oEPA
EPA/600/R-18/098F
August 2018
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
National Center for Environmental Assessment
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, DC 20460
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
DISCLAIMER
This document has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency policy and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products
does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES 9-v
9. INTAKE OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES 9-1
9.1. INTRODUCTION 9-1
9.2. RECOMMENDATIONS 9-2
9.3. INTAKE STUDIES 9-7
9.3.1 Key Fruit and Vegetable Intake Study 9-7
9.3.1.1 U.S. EPA Analysis of Consumption Data from 2003-2006 National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 9-7
9.3.2 Relevant Fruit and Vegetable Intake Studies 9-9
9.3.2.1 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) (1980, 1992, 1996a, b)—Food
and Nutrient Intakes of Individuals in 1 Day in the United States 9-9
9.3.2.2 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) (1999a)—Food Consumption,
Prices, and Expenditures, 1970-1997 9-9
9.3.2.3 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) (1999b)—Food and Nutrient
Intakes by Children 1994-1996, 1998, Table Set 17 9-9
9.3.2.4 U.S. EPA Analysis of Continuing Survey of Food Intake among
Individuals (CSFII) 1994-1996, 1998 Based on U.S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA) (2000) and U.S. EPA (2000) 9-10
9.3.2.5 Smiciklas-Wright et al. (2002)—Foods Commonly Eaten in the United
States: Quantities Consumed per Eating Occasion and in a Day,
1994-1996 9-11
9.3.2.6 Vitolins et al. (2002)—Quality of Diets Consumed by Older Rural
Adults 9-11
9.3.2.7 Fox et al. (2004)—Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study: What Foods Are
Infants and Toddlers Eating 9-12
9.3.2.8 Ponza et al. (2004)—Nutrient Food Intakes and Food Choices of Infants
and Toddlers Participating in Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) 9-13
9.3.2.9 Fox et al. (2006)—Average Portion of Foods Commonly Eaten by
Infants and Toddlers in the United States 9-13
9.3.2.10 Mennella et al. (2006)—Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study: The Types
of Foods Fed to Hispanic Infants and Toddlers 9-13
9.3.2.11 Colon-Ramos et al. (2009)—Differences in Fruit and Vegetable Intake
among Hispanic Subgroups in California: Results from the 2005
California Health Interview Survey 9-13
9.3.2.12 Locke et al. (2009)—Seasonal Variation in Fruit and Vegetable
Consumption in a Rural Agricultural Community 9-14
9.3.2.13 Foxetal. (2010)—Food Consumption Patterns of Young Preschoolers:
Are They Starting off on the Right Path?; Siega-Riz et al. (2010)—Food
Consumption Patterns of Infants and Toddlers: Where Are We Now?;
Deming et al. (2014)—Infant Feeding Practices and Consumption
Patterns of Children Participating in Women, Infants, and Children
(WIC) 9-14
9.3.2.14 Briefel et al. (2010)—The Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study 2008;
Study Design and Methods 9-15
9.3.2.15 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2010)—Canned Fruit and
Vegetable Consumption in the United States 9-15
9.3.2.16 Demydas (2011)—Consumer Segmentation Based on the Level and
Structure of Fruit and Vegetable Intake: An Empirical Evidence for U.S.
Adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
(NHANES) 2005-2006 9-15
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
9.3.2.17 Arcan et al. (2014)—Dietary and Weight-Related Behaviors and Body
Mass Index among Hispanic, Hmong, Somali, and White Adolescents. J
of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 113(3): 375-383 9-16
9.3.2.18 Wolfson and Bleich (2015)—Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and
Food Values: National Patterns in the United States by Supplemental
Nutrition Assistance Program Eligibility and Cooking Frequency 9-16
9.3.2.19 Guerrero et al. (2016)—Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Dietary Intake
among California Children 9-17
9.3.3 Pregnant and Lactating Women 9-17
9.4. CONVERSION BETWEEN WET- AND DRY-WEIGHT INTAKE RATES 9-18
9.5. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 9 9-18
APPENDIX A A-l
APPENDIX B B-l
APPENDIX C C-l
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 9-1. Recommended Values for 2-Day Average Intake of Fruits and Vegetables 9-3
Table 9-2. Confidence in Recommendations for Intake of Fruits and Vegetables 9-5
Table 9-3. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Total Fruits and Total Vegetables Based on 2005-2010
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 9-21
Table 9-4. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Total Fruits and Total Vegetables Based on
2005-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 9-24
Table 9-5. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on the 2005-2010
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 9-27
Table 9-6. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on the
2005-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 9-37
Table 9-7. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Exposed and Protected Fruits and Vegetables Based on the
2005-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 9-47
Table 9-8. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Exposed and Protected Fruits and Vegetables Based
on the 2005-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 9-49
Table 9-9. Mean Total Fruit and Total Vegetable Intake (as-consumed) in a Day by Sex and Age 9-51
Table 9-10. Mean Total Fruit and Total Vegetable Intake (as-consumed) in a Day by Sex and Age 9-53
Table 9-11. Per Capita Consumption of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables in 1997 9-54
Table 9-12. Mean Quantities of Vegetables Consumed Daily by Sex and Age, for Children, Per Capita 9-55
Table 9-13. Percentage of Individuals Consuming Vegetables, by Sex and Age, for Children 9-56
Table 9-14. Mean Quantities of Fruits Consumed Daily by Sex and Age, for Children, Per Capita 9-57
Table 9-15. Percentage of Individuals Consuming, Fruits by Sex and Age, for Children 9-58
Table 9-16. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996, 1998
Continuing Survey of Food Intake among Individuals 9-59
Table 9-17. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996, 1998
Continuing Survey of Food Intake among Individuals 9-62
Table 9-18. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996,
1998 Continuing Survey of Food Intake among Individuals 9-65
Table 9-19. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on
1994-1996, 1998 Continuing Survey of Food Intake among Individuals 9-78
Table 9-20. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Exposed Fruits Based on 1994-1996 Continuing Survey
of Food Intake among Individuals 9-88
Table 9-21. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Protected Fruits Based on 1994-1996 Continuing Survey
of Food Intake among Individuals 9-90
Table 9-22. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Exposed Vegetables Based on 1994-1996 Continuing
Survey of Food Intake among Individuals 9-92
Table 9-23. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Protected Vegetables Based on 1994-1996 Continuing
Survey of Food Intake among Individuals 9-94
Table 9-24. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Root Vegetables Based on 1994-1996 Continuing Survey
of Food Intake among Individuals 9-96
Table 9-25. Quantity (as-consumed) of Fruits and Vegetables Consumed per Eating Occasion and the
Percentage of Individuals Consuming These Foods in 2 Days 9-98
Table 9-26. Quantity (as-consumed) of Fruits and Vegetables Consumed per Eating Occasion and
Percentage of Individuals Consuming These Foods in 2 Days, by Food 9-99
Table 9-27. Consumption of Major Food Groups: Median Servings (and ranges) by Demographic and
Health Characteristics, for Older Adults 9-102
Table 9-28. Percentage of Infants and Toddlers Consuming Different Types of Vegetables 9-103
Table 9-29. Top Five Vegetables Consumed by Infants and Toddlers 9-104
Table 9-30. Percentage of Infants and Toddlers Consuming Different Types of Fruits 9-105
Table 9-31. Top Five Fruits Consumed by Infants and Toddlers 9-106
Table 9-32. Food Choices for Infants and Toddlers by Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Participation
Status 9-107
Table 9-33. Average Portion Sizes per Eating Occasion of Fruits and Vegetables Commonly Consumed by
Infants from the 2002 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study 9-108
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LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED)
Table 9-34. Average Portion Sizes per Eating Occasion of Fruits and Vegetables Commonly Consumed by
Toddlers from the 2002 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study 9-109
Table 9-35. Percentage of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Infants and Toddlers Consuming Different Types of
Fruits and Vegetables on a Given Day 9-110
Table 9-36. Top Five Fruits and Vegetables Consumed by Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Infants and Toddlers
Per Age Group 9-111
Table 9-37. Adjusted Mean Daily Intake of Total and Individual Fruit and Vegetable Cup Equivalents for
Adults: California Health Interview Survey 2005 9-112
Table 9-38. Sources of Obtaining Fruits and Vegetables among Participants in the Community-Based
Participatory Research Project by Agricultural Task Season and by Occupation 9-113
Table 9-39. Reported Consumption of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables over the Past Month among Participants
in the Community-Based Participatory Research Project by Agricultural Task Season and by
Occupation 9-114
Table 9-40. Percentage of Infants and Toddlers Consuming Different Types of Fruit in the 2008 Feeding
Infant and Toddlers Study 9-115
Table 9-41. Percentage of Infants and Toddlers Consuming Different Types of Vegetables in the 2008
Feeding Infant and Toddlers Study 9-116
Table 9-42. Percentage of Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers Consuming Fruits and Vegetables in a Given
Day, By Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Participation, Feeding Infant and Toddlers Study
(FITS) 2008 9-117
Table 9-43. Mean ± Standard Error Amount Consumed (g/eating occasion) among Children 12-23.9
Months of Age 9-118
Table 9-44. Estimated Per Capita Availability of Canned Fruits and Vegetables, Adjusted for Loss, 2008 9-118
Table 9-45. Intakes of Fruits and Vegetables by Degree of Processing across the Clusters of Adults from
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2006 9-119
Table 9-46. Mean (standard error [SE]) Number of Fruit and Vegetable Servings per Day 9-120
Table 9-47. Mean Consumer-Only Fruit and Vegetable Consumption (g/day) According to Household
Cooking Frequency and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Participation,
Adults (>20 years), National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2010
9-120
Table 9-48. Percentage of Respondents Reporting Intake of <2 Servings of Fruit or Vegetables, or >2
Servings of Fruit Juice in the Previous Day, by Race and Ethnicity, Children 2-11 Years of
Age, California Health Interview Survey 2007 and 2009 9-121
Table 9-49. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Total Fruits and Total Vegetables: Pregnant, Lactating,
and All Women of Child-Bearing Age 9-122
Table 9-50. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Total Fruits and Total Vegetables: Pregnant,
Lactating, and All Women of Child-Bearing Age 9-124
Table 9-51. Per Capita and Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables:
Pregnant, Lactating, and All Women of Child-Bearing Age 9-126
Table 9-52. Per Capita and Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Exposed and Protected Fruits and
Vegetables: Pregnant, Lactating, and All Women of Child-Bearing Age 9-131
Table 9-53. Mean Moisture Content of Selected Food Groups Expressed as Percentages of Edible Portions 9-132
Table 9-54. Water Content Range of Selected Foods 9-136
Table A-l. Comparison of Recommended Values for Intake of Total Fruits and Total Vegetables in this
Update to those of the Exposure Factors Handbook: 2011 Edition A-l
Table B-1. Terms Used in Literature Searches B-l
Table C-l. Food Commodity Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 2005-2010 National Health
and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)-Food Commodity Intake Database (FCID) Data
C-2
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Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
9. INTAKE OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
9.1. INTRODUCTION
This document is an update to Chapter 9 (Intake of
Fruits and Vegetables) of the Exposure Factors
Handbook: 2011 Edition (U.S. EPA, 2011). New
information that has become available since 2011 has
been added, and the recommended values have been
revised as needed to reflect the new information. The
recommended values for the general population in this
chapter have been updated using National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data for
2005-2010; the 2011 version of this chapter used
NHANES data for 2003-2006. The 2018
recommendations include some more disaggregated
age groupings than the 2011 Handbook (for those
under age 1 and for adults), and for some childhood
age groups provide more statistically reliable
estimates because the new analysis uses six years of
NHANES data versus four in the 2011 estimates.
Estimates of the mean per capita intake of total
vegetables did not change in adults over age 21 and for
total fruit there was some increase in those ages 21 to
50 years of age, but not in those over 50 years of age.
For younger and more disaggregated ages, there is no
simple pattern in the updates to the estimates, but
Appendix A provides a comparison of the
recommended values in this update to those of the
2011 Handbook.
This update also provides, for the first time, intake
data for pregnant and lactating women based on
NHANES 2005-2010 data. Recent relevant studies
based on data other than NHANES are also
summarized to provide additional perspective on fruit
and vegetable intake.
This chapter includes a comprehensive review of
the scientific literature through 2016. The new
literature was identified via formal literature searches
conducted by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) staff as well as targeted Internet searches
conducted by the authors of this chapter. Appendix B
provides a list of the key terms that were used in the
literature searches. Revisions to this chapter have been
made in accordance with the approved quality
assurance plan for the Exposure Factors Handbook.
The American food supply is generally considered
to be one of the safest in the world. Nevertheless, fruits
and vegetables can become contaminated with toxic
chemicals by several different pathways. Ambient
pollutants from the air may be deposited on or
absorbed by the plants or dissolved in rainfall or
irrigation waters that contact the plants. Pollutants
may also be absorbed through plant roots from
contaminated soil and ground water. The addition of
pesticides, soil additives, and fertilizers may also
result in contamination of fruits and vegetables. To
assess exposure through this pathway, information on
fruit and vegetable ingestion rates is needed.
A variety of terms may be used to define intake of
fruits and vegetables (e.g., consumer-only intake, per
capita intake, total fruit intake, total vegetable intake,
as-consumed intake, dry-weight intake). These terms
are defined below to assist the reader in interpreting
and using the intake rates that are appropriate for the
exposure scenario being assessed.
Consumer-only intake is defined as the quantity of
fruits and vegetables consumed by individuals during
the survey period. These data are generated by
averaging intake across only the individuals in the
survey who consumed these food items. Per capita
intake rates are generated by averaging consumer-only
intakes over the entire population (including those
individuals that reported no intake). In general, per
capita intake rates are appropriate for use in exposure
assessments for which average dose estimates are of
interest because they represent both individuals who
ate the foods during the survey period and individuals
who may eat the food items at some time, but did not
consume them during the survey period. Per capita
intake, therefore, represents an average across the
entire population of interest, but does so at the expense
of underestimating consumption for the subset of the
population that consumed the food in question. Total
fruit intake refers to the sum of all fruits consumed in
a day including canned, dried, frozen, and fresh fruits.
Likewise, total vegetable intake refers to the sum of all
vegetables consumed in a day including canned, dried,
frozen, and fresh vegetables.
Intake rates may be expressed on the basis of the
as-consumed weight (e.g., cooked or prepared) or on
the uncooked or unprepared weight. As-consumed
intake rates are based on the weight of the food in the
form that it is consumed and should be used in
assessments where the basis for the contaminant
concentrations in foods is also indexed to the
as-consumed weight. Some of the food ingestion
values provided in this chapter are expressed as
as-consumed intake rates because that is the way in
which data were reported by survey respondents.
Other values are provided as uncooked weights based
on analyses of survey data that account for weight
changes that occur during cooking. This is important
to know because concentration data to be used in the
dose equation are often measured in uncooked food
samples. It should be recognized that cooking can
either increase or decrease food weight. Similarly,
cooking can increase the mass of contaminants in food
(due to formation reactions, or absorption from
cooking oils or water) or decrease the mass of
contaminants in food (due to vaporization, fat loss, or
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Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
leaching). The combined effects of changes in weight
and changes in contaminant mass can result in either
an increase or decrease in contaminant concentration
in cooked food. Therefore, if the as-consumed
ingestion rate and the uncooked concentration are used
in the dose equation, the dose may be underestimated
or overestimated. It is important for the assessor to be
aware of these issues and choose intake rate data that
best match the concentration data that are being used.
For more information on cooking losses and
conversions necessary to account for such losses, refer
to Chapter 13 of this handbook.
Sometimes contaminant concentrations in food are
reported on a dry-weight basis. When these data are
used in an exposure assessment, it is recommended
that dry-weight intake rates also be used. Dry-weight
food concentrations and intake rates are based on the
weight of the food consumed after the moisture
content has been removed. For information on
converting the intake rates presented in this chapter to
dry-weight intake rates, refer to Section 9.4.
The purpose of this chapter is to provide intake
data for fruits and vegetables. The recommendations
for fruit and vegetable ingestion rates are provided in
the next section, along with a summary of the
confidence ratings for these recommendations. The
recommended values are based on the key study
identified by U.S. EPA for these factors. As described
in Chapter 1 of the Exposure Factors Handbook: 2011
Edition (U.S. EPA, 2011), the key studies represent
the most up-to-date and scientifically sound ones for
deriving recommendations for exposure factors,
whereas other studies are designated "relevant,"
meaning applicable or pertinent, but not necessarily
the most important. For example, studies that provide
supporting data or information related to the factor of
interest (e.g., percentage of the population consuming
fruits and vegetables), or have study designs or
approaches that make the data less applicable to the
general population (e.g., older studies or studies that
targeted specific populations) have been designated as
relevant rather than key. Key studies were selected
based on the general assessment factors described in
Chapter 1 of the handbook. Following the
recommendations, the key study on fruit and vegetable
ingestion is summarized (see Section 9.3.1). Relevant
data on ingestion of fruits and vegetables are also
provided (see Section 9.3.2). These data are presented
to provide the reader with added perspective on the
current state-of-knowledge pertaining to ingestion of
fruits and vegetables. Data on pregnant and lactating
women are provided in Section 9.3.3.
9.2. RECOMMENDATIONS
Table 9-1 presents a summary of the recommended
values for per capita and consumer-only intake of
fruits and vegetables for use in exposure and risk
assessments. Table 9-2 provides confidence ratings for
the fruit and vegetable intake recommendations.
The U.S. EPA analysis of data from the
2005-2010 NHANES was used in selecting
recommended intake rates for the general population.
The U.S. EPA analysis was conducted using the
childhood age groups from U.S. EPA's Guidance on
Selecting Age Groups for Monitoring and Assessing
Childhood Exposures to Environmental Contaminants
(U.S. EPA, 2005).
The NHANES data on which the
recommendations are based are short-term survey data
and may not necessarily reflect the long-term
distribution of average daily intake rates. However,
because broad categories of food (i.e., total fruits and
total vegetables) are eaten on a daily basis throughout
the year with minimal seasonality, the short-term
distribution may be a reasonable approximation of the
long-term distribution, although it will display
somewhat increased variability. This implies that the
upper percentiles shown here may tend to overestimate
the corresponding percentiles of the true long-term
distribution. In general, the recommended values
based on U.S. EPA's analysis of NHANES data
represent the uncooked weight of the edible portion of
fruits and vegetables.
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
(USDHHS) jointly developed Dietary Guidelines for
Americans: 2010 that provide information and advice
for choosing healthy eating patterns (USDA and
USDHHS, 2010). The guidance may differ from the
recommended intake rates for fruits and vegetables
that are provided in this chapter for use in
exposure/risk assessment because NHANES and
similar surveys reflect actual intake rather than dietary
goals.
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Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-1. Recommended Values for 2-Day Average" Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
(edible portion, uncooked weight)b
Age Group
Per Capita
Consumers-Only
Multiple
Percentiles
Source
Mean
g/kg-day
95th Percentile
g/kg-day
Mean
g/kg-day
95th Percentile
g/kg-day
Total Fruitsc
Birth to <1 month
0
0d
0
0d
1 to <3 months
0.3
2.4d
4.8
19.7d
3 to <6 months
4.4
19.2d
8.8
26.9d
6 to <12 months
9.4
26.5
10.3
28.9
Birth to <1 year
5.8
23.0
9.9
27.2
1 to <2 years
9.3
23.8
9.8
24.0
2 to <3 years
7.5
20.0
7.7
20.5
3 to <6 years
5.6
16.2
5.8
16.4
6 to <11 years
3.0
9.9
3.2
10.0
U.S. EPA
11 to <16 years
16 to <21 years
1.3
0.9
4.8
3.5
1.6
1.1
5.2
4.0
See Tables 9-3
and 9-4
Analysis of
NHANES
21 to <30 years
1.0
4.2
1.3
4.4
2005-2010
30 to <40 years
1.0
3.9
1.2
4.1
40 to <50 years
1.1
4.1
1.3
4.3
50 to <60 years
1.4
4.3
1.5
4.5
60 to <70 years
1.4
4.2
1.5
4.3
70 to <80 years
1.5
4.4
1.6
4.6
80+ years
1.8
4.6
1.8
4.7
21 to <50 years
1.1
4.1
1.3
4.3
50+ years
1.4
4.3
1.6
4.5
Whole Population
1.8
6.7
2.0
7.4
Total Vegetables6
Birth to <1 month
0.3
4.1d
1.6
4.1d
1 to <3 months
0.5
3.0d
1.9
4.6d
3 to <6 months
3.2
11.2d
4.9
12.7d
6 to <12 months
7.6
19.2
7.9
19.5
Birth to <1 year
4.7
16.9
6.7
18.7
1 to <2 years
6.7
16.3
6.7
16.3
2 to <3 years
6.0
14.0
6.0
14.0
3 to <6 years
5.3
13.3
5.3
13.3
6 to <11 years
3.8
9.9
3.8
9.9
U.S. EPA
11 to <16 years
16 to <21 years
2.4
2.3
6.3
5.3
2.4
2.3
6.3
5.3
See Tables 9-3
and 9-4
Analysis of
NHANES
21 to <30 years
2.4
5.7
2.4
5.7
2005-2010
30 to <40 years
2.6
6.7
2.6
6.7
40 to <50 years
2.5
5.8
2.5
5.8
50 to <60 years
2.6
5.8
2.6
5.8
60 to <70 years
2.6
5.9
2.6
5.9
70 to <80 years
2.6
6.1
2.6
6.1
80+ years
2.7
6.1
2.7
6.1
21 to <50 years
2.5
6.1
2.5
6.1
50+ years
2.6
6.0
2.6
6.0
Whole Population
2.9
7.4
2.9
7.4
Individual Fruits and Vegetables—see Tables 9-5 and 9-6.
Exposed and Protected Fruits and Vegetables—see Tables 9-7 and 9-8.
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Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-1. Recommended Values for Intake of Fruits and Vegetables (edible portion,
uncooked weight) (Continued)
a Based on the average of two days of food consumption reported for each NHANES respondent. If the respondent
reported zero consumption on one of the two days and non-zero consumption on the other day, his/her average
consumption would be the average of zero and non-zero consumption.
b For more information on the recipes used to convert the foods people reported eating to the quantities of agricultural
commodities eaten, refer to the Frequently Asked Questions at http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
c Total fruits includes: acerola; apple, dried; apple, dried-baby food; apple, fruit with peel; apple, peeled fruit; apple,
peeled fruit-baby food; apple, sauce; apple, sauce-baby food; apricot; apricot, dried; apricot-baby food; avocado;
banana; banana, dried; banana, dried-baby food; banana-baby food; blackberry; blueberry; blueberry-baby food;
boysenberry; breadfruit; canistel; cherimoya; cherry; cherry-baby food; citrus hybrids; crabapple; cranberry;
cranberry, dried; cranberry-baby food; currant; currant, dried; date; dragon fruit; eggplant; elderberry; feijoa; fig; fig,
dried; gooseberry; grape; grape, raisin; guava; guava-baby food; huckleberry; jackfruit; kiwifruit, fuzzy; kumquat;
lemon; lemon, peel; lime; loganberry; longan; loquat; lychee; lychee, dried; mamey apple; mango; mango, dried;
mango-baby food; nectarine; orange; orange, peel; papaya; papaya, dried; papaya-baby food; passionfruit;
passionfruit-baby food; pawpaw, peach; peach, dried; peach, dried-baby food; peach-baby food; pear; pear, dried;
pear-baby food; persimmon; pineapple; pineapple, dried; pineapple-baby food; plantain; plantain, dried; plum; plum,
prune, dried; plum, prune, dried-baby food; plum, prune, fresh; plum, prune, fresh-baby food; plum-baby food;
pomegranate; prickly pear fruit; pummelo; quince; raspberry; raspberry-baby food; sapote, mamey; soursop; Spanish
lime; starfruit; strawberry; strawberry-baby food; sugar apple; tamarind; tangerine.
d Estimates are less statistically reliable based on guidance published in the Joint Policy on Variance Estimation and
Statistical Reporting Standards on NHANES III and CSFII Reports: UNIS/NCHS Analytical Working Group
Recommendations (NCHS, 1993).
e Total vegetables includes: alfalfa, seed; amaranth, leafy; arrowroot, flour; arrowroot, flour-baby food; artichoke,
globe; artichoke, Jerusalem; arugula; asparagus; balsam pear; bamboo, shoots; basil, dried leaves; basil, dried
leaves-baby food; basil, fresh leaves; basil, fresh leaves-baby food; bean, cowpea, succulent; bean, kidney, seed;
bean, lima, seed; bean, lima, succulent; bean, mung, seed; bean, navy, seed; bean, pink, seed; bean, pinto, seed; bean,
snap, succulent; bean, snap, succulent-baby food; beet, garden, roots; beet, garden, roots-baby food; beet, garden,
tops; belgium endive; broccoli; broccoli raab; broccoli, Chinese; broccoli-baby food; brussels sprouts; cabbage;
cabbage, Chinese, bok choy; cabbage, Chinese, mustard; cabbage, Chinese, napa; cactus; cantaloupe; cardoon; carrot;
carrot-baby food; cassava; cassava-baby food; cauliflower; celeriac; celery; celery-baby food; celtuce; chayote, fruit;
chickpea, flour; chickpea, seed; chickpea, seed-baby food; chicory, roots; chicory, tops; Chinese waxgourd; chive,
fresh leaves; chrysanthemum, garland; cilantro, leaves; cilantro, leaves-baby food; cinnamon; cinnamon-baby food;
coriander, seed; coriander, seed-baby food; dandelion, leaves; dasheen, corm; dasheen, leaves; dill, seed; dillweed;
fennel, Florence; garlic, bulb; garlic, bulb-baby food; ginger; ginger, dried; ginger-baby food; ginseng, dried; grape,
leaves; guar, seed; guar, seed-baby food; herbs, other; herbs, other-baby food; kale; kohlrabi; leek; lemongrass;
lettuce, head; lettuce, leaf; marjoram; marjoram-baby food; okra; onion, bulb; onion, bulb, dried; onion, bulb,
dried-baby food; onion, bulb-baby food; onion, green; palm heart, leaves; parsley, dried leaves; parsley, dried
leaves-baby food; parsley, leaves; parsley, turnip rooted; parsnip; parsnip-baby food; pea, dry; pea, dry-baby food;
pea, edible podded, succulent; pea, pigeon, seed; pea, pigeon, succulent; pea, succulent; pea, succulent-baby food;
pepper, bell; pepper, bell, dried; pepper, bell, dried-baby food; pepper, bell-baby food; pepper, black and white;
pepper, black and white-baby food; pepper, nonbell; pepper, nonbell, dried; pepper, nonbell-baby food; peppermint;
potato, chips; potato, dry (granules/flakes); potato, dry (granules/flakes)-baby food; potato, flour; potato, flour-baby
food; potato, tuber, without peel; potato, tuber, without peel-baby food; potato, tuber, with peel; potato, tuber, with
peel-baby food; pumpkin; radicchio; radish, oriental, roots; radish, oriental, tops; radish, roots; radish, tops; rape
greens; rhubarb; rutabaga; salsify, roots; salsify, tops; savory; seaweed; seaweed-baby food; shallot, bulb; soybean,
flour; soybean, flour-baby food; soybean, seed; spices, other; spices, other-baby food; squash, summer; squash,
summer-baby food; squash, winter; squash, winter-baby food; sweet potato; sweet potato-baby food; Swiss chard;
tanier, corm; tomatillo; tomato; tomato, dried; tomato, dried-baby food; tomato, paste; tomato, paste-baby food;
tomato, puree; tomato, puree-baby food; tomato-baby food; tree tomato; turmeric; turnip, greens; turnip, roots; water
chestnut; watercress; watermelon; yam bean; yam, true.
CSFII = Continuing Survey of Food Intake among Individuals.
UNIS = Human Nutrition Information Service.
NCHS = National Center for Health Statistics.
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Table 9-2. Confidence in Recommendations for Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
General Assessment Factors
Rationale
Rating
Soundness
Adequacy of Approach The survey methodology and data analysis were adequate. The
survey sampled nearly 25,000 individuals. However, sample sizes
for some individual fruits and vegetables for some of the age groups
are small. An analysis of primary data was conducted.
Minimal (or defined) Bias No physical measurements were taken. The method relied on recent
recall of fruits and vegetables eaten.
High for total fruits and
vegetables, low for some
individual fruits and
vegetables with small
sample size
Applicability and Utility High
Exposure Factor of Interest The key study was directly relevant to fruit and vegetable intake.
