 5 Ispe eMails
~
~
~
~
2.4 AJEte Knee Wale
~
~
~
~
2.5 SK>lignt ShaT Walls
~
~
~
~
2 6 Wall Ao;o:nlng Pouch R:or
~
~
~
~
2 7 Staircase Wats
~
~
~
~
2.8 Dcucle '.VaHs
~
~
~
~
3 Floors baf.veer
Cordttlorefl 3rd
Exteror Spaces
Requirement:
* A "Darrer is neLa ed al any e*EossdHErc4U5 Insuatlcn edges
ซ insufitkm Is Insta ed ป maincalr cemaisnt coita;t will* sub-fodr above Including recessa? supports (e.g staves for
t-aiKets, nett r>3 'or t own-in)
~ 5 ar
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THERMAL BYPASS CHECKLIST
KEY TERMS
Air Barrier - Any material that restricts air flow. In wall assemblies, the exterior air barrier
is often a combination of sheathing and either building paper, house wrap or board
insulation. The interior air barrier is typically gypsum board.
Alignment - Insulation installation condition where the insulation is in full contact with the
air barrier (contiguous) and continuous across the entire thermal enclosure.
Batt Insulation - Insulation that is typically manufactured out of fiberglass or rock wool
into 'blankets' sized for typical framing bays and manually fitted into place. They
require extra diligence to ensure no gaps, voids, compression or misalignment
where framing bays are not typical framing dimensions or include wiring and piping.
Blown-in Insulation - Insulation typically made from fiberglass or cellulose that is blown
into construction assemblies dry or wet that inherently fills the entire framed
assembly without any gaps, voids, compression or misalignment.
Cantilever - An overhang where one floor extends beyond and over a wall below thereby
exposing the floor to exterior conditions.
Compression - Insulation installation condition where the full thickness is reduced,
resulting in increased density and reduced air pockets that drive thermal resistance.
This undermines the effective R-value of the insulation.
Convective Air Flow - As used with thermal bypass, this refers to air-flow that occurs in
gaps between insulation and the air barrier due to temperature differences in and
across the gap resulting in a stack effect or driving forces from more to less heat.
Floating Slab - Non-monolithic slab and foundation. This can occur where rigid slab edge
insulation is placed between the foundation wall and slab leaving the slab
unsupported.
FSK Radiant Barrier - A foil-coated insulation that prevents against fire spreading and
smoke generation while reflecting internal or external heat. FSK insulation is
commonly used in high heat areas of a building including behind fireplaces and the
attic knee walls. FSK stands for Foil, Scrim, Kraft; the components of this insulation.
Fully Aligned - Condition where air barriers and thermal barrier (insulation) are
contiguous (touching) and continuous across the entire building envelope.
Fully Supported - When insulation is evenly and securely held in place so that it does not
bow or hang loose. Insulation that is not fully supported is more likely to be
misaligned with the air barriers.
Infrared Imaging - Heat sensing camera which helps reveal thermal bypass conditions by
exposing hot and cold surface temperatures revealing unintended thermal flow, air
flow, and moisture flow. Darker colors indicate cool temperatures, while lighter
colors indicate warmer temperatures.
Insulated Concrete Form (ICFs) - Factory-built wall system blocks that are made from
extruded polystyrene insulation. Steel reinforcing rods are added and concrete is
poured into the voids, creating a very air-tight, well-insulated and sturdy wall as the
insulation is inherently aligned with the exterior and interior air barriers.
Insulation Contact (IC) - Rating for recessed lights allowing insulation to be placed
directly over the top of the fixture.
Insulation Contact. Air-Tight (ICAT) Lighting Fixture - Rating for recessed lights that can
have direct contact with insulation and constructed with air-tight assemblies to
reduce thermal losses.
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THERMAL BYPASS CHECKLIST
KEY TERMS
Misalignment - Condition where air barrier and thermal barrier (Insulation) are not
contiguous (touching) and not continuous across the entire building envelope.
Optimal Value Engineering (OVE) - A strategy for reducing thermal bridging by minimizing
wall framing needed for structural support. Common techniques include 2x6 framing
with 24" on-center spacing, single top plates where trusses align with wall framing
below, properly sized headers, two-stud corners, lattice strips at exterior/interior wall
intersections, and the elimination of excessive fire blocking and window framing. This
results in much more open framing for insulation to improve energy efficiency and
comfort.
Rigid Insulation - Insulation typically made from polystyrene or polyurethane manufactured
into 4' x 8' boards of various thicknesses. As an exterior sheathing material, rigid
board insulation provides a complete thermal break assembly and can effectively shift
the dew point outside of the exterior wall construction assembly.
R-value - A measure of the thermal resistance of a material. Higher R-values indicate
better resistance to heat flow through material. The effective R-value of an insulation
material will be reduced by gaps, voids, compression or misalignment.
Spray Foams Insulation - Insulation available in both open- and closed-cell configurations
that is typically made from polyurethane. It is sprayed into construction assemblies as
a liquid that expands to fill the surrounding cavity. Once dry, spray foam functions as
both an air barrier and thermal barrier and effectively fill holes and cracks for both a
well-insulated and air-tight wall assembly. Closed-cell spray foams are more dense
and also function as a vapor barrier.
Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs) - Factory-built insulated wall assemblies that ensure full
alignment of insulation with integrated air barriers. Composed of insulated foam
board glued to both an internal and external layers of sheathing (typically OSB or
plywood). Many SIP panels are manufactured with precut window and door
openings.
Thermal Barrier - Term used to describe when flow of heat is restricted or slowed.
Accomplished through insulation.
Thermal Bridging - Accelerated thermal flow that occurs when materials that are poor
insulators displace insulation.
Thermal Bypass Checklist - Comprehensive list of building details for ENERGY STAR
Qualified Homes addressing construction details where air barriers and insulation are
commonly missing.
Thermal Bypass - The movement of heat around or through insulation. This typically
occurs when gaps exist between the air barrier and insulation or where air barriers
are missing.
Vapor Barrier - Any material that restricts the flow of moisture. In hot climates, a vapor
barrier would be installed on the exterior surface and in cold climates on the interior
surface.
Wind Baffle - An object that serves as an air barrier for the purpose of blocking wind
washing at attic eaves.
Wind Washing - When insulating properties of insulation are eliminated due to air-current
penetration.
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