United States Environmental Monitoring Environmental Protection and Support Laboratory Agency P.O. Box 15027 Las Vegas NV 89114 April-June 1978 *vEPA Second Quarter Report Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory Las Vegas ------- SECOND QUARTER REPORT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND SUPPORT LABORATORY LAS VEGAS April through June 1978 U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND SUPPORT LABORATORY LAS VEGAS, NEVADA 89114 ------- CONTENTS Page EVENTS OF GENERAL INTEREST 1 BIOLOGICAL MONITORING 2 MONITORING SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT 4 EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES DEVELOPMENT 5 RADIATION MONITORING 7 QUALITY ASSURANCE 8 TECHNICAL SUPPORT 9 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL REPORTS 15 ------- EVENTS OF GENERAL INTEREST On June 6, EPA Administrator Douglas M. Costle and Ing. Humberto Romero Alvarez, Subsecretary for Environmental Improvement of Mexico, signed an agreement between the U.S. and Mexico pledging mutual cooperation on environmental problems, including air and water pollution control on both sides of the border. Under the agreement, the two nations will exchange information and personnel and establish parallel projects of mutual concern. The agreement was the culmination of a dozen years of effort for George B. Morgan, Di rector of the Las Vegas Laboratory. Over the years, Mr. Morgan provided extensive consultation and personal guidance in the nation's environmental concerns, highlighted by hi s aid in setting up an effective air quality monitoring network in Mexico. He was among the group of EPA officials who accompanied the Administrator to Mexico City for the signing of the Memorandum of Understanding. Charles F. Costa, Chief of the Laboratory's Radiation Monitoring Branch, was named Federal Employee of the Year by the Southern Nevada Federal Executive Association. Presented by Las Vegas Mayor William Briare, the award cited Costa for the important public relations contribution he has made "... by traveling throughout the state lecturing and talking with audiences about the operation of the nuclear testing program and the elaborate precautions taken to safeguard the public health." Costa has been involved with the Laboratory's off-site radiation safety program since 1962. ------- BIOLOGICAL MONITORING In a plutonium metabol i sm study involving the oral feeding of plutonium dioxide particles of various nuclide combinations to lactating dairy cows, 204 samples were analyzed for piutonium-238 and -239. This is one of a series of studies on the biological transfer of radionuclides to milk, tissues, and excreta in 1actating dairy cows. Preliminary results indicated that differenc ~ between pi utonium-238 and -239 uptake and metabolism are far less than the approximately 200-fold difference that may be predicted from other studies which were based on the relative decay rates of pi utonium-238 and -239, or on solubility. A goat feeding study using additive soil collected from the locale of Plowshare nuclear events was initiated to determine tissue uptake and retention of residual radionuclides present in the soil. Individual samples of soil in which the total radioactivity was estimated by counting were mixed with molasses, grain and alfalfa pel lets and are being fed to goats over 90-day period. Selected tissues will then be analyzed for radionuclide content. Preliminary grazing studies were initiated with rumen-fistulated steers at five sites of early nuclear testing activities on the Nevada Test Site. Steers with surgically prepared rumen fistulas will serve as the biological samplers. As the animals graze the site, samples wil1 be taken periodically from the contents of their forestomachs for analysis. The objective is to i nventory the radionuclides available to grazi ng and foraging animals as related to season and botanical composition of the vegetation and soils the animal ingests. The semi-annual roundup of the Nevada Test Site Area 18 beef herd was conducted. This included the semi-annual sacrifice and necropsy of six animals from the herd for the sampling of selected tissues for histopathological and radionuclide analyses. A1 so sampled were two mule deer that died as result of motor vehicle accidents. The migratory habits of mule deer that reside on the Nevada Test Site are of interest to the Department of Energy and the Nevada Department of Fish and Game on the possibility that these deer may contain radionuclide concentrations and may be harvested by hunters. A1 though no significant concentrations of radionuclides have been found in Test Site deer to date, the deer are being equi pped with radiotransmitter col 1ars and are being 2 ------- tracked weekly via ground and aerial reconnaissance. During this quarter, plans were made to capture and collar deer on areas of the Test Site other than their summer ranges on the mesas. The aim is to