Representativeness
Currency
Data Collection Period
The data were demographically representative of the U.S.
population (based on stratified random sample).
Data were collected between 2005 and 2010.
Data were collected for two nonconsecutive days.
Clarity and Completeness
Accessibility
Reproducibility
Quality Assurance
The NHANES data and the the FCID Consumption Calculator are
publicly available.
The methodology used was clearly described; enough information
was included to reproduce the results.
NHANES follows strict QA/QC procedures. Data generated by the
FCID Consumption Calculator has been reviewed by EPA.
High
Variability and
Uncertainty
Variability in Population
Uncertainty
Full distributions were provided for total fruits and total vegetables.
Means were provided for individual fruits and vegetables.
Data collection was based on recall of consumption for a 2-day
period; the accuracy of using these data to estimate long-term intake
(especially at the upper percentiles) is uncertain. However, use of
short-term data to estimate chronic ingestion can be assumed for
broad categories of foods such as total fruits and total vegetables.
Uncertainty is greater for individual fruits and vegetables.
Medium to high for
averages, low for long-term
upper percentiles; low for
individual fruits and
vegetables
Evaluation and Review
Peer Review
Number and Agreement of
Studies
Medium
The NCHS NHANES survey received a high level of peer review.
The U.S. EPA analysis of these data has not been peer reviewed
outside the Agency, but the methodology used has been peer
reviewed in an analysis of previous data.
There was one key study.
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Table 9-2. Confidence in Recommendations for Intake of Fruits and Vegetables (Continued)
General Assessment Factors Rationale Rating
Overall Rating Medium to High
confidence in the averages;
Low for some individual
fruits and vegetables with
small sample size; Low
confidence in the long-term
upper percentiles
FCID = Food Commodity Intake Database
NCHS = National Center for Health Statistics.
QA/QC = quality assurance/quality control.
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9.3. INTAKE STUDIES
9.3.1 Key Fruit and Vegetable Intake Study
9.3.1.1 U.S. EPA Analysis of Consumption Data
from 2003-2006 National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
The key source of recent information on
consumption rates of fruits and vegetables is the U.S.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National
Center for Health Statistics' (NCHS) NHANES. Data
from NHANES 2005-2010 have been used by the
U.S. EPA to generate per capita and consumer-only
intake rates for both individual fruits and vegetables
and total fruits and vegetables.
NHANES is designed to assess the health and
nutritional status of adults and children in the United
States. In 1999, the survey became a continuous
program that interviews a nationally representative
sample of approximately 7,000 persons each year and
examines a nationally representative sample of about
5,000 persons each year, located in counties across the
country, 15 of which are visited each year. Data are
released on a 2-year basis; thus, for example, the 2005
data are combined with the 2006 data to produce
NHANES 2005-2006.
The dietary interview component of NHANES is
called What We Eat in America (WWEIA) and is
conducted by the USDA and the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services (DHHS). DHHS' NCHS
is responsible for the sample design and data
collection, and USDA's Food Surveys Research
Group is responsible for the dietary data collection
methodology, maintenance of the databases used to
code and process the data, and data review and
processing. Beginning in 2003, two nonconsecutive
days of 24-hour intake data were collected. The 1st day
is collected in-person, and the 2nd day is collected by
telephone 3 to 10 days later. These data are collected
using USDA's dietary data collection instrument, the
Automated Multiple Pass Method. This method
provides an efficient and accurate means of collecting
intakes for large-scale national surveys. It is fully
computerized and uses a five-step interview. Details
can be found at USDA's Agriculture Research Service
(http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/fsrg').
The 2005-2010 NHANES surveys are stratified,
multistage probability samples of the civilian
noninstitutionalized U.S. population. The sampling
frame was based on the 2000 U.S. population census
estimates. NHANES oversamples low-income
persons, adolescents 12 to 19 years, persons 60 years
and older, African Americans, and Mexican
Americans. Several sets of sampling weights are
available for use with the intake data. By using
appropriate weights, data for all 6 years of the surveys
can be combined. Additional information on
NHANES can be obtained at
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm.
The U.S. EPA, Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP)
used NHANES 2005-2010 data to update the Food
Commodity Intake Database (FCID) that was
developed in earlier analyses of data from the USDA's
Continuing Survey of Food Intake among Individuals
(CSFII) (USDA, 2000; U.S. EPA, 2000) (see Section
9.3.2.4). The updated FCID is available at:
http://fcid.foodrisk.org/. along with the FCID
Consumption Calculator, which was used to develop
the estimates provided in this chapter for various age
and racial/ethnic groups. The calculator may also be
used to develop estimates for other age groups or
populations, customized to the users' needs. In the
FCID, NHANES data on the foods people reported
eating were converted to the quantities of agricultural
commodities eaten. "Agricultural commodity" is a
term used by U. S. EPA to mean plant (or animal) parts
used as feed or consumed by humans as food. When
such items are raw or unprocessed, they are referred to
as "raw agricultural commodities." For example, an
apple pie may contain the commodities apples, flour,
fat, sugar, and spices. FCID contains approximately
560 unique commodity names and 8-digit codes. The
FCID commodity names and codes were selected and
defined by U.S. EPA and were based on the U.S. EPA
Food Commodity Vocabulary fhttps://www.epa.gov/
pesticide-tolerances/food-and-feed-commoditv-
vocabularv). Appendix C provides the codes and
definitions used to determine the various fruit and
vegetable commodities used in the U.S. EPA analysis
of the WWEIA-FCID data.
Intake rates were generated for a variety of food
items/groups based on the agricultural commodities
included in the FCID. These intake rates represent
intake of all forms of the product (e.g., both home
produced and commercially produced) for 2 survey
days. For respondents who reported intake on both
days, their intake rate represents the average rate for
the 2 survey days. For respondents who reported
consumption on one day and no consumption on the
other day, their intake rate represents the average of
zero and nonzero consumption. Two-day average
intake rates were calculated for all individuals in the
database for each of the food items/groups. These
average daily intake rates were divided by each
individual's reported body weight to generate intake
rates in units of grams per kilogram of body weight per
day (g/kg-day). The data were weighted according to
the 6-year, 2-day sample weights provided in
NHANES 2005-2010 to adjust the data for the sample
population to reflect the national population. The
2005-2010 analysis of NHANES/FCID data for fruits
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and vegetables included data for nearly 25,000
respondents.
Summary statistics were generated on a
consumer-only and on a per capita basis. Summary
statistics, including number of observations,
percentage of the population consuming the fruits or
vegetables being analyzed, mean intake rate, and
standard error of the mean intake rate, were calculated
for total fruits, total vegetables, and selected individual
fruits and vegetables. Individual fruits and vegetables
were selected to be consistent with Chapter 13 of this
handbook, which was based on having at least
30 households reporting consumption for the
particular fruit or vegetable. Percentiles of the intake
rate distribution (i.e., 1st, 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th,
95th, 99th, and the maximum value) were also provided
for total fruits and total vegetables. Data were
provided for the following childhood age groups:
<1 month, 1 to <3 months, 3 to <6 months, 6 to <12
months, 1 to <2 years, 2 to <3 years, 3 to <6 years, 6 to
<11 years, 11 to <16 years, and 16 to <21 years to be
consistent with those recommended in U.S. EPA's
Guidance on Selecting Age Groups for Monitoring
and Assessing Childhood Exposures to Environmental
Contaminants (U.S. EPA, 2005). Data for the birth to
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9.3.2 Relevant Fruit and Vegetable Intake
Studies
9.3.2.1 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
(1980, 1992, 1996a, b)—Food and Nutrient
Intakes of Individuals in 1 Day in the United
States
USDA calculated mean intake rates for total fruits
and total vegetables using data from the 1977-1978
and 1987-1988 Nationwide Food Consumption
Surveys (NFCS) (USDA, 1980, 1992) and CSFII data
from 1994 and 1995 (USDA, 1996a, b). Table 9-9
presents the mean per capita total intake rates for total
fruits and total vegetables from the 1977-1978 NFCS.
Table 9-10 presents similar data from the 1987-1988
NFCS and the 1994 and 1995 CSFII. Note that the age
classifications used in these surveys were slightly
different than those used in the 1977-1978 NFCS.
Tables 9-9 and 9-10 include both per capita intake
rates and intake rates for consumers-only for various
ages of individuals. Intake rates for consumers-only
were calculated by dividing the per capita
consumption rate by the fraction of the population
consuming vegetables or fruits in a day.
The advantages of using these data are that they
provide intake estimates for all fruits or all vegetables,
combined. Again, these estimates are based on 1-day
dietary data, which may not reflect usual consumption
patterns. These data are based on older surveys and
may not be entirely representative of current eating
patterns, but may provide some historical perspective
on intake of these foods.
9.3.2.2 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
(1999a)—Food Consumption, Prices, and
Expenditures, 1970-1997
The USDA's Economic Research Service
calculates the amount of food available for human
consumption in the United States on an annual basis
(USDA, 1999a). Supply and utilization balance sheets
are generated based on the flow of food items from
production to end uses for Years 1970 to 1997. Total
available supply is estimated as the sum of production
and imports (USDA, 1999a). The availability of food
for human use commonly termed as "food
disappearance" is determined by subtracting exported
foods from the total available supply (USDA, 1999a).
USDA (1999a) calculates the per capita food
consumption by dividing the total food disappearance
by the total U.S. population. USDA (1999a) estimated
per capita consumption data for various fruit and
vegetable products from 1970-1997. Table 9-11
presents retail weight per capita data. These data have
been derived from the annual per capita values in units
of pounds per year, presented by USDA (1999a), by
converting to units of g/day.
An advantage of this study is that it provides per
capita consumption rates for fruits and vegetables that
are representative of long-term intake because
disappearance data are generated annually. One of the
limitations of this study is that disappearance data do
not account for losses from the food supply from waste
or spoilage. As a result, intake rates based on these
data may overestimate daily consumption because
they are based on the total quantity of marketable
commodity utilized. Thus, these data represent
bounding estimates of intake rates only. It should also
be noted that per capita estimates based on food
disappearance are not a direct measure of actual
consumption or quantity ingested; instead, the data are
used as indicators of changes in usage over time
(USDA, 1999a). These data are based on older surveys
and may not be entirely representative of current
consumption patterns.
9.3.2.3 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
(1999b)—Food and Nutrient Intakes by
Children 1994-1996,1998, Table Set 17
USDA (1999b) calculated national probability
estimates of food and nutrient intake by children based
on 4 years of the CSFII (1994-1996 and 1998) for
children ages 9 years and under, and on CSFII
1994-1996 only for children ages 10 years and over.
The CSFII was a series of surveys designed to measure
the kinds and amounts of foods eaten by Americans.
Intake data, based on 24-hour dietary recall, were
collected through in-person interviews on two
nonconsecutive days. Section 9.3.2.4 provides
additional information on these surveys.
USDA (1999b) used sample weights to adjust for
nonresponse, to match the sample to the U.S.
population in terms of demographic characteristics,
and to equalize intakes over the 4 quarters of the year
and the 7 days of the week. A total of 503 breast-fed
children were excluded from the estimates, but both
consumers and nonconsumers were included in the
analysis.
USDA (1999b) provided data on the mean per
capita quantities (grams) of various food
products/groups consumed per individual for 1 day,
and the percentage of individuals consuming those
foods in 1 day of the survey. Tables 9-12 through 9-15
present data on the mean quantities (grams) of fruits
and vegetables consumed per individual for 1 day, and
the percentage of survey individuals consuming fruits
and vegetables on that survey day. Data on mean
intakes or mean percentages are based on respondents'
Day 1 intakes.
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The advantage of the USD A (1999b) study is that
it uses the 1994-1996, 1998 CSFII data set, which
includes 4 years of intake data, combined, and
includes the supplemental data on children. These data
are expected to be generally representative of the U.S.
population, and they include data on a wide variety of
fruits and vegetables. The data set is one of a series of
USD A data sets that are publicly available. One
limitation of this data set is that it is based on 1 day,
and short-term dietary data may not accurately reflect
long-term eating patterns. Other limitations of this
study are that it only provides mean values of food
intake rates, consumption is not normalized by body
weight, and presentation of results is not consistent
withU.S. EPA's recommended age groups. These data
are based on older surveys and may not be entirely
representative of current eating patterns, but may
provide some historical perspective on intake of these
foods.
9.3.2.4 U.S. EPA Analysis of Continuing Survey of
Food Intake among Individuals (CSFII)
1994-1996, 1998 Based on U.S.
Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2000)
and U.S. EPA (2000)
U.S. EPA/OPP, in cooperation with USDA's
Agricultural Research Service, used data from the
1994-1996, 1998 CSFII to develop the FCID
(U.S. EPA, 2000; USDA, 2000), as described in
Section 9.3.1.1. The CSFII 1994-1996 was conducted
between January 1994 and January 1997 with a target
population of noninstitutionalized individuals in all 50
states and Washington, DC. In each of the 3 survey
years, data were collected for a nationally
representative sample of individuals of all ages. The
CSFII 1998 was conducted between December 1997
and December 1998 and surveyed children 9 years of
age and younger. It used the same sample design as the
CSFII 1994-1996 and was intended to be merged with
CSFII 1994-1996 to increase the sample size for
children. The merged surveys are designated as CSFII
1994-1996, 1998 (USDA, 2000). Additional
information on the CSFII can be obtained at
http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=l
4531.
The CSFII 1994-1996, 1998 collected dietaiy
intake data through in-person interviews on two
nonconsecutive days. The data were based on 24-hour
recall. A total of 21,662 individuals provided data for
the 1st day; of those individuals, 20,607 provided data
for a 2nd day. The 2-day response rate for the
1994-1996 CSFII was approximately 76%. The 2-day
response rate for CSFII 1998 was 82%. The CSFII
1994-1996, 1998 surveys were based on a complex
multistage area probability sample design. The
sampling frame was organized using the 1990 U.S.
population census estimates, and the stratification plan
took into account geographic location, degree of
urbanization, and socioeconomic characteristics.
Several sets of sampling weights are available for use
with the intake data. By using appropriate weights,
data for all 4 years of the surveys can be combined.
USDA recommends that all 4 years be combined in
order to provide an adequate sample size for children.
The fruits and vegetable items/groups selected for
the U.S. EPA analysis included total fruits and
vegetables, and various individual fruits and
vegetables. CSFII data on the foods people reported
eating were converted to the quantities of agricultural
commodities eaten. Intake rates for these food
items/groups were calculated, and summary statistics
were generated on both a per capita and a
consumer-only basis using the same general
methodology as in the U.S. EPA analysis of
2003-2006 NHANES data, as described in
Section 9.3.1.1. Because these data were developed
for use in U.S. EPA's pesticide registration program,
the childhood age groups used are slightly different
than those recommended in U.S. EPA's Guidance on
Selecting Age Groups for Monitoring and Assessing
Childhood Exposures to Environmental Contaminants
(U.S. EPA, 2005).
Table 9-16 presents per capita intake data for total
fruits and total vegetables in g/kg-day; Table 9-17
provides consumer-only intake data for total fruits and
total vegetables in g/kg-day. Table 9-18 provides per
capita intake data for individual fruits and vegetables,
and Table 9-19 provides consumer-only intake datafor
individual fruits and vegetables. In general, these data
represent intake of the edible portions of uncooked
foods. Tables 9-20 through 9-24 present data for
exposed/protected fruits and vegetables and root
vegetables. These five tables were created using only
CSFII 1994-1996. These data represent as-consumed
intake rates.
Because the results are presented in units of
g/kg-day, use of these data in calculating potential
dose does not require the body-weight factor to be
included in the denominator of the average daily dose
equation. The cautions about converting these intake
rates into units of g/day by multiplying by a single
average body weight, and the discussion of the use of
short term data in the NHANES description in Section
9.3.1.1, apply to the CSFII estimates as well.
A strength of U.S. EPA's analysis is that it
provides distributions of intake rates for various age
groups of children and adults, normalized by body
weight. The analysis uses the 1994-1996, 1998 CSFII
data set, which was designed to be representative of
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the U.S. population. Also, the data set includes 4 years
of intake data combined and is based on a 2-day survey
period. However, as discussed above, short-term
dietary data may not accurately reflect long-term
eating patterns and may under-represent infrequent
consumers of a given food. This is particularly true for
the tails (extremes) of the distribution of food intake.
Also, the analysis was conducted using slightly
different childhood age groups than those
recommended in U.S. EPA's Guidance on Selecting
Age Groups for Monitoring and Assessing Childhood
Exposures to Environmental Contaminants
(U.S. EPA, 2005). However, given the similarities in
the age groups used, the data should provide suitable
intake estimates for the age groups of interest. While
the CSFII data are older than the NHANES data, they
provide relevant information on consumption by
season, region of the United States, and urbanization,
breakdowns that are not available in the publicly
released NHANES data.
9.3.2.5 Smieiklas-Wright et al. (2002)—Foods
Commonly Eaten in the United States:
Quantities Consumed per Eating Occasion
and in a Day, 1994-1996
Using data gathered in the 1994-1996 USDA
CSFII, Smiciklas-Wright et al. (2002) calculated
distributions for the quantities of fruits and vegetables
consumed per eating occasion by members of the U.S.
population (i.e., serving sizes). The estimates of
serving size were based on data obtained from
14,262 respondents, ages 2 years and above, who
provided 2 days of dietary intake information. Only
dietary intake data from users of the specified food
were used in the analysis (i.e., consumer-only data).
Table 9-25 presents serving size data for selected
fruits and vegetables, and Table 9-26 presents serving
size data by age group. These data are presented on an
as-consumed basis (grams) and represent the quantity
of fruits and vegetables consumed per eating occasion.
These estimates may be useful for assessing acute
exposures to contaminants in specific foods, or other
assessments where the amount consumed per eating
occasion is necessary. Only the mean and standard
deviation serving size data and percentage of the
population consuming the food during the 2-day
survey period are presented in this handbook.
Percentiles of serving sizes of the foods consumed by
these age groups of the U.S. population can be found
in Smiciklas-Wright et al. (2002).
The advantages of using these data are that they
were derived from the USDA CSFII and are
representative of the U.S. population. The analysis
conducted by Smiciklas-Wright et al. (2002)
accounted for individual foods consumed as
ingredients of mixed foods. Mixed foods were
disaggregated via recipe files so that the individual
ingredients could be grouped together with similar
foods that were reported separately. Thus, weights of
foods consumed as ingredients were combined with
weights of foods reported separately to provide a more
thorough representation of consumption. Note,
however, that because the recipes for the mixed foods
consumed were not provided by the respondents,
standard recipes were used. As a result, the estimates
of quantity consumed for some food types are based
on assumptions about the types and quantities of
ingredients consumed as part of mixed foods. This
study used data from the 1994 to 1996 CSFII; data
from the 1998 children's supplement were not
included.
9.3.2.6 Vitolins et aL (2002)—Quality of Diets
Consumed by Older Rural Adults
Vitolins et al. (2002) conducted a survey to
evaluate the dietary intake, by food groups, of older
(>70 years) rural adults. The sample consisted of
130 community dwelling residents from two rural
counties in North Carolina. Data on dietary intake over
the preceding year were obtained in face-to-face
interviews conducted in participants' homes, or in a
few cases, a senior center. The food frequency
questionnaire used in the survey was a modified
version of the National Cancer Institute Health Habits
and History Questionnaire; this modified version
included an expanded food list containing a greater
number of ethnic foods than the original food
frequency form. Demographic and personal data
collected included sex, ethnicity, age, education,
denture use, marital status, chronic disease, and
weight. Food items reported in the survey were
separated into food groups similar to the USDA Food
Guide Pyramid and the National Cancer Institute's 5 A
Day for Better Health program. These groups are:
(1) fruits and vegetables; (2) bread, cereal, rice, and
pasta; (3) milk, yogurt, and cheese; (4) meat, fish,
poultry, beans, and eggs; and (5) fats, oils, sweets, and
snacks. Medians, ranges, frequencies, and percentages
were used to summarize intake of each food group,
broken down by demographic and health
characteristics. To assess the univariate associations of
these characteristics with consumption, Wilcoxon
rank-sum tests were used. In addition, multivariate
regression models were used to determine which
demographic and health factors were jointly predictive
of intake of each of the five food groups.
Thirty-four percent of the survey participants were
African American, 36% were European American,
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and 30% were Native American. Sixty-two percent
were female, 62% were not married at the time of the
interview, and 65% had some high school education or
were high school graduates. Almost all of the
participants (95%) had one or more chronic diseases.
Sixty percent of the respondents were between 70 and
79 years of age; the median age was 78 years old.
Table 9-27 presents the median servings of fruits and
vegetables broken down by demographic and health
characteristic. The only variable predictive of fruit and
vegetable intake was ethnicity (p = 0.02), with
European Americans consuming significantly more of
these foods than either African Americans or Native
Americans. The multiple regression model indicated a
statistically significant interaction between sex and
ethnicity (p = 0.04) and a significant main effect for
chronic disease (p = 0.04) for fruit and vegetable
consumption. Among males, European Americans
consumed significantly more fruits and vegetables
than either African Americans or Native Americans.
Men and women did not differ significantly in their
fruit and vegetable consumption, except for African
Americans, where women had a significantly greater
intake (p = 0.01).
An advantage of this study is that dietary
information was collected on older individuals
(>70 years of age). One limitation of the study, as
noted by the study authors, is that the study did not
collect information on the length of time the
participants had been practicing the dietary behaviors
reported in the survey. Also, the survey results are
based on dietary recall; the questionnaire required
participants to report the frequency of food
consumption during the past year. The study authors
noted that, currently, there are no dietary assessment
tools that allow collecting comprehensive dietary data
over years of food consumption. Another limitation of
the study is that the small sample size used makes
associations by sex and ethnicity difficult.
9.3.2.7 Fox et al. (2004)—Feeding Infants and
Toddlers Study: What Foods Are Infants
and Toddlers Eating
Fox et al. (2004) used data from the 2002 Feeding
Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) to assess food
consumption patterns in infants and toddlers. The
FITS was sponsored by Gerber Products Company and
was conducted to obtain current information on food
and nutrient intakes of children, ages 4 to 24 months
old, in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The
FITS is described in detail in Devaney et al. (2004).
FITS 2002 was based on a random sample of
3,022 infants and toddlers for which dietary intake
data were collected by telephone from their parents or
caregivers between March and July 2002. An initial
recruitment and household interview was conducted,
followed by an interview to obtain information on
intake based on 24-hour recall. The interview also
addressed growth, development, and feeding patterns.
A second dietary recall interview was conducted for a
subset of 703 randomly selected respondents. The
study oversampled children in the 4- to 6-month and
9- to 11-month age groups; sample weights were
adjusted for nonresponse, oversampling, and
undercoverage of some population groups. The
response rate for the FITS 2002 was 73% for the
recruitment interview. Of the recruited households,
there was a response rate of 94% for the dietary recall
interviews (Devaney et al., 2004).
Fox et al. (2004) analyzed the first set of 24-hour
recall data collected from all study participants. For
this analysis, children were grouped into six age
categories: 4 to 6 months, 7 to 8 months, 9 to
11 months, 12 to 14 months, 15 to 18 months, and
19 to 24 months. Table 9-28 provides the percentage
of infants and toddlers consuming different types of
vegetables at least once in a day. The percentages of
children eating any type of vegetable ranged from
39.9% for 4- to 6-month-olds to 81.6% for 19- to
24-month-olds. Table 9-29 provides the top five
vegetables consumed by each age group. Some of the
highest percentages ranged from baby food carrots
(9.6%) in the 4- to 6-month-old group to French fries
(25.5%) in the 19- to 24-month-old group. Table 9-30
provides the percentage of children consuming
different types of fruit at least once per day. The
percentages of children eating any type of fruit ranged
from 41.9% to 4- to 6-month-olds to 77.2% for 12 to
14-month-olds. Table 9-31 provides information on
the top five fruits eaten by infants and toddlers at least
once per day. The highest percentages were for
bananas among infants 9 to 24 months old, and baby
food applesauce among infants 4 to 8 months old.
The advantages of this study are that the study
population represented the U.S. population and the
sample size was large. One limitation of the analysis
done by Fox et al. (2004) was that only frequency data
were provided; no information on actual intake rates
was included. In addition, Devaney et al. (2004) noted
several limitations associated with the FITS data. For
the FITS, a commercial list of infants and toddlers was
used to obtain the sample used in the study. Because
many of the households could not be located and did
not have children in the target population, a lower
response rate than would have occurred in a true
national sample was obtained (Devaney et al., 2004).
In addition, the sample was likely from a higher
socioeconomic status when compared with all U.S.
infants in this age group (4 to 24 months old), and the
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use of a telephone survey may have omitted lower
income households without telephones (Devaney et
al, 2004).
9.3.2.8 Ponza et al. (2004)—Nutrient Food Intakes
and Food Choices of Infants and Toddlers
Participating in Women, Infants, and
Children (WIC)
Ponza et al. (2004) conducted a study using
selected data from the 2002 FITS to assess feeding
patterns, food choices, and nutrient intake of infants
and toddlers participating in the Special Supplemental
Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
(WIC). Ponza et al. (2004) evaluated FITS data for the
following age groups: 4 to 6 months (N = 862), 7 to
11 months (N= 1,159), and 12 to 24 months
(N= 996).
The foods consumed were analyzed by tabulating
the percentage of infants who consumed specific
foods/food groups per day (Ponza et al., 2004).
Weighted data were used in all of the analyses used in
the study (Ponza et al., 2004). Table 9-32 provides
information on the food choices for the infants and
toddlers studied. There was little difference in
vegetable choices among WIC participants and
nonparticipants (see Table 9-32). However, there were
some differences for fruits.
An advantage of this study is that it had a relatively
large sample size and was representative of the U.S.
general population of infants and children. A
limitation of the study is that intake values for foods
were not provided. Other limitations are those
associated with the FITS data, as described previously
in Section 9.3.2.7.
9.3.2.9 Fox et al. (2006)—Average Portion of
Foods Commonly Eaten by Infants and
Toddlers in the United States
Fox et al. (2006) estimated average portion sizes
consumed per eating occasion by children 4 to
24 months of age who participated in the 2002 FITS.
Section 9.3.2.7 describes the FITS, which is a
cross-sectional study designed to collect and analyze
data on feeding practices, food consumption, and usual
nutrient intake of U.S. infants and toddlers. It included
a stratified random sample of 3,022 children between
4 and 24 months of age.
Using the 24-hour recall data, Fox et al. (2006)
derived average portion sizes for major food groups,
including fruits and vegetables. Average portion sizes
for select individual foods within these major groups
were also estimated. For this analysis, children were
grouped into six age categories: 4 to 5 months, 6 to
8 months, 9 to 11 months, 12 to 14 months, 15 to
18 months, and 19 to 24 months. Tables 9-33 and 9-34
present the average portion sizes for fruits and
vegetables for infants and toddlers, respectively.
An advantage of this study is that it had a relatively
large sample size and was representative of the U.S.
general population of infants and children. Limitations
are those associated with the FITS data, as described
previously in Section 9.3.2.7.
9.3.2.10 Mennella et al. (2006)—Feeding Infants
and Toddlers Study: The Types of Foods
Fed to Hispanic Infants and Toddlers
Mennella et al. (2006) investigated the types of
food and beverages consumed by Hispanic infants and
toddlers in comparison to the non-Hispanic infants and
toddlers in the United States. The FITS 2002 data for
children between 4 and 24 months of age were used
for the study. The data represent a random sample of
371 Hispanic and 2,367 non-Hispanic infants and
toddlers (Mennella et al., 2006). Mennella et al. (2006)
grouped the infants as follows: 4 to 5 months (N = 84
Hispanic; 538 non-Hispanic), 6 to 11 months ( Y = 163
Hispanic; 1,228 non-Hispanic), and 12 to 24 months
(Y = 124 Hispanic; 871 non-Hispanic) of age.
Table 9-35 provides the percentages of Hispanic
and non-Hispanic infants and toddlers consuming
fruits and vegetables. In most instances, the
percentages consuming the different types of fruits and
vegetables were similar. However, 4- to 5-month-old
Hispanic infants were more likely to eat fruits than
non-Hispanic infants in this age group. Table 9-36
provides the top five fruits and vegetables consumed
and the percentage of children consuming these foods
at least once in a day. Apples and bananas were the
fruits with the highest percentage of infants and
toddlers consuming them in both the Hispanic and
non-Hispanic study groups. Potatoes and carrots were
the vegetables with the highest percentage of infants
and toddlers consuming them in both study groups.
