oEPA
EPA/600/R-18/095F
July 2018
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Intake of Grain Products
National Center for Environmental Assessment
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, DC 20460
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Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
DISCLAIMER
This document has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency policy and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products
does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES 12-iv
12. INTAKE OF GRAIN PRODUCTS 12-1
12.1. INTRODUCTION 12-1
12.2. RECOMMENDATIONS 12-2
12.3. INTAKE STUDIES 12-5
12.3.1. Key Grain Intake Study 12-5
12.3.1.1. EPA Analysis of Consumption Data from 2005-2010 National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 12-5
12.3.2. Relevant Grain Intake Studies 12-6
12.3.2.1. USD A (1980, 1992, 1996a, b)—Food and Nutrient Intakes of
Individuals in 1 Day in the United States 12-6
12.3.2.2. USDA (1999a)—Food Consumption, Prices, and Expenditures,
1970-1997 12-7
12.3.2.3. USDA (1999b)—Food and Nutrient Intakes by Children
1994-1996, 1998, Table Set 17 12-7
12.3.2.4. EPA Analysis of Continuing Survey of Food Intake by
Individuals (CSFII) 1994-1996, 1998 12-7
12.3.2.5. Smiciklas-Wright et al. (2002)—Foods Commonly Eaten in the
United States: Quantities Consumed per Eating Occasion and in
a Day, 1994-1996 12-8
12.3.2.6. Vitolins et al. (2002)—Quality of Diets Consumed by Older
Rural Adults 12-9
12.3.2.7. Fox et al. (2004)—Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study: What
Foods Are Infants and Toddlers Eating 12-10
12.3.2.8. Ponza et al. (2004)—Nutrient Food Intakes and Food Choices of
Infants and Toddlers Participating in Women, Infants, and
Children (WIC) 12-10
12.3.2.9. Fox et al. (2006)—Average Portion of Foods Commonly Eaten
by Infants and Toddlers in the United States 12-10
12.3.2.10. Mennella et al. (2006)—Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study:
The Types of Foods Fed to Hispanic Infants and Toddlers 12-11
12.3.2.11. Siega-Riz et al. (2010)—Food Consumption Patterns of Infants
and Toddlers: Where are We Now?; Fox et al. (2010)—Food
Consumption Patterns of Young Preschoolers: Are They Starting
Off on the Right Path?; Deming et al. (2014)—Infant Feeding
Practices and Consumption Patterns of Children Participating in
WIC 12-11
12.3.2.12. Briefel et al. (2010)—The Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study
2008: Study Design and Methods 12-12
12.3.2.13. Reicks et al. (2014)—Total Dietary Fiber Intakes in the U.S.
Population Are Related to Whole Grain Consumption: Results
from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
2009 to 2010 12-12
12.3.3. Pregnant and Lactating Women 12-12
12.4. CONVERSION BETWEEN WET- AND DRY-WEIGHT INTAKE RATES 12-13
12.5. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 12 12-13
APPENDIX A A-l
APPENDIX B B-l
APPENDIX C C-l
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 12-1. Recommended Values for 2-Day Average Intake of Grains 12-3
Table 12-2. Confidence in Recommendations for Intake of Grain Products 12-4
Table 12-3. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Total Grains Based on 2005-2010 NHANES 12-16
Table 12-4. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Total Grains Based on 2005-2010 NHANES 12-18
Table 12-5. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Grain Products Based on 2005-2010
NHANES 12-19
Table 12-6. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Grain Products Based on 2005-2010
NHANES 12-20
Table 12-7. Mean Grain Intake Per Individual in a Day by Sex and Age (g/day as consumed) for
1977-1978 12-21
Table 12-8. Mean Grain Intakes Per Individual in a Day by Sex and Age (g/day as consumed) for
1987-1988 12-22
Table 12-9. Mean Grain Intakes Per Individual in a Day by Sex and Age (g/day as consumed) for
1994-1995 12-22
Table 12-10. Per Capita Consumption of Flour and Cereal Products in 1997 12-23
Table 12-11. Mean Quantities of Grain Products Consumed by Children Under 20 Years of Age, by Sex
and Age, Per Capita 12-24
Table 12-12. Percentage of Individuals Under 20 Years of Age Consuming Grain Products, by Sex and Age .... 12-25
Table 12-13. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Total Grains Based on 1994-1996, 1998 CSFII 12-26
Table 12-14. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Total Grains Based on 1994-1996, 1998 CSFII 12-28
Table 12-15. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Grain Products Based on 1994-1996, 1998
CSFII 12-30
Table 12-16. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Grain Products Based on 1994-1996,
1998 CSFII 12-31
Table 12-17. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Breads Based on 1994-1996, 1998 CSFII 12-32
Table 12-18. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Sweets Based on 1994-1996, 1998 CSFII 12-34
Table 12-19. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Snacks Containing Grains3 Based on 1994-1996, 1998
CSFII 12-36
Table 12-20. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Breakfast Foods Based on 1994-1996, 1998 CSFII 12-38
Table 12-21. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Pasta Based on 1994-1996, 1998 CSFII 12-40
Table 12-22. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Cooked Cereals Based on 1994-1996, 1998 CSFII 12-42
Table 12-23. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Ready-to-Eat Cereals3 Based on 1994-1996, 1998 CSFII 12-44
Table 12-24. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Baby Cereals Based on 1994-1996, 1998 CSFII 12-46
Table 12-25. Quantity (as consumed) of Grain Products Consumed Per Eating Occasion and the Percentage
of Individuals Consuming These Foods in 2 Days 12-48
Table 12-26. Quantity (as consumed) of Grain Products Consumed Per Eating Occasion and Percentage of
Individuals Consuming These Foods in 2 Days, by Sex and Age 12-49
Table 12-27. Consumption of Major Food Groups by Older Adults: Median Daily Servings (and ranges) by
Demographic and Health Characteristics 12-52
Table 12-28. Percentage of Infants and Toddlers Consuming Different Types of Grain Products 12-53
Table 12-29. Food Choices for Infants and Toddlers by WIC Participation Status 12-53
Table 12-30. Average Portion Sizes Per Eating Occasion of Grain Products Commonly Consumed by
Infants from the 2002 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study 12-54
Table 12-31. Average Portion Sizes Per Eating Occasion of Grain Products Commonly Consumed by
Toddlers from the 2002 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study 12-54
Table 12-32. Percentage of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Infants and Toddlers Consuming Different Types of
Grain Products on a Given Day 12-55
Table 12-33. Percentage of Infants and Toddlers Consuming Grain or Grain Products in the 2008 FITS 12-56
Table 12-34. Percentage of Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers Consuming Grains or Grain Products in a
Given Day, By WIC Participation, FITS (2008) 12-57
Table 12-35. Mean± Standard Error Amount Consumed (g/Eating Occasion) Among Children 12-23.9
Months of Age 12-57
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LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED)
Table 12-36. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Total Grains0: Pregnant, Lactating, and All Women of
Child-Bearing Age 12-58
Table 12-37. Per Capita and Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Grains: Pregnant,
Lactating, and All Women of Child-Bearing Age 12-59
Table 12-38. Mean Moisture Content of Selected Grain Products Expressed as Percentages of Edible
Portions 12-60
Table 12-39. Water Content Range of Selected Grain Products 12-60
Table A-1. Comparison of Recommended Values for Intake of Total Grains in this Update to those of the
Exposure Factors Handbook: 2011 Edition A-l
Table B-1. Terms Used in Literature Searches B-l
Table C-l. Food Commodity Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 2005-2010 (and
2003-2008) NHANES WWEIA C-l
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Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
12. INTAKE OF GRAIN PRODUCTS
12.1. INTRODUCTION
This document is an update to Chapter 12 (Intake
of Grain Products) of the Exposure Factors
Handbook: 2011 Edition (U.S. EPA, 2011). The
recommended values for the general population in this
chapter have been updated using NHANES data for
2005-2010; the 2011 version of this chapter used
NHANES data for 2003-2006. The 2018
recommendations include some more disaggregated
age groupings than the 2011 Handbook (for those
under age 1 and for adults), and for some childhood
age groups provide more statistically reliable
estimates because the new analysis uses 6 years of
NHANES data versus four in the 2011 estimates.
For the estimates of the mean per capita intake of
total grains there was some decrease in the ages 21 to
50 years of age, but not in those over 50 years of age.
For younger and more disaggregated ages, there is no
simple pattern in the updates to the estimates, but
Appendix A provides a comparison of the
recommended values in this update to those of the
2011 Handbook.
This update also provides, for the first time, intake
data for pregnant and lactating women based on
NHANES 2005-2010 data. Recent relevant studies
based on data other than NHANES are also
summarized to provide additional perspective on grain
intake.
This chapter includes a comprehensive review of
the scientific literature through 2016. The new
literature was identified via formal literature searches
conducted by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) staff as well as targeted internet searches
conducted by the authors of this chapter. Appendix B
provides a list of the key terms that were used in the
literature searches. Revisions to this chapter have been
made in accordance with the approved quality
assurance plan for the Exposure Factors Handbook.
The American food supply is generally considered
to be one of the safest in the world. Nevertheless, grain
products can become contaminated with toxic
chemicals by several different pathways. Ambient air
pollutants may be deposited on or absorbed by the
plants, or dissolved in rainfall or irrigation waters that
contact the plants. Pollutants may also be absorbed
through plant roots from contaminated soil and ground
water. The addition of pesticides, soil additives, and
fertilizers may also result in contamination of grain
products. To assess exposure through this pathway,
information on ingestion rates of grain products is
needed.
A variety of terms may be used to define intake of
grain products (e.g., consumer-only intake, per capita
intake, total grain intake, as-consumed intake,
uncooked edible intake, dry-weight intake). As
described in Chapter 9 "Intake of Fruits and
Vegetables," consumer-only intake is defined as the
quantity of grain products consumed by individuals
during the survey period. These data are generated by
averaging intake across only the individuals in the
survey who consumed these food items. Per capita
intake rates are generated by averaging consumer-only
intakes over the entire population (including those that
reported no intake). In general, per capita intake rates
are appropriate for use in exposure assessments for
which average dose estimates for individuals are of
interest because they represent both individuals who
ate the foods during the survey period and those who
may eat the food items at some time but did not
consume them during the survey period. Per capita
intake, therefore, represents an average across the
entire population of interest, but does so at the expense
of underestimating consumption for the subset of the
population that consumed the food in question. Total
grain intake refers to the sum of all grain products
consumed in a day.
Intake rates may be expressed on the basis of the
as-consumed weight (e.g., cooked or prepared) or on
the uncooked or unprepared weight. As-consumed
intake rates are based on the weight of the food in the
form that it is consumed and should be used in
assessments where the basis for the contaminant
concentrations in foods is also indexed to the
as-consumed weight. Some of the food ingestion
values provided in this chapter are expressed as
as-consumed intake rates because this is the way in
which data were reported by survey respondents.
Other values are provided as uncooked weights based
on analyses of survey data that account for weight
changes that occur during cooking. This adjustment is
important because concentration data to be used in the
dose equation are often measured in uncooked food
samples. Note that cooking can either increase or
decrease food weight. Similarly, cooking can increase
the mass of a contaminant in food (due to formation
reactions, or absorption from cooking oils or water) or
decrease the mass of a contaminant in food (due to
vaporization, fat loss, or leaching). The combined
effects of changes in food weight and contaminant
mass can result in either an increase or decrease in
contaminant concentration in cooked food. Therefore,
if the as-consumed ingestion rate and the uncooked
concentration are used in the dose equation, dose may
be under-estimated or over-estimated. It is important
for the assessor to be aware of these issues and choose
intake rate data that best match the concentration data
being used. For more information on cooking losses
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Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
and conversions necessary to account for such losses,
refer to Chapter 13 of this handbook.
Sometimes contaminant concentrations in food are
reported on a dry-weight basis. When these data are
used in an exposure assessment, it is recommended
that dry-weight intake rates also be used. Dry-weight
food concentrations and intake rates are based on the
weight of the food consumed after the moisture
content has been removed. For information on
converting the intake rates presented in this chapter to
dry-weight intake rates, refer to Section 12.4.
The purpose of this chapter is to provide intake
data for grain products for the general population. The
recommendations for ingestion rates for these food
sources are provided in the next section, along with a
summary of the confidence ratings for these
recommendations. The recommended values are based
on the key study identified by EPA for this factor. As
described in Chapter 1 of the Exposure Factors
Handbook: 2011 Edition (U.S. EPA, 2011), the key
studies represent the most up-to-date and scientifically
sound ones for deriving recommendations for
exposure factors, whereas other studies are designated
"relevant," meaning applicable or pertinent, but not
necessarily the most important. For example, studies
that provide supporting data or information related to
the factor of interest (e.g., percentage of the population
consuming grains and products), or have study designs
or approaches that make the data less applicable to the
general population (e.g., studies that targeted specific
populations or older studies) have been designated as
relevant rather than key. Key studies were selected
based on the general assessment factors described in
Chapter 1 of the Handbook. Following the
recommendations, the key study on ingestion of grain
products is summarized. Relevant data on ingestion of
grain products are also provided. These data are
presented to provide the reader with added perspective
on the current state-of-knowledge pertaining to
ingestion of grain products.
12.2. RECOMMENDATIONS
Table 12-1 presents a summary of the
recommended values for per capita and
consumer-only intake of grain products for use in
exposure and risk assessment. Table 12-2 provides
confidence ratings for the grain intake
recommendations for the general population.
The EPA analysis of data from the 2005-2010
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
(NHANES) was used in selecting recommended
intake rates. The U.S. EPA analysis was conducted
using the childhood age groups in EPA's Guidance on
Selecting Age Groups for Monitoring and Assessing
Childhood Exposures to Environmental Contaminants
(U.S. EPA, 2005).
The NHANES data on which the
recommendations are based are short-term survey data
and may not necessarily reflect the long-term
distribution of average daily intake rates. However,
because broad categories of food (i.e., total grains), are
eaten on a daily basis throughout the year with
minimal seasonality, the short-term distribution may
be a reasonable approximation of the long-term
distribution, although it will display somewhat
increased variability. This implies that the upper
percentiles shown here will tend to overestimate the
corresponding percentiles of the true long-term
distribution. In general, the recommended values
based on EPA's analysis of NHANES data represent
the uncooked weight of the edible portion of grain
products.
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
(USDHHS) jointly developed Dietary Guidelines for
Americans: 2010 that provide information and advice
for choosing healthy eating patterns (USDA and
USDHHS, 2010). The guidance may differ from the
recommended intake rates for grain and grain products
that are provided in this chapter for use in
exposure/risk assessment because NHANES and
similar surveys reflect actual intake rather than dietary
goals.
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Table 12-1. Recommended Values for 2-Day Average3 Intake of Grainsb
(edible portion, uncooked weight)0
Per Capita Consumers Only
95th
Mean 95th Percentile Mean Percentile „ . . .
Multiple
Age Group g/kg-day g/kg-day g/kg-day g/kg-day Percentiles Source
Total Grains
Birth to <1 month
0.6
2.9d
2.7
6.1d
1 to <3 months
0.7
3.9d
2.8
8.1d
3 to <6 months
1.9
6.5d
2.7
7.7d
6 to <12 months
4.3
9.5
4.4
9.6
Birth to 1 year
2.8
8.2
3.9
8.7
1 to <2 years
6.4
12.7
6.4
12.7
2 to <3 years
6.4
11.7
6.4
11.7
3 to <6 years
6.0
10.5
6.0
10.5
6 to <11 years
4.6
8.7
4.6
8.7
See EPA
Tables 1 ? 3 analysis of
Tablf®12;3 NHANES
and 12-4 2005-2010
11 to <16 years
2.7
5.7
2.7
5.7
16 to <21 years
2.3
5.0
2.3
5.0
21 to <30 years
30 to <40 years
2.3
2.2
4.8
4.6
2.3
2.2
4.8
4.6
40 to <50 years
2.0
4.5
2.0
4.5
50 to <60 years
1.8
3.9
1.8
3.9
60 to <70 years
1.7
3.6
1.7
3.6
70 to <80 years
1.6
3.1
1.6
3.1
>80 years
1.6
3.0
1.6
3.0
21 to <50 years
2.1
4.6
2.1
4.6
50+ years
1.7
3.6
1.7
3.6
Whole Population
2.5
6.5
2.5
6.5
Individual Grain Products—See Tables 12-5 and 12-6
Based on the average of two days of food consumption reported for each NHANES respondent. If the respondent
reported zero consumption on one of the two days and non-zero consumption on the other day, his/her average
consumption would be the average of zero and non-zero consumption.
Total Grains includes: amaranth, grain; barley, bran; barley, flour; barley, flour baby food; barley, pearled barley;
barley, pearled barley baby food; buckwheat; buckwheat, flour; corn, field, bran; corn, field, flour; corn, field, flour
baby food; corn, field, meal; corn, field, meal baby food; corn, field, starch; corn, field, starch baby food; corn, pop;
corn, sweet; corn, sweet baby food; millet, grain; oat, bran; oat, flour; oat, flour baby food; oat, groats/rolled oats; oat,
groats/rolled oats baby food; psyllium, seed; quinoa, grain; rice, bran; rice, bran baby food; rice, brown; rice, brown
baby food; rice, flour; rice, flour baby food; rice, white; rice, white baby food; rye, flour; rye, grain; sorghum, grain;
triticale, flour; triticale, flour baby food; wheat, bran; wheat, flour; wheat, flour baby food; wheat, germ; wheat, grain;
wheat, grain baby food; wild rice.
For more information on the recipes used to convert the foods people reported eating to the quantities of agricultural
commodities eaten, refer to the Frequently Asked Questions at http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
Estimates are less statistically reliable based on guidance published in the Joint Policy on Variance Estimation and
Statistical Reporting Standards on NHANES III and Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII)
Reports: Human Nutrition Information Service (HNIS) /National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Analytical
Working Group Recommendations (NCHS, 1993).
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Table 12-2. Confidence in Recommendations for Intake of Grain Products3
General Assessment Factors
Rationale
Rating
Soundness
Adequacy of Approach
The survey methodology and data analysis were adequate.
The survey sampled nearly 25,000 individuals. An analysis
of primary data was conducted.
High
Minimal (or defined) Bias
No physical measurements were taken. The method relied
on recent recall of grain products eaten.
Applicability and Use
Exposure Factor of Interest
The key study was directly relevant to grain intake.
High
Representativeness
The data were demographically representative of the U.S.
population (based on stratified random sample).
Currency
Data were collected between 2005 and 2010.
Data Collection Period
Data were collected for 2 nonconsecutive days.
Clarity and Completeness
Accessibility
The NHANES data and the FCID Consumption Calculator
are publicly available.
High
Reproducibility
The methodology used was clearly described; enough
information was included to reproduce the results.
Quality Assurance
NHANES follows strict quality assurance/quality control
procedures. The EPA analysis has only been reviewed
internally, but the methodology has been used in an
analysis of previous data.
Variability and Uncertainty
Variability in Population
Minimal Uncertainty
Full distributions were provided for total grains. Means
were provided for individual grain products.
Data collection was based on recall for a two-day period;
the accuracy of using these data to estimate long-term
intake (especially at the upper percentiles) is uncertain.
However, use of short-term data to estimate chronic
ingestion can be assumed for broad categories of foods
such as total grains. Uncertainty is greater for individual
grain products.
Medium to high for averages,
low for long-term upper
percentiles; low for individual
foods
Evaluation and Review
Peer Review
The NCHS NHANES survey received a high level of peer
review. The EPA analysis of these data has not been peer
reviewed outside the Agency, but the methodology has
been used in an analysis of previous data.
Medium
Number and Agreement of
Studies
There was one key study.
Overall Rating
Medium to High confidence in
the averages;
Low confidence in the
long-term upper percentiles
a See Section 1.5.2 in Chapter 1 of the Exposure Factors Handbook: 2011 Edition (U.S. EPA, 2011) for a detailed
description of the evaluation criteria used in this table.
FCID = Food Commodity Intake Database.
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12.3. INTAKE STUDIES
12.3.1. Key Grain Intake Study
12.3.1.1. EPA Analysis of Consumption Data from
2005-2010 National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey
The key source of recent information on
consumption rates of grain products is the U.S.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National
Center for Health Statistics' (NCHS) NHANES. Data
from NHANES 2005-2010 have been used by the
EPA to generate per capita and consumer-only intake
rates for both individual grain products and total grain
products.