determine whether deer migration patterns are similar to those of deer captured in Area 20 of the Test Site. 3 ------- MONITORING SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT In experiments to compile supplemental data on selected carcinogen pathways from sources to man, benzene was found to sorb to soils. Radiolabeled benzene was placed in a calciurn-saturated clay, an aluminum-saturated clay, and humic material. The cause of the sorption of the benzene is attributed to both the clay and the soil organic fractions. The studies indicate that the amount of sorption increases with time up to 48 hours and that the benzene is not being degraded in the soil system. Completion of the benzene portion of the study will include desorption and movement of benzene in the above soil type. On completion of the benzene portion, work will begin on the remaining compounds—carbon tetrachloride, benzidene, trichloroethylene, and ethylene dibromide. Other related studies are being conducted to develop an exposure monitoring methodology for precursors of carcinogens. Present emphasis is on determining the kinetics of biosynthesis of the carcinogens, dimethyl nitrosamine, and N-nitrosomorpholine. Background levels of dimethyl nitrosamine have been found in control mice. Although the source of the latter compound has not yet been identified, feeding of its precursors to mice results in dimethyl nitrosamine levels significantly above background. As part of a study of hydrogen sulfide and non-condensible hazardous gaseous emissions from geothermal developments, baseline meteorological data are being collected at five 1ocations within the Roosevelt Hot Springs area in Utah. Wind speed and direction are being recorded on tape cassettes. To date, 1 month of hourly data from two sites and 2 month's data from a third site have been reduced from the cassettes to tabular sunraaries and wi nd roses. Photovoltaic batteries to power the equipment are being recharged by means of solar panel s. 4 ------- EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES DEVELOPMENT The airborne laser fluorosensor used to monitor chlorophyll a fluorescence of surface waters was modified to detect and record the water Raman emission in addition to the chlorophyll _a fluorescence signal. The Raman signal is used to correct the fluorescence signal for variations in water optical transmission. Preliminary flight tests of this modified system were made~ Flight test data analysis and further flight testing are planned for the coming quarter. An airborne nadir-looking laser transceiver system is being developed for monitoring molecular pollutants in the troposphere. The major components have been acquired and the initial design was modified so as to reorient the telescope. This modification simplified many alignment problems that existed previously and diminished overal1 aircraft cabin height restrictions. Negotiations were underway to obtain contractor construction of the framework and vibration i solation platform. A beam expander was installed on the laser transmitter portion of the two-frequency downward-looking 1idar. A program which will scroll the display data across a video screen was written and is working. Software on the display portion of the electronics subsystem is being developed. The feasibility of using the Raman nitrogen 1ine to normalize the downward-looking 1idar data is also being investigated. Normalization of the backscatter return using Raman data wilI facilitate the compari son of data taken at different times and places and even with different instruments. A significant use of this technique would be to document particulate scattering over pristine areas before and after energy resource development activities are begun. The Laboratory is usi ng Land sat imagery, aircraft multispectral scanner data, aerial photography and ancillary data as part of a project to develop and demonstrate a remote sensing technique for evaluating mine ground stability. Initial test sites wi11 be selected in the Northern Great Plains area. The project is being conducted in conjunction with the Mining Safety and Health Administration of the U.S. Depar lent of Labor. 5 ------- In the development of aerial photography interpretation keys, work has begun in several areas of the country to determine where such imagery can be used to detect septic tank 1 each field failures. 