The advantage of the study is that it provides
information on food preferences for Hispanic and
non-Hispanic infants and toddlers. A limitation is that
the study did not provide food intake data, but
provided frequency-of-use data instead. Other
limitations are those noted previously in Section
9.3.2.7 for the FITS data.
9.3.2.11 Colon-Ramos et al (2009)—Differences in
Fruit and Vegetable Intake among Hispanic
Subgroups in California: Results from the
2005 California Health Interview Survey
Colon-Ramos et al. (2009) used data from the
2005/2006 California Health Interview Survey to look
for differences in fruit and vegetable intake among
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Hispanic/Latino survey participants. A total of
7,954 participants were grouped into six subgroups
based on their geographic location of origin: Mexican,
Central American, Caribbean, Spanish American,
South American, and individuals with more than one
of the other Hispanic or Latino origin groups
(>1 origin). Daily intakes of seven categories of fruits
and vegetables (fruit; 100% fruit juice; green leafy
lettuce or salad; cooked dried beans; French fries,
home fries, or hash browns; other potatoes; and other
vegetables) were estimated as cup equivalents using
data on frequency of consumption and estimated
portion sizes.
Table 9-37 presents the mean daily intake rates for
the fruit and vegetable categories in cup equivalents.
Colon-Ramos observed no statistical differences
between Hispanic subgroups for total fruits and
vegetables, but there were some statistical differences
between subgroups for cooked dried beans and other
white potatoes.
The advantage of this study is that it compares
intake rates between Hispanic subgroups. However,
the data are presented in cup equivalents instead of in
units of g/day, and the data are limited to California.
9.3.2.12 Locke et ah (2009)—Seasonal Variation in
Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in a
Rural Agricultural Community
Locke et al. (2009) conducted a study during 2004
and 2005 in the Lower Yakima Valley of Washington
State. Its purpose was to investigate seasonal
variations in fruit and vegetable consumption among
Hispanic farmworkers and nonfarmworkers in a rural
agricultural community, and the sources of the fruits
and vegetables that were consumed by this population.
Questionnaires were administered to 101 farmworker
families and 100 nonfarmworker families at three
different time periods corresponding to agricultural
seasons for apples and pears: thinning, which occurred
between June and July (summer); harvest, which
occurred in September and October (fall); and the
nonspray period for pesticides, which occurred in
December and January (winter). Participants were
asked about the fruits and vegetables that they had
consumed during the previous month and whether it
was purchased fresh, dried, canned, or frozen. They
were also asked about whether they had obtained the
produce at a grocery store, fruit stand, work, at their
own or a friend's garden, or other location.
Table 9-38 presents the number and percentage of
study participants that reported obtaining their
produce from the various sources. The grocery store
and work were the most common places where the
study participants obtained their produce, but a higher
percentage of nonfarmworkers obtained their produce
from the grocery store than farmworkers, and the
results varied by season. Table 9-39 provides the
number and percentage of study participants that
consumed the various types of fruits and vegetables
according to agricultural season.
The advantage of this study is that it provides
information on the sources of fruits and vegetables
consumed by farmworkers and nonfarmworkers and
information on seasonal variations in consumption.
However, data on actual intake rates are not provided
and the data are limited to Washington State.
9.3.2.13 Fox et al. (2010)—Food Consumption
Patterns of Young Preschoolers: Are They
Starting off on the Right Path ?; Siega-Riz et
aL (2010)—Food Consumption Patterns of
Infants and Toddlers: Where Are We Now?;
Deming et aL (2014)—Infant Feeding
Practices and Consumption Patterns of
Children Participating in Women, Infants,
and Children (WIC)
In 2008, a second FITS study was conducted (Fox
et al., 2010; Siega-Riz, 2010; Deming et al., 2014).
The study population included 3,273 children ages
0-47.9 months. Siega-Riz et al. (2010) described the
dietary consumption patterns of 1,596 infants
(4-5.9 months and 6-11.9 months) and toddlers
(12-23.9 months) in the 2008 FITS. As in the 2002
FITS, parents or primary caregivers of study
participants were interviewed by telephone to collect
demographic and dietary information (two 24-hour
dietary recalls). Food group data were used to
calculate the percentage of children who consumed
specific foods or food groups at least once per day.
Table 9-40 provides the percentage of infants and
toddlers consuming fruits and fruit juices at least once
per day in 2008 (Siega-Riz et al., 2010). The
percentage of infants and toddlers consuming any type
of fruit and fruit juice ranged from 21.8% for the 4- to
5.9-month age group to 92.8% for the 21- to
23.9-month age group (see Table 9-41). The
percentage of infants and toddlers consuming any kind
of vegetable ranged from 25.9% for the 4- to
5.9-month age group to 72.4% for the 12- to
14.9-month age group (see Table 9-41). Apples and
bananas were the most commonly eaten fruits among
these age groups. Potatoes (sweet, mashed/whipped,
and French fried/other potatoes) were the most
commonly eaten vegetables (Siega-Riz et al., 2010).
Fox et al. (2010) presented similar data for 2- and
3-year-old children. The mean percentage of 2- and
3-year-old children eating any type of vegetable in a
day was 70%. The most commonly eaten vegetables
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were French fries and other fried potatoes (-19% of
children). Approximately 87% of 2- and 3-year-olds
consumed some types of fruit or juice in a day with
fresh fruit being the most common type of fruit eaten
(62%). The data for 2- and 3-year-olds from the 2008
FITS are provided in Tables 9-35 and 9-36.
Deming et al. (2014) used the data for children
6-11, 12-23, and 24-47 months of age from the 2008
FITS. The percentage of children consuming fruits and
vegetables was estimated based on participation
(N = 794) or nonparticipation (N = 2,477) in the WIC
program. Deming et al. (2014) reported that a high
percentage of WIC infants 6 to 8.9 months old
consumed fruit or fruit juice than nonparticipants, but
fewer WIC infants consumed vegetables than
nonparticipants (see Table 9-42).
The limitations of these studies are that the FITS
dietary data were reported as the percentage of the
respondents consuming per day and not as amounts of
fruits and vegetables consumed per day. However,
useful information was provided for the consumption
of fruits and vegetables by infants and toddlers.
9.3.2.14 Brief el et al. (2010)—The Feeding Infants
and Toddlers Study 2008; Study Design and
Methods
Briefel et al. (2010) used a subsample of the 2008
FITS data to estimate the amount of fruits and
vegetables consumed per eating occasion among
children ages 12-23.9 months. The data were
collected as part of a "bridging" study aimed at testing
the effects of changes made to the food model booklet
and protocol since the 2002 FITS was conducted. A
total of 123 children were included in the sample.
Table 9-43 provides the mean amount consumed per
eating occasion for 2008.
The advantage of the Briefel et al. (2010) study is
that it provides quantitative information on the amount
of fruits and vegetables consumed by eating occasion;
other FITS studies provide only percentages of the
population eating certain foods. Because this study
was based on a subsample of the study population, the
sample size is relatively small.
9.3.2.15 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
(2010)—Canned Fruit and Vegetable
Consumption in the United States
USDA's Economic Research Service (ERS)
estimated the per capita availability of canned fruits
and vegetables in 2008 (USDA, 2010), using data
from the ERS Food Availability Data System. The
amounts of canned fruits and vegetables were assumed
to be "proxies" for the amounts actually consumed.
According to USDA (2010), "In the Food Availability
Data System, food available for domestic consumption
is calculated as a residual. That is, for a given year, the
total supply is the sum of production, imports, and
beginning inventories; from this amount, exports, farm
and industrial uses, and ending stocks are subtracted,
leaving domestic consumption as the remainder."
Because food availability data overestimate the
amount of food actually ingested, the food availability
data were adjusted to account for "the amount of food
lost at the market and consumer levels (e.g., plate
waste and spoilage)." For the purposes of developing
these estimates, "canned" fruits and vegetables were
defined as those marketed in traditional airtight,
shelf-stable metal cans and containers as well as other
newer and increasingly popular types of airtight
containers, such as single-serving plastic cups.
Table 9-44 provides the 2008 estimated per capita
availability of canned fruits and vegetables, adjusted
for losses. The most popular canned fruits and canned
vegetables were apples and applesauce and tomatoes,
respectively.
This study provides data for canned fruits and
vegetables. However, the data are based on the food
supply (or the disappearance of food into the food
marketing system). Because the data are based on
economic consumption and spending estimates, they
may not be entirely representative of actual intake.
9.3.2.16 Demydas (2011)—Consumer Segmentation
Based on the Level and Structure of Fruit
and Vegetable Intake: An Empirical
Evidence for U.S. Adults from the National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
(NHANES) 2005-2006
Demydas (2011) identified adult intake patterns on
the basis of the degree of processing of the consumed
fruits and vegetables using a clustering approach. The
sample population consisted of 2,444
nonpregnant/nonlactating adults, aged 20-59 years,
taken from the 2005-2006 NHANES. Two 24-hour
dietary recalls were used to collect fruit and vegetable
intake from each respondent. For statistical analysis, a
two-stage clustering procedure was applied,
identifying groups of subjects with similar fruit and
vegetable consumption patterns. The fruit subgroups,
arranged by the degree of processing, were raw, juice,
and canned/frozen/dried/dessert. The vegetable
subgroups were: raw, cooked, mixed dishes, and fried.
The mean daily fruit and vegetable intake was
359.4 g for all consumers, and intake dropped to
285.1 g when fruit juice was excluded
(see Table 9-45). The major contributors to the fruit
group were fruit juice (236.5 g/day) and raw fruit
(139.3 g/day).
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Three intake patterns were identified. The first
group of 1,802 individuals represented the majority of
the sample population (74%). This group was
characterized by low intake from all of the fruit and
vegetable subgroups (mean intake of 255 g/day). A
large portion of this group was made up of individuals
with lower education, smokers, and those that ate out
often/very often. The second group was comprised of
323 individuals (13% of the sample population), and
had a mean fruit and vegetable intake of 599 g/day.
The second group was characterized by healthier
choices (a higher consumption of raw fruits, raw
vegetables, and cooked vegetables without dressings
and lower intake of fried vegetables). Females, older
individuals, married individuals, and those with higher
education and household income were associated with
this consumption pattern. The third group of
319 individuals (13% of the sample population)
consumed a large amount of fruit and vegetables when
fruit juice was included (700 g/day); however, this
intake dropped to 284 g/day when fruit juice was
excluded. This consumption pattern was associated
with males, younger individuals, non-Hispanic blacks,
and those with lower household incomes.
The advantages of this study are that the sample
population was large and daily fruit and vegetable
amounts were provided. In addition, intake for various
preparation forms was included in the study. However,
the study used 2-day dietary recall data, which may not
be representative of longer term fruit and vegetable
intake.
9.3.2.17 Arcan et al. (2014)—Dietary and
Weight-Related Behaviors and Body Mass
Index among Hispanic, Hmong, Somali,
and White Adolescents. J of the Academy of
Nutrition and Dietetics. 113(3): 375-383
Arcan et al. (2014) evaluated the dietary behaviors
of adolescents living in an urban community in
Minnesota. The purpose of the study was to assess
potential differences between ethnic groups using data
from the 2010 Eating and Activity among Teens
(EAT) study. EAT participants self-report on a
number of factors on weight-status and weight-related
behaviors. For 2010, data were available for
1,672 adolescents (Hispanic [33.6%], Hmong
[28.5%], Somali [6.8%], and white [31.1%]). Arcan et
al. (2014) tabulated the usual daily number of servings
of vegetables (excluding potatoes) and fruits
(excluding fruit juices) over the previous year
(see Table 9-46). Vegetable and fruit intake was low
across all ethnic groups. On average, adolescents
consumed 1.5 servings of vegetables and 1.3 servings
of fruit per day (Arcan et al., 2014).
This study provides information on usual servings
of fruits and vegetables among urban adolescents in
various ethnic groups. However, the data are for a
specific geographic area and may not be representative
of the U.S population. Also, the data are for servings
per day. No data are provided on the quantity of foods
consumed per serving.
9.3.2.18 Wolfson and Bleich (2015)—Fruit and
Vegetable Consumption and Food Values:
National Patterns in the United States by
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance
Program Eligibility and Cooking Frequency
Wolfson and Bleich (2015) used data from
NHANES 2007-2010 (N = 9,560) to evaluate fruit
and vegetable intake among nonpregnant, nondiabetic
adults, ages 20 years and older, according to
household cooking frequency and participation in the
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP).
Fruit and vegetable intake was based on 24-hour
dietary recall data. Wolfson and Bleich (2015) defined
fruits and vegetables as total fruits/vegetables and
fresh fruits/vegetables. Total fruits and vegetables
included those that were raw, fresh, frozen, canned,
dried, and pickled, and fresh fruits/vegetables included
only those that were fresh, raw, or cooked from raw.
Neither white potatoes nor sauces (e.g., tomato sauce)
were included in the vegetable category. Responses to
the question, "During the past seven days, how many
times did you or someone else in your family cook
food for dinner or supper at home?" were used to
assess cooking frequency. For each survey respondent,
SNAP status was categorized in one of three ways:
receiving SNAP, income-eligible but not receiving
SNAP, or income-ineligible for SNAP, and was based
on self-reported participation, or family income.
Table 9-47 provides mean consumer-only fruit and
vegetable intake rates based on cooking frequency and
SNAP status. According to Wolfson and Bliech
(2015), the "overall results show few differences by
SNAP status suggesting that income may not be a
primary barrier to produce consumption." Also,
"Frequent cooking (>6 times/week) was associated
with increased volume of consumption of fresh
vegetables only among those ineligible for SNAP."
This study provides information on fruit and
vegetable intake by SNAP status and cooking
frequency. As indicated previously, studies based on
24-hour dietary recall data may not be representative
of longer term fruit and vegetable intake.
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9.3.2.19 Guerrero et al. (2016)—Racial and Ethnic
Disparities in Dietary Intake among
California Children
Guerrero et al. (2016) used data for
15,902 children, ages 2-11 years, from the 2007 and
2009 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) to
assess differences in fruit and vegetable intake based
on race and ethnicity. The CHIS is a population-based
telephone survey, designed to be representative of
California's population. In addition to collecting
demographic data, participants also respond to a
variety of health-related questions. For children,
responses are provided by their caregivers. Examples
of questions related to the children's intake include:
"Yesterday, how many servings of fruit, such as an
apple or banana, did he/she eat?" and "Yesterday, how
many glasses of fruit juice, such as orange or apple
juice, did he/she drink?" Guerrero et al. (2016)
evaluated the response data for four race/ethnic
groups: white, Latino, African American, and Asian.
The Latino and Asian groups were further subdivided
according to the language in which the survey was
administered (e.g., English or Spanish for Latinos).
Table 9-48 provides data on the percentage of
individuals in each of these groups that consumed less
than 2 servings of fruit or vegetables in a day, and >2
serving of fruit juice in a day.
This study provides information on percentages of
race/ethnic groups consuming less (or more) than a
predefined number of servings of fruits, vegetables, or
fruit juices in a day. No intake data in g/day or
g/kg-day are provided. Also, these data are based on
California's population and may not be representative
of the general population of the United States.
9.3.3 Pregnant and Lactating Women
EPA estimated food intake rates for pregnant,
lactating, and all women of child-bearing age (13 to
<50 years) using data from the NHANES for the years
2005 to 2010 and the FCID Consumption Calculator
available at http://fcid.foodrisk.org/, as described in
Section 9.3.1.1. NHANES 2005-2010 collected data
on dietary recall of foods eaten over the previous
24-hour period on two nonconsecutive days. Two-day
data were available for 426 pregnant women,
101 lactating women, and 5,543 women of
child-bearing age (13 to <50 years). EPA's FCID
converted the NHANES "as eaten" food consumption
data into consumption of individual fruit and vegetable
commodities, as described in Section 9.3.1.1, and the
data were weighted according to sampling weights
provided for Years 2005 to 2010. Two-day average
intake rates were calculated for each survey
respondent for total fruits and total vegetables, and for
a variety of individual fruits and vegetables. Summary
statistics were calculated for the populations of
pregnant, lactating, and females of child-bearing age
(i.e., 13 to <50 years) on both a consumer-only and on
a per capita basis. Table 9-49 provides summary
statistics for per capita intake of total fruits and total
vegetables, and Table 9-50 provides the same data on
a consumer-only basis. Table 9-51 provides data on
individual fruits and vegetables, and Table 9-52
provides data on exposed and protected fruits and
vegetables.
Lactating women had a slightly higher per capita
mean intake of total vegetables (2.9 g/kg-day) than
pregnant women (2.8 g/kg-day) and women of
child-bearing years (2.4 mg/kg-day) (see Table 9-49).
The per capita consumption of total fruits for lactating
women (1.9 mg/kg-day) was also slightly higher than
that of pregnant women (1.8 g/kg-day) and women of
child-bearing years (1.1 mg/kg-day) (see Table 9-49).
As indicated in Section 9.3.1.1, an advantage of
using the U.S. EPA's analysis of NHANES data is that
it was designed to be representative of the U.S.
population. The data set used in this analysis used
6 years of intake data combined. However, the sample
sizes for pregnant and lactating women were relatively
small, and short-term dietary data may not accurately
reflect long-term eating patterns. This is particularly
true for the tails (extremes) of the distribution of food
intake.
Limited data are available on the differences in
food intake rates between pregnant and nonpregnant
women, based on race, ethnicity, and demographic
variables. Dubowitz et al. (2007) conducted a study in
a multiethnic sample of 662 low-income, postpartum
women in the Boston, MA metropolitan area and
found that foreign-born women ate 2.5 more servings
of fruits and vegetables than women born in the United
States. Leslie et al. (2012) observed differences in
fruits and vegetables servings between low and high
socioeconomic position among breastfeeding mothers
in Melbourne, Australia. Crozier et al. (2009)
collected dietary data using a food frequency
questionnaire for 2,270 women in early pregnancy
(11.4-12.3 weeks gestation); 2,649 women in late
pregnancy (34.3-34.9 weeks gestation); and
12,572 nonpregnant women in Southampton, U.K.
Data on the consumption of 48 foods or food groups
were collected. During early pregnancy, intake of
21 foods or food groups increased, including: fruits
and fruit juices, and dried fruit. Intake of 10 foods or
food groups decreased during pregnancy, including:
salad vegetables, other vegetables, and vegetable
dishes (Crozier et al., 2009). Although these results
indicate that fruit and vegetable intake rates may
change over the course of pregnancy, the consumption
August 2018
Page 9-17
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
patterns or food choices observed in this study may not
be representative of pregnant women in the United
States. Also, while there may be differences in food
choices over the course of pregnancy, the data are
insufficient to draw specific conclusions. This
limitation may need to be considered when assessing
exposure among pregnant women.
9.4. CONVERSION BETWEEN WET- AND
DRY-WEIGHT INTAKE RATES
The intake data presented in this chapter are
reported in units of wet weight (i.e., as-consumed or
edible portion uncooked fruits and vegetables
consumed per day or per eating occasion). However,
data on the concentration of contaminants in fruits and
vegetables may be reported in units of either wet or dry
weight (e.g., mg contaminant per gram dry weight of
fruits and vegetables). It is essential that exposure
assessors be aware of this difference so that they may
ensure consistency between the units used for intake
rates and those used for concentration data (i.e., if the
contaminant concentration is measured in dry weight
of fruits and vegetables, then the dry-weight units
should be used for their intake values).
If necessary, wet-weight (e.g., as-consumed)
intake rates may be converted to dry-weight intake
rates using the moisture content percentages presented
in Table 9-53 (USDA, 2007) or Table 9-54 (Popkin et
al., 2010) and the following equation:
IRdw = IR»
100 -w
100
(Eqn. 9-1)
where:
IRdw = dry-weight intake rate,
IRww wet-weight intake rate, and
II ' = percentage water content.
Alternatively, dry-weight residue levels in fruits
and vegetables may be converted to wet-weight
residue levels for use with wet-weight (e.g.,
as-consumed) intake rates as follows:
Cw
cdw
100 -w
100
(Eqn. 9-2)
W= percentage water content.
Table 9-53 presents moisture data for selected
fruits and vegetables taken from USDA (2007).
Table 9-54 provides additional data on the water
content of foods based on data from Popkin et al.
(2010).
9.5. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 9
Arcan, C; Larson, N; Bauer, K; Berge, J; Story, M;
Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2014). Dietary and
weight-related behaviors and body mass
index among Hispanic, Hmong, Somali, and
white adolescents. J Acad Nutr Diet
113(3):375—383.
Briefel, RR; Kalb, LM; Condon, E; Deming, DM;
Clusen, NA; Fox, MK; Harnack, L; Gemmill,
E; Stevens, M; Reidy, KC. (2010). The
feeding infants and toddlers study 2008:
study design and methods. J Am Amer Diet
Assoc 110(12 suppl):S16-S26.
Colon-Ramos, U; Thompson, FE; Yaroch, AL;
Moser, RP; McNeel, TS; Dodd, KW;
Atienza, AA; Sugerman, SB; Nebeling, L.
(2009). Differences in fruit and vegetable
intake among Hispanic subgroups in
California: results from the 2005 California
Health Interview Survey. J Amer Diet Assoc
109:1878-1885.
Crozier, SR; Robinson, SM; Godfrey, KM; Cooper, C;
Inskip, HM. (2009). Women's dietary
patterns change little from before to during
pregnancy. J Nutr 139(10): 1956—1963.
Deming, DM; Briefel, RR; Reidy, KC. (2014). Infant
feeding practices and food consumption
patterns of children participating in WIC. J
Nutr Educ Behav 46(3 Suppl): S29-S37.
Demydas, T. (2011). Consumer segmentation based
on the level and structure of fruit and
vegetable intake: an empirical evidence for
US adults from the National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
2005-2006. Public Health Nutr
14(6):1088-1095.
Devaney, B; Kalb, L; Briefel, R; Zavitsky-Novak, T.;
Clusen, N.; Ziegler, P. (2004). Feeding
infants and toddlers study: overview of the
study design. J Am Diet Assoc 104(Suppl
1):S8-S13.
where:
= wet-weight concentration,
Ccbv = dry-weight concentration, and
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Page 9-18
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Dubowitz, T; Smith-Warner, SA; Acevedo-Garcia, D;
Subramanian, SV; Peterson, KE. (2007).
Nativity and duration of time in the United
States: Differences in fruit and vegetable
intake among low-income postpartum
women. Am J Public Health
97(10): 1787-1790.
Fox, MK; Pac, S; Devaney, B; Jankowski, L. (2004).
Feeding infants and toddlers study: What
foods are infants and toddlers eating? J Am
Diet Assoc 104(Suppl 1):S22-S30.
Fox, MK; Reidy, K; Karwe, V; Ziegler, P. (2006).
Average portions of foods commonly eaten
by infants and toddlers in the United States. J
Am Diet Assoc 106(Suppl 1):S66-S76.
Fox, MK; Condon, E; Briefel, RR; Reidy, KC;
Deming, DM. (2010). Food consumption
patterns of young preschoolers: Are they
starting off on the right path? J Amer Diet
Assoc 110:S52-59.
Guerrero, AD; Chung, PJ. (2016). Racial and ethnic
disparities in dietary intake among California
children. J Acad Nutr Diet 116(3):439—148.
Leslie, DA; Hesketh, KD; Campbell, KJ. (2012).
Breastfeeding mothers consume more
vegetables and a greater variety of fruits and
vegetables than nonbreastfeeding peers: the
influence of socioeconomic position. Nutr
Diet 69(2):84-90.
Locke, E; Coronado, GD; Thompson, B; Kuniyuki, A.
(2009). Seasonal variation in fruit and
vegetable consumption in a rural agricultural
community. J Amer Diet Assoc 109:45-51.
Mennella, J; Ziegler, P; Briefel, R; Novak, T. (2006).
Feeding infants and toddlers study: the types
of foods fed to Hispanic infants and toddlers.
J Am Diet Assoc 106 (Suppl 1):S96-S106.
NCHS (National Center for Health Statistics). (1993).
Joint policy on variance estimation and
statistical reporting standards on NHANES
III and CSFII Reports: HNIS/NCHS Analytic
Working Group recommendations. Human
Nutrition Information Service
(HNIS)/Analytic Working Group.
Agricultural Research Service, Survey
Systems/Food Consumption Laboratory,
Riverdale, MD.
Ponza, M; Devaney, B; Ziegler, P; Reidy, K.;
Squatrito, C. (2004). Nutrient intakes and
food choices of infants and toddlers
participating in WIC. J Am Diet Assoc
104(Suppl):S71-S79.
Popkin, BM; D'Anci, KE; Rosenberg, IH. (2010).
Water, hydration and health. Nutr Rev
68(8):439-458.
doi: 10.1111/j. 1753-4887.2010.00304.X.
Siega-Riz, AM; Deming, DM; Reidy, KC; Fox, MK;
Condon, E; Briefel, RR. (2010). Food
consumption patterns of infants and toddlers:
where are we now? J Amer Diet Assoc
110(12 Suppl):S38-S51.
Smiciklas-Wright, H; Mitchell, DC; Mickle, SJ; Cook,
A. J.; Goldman, J.D. (2002). Foods
commonly eaten in the United States:
Quantities consumed per eating occasion and
in a day, 1994-1996. U.S. Department of
Agriculture NFS Report No. 96-5,
pre-publication version, 252 pp.
USDA (Department of Agriculture). (1980). Food and
nutrient intakes of individuals in one day in
the United States, Spring 1977. Nationwide
Food Consumption Survey 1977-1978.
Preliminary report no. 2. Human Nutrition
Information Service, Beltsville, MD. DC.
Available online at
https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80
400530/pdf/7778/nfcs7778 prelim 2.pdf.
USDA (Department of Agriculture). (1992). Food and
nutrient intakes by individuals in the United
States, 1 day, 1987-88. Nationwide Food
Consumption Survey report no. 87-1-1.
Human Nutrition Information Service,
Beltsville, MD. Available online at
https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80
400530/pdf/8788/nfcs8788 rep 87-i-l.pdf.
USDA (Department of Agriculture). (1996a). Data
tables: results from USD A's 1994 continuing
survey of food intakes by individuals and
1994 diet and health knowledge survey.
Agricultural Research Service, Riverdale,
MD.
USDA (Department of Agriculture). (1996b). Data
tables: results fromUSDA's 1995 continuing
survey of food intakes by individuals and
1995 diet and health knowledge survey.
Agricultural Research Service, Riverdale,
MD.
USDA (Department of Agriculture). (1999a). Food
consumption prices and expenditures
(1970-1997). Statistical Bulletin, No. 965.
Economic Research Service, Washington,
DC. Available online at
http://ageconsearckunm. eduMsteam/1549
24/2/sb965.pdf.
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Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
USDA (Department of Agriculture). (1999b.) Food
and nutrient intakes by children 1994-96,
1998: Table Set 17. Food Surveys Research
Group, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research
Center, Agricultural Research Service,
Beltsville, MD. Available online at
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400530/pdf/scs all.pdf.
USDA (Department of Agriculture). (2000). 1994-96,
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individuals (CSFII). CD-ROM. Agricultural
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Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD.
Available from the National Technical
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PB-2000-500027.
USDA (Department of Agriculture). (2007). USDA
national nutrient database for standard
reference, release 20. Available online at:
http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl.
USDA (Department of Agriculture). (2010). Canned
fruit and vegetable consumption in the
United States: an updated report to Congress.
Available online at
https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-
details/?pubid=42766.
USDA and USDHHS (Department of Agriculture and
Department of Health and Human Services).
(2010). Dietary guidelines for Americans,
2010, 7th edition. Washington, DC: US
Government Printing Office, December
2010.
U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency).
(2000). Food commodity intake database
[FCID raw data file]. Office of Pesticide
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the National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA; PB2000-5000101.
U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency).
(2005). Guidance on selecting age groups for
monitoring and assessing childhood
exposures to environmental contaminants.
Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, DC;
EPA/630/P-03/003F. Available online at
https://www.epa.gOv/sites/production/files/2
013 -09/documents/age groups.pdf.
U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). (2011)
Exposure factors handbook: 2011 Edition.
Office of Research and Development,
Washington, DC. EPA/600//R-09/052F.
Available online at
Vitolins, MZ; Quandt, SA; Bell, RA; Arcury, TA;
Case, LD. (2002). Quality of diets consumed
by older rural adults. J Rural Health
18(l):49-56.