NHANES is designed to assess the health and
nutritional status of adults and children in the United
States. In 1999, the survey became a continuous
program that interviews a nationally representative
sample of approximately 5,000 persons each year in
counties across the country, 15 of which are visited
annually. Data are released on a 2-year basis; thus, for
example, the 2005 data are combined with the 2006
data to produce NHANES 2005-2006.
The dietary interview component of NHANES is
called What We Eat in America (WWEIA) and is
conducted by the USDA and the USDHHS.
USDHHS' NCHS is responsible for the sample design
and data collection, and USDA's Food Surveys
Research Group is responsible for the dietary data
collection methodology, maintenance of the databases
used to code and process the data, and data review and
processing. Beginning in 2003,2 nonconsecutive days
of 24-hour intake data were collected. The first day
was collected in person, and the second day was
collected by telephone, 3 to 10 days later. These data
were collected using USDA's dietary data collection
instrument, the Automated Multiple Pass Method,
which provides an efficient and accurate means of
collecting intakes for large-scale national surveys. It is
fully computerized and uses a five-step interview.
Details can be found at USDA's Agriculture Research
Service (http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/fsrg').
The 2005-2010 NHANES surveys are stratified,
multistage probability samples of the civilian
noninstitutionalized U.S. population. The sampling
frame was based on the 2000 U.S. population census
estimates. Several sets of sampling weights are
available for use with the intake data. By using
appropriate weights, data for all 6 years of the surveys
can be combined. Additional information on
NHANES can be obtained at
htl^T/www.cdc^gQv/nchs/nhanes.htm.
The EPA used NHANES 2005-2010 data to
update the Food Commodity Intake Database (FCID)
that was developed in earlier analyses of data from the
USDA's Continuing Survey of Food Intake by
Individuals (CSFII) (USDA, 2000; U.S. EPA, 2000)
(see Section 12.3.2.4). The updated FCID is available
at: http://fcid.foodrisk.org/. along with the FCID
Consumption Calculator which was used to develop
the estimates provided in this chapter for various age
and race/ethnic groups. The Calculator may also be
used to develop estimates for other age groups or
populations, customized to the users' needs. In the
FCID, NHANES data on the foods people reported
eating were converted to the quantities of agricultural
commodities eaten. "Agricultural commodity" is a
term used by EPA to mean plant (or animal) parts used
as feed or consumed by humans as food; when such
items are raw or unprocessed, they are referred to as
"raw agricultural commodities." For example, an
apple pie may contain the commodities apples, flour,
fat, sugar, and spices. FCID contains approximately
560 unique commodity names and 8-digit codes. The
FCID commodity names and codes were selected and
defined by EPA and were based on the EPA Food
Commodity Vocabulary
(http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/foodfeed/). The codes
and definitions used to determine the various
commodities in the EPA analysis for grains are
provided in Appendix C.
Intake rates were generated for a variety of food
items/groups based on the agricultural commodities
included in the FCID. These intake rates represent
intake of all forms of the product (e.g., both home
produced and commercially produced) for 2 survey
days. For respondents who reported intake on both
days, their intake rate represents the average rate for
the 2 survey days. For respondents who reported
consumption on one day and no consumption on the
other day, their intake rate represents the average of
zero and nonzero consumption. Two-day average
intake rates were calculated for all individuals in the
database for each of the food items/groups. These
average daily intake rates were divided by each
individual's reported body weight to generate intake
rates in units of grams per kilogram of body weight per
day (g/kg-day). The data were weighted according to
the 6-year, 2-day sample weights provided in
NHANES 2005-2010 to adjust the data for the sample
population to reflect the national population. The
2005-2010 analysis of NHANES/FCID data for
grains included data for nearly 25,000 respondents.
Summary statistics were generated on a
consumer-only and on a per capita basis. Summary
statistics, including number of observations,
percentage of the population consuming the grains
being analyzed, mean intake rate, and standard error of
the mean intake rate, were calculated for total grains
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and selected individual grains. Percentiles of the
intake rate distribution (i.e., 1st, 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th,
90th, 95th, 99th, and the maximum value) were also
provided for total grains. Data were provided for the
following childhood age groups: birth to <1 month, 1
to <3 months, 3 to <6 months, 6 to <12 months, 1 to
<2 years, 2 to <3 years, 3 to <6 years, 6 to <11 years,
11 to <16 years, and 16 to <21 years to be consistent
with those recommended in EPA's Guidance on
Selecting Age Groups for Monitoring and Assessing
Childhood Exposures to Environmental Contaminants
(U.S. EPA, 2005). Data for the birth to
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provide some historical perspective on intake of these
foods.
12.3.2.2. USD A (1999a)—Food Consumption,
Prices, and Expenditures, 1970-1997
The USDA's Economic Research Service
calculates the amount of food available for human
consumption in the United States annually and
generates supply and utilization balance sheets which
are based on the flow of food items from production to
end uses. Total available supply is estimated as the
sum of production (i.e., some products are measured
at the farm level or during processing), starting
inventories, and imports (USDA, 1999a). The
availability of food for human use, commonly termed
as "food disappearance," is determined by subtracting
exported foods, products used in industries, farm
inputs (seed and feed), and end-of-the-year inventories
fromthe total available supply (USDA, 1999a). USDA
(1999a) calculates the per capita food consumption by
dividing the total food disappearance by the total U.S.
population.
USDA (1999a) estimated per capita consumption
data for grain products from 1970-1997. In this
section, the 1997 values, which are the most recent
final data, are presented. Table 12-10 presents per
capita consumption in 1997 for grains.
An advantage of this study is that it provides per
capita consumption rates for grains that are
representative of long-term intake because
disappearance data are generated annually. Daily per
capita intake rates are generated by dividing annual
consumption by 365 days/year. One of the limitations
of this study is that disappearance data do not account
for losses from the food supply from waste, spoilage,
or foods fed to pets. Thus, intake rates based on these
data may overestimate daily consumption because
they are based on the total quantity of marketable
commodity used. Therefore, these data may be useful
for estimating bounding exposure estimates. Note that
per capita estimates based on food disappearance are
not a direct measure of actual consumption or quantity
ingested, instead the data are used as indicators of
changes in usage over time (USDA, 1999a). These
data are based on older surveys and may not be entirely
representative of current consumption patterns.
12.3.2.3. USDA (1999b)—Food and Nutrient
Intakes by Children 1994-1996,1998,
Table Set 17
USDA (1999b) calculated national probability
estimates of food and nutrient intake by children based
on 4 years of the CSFII (1994-1996 and 1998) for
children ages 9 years and under, and on CSFII
1994-1996 only for individuals aged 10 years and
over. The CSFII was a series of surveys designed to
measure the kinds and amounts of foods eaten by
Americans. Intake data, based on 24-hour dietary
recall, were collected through in-person interviews on
2 nonconsecutive days. Section 12.3.2.4 provides
additional information on these surveys.
USDA used sample weights to adjust for
nonresponse, to match the sample to the U.S.
population in terms of demographic characteristics,
and to equalize intakes over the four quarters of the
year and the 7 days of the week. A total of
503 breast-fed children were excluded from the
estimates, but both consumers and nonconsumers were
included in the analysis.
USDA (1999b) provided data on the mean per
capita quantities (grams) of various food
products/groups consumed per individual for 1 day,
and the percentage of individuals consuming those
foods in 1 day of the survey. Tables 12-11 and 12-12
present data on the mean quantities (grams) of grain
products consumed per individual for 1 day, and the
percentage of survey individuals consuming grain
products that survey day. Data on mean intakes or
mean percentages are based on respondents' Day-1
intakes.
The advantage of the USDA (1999b) study is that
it uses the 1994-1996, 1998 CSFII data set, which
includes 4 years of intake data, combined, along with
supplemental data on children. This data set is
expected to be generally representative of the U.S.
population and includes data on a wide variety of grain
products. The data set is one of a series of USDA data
sets that are publicly available. One limitation of this
data set is that it is based on 1 day, and short-term
dietary data may not accurately reflect long-term
eating patterns. Other limitations of this study are that
it only provides mean values of food intake rates,
consumption is not normalized by body weight, and
presentation of results is not consistent with EPA's
recommended age groups. These data are based on
older surveys and may not be entirely representative of
current eating patterns, but may provide some
historical perspective on intake of these foods.
12.3.2.4. EPA Analysis of Continuing Survey of
Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII)
1994-1996,1998
EPA/Office of Pesticide Programs, in cooperation
with USDA's Agricultural Research Service, used
data from the 1994-1996, 1998 CSFII to develop the
FCID (U.S. EPA, 2000; USDA, 2000), as described in
Section 12.3.1.1. The CSFII 1994-1996 was
conducted between January 1994 and January 1997
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with a target population of noninstitutionalized
individuals in all 50 states and Washington, DC. In
each of the 3 survey years, data were collected for a
nationally representative sample of individuals of all
ages. The CSFII 1998 was conducted between
December 1997 and December 1998 and surveyed
children 9 years of age and younger. It used the same
sample design as the CSFII 1994-1996 and was
intended to be merged with CSFII 1994-1996 to
increase the sample size for children. The merged
surveys are designated as CSFII 1994-1996, 1998
(USDA, 2000). Additional information on the CSFII
can be obtained at http://www.ars.usda. gov/
Services/docs.htm?docid= 14531.
The CSFII 1994-1996, 1998 collected dietary
intake data through in-person interviews on
2 nonconsecutive days. The data were based on
24-hour recall. A total of 21,662 individuals provided
data for the first day; of those individuals, 20,607
provided data for a second day. The 2-day response
rate for the 1994-1996 CSFII was approximately
76%. The 2-day response rate for CSFII 1998 was
82%. The CSFII 1994-1996,1998 surveys were based
on a complex multistage area probability sample
design. The sampling frame was organized using 1990
U.S. population census estimates, and the stratification
plan took into account geographic location, degree of
urbanization, and socioeconomic characteristics.
Several sets of sampling weights are available for use
with the intake data. By using appropriate weights,
data for all 4 years of the surveys can be combined.
USD A has recommended that all 4 years be combined
to provide an adequate sample size for children.
The grain items/groups selected for the EPA
analysis included total grains and individual grain
products, such as cereal and rice. EPA (2003) presents
the food codes and definitions used to determine the
various grain products used in the analysis. CSFII data
on the foods people reported eating were converted to
the quantities of agricultural commodities eaten.
Intake rates for these food items/groups and summary
statistics were generated on both a per capita and a
consumer-only basis using the same general
methodology as in the EPA analysis of 2003-2006
NHANES data, as described in Section 12.3.1.1.
Because these data were developed for use in EPA's
pesticide registration program, the childhood age
groups used are slightly different from those
recommended in EPA's Guidance on Selecting Age
Groups for Monitoring and Assessing Childhood
Exposures to Environmental Contaminants
(U.S. EPA, 2005).
Table 12-13 presents per capita intake data for
total grains in g/kg-day; Table 12-14 provides
consumer-only intake data for total grains in g/kg-day.
Table 12-15 provides per capita intake data for
individual grain products, and Table 12-16 provides
consumer-only intake data for individual grain
products. In general, these data represent intake of the
edible portions of unprepared (i.e., uncooked) foods.
Tables 12-17 through 12-24 present per capita intake
data for individual grain products. The data come from
CSFII 1994-1996 only. The results are presented in
units of g/kg-day. These data represent as-consumed
intake rates.
Because the results are presented in units of
g/kg-day, the use of these data in calculating potential
dose does not require the body-weight factor to be
included in the denominator of the average daily dose
equation. The cautions concerning converting these
intake rates into units of g/day by multiplying by a
single average body weight and the discussion of the
use of short term data in the NHANES description in
Section 12.3.1.1, apply to the CSFII estimates as well.
A strength of EPA's analysis is that it provides
distributions of intake rates for various age groups of
individuals, normalized by body weight. The analysis
uses the 1994-1996, 1998 CSFII data set, which was
designed to be representative of the U.S. population.
Also, the data set includes 4 years of intake data
combined and is based on a 2-day survey period.
However, as discussed above, short-term dietary data
may not accurately reflect long-term eating patterns
and may under-represent infrequent consumers of a
given food. This is particularly true for the tails
(extremes) of the distribution of food intake. Also, the
analysis was conducted using slightly different
childhood age groups than those recommended in
EPA's Guidance on Selecting Age Groups for
Monitoring and Assessing Childhood Exposures to
Environmental Contaminants (U.S. EPA, 2005).
However, given the similarities in the childhood age
groups used, the data should provide suitable intake
estimates for the age groups of interest. While the
CSFII data are older than the NHANES data, they
provide relevant information on consumption by
season, region of the United States, and level of
urbanization, breakdowns that are not available in the
publically released NHANES data.
12.3.2.5. Smiciklas-Wright et al, (2002)—Foods
Commonly Eaten in the United States:
Quantities Consumed per Eating
Occasion and in a Day, 1994-1996
Using data gathered in the 1994-1996 USDA
CSFII, Smiciklas-Wright etal. (2002) calculated
distributions for the quantities of grain products
consumed per eating occasion by members of the U.S.
population (i.e., serving sizes). The estimates of
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serving size are based on data obtained from
14,262 respondents, ages 2 and above, who provided
2 days of dietary intake information. Only dietary
intake data from users of the specified food were used
in the analysis (i.e., consumer-only data). Table 12-25
presents, as consumed, the quantity of grain products
consumed per eating occasion and the percentage of
individuals using these foods in a 2-day period for a
selected variety of grain products. Table 12-26
presents the same data by sex and age.
These data are presented on an as-consumed basis
(grams) and represent the quantity of grain products
consumed per eating occasion. These estimates may
be useful for assessing acute exposures to
contaminants in specific foods, or they may be used in
other assessments where the amount consumed per
eating occasion is necessary. Only the mean and
standard deviation serving size data and percentage of
the population consuming the food during the 2-day
survey period are presented in this handbook.
Percentiles of serving sizes of the foods consumed by
these age groups of the U.S. population can be found
in Smiciklas-Wright et al. (2002).
The advantages of using these data are that they
were derived from the USD A CSFII and are
representative of the U.S. population. The analysis
conducted by Smiciklas-Wright etal. (2002)
accounted for individual foods consumed as
ingredients of mixed foods. Mixed foods were
disaggregated via recipe files so that the individual
ingredients could be grouped together with similar
foods that were reported separately. Thus, weights of
foods consumed as ingredients were combined with
weights of foods reported separately to provide a more
thorough representation of consumption. However,
note that because the recipes for the mixed foods
consumed were not provided by the respondents,
standard recipes were used. As a result, the estimates
of quantity consumed for some food types are based
on assumptions about the types and quantities of
ingredients consumed as part of mixed foods. This
study used data from the 1994 to 1996 CSFII; data
from the 1998 children's supplement were not
included.
12.3.2.6. Vitolins et al. (2002)—Quality of Diets
Consumed by Older Rural Adults
Vitolins et al. (2002) conducted a survey to
evaluate the dietary intake, by food groups, of older
(ages >70 years) rural adults. The sample consisted of
130 community-dwelling residents from two rural
counties in North Carolina. Data on dietary intake over
the preceding year were obtained in face-to-face
interviews conducted in participants' homes, or in a
few cases, a senior center. The food frequency
questionnaire used in the survey was a modified
version of the National Cancer Institute Health Habits
and History Questionnaire, which included an
expanded food list containing a greater number of
ethnic foods than the original food frequency form.
Demographic and personal data collected included
sex, ethnicity, age, education, denture use, marital
status, chronic disease, and weight.
Food items reported in the survey were grouped
into food groups similar to the USD A Food Guide
Pyramid and the National Cancer Institute's 5 A Day
for Better Health program. These groups are (1) fruits
and vegetables; (2) bread, cereal, rice, and pasta; (3)
milk, yogurt, and cheese; (4) meat, fish, poultry,
beans, and eggs; and (5) fats, oils, sweets, and snacks.
Medians, ranges, frequencies, and percentages were
used to summarize intake of each food group, broken
down by demographic and health characteristics. In
addition, multiple regression models were used to
determine which demographic and health factors were
jointly predictive of intake of each of the five food
groups.
Thirty-four percent of the survey participants were
African-American, 36% were European American,
and 30% were Native American. Sixty-two percent
were female, 62% were not married at the time of the
interview, and 65% had some high school education or
were high school graduates. Almost all of the
participants (95%) had one or more chronic diseases.
Sixty percent of the respondents were between 70 and
79 years of age; the median age was 78 years old.
Table 12-27 presents the median servings of bread,
cereal, rice, and pasta broken down by demographic
and health characteristic. Only sex was statistically
predictive of bread, cereal, rice, and pasta intake
(p < 0.01). with males consuming approximately an
extra serving per day compared to women. Also, the
multiple regression model indicated that sex was
predictive of breads, cereal, rice, and pasta intake after
controlling for other demographic variables.
One limitation of the study, as noted by the study
authors, is that the study did not collect information on
the length of time the participants had been practicing
the dietary behaviors reported in the survey. The
questionnaire asked participants to report the
frequency of food consumption during the past year.
The study authors noted that, currently, there are no
dietary assessment tools that allow the collection of
comprehensive dietary data over years of food
consumption. Another limitation of the study is that
the small sample size used makes associations by sex
and ethnicity difficult.
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12.3.2.7. Fox et al. (2004)—Feeding Infants and
Toddlers Study: What Foods Are Infants
and Toddlers Eating
Fox etal. (2004) used data from the Feeding
Infants and Toddlers study (FITS) to assess food
consumption patterns in infants and toddlers. The
FITS was sponsored by Gerber Products Company and
was conducted to obtain current information on food
and nutrient intakes of children, ages 4 to 24 months,
in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The FITS
is described in detail in Devaney et al. (2004). FITS
was based on a random sample of 3,022 infants and
toddlers for which dietary intake data were collected
by telephone from their parents or caregivers between
March and July 2002. An initial recruitment and
household interview was conducted, followed by an
interview to obtain information on intake based on
24-hour recall. The interview also addressed growth,
development, and feeding patterns. A second dietary
recall interview was conducted for a subset of
703 randomly selected respondents. The study
over-sampled children in the age groups of 4 to 6 and
9 to 11 months; sample weights were adjusted for
nonresponse, oversampling, and undercoverage of
some subgroups. The response rate for the FITS was
73% for the recruitment interview. The recruited
households had a response rate of 94% for the dietary
recall interviews (Devaney et al., 2004).
Fox et al. (2004) analyzed the first set of 24-hour
recall data collected from all study participants. For
this analysis, children were grouped into six age
categories: 4 to 6 months, 7 to 8 months, 9 to
11 months, 12 to 14 months, 15 to 18 months, and 19
to 24 months. Table 12-28 provides the percentage of
infants and toddlers consuming different types of
grains or grain products at least once per day. The
percentages of children eating any type of grain or
grain product ranged from 65.8% for 4- to
6-month-olds to 99.2% for 19- to 24-month-olds.
The advantages of this study is that it represents the
U.S. population, and the sample size was large. One
limitation of the analysis done by Fox et al. (2004) is
that only frequency data were provided; no
information on actual intake rates was included. In
addition, Devaney et al. (2004) noted several
limitations associated with the FITS data. For the
FITS, a commercial list of infants and toddlers was
used to obtain the sample used in the study. Because
many of the households could not be located and did
not have children in the target population, a lower
response rate than would have occurred in a true
national sample was obtained (Devaney et al., 2004).
In addition, the sample was likely from a higher
socioeconomic status when compared with all U.S.
infants in this age group (4 to 24 months old), and the
use of a telephone survey may have omitted
lower-income households without telephones
(Devaney et al., 2004).
12.3.2.8. Ponza et al. (2004)—Nutrient Food
Intakes and Food Choices of Infants and
Toddlers Participating in Women,
Infants, and Children (WIC)
Ponza etal. (2004) conducted a study using
selected data from the FITS to assess feeding patterns,
food choices, and nutrient intake of infants and
toddlers participating in the Special Supplemental
Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
(WIC). Ponza et al. (2004) evaluated FITS data for the
following age groups: 4 to 6 months (N= 862), 7 to
11 months (N= 1,159), and 12 to 24 months
(TV = 996). Table 12-29 shows the total sample size
described by WIC participants and nonparticipants.