6 ------- RADIATION MONITORING The Las Vegas Laboratory provided radiological safety support for nuclear testing conducted at the Nevada Test Site by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) during this quarter. Mobile ground and aerial radiological monitoring personnel were deployed to the off-site areas. Other personnel served as advisors to the Test Controller for the DOE and coordinated off-site surveil1ance activities from the Test Site Control Point. No release of radioactivity occurred as result of the tests. The Air Surveillance Network, consisting of 48 continuously operating stations, continued to operate with 61 standby stations through April 10 to monitor airborne radioactivity resulting from the atmospheric nuclear test conducted by the People's Republic of China on March 15. The active stations continued to operate after the shutdown of the standby stations on April 10. The Mil k Surveil 1ance Network and the Dosimetry Network were routinely operated and the quarterly exchange of thermoluminescent dosimeters used for continuously monitoring ambient radiation 1evels at 78 locations was completed. Routine quarterly milk samples were collected from 21 1ocations in April. The Standby Milk Surveil 1ance Network was activated for a readiness check, and samples were collected from 147 locations. Monthly and annual water samples were collected from wells at 11 locations of the Long-Term Hydrological Program at the Nevada Test Site. Annual water samples were collected from 20 1ocations at Project Dribble in Mississippi, 9 1ocations at Project Gasbuggy and 9 1ocations at Project Gnome in New Mexico, 11 1ocations at Project Rio B1anco and 9 locations at Project Rulison in Colorado, and 3 1ocations at Project Faultless in central Nevada. Twelve new wells were augered and/or drilled and cased for special water sampling at the Project Dribble site to monitor for subsurface tritium contamination caused years ago by postshot, drill-back, operations. F ty-eight soi1 samples for the Plutonium-in-Soil Program were collected along Highway 395 from Little Lake to Montgomery Pass, California* and in Box Canyon, near Currant, Nevada. 7 ------- QUALITY ASSURANCE The Las Vegas Laboratory maintains a repository of standard reference samples and materials for distribution to users upon request. During thi s quarter, approximately 300 calibrated radionuclide solutions were distributed to participating laboratories on request. At the request of Region 5, on-site laboratory evaluations were conducted and reports of findings prepared for seven laboratories in the Region. The laboratories were evaluated on the basis of criteria and procedures for laboratory certification for monitoring drinking water supplies for radionuclide contaminants. A 2-day workshop was al so conducted for Region 5 personnel and State personnel of the Region. The purpose of the workshop was to discuss the difficulties and problem areas in carrying out the requirements of the National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations, 1aboratory certification for monitoring drinking water for radionuclides under the Safe Drinking Water Act, and general problems in statistics and methodology. The ongoi ng laboratory intercompari son studies program, i nvolving environmental media (milk, water, air, food, soil, and gases) and a variety of radionuclides, was conducted. Approximately 1,100 samples of known activity levels were distributed to the 150 participating laboratories for analyses. Assessment of the precision and accuracy of radioactivity measurements has been made and computerized reports were sent to participants. Evaluation studies of two published methods for the measurement of radium-228 in water are continuing. Critical steps in the methods have been identified. One of the methods will be selected and prepared for a collaborative test for the purpose of validation and publication as a reference method. 8 ------- TECHNICAL SUPPORT At the request of the Office of Toxic Substances, proposed pesticide label application restrictions have been applied graphically to mapped demonstration areas in Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana, Alabama and Mississippi* Interpretation of aerial photography compiled in these label restriction projects has demonstrated the extremely limited area to which a pesticide could be applied. Using Endrin as an example, it was shown that 63 percent of the croplands in a 16,000-acre area near Cedar Bluff, Alabama, is within the 1/8-mile proposed restriction because of water sources in the vicinity that may be affected. Because of hunan habitation on and near the locale, 31 percent of the land was within the 1/8-mile proposed restriction. At the request of the Headquarters Office of Enforcement, the continuity of two watercourses in northwest New Mexico was established using aerial photography. Data were collected after a rainfall and again after a lengthy period of no rain. These data were required in relation to an adjudicatory hearing on two applications for uranium mine National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits. As part of a project directed by the Office of Air Quality PIanning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, the Las Vegas Laboratory will be operating an instrumented hel icopter to measure ozone, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and other parameters upwind of Phi 1adelphia, Pennsylvania. The objective is to study the impact of photochemical pol1utants in air