Wolfson, JA; Bleich, SN. (2015). Fruit and vegetable
consumption and food values: National
patterns in the United States by Supplemental
Nutrition Assistance Program eligibility and
cooking frequency. Prev Med 76:1-7.
https://cfbub. cpa. gov/ncea/risk/recordisplav.
cfm?deid=236252.
August 2018
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-3. Per Capita 2-Day Average3 Intake of Total Fruitsb and Total Vegetables0 Based on 2005-2010 National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)d
Population Group
N
Percent
Consuming
e Mean
SE
Pt
5th
10th
Percentiles
25th 50th 75th
90th
95th
99th
Maximum
Total Fruits
Whole population
24,673
86
1.77
0.05
0
0
0
<0.05
0.8
2.2
4.3
6.7
15.4
65.5f
Age group
Birth to <1 month
87
0
0
0
0f
of
of
0
0
0
0f
0f
0f
0f
1 to <3 months
233
7
0.32
0.1
0f
of
0
0
0
0
0
2.4f
7.2f
19.7f
3 to <6 months
282
50
4.39
0.56
0f
of
0
0
0.1
7.4
13.3
19.2f
33.3f
60.3f
6 to <12 months
588
91
9.36
0.57
0f
0
<0.05
2.7
8.1
14.0
20.6
26.5
32.7f
43.7f
Birth to <1 year
1,190
59
5.82
0.33
0f
0
0
0
1.9
9.2
16.2
23.0
32.0f
60.3f
1 to <2 years
728
96
9.34
0.57
0f
<0.05
0.3
2.8
7.4
14.0
19.1
23.8
41.4f
65.5f
2 to <3 years
751
97
7.49
0.38
0f
<0.05
0.2
2.3
6.3
11.3
17.1
20.0
25.2f
48.5f
3 to <6 years
1,418
96
5.58
0.31
0f
<0.05
<0.05
1.4
4.1
8.2
13.3
16.2
24.6f
47.2f
6 to <11 years
2,292
95
3.04
0.12
0
<0.05
<0.05
0.4
2.0
4.3
7.8
9.9
15.2
35.7f
11 to <16 years
2,551
86
1.34
0.09
0
0
0
<0.05
0.7
1.9
3.6
4.8
8.5
16.4f
16 to <21 years
2,191
79
0.87
0.06
0
0
0
<0.05
0.2
1.3
2.6
3.5
6.2
16.7f
21 to <30 years
2,082
78
0.98
0.05
0
0
0
<0.05
0.3
1.5
2.9
4.2
6.3
12.6f
30 to <40 years
2,282
84
1.04
0.05
0
0
0
<0.05
0.5
1.5
3.0
3.9
6.3
14.lf
40 to <50 years
2,378
84
1.11
0.06
0
0
0
<0.05
0.5
1.6
3.2
4.1
6.5
17.4f
50 to <60 years
2,103
90
1.36
0.05
0
0
<0.05
0.1
0.9
2.0
3.5
4.3
7.2
20.lf
60 to <70 years
2,214
90
1.37
0.05
0
0
<0.05
0.1
1.0
2.0
3.3
4.2
8.1
15.9f
70 to <80 years
1,578
93
1.50
0.05
of
0
<0.05
0.3
1.1
2.2
3.4
4.4
6.6f
10.2f
80+ years
915
95
1.76
0.08
of
<0.05
<0.05
0.5
1.4
2.6
3.7
4.6
7.4f
14.5f
21 to <50 years
6,742
82
1.05
0.03
0
0
0
<0.05
0.4
1.5
3.0
4.1
6.5
17.4f
50+ years
6,810
91
1.43
0.03
0
0
<0.05
0.2
1.0
2.1
3.4
4.3
7.2
20.lf
Race
Mexican American
5,787
87
2.36
0.08
0
0
0
0.1
1.2
2.8
5.9
9.5
20.1
47.2f
Non-Hispanic Black
5,337
83
1.34
0.05
0
0
0
<0.05
0.4
1.6
3.5
5.5
12.9
46.3f
Non-Hispanic White
10,294
87
1.68
0.06
0
0
0
<0.05
0.8
2.1
4.0
6.2
14.9
65.5f
Other Hispanic
2,082
86
2.18
0.09
0
0
0
<0.05
1.1
2.8
5.2
8.0
18.4
60.3f
Other race—including multiple
1,173
89
2.31
0.14
of
0
0
0.1
1.2
3.2
5.8
8.6
15.3f
33.8f
August 2018
Page 9-21
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-3. Per Capita 2-Day Average" Intake of Total Fruits
b and Total Vegetables0 Based on 2005-2010 National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)d (Continued)
Percentiles
Percent
Population Group
N
Consuming6
Mean
SE
Pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Maximum
Total Vegetables
Whole population
24,673
99
2.86
0.04
<0.05
0.4
0.7
1.3
2.2
3.6
5.6
7.4
12.7
57.2f
Age group
Birth to <1 month
87
21
0.34
0.24
0f
0f
0f
0
0
0
0.2f
4.1f
4.1f
5.5f
1 to <3 months
233
24
0.47
0.09
0f
0f
0
0
0
0
2.3
3.0f
4.6f
17.2f
3 to <6 months
282
65
3.20
0.40
0f
0f
0
0
0.9
6.0
10.6
11.2f
14.8f
22.6f
6 to <12 months
588
97
7.63
0.39
0f
0.2
1.2
3.2
6.0
10.7
16.1
19.2
23.8f
39.2f
Birth to <1 year
1,190
72
4.72
0.26
0f
0
0
0
2.9
7.6
12.8
16.9
22.6f
39.2f
1 to <2 years
728
100
6.65
0.32
<0.05f
0.7
1.1
2.8
5.3
8.8
13.5
16.3
27.8f
29.lf
2 to <3 years
751
100
5.95
0.23
0.1f
0.7
1.2
2.7
5.0
7.9
11.4
14.0
23.3f
37.3f
3 to <6 years
1,418
100
5.30
0.23
0.1f
0.6
1.2
2.3
4.1
6.8
10.4
13.3
23.8f
55.2f
6 to <11 years
2,292
100
3.78
0.13
0.2
0.5
0.9
1.7
3.0
4.9
7.7
9.9
14.1
37.6f
11 to <16 years
2,551
100
2.40
0.08
<0.05
0.3
0.5
1.0
1.9
3.1
4.8
6.3
11.7
39.5f
16 to <21 years
2,191
100
2.28
0.08
<0.05
0.3
0.5
1.1
1.8
3.1
4.5
5.3
9.3
19.lf
21 to <30 years
2,082
100
2.39
0.06
<0.05
0.4
0.7
1.2
2.0
3.2
4.5
5.7
8.0
17.lf
30 to <40 years
2,282
100
2.64
0.08
0.1
0.4
0.7
1.3
2.1
3.4
5.3
6.7
9.4
18.4f
40 to <50 years
2,378
100
2.51
0.08
<0.05
0.4
0.6
1.2
2.0
3.2
4.7
5.8
9.5
57.2f
50 to <60 years
2,103
100
2.61
0.06
0.1
0.4
0.7
1.4
2.3
3.5
4.8
5.8
9.3
16.0f
60 to <70 years
2,214
100
2.60
0.06
0.1
0.5
0.8
1.4
2.2
3.4
4.9
5.9
9.4
17.5f
70 to <80 years
1,578
100
2.59
0.07
0.1f
0.4
0.7
1.3
2.2
3.5
4.8
6.1
8.9f
13.8f
80+ years
915
100
2.73
0.06
<0.05f
0.4
0.8
1.4
2.4
3.7
5.2
6.1
8.4f
16.0f
21 to <50 years
6,742
100
2.52
0.05
<0.05
0.4
0.7
1.2
2.1
3.3
4.9
6.1
9.3
57.2f
50+ years
6,810
100
2.62
0.03
0.1
0.4
0.7
1.4
2.3
3.5
4.8
6.0
9.1
17.5f
Race
Mexican American
5,787
99
3.05
0.05
0
0.4
0.7
1.3
2.3
3.8
6.2
8.3
14.0
39.2f
Non-Hispanic Black
5,337
99
2.34
0.05
<0.05
0.2
0.4
0.9
1.7
3.0
4.7
6.6
12.0
28.8f
Non-Hispanic White
10,294
100
2.88
0.05
<0.05
0.4
0.7
1.4
2.3
3.6
5.5
7.1
12.1
57.2f
Other Hispanic
2,082
99
2.87
0.09
<0.05
0.3
0.6
1.2
2.1
3.7
6.0
7.8
14.2
37.6f
Other race—including multiple
1,173
99
3.35
0.14
<0.05f
0.5
0.7
1.5
2.6
4.3
6.5
8.7
14.0f
35.lf
a Based on the average of two days of food consumption reported for each NHANES respondent. If the respondent reported zero consumption on one of the two days
and non-zero consumption
on the other day, his/her average consumption would be the average of zero and non-zero consumption.
August 2018
Page 9-22
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-3. Per Capita 2-Day Average3 Intake of Total Fruitsb and Total Vegetables0 Based on 2005-2010 National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)d (Continued)
Total fruits includes: acerola; apple, dried; apple, dried-baby food; apple, fruit with peel; apple, peeled fruit; apple, peeled fruit-baby food; apple, sauce; apple,
sauce-baby food; apricot; apricot, dried; apricot-baby food; avocado; banana; banana, dried; banana, dried-baby food; banana-baby food; blackberry; blueberry;
blueberry-baby food; boysenberry; breadfruit; canistel; cherimoya; cherry; cherry-baby food; citrus hybrids; crabapple; cranberry; cranberry, dried; cranberry-baby
food; currant; currant, dried; date; dragon fruit; eggplant; elderberry; feijoa; fig; fig, dried; gooseberry; grape; grape, raisin; guava; guava-baby food; huckleberry;
jackfruit; kiwifruit, fuzzy; kumquat; lemon; lemon, peel; lime; loganberry; longan; loquat; lychee; lychee, dried; mamey apple; mango; mango, dried; mango-baby
food; nectarine; orange; orange, peel; papaya; papaya, dried; papaya-baby food; passionfruit; passionfruit-baby food; pawpaw, peach; peach, dried; peach, dried-baby
food; peach-baby food; pear; pear, dried; pear-baby food; persimmon; pineapple; pineapple, dried; pineapple-baby food; plantain; plantain, dried; plum; plum, prune,
dried; plum, prune, dried-baby food; plum, prune, fresh; plum, prune, fresh-baby food; plum-baby food; pomegranate; prickly pear fruit; pummelo; quince; raspberry;
raspberry-baby food; sapote, mamey; soursop; Spanish lime; starfruit; strawberry; strawberry-baby food; sugar apple; tamarind; tangerine.
Total vegetables includes: alfalfa, seed; amaranth, leafy; arrowroot, flour; arrowroot, flour-baby food; artichoke, globe; artichoke, Jerusalem; arugula; asparagus;
balsam pear; bamboo, shoots; basil, dried leaves; basil, dried leaves-baby food; basil, fresh leaves; basil, fresh leaves-baby food; bean, cowpea, succulent; bean, kidney,
seed; bean, lima, seed; bean, lima, succulent; bean, mung, seed; bean, navy, seed; bean, pink, seed; bean, pinto, seed; bean, snap, succulent; bean, snap, succulent-baby
food; beet, garden, roots; beet, garden, roots-baby food; beet, garden, tops; belgium endive; broccoli; broccoli raab; broccoli, Chinese; broccoli-baby food; brussels
sprouts; cabbage; cabbage, Chinese, bok choy; cabbage, Chinese, mustard; cabbage, Chinese, napa; cactus; cantaloupe; cardoon; carrot; carrot-baby food; cassava;
cassava-baby food; cauliflower; celeriac; celery; celery-baby food; celtuce; chayote, fruit; chickpea, flour; chickpea, seed; chickpea, seed-baby food; chicory, roots;
chicory, tops; Chinese waxgourd; chive, fresh leaves; chrysanthemum, garland; cilantro, leaves; cilantro, leaves-baby food; cinnamon; cinnamon-baby food; coriander,
seed; coriander, seed-baby food; dandelion, leaves; dasheen, corm; dasheen, leaves; dill, seed; dillweed; fennel, Florence; garlic, bulb; garlic, bulb-baby food; ginger;
ginger, dried; ginger-baby food; ginseng, dried; grape, leaves; guar, seed; guar, seed-baby food; herbs, other; herbs, other-baby food; kale; kohlrabi; leek; lemongrass;
lettuce, head; lettuce, leaf; marjoram; maijoram-baby food; okra; onion, bulb; onion, bulb, dried; onion, bulb, dried-baby food; onion, bulb-baby food; onion, green;
palm heart, leaves; parsley, dried leaves; parsley, dried leaves-baby food; parsley, leaves; parsley, turnip rooted; parsnip; parsnip-baby food; pea, dry; pea, dry-baby
food; pea, edible podded, succulent; pea, pigeon, seed; pea, pigeon, succulent; pea, succulent; pea, succulent-baby food; pepper, bell; pepper, bell, dried; pepper, bell,
dried-baby food; pepper, bell-baby food; pepper, black and white; pepper, black and white-baby food; pepper, nonbell; pepper, nonbell, dried; pepper, nonbell-baby
food; peppermint; potato, chips; potato, dry (granules/flakes); potato, dry (granules/flakes)-baby food; potato, flour; potato, flour-baby food; potato, tuber, without peel;
potato, tuber, without peel-baby food; potato, tuber, with peel; potato, tuber, with peel-baby food; pumpkin; radicchio; radish, oriental, roots; radish, oriental, tops;
radish, roots; radish, tops; rape greens; rhubarb; rutabaga; salsify, roots; salsify, tops; savory; seaweed; seaweed-baby food; shallot, bulb; soybean, flour; soybean,
flour-baby food; soybean, seed; spices, other; spices, other-baby food; squash, summer; squash, summer-baby food; squash, winter; squash, winter-baby food; sweet
potato; sweet potato-baby food; Swiss chard; tanier, corm; tomatillo; tomato; tomato, dried; tomato, dried-baby food; tomato, paste; tomato, paste-baby food; tomato,
puree; tomato, puree-baby food; tomato-baby food; tree tomato; turmeric; turnip, greens; turnip, roots; water chestnut; watercress; watermelon; yam bean; yam, true.
For more information on the recipes used to convert the foods people reported eating to the quantities of agricultural commodities eaten, refer to the Frequently Asked
Questions at http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
Represents the percentage of individuals consuming these foods at least once over the 2-day survey period. Rounded to whole numbers; thus, values of 100 percent
mean that >99.5 percent of the population consumed the foods during the 2-day survey period.
Estimates are less statistically reliable based on guidance published in the Joint Policy on Variance Estimation and Statistical Reporting Standards on NHANES III and
CSFII Reports: HNIS/NCHS Analytical Working Group Recommendations (NCHS, 1993).
HNIS = Human Nutrition Information Service.
iV = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
Source: Based on U.S. EPA analysis of 2005-2010 NHANES using the FCID Consumption Calculator available at http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
August 2018
Page 9-23
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-4. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average3 Intake of Total Fruitsb and Total Vegetables0 Based on 2005-2010 National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)d
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
Percentiles
Maximum
Pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Total Fruits
Whole population
21,280
2.04
0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
0.2
1.1
2.5
4.7
7.4
16.2
65.5e
Age group
Birth to <1 month
0
0
0
od
0e
0e
0e
0
0e
0e
0e
0e
0e
1 to <3 months
19
4.76
1.29
<0.05e
<0.05e
0.4e
2.4e
3.5
4.5e
11.3e
19.7e
19.7e
19.7e
3 to <6 months
153
8.75
1.07
0.1e
0.4e
0.8e
2.4
7.4
11.7
19.2e
26.9e
33.4e
60.3e
6 to <12 months
532
10.31
0.57
<0.05e
0.4
1.3
4.2
8.3
14.9
22.3
28.9
32.7e
43.7e
Birth to <1 year
704
9.89
0.44
<0.05e
0.4
1.1
3.5
8.1
14.2
20.8
27.2
33.4e
60.3e
1 to <2 years
694
9.78
0.57
<0.05e
0.2
0.8
3.2
8
14.5
19.5
24.0
41.4e
65.5e
2 to <3 years
718
7.74
0.40
<0.05e
<0.05
0.4
2.7
6.5
11.5
17.2
20.5
25.2e
48.5e
3 to <6 years
1,351
5.83
0.30
<0.05e
<0.05
0.2
1.7
4.3
8.4
13.5
16.4
25. le
47.2e
6 to <11 years
2,161
3.19
0.12
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
0.7
2.2
4.5
7.9
10.0
15.3
35.7e
11 to <16 years
2,210
1.56
0.09
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
0.1
1.0
2.2
3.7
5.2
8.5
16.4e
16 to <21 years
1,770
1.10
0.08
<0.05e
<0.05
<0.05
0.1
0.6
1.6
2.8
4.0
7.4e
16.7e
21 to <30 years
1,653
1.26
0.05
<0.05e
<0.05
<0.05
0.1
0.7
1.9
3.2
4.4
7.2e
12.6e
30 to <40 years
1,895
1.24
0.05
<0.05e
<0.05
<0.05
0.1
0.7
1.8
3.3
4.1
6.8e
14. le
40 to <50 years
1,998
1.32
0.06
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
0.1
0.8
1.9
3.4
4.3
6.7
17.4e
50 to <60 years
1,845
1.51
0.05
<0.05e
<0.05
<0.05
0.3
1.1
2.2
3.6
4.5
7.2e
20.le
60 to <70 years
1,965
1.51
0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
0.4
1.1
2.2
3.4
4.3
8.4
15.9e
70 to <80 years
1,448
1.61
0.05
<0.05e
<0.05
0.1
0.5
1.3
2.4
3.4
4.6
6.6e
10.2e
80+ years
868
1.84
0.08
<0.05e
<0.05
0.1
0.7
1.5
2.7
3.7
4.7
7.4e
14.5e
21 to <50 years
5,546
1.28
0.03
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
0.1
0.8
1.9
3.3
4.3
6.7
17.4e
50+ years
6,126
1.56
0.03
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
0.4
1.2
2.3
3.5
4.5
7.2
20.le
Race
Mexican American
5,009
2.72
0.09
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
0.4
1.5
3.2
6.6
10.5
20.6
47.2e
Non-Hispanic Black
4,498
1.62
0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
0.8
2.0
4.0
6.4
13.9
46.3e
Non-Hispanic White
8,904
1.94
0.06
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
0.2
1.1
2.4
4.3
6.7
15.4
65.5e
Other Hispanic
1,836
2.52
0.10
<0.05e
<0.05
<0.05
0.4
1.5
3.2
5.6
9.1
19.le
60.3e
Other race—including multiple
1,033
2.59
0.16
<0.05e
<0.05
<0.05
0.4
1.5
3.6
6.4
9.1
15.8e
33.8e
August 2018
Page 9-24
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-4. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average3 Intake of Total Fruitsb and Total Vegetables0 Based on 2005-2010 National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)d
(Continued)
Percentiles
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
Pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Maximum
Total Vegetables
Whole population
24,279
2.87
0.04
0.1
0.4
0.7
1.3
2.2
3.6
5.6
7.4
12.7
57.2e
Age group
Birth to <1 month
12
1.62
0.94
<0.05e
<0.05e
<0.05e
0.1e
0.2
4.1e
4.1e
4.1e
5.5e
5.5e
1 to <3 months
53
1.92
0.31
<0.05e
<0.05e
<0.05e
0.1e
2.0
2.9e
3.8e
4.6e
10.1e
17.2e
3 to <6 months
182
4.91
0.43
<0.05e
<0.05e
0.1e
1.2
3.3
8.4
11.2e
12.7e
19.4e
22.6e
6 to <12 months
567
7.87
0.38
<0.05e
0.9
1.9
3.5
6.4
10.9
16.5
19.5
23.8e
39.2e
Birth to <1 year
814
6.72
0.26
<0.05e
0.1
0.4
2.5
5.4
9.5
14.8
18.7
23.5e
39.2e
1 to <2 years
726
6.66
0.32
<0.05e
0.7
1.1
2.8
5.3
8.8
13.5
16.3
27.8e
29.le
2 to <3 years
750
5.96
0.23
0.1e
0.7
1.2
2.7
5.0
7.9
11.4
14.0
23.3e
37.3e
3 to <6 years
1,416
5.31
0.23
0.1e
0.6
1.2
2.3
4.1
6.8
10.4
13.3
23.8e
55.2e
6 to <11 years
2,290
3.78
0.13
0.2
0.6
0.9
1.7
3.0
4.9
7.7
9.9
14.1
37.6e
11 to <16 years
2,550
2.40
0.08
<0.05
0.3
0.5
1.1
1.9
3.1
4.8
6.3
11.7
39.5e
16 to <21 years
2,189
2.28
0.08
0.1
0.3
0.5
1.1
1.8
3.1
4.5
5.3
9.3
19.le
21 to <30 years
2,080
2.39
0.05
<0.05
0.4
0.7
1.2
2.0
3.2
4.5
5.7
8.0
17.le
30 to <40 years
2,282
2.64
0.08
0.1
0.4
0.7
1.3
2.1
3.4
5.3
6.7
9.4
18.4e
40 to <50 years
2,376
2.51
0.08
<0.05
0.4
0.6
1.2
2.0
3.2
4.7
5.8
9.5
57.2e
50 to <60 years
2,101
2.62
0.06
0.1
0.4
0.7
1.4
2.3
3.5
4.8
5.8
9.3
16.0e
60 to <70 years
2,214
2.60
0.06
0.1
0.5
0.8
1.4
2.2
3.4
4.9
5.9
9.4
17.5e
70 to <80 years
1,577
2.59
0.07
0.1e
0.4
0.7
1.3
2.2
3.5
4.8
6.1
8.9e
13.8e
80+ years
914
2.73
0.06
<0.05e
0.4
0.8
1.4
2.4
3.7
5.2
6.1
8.4e
16.0e
21 to <50 year
6,738
2.52
0.05
<0.05
0.4
0.4
1.2
2.1
3.3
4.9
6.1
9.3
57.2e
50+ years
6,806
2.62
0.03
0.1
0.4
0.7
1.4
2.3
3.5
4.8
6.0
9.1
17.5e
Race
Mexican American
5,629
3.08
0.05
0.1
0.5
0.7
1.3
2.4
3.9
6.3
8.4
14.1
39.2e
Non-Hispanic Black
5,272
2.36
0.05
<0.05
0.2
0.5
0.9
1.7
3.0
4.8
6.6
12.0
28.8e
Non-Hispanic White
10,183
2.89
0.05
0.1
0.4
0.7
1.4
2.3
3.7
5.5
7.1
12.1
57.2e
Other Hispanic
2,046
2.89
0.09
0.1
0.3
0.6
1.2
2.1
3.7
6.0
7.9
14.2
37.6e
Other race—including multiple
1,149
3.39
0.14
0.2Ve
0.5
0.7
1.6
2.6
4.4
6.5
8.7
14.0e
35. le
a Based on the average of two days of food consumption reported for each NHANES respondent. If the respondent reported zero consumption on one of the two days and
non-zero consumption on the other day, his/her average consumption would be the average of zero and non-zero consumption.
August 2018
Page 9-25
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-4. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average3 Intake of Total Fruitsb and Total Vegetables0 Based on 2005-2010 National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)d (Continued)
Total fruits includes: acerola; apple, dried; apple, dried-baby food; apple, fruit with peel; apple, peeled fruit; apple, peeled fruit-baby food; apple, sauce; apple,
sauce-baby food; apricot; apricot, dried; apricot-baby food; avocado; banana; banana, dried; banana, dried-baby food; banana-baby food; blackberry; blueberry;
blueberry-baby food; boysenberry; breadfruit; canistel; cherimoya; cherry; cherry-baby food; citrus hybrids; crabapple; cranberry; cranberry, dried; cranberry-baby
food; currant; currant, dried; date; dragon fruit; eggplant; elderberry; feijoa; fig; fig, dried; gooseberry; grape; grape, raisin; guava; guava-baby food; huckleberry;
jackfruit; kiwifruit, fuzzy; kumquat; lemon; lemon, peel; lime; loganberry; longan; loquat; lychee; lychee, dried; mamey apple; mango; mango, dried; mango-baby
food; nectarine; orange; orange, peel; papaya; papaya, dried; papaya-baby food; passionfruit; passionfruit-baby food; pawpaw, peach; peach, dried; peach, dried-baby
food; peach-baby food; pear; pear, dried; pear-baby food; persimmon; pineapple; pineapple, dried; pineapple-baby food; plantain; plantain, dried; plum; plum, prune,
dried; plum, prune, dried-baby food; plum, prune, fresh; plum, prune, fresh-baby food; plum-baby food; pomegranate; prickly pear fruit; pummelo; quince; raspberry;
raspberry-baby food; sapote, mamey; soursop; Spanish lime; starfruit; strawberry; strawberry-baby food; sugar apple; tamarind; tangerine.
Total vegetables includes: alfalfa, seed; amaranth, leafy; arrowroot, flour; arrowroot, flour-baby food; artichoke, globe; artichoke, Jerusalem; arugula; asparagus;
balsam pear; bamboo, shoots; basil, dried leaves; basil, dried leaves-baby food; basil, fresh leaves; basil, fresh leaves-baby food; bean, cowpea, succulent; bean, kidney,
seed; bean, lima, seed; bean, lima, succulent; bean, mung, seed; bean, navy, seed; bean, pink, seed; bean, pinto, seed; bean, snap, succulent; bean, snap, succulent-baby
food; beet, garden, roots; beet, garden, roots-baby food; beet, garden, tops; belgium endive; broccoli; broccoli raab; broccoli, Chinese; broccoli-baby food; brussels
sprouts; cabbage; cabbage, Chinese, bok choy; cabbage, Chinese, mustard; cabbage, Chinese, napa; cactus; cantaloupe; cardoon; carrot; carrot-baby food; cassava;
cassava-baby food; cauliflower; celeriac; celery; celery-baby food; celtuce; chayote, fruit; chickpea, flour; chickpea, seed; chickpea, seed-baby food; chicory, roots;
chicory, tops; Chinese waxgourd; chive, fresh leaves; chrysanthemum, garland; cilantro, leaves; cilantro, leaves-baby food; cinnamon; cinnamon-baby food; coriander,
seed; coriander, seed-baby food; dandelion, leaves; dasheen, corm; dasheen, leaves; dill, seed; dillweed; fennel, Florence; garlic, bulb; garlic, bulb-baby food; ginger;
ginger, dried; ginger-baby food; ginseng, dried; grape, leaves; guar, seed; guar, seed-baby food; herbs, other; herbs, other-baby food; kale; kohlrabi; leek; lemongrass;
lettuce, head; lettuce, leaf; maijoram; maijoram-baby food; okra; onion, bulb; onion, bulb, dried; onion, bulb, dried-baby food; onion, bulb-baby food; onion, green;
palm heart, leaves; parsley, dried leaves; parsley, dried leaves-baby food; parsley, leaves; parsley, turnip rooted; parsnip; parsnip-baby food; pea, dry; pea, dry-baby
food; pea, edible podded, succulent; pea, pigeon, seed; pea, pigeon, succulent; pea, succulent; pea, succulent-baby food; pepper, bell; pepper, bell, dried; pepper, bell,
dried-baby food; pepper, bell-baby food; pepper, black and white; pepper, black and white-baby food; pepper, nonbell; pepper, nonbell, dried; pepper, nonbell-baby
food; peppermint; potato, chips; potato, dry (granules/flakes); potato, dry (granules/flakes)-baby food; potato, flour; potato, flour-baby food; potato, tuber, without peel;
potato, tuber, without peel-baby food; potato, tuber, with peel; potato, tuber, with peel-baby food; pumpkin; radicchio; radish, oriental, roots; radish, oriental, tops;
radish, roots; radish, tops; rape greens; rhubarb; rutabaga; salsify, roots; salsify, tops; savory; seaweed; seaweed-baby food; shallot, bulb; soybean, flour; soybean,
flour-baby food; soybean, seed; spices, other; spices, other-baby food; squash, summer; squash, summer-baby food; squash, winter; squash, winter-baby food; sweet
potato; sweet potato-baby food; Swiss chard; tanier, corm; tomatillo; tomato; tomato, dried; tomato, dried-baby food; tomato, paste; tomato, paste-baby food; tomato,
puree; tomato, puree-baby food; tomato-baby food; tree tomato; turmeric; turnip, greens; turnip, roots; water chestnut; watercress; watermelon; yam bean; yam, true.