The foods consumed were analyzed by tabulating
the percentage of infants who consumed specific
foods/food groups per day (Ponza etal., 2004).
Weighted data were used in all of the analyses of the
study (Ponza et al., 2004). Table 12-29 provides
information on the food choices for the infants and
toddlers studied. In general, there was little difference
in grain product choices among WIC participants and
nonparticipants, except for the 7- to 11-months age
category (see Table 12-29). Nonparticipants, ages 7 to
11 months, were more likely to eat noninfant cereals
than WIC participants.
An advantage of this study is that it had a relatively
large sample size and was representative of the U.S.
general population of infants and children. A
limitation of the study is that intake values for foods
were not provided. Other limitations are those
associated with the FITS data, as described previously
in Section 12.3.2.7.
12.3.2.9. Fox et al. (2006)—Average Portion of
Foods Commonly Eaten by Infants and
Toddlers in the United States
Fox et al. (2006) estimated average portion sizes
consumed per eating occasion by children 4 to
24 months old who participated in the FITS. The FITS
is a cross-sectional study designed to collect and
analyze data on feeding practices, food consumption,
and usual nutrient intake of U.S. infants and toddlers
and is described in Section 12.3.2.7 of this chapter. It
included a stratified random sample of 3,022 children
between ages 4 and 24 months.
Using the 24-hour recall data, Fox etal. (2006)
derived average portion sizes for six major food
groups, including breads and grains. Average portion
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sizes for select individual foods within these major
groups were also estimated. For this analysis, infants
were grouped into three age categories: 4 to 5 months,
6 to 8 months, and 9 to 11 months. Toddlers were also
grouped into three age categories: 12 to 14 months, 15
to 18 months, and 19 to 24 months. Tables 12-30 and
12-31 present the average portion sizes for grain
products for infants and toddlers, respectively.
The advantages and limitations described in
Section 12.3.2.8 also apply here. These data represent
portion size and not daily intake.
12.3.2.10. Mennella et al. (2006)—Feeding Infants
and Toddlers Study: The Types of Foods
Fed to Hispanic Infants and Toddlers
Menella et al. (2006) investigated the types of food
and beverages consumed by Hispanic infants and
toddlers in comparison to the non-Hispanic infants and
toddlers in the United States. The FITS 2002 data for
children between 4 and 24 months of age were used
for the study. The data represent a random sample of
371 Hispanic and 2,367 non-Hispanic infants and
toddlers (Mennella etal., 2006). Mennella etal.
(2006) grouped the infants as follows: 4 to 5 months
( V = 84 Hispanic; 538 non-Hispanic), 6 to 11 months
{N = 163 Hispanic; 1,228 non-Hispanic), and 12 to
24 months (N= 124 Hispanic; 871 non-Hispanic) of
age.
Table 12-32 provides the percentage of Hispanic
and non-Hispanic infants and toddlers consuming
grain products. The overall percentages of Hispanic
and non-Hispanic infants and toddlers consuming any
type of grain product were similar, but there were
differences in the individual types of grains products
consumed. For example, 6-to 11-month-old Hispanic
children were more likely to eat rice and pasta than
non-Hispanic children in this age groups.
The advantage of the study is that it provides
information on food preferences for Hispanic and
non-Hispanic infants and toddlers. A limitation is that
the study did not provide food intake data but provided
frequency of use data instead. Other limitations are
those noted previously in Section 12.3.2.7 for the FITS
data.
12.3.2.11. Siega-Riz et al (2010)—Food
Consumption Patterns of Infants and
Toddlers: Where are We Now?; Fox et al.
(2010)—Food Consumption Patterns of
Young Preschoolers: Are They Starting
Off on the Right Path ?; Deming et al.
(2014)—Infant Feeding Practices and
Consumption Patterns of Children
Participating in WIC
In 2008, a second FITS study was conducted (Fox
etal., 2010; Siega-Riz etal., 2010). The study
population included 3,273 children ages 0 to
47.9 months. Siega-Riz et al. (2010) described the
dietary consumption patterns of 1,596 infants (ages
4 to 5.9 months and 6 to 11.9 months) and toddlers
(ages 12 to 23.9 months) in the 2008 FITS. As in the
2002 FITS, parents or primary caregivers of study
participants were interviewed by telephone to collect
demographic and dietary information (two 24-hour
dietary recalls). Food group data were used to
calculate the percentage of children who consumed
specific foods or food groups at least once per day.
Table 12-33 provides the percentage of infants and
toddlers consuming grain and grain products at least
once per day in 2008 (Siega-Riz et al., 2010). The
percentage of infants and toddlers consuming any type
of grain and grain products ranged from 52.0% for the
4- to 5.9-month age group to 99.2% for the 12- to
14.9-month age group (see Table 12-33).
Fox et al. (2010) presented similar data for 2- and
3-year-old children. The mean percentage of 2- and
3-year old children eating any type of grain or grain
product in a day was 97.7% (see Table 12-33).
Deming et al. (2014) used the data for children
6-11, 12-23, and 24-47 months old from the 2008
FITS. The percentage of children consuming grains
and grain products was estimated based on
participation (Y= 794) or nonparticipation (N = 2,477)
in the WIC program (see Table 12-34). Overall
consumption of total grains was similar among WIC
participants and non-WIC participants, but some
differences were observed for individual grain
products, as shown in Table 12-34.
The limitations of these studies are that the FITS
dietary data were reported as the percentage of the
respondents consuming per day and not as amounts of
grain and grain products consumed per day. However,
useful information was provided for the consumption
of grain and grain products by infants and toddlers.
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12.3.2.12. Brief el et al. (2010)—The Feeding
Infants and Toddlers Study 2008: Study
Design and Methods
Briefel et al. (2010) used a subsample of the 2008
FITS data to estimate the amount of grain and grain
products consumed per eating occasion among
children ages 12 to 23.9 months. The data were
collected as part of a "bridging" study aimed at testing
the effects of changes made to the food model booklet
and protocol since the 2002 FITS was conducted. A
total of 123 children were included in the sample.
Table 12-35 provides the mean amount consumed per
eating occasion for 2008. On average, children ages
12 to 23.9 months consumed 41 g of grain and grain
products per eating occasion. For individual grain
products, portion size per eating occasion was greatest
for non-infant cereals (52 g) followed by bread, rolls,
biscuits, bagels and tortillas (23 g); and crackers,
pretzels, and rice cakes (13 g).
The Briefel et al. (2010) study provides
quantitative information on the amount of grain and
grain products consumed by eating occasion; other
FITS studies provide only percentages of the
population eating certain foods. Because this study
was based on a subsample of the study population, the
sample size is relatively small.
12.3.2.13. Reicks et aL (2014)—Total Dietary Fiber
Intakes in the U.S. Population Are
Related to Whole Grain Consumption:
Results from the National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 2009 to
2010.
Reicks et al. (2014) used 1-day data from the
2009-2010 NHANES to evaluate relationships
between whole grain intake and dietary fiber intake
among children and adolescents (2-18 years of age),
and adults (19 years and older). Survey respondents
were categorized according to three groups based on
their whole grain intake: none (0 ounce equivalents/
day, low (>0 to <3 ounce equivalents/day), and high
(>3 ounce equivalents/day). Among children and
adolescents, 38.8% had no whole grain intake, 58.3%
were in the low intake group, and 2.9% were in the
high intake group. Among adults, 41.9% had no whole
grain intake, 50.4% were in the low intake group, and
7.7% were in the high intake group. The primary
whole grain food sources among children were
ready-to-eat cereals (25%) and yeast breads/rolls
(24%), followed by oatmeal (12%), and popcorn
(12%). Among adults, the primary whole grain food
sources were yeast bread/rolls (27%), oatmeal (21%),
and ready-to-eat cereals (20%). For all children and
adolescents, the mean whole grain intake rate was 0.57
ounce equivalents/day, and for all adults, the mean
whole grain intake rate was 0.82 ounce
equivalents/day. Reicks et al. (2014) also observed
that individuals in the high whole grain intake group
had significantly greater total dietary fiber intake than
those in the low or no whole grain intake groups.
This study provides intake data in ounce
equivalents only. Data for children and adolescents
represent ages 2 to 18 years, but data for finer age
ranges are not provided. However, the study provides
perspective on whole grain intake that is not provided
in other studies summarized in this chapter.
12.3.3. Pregnant and Lactating Women
EPA estimated food intake rates for pregnant,
lactating, and all women of child-bearing age (13 to
<50 years) using data from NHANES for the years
2005 to 2010 and the FCID Consumption Calculator
available at htt]p,7/fdAfoodrid£j3rg, as described in
Section 12.3.1.1. NHANES 2005-2010 collected data
on dietary recall of foods eaten over the previous
24-hour period on 2 nonconsecutive days. Two-day
data were available for 426 pregnant women,
101 lactating women, and 5,543 women of
child-bearing age. EPA's FCID was used to convert
the NHANES "as eaten" food consumption data into
consumption of individual grain commodities, as
described in Section 12.3.1.1, and the data were
weighted according to sampling weights provided for
the years 2005 to 2010. Two-day average intake rates
were calculated for each survey respondent for total
grains, and for individual grain products. Summary
statistics were calculated for the populations of
pregnant women, lactating women, and women of
child-bearing age on both a consumer-only and on a
per capita basis. Table 12-36 provides summary
statistics for per capita and consumer-only intake of
total grains. Pregnant females were found to have
higher mean consumption of total grains (160 g/day)
than lactating (133 g/day), and all females of
child-bearing age (131 g/day) on a g/day basis.
However, the mean intake rate of total grains for
pregnant females (2.2 g/kg-day) was similar to that of
lactating (2.1 g/kg-day), and all females of child-
bearing age (1.9 g/kg-day) when indexed to body
weight (i.e., on a g/kg-day basis) (see Table 12-36).
Mean, standard error, 95th percentile per capita, and
consumer-only intake rates for individual grains are
provided in Table 12-37.
As indicated in Section 12.3.1.1, an advantage of
using the EPA's analysis of NHANES data is that it
was designed to be representative of the U.S.
population. The data set used in this analysis used 6
years of intake data combined. However, the sample
July 2018
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Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
sizes for pregnant and lactating women were relatively
small and short-term dietary data may not accurately
reflect long-term eating patterns and may
under-represent infrequent consumers of a given food.
This is particularly true for the tails (extremes) of the
distribution of food intake.
Limited data are available on differences in food
choices over the duration of pregnancy. Crozier et al.
(2009) collected dietary data using a food frequency
questionnaire for 2,270 women in early pregnancy
(11.4-12.3 weeks gestation); 2,649 women in late
pregnancy (34.3-34.9 weeks gestation); and
12,572 nonpregnant women in Southampton, U.K.
Data on the consumption of 48 foods or food groups
were collected. Crozier et al. (2009) observed that
intake of white bread, breakfast cereals, cakes, and
biscuits (cookies) increased during early pregnancy.
Intake of 10 foods or food groups decreased, including
rice and pasta (Crozier et al., 2009). Although these
results indicate that grain intake rates may change over
the course of pregnancy, the consumption patterns or
food choices observed in this study may not be
representative of pregnant women in the United States.
12.4. CONVERSION BETWEEN WET- AND
DRY-WEIGHT INTAKE RATES
The intake data presented in this chapter are
reported in units of wet weight (i.e., as-consumed or
uncooked weight of grain products consumed per day
or per eating occasion). However, data on the
concentration of contaminants in grain products may
be reported in units of either wet or dry weight (e.g.,
mg contaminant per gram dry weight of grain
products). It is essential that exposure assessors be
aware of this difference, so that they may ensure
consistency between the units used for intake rates and
those used for concentration data (i.e., if the
contaminant concentration is measured in dry weight
of grain products, then the dry-weight units should be
used for their intake values).
If necessary, wet-weight (e.g., as consumed) intake
rates may be converted to dry-weight intake rates
using the moisture content percentages presented in
Tables 12-38 or 12-39 and the following equation:
lRdw = IR
100-w
100
(Eqn. 12-1)
where:
IRdw = dry-weight intake rate,
IRww = wet-weight intake rate, and
II ' = percentage water content.
Alternatively, dry-weight residue levels in grain
products may be converted to wet-weight residue
levels for use with wet-weight (e.g., as consumed)
intake rates as follows:
Cw
where:
Cwv
Cdw
w
Cdw
100-w
100
(Eqn. 12-2)
wet concentration rate,
dry-weight concentration, and
percentage water content.
The moisture data presented in Table 12-38 are for
selected grain products taken from USD A (2007).
Table 12-39 provides additional data on the water
content of grain and grain products based on data from
Popkin et al. (2010).
12.5. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 12
Briefel, RR; Kalb, LM; Condon, E; Deming, DM;
Clusen, NA; Fox, MK; Harnack, L; Gemmill,
E; Stevens, M; Reidy, KC. (2010) The
feeding infants and toddlers study 2008:
study design and methods. J Am Diet Assoc
110:S16-S26.
Crozier, SR; Robinson, SM; Godfrey, KM; Cooper, C;
Inskip, HM. (2009) Women's dietary
patterns change little from before to during
pregnancy. J Nutr 139(10): 1956—1963.
Deming, DM; Briefel, RR; Reidy, KC. (2014) Infant
feeding practices and food consumption
patterns of children participating in WIC. J
Nutr Educ and Behav 46:S29-S37.
Devaney, B; Kalb, L; Briefel, R; Zavitsky-Novak, T;
Clusen, N; Ziegler, P. (2004) Feeding infants
and toddlers study: overview of the study
design. J Am Diet Assoc 104(Suppl
1):S8-S13.
July 2018
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Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Fox, MK; Pac, S; Devaney, B; Jankowski, L. (2004)
Feeding infants and toddlers study: what
foods are infants and toddlers eating? J Am
Diet Assoc 104(Suppl 1):S22-S30.
Fox, MK; Reidy, K; Karwe, V; Zeigler, P. (2006)
Average portions of foods commonly eaten
by infants and toddlers in the United States.
J Am Diet Assoc 106 (Suppl 1):S66-S76.
Fox, MK; Condon, E; Briefel, RR; Reidy, KC;
Deming, DM. (2010) Food consumption
patterns of young preschoolers: are they
starting off on the right path? J Am Diet
Assoc 110:S52-S59.
Mennella, JA; Ziegler, P; Briefel, R; Novak, T. (2006)
Feeding infants and toddlers study: the types
of foods fed to Hispanic infants and toddlers.
J Am Diet Assoc 106(Suppl 1):S96-S106.
NCHS (National Center for Health Statistics). (1993)
Joint policy on variance estimation and
statistical reporting standards on NHANES
III and CSFII reports: HNIS/NCHS Analytic
Working Group recommendations. Human
Nutrition Information Service
(HNIS)/Analytic Working
Group. Agricultural Research Service,
Survey Systems/Food Consumption
Laboratory, Riverdale, MD.
Ponza, M; Devaney, B; Ziegler, P; Squatrito, C. (2004)
Nutrient intakes and food choices of infants
and toddlers participating in WIC. J Am Diet
Assoc 104(Suppl 1):S71-S79.
Popkin, BM; D'Anci, KE; Rosenberg, IH. (2010)
Water, hydration and health. Nutr Rev.
68(8):439-458. doi: 10.1111/j. 1753-
4887.2010.00304.x.
Reicks, M; Jonnalagadda, S; Albertsonb, AM; Joshi,
N. (2014) Total dietary fiber intakes in the
US population are related to whole grain
consumption: results from the National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
2009 to 2010. Nutr Res 34:226-234.
Siega-Riz, AM; Deming, DM; Reidy, KC; Fox, MK;
Condon, E; Briefel, RR. (2010) Food
consumption patterns of infants and toddlers:
where are we now? J Am Diet Assoc 110(12
Suppl): S3 8-S51.
Smiciklas-Wright, H; Mitchell, DC; Mickle, SJ; Cook,
AJ; Goldman, JD. (2002) Foods commonly
eaten in the United States: quantities
consumed per eating occasion and in a day,
1994-1996. NFS Report No. 96-5. U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD.
Available at
https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80
400530/pdf/portion.pdf.
USDA (Department of Agriculture). (1980) Food and
nutrient intakes of individuals in 1 day in the
United States, Spring 1977. Nationwide Food
Consumption Survey 1977-1978.
Preliminary Report No. 2. Human Nutrition
Information Service, Beltsville, MD.
Available online at
https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUseiFiles/80
400530/pdf/7778/nfcs7778 prelim 2.pdf.
USDA (Department of Agriculture). (1992) Food and
nutrient intakes by individuals in the United
States, 1 day, 1987-1988. Nationwide Food
Consumption Survey Report No. 87. Human
Nutrition Information Service, Beltsville,
MD. Available online at
https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUseiFiles/80
400530/pdf/8788/iifcs8788 rep 87-i-l.pdf.
USDA (Department of Agriculture). (1996a) Data
tables: results fromUSDA's 1994 continuing
survey of food intakes by individuals and
1994 diet and health knowledge survey.
Agricultural Research Service, Riverdale,
MD. Available online at
https://www.webharvest. gov/petli04/200410
25213349/http://www.barc nscla.gov/bhnrc/f
oodsurvev/pdf/Tbs 1994.pdf.
USDA (Department of Agriculture). (1996b) Data
tables: results fromUSDA's 1995 continuing
survey of food intakes by individuals and
1995 diet and health knowledge survey.
Agricultural Research Service, Riverdale,
MD. Available online at
https://www.webharvest. gov/petli04/200410
25163037/http ://www.barc .usda. gov/bhnrc/f
oodsurvev/pdf/Tbs 1995 .pdf.
USDA (Department of Agriculture). (1999a) Food
consumption prices and expenditures
(1970-1997). Statistical Bulletin, No. 965.
Economic Research Service, Washington,
DC. Available online at
https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publicati
ons/47097/14812 sb965 1 .pdf?v=41056.
July 2018
Page 12-14
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Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
USDA (Department of Agriculture). (1999b) Food and
nutrient intakes by children 1994-1996,
1998: table set 17. Food Surveys Research
Group, Human Nutrition Research Center,
Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville,
MD. Available online at
https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80
400530/txIf/scs all PDF.
USDA (Department of Agriculture). (2000) 1994-
1996,1998 continuing survey of food intakes
by individuals (CSFII). CD-ROM.
Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville
Human Nutrition Research Center,
Beltsville, MD. Available from the National
Technical Information Service, Springfield,
VA; PB-2000-500027.
USDA (Department of Agriculture). (2007) USDA
national nutrient database for standard
reference, release 20. Available online at
http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/blimc/ndl.
USDA and USDHHS (Department of Agriculture and
Department of Health and Human Services).
(2010) Dietary guidelines for Americans,
2010, 7th edition. U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, DC, December 2010.
U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). (2000)
Food commodity intake database [FCID raw
data file]. Office of Pesticide Programs,
Washington, DC. Available from the
National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA; PB2000-5000101.
U.S. EPA. (Environmental Protection Agency) (2003)
CSFII analysis of food intake distributions.
National Center for Environmental
Assessment, Washington, DC;
EPA/600/R-03/029.
U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). (2005)
Guidance on selecting age groups for
monitoring and assessing childhood
exposures to environmental contaminants.
Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, DC;
EPA/630/P-03/003F. Available online at
https://www.epa.gOv/sites/production/files/2
013 -09/documents/age groups.pdf
U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). (2011)
Exposure factors handbook: 2011 Edition.
Office of Research and Development,
Washington, DC. EPA/600//R-09/052F.
Available online at
https://cfbub. epa. gov/ncea/risk/recordisplav.
cfm?deid=236252.
Vitolins, M; Quandt, S; Bell, R; Arcury, TA; Case,
LD. (2002) Quality of diets consumed by
older rural adults. J Rural Health 18
(l):49-56.