upwind of a city on that city's air quality. Planning has been completed and the system was flight-tested preparatory to an early July departure date. The field work in Philadelphia is expected to be completed by late August. Upon request of Regional and other EPA Offices, consultation services are routinely provided by Laboratory technical and scientific staff. During thi s quarter, a Laboratory representative participated in the Atchafal aya Basin, Louisiana, Management Group Subcomnttee activities. Another water scientist provided technical consultation at a meeting of U.S. Forest Service scientists from Western States, addressing eutrophication and other water quality problems of alpine and subalpine lakes. Aerial imagery col lection flights were flown in support of the Spill Prevention Control and Counter-measures (SPCC) program at the request of the Oil and Special Materials Control Division, EPA Headquarters. These include: 9 ------- industrial facilities and waterways in all States of New England. refineries, bulk oil storage sites, and chemical faciIities in the vicinities of Bayonne, Linden and Carteret, New Jersey, and Albany, New York, and in the Port of San Juan, San Juan, Puerto Rico. oil facilities in Pennsylvania, Maryland and West Virginia. industrial facilities in Illinois and Indiana. fifty selected refining and oil storage facilities in Louisiana. selected refineries and bulk oil storage facilities in Iowa. selected refineries, bulk oil storage sites, and oil fields in Utah, Montana and Wyoming. oil spill and flow from an oi1 production area near Cut Bank, Montana. a chemical spill on interstate highway near Bakersfield, Cal ifornia (Documented extent of spill of endosulfan). selected industrial facilities in Idaho, Oregon and Washington. A variety of remote sensing technical support projects was conducted this quarter for EPA Regional Offices. Listed by Region, these projects entai1ed the acqui si tion, processing, interpretation, and delivery of data collected from aerial platforms. The resultant data were presented in the form of color and infrared photography, map sheets, annotated overlays or other imagery displays, and detailed narrative reports, as requested by the Region. REGION 1 Aerial thermal scanning and photographic data were collected on proposed wastewater treatment sites in Massachusetts, Connecticut and Vermont. The objective was to identify nonpoint source^ of pol 1 utants, existing land uses, point source discharges, and malfunctioning on-1 ot septic systems. These data were requested for the preparation of environmental impact statements. REGION 3 A thermal scanning survey of discharge water bodies was made to ascertain whether selected power plants in Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Washington, O.C., are in compliance with the thermal discharge 1 imitations imposed in their NPDES permits. These 1imitations are thermal water quality standards applied outside designated mixing zones. Photographs of the thermal plumes 10 ------- and isothermal data depicted on sealed illustrations of the receiving waters were provided, showing compliance-noncompliance with the standards in areas beyond the confines of the assigned mixing zones. REGION 4 Aerial photographic data were collected to depict 1 and development encroachment in the area of Everglades City, Florida, for 1itigation support regarding Section 404 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act 1977. Maps showing the locations and distribution of mixed mangroves and black mangroves along the coast of Florida from Cedar Key to St. Augustine were produced to assist in establising the ecological value of black mangroves. The data were compiled from archival Landsat digital data and from archival photographic data used for ground truth. Photographic enlargements of an area on the M.K. Ranch in the Apalachicola Basin, Florida,, were provided as a result of a dredge spoil restoration study. This information will be used as support in enforcement and by the Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission to implement a restoration pi an jointly developed by State and Federal regulatory agencies. REGION 5 Col or imagery was collected and analyzed for enforcement actions involving 12 power generating stations and an industrial compl ex located in the eastern sectors of Michigan and a sewage treatment pi ant in Gary, Indiana. This information is required to document discharges, floating debris, oil discharges, surface drainages, and the current status of construction of the plants. A resource inventory of the fettle Lake area in Ohio was made with col or aerial photography which will be used as a common base map for the display of existing environmental components. Photographic overlays wil 1 be used to di splay water drainage, vegetation type and extent of cover, exi sti ng land use, political boundaries, soil types and location, groundwater 1ocation, significant geologic formations, potential flood-prone zones, types and habitat 1ocation of rare and endangered wildlife species, and the topography of the area. Resource areas that have common or mutual relationships will be combined on a single overlay for ease in future analysis, and each category of overlays will have a written text to identify significant features or characteristics of the particular resource component. 