For more information on the recipes used to convert the foods people reported eating to the quantities of agricultural commodities eaten, refer to the Frequently Asked
Questions at http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
Estimates are less statistically reliable based on guidance published in the Joint Policy on Variance Estimation and Statistical Reporting Standards on NHANES III and
CSFII Reports: ITNIS/NCEIS Analytical Working Group Recommendations (NCHS, 1993).
FINIS = Human Nutrition Information Service.
iV = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
Source: Based on U.S. EPA analysis of 2005-2010 NHANES using the FCID Consumption Calculator available at http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
August 2018
Page 9-26
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-5. Per Capita 2-Day Average" Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on the 2005-2010 National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)b
Population Group
N
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
Apples0
Asparagusd
Bananase
Beansf
Whole population
24,673
35
0.48
0.02
2
0.01
<0.005
57
0.39
0.01
45
0.23
<0.005
Age group
Birth to <1 month
87
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 to <3 months
233
3
0.18
0.08
0
0
0
4
0.08
0.03
<0.5
<0.005
<0.005
3 to <6 months
282
30
1.96
0.43
0
0
0
31
1.26
0.17
15
0.25
0.04
6 to <12 months
588
62
3.45
0.21
1
<0.005
<0.005
75
2.71
0.22
46
0.92
0.13
Birth to <1 year
1,190
39
2.23
0.15
1
<0.005
<0.005
46
1.68
0.12
27
0.53
0.07
1 to <2 years
728
56
2.53
0.25
2
0.02
0.01
77
2.52
0.35
49
0.79
0.08
2 to <3 years
751
50
1.96
0.17
1
0.05
0.03
81
1.83
0.13
48
0.69
0.08
3 to <6 years
1,418
45
1.57
0.14
1
<0.005
<0.005
76
1.1
0.10
45
0.58
0.05
6 to <11 years
2,292
41
0.93
0.06
1
0.01
<0.005
73
0.48
0.03
38
0.28
0.02
11 to <16 years
2,551
32
0.46
0.05
1
0.01
<0.005
56
0.18
0.02
33
0.16
0.01
16 to <21 years
2,191
26
0.29
0.04
<0.5
<0.005
<0.005
49
0.17
0.02
33
0.13
0.01
21 to <30 years
2,082
27
0.25
0.03
1
0.01
<0.005
47
0.22
0.02
42
0.16
0.01
30 to <40 years
2,282
29
0.24
0.02
2
0.02
0.01
51
0.22
0.01
49
0.19
0.01
40 to <50 years
2,378
31
0.26
0.02
1
0.01
<0.005
51
0.25
0.02
49
0.21
0.01
50 to <60 years
2,103
39
0.34
0.03
3
0.03
0.01
59
0.32
0.02
47
0.21
0.01
60 to <70 years
2,214
38
0.30
0.02
4
0.02
<0.005
60
0.33
0.02
51
0.23
0.01
70 to <80 years
1,578
42
0.35
0.03
4
0.03
<0.005
63
0.36
0.02
51
0.21
0.01
80+ years
915
44
0.32
0.02
5
0.03
0.01
72
0.47
0.03
50
0.24
0.02
21 to <50 years
6,742
29
0.25
0.01
2
0.01
<0.005
50
0.23
0.01
47
0.19
0.01
50+ years
6,810
39
0.33
0.02
4
0.03
<0.005
61
0.35
0.01
49
0.22
0.01
Race
Mexican American
5,787
36
0.67
0.03
1
<0.005
<0.005
57
0.58
0.03
57
0.29
0.01
Non-Hispanic Black
5,337
28
0.40
0.03
1
<0.005
<0.005
55
0.25
0.01
42
0.25
0.01
Non-Hispanic White
10,294
36
0.45
0.03
3
0.02
<0.005
57
0.37
0.01
42
0.22
0.01
Other Hispanic
2,082
33
0.57
0.05
1
<0.005
<0.005
59
0.50
0.04
55
0.27
0.02
Other race—
1,173
36
0.51
0.04
2
0.02
0.01
61
0.48
0.04
51
0.24
0.02
including multiple
August 2018
Page 9-27
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-5. Per Capita 2-Day Average" Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on the 2005-2010 National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)b
(Continued)
Population Group
N
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
BeetsB
Berries and Small Fruit11
Broccoli1
Bulb Vegetables)
Whole population
24,673
3
0.01
<0.005
69
0.35
0.02
15
0.10
<0.005
96
0.19
<0.005
Age group
Birth to <1 month
87
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 to <3 months
233
0
0
0
1
<0.005
<0.005
0
0
0
<0.5
<0.005
<0.005
3 to <6 months
282
1
<0.005
<0.005
7
0.03
0.01
1
0.01
0.01
10
0.01
<0.005
6 to <12 months
588
7
<0.005
<0.005
42
0.53
0.11
12
0.15
0.03
63
0.15
0.02
Birth to <1 year
1,190
4
<0.005
<0.005
23
0.28
0.06
6
0.08
0.02
35
0.08
0.01
1 to <2 years
728
3
<0.005
<0.005
83
1.58
0.17
19
0.34
0.07
94
0.27
0.02
2 to <3 years
751
3
<0.005
<0.005
85
1.74
0.20
15
0.27
0.05
96
0.29
0.02
3 to <6 years
1,418
1
0.01
<0.005
86
1.20
0.09
16
0.19
0.03
96
0.28
0.02
6 to <11 years
2,292
1
0.01
<0.005
84
0.73
0.06
11
0.13
0.02
97
0.20
0.01
11 to <16 years
2,551
<0.5
<0.005
<0.005
70
0.30
0.03
11
0.07
0.01
98
0.15
0.01
16 to <21 years
2,191
1
<0.005
<0.005
62
0.16
0.02
10
0.06
0.01
97
0.17
0.01
21 to <30 years
2,082
2
<0.005
<0.005
59
0.18
0.02
14
0.07
0.01
98
0.18
0.01
30 to <40 years
2,282
3
<0.005
<0.005
64
0.20
0.01
17
0.09
0.01
98
0.22
0.01
40 to <50 years
2,378
3
0.01
<0.005
65
0.23
0.02
17
0.09
0.01
98
0.19
0.01
50 to <60 years
2,103
4
0.01
<0.005
71
0.29
0.02
16
0.1
0.01
98
0.18
0.01
60 to <70 years
2,214
6
0.01
<0.005
72
0.27
0.02
17
0.09
0.01
97
0.17
0.01
70 to <80 years
1,578
5
0.01
<0.005
77
0.29
0.02
15
0.07
0.01
96
0.16
0.01
80+ years
915
6
0.01
<0.005
81
0.32
0.03
16
0.09
0.01
94
0.14
0.01
21 to <50 years
6,742
3
<0.005
<0.005
63
0.20
0.01
16
0.08
0.01
98
0.20
0.01
50+ years
6,810
5
0.01
<0.005
73
0.29
0.01
16
0.09
0.01
97
0.17
0.01
Race
Mexican American
5,787
1
<0.005
<0.005
59
0.23
0.02
14
0.08
0.01
96
0.26
0.01
Non-Hispanic Black
5,337
1
<0.005
<0.005
65
0.20
0.01
13
0.09
0.01
95
0.14
<0.005
Non-Hispanic White
10,294
4
0.01
<0.005
71
0.39
0.02
15
0.10
0.01
97
0.18
0.01
Other Hispanic
2,082
3
0.01
<0.005
66
0.34
0.03
13
0.07
0.01
95
0.20
0.01
Other race—
1,173
2
<0.005
<0.005
66
0.40
0.05
18
0.14
0.02
97
0.29
0.02
including multiple
August 2018
Page 9-28
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-5. Per Capita 2-Day Average" Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on the 2005-2010 National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)b
(Continued)
Population Group
N
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
Cabbagek
Carrots1
Citrus Fruits111
Corn11
Whole population
24,673
12
0.05
<0.005
46
0.15
<0.005
22
0.18
0.01
96
0.42
0.01
Age group
Birth to <1 month
87
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
0.42
0.20
1 to <3 months
233
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
0.23
0.09
3 to <6 months
282
0
0
0
3
0.03
0.01
2
<0.005
<0.005
33
0.41
0.10
6 to <12 months
588
3
0.05
0.02
27
0.27
0.05
7
0.15
0.05
83
0.60
0.05
Birth to <1 year
1,190
2
0.02
0.01
15
0.14
0.03
4
0.08
0.03
52
0.47
0.06
1 to <2 years
728
7
0.05
0.02
55
0.47
0.05
23
0.70
0.09
97
0.99
0.07
2 to <3 years
751
7
0.06
0.02
48
0.43
0.06
26
0.68
0.08
99
1.19
0.06
3 to <6 years
1,418
5
0.03
0.01
44
0.38
0.04
23
0.60
0.07
100
1.15
0.05
6 to <11 years
2,292
6
0.05
0.01
43
0.24
0.02
20
0.31
0.04
100
0.91
0.04
11 to <16 years
2,551
6
0.03
0.01
35
0.11
0.01
16
0.12
0.02
97
0.46
0.02
16 to <21 years
2,191
8
0.03
0.01
35
0.08
0.01
14
0.08
0.01
97
0.35
0.02
21 to <30 years
2,082
11
0.03
0.01
45
0.10
0.01
16
0.09
0.01
95
0.33
0.01
30 to <40 years
2,282
13
0.05
<0.005
47
0.12
0.01
22
0.13
0.02
96
0.32
0.01
40 to <50 years
2,378
13
0.05
0.01
47
0.12
0.01
24
0.13
0.01
95
0.32
0.01
50 to <60 years
2,103
16
0.06
0.01
52
0.13
0.01
27
0.15
0.02
95
0.30
0.02
60 to <70 years
2,214
19
0.08
0.01
54
0.14
0.01
24
0.15
0.02
97
0.29
0.02
70 to <80 years
1,578
18
0.10
0.01
57
0.14
0.01
29
0.18
0.02
96
0.26
0.02
80+ years
915
19
0.08
0.01
57
0.15
0.01
31
0.25
0.03
96
0.25
0.01
21 to <50 years
6,742
12
0.04
<0.005
46
0.11
0.01
21
0.12
0.01
95
0.32
0.01
50+ years
6,810
18
0.07
<0.005
54
0.13
0.01
27
0.16
0.01
96
0.28
0.01
Race
Mexican American
5,787
11
0.04
<0.005
45
0.16
0.01
25
0.37
0.03
97
0.77
0.02
Non-Hispanic Black
5,337
12
0.06
0.01
37
0.08
<0.005
17
0.19
0.02
95
0.44
0.02
Non-Hispanic White
10,294
12
0.05
<0.005
48
0.15
0.01
22
0.13
0.01
96
0.37
0.01
Other Hispanic
2,082
10
0.03
<0.005
46
0.14
0.01
22
0.24
0.02
94
0.42
0.03
Other race—
1,173
18
0.12
0.01
52
0.21
0.02
24
0.29
0.05
92
0.36
0.03
including multiple
August 2018
Page 9-29
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-5. Per Capita 2-Day Average" Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on the 2005-2010 National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)b (Continued)
Population Group
N
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
Cucumbers0
Cucurbits?
Fruiting Vegetables'1
Leafy Vegetables1
Whole population
24,673
37
0.09
<0.005
47
0.34
0.02
95
0.79
0.02
91
0.53
0.01
Age group
Birth to <1 month
87
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
<0.005
<0.005
1 to <3 months
233
0
0
0
<0.5
0.01
0.01
<0.5
<0.005
<0.005
6
0.01
<0.005
3 to <6 months
282
<0.5
<0.005
<0.005
13
0.38
0.08
5
0.03
0.01
18
0.05
0.02
6 to <12 months
588
7
0.05
0.02
35
1.30
0.24
52
0.64
0.08
63
0.37
0.06
Birth to <1 year
1,190
4
0.02
0.01
21
0.75
0.13
28
0.33
0.04
38
0.20
0.03
1 to <2 years
728
16
0.09
0.02
33
1.09
0.22
91
1.37
0.08
83
0.64
0.08
2 to <3 years
751
25
0.19
0.04
37
0.86
0.15
94
1.52
0.09
87
0.73
0.07
3 to <6 years
1,418
24
0.18
0.03
36
0.77
0.11
96
1.53
0.12
88
0.57
0.05
6 to <11 years
2,292
29
0.13
0.01
40
0.62
0.10
96
1.08
0.05
89
0.48
0.03
11 to <16 years
2,551
28
0.07
0.02
34
0.30
0.05
97
0.75
0.03
88
0.35
0.02
16 to <21 years
2,191
35
0.06
0.01
41
0.21
0.03
95
0.73
0.04
91
0.39
0.02
21 to <30 years
2,082
39
0.07
0.01
46
0.16
0.02
97
0.77
0.03
93
0.47
0.02
30 to <40 years
2,282
39
0.08
0.01
49
0.25
0.03
97
0.83
0.04
94
0.54
0.03
40 to <50 years
2,378
42
0.09
0.01
53
0.30
0.03
96
0.7
0.03
94
0.56
0.03
50 to <60 years
2,103
45
0.08
0.01
57
0.31
0.03
96
0.65
0.03
95
0.62
0.03
60 to <70 years
2,214
44
0.10
0.02
54
0.32
0.03
96
0.67
0.03
94
0.60
0.03
70 to <80 years
1,578
42
0.07
0.01
54
0.31
0.03
95
0.61
0.03
94
0.59
0.03
80+ years
915
36
0.06
0.01
50
0.33
0.03
92
0.54
0.02
92
0.57
0.03
21 to <50 years
6,742
40
0.08
<0.005
49
0.24
0.02
97
0.77
0.02
94
0.52
0.02
50+ years
6,810
43
0.08
0.01
55
0.32
0.02
95
0.64
0.02
94
0.60
0.01
Race
Mexican American
5,787
27
0.06
0.01
42
0.31
0.03
95
1.02
0.03
89
0.39
0.02
Non-Hispanic Black
5,337
34
0.06
<0.005
41
0.19
0.02
93
0.61
0.02
90
0.45
0.02
Non-Hispanic White
10,294
40
0.1
0.01
50
0.37
0.03
96
0.78
0.02
92
0.55
0.02
Other Hispanic
2,082
31
0.08
0.01
42
0.27
0.03
92
0.90
0.04
88
0.46
0.02
Other race—
1,173
34
0.08
0.01
47
0.47
0.09
93
0.79
0.03
92
0.71
0.05
including multiple
August 2018
Page 9-30
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-5. Per Capita 2-Day Average" Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on the 2005-2010 National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)b (Continued)
Population Group
N
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
Legumess
Lettuce'
Onions11
Peachesv
Whole population
24,673
84
0.44
0.02
52
0.22
0.01
96
0.18
<0.005
51
0.11
0.01
Age group
Birth to <1 month
87
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 to <3 months
233
1
0.05
0.03
0
0
0
<0.5
<0.005
<0.005
1
<0.005
<0.005
3 to <6 months
282
27
0.73
0.13
<0.5
<0.005
<0.005
10
0.01
<0.005
14
0.44
0.11
6 to <12 months
588
77
2.09
0.22
4
0.01
<0.005
63
0.14
0.01
43
0.99
0.15
Birth to <1 year
1,190
45
1.24
0.13
2
0.01
<0.005
34
0.07
0.01
25
0.60
0.08
1 to <2 years
728
84
2.77
0.72
15
0.08
0.01
94
0.26
0.02
73
0.74
0.10
2 to <3 years
751
88
1.32
0.20
26
0.14
0.02
95
0.28
0.02
71
0.44
0.09
3 to <6 years
1,418
87
1.09
0.14
29
0.18
0.02
96
0.27
0.02
71
0.33
0.06
6 to <11 years
2,292
88
0.53
0.05
35
0.17
0.01
97
0.19
0.01
71
0.17
0.02
11 to <16 years
2,551
84
0.23
0.02
41
0.16
0.01
97
0.14
0.01
53
0.07
0.01
16 to <21 years
2,191
79
0.22
0.02
55
0.22
0.02
96
0.16
0.01
44
0.04
0.01
21 to <30 years
2,082
84
0.32
0.03
58
0.24
0.01
97
0.18
0.01
42
0.04
0.01
30 to <40 years
2,282
87
0.38
0.03
61
0.24
0.02
97
0.21
0.01
45
0.05
0.01
40 to <50 years
2,378
85
0.34
0.02
56
0.25
0.02
98
0.18
0.01
46
0.07
0.01
50 to <60 years
2,103
86
0.36
0.02
60
0.26
0.01
97
0.17
0.01
50
0.07
0.01
60 to <70 years
2,214
86
0.39
0.02
58
0.24
0.01
97
0.17
0.01
52
0.10
0.01
70 to <80 years
1,578
84
0.36
0.02
52
0.22
0.02
96
0.15
0.01
57
0.13
0.02
80+ years
915
80
0.42
0.03
48
0.20
0.01
94
0.14
0.01
62
0.20
0.02
21 to <50 years
6,742
85
0.35
0.02
58
0.24
0.01
97
0.19
0.01
44
0.06
0.01
50+ years
6,810
85
0.37
0.01
57
0.24
0.01
97
0.16
0.01
53
0.10
0.01
Race
Mexican American
5,787
85
0.43
0.03
50
0.18
0.01
96
0.25
0.01
44
0.11
0.01
Non-Hispanic Black
5,337
84
0.41
0.02
45
0.14
0.01
94
0.13
<0.005
52
0.10
0.01
Non-Hispanic White
10,294
84
0.41
0.02
54
0.24
0.01
96
0.17
0.01
52
0.11
0.01
Other Hispanic
2,082
85
0.56
0.08
52
0.23
0.01
94
0.20
0.01
50
0.11
0.01
Other race—
1,173
89
0.73
0.07
43
0.16
0.01
97
0.28
0.02
48
0.12
0.02
including multiple
August 2018
Page 9-31
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-5. Per Capita 2-Day Average" Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on the 2005-2010 National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)1
(Continued)
Population Group
N
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
Pearsw
Peasx
Pome Fruity
Pumpkins2
Whole population
24,673
10
0.1
0.01
20
0.08
<0.005
39
0.57
0.02
2
0.01
<0.005
Age group
Birth to <1 month
87
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 to <3 months
233
2
0.05
0.04
1
0.05
0.03
5
0.23
0.08
0
0
0
3 to <6 months
282
16
0.61
0.12
21
0.48
0.11
38
2.57
0.47
<0.5
<0.005
<0.005
6 to <12 months
588
31
1.07
0.18
46
0.82
0.10
70
4.52
0.31
1
0.09
0.05
Birth to <1 year
1,190
20
0.69
0.10
28
0.53
0.06
45
2.92
0.18
1
0.05
0.03
1 to <2 years
728
32
0.72
0.13
30
0.29
0.04
67
3.25
0.30
1
0.02
0.01
2 to <3 years
751
24
0.40
0.06
23
0.18
0.02
60
2.36
0.20
1
0.01
0.01
3 to <6 years
1,418
22
0.37
0.06
17
0.14
0.02
56
1.94
0.17
1
0.01
<0.005
6 to <11 years
2,292
19
0.17
0.02
15
0.09
0.01
52
1.10
0.07
2
0.01
<0.005
11 to <16 years
2,551
11
0.06
0.01
12
0.04
0.01
38
0.52
0.05
2
<0.005
<0.005
16 to <21 years
2,191
5
0.02
<0.005
13
0.04
<0.005
29
0.32
0.04
2
<0.005
<0.005
21 to <30 years
2,082
7
0.05
0.01
17
0.05
0.01
30
0.30
0.03
2
<0.005
<0.005
30 to <40 years
2,282
6
0.03
0.01
22
0.05
<0.005
32
0.28
0.02
3
0.01
<0.005
40 to <50 years
2,378
6
0.04
0.01
19
0.05
0.01
34
0.31
0.03
2
<0.005
<0.005
50 to <60 years
2,103
8
0.05
0.01
23
0.07
0.01
43
0.39
0.03
2
<0.005
<0.005
60 to <70 years
2,214
10
0.09
0.01
24
0.07
0.01
43
0.38
0.03
3
0.01
<0.005
70 to <80 years
1,578
11
0.07
0.01
29
0.08
0.01
46
0.42
0.03
3
0.01
<0.005
80+ years
915
15
0.09
0.02
31
0.10
0.01
51
0.41
0.03
2
0.01
<0.005
21 to <50 years
6,742
6
0.04
0.01
19
0.05
<0.005
32
0.30
0.02
2
0.01
<0.005
50+ years
6,810
10
0.07
0.01
25
0.07
<0.005
44
0.40
0.02
2
<0.005
<0.005
Race
Mexican American
5,787
10
0.14
0.01
15
0.05
0.01
41
0.81
0.04
5
0.02
<0.005
Non-Hispanic Black
5,337
10
0.08
0.01
19
0.07
0.01
34
0.49
0.03
1
<0.005
<0.005
Non-Hispanic White
10,294
9
0.09
0.01
20
0.08
<0.005
40
0.54
0.03
2
<0.005
<0.005
Other Hispanic
2,082
9
0.10
0.01
22
0.07
0.01
36
0.67
0.05
2
0.01
<0.005
Other race—
1,173
12
0.17
0.03
30
0.12
0.01
42
0.68
0.05
2
0.01
0.01
including multiple
August 2018
Page 9-32
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-5. Per Capita 2-Day Average" Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on the 2005-2010 National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)1
(Continued)
Population Group
N
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
Root Tuber Vegetables™
Stalk/Stem vegetables'*
Stone Fruitcc
Strawberriesdd
Whole population
24,673
99
1.09
0.02
21
0.05
<0.005
54
0.17
0.01
41
0.12
0.01
Age group
Birth to <1 month
87
21
0.23
0.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 to <3 months
233
18
0.27
0.07
0
0
0
1
0.01
0.01
1
<0.005
<0.005
3 to <6 months
282
60
1.97
0.31
<0.5 <0.005
<0.005
16
0.49
0.12
5
<0.005
<0.005
6 to <12 months
588
94
3.73
0.26
4
0.01
<0.005
47
1.18
0.16
24
0.16
0.05
Birth to <1 year
1,190
66
2.41
0.15
2
0.01
<0.005
28
0.71
0.09
14
0.08
0.03
1 to <2 years
728
100
2.89
0.17
13
0.07
0.02
75
0.91
0.09
54
0.34
0.06
2 to <3 years
751
100
2.64
0.09
14
0.11
0.03
75
0.57
0.10
54
0.56
0.12
3 to <6 years
1,418
100
2.36
0.09
11
0.06
0.01
74
0.47
0.06
53
0.36
0.06
6 to <11 years
2,292
100
1.78
0.05
12
0.03
<0.005
73
0.25
0.02
51
0.22
0.04
11 to <16 years
2,551
100
1.06
0.04
12
0.03
<0.005
56
0.12
0.02
43
0.14
0.03
16 to <21 years
2,191
100
0.92
0.03
16
0.03
<0.005
45
0.06
0.01
32
0.06
0.01
21 to <30 years
2,082
100
0.88
0.03
25
0.06
0.01
45
0.07
0.01
35
0.08
0.01
30 to <40 years
2,282
100
0.86
0.02
28
0.06
0.01
47
0.09
0.01
36
0.07
0.01
40 to <50 years
2,378
100
0.86
0.02
22
0.04
<0.005
48
0.12
0.02
37
0.08
0.01
50 to <60 years
2,103
100
0.89
0.02
26
0.07
0.01
54
0.13
0.01
43
0.11
0.01
60 to <70 years
2,214
100
0.85
0.03
28
0.05
<0.005
57
0.17
0.02
45
0.09
0.01
70 to <80 years
1,578
100
0.92
0.03
20
0.05
0.01
62
0.21
0.02
49
0.11
0.02
80+ years
915
100
1.09
0.05
20
0.05
0.01
67
0.28
0.02
54
0.11
0.01
21 to <50 years
6,742
100
0.86
0.02
25
0.05
<0.005
47
0.10
0.01
36
0.07
0.01
50+ years
6,810
100
0.90
0.02
25
0.06
<0.005
58
0.17
0.01
46
0.10
0.01
Race
Mexican American
5,787
99
1.08
0.03
14
0.03
<0.005
47
0.15
0.01
32
0.08
0.01
Non-Hispanic Black
5,337
99
1.05
0.02
13
0.02
<0.005
54
0.13
0.01
29
0.05
0.01
Non-Hispanic White
10,294
100
1.10
0.02
24
0.06
<0.005
55
0.18
0.01
45
0.14
0.02
Other Hispanic
2,082
99
1.08
0.05
15
0.03
<0.005
52
0.17
0.02
37
0.12
0.02
Other race—
1,173
99
1.19
0.05
30
0.09
0.01
51
0.17
0.03
38
0.13
0.02
including multiple
August 2018
Page 9-33
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-5. Per Capita 2-Day Average" Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on the 2005-2010 National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)b
(Continued)
Population Group
N
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC Mean SE
Tomatoesee
Tropical Fruits®
White Potatoes®
Whole population
24,673
87
0.71
0.01
66
0.48
0.01
90
0.61
0.01
Age group
Birth to <1 month
87
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
<0.005 <0.005
1 to <3 months
233
<0.5
<0.005
<0.005
4
0.08
0.03
6
<0.005 <0.005
3 to <6 months
282
4
0.03
0.01
32
1.29
0.17
28
0.19
0.08
6 to <12 months
588
46
0.62
0.08
78
2.94
0.23
69
0.92
0.11
Birth to <1 year
1,190
24
0.32
0.04
47
1.80
0.13
43
0.51
0.06
1 to <2 years
728
79
1.31
0.07
83
2.90
0.36
92
1.47
0.13
2 to <3 years
751
85
1.43
0.08
86
2.12
0.15
92
1.41
0.07
3 to <6 years
1,418
87
1.45
0.12
82
1.37
0.12
93
1.20
0.07
6 to <11 years
2,292
88
1.02
0.05
80
0.65
0.03
92
0.91
0.05
11 to <16 years
2,551
91
0.71
0.03
65
0.28
0.03
92
0.61
0.03
16 to <21 years
2,191
90
0.65
0.03
58
0.23
0.02
89
0.57
0.02
21 to <30 years
2,082
92
0.69
0.02
59
0.31
0.02
91
0.55
0.03
30 to <40 years
2,282
91
0.72
0.03
62
0.30
0.02
91
0.50
0.02
40 to <50 years
2,378
88
0.61
0.03
60
0.31
0.02
89
0.49
0.02
50 to <60 years
2,103
87
0.57
0.03
67
0.38
0.02
91
0.52
0.02
60 to <70 years
2,214
86
0.59
0.03
69
0.40
0.03
92
0.49
0.03
70 to <80 years
1,578
84
0.56
0.02
71
0.43
0.02
93
0.54
0.03
80+ years
915
77
0.51
0.02
79
0.56
0.03
92
0.67
0.05
21 to <50 years
6,742
90
0.67
0.02
69
0.31
0.01
90
0.51
0.01
50+ years
6,810
85
0.57
0.02
69
0.41
0.01
92
0.53
0.02
Race
Mexican American
5,787
91
0.89
0.02
68
0.75
0.04
85
0.58
0.02
Non-Hispanic Black
5,337
83
0.57
0.02
64
0.34
0.02
90
0.61
0.02
Non-Hispanic White
10,294
88
0.70
0.02
65
0.43
0.02
92
0.61
0.02
Other Hispanic
2,082
86
0.84
0.03
71
0.72
0.03
88
0.58
0.03
Other race—
1,173
84
0.68
0.03
72
0.69
0.06
87
0.61
0.04
including multiple
a Based on the average of two days of food consumption reported for each NHANES respondent. If the respondent reported zero consumption on one of the two days
and non-zero
consumption on the other day, his/her average consumption would be the average of zero and non-zero
consumption. Single day rates can be
generated using http://fcid
foodrisk.org/.
b For more information on the recipes used to convert the foods people reported eating to the quantities of agricultural commodities eaten, refer to the Frequently Asked
Questions at http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
August 2018
Page 9-34
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-5. Per Capita 2-Day Average" Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on the 2005-2010 National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)b (Continued)
Apples: apple, dried; apple, dried-baby food; apple, fruit with peel; apple, peeled fruit; apple, peeled fruit-baby food; apple, sauce; apple, sauce-baby food.
Asparagus: asparagus.
Bananas: banana; banana, dried; banana, dried-baby food; banana-baby food.