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Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-3. Per Capita 2-Day Average3 Intake of Total Grainsb Based on 2005-2010 NHANES (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)0
Percentiles
%
Population Group
N
Consuming11
Mean
SE
1st
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Maximum
Whole population
24,673
99
2.52
0.03
0.2
0.6
0.8
1.3
2.0
3.1
5.0
6.5
9.8
20.3e
Age group
Birth to <1 month
87
21
0.57
0.22
0e
0e
0e
0
0
0
1.8e
2.9e
6.1e
14.5e
1 to <3 months
233
25
0.70
0.10
0e
0e
0
0
0
0.1
2.8
3.9e
8.1e
15.3e
3 to <6 months
282
71
1.88
0.18
0e
0e
0
0
0.8
2.8
5.5
6.5e
12.0e
15.2e
6 to <12 months
588
97
4.25
0.19
0e
0.2
0.8
2.0
4.1
5.9
7.7
9.5
13,9e
19. le
Birth to <1 year
1,190
72
2.77
0.11
0e
0
0
0
1.9
4.5
7.1
8.2
12.8e
19. le
1 to <2 years
728
99
6.38
0.20
0.7e
2.1
2.7
4.2
5.7
8.3
11.0
12.7
16.9e
20.3e
2 to <3 years
751
100
6.41
0.15
1.5e
2.6
3.1
4.3
5.9
8.3
10.4
11.7
14.9e
19.0e
3 to <6 years
1,418
100
6.04
0.09
1.8e
2.7
3.3
4.2
5.8
7.4
9.3
10.5
12.9e
17.2e
6 to <11 years
2,292
100
4.64
0.06
1.3
1.8
2.3
3.2
4.3
5.7
7.6
8.7
11.3
14.7e
11 to <16 years
2,551
100
2.73
0.06
0.5
0.8
1.1
1.6
2.5
3.5
4.6
5.7
8.1
13.le
16 to <21 years
2,191
100
2.33
0.05
0.4
0.7
0.9
1.4
2.0
3.0
4.1
5.0
7.5
18.0e
21 to <30 years
2,082
100
2.28
0.04
0.3
0.7
0.9
1.4
2.0
2.9
4.0
4.8
7.1
11.3e
30 to <40 years
2,282
100
2.16
0.04
0.2
0.6
0.9
1.3
1.8
2.7
3.8
4.6
7.5
12.4e
40 to <50 years
2,378
100
2.00
0.05
0.3
0.6
0.8
1.1
1.7
2.5
3.5
4.5
6.5
15.0e
50 to <60 years
2,103
100
1.83
0.04
0.2
0.5
0.7
1.1
1.6
2.3
3.1
3.9
5.4
11.3e
60 to <70 years
2,214
100
1.67
0.03
0.3
0.5
0.7
1.0
1.5
2.1
2.9
3.6
4.9
9.4e
70 to <80 years
1,578
100
1.60
0.03
0.3e
0.6
0.7
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.6
3.1
4.5e
7.0e
80+ years
915
100
1.62
0.03
0.4e
0.6
0.8
1.1
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.9e
7.0e
21 to <50 years
6,742
100
2.14
0.03
0.3
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.9
2.7
3.8
4.6
6.8
15.0e
50+ years
6,810
100
1.72
0.02
0.3
0.6
0.7
1.1
1.5
2.1
2.9
3.6
5.1
11.3e
Race
Mexican American
5,787
99
2.86
0.04
0
0.7
1.0
1.5
2.3
3.6
5.6
7.0
10.1
19. le
Non-Hispanic Black
5,337
100
2.34
0.04
0.2
0.5
0.7
1.1
1.7
2.9
4.9
6.6
9.9
18.4e
Non-Hispanic White
10,294
100
2.44
0.03
0.3
0.6
0.8
1.3
1.9
3.0
4.7
6.2
9.5
20.3e
Other Hispanic
2,082
99
2.72
0.06
0.2
0.7
0.9
1.4
2.1
3.4
5.4
6.9
10.4
18.0e
Other Race—Including Multiple
1,173
99
3.00
0.09
0.1e
0.8
1.1
1.6
2.4
3.7
5.7
7.3
11.0e
17.5e
July 2018
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Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Tablel2-3. Per Capita 2-Day Average3 Intake of Total Grainsb Based on 2005-2010 NHANES (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)0
(Continued)
a Based on the average of two days of food consumption reported for each NHANES respondent. If the respondent reported zero consumption on one of the two days and non-zero
consumption on the other day, his/her average consumption would be the average of zero and non-zero consumption. Single day rates can be generated using http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
b Total Grains includes: amaranth, grain; barley, bran; barley, flour; barley, flour baby food; barley, pearled barley; barley, pearled barley baby food; buckwheat; buckwheat, flour; corn, field,
bran; corn, field, flour; corn, field, flour baby food; corn, field, meal; corn, field, meal baby food; corn, field, starch; corn, field, starch baby food; corn, pop; corn, sweet; corn, sweet baby
food; millet, grain; oat, bran; oat, flour; oat, flour baby food; oat, groats/rolled oats; oat, groats/rolled oats baby food; psyllium, seed; quinoa, grain; rice, bran; rice, bran baby food; rice,
brown; rice, brown baby food; rice, flour; rice, flour baby food; rice, white; rice, white baby food; rye, flour; rye, grain; sorghum, grain; triticale, flour; triticale, flour baby food; wheat,
bran; wheat, flour; wheat, flour baby food; wheat, germ; wheat, grain; wheat, grain baby food; wild rice.
c For more information, refer to the Frequently Asked Questions at http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
11 Represents the percentage of individuals consuming grains at least once over the 2-day survey period. Rounded to whole numbers; thus, values of 100 percent mean that >99.5 percent of
the population consumed the foods during the 2-day survey period.
e Estimates are less statistically reliable based on guidance published in the Joint Policy on Variance Estimation and Statistical Reporting Standards on NF1ANES III and CSFII
Reports:/HNIS/NCHS Analytical Working Group Recommendations (NCHS, 1993).
N = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
Source: Based on EPA analysis of 2005-2010 NHANES using http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
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Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-4. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average3 Intake of Total Grainsb Based on 2005-2010 NHANES (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)0
Percentiles
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
1st
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90*11
95th
99th
Maximum
Whole population
24,304
2.53
0.03
0.3
0.6
0.8
1.3
2.0
3.1
5.0
6.5
9.8
20.3d
Age group
Birth to <1 month
12
2.73
0.54
0.4d
0.7d
0.7d
1.6d
1.8
2.9d
5.4d
6.1d
14.5d
14.5d
1 to <3 months
57
2.76
0.30
0.1d
0.2d
0.6d
0.9d
2.3
3.3d
6.3d
8.1d
10.5d
15.3d
3 to <6 months
198
2.65
0.27
0.1d
0.2d
0.4
0.7
1.8
3.6
6.1
7.7d
12.0d
15.2d
6 to <12 months
566
4.40
0.19
0.1d
0.5
1.1
2.2
4.2
6.0
7.7
9.6
13,9d
19.ld
Birth to <1 year
833
3.87
0.15
0.1d
0.4
0.7
1.6
3.3
5.6
7.6
8.7
13.3d
19.ld
1 to <2 years
727
6.43
0.20
1.0d
2.3
2.7
4.2
5.7
8.3
11.0
12.7
16.9d
20.3d
2 to <3 years
750
6.42
0.15
1.5d
2.6
3.1
4.3
5.9
8.3
10.4
11.7
14.9d
19.0d
3 to <6 years
1,417
6.04
0.09
1.8d
2.7
3.3
4.2
5.8
7.4
9.3
10.5
12.9d
17.2d
6 to <11 years
2,292
4.64
0.06
1.3
1.8
2.3
3.2
4.3
5.7
7.6
8.7
11.3
14.7d
11 to <16 years
2,551
2.73
0.06
0.5
0.8
1.1
1.6
2.5
3.5
4.6
5.7
8.1
13. ld
16 to <21 years
2,190
2.34
0.05
0.4
0.7
0.9
1.4
2.2
3.0
4.1
5.0
7.5
18.0d
21 to <30 years
2,081
2.28
0.04
0.3
0.7
0.9
1.4
2.2
2.9
4.0
4.8
7.1
11.3d
30 to <40 years
2,282
2.16
0.04
0.2
0.6
0.9
1.3
1.8
2.7
3.8
4.6
7.5
12.4d
40 to <50 years
2,374
2.01
0.05
0.3
0.6
0.8
1.1
1.7
2.5
3.6
4.5
6.5
15.0d
50 to <60 years
2,101
1.83
0.04
0.3
0.6
0.7
1.1
1.6
2.3
3.1
3.9
5.4
11.3d
60 to <70 years
2,213
1.67
0.03
0.3
0.5
0.7
1.0
1.5
2.1
2.9
3.6
4.9
9.4d
70 to <80 years
1,578
1.60
0.03
0.3d
0.6
0.7
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.6
3.1
4.5d
7.0d
80+ years
915
1.62
0.03
0.4d
0.6
0.8
1.1
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.9d
7.0d
21 to <50 years
6,737
2.14
0.03
0.3
0.6
0.8
1.3
1.9
2.7
3.8
4.6
6.8
15.0d
50+ years
6,807
1.72
0.02
0.3
0.6
0.7
1.0
1.5
2.1
2.9
3.6
5.1
11.3d
Race
Mexican American
5,627
2.90
0.05
0.4
0.8
1.0
1.5
2.3
3.7
5.7
7.0
10.1
19.ld
Non-Hispanic black
5,298
2.35
0.04
0.2
0.5
0.7
1.1
1.7
2.9
4.9
6.6
9.9
18.4d
Non-Hispanic white
10,179
2.45
0.03
0.4
0.6
0.9
1.3
1.9
3.0
4.8
6.2
9.5
20.3d
Other Hispanic
2,051
2.74
0.06
0.3
0.7
0.9
1.4
2.1
3.4
5.4
6.9
10.4
18.0d
Other race—including multiple
1,149
3.02
0.09
0.4d
0.8
1.1
1.6
2.4
3.7
5.7
7.3
11.ld
17.5d
a Based on the average of two days of food consumption reported for each NHANES respondent. If the respondent reported zero consumption on one of the two days and non-zero
consumption on the other day, his/her average consumption would be the average of zero and non-zero consumption. Single day rates can be generated using http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
b Total grains include: amaranth, grain; barley, bran; barley, flour; barley, flour baby food; barley, pearled barley; barley, pearled barley baby food; buckwheat; buckwheat, flour; corn, field,
bran; corn, field, flour; corn, field, flour baby food; corn, field, meal; corn, field, meal baby food; corn, field, starch; corn, field, starch baby food; corn, pop; corn, sweet; corn, sweet baby
food; millet, grain; oat, bran; oat, flour; oat, flour baby food; oat, groats/rolled oats; oat, groats/rolled oats baby food; psyllium, seed; quinoa, grain; rice, bran; rice, bran baby food; rice,
brown; rice, brown baby food; rice, flour; rice, flour baby food; rice, white; rice, white baby food; rye, flour; rye, grain; sorghum, grain; triticale, flour; triticale, flour baby food; wheat,
bran; wheat, flour; wheat, flour baby food; wheat, germ; wheat, grain; wheat, grain baby food; wild rice.
c For more information, refer to the Frequently Asked Questions at http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
d Estimates are less statistically reliable based on guidance published in the Joint Policy on Variance Estimation and Statistical Reporting Standards on NF1ANES III and CSFII Reports:
HNIS/NCHS Analytical Working Group Recommendations (NCHS, 1993).
N = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
Source: Based on EPA analysis of 2005-2010 NHANES using http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
July 2018
Page 12-18
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Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-5. Per Capita 2-Day Average3 Intake of Individual Grain Products Based on 2005-2010 NHANES
(g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)b
Population Group
N
%
Consuming0
Mean
SE
N
%
Consuming0
Mean
SE
Cereal11
Rice
Whole population
24,673
99
2.25
0.02
24,673
89
0.27
0.01
Age group
Birth to <1 month
87
20
0.52
0.21
87
17
0.05
0.04
1 to <3 months
233
12
0.31
0.09
233
22
0.38
0.11
3 to <6 months
282
48
1.09
0.16
282
60
0.80
0.11
6 to <12 months
588
93
3.09
0.17
588
87
1.16
0.10
Birth to <1 year
1,190
62
1.92
0.11
1,190
63
0.85
0.06
1 to <2 years
728
99
5.77
0.18
728
92
0.61
0.06
2 to <3 years
751
100
5.84
0.13
751
88
0.57
0.07
3 to <6 years
1,418
100
5.56
0.09
1,418
89
0.48
0.05
6 to <11 years
2,292
100
4.31
0.07
2,292
88
0.33
0.03
11 to <16 years
2,551
100
2.55
0.06
2,551
86
0.18
0.01
16 to <21 years
2,191
100
2.12
0.05
2,191
86
0.21
0.02
21 to <30 years
2,082
100
1.95
0.04
2,082
91
0.33
0.02
30 to <40 years
2,282
100
1.87
0.03
2,282
92
0.29
0.02
40 to <50 years
2,378
100
1.74
0.03
2,378
89
0.26
0.02
50 to <60 years
2,103
100
1.63
0.03
2,103
90
0.20
0.01
60 to <70 years
2,214
100
1.50
0.03
2,214
89
0.17
0.01
70 to <80 years
1,578
100
1.49
0.03
1,578
89
0.11
0.01
80+ years
915
100
1.52
0.03
915
86
0.10
0.01
21 to <50 years
6,742
100
1.85
0.03
6,742
90
0.29
0.01
50+ years
6,810
100
1.56
0.02
6,810
89
0.17
0.01
Race
Mexican American
5,787
99
2.58
0.04
5,787
87
0.29
0.01
Non-Hispanic black
5,337
99
2.09
0.04
5,337
87
0.25
0.01
Non-Hispanic white
10,294
99
2.25
0.03
10,294
89
0.20
0.01
Other Hispanic
2,082
99
2.19
0.07
2,082
93
0.53
0.04
Other race—including multiple
1,173
99
2.13
0.08
1,173
93
0.87
0.07
a Based on average of two days of food consumption reported for each NHANES respondent. If the respondent reported zero
consumption on one of the two days and non-zero consumption on the other day, his/her average consumption would be the average
of zero and non-zero consumption. Single day rates can be generated using http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
b For more information, refer to the Frequently Asked Questions at http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
c Represents the percentage of individuals consuming grains at least once over the 2-day survey period. Rounded to whole numbers;
thus, values of 100 percent mean that >99.5 percent of the population consumed the foods during the 2-day survey period.
11 Cereal includes: Amaranth, grain; barley, bran; barley, flour; barley, flour baby food; barley, pearled barley; barley, pearled barley
baby food; buckwheat; buckwheat, flour; corn, field, bran; corn, field, flour; corn, field, flour baby food; corn, field, meal; corn,
field, meal baby food; corn, field, starch; corn, field, starch baby food; corn, pop; corn, sweet; corn, sweet baby food; millet, grain;
oat, bran; oat, flour; oat, flour baby food; oat, groats/rolled oats; oat, groats/rolled oats baby food; psyllium, seed; quinoa, grain; rye,
flour; rye, grain; sorghum, grain; triticale, flour; triticale, flour baby food; wheat, bran; wheat, flour; wheat, flour baby food; wheat,
germ; wheat, grain; wheat, grain baby food.
e Rice includes: rice, bran; rice, bran baby food; rice, brown; rice, brown baby food; rice, flour; rice, flour baby food; rice, white; rice,
white baby food; wild rice.
N = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
Source: Based on EPA analysis of 2005-2010 NHANES using http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
July 2018
Page 12-19
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Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-6. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average3 Intake of Individual Grain Products Based on 2005-2010
NHANES
(g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)b
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
Cereal0
Rice11
Whole population
24,183
2.27
0.02
21,537
0.30
0.01
Age group
Birth to <1 month
11
2.55
0.62
10
0.30
0.21
1 to <3 months
28
2.61
0.53
47
1.73
0.38
3 to <6 months
139
2.29
0.23
160
1.32
0.17
6 to <12 months
546
3.31
0.16
493
1.33
0.12
Birth to <1 year
724
3.09
0.14
710
1.34
0.09
1 to <2 years
726
5.82
0.18
660
0.67
0.06
2 to <3 years
750
5.85
0.13
668
0.65
0.08
3 to <6 years
1,417
5.56
0.09
1,260
0.54
0.05
6 to <11 years
2,292
4.31
0.07
2,062
0.37
0.03
11 to <16 years
2,551
2.55
0.06
2,212
0.20
0.02
16 to <21 years
2,1890
2.13
0.05
1,894
0.25
0.03
21 to <30 years
2,077
1.96
0.03
1,877
0.36
0.03
30 to <40 years
2,282
1.87
0.04
2,075
0.32
0.02
40 to <50 years
2,373
1.75
0.04
2,118
0.29
0.02
50 to <60 years
2,099
1.63
0.04
1,869
0.22
0.01
60 to <70 years
2,212
1.50
0.03
1,952
0.19
0.01
70 to <80 years
1,576
1.49
0.03
1,385
0.13
0.01
80+ years
915
1.52
0.03
795
0.12
0.01
21 to <50 years
6,732
1.85
0.02
6,070
0.32
0.01
50+ years
6,802
1.56
0.02
6,001
0.19
0.01
Race
Mexican American
5,601
2.61
0.04
4,907
0.33
0.01
Non-Hispanic black
5,270
2.11
0.04
4,641
0.29
0.01
Non-Hispanic white
10,132
2.26
0.03
9,029
0.22
0.01
Other Hispanic
2,036
2.22
0.07
1,891
0.57
0.04
Other race—including multiple
1,144
2.15
0.08
1,069
0.93
0.07
" Based on average of two days of food consumption reported for each NHANES respondent. If the respondent reported zero
consumption on one of the two days and non-zero consumption on the other day, his/her average consumption would be the average
of zero and non-zero consumption. Single day rates can be generated using http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
b For more information, refer to the Frequently Asked Questions at http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
c Cereal includes: Amaranth, grain; barley, bran; barley, flour; barley, flour baby food; barley, pearled barley; barley, pearled barley
baby food; buckwheat; buckwheat, flour; corn, field, bran; corn, field, flour; corn, field, flour baby food; corn, field, meal; corn,
field, meal baby food; corn, field, starch; corn, field, starch baby food; corn, pop; corn, sweet; corn, sweet baby food; millet, grain;
oat, bran; oat, flour; oat, flour baby food; oat, groats/rolled oats; oat, groats/rolled oats baby food; psyllium, seed; quinoa, grain; rye,
flour; rye, grain; sorghum, grain; triticale, flour; triticale, flour baby food; wheat, bran; wheat, flour; wheat, flour baby food; wheat,
germ; wheat, grain; wheat, grain baby food.
d Rice includes: rice, bran; rice, bran baby food; rice, brown; rice, brown baby food; rice, flour; rice, flour baby food; rice, white; rice,
white baby food; wild rice.
N = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
Source: Based on EPA analysis of 2005-2010 NHANES using http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
July 2018
Page 12-20
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Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-7. Mean Grain Intake Per Individual in a Day by Sex and Age (g/day as consumed)3 for 1977-1978
Breads, Rolls,
Other Baked
Mixtures, Mainly
Group Age (years)
Total Grains
Biscuits
Goods
Cereals, Pasta
Grainb
Males and females
<1
42
4
5
30
3
1 to 2
158
27
24
44
63
3 to 5
181
46
37
54
45
6 to 8
206
53
56
60
38
Males
9 to 11
238
67
56
51
64
12 to 14
288
76
80
57
74
15 to 18
303
91
77
53
82
19 to 22
253
84
53
64
52
23 to 34
256
82
60
40
74
35 to 50
234
82
58
44
50
51 to 64
229
78
57
48
46
65 to 74
235
71
60
69
35
>75
196
70
50
58
19
Females
9 to 11
214
58
59
44
53
12 to 14
235
57
61
45
72
15 to 18
196
57
43
41
55
19 to 22
161
44
36
33
48
23 to 34
163
49
38
32
44
35 to 50
161
49
37
32
43
51 to 64
155
52
40
36
27
65 to 74
175
57
42
47
29
>75
178
54
44
58
22
Males and females—all ages
204
62
49
44
49
a
Based on USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey 1977-1978 data for 1 day
b
Includes mixtures containing grain as the main ingredient.
Source:
USDA (1980).