11 ------- Thermal infrared and aerial photographic data of Rock River from the Rockford Sewage Disposal Plant downstream to the town of Oregon, Illinois, were collected. Coverage includes the construction si te of a new power pi ant in the Byron area. These data are being analyzed for discharge and mixing zones from the disposal plant and other industrial facilities and will be used as archival data for monitoring discharges of new plants as they become operational . Photographic data were collected over two smelter sites in Wabash and Rockport, Indiana, to document emissions and to obtain perspectives of the smelters and their surroundings, A1 so, an emissions inventory was made of industrial facilities in Midland, Michigan. REGION 6 Ten industrial facilities in Beismar, Gramercy, Braithwaite and Baton Rouge, Loui si ana, were surveyed for NPDE5 enforcement and adjudicatory hearings. Thermal infrared and aerial photographic data were analyzed to determine compliance, including the extent of discharges into the marsh and river areas and the extent of vegetation damage due to chemical or petroleum spills. Color photographic over-flights were made of two chicken processing plants in Arkansas to determine runoff direction and erosion features. A1so, a stream flow and discharge study of Whitewater Creek id New Mexico was completed. A project was begun to locate the source of salt contamination of farmland in Lincoln County, Oklahoma. Hi storical high altitude and current low altitude data will be used to detect and delineate vegetation ki 11 and contamination sources. REGION 7 Aerial imagery was collected to detect industrial waste lagoon seepage in Cedar River, Iowa. A second flight will be flown during the summer for seasonal data to detect seeps and springs which allow groundwater to come to the surface and drain into the river. A 1and-use study of strip mines in Missouri was conducted to upgrade the present inventory of the state's mined 1ands. Imagery was collected to map vegetative cover, barren land, water impoundments, and adjacent 1 and uses. The information wi11 be used in the management of the state's mining lands and activities as related to nonpoint sources of water pollution. 12 ------- REGION 8 A series of flights was flown along the Poplar River in Montana, including one from Scobey, Montana, to the Canadian border, in emissions surveys. The objectives were to provide baseline data of air pol1ution impacts to crops and native vegetation due to emission fallout from a coal-fired power plant, to provide a thermal characterization of an in-stream cooling reservoir as influenced by natural and man-induced forces, and to identify by thermal scan pool areas and temperature-sensitive reaches of the Poplar River and its tributaries. Flights were initiated to collect multispectral scanner and aerial photographic data of outfall inventory and Guernsey silt run along the North Platte River near Casper and below Guernsey Dam in Wyoming. The data will be analyzed for the NPDE5 program on the North PIatte between Casper and Evansville. Also, the data will be analyzed to document turbidity in the waters from the North PIatte to the Nebraska state line. REGION 9 The Las Vegas Laboratory plans to fly a helicopter this September in support of a two-state effort to determine the sources of photochemical pollution in the Lake Tahoe air basin. Urban expansion in the area, especially along the South Shore, and pollutant transport from California are two suspected sources of photochemical oxidant which will be studied. REGION 10 Region geologists are monitoring various surface mining operations, hazardous waste disposal sites, landfills and landslides in Oregon and Washington. Laboratory assistance includes an archival data search from 1974 to the present. Photographic prints of any existing pertinent data are also being furnished and photographic mi ssions will be flown to obtain data not available in archives. A variety of maps depicting thermal conditions, turbidity, oil and grease, chlorophyl 1 a, and Rhodamine WT dye is being provided to evaluate water quality and hydraulic characteristics of marinas in the Pacific Northwest. The data will be used to establish guidelines for review of construction permits. Aerial photographic surveys of land features were made of selected forest range and agricultural sites in the Region. Land feature information was 13 ------- collected and related to in-stream water quality sampling to establish a causal relationship through modelling techniques. An