Beans: bean, black, seed; bean, broad, seed; bean, broad, succulent; bean, cowpea, seed; bean, cowpea, succulent; bean, great northern, seed; bean, kidney, seed; bean,
lima, seed; bean, lima, succulent; bean, mung, seed; bean, navy, seed; bean, pink, seed; bean, pinto, seed; bean, snap, succulent; bean, snap, succulent-baby food.
Beets: beet, garden, roots; beet, garden, roots-baby food; beet, garden, tops.
Berries and small fruits: blackberry; blueberry; blueberry-baby food; boysenberry; cranberry; cranberry, dried; cranberry-baby food; currant; currant, dried; elderberry;
gooseberry; grape; grape, leaves; grape, raisin; huckleberry; kiwifruit, fuzzy; loganberry; mulberry; raspberry; raspberry-baby food; strawberry; strawberry-baby food.
Broccoli: broccoli; broccoli-baby food.
Bulb vegetables: chive, fresh leaves; garlic, bulb; garlic, bulb-baby food; leek; onion, bulb; onion, bulb, dried; onion, bulb, dried-baby food; onion, bulb-baby food;
onion, green; shallot, bulb.
Cabbage: cabbage; cabbage, Chinese, mustard; cabbage, Chinese, napa.
Carrots: carrot.
Citrus fruits: citron; citrus hybrids; grapefruit; kumquat; lemon; lemon, peel; lime; orange; orange, peel; pummelo; tangerine.
Corn: corn, field, bran; corn, field, flour; corn, field, flour-baby food; corn, field, meal; corn, field, meal-baby food; corn, field, starch; corn, field, starch-baby food;
corn, pop; corn, sweet; corn, sweet-baby food.
Cucumbers: cucumber.
Cucurbit vegetables: balsam pear; cantaloupe; chayote, fruit; Chinese waxgourd; cucumber; honeydew melon; pumpkin; pumpkin, seed; squash, summer; squash,
summer-baby food; squash, winter; squash, winter-baby food; watermelon.
Fruiting vegetables: eggplant; okra; pepper, bell; pepper, bell, dried; pepper, bell, dried-baby food; pepper, bell-baby food; pepper, nonbell; pepper, nonbell, dried;
pepper, nonbell-baby food; tomatillo; tomato; tomato, dried; tomato, dried-baby food; tomato, paste; tomato, paste-baby food; tomato, puree; tomato, puree-baby food;
tomato-baby food.
Leafy vegetables (brassica and nonbrassica): amaranth, leafy; arugula; beet, garden, tops; belgium endive; broccoli; broccoli raab; broccoli, Chinese; broccoli-baby
food; brussels sprouts; cabbage; cabbage, Chinese, bok choy; cabbage, Chinese, mustard; cabbage, Chinese, napa; cardoon; cauliflower; celery; celery-baby food;
celtuce; chicory, tops; chrysanthemum, garland; collards; cress, garden; cress, upland; dandelion, leaves; dasheen, leaves; endive; fennel, florence; kale; kohlrabi;
lettuce, head; lettuce, leaf; mustard greens; parsley, leaves; radicchio; radish, oriental, tops; radish, tops; rape greens; rhubarb; salsify, tops; seaweed; seaweed-baby
food; spinach; spinach-baby food; Swiss chard; turnip, greens; watercress.
Legume vegetables: bean, black, seed; bean, broad, seed; bean, broad, succulent; bean, cowpea, seed; bean, cowpea, succulent; bean, great northern, seed; bean, kidney,
seed; bean, lima, seed; bean, lima, succulent; bean, mung, seed; bean, navy, seed; bean, pink, seed; bean, pinto, seed; bean, snap, succulent; bean, snap, succulent-baby
food; chickpea, flour; chickpea, seed; chickpea, seed-baby food; guar, seed; guar, seed-baby food; lentil, seed; pea, dry; pea, dry-baby food; pea, edible podded,
succulent; pea, pigeon, seed; pea, pigeon, succulent; pea, succulent; pea, succulent-baby food; soybean, seed; soybean, soy milk; soybean, soy milk-baby food or infant
formula.
Lettuce: lettuce, head; lettuce, leaf.
Onions: onion, bulb; onion, bulb, dried; onion, bulb, dried-baby food; onion, bulb-baby food; onion, green.
Peaches: peach; peach, dried; peach, dried-baby food; peach-baby food.
Pears: pear; pear, dried; pear-baby food.
Peas: pea, dry; pea, dry-baby food; pea, edible podded, succulent; pea, pigeon, seed; pea, pigeon, succulent; pea, succulent; pea, succulent-baby food.
Pome fruits: apple, dried; apple, dried-baby food; apple, fruit with peel; apple, peeled fruit; apple, peeled fruit-baby food; apple, sauce; apple, sauce-baby food;
crabapple; loquat; pear; pear, dried; pear-baby food; quince.
Pumpkin: pumpkin; pumpkin, seed.
August 2018
Page 9-35
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-5. Per Capita 2-Day Average" Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on the 2005-2010 National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)b (Continued)
aa Root and tuber vegetables: arrowroot, flour; arrowroot, flour-baby food; artichoke, Jerusalem; beet, garden, roots; beet, garden, roots-baby food; beet, garden, tops;
beet, sugar; beet, sugar-baby food; burdock; carrot; carrot-baby food; cassava; cassava-baby food; celeriac; chicory, roots; dasheen, corm; ginger; ginger, dried;
ginger-baby food; ginseng, dried; horseradish; parsley, turnip rooted; parsnip; parsnip-baby food; potato, chips; potato, dry (granules/flakes); potato, dry
(granules/flakes)-baby food; potato, flour; potato, flour-baby food; potato, tuber, without peel; potato, tuber, without peel-baby food; potato, tuber, with peel; potato,
tuber, with peel-baby food; radish, Oriental, roots; radish, roots; rutabaga; sweet potato; sweet potato-baby food; tanier, corm; turmeric; turnip, roots; water chestnut;
yam bean; yam, true.
bb Stalk and stem vegetable and edible fungi: artichoke, globe; asparagus; bamboo, shoots; mushroom; palm heart, leaves.
cc Stone fruits: apricot; apricot, dried; apricot-baby food; cherry; cherry-baby food; nectarine; peach; peach, dried; peach, dried-baby food; peach-baby food; plum; plum,
prune, dried; plum, prune, dried-baby food; plum, prune, fresh; plum, prune, fresh-baby food; plum-baby food.
dd Strawberries: strawberry; strawberry-baby food.
ee Tomatoes: tomato; tomato, dried; tomato, dried-baby food; tomato, paste; tomato, paste-baby food; tomato, puree; tomato, puree-baby food; tomato-baby food.
ff Tropical fruits: acerola; bamboo, shoots; banana; banana, dried; banana, dried-baby food; banana-baby food; breadfruit; canistel; cherimoya; date; dragon fruit; feijoa;
fig; fig, dried; guava; guava-baby food; jackfruit; longan; lychee; lychee, dried; mamey apple; mango; mango, dried; mango-baby food; papaya; papaya, dried;
papaya-baby food; passionfruit; passionfruit-baby food; pawpaw, pineapple; pineapple, dried; pineapple-baby food; plantain; plantain, dried; pomegranate; prickly pear
fruit; sapote, mamey; soursop; Spanish lime; starfruit; sugar apple; tamarind.
gB White potatoes: potato, chips; potato, dry (granules/flakes); potato, dry (granules/flakes)-baby food; potato, flour; potato, flour-baby food; potato, tuber, without peel;
potato, tuber, without peel-baby food; potato, tuber, with peel; potato, tuber, with peel-baby food.
iV = Sample size.
PC = Percent consuming. Represents the percentage of individuals consuming these foods at least once over the 2-day survey period. Rounded to whole numbers; thus,
values of 100 percent mean that >99.5 percent of the population consumed the foods during the 2-day survey period.
SE = Standard error.
Note: Data for fruits and vegetables for which only small percentages of the population reported consumption may be less reliable than data for fruits and vegetables with
higher percentages consuming.
Source: Based on U.S. EPA analysis of 2005-2010 NHANES using the FCID Consumption Calculator available at http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
August 2018
Page 9-36
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-6. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average3 Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on the 2005-2010 National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)b
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
Applesc
Asparagusd
Bananase
Beansf
Whole population
8,743
1.38
0.04
350
0.73
0.06
14,474
0.68
0.02
11,278
0.52
0.01
Age group
Birth to <1 month
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 to <3 months
9
5.42
2.36
0
0
0
14
2.08
0.57
1
0.16
0
3 to <6 months
86
6.52
1.34
0
0
0
96
4.01
0.34
49
1.67
0.24
6 to <12 months
354
5.60
0.32
3
0.23
0.02
424
3.62
0.31
261
2.01
0.29
Birth to <1 year
449
5.75
0.35
3
0.23
0.02
534
3.65
0.26
311
1.96
0.27
1 to <2 years
372
4.53
0.36
5
1.26
0.32
547
3.27
0.46
364
1.62
0.14
2 to <3 years
365
3.89
0.28
8
3.21
1.08
585
2.26
0.15
370
1.44
0.11
3 to <6 years
656
3.48
0.21
5
0.63
0.29
1,072
1.44
0.12
644
1.29
0.10
6 to <11 years
981
2.25
0.10
18
0.78
0.21
1,648
0.66
0.03
965
0.74
0.04
11 to <16 years
808
1.43
0.07
19
0.66
0.22
1,473
0.33
0.03
900
0.49
0.03
16 to <21 years
560
1.13
0.11
10
0.66
0.12
1,122
0.35
0.03
835
0.41
0.04
21 to <30 years
562
0.93
0.06
22
0.68
0.09
1,028
0.46
0.03
959
0.38
0.02
30 to <40 years
650
0.82
0.05
39
0.88
0.20
1,163
0.42
0.03
1,149
0.38
0.02
40 to <50 years
744
0.84
0.06
30
0.52
0.08
1,243
0.49
0.04
1,200
0.42
0.02
50 to <60 years
754
0.87
0.06
47
0.85
0.15
1,176
0.55
0.03
1,069
0.44
0.02
60 to <70 years
827
0.78
0.05
57
0.50
0.05
1,283
0.55
0.03
1,225
0.45
0.02
70 to <80 years
621
0.84
0.05
49
0.64
0.06
960
0.57
0.02
818
0.42
0.02
80+ years
394
0.73
0.05
38
0.70
0.09
640
0.65
0.04
469
0.48
0.03
21 to <50 years
1,956
0.86
0.03
91
0.71
0.10
3,434
0.46
0.02
3,308
0.40
0.01
50+ years
2,596
0.83
0.03
191
0.69
0.07
4,059
0.57
0.02
3,581
0.44
0.01
Race
Mexican American
2,157
1.87
0.08
28
0.75
0.44
3,363
1.02
0.05
3,201
0.51
0.02
Non-Hispanic Black
1,614
1.43
0.08
27
0.60
0.07
3,081
0.46
0.03
2,240
0.58
0.03
Non-Hispanic White
3,774
1.27
0.05
252
0.72
0.07
6,008
0.64
0.02
4,190
0.52
0.01
Other Hispanic
753
1.73
0.11
17
0.46
0.11
1,310
0.83
0.07
1,119
0.48
0.02
Other race—including
445
1.42
0.09
26
0.97
0.13
712
0.79
0.06
528
0.47
0.03
multiple
August 2018
Page 9-37
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-6. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average3 Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on the 2005-2010 National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)b
(Continued)
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
BeetsB
Berries and Small Fruit11
Broccoli1
Bulb Vegetables'
Whole population
585
0.2
0.03
16,525
0.51
0.02
3,299
0.65
0.02
23,179
0.19
<0.005
Age group
Birth to <1 month
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 to <3 months
0
0
0
2
<0.005
<0.005
0
0
0
2
<0.005
<0.005
3 to <6 months
4
<0.005
<0.005
15
0.38
0.11
4
1.50
0.08
42
0.11
0.01
6 to <12 months
32
0.01
<0.005
226
1.25
0.24
52
1.23
0.17
402
0.23
0.03
Birth to <1 year
36
0.01
<0.005
243
1.19
0.22
56
1.24
0.17
446
0.23
0.02
1 to <2 years
14
0.01
<0.005
565
1.92
0.20
107
1.85
0.28
690
0.28
0.02
2 to <3 years
11
0.14
0.13
622
2.04
0.23
101
1.80
0.28
725
0.31
0.02
3 to <6 years
12
0.45
0.38
1,175
1.39
0.10
202
1.21
0.11
1,368
0.29
0.02
6 to <11 years
23
0.58
0.20
1,864
0.86
0.07
263
1.21
0.13
2,246
0.21
0.01
11 to <16 years
8
0.25
0.18
1,786
0.42
0.04
265
0.68
0.06
2,483
0.15
0.01
16 to <21 years
17
0.22
0.08
1,391
0.26
0.03
216
0.55
0.05
2,129
0.17
0.01
21 to <30 years
28
0.20
0.05
1,260
0.31
0.03
275
0.49
0.06
2,029
0.19
0.01
30 to <40 years
56
0.17
0.06
1,396
0.31
0.02
368
0.51
0.05
2,232
0.22
0.01
40 to <50 years
55
0.16
0.05
1,496
0.35
0.03
395
0.55
0.05
2,309
0.19
0.01
50 to <60 years
70
0.22
0.06
1,386
0.41
0.03
312
0.59
0.05
2,033
0.18
0.01
60 to <70 years
117
0.15
0.03
1,479
0.38
0.03
354
0.50
0.03
2,123
0.18
0.01
70 to <80 years
81
0.27
0.07
1,138
0.37
0.02
240
0.49
0.04
1,508
0.16
0.01
80+ years
57
0.22
0.06
724
0.39
0.03
145
0.57
0.07
858
0.15
0.01
21 to <50 years
139
0.17
0.04
4,152
0.33
0.02
1,038
0.52
0.03
6,570
0.20
0.01
50+ years
325
0.20
0.02
4,727
0.39
0.02
1,051
0.55
0.02
6,522
0.17
0.01
Race
Mexican American
61
0.22
0.14
3,415
0.39
0.02
683
0.59
0.05
5,407
0.27
0.01
Non-Hispanic Black
66
0.18
0.04
3,628
0.31
0.01
687
0.72
0.06
4,996
0.14
<0.005
Non-Hispanic White
372
0.20
0.03
7,318
0.55
0.02
1,458
0.63
0.03
9,741
0.18
0.01
Other Hispanic
63
0.22
0.05
1,377
0.51
0.04
278
0.56
0.04
1,939
0.22
0.01
Other race—including
23
0.19
0.08
787
0.61
0.07
193
0.78
0.08
1,096
0.30
0.02
multiple
August 2018
Page 9-38
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-6. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average3 Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on the 2005-2010 National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)b
(Continued)
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
Cabbage15
Carrots1
Citrus Fruits™
Corn11
Whole population
2,790
0.41
0.01
10,804
0.31
0.01
5,259
0.81
0.03
23,301
0.44
0.01
Age group
Birth to <1 month
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
3.92
0.90
1 to <3 months
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
17
3.44
0.62
3 to <6 months
0
0
0
18
0.96
0.29
2
0.06
0.08
88
1.25
0.21
6 to <12 months
18
1.31
0.34
191
0.97
0.14
47
2.03
0.68
491
0.72
0.06
Birth to <1 year
18
1.31
0.34
209
0.97
0.14
49
1.84
0.63
603
0.91
0.08
1 to <2 years
47
0.75
0.25
390
0.85
0.08
169
3.07
0.39
712
1.02
0.07
2 to <3 years
44
0.89
0.22
360
0.91
0.11
184
2.58
0.27
740
1.21
0.06
3 to <6 years
91
0.66
0.12
648
0.85
0.07
325
2.64
0.22
1,409
1.15
0.05
6 to <11 years
149
0.71
0.17
1,004
0.55
0.05
520
1.53
0.12
2,276
0.92
0.04
11 to <16 years
162
0.46
0.09
878
0.31
0.02
454
0.77
0.06
2,495
0.47
0.02
16 to <21 years
170
0.34
0.06
720
0.24
0.02
337
0.58
0.07
2,107
0.37
0.02
21 to <30 years
239
0.30
0.03
901
0.23
0.02
365
0.54
0.06
2,002
0.34
0.01
30 to <40 years
320
0.38
0.02
1,049
0.25
0.02
495
0.61
0.08
2,187
0.33
0.01
40 to <50 years
333
0.35
0.04
1,102
0.25
0.02
583
0.52
0.05
2,261
0.34
0.01
50 to <60 years
317
0.39
0.03
1,013
0.24
0.01
537
0.55
0.05
1,996
0.31
0.02
60 to <70 years
441
0.42
0.03
1,144
0.25
0.01
532
0.63
0.06
2,127
0.29
0.02
70 to <80 years
290
0.52
0.04
880
0.25
0.01
425
0.65
0.07
1,513
0.27
0.02
80+ years
169
0.44
0.05
506
0.25
0.01
284
0.79
0.07
873
0.26
0.01
21 to <50 years
892
0.35
0.02
3,052
0.25
0.01
1,443
0.56
0.04
6,450
0.34
0.01
50+ years
1,217
0.43
0.02
3,543
0.25
0.01
1,778
0.62
0.03
6,509
0.30
0.01
Race
Mexican American
575
0.32
0.03
2,561
0.34
0.02
1,480
1.44
0.1
5,457
0.79
0.02
Non-Hispanic Black
626
0.52
0.04
1,950
0.22
0.01
921
1.10
0.09
5,059
0.46
0.02
Non-Hispanic White
1,187
0.38
0.02
4,766
0.32
0.01
2,105
0.61
0.03
9,797
0.38
0.01
Other Hispanic
216
0.32
0.02
954
0.30
0.02
487
1.09
0.07
1,919
0.45
0.02
Other race—including
186
0.66
0.06
573
0.41
0.03
266
1.18
0.15
1,069
0.40
0.03
multiple
August 2018
Page 9-39
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-6. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average3 Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on the 2005-2010 National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)b
(Continued)
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
Cucumbers0
Cucurbitsp
Fruiting Vegetables'
Leafy Vegetables1
Whole population
7,939
0.23
0.01
10,487
0.72
0.04
22,773
0.83
0.02
21,761
0.57
0.01
Age group
Birth to <1 month
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0.09
0
1 to <3 months
0
0
0
1
3.13
0
1
0.06
0
12
0.09
0.02
3 to <6 months
2
0.06
0.03
31
2.83
0.46
24
0.64
0.28
59
0.31
0.08
6 to <12 months
33
0.64
0.21
172
3.68
0.50
341
1.22
0.12
368
0.59
0.08
Birth to <1 year
35
0.62
0.21
204
3.56
0.44
366
1.19
0.12
440
0.54
0.07
1 to <2 years
105
0.59
0.14
232
3.33
0.63
667
1.50
0.08
610
0.77
0.10
2 to <3 years
147
0.77
0.14
242
2.32
0.39
710
1.62
0.09
660
0.84
0.08
3 to <6 years
320
0.76
0.13
498
2.12
0.29
1,346
1.60
0.12
1,249
0.65
0.06
6 to <11 years
620
0.44
0.04
845
1.52
0.18
2,220
1.12
0.05
2,065
0.54
0.03
11 to <16 years
701
0.27
0.06
861
0.88
0.14
2,453
0.78
0.03
2,264
0.40
0.03
16 to <21 years
756
0.18
0.02
875
0.50
0.08
2,106
0.76
0.04
1,977
0.43
0.02
21 to <30 years
797
0.17
0.01
962
0.36
0.03
2,010
0.79
0.03
1,926
0.50
0.02
30 to <40 years
870
0.20
0.02
1,082
0.52
0.05
2,207
0.86
0.04
2,119
0.57
0.03
40 to <50 years
932
0.22
0.02
1,189
0.58
0.06
2,273
0.73
0.03
2,197
0.59
0.03
50 to <60 years
830
0.18
0.01
1,087
0.55
0.05
2,002
0.68
0.03
1,936
0.65
0.03
60 to <70 years
887
0.23
0.04
1,148
0.60
0.05
2,098
0.69
0.03
2,020
0.64
0.03
70 to <80 years
610
0.17
0.02
807
0.57
0.05
1,479
0.64
0.03
1,461
0.63
0.03
80+ years
329
0.18
0.02
455
0.65
0.06
836
0.59
0.03
837
0.62
0.03
21 to <50 years
2,599
0.20
0.01
3,233
0.49
0.03
6,490
0.79
0.02
6,242
0.56
0.02
50+ years
2,656
0.19
0.02
3,497
0.58
0.03
6,415
0.67
0.02
6,254
0.64
0.02
Race
Mexican American
1,417
0.24
0.04
2,275
0.72
0.07
5,328
1.07
0.03
4,968
0.44
0.02
Non-Hispanic Black
1,767
0.17
0.01
2,073
0.46
0.04
4,917
0.65
0.02
4,766
0.50
0.02
Non-Hispanic White
3,788
0.24
0.01
4,785
0.74
0.05
9,596
0.81
0.02
9,216
0.59
0.02
Other Hispanic
604
0.25
0.03
861
0.64
0.06
1,882
0.98
0.04
1,776
0.52
0.02
Other race—including
363
0.25
0.04
493
1.00
0.19
1,050
0.84
0.03
1,035
0.77
0.06
multiple
August 2018
Page 9-40
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-6. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average3 Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on the 2005-2010 National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)
b (Continued)
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
Legumess
Lettuce'
Onions11
Peachesv
Whole population
20,449
0.52
0.02
11,421
0.42
0.01
23,060
0.19
<0.005
12,742
0.22
0.01
Age group
Birth to <1 month
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 to <3 months
5
3.96
1.94
0
0
0
2
<0.005
<0.005
3
0.16
0.11
3 to <6 months
85
2.71
0.27
1
0.06
0
42
0.1
0.01
37
3.07
0.79
6 to <12 months
418
2.73
0.28
20
0.27
0.06
400
0.23
0.02
236
2.30
0.28
Birth to <1 year
508
2.73
0.25
21
0.26
0.06
444
0.22
0.02
276
2.37
0.28
1 to <2 years
614
3.31
0.86
104
0.55
0.07
684
0.27
0.02
491
1.01
0.12
2 to <3 years
664
1.49
0.22
190
0.54
0.06
719
0.29
0.02
528
0.62
0.13
3 to <6 years
1,230
1.26
0.15
443
0.62
0.06
1,364
0.28
0.02
1,016
0.47
0.07
6 to <11 years
2,024
0.60
0.06
860
0.49
0.02
2,239
0.20
0.01
1,605
0.23
0.03
11 to <16 years
2,125
0.28
0.02
1,144
0.40
0.03
2,464
0.14
0.01
1,409
0.12
0.01
16 to <21 years
1,781
0.28
0.02
1,232
0.39
0.02
2,114
0.17
0.01
1,032
0.10
0.02
21 to <30 years
1,757
0.38
0.04
1,220
0.40
0.02
2,021
0.18
0.01
897
0.10
0.01
30 to <40 years
1,989
0.43
0.03
1,338
0.40
0.03
2,220
0.22
0.01
988
0.12
0.02
40 to <50 years
2,019
0.41
0.02
1,315
0.44
0.02
2,301
0.18
0.01
1,054
0.16
0.02
50 to <60 years
1,805
0.42
0.02
1,166
0.43
0.02
2,019
0.18
0.01
989
0.15
0.02
60 to <70 years
1,887
0.45
0.02
1,176
0.42
0.02
2,114
0.17
0.01
1,061
0.20
0.03
70 to <80 years
1,300
0.43
0.02
787
0.42
0.02
1,501
0.16
0.01
841
0.23
0.03
80+ years
746
0.52
0.03
425
0.43
0.02
856
0.15
0.01
555
0.31
0.03
21 to <50 years
5,765
0.41
0.02
3,873
0.41
0.01
6,542
0.19
0.01
2,939
0.13
0.01
50+ years
5,738
0.44
0.01
3,554
0.43
0.01
6,490
0.17
0.01
3,446
0.20
0.02
Race
Mexican American
4,761
0.51
0.03
2,662
0.36
0.01
5,379
0.26
0.01
2,610
0.25
0.02
Non-Hispanic Black
4,454
0.49
0.02
2,254
0.32
0.01
4,966
0.14
<0.005
2,958
0.19
0.02
Non-Hispanic White
8,516
0.49
0.02
5,049
0.45
0.01
9,695
0.18
0.01
5,467
0.22
0.01
Other Hispanic
1,719
0.66
0.09
993
0.44
0.02
1,925
0.21
0.01
1,092
0.22
0.02
Other race—including
999
0.82
0.08
463
0.37
0.02
1,095
0.29
0.02
615
0.26
0.04
multiple
August 2018
Page 9-41
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-6. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average3 Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on the 2005-2010 National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)b
(Continued)
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
Pearsw
Peasx
Pome Fruity
Pumpkins2
Whole population
2,889
0.99
0.04
4,840
0.38
0.01
10,158
1.46
0.04
539
0.28
0.03
Age group
Birth to <1 month
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 to <3 months
4
2.68
0.35
4
6.43
0.68
12
4.57
1.59
0
0
0
3 to <6 months
40
3.78
0.44
58
2.28
0.28
106
6.74
1.10
1
0.62
0
6 to <12 months
156
3.48
0.37
233
1.78
0.16
398
6.42
0.39
5
8.26
1.35
Birth to <1 year
200
3.52
0.31
295
1.89
0.14
516
6.44
0.32
6
7.42
1.33
1 to <2 years
196
2.24
0.29
198
0.97
0.11
450
4.86
0.38
12
1.69
0.54
2 to <3 years
172
1.67
0.21
155
0.80
0.09
439
3.95
0.27
7
1.04
0.63
3 to <6 years
323
1.70
0.21
241
0.83
0.10
809
3.48
0.20
22
0.78
0.23
6 to <11 years
430
0.91
0.11
371
0.59
0.05
1,218
2.14
0.10
50
0.38
0.08
11 to <16 years
295
0.54
0.07
306
0.35
0.04
989
1.36
0.06
49
0.21
0.06
16 to <21 years
141
0.40
0.05
296
0.29
0.03
646
1.08
0.11
36
0.17
0.06
21 to <30 years
153
0.75
0.12
360
0.30
0.02
640
0.99
0.06
43
0.25
0.06
30 to <40 years
148
0.61
0.09
466
0.24
0.02
729
0.86
0.05
61
0.22
0.04
40 to <50 years
152
0.74
0.11
458
0.29
0.03
809
0.91
0.07
60
0.21
0.05
50 to <60 years
162
0.68
0.09
477
0.29
0.02
833
0.90
0.05
55
0.14
0.02
60 to <70 years
214
0.85
0.09
519
0.29
0.02
927
0.90
0.05
72
0.27
0.12
70 to <80 years
167
0.66
0.07
424
0.27
0.02
692
0.93
0.05
47
0.18
0.03
80+ years
136
0.62
0.05
274
0.33
0.02
461
0.81
0.05
19
0.35
0.08
21 to <50 years
453
0.70
0.07
1,284
0.28
0.01
2,178
0.92
0.03
164
0.22
0.02
50+ years
679
0.72
0.05
1,694
0.29
0.01
2,913
0.90
0.03
193
0.21
0.04
Race
Mexican American
674
1.34
0.10
906
0.35
0.03
2,486
1.99
0.09
267
0.32
0.06
Non-Hispanic Black
677
0.80
0.08
975
0.39
0.03
1,995
1.43
0.07
41
0.39
0.07
Non-Hispanic White
1,145
0.92
0.06
2,154
0.38
0.01
4,302
1.34
0.05
155
0.23
0.03
Other Hispanic
236
1.08
0.10
464
0.33
0.04
859
1.84
0.10
52
0.24
0.05
Other race—including
157
1.39
0.18
341
0.40
0.03
516
1.64
0.11
24
0.61
0.28
multiple
August 2018
Page 9-42
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-6. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average3 Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on the 2005-2010 National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)b
(Continued)
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
Root Tuber Vegetables
aa
Stalk/Stem Vegetables'*
Stone Fruitcc
Strawberriesdd
Whole population
24,226
1.1
0.02
4,023
0.23
0.01
13,410
0.32
0.02
9,386
0.29
0.03
Age group
Birth to <1 month
11
1.11
0.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 to <3 months
39
1.48
0.29
0
0
0
4
0.58
0.44
2
<0.005
<0.005
3 to <6 months
165
3.27
0.39
2
0.28
0.15
45
3.02
0.69
9
0.07
0.02
6 to <12 months
551
3.96
0.25
22
0.29
0.07
255
2.52
0.28
132
0.67
0.19
Birth to <1 year
766
3.62
0.19
24
0.29
0.07
304
2.56
0.27
143
0.61
0.18
1 to <2 years
726
2.90
0.17
72
0.51
0.1
503
1.21
0.11
335
0.63
0.10
2 to <3 years
751
2.64
0.09
97
0.73
0.16
543
0.77
0.13
372
1.05
0.21
3 to <6 years
1,417
2.36
0.09
130
0.52
0.07
1,041
0.63
0.07
721
0.68
0.12
6 to <11 years
2,292
1.78
0.05
245
0.26
0.03
1,644
0.34
0.03
1,077
0.43
0.06
11 to <16 years
2,551
1.06
0.04
293
0.21
0.02
1,444
0.21
0.04
969
0.33
0.06
16 to <21 years
2,191
0.92
0.03
301
0.18
0.02
1,072
0.14
0.02
637
0.20
0.04
21 to <30 years
2,077
0.88
0.03
465
0.22
0.02
956
0.16
0.02
685
0.22
0.03
30 to <40 years
2,279
0.86
0.02
567
0.23
0.02
1,052
0.19
0.02
792
0.19
0.03
40 to <50 years
2,373
0.86
0.02
490
0.18
0.01
1,120
0.26
0.03
819
0.21
0.04
50 to <60 years
2,100
0.89
0.02
448
0.25
0.03
1,059
0.24
0.02
782
0.25
0.03
60 to <70 years
2,213
0.85
0.03
444
0.20
0.02
1,158
0.29
0.03
854
0.20
0.03
70 to <80 years
1,575
0.92
0.03
281
0.26
0.03
918
0.34
0.03
722
0.22
0.03
80+ years
915
1.09
0.05
166
0.26
0.03
596
0.41
0.04
478
0.21
0.02
21 to <50 years
6,729
0.87
0.02
1,522
0.21
0.01
3,128
0.20
0.02
2,296
0.21
0.03
50+ years
6,803
0.90
0.02
1,339
0.24
0.02
3,731
0.30
0.02
2,836
0.22
0.02
Race
Mexican American
5,607
1.09
0.03
669
0.21
0.03
2,722
0.32
0.03
1,885
0.24
0.02
Non-Hispanic Black
5,264
1.06
0.02
618
0.16
0.01
3,065
0.25
0.02
1,639
0.16
0.02
Non-Hispanic White
10,165
1.10
0.02
2,168
0.24
0.01
5,823
0.33
0.02
4,634
0.30
0.04
Other Hispanic
2,042
1.09
0.05
270
0.18
0.03
1,146
0.32
0.03
782
0.32
0.05
Other race—including
1,148
1.20
0.05
298
0.29
0.03
654
0.34
0.05
446
0.34
0.05
multiple
August 2018
Page 9-43
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-6. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average3 Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on the 2005-2010 National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)b
(Continued)
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N Mean SE
Tomatoesee
Tropical Fruits®
White Potatoes®
Whole population
20,828
0.81
0.01
16,598
0.73
0.02
21,755
0.67
0.01
Age group
Birth to <1 month
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0.04
0.01
1 to <3 months
1
0.06
0
14
2.08
0.57
14
0.05
0.01
3 to <6 months
22
0.65
0.29
97
4.09
0.35
79
0.69
0.24
6 to <12 months
303
1.36
0.13
446
3.78
0.32
408
1.33
0.14
Birth to <1 year
326
1.33
0.13
557
3.80
0.27
507
1.19
0.12
1 to <2 years
583
1.66
0.08
600
3.48
0.44
664
1.59
0.14
2 to <3 years
645
1.69
0.09
633
2.46
0.17
698
1.53
0.07
3 to <6 years
1,228
1.67
0.13
1,162
1.67
0.14
1,318
1.29
0.07
6 to <11 years
2,066
1.16
0.05
1,811
0.82
0.04
2,123
0.98
0.06
11 to <16 years
2,293
0.78
0.03
1,700
0.43
0.04
2,338
0.67
0.03
16 to <21 years
1,977
0.72
0.04
1,311
0.40
0.03
1,986
0.64
0.02
21 to <30 years
1,899
0.75
0.02
1,257
0.52
0.03
1,873
0.60
0.03
30 to <40 years
2,070
0.79
0.03
1,429
0.48
0.03
2,042
0.55
0.02
40 to <50 years
2,081
0.69
0.03
1,479
0.53
0.03
2,088
0.55
0.02
50 to <60 years
1,807
0.66
0.03
1,373
0.57
0.03
1,864
0.57
0.02
60 to <70 years
1,855
0.69
0.03
1,484
0.58
0.04
1,975
0.54
0.03
70 to <80 years
1,285
0.67
0.03
1,104
0.60
0.02
1,433
0.58
0.03
80+ years
713
0.66
0.03
698
0.71
0.03
846
0.73
0.06
21 to <50 years
6,050
0.74
0.02
4,165
0.51
0.02
6,003
0.56
0.02
50+ years
5,660
0.67
0.02
4,659
0.59
0.02
6,118
0.58
0.02
Race
Mexican American
5,054
0.98
0.02
3,935
1.11
0.05
4,820
0.68
0.02
Non-Hispanic Black
4,373
0.68
0.02
3,492
0.53
0.03
4,792
0.68
0.02
Non-Hispanic White
8,710
0.80
0.02
6,827
0.67
0.02
9,354
0.67
0.02
Other Hispanic
1,761
0.97
0.03
1,522
1.01
0.04
1,794
0.67
0.03
Other race—including
930
0.81
0.03
822
0.96
0.08
995
0.70
0.05
multiple
a Based on the average of two days of food consumption reported for each NHANES respondent. If the respondent reported zero consumption on one of the two days and
non-zero consumption on the other day, his/her average consumption would be the average of zero and
non-zero consumption. Single day rates can be generated using
http: //fcid. foodrisk. org/.