July 2018
Page 12-21
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Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-8. Mean Grain Intakes Per Individual in a Day by Sex and Age (g/day as consumed)3 for
1987-1988
Cakes,
Crackers,
Quick Breads,
Cookies,
Popcorn,
Mixtures,
Yeast Breads and
Pancakes,
Pastries,
Pretzels,
Cereals and
Mostly
Group Age (years) Total Grains
Rolls
French Toast
Pies
Corn Chips
Pastas
Grainb
Males and
167
30
8
22
4
52
51
females <5
Males
6 to 11
268
51
16
37
8
74
83
12 to 19
304
65
28
45
10
72
82
>20
272
65
20
37
8
58
83
Females
6 to 11
231
43
19
30
6
66
68
12 to 19
239
45
13
29
7
52
91
>20
208
45
14
28
6
53
62
All individuals
237
52
16
32
7
57
72
a Based on USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey 1987-
1988 data for 1 day.
b Includes mixtures containing grain as the main ingredient.
Source: USDA (1992).
Table 12-9. Mean Grain Intakes Per Individual in a Day by Sex and Age (g/day as consumed)3 for
1994-
-1995
Crackers,
Quick Breads,
Cakes,
Popcorn,
Yeast Breads
Pancakes,
Cookies,
Pretzels, Corn
Cereals and
Mixtures,
Group Age
Total Grains
and Rolls
French Toast
Pastries, Pies
Chips
Pastas
Mostly Grainb
(years)
1994
1995
1994
1995
1994
1995
1994
1995
1994
1995
1994
1995
1994
1995
Males and
213
210
26
28
11
11
22
23
8
7
58
57
89
84
females <5
Males
6 to 11
285
341
51
45
15
21
42
46
12
18
66
97
101
115
12 to 19
417
364
53
54
30
21
54
43
17
22
82
84
180
138
>20
357
365
64
61
22
24
43
46
13
15
86
91
128
128
Females
6 to 11
260
286
43
46
16
21
37
51
11
14
57
54
94
100
12 to 19
317
296
40
37
16
14
39
35
17
16
63
52
142
143
>20
254
257
44
45
16
15
33
34
9
10
59
69
92
83
All
300
303
50
49
18
19
38
39
12
13
70
76
112
107
individuals
Based on USDA CSFII 1994 and 1995 data for 1 day.
b Includes mixtures containing grain as the main ingredient.
Source: USDA (1996a, b).
July 2018
Page 12-22
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Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-10. Per Capita Consumption of Flour and Cereal Products in 1997
Per Capita Consumption
Food Item g/daya
Total wheat flourb 186
Rye flour 0.7
Ricec 24
Total corn products'1 29
Oat products6 8
Barley productsf 0.9
Total flour and cereal products8 249
a Original data were presented in lbs/year; data were converted to g/day by multiplying by a factor of 454 g/lb and
dividing by 365 days/year. Consumption of most items at the processing level. Excludes quantities used in alcoholic
beverages and fuel.
b Includes white, whole wheat, and durum flour.
c Milled basis.
d Includes corn flour and meal, hominy and grits, and corn starch.
e Includes rolled oats, ready-to-eat oat cereals, oat flour, and oat bran.
f Includes barley flour, pearl barley, and malt and malt extract used in food processing.
g Excludes wheat not ground into flour.
Source: USDA (1999a).
July 2018
Page 12-23
-------
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-11. Mean Quantities of Grain Products Consumed by Children Under 20 Years of Age, by Sex and Age, Per Capita (g/day, as consumed)3
Cereals and Pasta
Crackers,
\ east,
Quick Breads,
Cakes,
Popcorn,
Mixtures,
Age Group
Breads,
Ready-to-Eat
Pancakes,
Cookies,
Pretzels, Corn
Mainly
(years)
Sample Size
Totalb
and Rolls
Total
Cereals Rice
Pasta
French Toast
Pastries, Pies
Chips
Grain0
Males and Females
<1
1,126
56
2
29
1 2
ld
1
3
1
20
1
1,016
192
16
57
11 9
9
9
16
7
87
2
1,102
219
26
62
16 15
12
12
22
9
87
1 to 2
2,118
206
21
59
13 12
11
11
19
8
87
3
1,831
242
30
64
19 13
12
16
23
11
98
4
1,859
264
36
67
22 15
11
17
30
13
102
5
884
284
41
76
24 17
11
15
33
13
107
3 to 5
4,574
264
36
69
22 15
11
16
29
12
102
<5
7,818
219
27
61
16 13
10
12
22
9
87
Males
6 to 9
787
310
45
77
28 18
15
23
39
16
109
6 to 11
1,031
318
46
80
31 16
18
23
40
15
115
12 to 19
737
406
54
82
29 27
17
26
49
19
175
Females
6 to 9
704
284
43
61
21 12
15
18
42
13
107
6 to 11
969
280
43
62
20 14
15
19
42
14
101
12 to 19
732
306
40
67
17 19
22
15
37
15
132
Males and Females
<9
9,309
250
34
64
20 14
12
16
30
12
96
<19
11,287
298
40
69
22 17
15
18
36
14
120
a
Based on data from 1994-
-1996,1998 CSFII.
b
Includes yeast breads, rolls, cereals, pastas, quick breads, pancakes, French toast, cakes, cookies, pastries, pies, crackers, popcorn, pretzels,
corn chips, and mixtures
having
a grain product as a main
ingredient. Excludes grain products that were ingredients in food mixtures coded as a single item and tabulated under another food
group; for example, noodles in tuna noodle casserole are tabulated under Meat, Poultry, and Fish.
c
Includes mixtures having
a grain product as a main
ingredient, such as burritos, tacos, pizza,
egg rolls, quiche, spaghetti with
sauce, rice and pasta mixtures; frozen meals
in which the main course is a grain mixture; noodle and rice soups; and baby-food macaroni
and spaghetti mixtures.
d
Estimate is not statistically reliable due to small sample size
reporting intake.
Note:
Consumption amounts shown are representative of the first day of each participant's survey response.
Source:
USDA (1999b).
July 2018
Page 12-24
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Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-12. Percentage of Individuals Under 20 Years of Age Consuming Grain Products, by Sex and Age (%)a
Cereals and Pasta
Cakes,
Crackers,
Yeast,
Quick Breads,
Cookies,
Popcorn,
Mixtures,
Sample
Breads and
Ready-to-eat
Pancakes, French
Pastries,
Pretzels, Corn
Mainly
Age Group (years)
Size
Totalb
Rolls
Total
Cereals
Rice
Pasta
Toast
Pies
Chips
Grain0
Males and Females
<1
1,126
70.6
10.9
62.8
9.1
3.4
2.1
4.4
16.5
10.3
15.0
1
1,016
98.2d
48.4
70.6
45.3
11.3
9.4
23.0
47.0
39.0
47.8
2
1,102
99.0d
58.7
71.1
51.9
14.4
9.4
27.5
46.6
37.9
45.3
1 to 2
2,118
98.7
53.7
70.9
48.7
12.9
9.4
25.3
46.8
38.4
46.5
3
1,831
99.4d
64.1
69.7
53.3
11.1
8.6
28.8
46.1
38.5
49.0
4
1,859
99.5d
67.0
69.1
54.8
11.4
7.1
28.6
52.3
39.4
46.2
5
884
99.9d
69.2
70.4
54.9
11.4
6.8
25.2
52.4
32.1
47.4
3 to 5
4,574
99.6d
66.8
69.7
54.3
11.3
7.5
27.5
50.3
36.7
47.5
<5
7,818
95.8
55.5
69.3
46.9
10.9
7.5
24.0
45.0
34.1
43.3
Males
6 to 9
787
98.9d
69.8
62.6
50.8
10.5
7.4
28.1
52.5
36.0
44.5
6 to 11
1,031
99.0d
69.1
64.0
52.4
9.7
8.1
27.1
52.3
33.8
45.3
12 to 19
737
98.2d
62.7
44.6
33.2
10.0
5.9
24.4
41.3
27.2
46.2
Females
6 to 9
704
99.7d
71.5
61.2
47.6
9.0
7.9
26.3
57.1
38.3
48.0
6 to 11
969
99.3d
71.0
59.3
45.6
9.4
7.1
27.1
55.0
37.1
45.7
12 to 19
732
97.6d
60.9
45.9
30.3
8.6
9.3
19.8
40.6
30.9
46.1
Males and Females
<9
9,309
97.2
61.6
66.4
47.9
10.5
7.6
25.3
48.9
35.3
44.4
<19
11,287
97.6
62.4
57.6
41.7
9.9
7.6
24.2
46.1
32.5
45.1
a
Based on data from 1994-1996,1998 CSFII.
b
Includes yeast breads, rolls, cereals, pastas, quick breads, pancakes, French toast, cakes, cookies, pastries, pies, crackers, popcorn, pretzels,
corn chips, and mixtures
having a grain product as a main
ingredient. Excludes grain products that were ingredients in food mixtures coded as a single item and tabulated under another food
group; for example, noodles in tuna noodle casserole are tabulated under Meat, Poultry, and Fish.
c
Includes mixtures having a grain product
as a main ingredient, such as burritos, tacos, pizza, e
gg rolls, quiche, spaghetti with
sauce, rice and pasta mixtures; frozen
meals in which the main course is a grain mixture; noodle and rice soups; and baby-food macaroni and spaghetti mixtures.
d
Estimate is not statistically reliable due to small sample
size reporting intake.
Note:
Percentages shown
are representative of the first day of each participant's survey response.
Source:
USDA (1999b).
July 2018
Page 12-25
-------
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-13. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Total Grains Based on 1994-
1996,1998 CSFII (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)
Population Group
N
%
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percentiles
pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Whole population
20,607
99.5
2.7
0.0
0.2
0.6
0.9
1.3
2.1
3.3
5.2
6.8
10.3
31.6
Age group
Birth to 1 year
1,486
70.5
2.5
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.6
3.8
6.2
8.6
12.7
26.3
1 to 2 years
2,096
99.8
6.4
0.1
1.1
2.1
2.8
4.2
5.9
7.9
10.4
12.1
16.8
31.6
3 to 5 years
4,391
100.0
6.3
0.1
1.8
2.6
3.2
4.3
5.9
7.8
9.9
11.5
15.6
27.0
6 to 12 years
2,089
100.0
4.3
0.1
0.9
1.7
2.0
2.8
4.0
5.4
7.0
8.2
11.1
17.2
13 to 19 years
1,222
100.0
2.5
0.1
0.4
0.8
1.1
1.5
2.3
3.1
4.4
5.1
7.9
12.4
20 to 49 years
4,677
99.9
2.2
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.8
1.3
1.9
2.8
3.9
4.7
7.1
16.1
>50 years
4,646
100.0
1.7
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.7
1.1
1.5
2.1
2.8
3.5
4.9
11.2
Season
Fall
4,687
99.5
2.6
0.0
0.2
0.6
0.9
1.3
2.1
3.3
5.0
6.6
10.0
26.3
Spring
5,308
99.6
2.7
0.0
0.2
0.6
0.8
1.3
2.1
3.4
5.5
7.0
10.5
29.4
Summer
5,890
99.5
2.6
0.0
0.3
0.7
0.9
1.3
2.1
3.3
5.1
6.8
10.5
28.2
Winter
4,722
99.5
2.7
0.0
0.2
0.6
0.9
1.4
2.1
3.3
5.2
6.8
10.1
31.6
Race
Asian, Pacific Islander
557
98.5
3.6
0.2
0.0
1.1
1.5
2.3
3.2
4.7
6.2
7.3
11.2
24.6
Black
2,740
99.4
2.6
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.7
1.1
1.9
3.3
5.4
7.3
11.5
29.4
American Indian, Alaskan Native
177
99.7
2.9
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.8
1.3
2.2
4.2
6.3
7.5
12.0
16.8
Other/NA
1,638
98.8
3.1
0.1
0.0
0.7
0.9
1.5
2.4
4.1
6.1
7.7
11.7
27.0
White
15,495
99.6
2.6
0.0
0.3
0.7
0.9
1.3
2.0
3.2
5.0
6.6
9.8
31.6
July 2018
Page 12-26
-------
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-13. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Total Grains Based on 1994-
(Continued)
1996,1998 CSFII (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)
%
Percentiles
Population Group
N
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Region
Midwest
4,822
99.7
2.7
0.0
0.3
0.7
0.9
1.4
2.1
3.4
5.3
7.0
10.4
23.8
Northeast
3,692
99.6
2.8
0.0
0.3
0.7
1.0
1.4
2.2
3.5
5.3
6.8
11.0
31.6
South
7,208
99.5
2.5
0.0
0.2
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.9
3.0
5.0
6.6
9.7
28.2
West
4,885
99.4
2.8
0.1
0.2
0.7
0.9
1.4
2.2
3.5
5.4
7.0
10.3
20.8
Urbanization
Central city
6,164
99.5
2.7
0.0
0.1
0.6
0.9
1.3
2.1
3.5
5.4
7.0
10.7
29.4
Suburban
9,598
99.5
2.7
0.0
0.3
0.7
0.9
1.4
2.1
3.4
5.3
6.9
10.0
31.6
Nonmetropolitan
4,845
99.6
2.4
0.1
0.3
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.9
2.9
4.8
6.3
10.4
23.8
a Percent consuming at least once in 2-day survey period.
iV = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
Source: EPA analysis of 1994-
-1996, 1998 CSFII.
July 2018
Page 12-27
-------
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-14. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Total Grains Based on 1994-
1996,1998 CSFII (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
Percentiles
Pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Whole population
20,157
2.7
0.0
0.3
0.7
0.9
1.3
2.1
3.3
5.2
6.8
10.3
31.6
Age group
Birth to 1 year
1,048
3.6
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.6
1.4
2.8
4.8
7.4
9.2
13.4
26.3
1 to 2 years
2,092
6.4
0.1
1.2
2.1
2.8
4.2
5.9
7.9
10.4
12.1
16.8
31.6
3 to 5 years
4,389
6.3
0.1
1.8
2.6
3.2
4.3
5.9
7.8
9.9
11.5
15.6
27.0
6 to 12 years
2,089
4.3
0.1
0.9
1.7
2.0
2.8
4.0
5.4
7.0
8.2
11.1
17.2
13 to 19 years
1,222
2.5
0.1
0.4
0.8
1.1
1.5
2.3
3.1
4.4
5.1
7.9
12.4
20 to 49 years
4,673
2.2
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.8
1.3
1.9
2.8
3.9
4.7
7.1
16.1
>50 years
4,644
1.7
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.7
1.1
1.5
2.1
2.8
3.5
4.9
11.2
Season
Fall
4,587
2.6
0.0
0.3
0.7
0.9
1.3
2.1
3.3
5.0
6.6
10.0
26.3
Spring
5,190
2.7
0.0
0.3
0.7
0.9
1.3
2.1
3.4
5.5
7.0
10.6
29.4
Summer
5,751
2.7
0.0
0.4
0.7
0.9
1.4
2.1
3.3
5.2
6.8
10.5
28.2
Winter
4,629
2.7
0.0
0.3
0.7
0.9
1.4
2.1
3.3
5.2
6.8
10.1
31.6
Race
Asian, Pacific Islander
527
3.7
0.2
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.3
3.2
4.7
6.2
7.3
11.2
24.6
Black
2,675
2.6
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.7
1.1
1.9
3.3
5.4
7.3
11.5
29.4
American Indian, Alaskan Native
175
3.0
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.8
1.3
2.2
4.2
6.3
7.5
12.0
16.8
Other/NA
1,570
3.2
0.1
0.5
0.7
1.0
1.5
2.4
4.1
6.2
7.7
11.7
27.0
White
15,210
2.6
0.0
0.4
0.7
0.9
1.3
2.0
3.2
5.1
6.6
9.8
31.6
July 2018
Page 12-28
-------
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-14. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Total Grains Based on 1994-1996,1998 CSFII (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)
(Continued)
Percentiles
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
Pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Region
Midwest
4,743
2.7
0.0
0.4
0.7
0.9
1.4
2.1
3.4
5.3
7.0
10.4
23.8
Northeast
3,628
2.8
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.0
1.4
2.2
3.5
5.3
6.8
11.0
31.6
South
7,053
2.5
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.9
3.0
5.0
6.6
9.8
28.2
West
4,733
2.8
0.1
0.4
0.7
0.9
1.4
2.2
3.5
5.4
7.0
10.3
20.8
Urbanization
Central city
6,023
2.8
0.0
0.3
0.7
0.9
1.3
2.1
3.5
5.4
7.0
10.7
29.4
Suburban
9,378
2.7
0.0
0.4
0.7
0.9
1.4
2.1
3.4
5.3
6.9
10.0
31.6
Nonmetropolitan
4,756
2.4
0.1
0.3
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.9
2.9
4.8
6.4
10.4
23.8
N = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
Source: EPA analysis of 1994-1996,1998 CSFII.
July 2018
Page 12-29
-------
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-15. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Grain Products Based on 1994-1996,
CSFII (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)
1998
Cereal
Rice
Population Group
N
%
Consuming3
Mean
SE
%
Consuming
Mean
SE
Whole population
20,607
99.6
3.7
0.03
86.5
0.3
0.01
Age group
Birth to 1 year
1,486
74.6
4.0
0.14
60.2
0.7
0.04
1 to 2 years
2,096
99.8
8.4
0.08
86.4
0.6
0.03
3 to 5 years
4,391
100.0
8.7
0.07
87.9
0.5
0.03
6 to 12 years
2,089
100.0
6.2
0.06
88.0
0.4
0.02
13 to 19 years
1,222
100.0
4.1
0.06
85.8
0.3
0.02
20 to 49 years
4,677
99.9
3.1
0.04
88.3
0.3
0.01
>50 years
4,646
100.0
2.2
0.02
84.5
0.2
0.01
Season
Fall
4,687
99.6
3.7
0.06
85.1
0.3
0.02
Spring
5,308
99.6
3.8
0.07
87.1
0.3
0.02
Summer
5,890
99.5
3.8
0.06
86.9
0.3
0.02
Winter
4,722
99.6
3.7
0.05
87.1
0.3
0.02
Race
Asian, Pacific Islander
557
98.5
4.4
0.20
96.6
1.7
0.19
Black
2,740
99.5
3.8
0.12
86.3
0.3
0.02
American Indian, Alaskan Native 177
99.7
4.2
0.15
92.6
0.3
0.10
Other/NA
1,638
98.9
4.3
0.12
85.9
0.6
0.08
White
15,495
99.7
3.7
0.04
86.2
0.2
0.01
Region
Midwest
4,822
99.7
3.9
0.09
88.2
0.2
0.02
Northeast
3,692
99.7
3.7
0.06
87.2
0.3
0.03
South
7,208
99.6
3.6
0.04
85.0
0.2
0.01
West
4,885
99.4
3.8
0.09
86.7
0.4
0.03
Urbanization
Central city
6,164
99.6
3.8
0.06
87.2
0.4
0.02
Suburban
9,598
99.5
3.8
0.05
86.6
0.3
0.02
Nonmetropolitan
4,845
99.7
3.5
0.06
85.6
0.2
0.01
a Percent consuming at
N = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
east once in 2-day survey period.
Source: EPA analysis of 1994-
-1996, 1998 CSFII.
July 2018
Page 12-30
-------
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-16. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Grain Products Based on 1994-
CSFII (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)
-1996,1998
Cereal
Rice
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
Whole population
20,227
3.8
0.03
17,481
0.3
0.01
Age group
Birth to 1 year
1,116
5.4
0.16
900
1.2
0.07
1 to 2 years
2,092
8.4
0.08
1,819
0.7
0.04
3 to 5 years
4,389
8.7
0.07
3,869
0.6
0.03
6 to 12 years
2,089
6.2
0.06
1,847
0.4
0.02
13 to 19 years
1,222
4.1
0.06
1,038
0.3
0.03
20 to 49 years
4,674
3.1
0.04
4,102
0.3
0.01
>50 years
4,645
2.2
0.02
3,906
0.2
0.01
Season
Fall
4,598
3.7
0.06
3,957
0.3
0.02
Spring
5,213
3.8
0.07
4,530
0.3
0.02
Summer
5,768
3.8
0.06
4,989
0.3
0.02
Winter
4,648
3.7
0.06
4,005
0.3
0.02
Race
Asian, Pacific Islander
529
4.5
0.20
513
1.8
0.19
Black
2,683
3.8
0.12
2,346
0.4
0.02
American Indian, Alaskan Native 175
4.3
0.15
151
0.3
0.10
Other/NA
1,579
4.4
0.13
1,375
0.7
0.08
White
15,261
3.7
0.04
13,096
0.2
0.01
Region
Midwest
4,759
3.9
0.09
4,186
0.2
0.02
Northeast
3,639
3.7
0.06
3,152
0.4
0.04
South
7,081
3.6
0.04
6,029
0.3
0.01
West
4,748
3.9
0.09
4,114
0.5
0.03
Urbanization
Central city
6,039
3.8
0.06
5,303
0.5
0.03
Suburban
9,410
3.8
0.05
8,105
0.3
0.02
Nonmetropolitan
4,778
3.6
0.06
4,073
0.2
0.02
iV = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
Source: EPA analysis of 1994—
1996, 1998 CSFII.