air quality problem arising from the agricultural practice of burning grass fields in the Willamette Valley has prompted a request from the State of Oregon through the Region for EPA technical assistance. Plans were completed by the Laboratory to field its 8-26 air qua 1ity monitoring aircraft and, through its contractor, Northrop Services, Inc., a mobile ground air quality monitoring trailer to support the state in characterizing the problem. Smoke from grass fires is of concern to the Oregon State Department of Environmental Quality which must address the issue in its state implementation plan. The project will begin during the next quarter. Aircraft and Landsat data showing annual (1971-1978) changes in housing density were analyzed to aid the Region in interpreting groundwater quality information and to identify areas where groundwater monitoring should be initiated. The analysis area, which has been designated as a "sole source aquifer" under the Safe Drinki ng Water Act, was the Spokane-Rathdrum Prairie Aquifer in Washington and Idaho. As part of the biological sampling study bei ng conducted on the White River, an intensive survey is planned to investigate the macroinvertebrate drift phenomena, the efficiency of various sampling techniques , and the characterization of macrobenthic communities in cold and warm water habitats and transi tional zones. The aim is to establish biomoni tori ng techniques for application in the oil shale impact area. 14 ------- SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL REPORTS PROJECT REPORTS "Volatility of Mercury from Soils Amended with Various Mercury Compounds," by Robert 0, Rogers. EPA-600 3-78-046. "Ethylmercury: Formation in Plant Tissues and Relation to Methyl mercury Formation," by L. C, Fortmann, D. 0. Gay and K. 0. Hirtz. EPA-600 3-78-037. PAPERS PRESENTED OR PUBLISHED "Photo-Interpretation Keys for Hazardous Substances Spill Conditions/' by R, W. Landers and H. V. Johnson. Presented at the 1978 National Conference and Exhibition on Control of Hazardous Materials Spilis, in Miami Beach, Florida, April 10 to 14. "Monitoring of Air Quality in the Western Region," by D. N. McNelis. Presented at the Third National Conference, Interagency Energy Environmental Research and Development Program, in Washington, D. C., June 1 and 2. "Analysis of Aerometric Data Collected by Aircraft During a Stagnation Period in Washington, D. C., August 1976," by C. K. Fitzsimmons, K. Zeller and M. J. Pearson. Presented at the 1978 Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, in Houston, Texas, June 25 to 29. "Plume Di spersi on in Coin pi ex Terrain," by F. G. Johnson. Presented at the 1978 Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, in Houston, Texas, June 25 to 29. 15 ------- REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY REIMBURSED WORK "Fruit and Vegetable Radioactivity Survey, Nevada Test Site Environs, " by V. E. Andrews and J. C. Vandervort. EMSL-IV-Q539-13. "Status Report of an Experimental Dairy Herd Maintained on the Nevada Test Site, January 1, 1976, through December 31, 1976," by E. M. Daley. EMSL-LV-0539-11. The paper, "Radionuclides in Cattle Near Rocky Flats/ by D. D. Smith, was published in Transactions of Meeting on Rocky Flats Buffer Zone Ecological and EnVilrOTTOenir^ 1 International , Rocky Flats Plant, Golden, Colorado. T£ pp. 1977. 16 ------- Director G B. Morgan Deputy Director Or. R.E. Stanley Office of Fro. ¦ ¦ ¦¦ Management and Support WE Pelrie Information Services Staff G.S. Douglas Branches: General Services M. Carpenter Computer Services 6. Allison Facilities and Engineering Services R Coulter —8— Monitoring Systems Research and Development Division Dr. J A Santolunto Monitoring Operations Division E W Bretthauer Branches: Methods Development and Analytical Support Vacant Quality Assurance A. Jams Pollutant Pathways Of G Wiersma Exposure/Dose Assessment Dr. G. Potter farm and Animal Investigation Of 0 Smith Branches: Water and Land Quality V lambou Air Quality R. Snelfing Environmental Radiation R F Grossman Aircraft Operations C. Dropp Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory P.O. Box 15027 • 944 East Harmon 9 Las Vegas, Nevada 89114 Telephone (702)738-2389 9 FIS 595-2369 Health and Safety Staff Of. M E Kaye Remote Sensing Division Dr D.N. McNeils Branches: Remote Sensing Operations R, Landers Remote Monitoring Methods J. Eckert Environmental Photographic Interpretation Complex V. Webb Tenant Organizations 1 1 Office of Radiation | Programs, Ll> Las Vegas Facility 0 W Hendnfks Regional Services | Staff R.E, Jaquish pi gamm—mrnmmmmmUMmmmmmmamMMammm [I [J Las Vegas Accounting Office f! LA Demos ! _ I 5 • Personnel Office Las Vegas 8 A. Sandoval. Jr Region IX Las Vegas Unit R Cummins Office for Civil Rights M Woods ------- ' n If ¦ « Htjl M illKt So|3(.n1M L .>Mhtrv PC< r ¦,•}«<¦ u-f. , y n$ r.1 ; 1 I'If"/ " „ • Wf. 1 J lr"S . 1 lit1 .nuFjiy;' *M 1 ifis'f\«* < »'~ ; J \ ------- |