b For more information on the recipes used to convert the foods people reported eating to the quantities of agricultural commodities eaten, refer to the Frequently Asked
Questions at http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
August 2018
Page 9-44
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-6. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average3 Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on the 2005-2010 National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)b (Continued)
Apples: apple, dried; apple, dried-baby food; apple, fruit with peel; apple, peeled fruit; apple, peeled fruit-baby food; apple, sauce; apple, sauce-baby food.
Asparagus: asparagus.
Bananas: banana; banana, dried; banana, dried-baby food; banana-baby food.
Beans: bean, black, seed; bean, broad, seed; bean, broad, succulent; bean, cowpea, seed; bean, cowpea, succulent; bean, great northern, seed; bean, kidney, seed; bean,
lima, seed; bean, lima, succulent; bean, mung, seed; bean, navy, seed; bean, pink, seed; bean, pinto, seed; bean, snap, succulent; bean, snap, succulent-baby food.
Beets: beet, garden, roots; beet, garden, roots-baby food; beet, garden, tops.
Berries and small fruits: blackberry; blueberry; blueberry-baby food; boysenberry; cranberry; cranberry, dried; cranberry-baby food; currant; currant, dried; elderberry;
gooseberry; grape; grape, leaves; grape, raisin; huckleberry; kiwifruit, fuzzy; loganberry; mulberry; raspberry; raspberry-baby food; strawberry; strawberry-baby food.
Broccoli: broccoli; broccoli-baby food.
Bulb vegetables: chive, fresh leaves; garlic, bulb; garlic, bulb-baby food; leek; onion, bulb; onion, bulb, dried; onion, bulb, dried-baby food; onion, bulb-baby food;
onion, green; shallot, bulb.
Cabbage: cabbage; cabbage, Chinese, mustard; cabbage, Chinese, napa.
Carrots: carrot.
Citrus fruits: citron; citrus hybrids; grapefruit; kumquat; lemon; lemon, peel; lime; orange; orange, peel; pummelo; tangerine.
Corn: corn, field, bran; corn, field, flour; corn, field, flour-baby food; corn, field, meal; corn, field, meal-baby food; corn, field, starch; corn, field, starch-baby food;
corn, pop; corn, sweet; corn, sweet-baby food.
Cucumbers: cucumber.
Cucurbit vegetables: balsam pear; cantaloupe; chayote, fruit; Chinese waxgourd; cucumber; honeydew melon; pumpkin; pumpkin, seed; squash, summer; squash,
summer-baby food; squash, winter; squash, winter-baby food; watermelon.
Fruiting vegetables: eggplant; okra; pepper, bell; pepper, bell, dried; pepper, bell, dried-baby food; pepper, bell-baby food; pepper, nonbell; pepper, nonbell, dried;
pepper, nonbell-baby food; tomatillo; tomato; tomato, dried; tomato, dried-baby food; tomato, paste; tomato, paste-baby food; tomato, puree; tomato, puree-baby food;
tomato-baby food.
Leafy vegetables (brassica and nonbrassica): amaranth, leafy; arugula; beet, garden, tops; belgium endive; broccoli; broccoli raab; broccoli, Chinese; broccoli-baby
food; brussels sprouts; cabbage; cabbage, Chinese, bok choy; cabbage, Chinese, mustard; cabbage, Chinese, napa; cardoon; cauliflower; celery; celery-baby food;
celtuce; chicory, tops; chrysanthemum, garland; collards; cress, garden; cress, upland; dandelion, leaves; dasheen, leaves; endive; fennel, florence; kale; kohlrabi;
lettuce, head; lettuce, leaf; mustard greens; parsley, leaves; radicchio; radish, oriental, tops; radish, tops; rape greens; rhubarb; salsify, tops; seaweed; seaweed-baby
food; spinach; spinach-baby food; Swiss chard; turnip, greens; watercress.
Legume vegetables: bean, black, seed; bean, broad, seed; bean, broad, succulent; bean, cowpea, seed; bean, cowpea, succulent; bean, great northern, seed; bean, kidney,
seed; bean, lima, seed; bean, lima, succulent; bean, mung, seed; bean, navy, seed; bean, pink, seed; bean, pinto, seed; bean, snap, succulent; bean, snap, succulent-baby
food; chickpea, flour; chickpea, seed; chickpea, seed-baby food; guar, seed; guar, seed-baby food; lentil, seed; pea, dry; pea, dry-baby food; pea, edible podded,
succulent; pea, pigeon, seed; pea, pigeon, succulent; pea, succulent; pea, succulent-baby food; soybean, seed; soybean, soy milk; soybean, soy milk-baby food or infant
formula.
Lettuce: lettuce, head; lettuce, leaf.
Onions: onion, bulb; onion, bulb, dried; onion, bulb, dried-baby food; onion, bulb-baby food; onion, green.
Peaches: peach; peach, dried; peach, dried-baby food; peach-baby food
Pears: pear; pear, dried; pear-baby food.
Peas: pea, dry; pea, dry-baby food; pea, edible podded, succulent; pea, pigeon, seed; pea, pigeon, succulent; pea, succulent; pea, succulent-baby food.
Pome fruits: apple, dried; apple, dried-baby food; apple, fruit with peel; apple, peeled fruit; apple, peeled fruit-baby food; apple, sauce; apple, sauce-baby food;
crabapple; loquat; pear; pear, dried; pear-baby food; quince.
Pumpkin: pumpkin; pumpkin, seed.
August 2018
Page 9-45
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-6. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average3 Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on the 2005-2010 National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)b (Continued)
aa Root and tuber vegetables: arrowroot, flour; arrowroot, flour-baby food; artichoke, Jerusalem; beet, garden, roots; beet, garden, roots-baby food; beet, garden, tops;
beet, sugar; beet, sugar-baby food; burdock; carrot; carrot-baby food; cassava; cassava-baby food; celeriac; chicory, roots; dasheen, corm; ginger; ginger, dried;
ginger-baby food; ginseng, dried; horseradish; parsley, turnip rooted; parsnip; parsnip-baby food; potato, chips; potato, dry (granules/flakes); potato, dry
(granules/flakes)-baby food; potato, flour; potato, flour-baby food; potato, tuber, without peel; potato, tuber, without peel-baby food; potato, tuber, with peel; potato,
tuber, with peel-baby food; radish, Oriental, roots; radish, roots; rutabaga; sweet potato; sweet potato-baby food; tanier, corm; turmeric; turnip, roots; water chestnut;
yam bean; yam, true.
bb Stalk and stem vegetable and edible fungi: artichoke, globe; asparagus; bamboo, shoots; mushroom; palm heart, leaves.
cc Stone fruits: apricot; apricot, dried; apricot-baby food; cherry; cherry-baby food; nectarine; peach; peach, dried; peach, dried-baby food; peach-baby food; plum; plum,
prune, dried; plum, prune, dried-baby food; plum, prune, fresh; plum, prune, fresh-baby food; plum-baby food.
dd Strawberries: strawberry; strawberry-baby food.
ee Tomatoes: tomato; tomato, dried; tomato, dried-baby food; tomato, paste; tomato, paste-baby food; tomato, puree; tomato, puree-baby food; tomato-baby food.
ff Tropical fruits: acerola; bamboo, shoots; banana; banana, dried; banana, dried-baby food; banana-baby food; breadfruit; canistel; cherimoya; date; dragon fruit; feijoa;
fig; fig, dried; guava; guava-baby food; jackfruit; longan; lychee; lychee, dried; mamey apple; mango; mango, dried; mango-baby food; papaya; papaya, dried;
papaya-baby food; passionfruit; passionfruit-baby food; pawpaw; pineapple; pineapple, dried; pineapple-baby food; plantain; plantain, dried; pomegranate; prickly pear
fruit; sapote, mamey; soursop; Spanish lime; starfruit; sugar apple; tamarind.
gg White potatoes: potato, chips; potato, dry (granules/flakes); potato, dry (granules/flakes)-baby food; potato, flour; potato, flour-baby food; potato, tuber, without peel;
potato, tuber, without peel-baby food; potato, tuber, with peel; potato, tuber, with peel-baby food.
iV = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
Note: Data for fruits and vegetables for which only a small numbers of people reported consumption may be less reliable than data for fruits and vegetables with higher
numbers consuming.
Source: Based on U.S. EPA analysis of 2005-2010 NHANES using the FCID Consumption Calculator available at http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
August 2018
Page 9-46
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-7. Per Capita 2-Day Average" Intake of Exposed and Protectedb Fruits and Vegetables Based on the 2005-2010 National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)0
Population Group
N
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
Exposed Fruitsd
Protected Fruitse
Exposed Vegetablesf
Protected Vegetables8
Whole population
24,673
78
1.10
0.03
71
0.66
0.02
99
1.27
0.02
98
0.58
0.02
Age group
Birth to <1 month
87
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
<0.005
<0.005
20
0.33
0.24
1 to <3 months
233
5
0.24
0.09
4
0.08
0.03
7
0.01
<0.005
17
0.33
0.08
3 to <6 months
282
40
3.09
0.49
32
1.30
0.17
19
0.06
0.01
53
1.37
0.17
6 to <12 months
588
83
6.22
0.45
79
3.14
0.26
75
0.96
0.11
92
3.17
0.27
Birth to <1 year
1,190
52
3.91
0.24
48
1.91
0.14
44
0.51
0.06
63
2.01
0.16
1 to <2 years
728
91
5.73
0.39
86
3.61
0.36
99
2.03
0.11
99
2.08
0.23
2 to <3 years
751
91
4.68
0.32
88
2.81
0.18
99
2.22
0.10
99
1.53
0.17
3 to <6 years
1,418
92
3.62
0.20
85
1.96
0.14
99
2.08
0.14
100
1.32
0.14
6 to <11 years
2,292
90
2.07
0.11
83
0.98
0.05
100
1.54
0.05
100
0.87
0.10
11 to <16 years
2,551
79
0.93
0.07
69
0.41
0.03
99
1.09
0.04
98
0.44
0.05
16 to <21 years
2,191
70
0.54
0.05
62
0.33
0.03
99
1.09
0.05
97
0.35
0.03
21 to <30 years
2,082
66
0.56
0.04
64
0.43
0.03
99
1.20
0.03
99
0.32
0.02
30 to <40 years
2,282
72
0.58
0.03
68
0.46
0.03
99
1.33
0.05
99
0.44
0.03
40 to <50 years
2,378
74
0.67
0.04
67
0.44
0.03
99
1.19
0.04
98
0.47
0.03
50 to <60 years
2,103
81
0.83
0.04
74
0.54
0.03
100
1.22
0.04
99
0.52
0.04
60 to <70 years
2,214
82
0.83
0.04
75
0.53
0.03
100
1.21
0.04
100
0.53
0.03
70 to <80 years
1,578
87
0.93
0.04
78
0.57
0.03
100
1.15
0.04
99
0.53
0.04
80+ years
915
90
1.02
0.05
82
0.74
0.04
100
1.08
0.04
99
0.60
0.04
21 to <50 years
6,742
71
0.60
0.02
66
0.44
0.02
99
1.24
0.03
99
0.42
0.02
50+ years
6,810
83
0.87
0.03
76
0.56
0.02
100
1.19
0.02
99
0.53
0.02
Race
Mexican American
5,787
74
1.19
0.04
76
1.16
0.06
98
1.41
0.03
97
0.59
0.04
Non-Hispanic Black
5,337
74
0.83
0.03
68
0.50
0.03
98
0.98
0.02
98
0.45
0.02
Non-Hispanic White
10,294
79
1.11
0.04
71
0.57
0.02
99
1.29
0.03
99
0.59
0.03
Other Hispanic
2,082
75
1.18
0.05
76
1.00
0.05
98
1.34
0.05
98
0.53
0.03
Other race—including
1,173
80
1.33
0.09
76
0.98
0.08
98
1.38
0.05
98
0.78
0.10
multiple
August 2018
Page 9-47
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-7. Per Capita 2-Day Average" Intake of Exposed and Protectedb Fruits and Vegetables Based on the 2005-2010 National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)0 (Continued)
a Based on the average of two days of food consumption reported for each NHANES respondent. If the respondent reported zero consumption on one of the two days
and non-zero consumption on the other day, his/her average consumption would be the average of zero and non-zero consumption. Single day rates can be generated
using http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
b Exposed fruits and vegetables are those that are grown above ground and are likely to be contaminated by pollutants deposited on surfaces of the foods that are eaten.
Protected fruits and vegetables are those that have outer protective coatings that are typically removed before consumption.
c For more information on the recipes used to convert the foods people reported eating to the quantities of agricultural commodities eaten, refer to the Frequently Asked
Questions at http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
d Exposed fruits: acerola; apple, dried; apple, dried-baby food; apple, fruit with peel; apple, peeled fruit; apple, peeled fruit-baby food; apple, sauce; apple, sauce-baby
food; apricot; apricot, dried; apricot-baby food; blackberry; blueberry; blueberry-baby food; boysenberry; canistel; cherry; cherry-baby food; crabapple; cranberry;
cranberry, dried; cranberry-baby food; currant; currant, dried; date; eggplant; elderberry; fig; fig, dried; gooseberry; grape; grape, raisin; guava; guava-baby food;
huckleberry; loganberry; nectarine; peach; peach, dried; peach, dried-baby food; peach-baby food; pear; pear, dried; pear-baby food; persimmon; plum; plum, prune,
dried; plum, prune, dried-baby food; plum, prune, fresh; plum, prune, fresh-baby food; plum-baby food; quince; raspberry; raspberry-baby food; starfruit;
strawberry; strawberry-baby food.
e Protected fruits: avocado; banana; banana, dried; banana, dried-baby food; banana-baby food; breadfruit; cherimoya; citrus hybrids; feijoa; jackfruit; kiwifruit, fuzzy;
kumquat; lemon; lemon, peel; lime; longan; loquat; lychee; lychee, dried; mamey apple; mango; mango, dried; mango-baby food; orange; orange, peel; papaya;
papaya, dried; papaya-baby food; passionfruit; passionfruit-baby food; pawpaw; pineapple; pineapple, dried; pineapple-baby food; plantain; plantain, dried;
pomegranate; pummelo; sapote, mamey; soursop; Spanish lime; sugar apple; tamarind; tangerine.
f Exposed vegetables: alfalfa, seed; amaranth, leafy; artichoke, globe; artichoke, Jerusalem; arugula; asparagus; balsam pear; basil, dried leaves; basil, dried leaves-baby
food; basil, fresh leaves; basil, fresh leaves-baby food; Belgium endive; broccoli; broccoli raab; broccoli, Chinese; broccoli-baby food; brussels sprouts; cabbage;
cabbage, Chinese, bok choy; cabbage, Chinese, mustard; cabbage, Chinese, napa; cauliflower; celery; celery-baby food; celtuce; chayote, fruit; chicory, tops; chive,
fresh leaves; chrysanthemum, garland; cilantro, leaves; cilantro, leaves-baby food; coriander, seed; coriander, seed-baby food; dandelion, leaves; dasheen, leaves; dill,
seed; dillweed; fennel, Florence; grape, leaves; herbs, other; herbs, other-baby food; kale; lemongrass; lettuce, head; lettuce, leaf; marjoram; maijoram-baby food; okra;
palm heart, leaves; parsley, dried leaves; parsley, dried leaves-baby food; parsley, leaves; pepper, bell; pepper, bell, dried; pepper, bell, dried-baby food; pepper,
bell-baby food; pepper, black and white; pepper, black and white-baby food; pepper, nonbell; pepper, nonbell, dried; pepper, nonbell-baby food; peppermint; radicchio;
rape greens; rhubarb; salsify, tops; savory; seaweed; seaweed-baby food; spices, other; spices, other-baby food; Swiss chard; tomatillo; tomato; tomato, dried; tomato,
dried-baby food; tomato, paste; tomato, paste-baby food; tomato, puree; tomato, puree-baby food; tomato-baby food; tree Tomato; watercress.
B Protected vegetables: bamboo, shoots; bean, cowpea, succulent; bean, kidney, seed; bean, lima, seed; bean, lima, succulent; bean, mung, seed; bean, navy, seed; bean,
pink, seed; bean, pinto, seed; bean, snap, succulent; bean, snap, succulent-baby food; cactus; cantaloupe; cardoon; cassava; cassava-baby food; chickpea, flour;
chickpea, seed; chickpea, seed-baby food; Chinese waxgourd; cinnamon; cinnamon-baby food; guar, seed; guar, seed-baby food; pea, dry; pea, dry-baby food; pea,
edible podded, succulent; pea, pigeon, seed; pea, pigeon, succulent; pea, succulent; pea, succulent-baby food; pumpkin; soybean, flour; soybean, flour-baby food;
soybean, seed; squash, summer; squash, summer-baby food; squash, winter; squash, winter-baby food; water chestnut; watermelon.
iV = Sample size.
PC = Percent consuming. Represents the percentage of individuals consuming these foods at least once over the 2-day survey period. Rounded to whole numbers; thus,
values of 100 percent mean that >99.5 percent of the population consumed the foods during the 2-day survey period.
SE = Standard error.
Note: Data for fruits and vegetables for which only small percentages of the population reported consumption may be less reliable than data for fruits and vegetables with
higher percentages consuming.
Source: Based on U.S. EPA analysis of 2005-2010 NHANES using the FCID Consumption Calculator available at http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
August 2018
Page 9-48
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-8. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average3 Intake of Exposed and Protectedb Fruits and Vegetables Based on the 2005-2010 National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)0
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
Exposed Fruitsd
Protected Fruitse
Exposed Vegetablesf
Protected Vegetables8
Whole population
19,133
1.42
0.04
17,861
0.93
0.03
23,828
1.29
0.02
23,900
0.59
0.02
Age group
Birth to <1 month
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0.07
<0.005
11
1.65
0.98
1 to <3 months
13
4.38
1.48
14
2.08
0.57
16
0.09
0.02
39
1.89
0.32
3 to <6 months
121
7.63
1.08
97
4.12
0.34
67
0.34
0.07
148
2.58
0.23
6 to <12 months
473
7.49
0.47
451
3.99
0.35
447
1.29
0.13
531
3.45
0.27
Birth to <1 year
607
7.45
0.35
562
3.97
0.29
532
1.16
0.12
729
3.17
0.20
1 to <2 years
649
6.28
0.39
621
4.20
0.42
714
2.06
0.11
720
2.10
0.24
2 to <3 years
674
5.13
0.33
648
3.19
0.20
745
2.24
0.10
742
1.54
0.17
3 to <6 years
1,282
3.93
0.20
1,208
2.31
0.16
1,400
2.11
0.14
1,410
1.32
0.14
6 to <11 years
2,054
2.28
0.11
1,900
1.18
0.06
2,281
1.55
0.05
2,281
0.87
0.10
11 to <16 years
2,024
1.17
0.07
1,812
0.59
0.04
2,526
1.10
0.04
2,504
0.45
0.05
16 to <21 years
1,576
0.78
0.07
1,430
0.53
0.04
2,168
1.11
0.05
2,141
0.36
0.03
21 to <30 years
1,425
0.84
0.05
1,375
0.67
0.04
2,069
1.21
0.03
2,041
0.33
0.02
30 to <40 years
1,618
0.81
0.04
1,568
0.67
0.04
2,269
1.34
0.05
2,247
0.44
0.03
40 to <50 years
1,736
0.90
0.05
1,645
0.65
0.04
2,359
1.20
0.04
2,346
0.48
0.03
50 to <60 years
1,619
1.02
0.04
1,526
0.72
0.03
2,090
1.23
0.04
2,073
0.52
0.04
60 to <70 years
1,742
1.01
0.04
1,625
0.71
0.04
2,193
1.21
0.04
2,198
0.53
0.03
70 to <80 years
1,315
1.07
0.04
1,202
0.73
0.03
1,572
1.15
0.04
1,564
0.54
0.04
80+ years
812
1.13
0.06
739
0.90
0.05
910
1.08
0.04
904
0.61
0.04
21 to <50 years
4,779
0.85
0.02
4,588
0.66
0.03
6,697
1.25
0.03
6,634
0.42
0.02
50+ years
5,488
1.04
0.03
5,092
0.74
0.02
6,765
1.19
0.02
6,739
0.54
0.02
Race
Mexican American
4,302
1.63
0.05
4,369
1.53
0.07
5,522
1.44
0.03
5,486
0.61
0.04
Non-Hispanic Black
4,104
1.12
0.04
3,716
0.74
0.04
5,174
1.00
0.02
5,201
0.46
0.02
Non-Hispanic White
8,181
1.41
0.05
7,289
0.81
0.02
10,014
1.31
0.03
10,067
0.60
0.03
Other Hispanic
1,605
1.57
0.07
1,616
1.32
0.07
1,996
1.37
0.05
2,010
0.55
0.03
Other race—including multiple
941
1.67
0.11
871
1.29
0.11
1,122
1.40
0.05
1,136
0.79
0.10
August 2018
Page 9-49
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-8. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average3 Intake of Exposed and Protectedb Fruits and Vegetables Based on the 2005-2010 National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)0 (Continued)
a Based on the average of two days of food consumption reported for each NHANES respondent. If the respondent reported zero consumption on one of the two days
and non-zero consumption on the other day, his/her average consumption would be the average of zero and non-zero consumption. Single day rates can be generated
using http: //fcid. foodrisk. org/.
b Exposed fruits and vegetables are those that are grown above ground and are likely to be contaminated by pollutants deposited on surfaces of the foods that are eaten.