July 2018
Page 12-31
-------
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-17. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Breads" Based on 1994-1996,1998 CSFII (g/kg-day, as consumed)
Population Group
%
Consuming15
Percentile
Mean
SE
pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Whole population
87.2
1.1
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.9
1.5
2.3
3.1
5.1
20.0
Age group
<5 months
0.9
0.0
0.08
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.8
6 to 12 months
30.2
0.5
0.16
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.8
3.0
4.8
7.3
<1 year
14.6
0.3
0.11
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.8
1.7
4.6
7.3
1 to 2 years
77.2
2.0
0.06
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
1.4
2.9
4.4
6.0
8.5
20.0
3 to 5 years
86.5
2.3
0.05
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.9
2.0
3.3
4.7
5.8
8.7
13.2
6 to 11 years
87.1
1.7
0.04
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7
1.4
2.4
3.5
4.3
6.7
11.3
12 to 19 years
86.2
1.1
0.03
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.9
1.5
2.3
2.8
4.0
7.5
20 to 39 years
88.1
0.9
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.3
2.0
2.5
3.9
6.2
40 to 69 years
90.0
0.9
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.3
1.9
2.3
3.5
8.4
>70 years
91.6
0.9
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.8
1.3
1.9
2.3
2.9
4.3
Season
Fall
87.4
1.1
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.9
1.5
2.4
3.1
4.9
14.6
Spring
87.1
1.1
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.9
1.5
2.3
3.1
5.1
11.6
Summer
87.3
1.1
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.9
1.5
2.4
3.1
5.2
17.1
Winter
86.9
1.1
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.4
2.3
3.1
5.1
20.0
Race
Asian
69.1
0.8
0.06
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
1.2
1.9
2.9
4.5
14.6
Black
83.1
1.1
0.03
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.7
1.4
2.3
3.3
6.3
11.6
American Indian/Alaska Native
82.2
1.4
0.18
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.9
1.7
3.6
4.1
6.2
20.0
Other/NA
80.4
1.2
0.04
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.9
1.6
2.7
3.4
5.6
7.5
White
89.0
1.1
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.9
1.5
2.3
3.0
4.9
17.1
July 2018
Page 12-32
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Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-17. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Breads" Based on 1994-1996,1998 CSFII (g/kg-day, as consumed) (Continued)
%
Percentile
Population Group
Consuming15
Mean
SE
pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Region
Midwest
89.1
1.2
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.9
1.5
2.5
3.3
5.7
12.0
Northeast
88.3
1.1
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.9
1.5
2.3
2.9
4.5
9.8
South
87.5
1.1
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.9
1.5
2.3
3.1
4.9
17.1
West
83.7
1.1
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.8
1.4
2.4
3.2
5.1
20.0
Urbanization
Central city
85.6
1.1
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.4
2.3
3.1
5.1
13.2
Suburban
87.7
1.1
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.9
1.5
2.4
3.1
5.0
14.6
Nonmetropolitan
88.5
1.1
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.9
1.5
2.3
3.1
5.0
20.0
a Includes breads, rolls, muffins, bagels, biscuits, cornbread, and tortillas.
b Percent consuming at least once in 2-day survey period.
SE = Standard error.
Source: EPA analysis of the 1994-1996 CSFII.
July 2018
Page 12-33
-------
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-18. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Sweets3 Based on 1994-
-1996,1998 CSFII (g/kg-day, as consumed)
Population Group
%
Percentile
Consuming13
Mean
SE
pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Whole population
52.6
0.6
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.8
1.8
2.5
4.6
22.0
Age group
<5 months
2.5
0.0
0.04
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.6
6 to 12 months
23.0
0.3
0.14
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.1
2.0
3.6
6.4
<1 year
12.1
0.2
0.10
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
1.0
3.6
6.4
1 to 2 years
53.2
1.2
0.07
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
1.7
3.5
4.8
7.2
19.3
3 to 5 years
62.1
1.3
0.06
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.8
1.9
3.6
4.6
8.8
22.0
6 to 11 years
64.2
1.2
0.06
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
1.7
3.2
3.9
6.7
20.9
12 to 19 years
54.3
0.6
0.03
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
1.0
1.8
2.4
3.7
10.7
20 to 39 years
47.2
0.4
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
1.4
1.9
3.2
11.1
40 to 69 years
52.9
0.5
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.7
1.3
1.9
3.2
7.3
>70 years
58.6
0.5
0.03
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.8
1.6
2.1
3.6
5.7
Season
Fall
53.7
0.6
0.03
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.9
1.8
2.5
4.7
20.9
Spring
52.2
0.6
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.8
1.8
2.6
4.7
22.0
Summer
50.0
0.5
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7
1.6
2.3
4.1
18.2
Winter
54.5
0.6
0.03
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.9
1.9
2.6
4.8
12.3
Race
Asian
40.2
0.4
0.08
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
1.4
2.0
3.1
15.7
Black
41.4
0.5
0.04
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
1.5
2.3
4.7
19.3
American Indian/Alaska Native
35.3
0.4
0.11
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
1.7
2.1
2.8
2.9
Other/NA
35.0
0.4
0.05
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.3
1.9
4.1
7.0
White
56.3
0.6
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.9
1.8
2.5
4.7
22.0
July 2018
Page 12-34
-------
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-18. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Sweets3 Based on 1994-1996,1998 CSFII (g/kg-day, as consumed) (Continued)
%
Percentile
Population Group
Consuming15
Mean
SE
Pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Region
Midwest
60.1
0.7
0.03
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
1.0
2.0
2.9
5.3
22.0
Northeast
55.4
0.6
0.03
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.9
1.7
2.5
4.8
12.7
South
49.1
0.6
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.8
1.7
2.3
4.4
20.9
West
47.7
0.5
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7
1.6
2.3
3.8
15.7
Urbanization
Central city
51.2
0.6
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.8
1.6
2.3
4.6
20.9
Suburban
54.6
0.6
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.9
1.8
2.6
4.5
12.7
Nonmetropolitan
50.5
0.6
0.03
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.8
1.8
2.5
5.1
22.0
a Includes breakfast foods made with grains such as pancakes, waffles, and French toast.
b Percent consuming at least once in 2-day survey period.SE = Standard error.
Source: EPA analysis of the 1994-
-1996 CSFII.
July 2018
Page 12-35
-------
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-19. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Snacks Containing Grains3 Based on 1994-1996,1998 CSFII (g/kg-day, as consumed)
%
Percentile
Population Group
Consuming13
Mean
SE
pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Whole population
43.1
0.2
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.7
1.2
2.6
9.1
Age group
<5 months
1.0
0.0
0.11
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
3.7
6 to 12 months
29.0
0.3
0.08
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.9
2.2
2.5
2.8
<1 year
14.1
0.1
0.06
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
0.9
2.2
3.7
1 to 2 years
58.1
0.7
0.04
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
1.1
2.0
2.8
5.0
8.9
3 to 5 years
56.7
0.7
0.04
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.9
1.8
3.2
5.9
9.1
6 to 11 years
51.3
0.5
0.03
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.6
1.3
1.9
4.6
7.3
12 to 19 years
45.0
0.3
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.9
1.4
2.4
5.1
20 to 39 years
41.1
0.2
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.6
0.9
1.8
5.5
40 to 69 years
41.1
0.1
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.5
0.7
1.4
5.6
>70 years
37.7
0.1
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.8
1.8
Season
Fall
42.3
0.2
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.7
1.0
2.3
8.0
Spring
43.6
0.3
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.8
1.3
2.9
8.9
Summer
40.6
0.2
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.7
1.0
2.3
7.1
Winter
45.8
0.3
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.8
1.3
2.9
9.1
Race
Asian
24.1
0.1
0.04
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
1.0
2.3
4.4
Black
29.5
0.2
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.5
0.9
2.1
7.4
American Indian/Alaska Native
38.3
0.2
0.08
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.6
1.1
3.2
4.9
Other/NA
28.4
0.2
0.03
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.5
0.8
2.4
8.7
White
47.1
0.3
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.8
1.2
2.7
9.1
July 2018
Page 12-36
-------
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-19. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Snacks Containing Grains" Based on 1994-
1996,1998 CSFII (g/kg-day, as consumed) (Continued)
%
Percentile
Population Group
Consuming13
Mean
SE
pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Region
Midwest
49.2
0.3
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.8
1.2
2.7
8.9
Northeast
41.9
0.2
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.7
1.2
2.7
9.1
South
41.1
0.2
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.7
1.1
2.4
8.0
West
40.7
0.2
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.7
1.2
2.6
8.7
Urbanization
Central city
40.1
0.2
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.7
1.1
2.6
7.8
Suburban
44.6
0.3
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.7
1.2
2.7
9.1
Nonmetropolitan
44.1
0.2
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.7
1.1
2.3
8.1
a Includes grain snacks such as crackers, salty snacks, popcorn, and pretzels.
b Percent consuming at least once in 2-day survey period.
SE = Standard error.
Source: EPA analysis of the 1994-
-1996 CSFII.
July 2018
Page 12-37
-------
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-20. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Breakfast Foods" Based on 1994-1996,1998 CSFII (g/kg-day, as consumed)
Population Group
%
Percentile
Consuming13
Mean
SE
pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Whole population
11.8
0.1
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
1.0
2.4
13.6
Age group
<5 months
0.0
0.0
0.00
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6 to 12 months
4.2
0.1
0.24
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.1
4.1
<1 year
2.0
0.1
0.16
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.7
4.1
1 to 2 years
20.4
0.4
0.07
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.9
2.7
4.8
13.6
3 to 5 years
20.8
0.4.
0.06
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.6
2.5
4.5
8.0
6 to 11 years
23.7
0.4
0.05
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.5
2.2
3.4
6.5
12 to 19 years
13.0
0.1
0.03
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.9
2.3
3.9
20 to 39 years
8.9
0.1
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
1.5
3.0
40 to 69 years
9.5
0.1
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
1.4
3.8
>70 years
10.4
0.1
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.7
1.2
3.5
Season
Fall
11.6
0.1
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
1.0
2.3
13.6
Spring
11.6
0.1
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
1.0
2.3
6.4
Summer
12.8
0.1
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
2.4
6.0
Winter
11.3
0.1
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.9
2.6
8.0
Race
Asian
5.9
0.1
0.07
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
2.0
2.8
Black
12.7
0.1
0.03
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
1.2
2.1
6.7
American Indian/Alaska Native
8.8
0.1
0.08
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
1.2
1.2
Other/NA
10.2
0.1
0.05
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.9
2.6
8.0
White
12.0
0.1
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
1.0
2.4
13.6
July 2018
Page 12-38
-------
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-20. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Breakfast Foods3 Based on 1994-1996,1998 CSFII (g/kg-day, as consumed) (Continued)
%
Percentile
Population Group
Consuming13
Mean
SE
pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Region
Midwest
12.1
0.1
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
1.1
2.6
6.7
Northeast
12.7
0.1
0.03
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.2
2.3
8.0
South
10.7
0.1
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.8
2.2
7.8
West
12.4
0.2
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
2.6
13.6
Urbanization
Central city
12.0
0.1
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
1.0
2.5
13.6
Suburban
12.2
0.1
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
2.4
7.8
Nonmetropolitan
10.7
0.1
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.9
2.2
6.4
a Includes breakfast food made with grains such as pancakes, waffles, and French toast.
b Percent consuming at least once in 2-day survey period.
SE = Standard error.
Source: EPA analysis of the 1994-
-1996 CSFII.
July 2018
Page 12-39
-------
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-21. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Pasta Based on 1994-1996,1998 CSFII (g/kg-day, as consumed)
Population Group
%
Percentile
Consuming3
Mean
SE
pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Whole population
13.0
0.3
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
2.2
5.1
29.1
Age group
<5 months
0.0
0.0
0.00
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6 to 12 months
7.5
0.1
0.22
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
3.3
6.7
<1 year
3.5
0.1
0.15
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.3
6.7
1 to 2 years
16.0
0.8
0.15
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.4
6.2
10.6
16.7
3 to 5 years
12.8
0.6
0.13
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.1
4.4
8.4
14.3
6 to 11 years
13.4
0.5
0.12
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.0
3.8
7.5
11.9
12 to 19 years
11.7
0.3
0.09
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.8
2.1
4.2
29.1
20 to 39 years
13.9
0.3
0.04
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.1
2.2
4.1
11.2
40 to 69 years
13.7
0.2
0.03
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
1.9
3.6
11.8
>70 years
9.0
0.2
0.06
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.3
2.9
7.7
Season
Fall
13.6
0.3
0.05
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.2
2.4
4.7
16.7
Spring
13.2
0.3
0.05
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.1
2.3
5.8
14.7
Summer
12.6
0.3
0.05
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.9
2.1
5.2
15.4
Winter
12.6
0.3
0.06
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.8
2.1
5.1
29.1
Race
Asian
19.4
0.5
0.17
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.0
3.3
6.6
11.2
Black
7.0
0.2
0.10
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.7
3.6
29.1
American Indian/Alaska Native
1.8
0.1
0.23
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.4
3.6
Other/NA
9.6
0.2
0.09
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.0
3.5
15.4
White
14.1
0.3
0.03
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.1
2.3
5.3
16.7
July 2018
Page 12-40
-------
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-21. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Pasta Based on 1994-1996,1998 CSFII (g/kg-day, as consumed) (Continued)
Percentile
%
Population Group
Consuming3
Mean
SE
pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Region
Midwest
12.1
0.3
0.05
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.8
2.1
5.2
16.7
Northeast
20.1
0.5
0.05
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.9
2.8
5.9
15.4
South
9.5
0.2
0.05
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.8
4.4
29.1
West
13.2
0.3
0.05
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.9
2.2
5.7
14.1
Urbanization
Central city
13.4
0.3
0.05
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.2
2.5
5.3
29.1
Suburban
14.0
0.3
0.03
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.2
2.2
5.3
16.7
Nonmetropolitan
10.3
0.2
0.05
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
1.5
4.2
14.1
a Percent consuming at least once in 2-day survey period.
SE = Standard error.
Source: EPA analysis of the 1994-
-1996 CSFII.
July 2018
Page 12-41
-------
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-22. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Cooked Cereals Based on 1994-
-1996,1998 CSFII (g/kg-day, as consumed)
Population Group
%
Percentile
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Whole population
10.4
0.4
0.04
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
2.3
7.2
72.5
Age group
<5 months
0.9
0.1
0.54
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.6
6 to 12 months
16.6
1.9
1.18
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
9.4
16.1
22.8
22.8
<1 year
8.3
0.9
0.82
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.7
22.8
22.8
1 to 2 years
18.4
1.6
0.29
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.9
10.7
20.6
33.9
3 to 5 years
16.0
1.3
0.28
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.3
7.9
16.1
72.5
6 to 11 years
8.7
0.5
0.17
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.0
9.4
24.1
12 to 19 years
5.6
0.2
0.09
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
4.3
10.6
20 to 39 years
6.2
0.1
0.05
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.1
3.3
9.2
40 to 69 years
11.6
0.3
0.03
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.9
1.9
4.4
8.7
>70 years
24.5
0.6
0.07
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.2
3.4
5.6
10.6
Season
Fall
12.0
0.4
0.08
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.1
2.6
8.1
45.9
Spring
9.1
0.3
0.06
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.0
6.4
20.9
Summer
9.3
0.3
0.08
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.1
6.9
72.5
Winter
11.1
0.4
0.08
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.9
2.5
7.4
44.5
Race
Asian
4.4
0.2
0.20
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.3
16.1
Black
20.1
0.7
0.10
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.2
4.4
10.9
33.9
American Indian/Alaska Native
7.6
0.3
0.32
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.1
5.8
12.3
Other/NA
7.6
0.4
0.30
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.0
10.6
72.5
White
9.3
0.3
0.04
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.0
6.1
45.9
July 2018
Page 12-42
-------
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-22. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Cooked Cereals Based on 1994-1996,1998 CSFII (g/kg-day, as consumed) (Continued)
Percentile
%
Population Group
Consuming3
Mean
SE
pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Region
Midwest
9.6
0.3
0.07
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.1
5.7
45.9
Northeast
9.0
0.3
0.10
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.2
5.9
72.5
South
12.4
0.4
0.06
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.1
2.6
7.9
31.7
West
9.4
0.4
0.09
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.3
8.0
39.5
Urbanization
Central city
11.6
0.4
0.08
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.9
2.6
8.1
72.5
Suburban
9.9
0.3
0.05
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.1
6.9
45.9
Nonmetropolitan
9.7
0.3
0.07
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.3
5.7
26.9
a Percent consuming at least once in 2-day survey period.
SE = Standard error.
Source: EPA analysis of the 1994-
-1996 CSFII.
July 2018
Page 12-43
-------
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-23. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Ready-to-Eat Cereals3 Based on 1994-1996,1998 CSFII (g/kg-day, as consumed)
Population Group
%
Percentile
Consumingb
Mean
SE
Pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Whole population
39.7
0.3
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
1.0
1.5
2.9
10.1
Age group
<5 months
0.0
0.0
0.00
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6 to 12 months
19.9
0.1
0.07
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
1.0
1.8
2.6
<1 year
9.3
0.1
0.05
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
1.7
2.6
1 to 2 years
64.9
1.0
0.04
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7
1.5
2.5
3.3
4.9
8.8
3 to 5 years
69.8
1.1
0.04
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.9
1.7
2.6
3.3
4.8
10.1
6 to 11 years
64.0
0.8
0.03
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
1.2
2.0
2.5
4.0
8.0
12 to 19 years
45.7
0.4
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
1.1
1.5
2.2
6.4
20 to 39 years
30.5
0.2
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.7
1.0
1.7
5.3
40 to 69 years
31.8
0.2
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.6
0.9
1.4
5.2
>70 years
47.9
0.2
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.7
0.9
1.5
2.7
Season
Fall
39.1
0.3
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
1.1
1.6
2.9
8.8
Spring
40.1
0.3
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
1.0
1.5
2.9
7.7
Summer
39.6
0.3
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
1.1
1.6
3.0
7.8
Winter
39.9
0.3
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.4
2.7
10.1
Race
Asian
25.4
0.2
0.05
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.8
1.2
2.7
4.9
Black
34.0
0.3
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
1.0
1.5
3.2
10.1
American Indian/Alaska Native
33.1
0.3
0.09
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.4
2.6
4.4
Other/NA
33.3
0.3
0.04
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
1.1
1.7
3.0
6.6
White
41.7
0.3
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.1
1.5
2.8
8.8
July 2018
Page 12-44
-------
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-23. Per Capita Intake of Ready-to-Eat Cereals3 Based on 1994-1996,1998 CSFII (g/kg-day, as consumed) (Continued)
Percentile
%
Population Group
Consuming15
Mean
SE
Pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Region
Midwest
42.2
0.4
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.1
1.6
2.9
8.0
Northeast
42.3
0.4
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.1
1.6
2.9
8.0
South
37.4
0.3
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
1.0
1.3
2.8
10.1
West
38.4
0.3
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
1.1
1.6
3.1
8.8
Urbanization
Central city
40.0
0.3
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.1
1.5
2.8
10.1
Suburban
41.2
0.4
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.1
1.6
3.1
8.0
Nonmetropolitan
35.8
0.3
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
2.6
8.8
a Includes dry ready-to-eat
corn, rice, wheat, and bran cereals in the form of flakes, puffs, etc.
b Percent consuming at least once in 2-day survey period.
SE = Standard error.
Source: EPA analysis of the 1994
-1996 CSFII.
July 2018
Page 12-45
-------
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-24. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Baby Cereals Based on 1994-
-1996,1998 CSFII (g/kg-day, as consumed)
Population Group
%
Consuming3
Percentile
Mean
SE
pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Whole population
1.0
0.0
0.03
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
37.6
Age group
<5 months
40.8
0.8
0.24
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
2.4
3.1
8.8
26.6
6 to 12 months
67.8
2.5
0.45
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.8
2.8
6.9
11.3
21.1
37.6
<1 year
53.4
1.6
0.27
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
1.7
4.1
7.3
19.7
37.6
1 to 2 years
6.2
0.2
0.10
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.8
5.8
12.5
3 to 5 years
0.3
0.0
0.06
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.8
6 to 11 years
0.1
0.0
0.00
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
12 to 19 years
0.0
0.0
0.00
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
20 to 39 years
0.0
0.0
0.00
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
40 to 69 years
0.1
0.0
0.00
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
>70 years
0.0
0.0
0.00
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Season
Fall
0.9
0.0
0.07
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
21.1
Spring
1.2
0.0
0.05
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
26.6
Summer
0.8
0.0
0.06
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
26.0
Winter
1.1
0.0
0.06
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
37.6
Race
Asian
0.7
0.0
0.04
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.1
Black
1.0
0.0
0.12
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
37.6
American Indian/Alaska Native
0.6
0.0
0.04
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.9
Other/NA
1.7
0.1
0.20
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.2
26.6
White
1.0
0.0
0.03
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
26.0
July 2018
Page 12-46
-------
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12 24. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Baby Cereals Based on 1994-1996,1998 CSFII (g/kg day, as consumed) (Continued)
Percentile
%
Population Group
Consuming3
Mean
SE
pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Region
Midwest
1.1
0.0
0.08
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
21.1
Northeast
1.2
0.0
0.04
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
12.5
South
0.9
0.0
0.05
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
37.6
West
0.9
0.0
0.06
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
26.6
Urbanization
Central city
1.1
0.0
0.06
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
37.6
Suburban
1.1
0.0
0.04
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
21.1
Nonmetropolitan
0.8
0.0
0.06
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
26.0
a Percent consuming at least once in 2-day survey period.
SE = Standard error.
Source: EPA analysis of the 1994-
-1996 CSFII.
July 2018
Page 12-47
-------
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-25. Quantity (as consumed) of Grain Products Consumed Per Eating Occasion and the Percentage of Individuals Consuming These Foods in
2 Days
Food Category
% Indiv.
Using Food
at Least Once
Quantity Consumed Per Eating
Occasion
(grams)
Consumers-Only Quantity Consumed Per Eating Occasion at Specified Percentiles
(grams)
in 2 Days
Average
SE
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
White bread
59.6
50
1
21
24
33
46
52
78
104
Whole grain and wheat bread
28.1
50
1
24
25
37
50
56
72
92
Rolls
48.0
58
1
27
33
43
48
70
89
110
Biscuits
10.9
61
1
19
19
35
57
76
104
139
Tortillas
15.5
60
1
14
21
32
48
79
107
135
Quick breads and muffins
12.5
82
21
28
52
60
94
142
187
Doughnuts and sweet rolls
12.4
77
1
26
36
47
65
93
133
164
Crackers
17.4
26
1
6
9
12
18
30
47
62
Cookies
30.7
40
1
9
12
20
31
50
75
96
Cake
16.2
92
3
22
28
41
77
116
181
217
Pie
8.5
150
3
52
72
102
143
168
246
300
Pancakes and waffles
10.3
85
3
21
35
42
75
109
158
205
Cooked cereal
10.3
248
6
81
117
157
233
291
455
484
Oatmeal
6.1
264
6
116
117
176
232
333
454
473
Ready-to-eat cereal
40.6
54
1
18
24
30
46
67
93
113
Corn flakes
8.1
46
1
17
22
25
37
56
75
100
Toasted oat rings
6.8
42
1
14
16
27
38
54
65
83
Rice
28.0
150
3
27
40
76
131
192
312
334
Pasta
36.0
162
3
26
43
73
133
210
318
420
Macaroni and cheese
8.5
244
9
53
81
121
191
324
477
556
Spaghetti with tomato sauce
8.0
436
15
122
124
246
371
494
740
983
Pizza
19.9
169
5
36
52
78
140
214
338
422
SE = Standard error.
Source: Smiciklas-Wright et al. (2002), (based on 1994-1996 CSFII data).
July 2018
Page 12-48
-------
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-26. Quantity (as consumed) of Grain Products Consumed Per Eating Occasion and Percentage of Individuals Consuming These Foods in
2 Days, by Sex and Age
Quantity Consumed Per Eating Occasion (grams)
2 to 5 Years 6 to 11 Years 12 to 19 Years
Food Category
Male and Female
(AT =2,109)
Male and Female
(N = 1,432)
Male
(N= 696)
Female
(N= 702)
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
White bread
66.9
34
a
67.1
42
1
61.3
56
1
57.9
47
1
Whole grain and wheat bread
24.3
37
l
20.5
44
1
14.5
60
2
17.6
53
2
Rolls
40.0
39
l
53.5
48
1
61.9
69
2
48.8
51
1
Biscuits
8.3
38
2
9.7
48
3
12.2
72
4
10.3
55
4
Tortillas
14.6
32
2
16.4
47
2
22.9
76
5
20.1
56
3
Quick breads and muffins
9.6
55
4
9.6
67
5
11.0
125
12
11.0
79
10
Doughnuts and sweet rolls
11.3
59
2
13.4
69
2
17.3
102
12
13.8
78
5
Crackers
25.4
17
1
17.2
26
2
10.6
39
5
14.2
26
3
Cookies
51.0
28
1
46.7
37
2
29.0
53
3
31.8
42
2
Cake
14.6
70
3
19.7
79
4
15.1
99
9
15.5
85
8
Pie
2.9
76
8
5.6
116
8
6.6
188
15
4.8
138b
12b
Pancakes and waffles
19.1
49
1
21.5
77
3
13.5
96
6
8.2
74
5
Cooked cereal
16.8
211
10
9.0
245
14
5.2
310b
29b
6.0
256b
31b
Oatmeal
10.4
221
9
5.7
256
19
2.4
348b
45b
2.3
321b
40b
Ready-to-eat cereal
72.9
33
1
67.3
47
1
45.6
72
3
46.3
52
2
Corn flakes
11.2
33
2
13.1
42
2
10.4
62
4
8.7
49
4
Toasted oat rings
20.6
30
1
12.5
45
2
7.3
62
5
8.1
42
3
Rice
29.6
84
3
24.6
124
6
24.2
203
10
28.8
157
10
Pasta
49.4
90
3
41.4
130
5
33.4
203
9
37.8
155
9
Macaroni and cheese
17.8
159
8
13.2
217
13
7.5
408
46
10.7
260
30
July 2018
Page 12-49
-------
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12 26. Quantity (as consumed) of Grain Products Consumed Per Eating Occasion and Percentage of Individuals Consuming These Foods in
2 Days, by Sex and Age (Continued)
Quantity Consumed Per Eating Occasion (grams)
2 to 5 Years
6 to 11 Years
12 to 19 Years
Male and Female
(AT =2,109)
Male and Female
(N= 1,432)
Male
(N= 696)
Female
(N= 702)
Food Category
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC Mean SE
Spaghetti with tomato sauce
16.8
242
11
11.5
322
18
10.1
583
46
8
.5
479 51
Pizza
23.7
86
3
32.8
108
6
39.6
205
13
30.5
143 8
Corn chips
19.6
29
2
25.6
33
2
26.9
58
5
25.1
44 3
Popcorn
11.6
20
1
12.7
31
2
7.8
54
5
10.5
37 4
20 to <40 Years
40 to <60 Years
>60 years
(N
Male
= 1,543)
Female
(N= 1,449)
Male
(N= 1,663)
Female
(/V= 1,694)
(N
Male
= 1,545)
Female
(N= 1,429)
Food Category
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC Mean
SE
PC
Mean SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean SE
White bread
63.0
63
2
54.9
47
1
59.7
59
2
55.3
46 1
59.3
51
1
54.8
41 1
Whole grain and wheat bread
25.3
63
1
25.2
48
1
32.8
57
1
32.3
46 2
39.8
48
1
43.1
41 1
Rolls
62.0
73
4
46.4
53
1
47.9
65
1
43.4
52 1
37.8
54
1
30.6
43 1
Biscuits
11.5
73
3
9.4
55
2
13.4
80
3
11.2
56 2
13.0
58
3
9.8
48 3
Tortillas
20.6
79
4
20.1
53
2
13.4
67
3
12.7
52 2
4.2
47
4
5.4
41 2
Quick breads and muffins
8.0
93
7
11.3
79
5
15.7
93
7
14.9
72 4
17.4
86
5
18.3
72 4
Doughnuts and sweet rolls
13.3
94
5
11.2
68
2
13.4
88
4
11.0
72 4
11.4
65
2
10.4
56 2
Crackers
11.9
36
3
15.6
28
2
16.6
30
1
17.5
24 1
25.6
23
1
25.9
17 1
Cookies
20.8
56
4
26.5
39
2
27.6
47
2
29.0
36 1
29.7
40
2
32.2
30 1
Cake
13.5
113
6
14.9
94
7
16.5
108
6
16.8
83 4
19.2
85
4
18.3
87 7
Pie
5.8
161
7
7.2
150
9
11.8
162
6
9.9
151 8
16.4
154
7
13.3
137 5
Pancakes and waffles
8.0
126
15
7.4
80
6
7.5
117
8
8.0
74 5
10.8
99
5
8.2
68 4
Cooked cereal
5.2
313
30
7.3
219
11
9.7
300
16
10.3
243 11
20.9
255
8
20.2
216 8
July 2018
Page 12-50
-------
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12 26. Quantity (as consumed) of Grain Products Consumed Per Eating Occasion and Percentage of Individuals Consuming These Foods in
2 Days, by Sex and Age (Continued)
20 to <40 Years 40 to <60 Years >60 years
Male Female Male Female Male Female
(N= 1,543) (N= 1,449) (N = 1,663) (N = 1,694) (N = 1,545) (N = 1,429)
Food Category
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
Cooked cereal
5.2
313
30
7.3
219
11
9.7
300
16
10.3
243
11
20.9
255
8
20.2
216
8
Oatmeal
2.7
360a
42a
3.7
258
17
6.0
332
16
6.2
242
10
13.6
257
10
12.9
224
10
Ready-to-eat cereal
26.9
77
3
34.7
55
1
29.8
68
2
29.7
51
1
44.6
53
1
44.0
41
1
Corn flakes
6.5
73
6
5.3
43
2
5.9
49
3
5.2
40
3
12.4
37
2
10.4
30
1
Toasted oat rings
4.2
62
4
5.4
42
2
4.8
46
2
4.1
35
2
4.3
36
3
4.9
27
2
Rice
30.8
199
9
32.1
139
6
29.4
167
5
28.8
130
4
23.1
147
6
21.4
118
5
Pasta
37.1
214
8
37.1
155
6
34.3
208
7
34.7
140
5
27.9
167
7
27.9
132
5
Macaroni and cheese
7.8
301
19
7.8
235
19
6.1
302
31
6.0
210
12
7.1
230
13
6.5
215
18
Spaghetti with tomato sauce
8.6
630
48
7.8
385
22
5.5
543
59
5.4
386
18
5.0
450
22
4.5
379
33
Pizza
23.7
253
12
20.2
150
6
13.0
220
13
14.5
147
8
5.3
187
18
4.7
109
8
Corn chips
16.2
61
5
17.9
35
2
12.8
47
4
12.0
33
2
4.8
30
3
5.3
21
2
Popcorn
8.1
63
6
9.7
35
2
9.6
50
4
10.9
39
3
6.1
52
4
7.6
34
3
a Indicates a SE value that is greater than 0 but less than 0.5.
b Indicates a statistic that is potentially unreliable because of small sample size or large coefficient of variation.
iV = Sample size.
PC = Percent consuming at least once in 2 days.
SE = Standard error of the mean.
Source: Smiciklas-Wright et al. (2002), (based on 1994-1996 CSFII data).
July 2018
Page 12-51
-------
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-27. Consumption of Major Food Groups by Older Adults: Median Daily Servings (and ranges) by
Demographic and Health Characteristics
Bread, Cereal, Rice, and Pasta
Subject Characteristic
N
(servings/day)
Sex
a
Female
80
2.7(0.9-6.5)
Male
50
3.6(1.4-7.3)
Ethnicity
African American
44
3.3(1.4-6.4)
European American
47
3.2 (0.9-6.8)
Native American
39
2.9(1.1-7.3)
Age
70 to 74 years
42
3.3(1.1-6.3)
75 to 79 years
36
3.0(0.9-6.8)
80 to 84 years
36
3.2(1.5-6.4)
>85 years
16
3.6(1.6-7.3)
Marital status
Married
49
3.3(1.1-5.8)
Not married
81
3.0(0.9-7.3)
Education
8th grade or less
37
3.1 (1.1-7.3)
9th to 12th grade
47
3.3(1.1-6.8)
>High school
46
3.2 (0.9-6.5)
Dentures
Yes
83
3.3(1.1-6.4)
No
47
3.1 (0.9-7.3)
Chronic diseases
0
7
4.1 (2.2-6.4)
1
31
3.3 (0.9-7.3)
2
56
3.1 (1.1-5.8)
3
26
3.7(1.1-5.8)
>4
10
2.9(1.4-5.3)
Weightb
<130 pounds
18
3.1 (1.1-5.4)
131 to 150 pounds
32
3.3 (0.9-5.2)
151 to 170 pounds
27
3.1 (1.4-7.3)
171 to 190 pounds
22
3.6(1.4-6.2)
>191 pounds
29
3.0(1.1-6.8)
a p< 0.05.
b Two missing values.
iV = Number of subjects.
Source: Vitolins et al. (2002).
July 2018
Page 12-52
-------
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-28. Percentage of Infants and Toddlers Consuming Different Types of Grain Products
Percentage of Infants and Toddlers Consuming at Least Once in a Day
4 to 6
7 to 8
9 to 11
12 to 14
15 to 18
19 to 24
Months
Months
Months
Months
Months
Months
Food Group/F ood
N= 862
N = 483
N= 679
N= 374
N= 308
N= 316
Any grain or grain product
65.8
91.5
97.5
97.8
98.6
99.2
Infant cereals
64.8
81.2
63.8
23.9
9.2
3.1
Noninfant cereals3
0.6
18.3
44.3
58.9
60.5
51.9
Not presweetened
0.5
17.0
37.0
44.5
40.6
31.9
Presweetenedb
0.0
1.8
9.0
17.7
26.4
22.7
Breads and rollsc
0.6
9.9
24.5
47.3
52.7
53.1
Crackers, pretzels, rice cakes
3.0
16.2
33.4
45.2
46.4
44.7
Cereal or granola bars
0.0
1.1
3.4
9.8
10.0
9.7
Pancakes, waffles, French toast
0.1
0.8
7.5
15.1
16.1
15.4
Rice and pastad
2.3
4.5
18.2
26.2
39.0
35.9
Other
0.2
0.1
2.7
2.8
2.5
4.5
Grains in mixed dishes
0.4
5.3
24.1
48.3
52.0
55.1
Sandwiches
0.0
1.1
8.6
21.5
25.8
25.8
Burrito, taco, enchilada, nachos
0.0
0.0
1.0
4.5
2.8
2.1
Macaroni and CHEESE
0.2
1.6
4.9
14.6
15.0
15.0
Pizza
0.1
0.7
2.2
6.8
9.0
9.4
Pot pie/Hot Pocket
0.0
0.9
0.5
2.0
1.0
1.8
Spaghetti, ravioli, lasagna
0.1
1.8
9.9
15.3
12.1
OO
OO
a Includes both ready-to-eat and cooked cereals.
b Defined as cereals with more than 21.1 grams sugar per 100 grams.
c Does not include bread in sandwiches. Sandwiches are included in mixed dishes.
d Does not include rice or pasta in mixed dishes.
iV = Number of individuals.
Source: Fox et al., (2004).
Table 12-29. Food Choices for Infants and Toddlers by WIC Participation Status (% of participants)
Infants 4 to 6 Months Infants 7 to 11 Months Toddlers 12 to 24 Months
WIC
Non-
WIC
Non-
WIC
Non-
Participant
participant
Participant
participant
Participant
participant
Infant cereals
69.7
62.5
74.7
69.7
13.5
9.2
Noninfant cereals, total
0.9
0.5
21.7
38.5a
58.1
56.0
Not presweetened
0.5
0.5
18.7
32.9a
43.7
36.3
Presweetened
0.0
0.0
4.0
6.9
17.7
24.1
Grains in combination foods
0.9
0.1
18.8
14.7
50.3
52.9
Sample size (unweighted)
265
597
351
808
205
791
= p <0.01 nonparticipants significantly different from WIC participants.
Source: Ponza et al. (2004).
July 2018
Page 12-53
-------
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-30. Average Portion Sizes Per Eating Occasion of Grain Products Commonly Consumed by
Infants from the 2002 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study
4 to 5 Months
(N = 624)
6 to 8 Months
(N= 708)
9 to 11 Months
(#=687)
Food Group
Reference Unit
Mean ± SE
Infant cereal, dry
Tablespoon
3.1 ±0.14
4.5 ±0.14
5.2 ±0.18
Infant cereal, jarred
Tablespoon
-
5.6 ±0.26
7.4 ±0.34
Ready-to-eat cereal
Tablespoon
-
2.3 ±0.34
3.4 ±0.21
Crackers
Ounce
-
0.2 ±0.02
0.3 ±0.01
Crackers
Saltine
-
2.2 ±0.14
2.7 ±0.12
Bread
Slice
-
0.5 ±0.10
0.8 ±0.06
= Cell size was too small to generate a reliable estimate.
iV = Number of respondents.
SE = Standard error of the mean.
Source: Fox et al. (2006).
Table 12-31. Average Portion Sizes Per Eating Occasion of Grain Products Commonly Consumed by
Toddlers from the 2002 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study
12 to 14 Months
(N= 371)
15 to 18 Months
(N= 312)
19 to 24 Months
(N= 320)
Food Group
Reference Unit
Mean ± SE
Bread
Slice
0.8 ±0.04
0.9 ±0.05
0.9 ±0.05
Rolls
Ounce
0.9 ± 0.11
1.0 ± 0.10
0.9 ± 0.15
Ready-to-eat cereal
Cup
0.3 ±0.02
0.5 ±0.03
0.6 ±0.04
Hot cereal, prepared
Cup
0.6 ±0.05
0.6 ±0.05
0.7 ±0.05
Crackers
Ounce
0.3 ±0.02
0.4 ±0.02
0.4 ±0.02
Crackers
Saltine
3.3 ±0.22
3.5 ±0.22
3.7 ±0.22
Pasta
Cup
0.4 ±0.04
0.4 ±0.04
0.5 ±0.05
Rice
Cup
0.3 ±0.04
0.4 ±0.05
0.4 ±0.05
Pancakes and waffles
1 (4-inch diameter)
1.0 ±0.08
1.4 ±0.21
1.4 ± 0.17
iV = Number of respondents.
SE = Standard error of the mean.
Source: Fox et al. (2006).
July 2018
Page 12-54
-------
Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-32. Percentage of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Infants and Toddlers Consuming Different Types of
Grain Products on a Given Day
Age 4 to 5 Months Age 6 to 11 Months Age 12 to 24 Months
Hispanic Non-Hispanic Hispanic Non-Hispanic Hispanic Non-Hispanic
(AT =84) (AT = 538) (N= 163) (AT = 1,228) (N= 124) (AT =871)
Any grain or grain product
56.5
56.9
95.0
93.5
97.1
98.9
Infant cereal
55.2
56.5
74.1
73.6
15.9
9.3
Noninfant cereal
-
-
18.5a
29.2
45.3
57.8
Breads'3
1.4°
-
18.2
15.1
44.0
52.9
Tortillas
1.4°
-
o
O
"-J-
-
6.7a,c
o
©
Crackers, pretzels, rice cakes
1.3°
-
27.8
22.5
35.6
46.9
Pancakes, waffles, French toast
-
-
1.4°
4.3
13.0
16.0
Rice and pastad
-
-
20.1a
10.3
44.3
32.9
Rice
-
-
15.9e
4.7
26.9a-c
13.0
Grains in mixed dishes
-
-
15.9
13.0
38.8a
54.4
Sandwiches
-
-
o
O
"-J-
4.6
24.2
24.9
Burrito, taco, enchilada, nachos
-
-
1.3°
-
2.1°
3.0
Macaroni and cheese
-
-
3.0°
3.1
10.1
15.5
Pizza
-
-
-
1.4
1.0c>e
9.7
Spaghetti, ravioli, lasagna
-
-
8.3°
4.6
9.3°
12.1
a Significantly different from non-Hispanic atp< 0.05.
b Does not include bread in sandwiches. Sandwiches are included in mixed dishes. Includes tortillas, also shown
separately.
c Statistic is potentially unreliable because of a high coefficient of variation.
d Does not include rice or pasta in mixed dishes. Includes rice (e.g., white, brown, wild, and Spanish rice without meat)
and pasta (e.g., spaghetti, macaroni, and egg noodles). Rice is also shown separately.
e Significantly different from non-Hispanic sip < 0.01.
= Less than 1% of the group consumed this food on a given day.
N = Sample size.
Source: Mennella et al. (2006).
July 2018
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Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-33. Percentage of Infants and Toddlers Consuming Grain or Grain Products in the 2008 FITS
Percentage Consuming at Least Once Per Day (mean ± standard error)
Age (months)
Food Group/Food
4-5.9
6-8.9
9-11.9
12-14.9
15-17.9
18-20.9
21-23.9
24-35.9
36-47.9
N
166
249
256
243
251
219
212
736
725
Any grain or grain product
52 ±5.1
89.4 ±2.5
92.2 ± 2.6a
99.2 ± 0.3a
97.7 ± 1.6a
98.9 ± 0.9a
99.1 ± 0.6a
97.0 ± 1.6
98.5 ±0.6
Infant cereals
50.4 ±5.1
79.1 ±3.5
51.0 ±5.0
22.9 ±4.5
8.0 ± 12.la
3.6 ± 1.2a
5.4 ± 4.2a
NR
NR
Noninfant cerealsb
0.1 ±0.1a
7.7 ± 2.2a
42.6 ±5.0
62.5 ±5.0
59.4 ±4.8
61.7 ±5.4
54.7 ±5.9
NR
NR
Breakfast cereals'3
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
58.3 ±3.2
51.4 ±3.0
Presweetened0
0a
1.0 ± 0.7a
8.0 ± 3.5a
19.1 ±3.2
26.7 ±5.2
21.9 ±4.0
30.0 ±4.6
28.9 ±2.7
26.4 ±2.5
Not presweetened
0.1±0.1a
7.4 ±2.2
35.9 ±4.6
47.4 ±4.9
39.1 ±4.8
41.3 ±5.5
30.0 ±4.9
33.2 ±3.0
26.8 ±2.7
Bread and rollsde
0a
2.6 ± 0.9a
14.3 ±3.1
26.5 ±4.0
31.7 ±4.6
35.3 ±5.3
53.7 ±5.5
32.9 ±3.0
38.3 ±3.0
Crackers, pretzels, rice cakes
0a
20.4 ±2.4
44.5 ±4.8
46.7 ±4.7
42.3 ±4.8
44.7 ±5.3
45.7 ±5.6
36.5 ±3.0
39.2 ±2.9
Cereal or granola bars
0a
0a
1.4 ± 0.6a
8.7 ±2.8
7.3 ±2.2
7.4 ± 2.2a
8.9 ± 2.3a
5.2 ± 1.0
10.7 ± 1.7
Pancakes, waffles, French toast
0a
1.2 ± 0.6a
5.8 ± 2.1a
13.5 ±3.5
15.5 ±3.6
13.3 ±4.4
21.9 ±5.7
14.3 ± 1.9
15.4 ± 1.8
Rice and pastaf
1.4 ± 1.4a
3.2 ± 1.5a
15.3 ±4.0
23.3 ±4.1
32.6 ±5.2
37.1 ±5.4
31.3 ± 5.9
24.8 ±3.0
27.1 ±2.9
Grains in mixed dishes8
0a
2.4 ± 1.0
18.5 ±3.5
46.2 ±4.8
62.0 ±5.2
56.3 ±5.5
64.2 ±5.4
66.5 ±3.2
72.5 ±2.8
Sandwiches
0a
0a
5.8 ± 2.2a
20.5 ±3.7
19.1 ±3.6
27.4 ±5.1
19.3 ±3.8
37.0 ±3.0
45.4 ±3.0
Burrito, taco, enchilada, nachos
0a
0a
0.9 ± 0.6a
2.0 ± 0.9a
2.3 ± 1.3a
2.5 ± 1.7a
3.4 ± 1.4
3.5 ±0.8
6.6 ± 1.3
Macaroni and cheese
0a
1.8 ± 0.9a
5.3 ±2.0a
9.2 ± 1.9
18.0 ±3.8
13.1 ±2.5
15.2 ±4.0
15.3 ±2.2
13.4 ±2.1
Pizza
0a
0a
2.1 ± 1.0a
5.0 ± 1.6a
15.2 ±4.4
5.3 ± 1.9a
12.4 ±4.7
11.7 ± 1.9
14.1 ±2.1
Pot pie/stuffed sandwich
0a
0a
0.4 ± 0.4a
0.2 ± 0.2a
0.9 ± 0.5a
1.0 ± 0.9a
0.4 ± 0.3a
NR
NR
Spaghetti, ravioli, lasagna
0a
0.9 ± 0.5a
7.7 ± 2.2a
18.0 ±3.3
22.0 ±4.3
17.2 ±4.0
23.5 ±5.0
15.6 ±2.3
12.3 ± 1.6
a Point estimate is considered imprecise because of small sample size and uncommon or very common event.
b Includes both ready-to-eat and cooked cereals.
c Defined as cereals with more than 21.2 g sugar per 100 g.
d Also includes biscuits, bagels, and tortillas.
e Does not include bread and rolls in sandwiches. Sandwiches are included in mixed dishes.
f Does not include rice or pasta in mixed dishes.
g Includes dishes that are primarily grain; other mixed dishes that include grain in combination with protein and/or vegetables are reported elsewhere.
iV = Sample size.
NR = Not reported.
Source: Siega-Riz et al. (2010) and Fox et al. (2010).
July 2018
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Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-34. Percentage of Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers Consuming Grains or Grain Products in a
Given Day, By WIC Participation, FITS (2008)a
0-5.9 Months
6-8.9 Months
9-11.9 Months
6-11.9 Months
12-23.9 Months
24-47.9 Months
WIC
Non-
WIC
WIC
Non-
WIC
WIC
Non-
WIC
WIC
Non-
WIC
WIC
Non-
WIC
WIC
Non-
WIC
N= 11
7
N= 26
5
ii
00
N= 165
N=1
6
N= 18
0
N= 16
0
jV=34
5
CO
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Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-36. Per Capita" 2-Day Averageb Intake of Total Grains0: Pregnant, Lactating, and All Women of Child-Bearing Age (13 to <50 years)
Percentiles
Population Group
N
% Consuming11
Mean
SE
1st
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Maximum
g/day
Pregnant
426
100
160
7.3
36e
62
80
108
150
196
255
279
389e
409e
Lactating
101
100
133
6.9
39e
67"
IT
90
122
159
203e
252e
264e
510e
Child-bearing age
5,543a
100
131
1.9
17e
44
59
86
120
167
214
249
358
565e
g/kg-day
Pregnant
426
100
2.2
0.09
0.2"
0.8
1.0
1.4
2.0
2.8
3.5
4.3
5.2e
7.8e
Lactating
101
100
2.1
0.14
0.6"
1.0e
1.2°
1.3
2.0
2.3
3.3e
4.2e
5.7e
1.9"
Child-bearing age
5,543a
100
1.9
0.03
0.2e
0.6
0.8
l.le
1.7
2.4
3.3
4.0
5.7
9.0"
" Per capita and consumer-only intake values are the same for pregnant and lactating women because 100% of these populations consumed total grains on at least one of the two survey days.
For women of child-bearing age, the per capita and consumer-only values are virtually the same because 5,538 of the 5,543 women (99.9%) consumed grains on at least one of the two
survey days. Small differences between the consumer-only and per capita rates were observed for these women only at the 1st percentile where the consumer-only intake rates were
estimated to be 21 g/day and 0.3 g/kg-day compared to per capita intake rates of 17 g/day and 0.2 g/kg-day, respectively, as shown in this table, and at the 25th percentile where the
consumer only rate is 1.2 g/kg-day compared to the per capita rate of 1.1 g/kg-day.
b Based on the average of two days of food consumption reported for each NHANES respondent. If the respondent reported zero consumption on one of the two days and non-zero
consumption on the other day, his/her average consumption would be the average of zero and non-zero consumption. Single day rates can be generated using http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
c Total grains include: amaranth, grain; barley, bran; barley, flour; barley, flour baby food; barley, pearled barley; barley, pearled barley baby food; buckwheat; buckwheat, flour; corn, field,
bran; corn, field, flour; corn, field, flour baby food; corn, field, meal; corn, field, meal baby food; corn, field, starch; corn, field, starch baby food; corn, pop; corn, sweet; corn, sweet baby
food; millet, grain; oat, bran; oat, flour; oat, flour baby food; oat, groats/rolled oats; oat, groats/rolled oats baby food; psyllium, seed; quinoa, grain; rice, bran; rice, bran baby food; rice,
brown; rice, brown baby food; rice, flour; rice, flour baby food; rice, white; rice, white baby food; rye, flour; rye, grain; sorghum, grain; triticale, flour; triticale, flour baby food; wheat,
bran; wheat, flour; wheat, flour baby food; wheat, germ; wheat, grain; wheat, grain baby food; wild rice.
d Represents the percentage of individuals consuming grains at least once over the 2-day survey period.
e Estimates are less statistically reliable based on guidance published in the Joint Policy on Variance Estimation and Statistical Reporting Standards on NHANES III and CSFII Reports:
HNIS/NCHS Analytical Working Group Recommendations (NCHS, 1993).
N = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
Source: Based on EPA analysis of 2005-2010 NHANES using http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
July 2018
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Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-37. Per Capita and Consumer-Only 2-Day Average" Intake of Individual Grains'5: Pregnant,
Lactating, and All Women of Child-Bearing Age (13 to <50 years)
Per Capita
Consumer Only
Food
PCC
N
Mean
SE
95th
N
Mean
SE
95th
g/day
Rice
Pregnant
90
426
16.1
2.6
72.3
383
17.9
2.6
72.3d
Lactating
87
101
16.1
3.8
85.0d
88
18.6
4.5
85.0d
Child-bearing age
87
5,543
13.6
0.7
58.5
4,837
15.5
0.8
60.0
Cereal
Pregnant
100
426
143.8
7.9
274.3
426
143.8
7.9
274.3
Lactating
100
101
117.0
5.4
192.6d
101
117.0
5.4
192.6d
Child-bearing age
100
5,543
117.7
1.7
230.7
5,535
118.0
1.7
230.7
g/kg-day
Rice
Pregnant
90
426
0.24
0.04
1.0
383
0.26
0.04
1.0d
Lactating
87
101
0.26
0.08
1.2d
88
0.31
0.09
1.2d
Child-bearing age
87
5,543
0.20
0.01
0.9
4,837
0.23
0.01
1.0
Cereal
Pregnant
100
426
2.0
0.09
4.0
426
2.0
0.09
4.0
Lactating
100
101
1.8
0.10
3.2d
101
1.8
0.10
3.2d
Child-bearing age
100
5,543
1.7
0.03
3.6
5,535
1.7
0.03
3.6
a
b
c
d
N
PC
SE
Based on the average of two days of food consumption reported for each NHANES respondent. If the respondent
reported zero consumption on one of the two days and non-zero consumption on the other day, his/her average
consumption would be the average of zero and non-zero consumption. Single day rates can be generated using
http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
Cereal includes: amaranth, grain; barley, bran; barley, flour; barley, flour baby food; barley, pearled barley; barley,
pearled barley baby food; buckwheat; buckwheat, flour; corn, field, bran; corn, field, flour; corn, field, flour baby
food; corn, field, meal; corn, field, meal baby food; corn, field, starch; corn, field, starch baby food; corn, pop; corn,
sweet; corn, sweet baby food; millet, grain; oat, bran; oat, flour; oat, flour baby food; oat, groats/rolled oats; oat,
groats/rolled oats baby food; psyllium, seed; quinoa, grain; rye, flour; rye, grain; sorghum, grain; triticale, flour;
triticale, flour baby food; wheat, bran; wheat, flour; wheat, flour baby food; wheat, germ; wheat, grain; wheat, grain
baby food. Rice includes: rice, bran; rice, bran baby food; rice, brown; rice, brown baby food; rice, flour; rice, flour
baby food; rice, white; rice, white baby food; wild rice.
Represents the percentage of individuals consuming grains at least once over the 2-day survey period.
Estimates are less statistically reliable based on guidance published in the Joint Policy on Variance Estimation and
Statistical Reporting Standards on NHANES III and CSFII Reports: HNIS/NCHS Analytical Working Group
Recommendations (NCHS, 1993).
= Sample size.
= Percent consuming.
= Standard error.
Source:
Based on EPA Analysis ofNHANES 2005-2010 data using http://fcid.foodrisk.org.
July 2018
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Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
Table 12-38. Mean Moisture Content of Selected Grain Products Expressed as Percentages of Edible
Portions (grams per 100 grams of edible portion)
Food
Moisture Content
Raw Cooked
Comments
Barley—pearled
10.09
68.80
Corn—grain—endosperm
10.37
-
Corn—grain—bran
4.71
-
crude
Millet
8.67
71.41
Oats
8.22
-
Rice—white—long-grained
11.62
68.44
Rye
10.95
-
Rye—flour—medium
9.85
-
Sorghum
9.20
-
Wheat—hard white
9.57
-
Wheat—germ
11.12
-
crude
Wheat—bran
9.89
-
crude
Wheat—flour—whole grain
10.27
-
Indicates that the grain product was not assessed for water content under these conditions.
Source: USDA (2007).
Table 12-39. Water Content Range of Selected Grain Products
Food Item
% Water
Pasta
60-69
Cheddar cheese, bagels, bread
30-39
Cake, biscuits
20-29
Chocolate chip cookies, crackers, cereals,
1-9
pretzels, taco shells
Source: Popkin et al. (2010).
July 2018
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Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
APPENDIX A
Table A-l. Comparison of Recommended Values for Intake of Total Grains in
this Update to those of the
Exposure Factors Handbook: 2011 Edition (g/kg-day)
Total Grains
NHANES 2005-2010
NHANES 2003-2006
Per Capita
Consumer Only
Per Capita
Consumer Only
Age
Mean
95th
Mean
95th
Mean
95th
Mean
95th
Birth to <1 month
0.6
2.9a
2.7
6.1a
_
_
_
_
1 to <3 months
0.7
3.9a
2.8
8.1a
-
-
-
-
3 to <6 months
1.9
6.5a
2.7
IT
-
-
-
-
6 to <12 months
4.3
9.5
4.4
9.6
-
-
-
-
Birth to <1 year
2.8
8.2
3.9
8.7
3.1
9.5a
4.1
10.3a
1 to <2 years
6.4
12.7
6.4
12.7
6.4
12.4a
6.4
12.4a
2 to <3 years
6.4
11.7
6.4
11.7
6.4
12.4a
6.4
12.4a
3 to <6 years
6.0
10.5
6.0
10.5
6.2
11.1
6.2
11.1
6 to <11 years
4.6
8.7
4.6
8.7
4.4
8.2
4.4
8.2
11 to <16 years
2.7
5.7
2.7
5.7
2.4
5.0
2.4
5.0
16 to <21 years
2.3
5.0
2.3
5.0
2.4
5.0
2.4
5.0
21 to <30 years
2.3
4.8
2.3
4.8
-
-
-
-
30 to <40 years
2.2
4.6
2.2
4.6
-
-
-
-
40 to <50 years
2.0
4.5
2.0
4.5
-
-
-
-
50 to <60 years
1.8
3.9
1.8
3.9
-
-
-
-
60 to <70 years
1.7
3.6
1.7
3.6
-
-
-
-
70 to <80 years
1.6
3.1
1.6
3.1
-
-
-
-
80+ years
1.6
3.0
1.6
3.0
-
-
-
-
21 to <50 years
2.1
4.6
2.1
4.6
2.2
4.6
2.2
4.6
50+ years
1.7
3.6
1.7
3.6
1.7
3.5
1.7
3.5
Whole Population
2.5
6.5
2.5
6.5
-
-
-
-
a Estimates are less statistically reliable based on
guidance published in the Joint Policy on Variance Estimation and
Statistical Reporting Standards on NHANES III and CSFII Reports: HNIS/NCHS Analytical Working Group
Recommendations (NCHS, 1993).
= Recommended value not available.
July 2018
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Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
APPENDIX B
Table B-l. Terms Used in Literature Searches
Grain intake/co nsumption/ingestion
Grain product intake/consumption/ingestion
Bread intake/consumption/ingestion
Cereal intake/consumption/ingestion
Rice intake/consumption/ingestion
Pasta intake/consumption/ingestion
Older adults diet
Pregnant/lactating women diet
Food Preferences
Dietary Intake
FoxMK
July 2018
Page B-l
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Update for Chapter 12 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 12—Intake of Grain Products
APPENDIX C
SUPPLEMENTAL TABLES
CODES AND DEFINITIONS USED TO DETERMINE THE VARIOUS COMMODITIES USED IN THE
EPA ANALYSIS OF WHAT WE EAT IN AMERICA (WWEIA)-FCID DATA
The EPA analyses of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2010 food
consumption data provided in the EPA's Exposure Factors Handbook (EFH) was performed using the What We Eat
in America Food Commodity Intake Database (WWEIA-FCID) (http://fcid.foodrisk.org/'). which converted the
WWEIA food items into FCID raw agricultural commodities using recipes developed by EPA. This supplement lists
the FCID commodities used to generate statistics for corresponding foods and food categories as defined in the EFH.
Table C-l. Food Commodity Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 2005-2010 (and 2003-2008)
NHANES WWEIA
EFH Food Category
EPA Food Commodity Codes
Grains
1500025000
Barley, pearled barley
1500323000
Rice, white
1500025001
Barley, pearled barley baby food
1500323001
Rice, white baby food
1500026000
Barley, flour
1500324000
Rice, brown
1500026001
Barley, flour baby food
1500324001
Rice, brown baby food
1500027000
Barley, bran
1500325000
Rice, flour
1500065000
Buckwheat
1500325001
Rice, flour baby food
1500066000
Buckwheat, flour
1500326000
Rice, bran
1500120000
Corn, field, flour
1500326001
Rice, bran baby food
1500120001
Corn, field, flour baby food
1500328000
Rye, grain
1500121000
Corn, field, meal
1500329000
Rye, flour
1500121001
Corn, field, meal baby food
1500344000
Sorghum, grain
1500122000
Corn, field, bran
1500381000
Triticale, flour
1500123000
Corn, field, starch
1500381001
Triticale, flour baby food
1500123001
Corn, field, starch baby food
1500401000
Wheat, grain
1500126000
Corn, pop
1500401001
Wheat, grain baby food
1500127000
Corn, sweet
1500402000
Wheat, flour
1500127001
Corn, sweet baby food
1500402001
Wheat, flour baby food
1500226000
Millet, grain
1500403000
Wheat, germ
1500231000
Oat, bran
1500404000
Wheat, bran
1500232000
Oat, flour
1500405000
Wild rice
1500232001
Oat, flour baby food
9500006000
Amaranth, grain
1500233000
Oat, groats/rolled oats
9500306000
Psyllium, seed
1500233001
Oat, groat^rolled oats baby food
9500311000
Quinoa, grain
July 2018
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