Protected fruits and vegetables are those that have outer protective coatings that are typically removed before consumption.
c For more information on the recipes used to convert the foods people reported eating to the quantities of agricultural commodities eaten, refer to the Frequently Asked
Questions at http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
d Exposed fruits: acerola; apple, dried; apple, dried-baby food; apple, fruit with peel; apple, peeled fruit; apple, peeled fruit-baby food; apple, sauce; apple, sauce-baby
food; apricot; apricot, dried; apricot-baby food; blackberry; blueberry; blueberry-baby food; boysenberry; canistel; cherry; cherry-baby food; crabapple; cranberry;
cranberry, dried; cranberry-baby food; currant; currant, dried; date; eggplant; elderberry; fig; fig, dried; gooseberry; grape; grape, raisin; guava; guava-baby food;
huckleberry; loganberry; nectarine; peach; peach, dried; peach, dried-baby food; peach-baby food; pear; pear, dried; pear-baby food; persimmon; plum; plum, prune,
dried; plum, prune, dried-baby food; plum, prune, fresh; plum, prune, fresh-baby food; plum-baby food; quince; raspberry; raspberry-baby food; starfruit;
strawberry; strawberry-baby food.
e Protected fruits: avocado; banana; banana, dried; banana, dried-baby food; banana-baby food; breadfruit; cherimoya; citrus hybrids; feijoa; jackfruit; kiwifruit, fuzzy;
kumquat; lemon; lemon, peel; lime; longan; loquat; lychee; lychee, dried; mamey apple; mango; mango, dried; mango-baby food; orange; orange, peel; papaya;
papaya, dried; papaya-baby food; passionfruit; passionfruit-baby food; pawpaw; pineapple; pineapple, dried; pineapple-baby food; plantain; plantain, dried;
pomegranate; pummelo; sapote, mamey; soursop; Spanish lime; sugar apple; tamarind; tangerine.
f Exposed vegetables: alfalfa, seed; amaranth, leafy; artichoke, globe; artichoke, Jerusalem; arugula; asparagus; balsam pear; basil, dried leaves; basil, dried leaves-baby
food; basil, fresh leaves; basil, fresh leaves-baby food; Belgium endive; broccoli; broccoli raab; broccoli, Chinese; broccoli-baby food; brussels sprouts; cabbage;
cabbage, Chinese, bok choy; cabbage, Chinese, mustard; cabbage, Chinese, napa; cauliflower; celery; celery-baby food; celtuce; chayote, fruit; chicory, tops; chive,
fresh leaves; chrysanthemum, garland; cilantro, leaves; cilantro, leaves-baby food; coriander, seed; coriander, seed-baby food; dandelion, leaves; dasheen, leaves; dill,
seed; dillweed; fennel, Florence; grape, leaves; herbs, other; herbs, other-baby food; kale; lemongrass; lettuce, head; lettuce, leaf; marjoram; maijoram-baby food; okra;
palm heart, leaves; parsley, dried leaves; parsley, dried leaves-baby food; parsley, leaves; pepper, bell; pepper, bell, dried; pepper, bell, dried-baby food; pepper,
bell-baby food; pepper, black and white; pepper, black and white-baby food; pepper, nonbell; pepper, nonbell, dried; pepper, nonbell-baby food; peppermint; radicchio;
rape greens; rhubarb; salsify, tops; savory; seaweed; seaweed-baby food; spices, other; spices, other-baby food; Swiss chard; tomatillo; tomato; tomato, dried; tomato,
dried-baby food; tomato, paste; tomato, paste-baby food; tomato, puree; tomato, puree-baby food; tomato-baby food; tree Tomato; watercress.
B Protected vegetables: bamboo, shoots; bean, cowpea, succulent; bean, kidney, seed; bean, lima, seed; bean, lima, succulent; bean, mung, seed; bean, navy, seed; bean,
pink, seed; bean, pinto, seed; bean, snap, succulent; bean, snap, succulent-baby food; cactus; cantaloupe; cardoon; cassava; cassava-baby food; chickpea, flour;
chickpea, seed; chickpea, seed-baby food; Chinese waxgourd; cinnamon; cinnamon-baby food; guar, seed; guar, seed-baby food; pea, dry; pea, dry-baby food; pea,
edible podded, succulent; pea, pigeon, seed; pea, pigeon, succulent; pea, succulent; pea, succulent-baby food; pumpkin; soybean, flour; soybean, flour-baby food;
soybean, seed; squash, summer; squash, summer-baby food; squash, winter; squash, winter-baby food; water chestnut; watermelon.
iV = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
Note: Data for fruits and vegetables for which only a small number of people reported consumption may be less reliable than data for fruits and vegetables with higher
numbers consuming.
Source: Based on U.S. EPA analysis of 2005-2010 NHANES using the FCID Consumption Calculator available at http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
August 2018
Page 9-50
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-9. Mean Total Fruit and Total Vegetable Intake (as-consumed) in
a Day by Sex and
Age (1977-1978)3
Age
Per Capita Intake
Percentage of Population
Consumer-Only Intake
(years)
(g/day)
Consuming in a Day
(g/day )b
Fruits
Male and female
<1
169
86.8
196
1 to 2
146
62.9
231
3 to 5
134
56.1
239
6 to 8
152
60.1
253
Male
9 to 11
133
50.5
263
12 to 14
120
51.2
236
15 to 18
147
47.0
313
19 to 22
107
39.4
271
23 to 34
141
46.4
305
35 to 50
115
44.0
262
51 to 64
171
62.4
275
65 to 74
174
62.2
281
>75
186
62.6
197
Female
9 to 11
148
59.7
247
12 to 14
120
48.7
247
15 to 18
126
49.9
251
19 to 22
133
48.0
278
23 to 34
122
47.7
255
35 to 50
133
52.8
252
51 to 64
171
66.7
256
65 to 74
179
69.3
259
>75
189
64.7
292
Male and female
All ages
142
54.2
263
Vegetables
Male and female
<1
76
62.7
121
1 to 2
91
78.0
116
3 to 5
100
79.3
126
6 to 8
136
84.3
161
Male
9 to 11
138
83.5
165
12 to 14
184
84.5
217
15 to 18
216
85.9
251
19 to 22
226
84.7
267
23 to 34
248
88.5
280
35 to 50
261
86.8
300
51 to 64
285
90.3
316
65 to 74
265
88.5
300
>75
264
93.6
281
August 2018
Page 9-51
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-9. Mean Total Fruit and Total Vegetable Intake (as-consumed) in
a Day by Sex and
Age (1977-1978)3
(Continued)
Age
Per Capita Intake Percentage of Population
Consumer-Only Intake
(years)
(g/day)
Consuming in a Day
(g/day )b
Female
9 to 11
139
83.7
166
12 to 14
154
84.6
183
15 to 18
178
83.8
212
19 to 22
184
81.1
227
23 to 34
187
84.7
221
35 to 50
187
84.6
221
51 to 64
229
89.8
255
65 to 74
221
87.2
253
>75
198
88.1
226
Male and female
All ages
201
85.6
235
a Based on USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (1977-1978) data for 1 day.
b Intake for users only
was calculated by dividing the per capita intake rate by the fraction of the population consuming
fruit in a day.
Source: USDA (1980).
August 2018
Page 9-52
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-10. Mean Total Fruit and Total Vegetable Intake (as-consumed) in a Day by Sex and
Age (1987-1988,1994, and 1995)a
Age
(years)
Per Capita Intake
(g/day)
Percentage of Population Consuming
in 1 Day
Consumer-Only Intake
(g/day )b
1987-1988 1994
1995
1987-1988
1994
1995
1987-1988
1994
1995
Fruits
Male and female
5 and under
157
230
221
59.2
70.6
72.6
265
326
304
Male
6 to 11
12 to 19
>20
182
158
133
176
169
175
219
210
170
63.8
49.4
46.5
59.8
44.0
50.2
62.2
47.1
49.6
285
320
286
294
384
349
352
446
342
Female
6 to 11
12 to 19
>20
154
131
140
174
148
157
172
167
155
58.3
47.1
52.7
59.3
47.1
55.1
63.6
44.4
54.4
264
278
266
293
314
285
270
376
285
Male and female
All ages
142
171
173
51.4
54.1
54.2
276
316
319
Vegetables
Male and female
5 and under
81
80
83
74.0
75.2
75.0
109
106
111
Male
6 to 11
12 to 19
>20
129
173
232
118
154
242
111
202
241
86.8
85.2
85.0
82.4
74.9
85.9
80.6
79.0
86.4
149
203
273
143
206
282
138
256
278
Female
6 to 11
12 to 19
>20
129
129
183
115
132
190
108
144
189
80.6
75.8
82.9
82.9
78.5
84.7
79.1
76.0
83.2
160
170
221
139
168
224
137
189
227
Male and female
All ages
182
186
188
82.6
83.2
82.6
220
223
228
Based on USDA NFCS (1987-1988) and CSFII (1994 and 1995) data for 1 day.
b Intake for users only was calculated by dividing the per capita intake rate by the fraction of the population consuming
fruits in a day.
Source: USDA (1996a, b).
August 2018
Page 9-53
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-11. Per Capita Consumption of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables in 1997a
Fresh Fruits
Fresh Vegetables
Per Capita
Per Capita Consumption
Consumption
Food Item
(g/day)b
Food Item
(g/day )b
Citrus
Artichokes
0.6
Oranges (includes Temple oranges)
16.9
Asparagus
0.7
Tangerines and tangelos
3.0
Bell peppers
8.3
Lemons
3.4
Broccoli
6.0
Limes
1.4
Brussel sprouts
0.4
Grapefruit
7.6
Cabbage
11.8
Total fresh citrus
32.2
Carrots
15.1
Cauliflower
1.9
Noncitrus
Celery
7.0
Apples
22.0
Sweet corn
9.2
Apricots
0.1
Cucumber
7.2
Avocados
1.6
Eggplant
0.5
Bananas
34.5
Escarole/endive
0.2
Cherries
0.6
Garlic
2.1
Cranberries
0.1
Head lettuce
28.1
Grapes
9.1
Romaine lettuce
7.0
Kiwi fruit
0.5
Onions
20.9
Mangoes
1.7
Radishes
0.5
Peaches and nectarines
6.7
Snap beans
1.6
Pears
4.1
Spinach
0.6
Pineapple
2.9
Tomatoes
20.0
Papayas
0.6
Total fresh vegetables
149.8
Plums and prunes
1.9
Strawberries
4.9
Melons
34.5
Total fresh noncitrus
125.6
Total fresh fruits
157.8
a Based on retail-weight equivalent. Includes imports; excludes exports and foods grown in home gardens. Data for
1997 were used.
b Original data were presented
in lbs/year; data were converted to g/day by multiplying by a factor of 454 g/lb and
dividing by 365 day/year.
Source: USDA (1999a).
August 2018
Page 9-54
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-12. Mean Quantities of Vegetables Consumed Daily by Sex and Age, for Children, Per Capita (g/day, as-consumed)3
White Potatoes
Age Group Sample
Dark Green
Deep Yellow
Lettuce,
Corn, Green Peas,
(years)
Size
Total
Total
Fried
Vegetables
Vegetables
Tomatoes
Lettuce-based Salads
Green Beans
Lima Beans Other Vegetables
Male and Female
Under 1
1,126
57
9
1
2
19
lb
b,c
6
5
16
1
1,016
79
26
11
5
9
7
l
8
9
16
2
1,102
87
32
17
4
5
11
2
7
10
17
1 to 2
2,118
83
29
14
5
7
9
1
7
9
17
3
1,831
91
34
17
5
5
13
2
5
11
16
4
1,859
97
37
19
6
5
11
3
5
12
18
5
884
103
44
22
4
6
12
3
6
12
17
3 to 5
4,574
97
38
20
5
5
12
3
5
11
17
<5
7,818
88
31
16
4
7
10
2
6
10
17
Male
6 to 9
787
110
47
26
4
5
16
5
5
11
16
6 to 11
1,031
115
50
27
5
5
16
5
5
11
18
12 to 19
737
176
85
44
6
6
28
12
3b
10
25
Female
6 to 9
704
110
42
22
5
4
14
6
5
13
21
6 to 11
969
116
46
25
5
4
15
7
5
12
22
12 to 19
732
145
61
31
9
4
18
12
4
8
28
Male and Female
<9
9,309
97
37
19
4
6
12
3
6
11
18
<19
11,287
125
53
27
6
6
17
7
5
10
22
a
Based on data from 1994-1996,1998 CSFII.
b
Estimate is not statistically reliable due to small number of individuals reporting intake.
c
Value less than 0.5, but greater than 0.
Note:
Consumption amounts shown are representative of the 1st
day of each participant's survey response.
Source:
USDA (1999b).
August 2018
Page 9-55
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-13. Percentage of Individuals Consuming Vegetables, by Sex and Age, for Children (%)a
White Potatoes
Lettuce,
Age Group
Dark Green
Deep Yellow
Lettuce-based
Green
Corn, Green
Other
(years)
Sample Size
Total
Total
Fried
Vegetables
Vegetables
Tomatoes
Salads
Beans Peas, Lima Beans
Vegetables
Male and Female
Under 1
1,126
47.2
12.3
4.3
2.3
20.5
1.8
0.2b
7.8
8.5
14.8
1
1,016
73.3
40.4
25.2
6.4
13.3
18.0
3.9
13.7
17.6
19.4
2
1,102
78.4
46.7
34.5
7.6
10.5
30.8
7.5
11.5
15.0
22.3
1 to 2
2,118
75.9
43.6
29.9
7.0
11.8
24.6
5.7
12.6
16.2
20.9
3
1,831
80.5
46.7
34.7
7.0
10.7
34.1
8.3
10.1
14.6
24.7
4
1,859
80.7
47.3
34.8
7.2
12.0
33.0
10.0
9.0
16.4
26.5
5
884
83.0
50.7
38.3
4.6
13.3
36.5
13.4
10.4
16.1
28.8
3 to 5
4,574
81.4
48.2
35.9
6.3
12.0
34.5
10.6
9.9
15.7
26.7
<5
7,818
75.4
42.3
30.1
6.1
13.0
27.2
7.6
10.5
15.0
23.3
Male
6 to 9
787
78.8
47.9
38.0
6.3
12.5
38.2
13.1
7.8
15.0
29.7
6 to 11
1,031
79.3
48.7
38.4
6.1
12.4
38.7
13.9
6.7
13.8
30.8
12 to 19
737
78.2
49.5
38.6
3.6
8.0
43.0
23.8
3.5
7.4
33.2
Female
6 to 9
704
80.5
48.2
36.3
5.9
11.9
33.8
15.8
8.4
15.9
26.6
6 to 11
969
81.7
50.8
38.9
5.4
11.4
33.5
17.1
7.8
15.1
29.2
12 to 19
732
79.5
46.4
34.6
7.0
10.6
35.3
25.1
4.4
7.4
34.5
Male and Female
<9
9,309
77.1
44.6
32.9
6.1
12.7
30.7
10.3
9.6
15.2
25.2
<19
11,287
78.3
46.8
35.3
5.6
11.2
34.6
16.6
7.0
11.9
29.4
a
Based on data from 1994-1996,1998 CSFII
b
Estimate is not statistically reliable due to smallnumber of individuals reporting intake.
Note:
Consumption amounts shown are representative of the 1st day of each participant's survey response.
Source:
USDA (1999b).
August 2018
Page 9-56
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-14. Mean Quantities of Fruits Consumed Daily by Sex and Age, for Children, Per Capita (g/day, as-consumed)3
Citrus Fruits and Juices
Other Fruits, Mixtures, and Juices
Other Fruits
Noncitrus
Age Group
Sample
Dried
Melons and
and Mixtures
Juices and
(years)
Size
Total
Total
Juices
Fruits
Total
Apples
Bananas
Berries
(mainly fruit)
Nectars
Male and Female
Under 1
1,126
131
4
4
-b,c
126
14
10
lb
39
61
1
1,016
267
47
42
2
216
22
23
8
29
134
2
1,102
276
65
56
2
207
27
20
10
20
130
1 to 2
2,118
271
56
49
2
212
24
22
9
24
132
3
1,831
256
61
51
1
191
27
18
13
24
110
4
1,859
243
62
52
1
177
31
17
14
22
92
5
884
218
55
44
-b,c
160
31
14
13
24
78
3 to 5
4,574
239
59
49
l
176
30
16
13
23
93
<5
7,818
237
52
44
l
182
26
17
10
26
103
Male
6 to 9
787
194
58
51
-b,c
133
32
11
21
20
50
6 to 11
1,031
183
67
60
-b,c
113
28
11
16
19
40
12 to 19
737
174
102
94
ib
70
13
8
llb
10
29
Female
6 to 9
704
180
63
54
ib
113
23
10
10
25
46
6 to 11
969
169
64
54
-b,c
103
21
8
8
23
42
12 to 19
732
157
72
67
-b,c
83
13
5
15
14
35
Male and Female
<9
9,309
217
55
47
l
159
27
15
12
24
81
<19
11,287
191
70
62
l
118
21
11
12
19
56
a
Based on data from 1994-
-1996,1998 CSFII.
b
Estimate is not statistically reliable due to small samples
size reporting intake.
c
Value less than 0.5, but greater than 0.
Indicates value as not statistically significant or less than 0.5, but greater than 0.
Note:
Consumption amounts shown are representative of the first day of each participant's survey response.
Source:
USDA (1999b).
August 2018
Page 9-57
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-15. Percentage of Individuals Consuming, Fruits by Sex and Age, for Children (%)a
Citrus Fruits and Juices
Other Fruits, Mixtures, and Juices
Other Fruits
Noncitrus
Age Group
Dried
Melons and
and Mixtures
Juices and
(years)
Sample Size
Total
Total
Juices
Fruits
Total
Apples
Bananas
Berries
(mainly fruit)
Nectars
Male and Female
Under 1
1,126
59.7
3.6
2.7
0.4b
59.0
15.7
13.3
1.8
29.9
33.0
1
1,016
81.0
23.6
19.0
5.9
73.0
23.4
25.1
6.9
26.5
43.2
2
1,102
76.6
30.6
23.4
5.3
64.7
24.0
20.2
8.5
19.4
37.0
1 to 2
2,118
78.8
27.2
21.3
5.6
68.8
23.7
22.6
7.7
22.9
40.0
3
1,831
74.5
27.9
21.4
4.1
64.2
22.4
17.5
7.8
20.1
33.3
4
1,859
72.6
28.0
21.8
3.0
62.1
23.7
15.7
7.6
20.0
30.8
5
884
67.6
26.9
19.5
1.3b
56.9
21.9
12.6
7.4
19.0
24.5
3 to 5
4,574
71.6
27.6
20.9
2.8
61.0
22.7
15.3
7.6
19.7
29.5
<5
7,818
72.6
24.6
18.8
3.5
63.5
22.2
17.6
6.9
22.0
33.5
Male
6 to 9
787
59.0
24.8
20.5
0.8b
49.1
20.3
8.7
7.3
16.8
15.5
6 to 11
1,031
56.5
25.2
21.6
l.lb
44.2
18.2
8.0
6.6
15.4
12.7
12 to 19
737
44.5
24.7
21.7
1.0b
27.1
8.2
6.0
4.1
7.1
8.2
Female
6 to 9
704
64.9
27.9
22.3
1.5b
50.4
17.3
8.8
7.4
20.4
17.3
6 to 11
969
62.1
27.7
21.5
l.lb
47.2
16.2
7.3
7.4
19.0
14.9
12 to 19
732
45.6
22.4
18.1
l.lb
30.2
8.2
4.4
6.0
11.3
9.7
Male and Female
<9
9,309
68.3
25.2
19.8
2.5
58.0
20.9
14.0
7.1
20.6
26.7
<19
11,287
57.8
24.8
20.1
1.8
44.4
15.2
9.7
6.2
15.5
17.9
a
Based on data from 1994-1996,1998 CSFII.
b
Estimate is not statistically reliable due to small sample
size reporting intake.
Note:
Percentages shown are
representative of the first day of each participant's survey response.
Source:
USDA (1999b).
August 2018
Page 9-58
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-16. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996,1998 Continuing Survey of Food Intake
among Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)
Percent
Percentiles
Population Group
N
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Fruits
Whole population
20,607
80.0
1.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
2.0
4.2
6.5
14.0
73.8
Age group
Birth to 1 year
1,486
56.4
5.7
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.5
9.6
17.1
21.3
32.2
73.8
1 to 2 years
2,096
89.5
6.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
4.7
9.4
14.6
18.5
26.4
44.0
3 to 5 years
4,391
90.0
4.6
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
3.2
7.0
11.4
14.4
22.3
45.5
6 to 12 years
2,089
88.3
2.4
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
1.3
3.3
6.4
8.8
14.3
25.0
13 to 19 years
1,222
73.2
0.8
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
1.1
2.4
3.5
6.9
12.8
20 to 49 years
4,677
75.3
0.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
1.3
2.7
3.9
6.2
16.7
>50 years
4,646
85.8
1.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.9
2.1
3.6
4.8
7.6
18.4
Season
Fall
4,687
79.6
1.5
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
2.0
4.2
6.4
13.3
43.8
Spring
5,308
80.2
1.6
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.9
4.2
6.7
14.7
73.8
Summer
5,890
78.3
1.5
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
1.9
4.0
6.2
12.8
53.2
Winter
4,722
81.7
1.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7
2.1
4.4
6.6
14.3
37.5
Race
Asian, Pacific
Islander
557
78.8
2.1
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.1
3.2
6.0
7.4
14.7
43.5
American Indian,
Alaskan Native
177
77.8
1.9
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.9
1.9
5.3
9.6
16.4
20.9
Black
2,740
71.3
1.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
1.2
3.6
5.6
13.3
40.0
Other/NA
1,638
78.5
2.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.9
2.9
6.1
10.0
18.5
45.5
White
15,495
81.5
1.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
2.0
4.1
6.3
13.4
73.8
August 2018
Page 9-59
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-16. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996,1998 Continuing Survey of Food Intake
among Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
Percent
Percentiles
Population Group
N
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Region
Midwest
4,822
82.3
1.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
2.0
4.1
6.2
13.1
43.5
Northeast
3,692
83.4
1.7
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.8
2.2
4.2
6.3
14.1
40.0
South
7,208
74.7
1.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
1.5
3.5
5.7
13.0
73.8
West
4,885
82.7
2.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.9
2.6
5.2
8.0
15.3
45.5
Urbanization
City center
6,164
79.0
1.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
2.0
4.4
6.3
14.1
45.5
Suburban
9,598
82.5
1.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7
2.1
4.5
6.9
14.5
43.8
Nonmetropolitan
4,845
75.9
1.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
1.6
3.6
5.4
12.8
73.8
Vegetables
Whole population
20,607
99.5
3.4
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.6
2.7
4.3
6.4
8.3
14.8
58.2
Age group
Birth to 1 year
1,486
72.1
4.5
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.7
7.4
12.2
14.8
25.3
56.8
1 to 2 years
2,096
99.7
6.9
0.2
0.0
0.7
1.5
3.2
5.6
9.3
13.9
17.1
26.5
58.2
3 to 5 years
4,391
100.0
5.9
0.1
0.0
0.8
1.4
2.8
4.7
7.7
11.7
14.7
23.4
50.9
6 to 12 years
2,089
99.9
4.1
0.1
0.1
0.6
1.0
1.8
3.2
5.3
7.8
9.9
17.4
53.7
13 to 19 years
1,222
100.0
2.9
0.1
0.0
0.4
0.7
1.4
2.4
3.8
5.5
6.9
11.4
29.5
20 to 49 years
4,677
99.9
2.9
0.0
0.1
0.5
0.8
1.5
2.5
3.8
5.4
6.8
10.0
42.7
>50 years
4,646
99.9
3.1
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.9
1.6
2.6
4.0
5.7
7.0
10.6
38.7
Season
Fall
4,687
99.6
3.3
0.1
0.0
0.5
0.8
1.6
2.7
4.3
6.2
7.6
13.0
58.2
Spring
5,308
99.5
3.4
0.1
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.5
2.6
4.2
6.6
8.8
16.0
53.7
Summer
5,890
99.5
3.6
0.1
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.6
2.9
4.6
7.2
9.5
15.8
50.9
Winter
4,722
99.5
3.2
0.1
0.0
0.5
0.9
1.6
2.6
4.2
5.8
7.5
12.8
56.8
August 2018
Page 9-60
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-16. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996,1998 Continuing Survey of Food Intake
among Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
Percent
Percentiles
Population Group
N
Consuming3
Mean
SE
pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Race
Asian, Pacific
Islander
557
99.0
4.4
0.3
0.0
0.8
1.3
2.3
3.9
5.6
8.2
10.2
15.9
32.3
American Indian,
Alaskan Native
177
99.7
3.9
0.3
0.0
0.5
0.8
1.6
2.8
5.2
8.1
9.8
18.4
34.5
Black
2,740
99.5
3.0
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.5
1.2
2.1
3.9
6.2
8.4
16.1
56.8
Other/NA
1,638
98.8
4.1
0.2
0.0
0.5
0.9
1.7
3.0
5.1
8.2
11.6
21.1
58.2
White
15,495
99.6
3.3
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.8
1.6
2.7
4.3
6.2
8.0
13.5
50.9
Region
Midwest
4,822
99.6
3.4
0.1
0.0
0.5
0.8
1.6
2.7
4.3
6.5
8.6
14.1
53.7
Northeast
3,692
99.7
3.3
0.1
0.0
0.4
0.7
1.5
2.6
4.3
6.2
8.2
14.4
42.7
South
7,208
99.5
3.2
0.1
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.6
2.6
4.1
6.2
7.9
14.2
58.2
West
4,885
99.3
3.6
0.1
0.0
0.5
0.9
1.7
2.9
4.6
7.0
8.8
15.5
50.9
Urbanization
City center
6,164
99.5
3.3
0.1
0.0
0.4
0.7
1.5
2.7
4.3
6.4
8.5
15.3
58.2
Suburban
9,598
99.5
3.4
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.9
1.6
2.7
4.3
6.5
8.3
14.0
53.7
Nonmetropolitan
4,845
99.6
3.3
0.1
0.0
0.5
0.8
1.6
2.6
4.2
6.4
8.1
14.9
49.4
a Represents the percentage of individuals consuming these foods at least
iV = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
once over the 2-day survey period.
Source: U.S. EPA analysis of 1994-1996,1998 CSFII.
August 2018
Page 9-61
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-17. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996,1998 Continuing Survey of Food
Intake among Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)
Percentiles
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
Pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Fruits
Whole population
16,762
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
1.0
2.5
4.9
7.3
15.0
73.8
Age group
Birth to 1 year
830
10.1
0.4
0.0
0.4
1.2
3.7
8.5
14.4
20.4
26.4
34.7
73.8
1 to 2 years
1,878
6.9
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.1
2.2
5.4
10.1
15.3
19.0
27.1
44.0
3 to 5 years
3,957
5.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
3.8
7.5
11.9
15.0
22.8
45.5
6 to 12 years
1,846
2.7
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
1.7
3.7
6.7
9.3
14.8
25.0
13 to 19 years
898
1.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.5
2.9
3.7
7.6
12.8
20 to 49 years
3,458
1.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.7
1.7
3.2
4.4
6.6
16.7
>50 years
3,895
1.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
1.1
2.3
3.8
5.0
8.0
18.4
Season
Fall
3,796
1.9
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.9
2.4
4.9
7.1
14.4
43.8
Spring
4,289
2.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
1.0
2.4
4.9
7.5
16.1
73.8
Summer
4,744
1.9
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.9
2.4
4.7
7.1
14.5
53.2
Winter
3,933
2.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
1.1
2.6
4.9
7.6
15.3
37.5
Race
Asian, Pacific
Islander
427
2.7
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.7
3.8
6.6
7.8
14.7
43.5
American Indian,
Alaskan Native
146
2.4
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
1.1
2.9
5.8
10.0
17.6
20.9
Black
2,065
1.7
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
2.0
4.6
6.7
15.7
40.0
Other/NA
1,323
2.9
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
1.5
3.6
7.7
11.2
19.3
45.5
White
12,801
1.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
1.0
2.4
4.7
7.0
14.5
73.8
August 2018
Page 9-62
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-17. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996,1998 Continuing Survey of Food
Intake among Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
Percentiles
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
Pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Region
Midwest
4,023
1.9
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
1.0
2.3
4.7
6.7
14.4
43.5
Northeast
3,145
2.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
1.1
2.6
4.6
6.9
14.8
40.0
South
5,531
1.7
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.7
2.1
4.5
6.9
14.4
73.8
West
4,063
2.4
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
1.3
3.0
5.8
8.9
16.4
45.5
Urbanization
City center
4,985
2.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
1.0
2.7
4.9
7.1
14.8
45.5
Suburban
8,046
2.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
1.1
2.5
5.1
7.7
15.6
43.8
Nonmetropolitan
3,731
1.7
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.8
2.1
4.1
6.3
13.9
73.8
Vegetables
Whole population
20,163
3.4
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.8
1.6
2.7
4.3
6.4
8.4
14.8
58.2
Age group
Birth to 1 year
1,062
6.2
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.1
2.0
4.9
9.4
13.4
16.1
26.4
56.8
1 to 2 years
2,090
6.9
0.2
0.0
0.7
1.5
3.2
5.6
9.3
13.9
17.1
26.5
58.2
3 to 5 years
4,389
5.9
0.1
0.0
0.8
1.4
2.8
4.7
7.7
11.7
14.7
23.4
50.9
6 to 12 years
2,087
4.1
0.1
0.1
0.6
1.0
1.8
3.2
5.3
7.8
9.9
17.4
53.7
13 to 19 years
1,222
2.9
0.1
0.0
0.4
0.7
1.4
2.4
3.8
5.5
6.9
11.4
29.5
20 to 49 years
4,673
2.9
0.0
0.1
0.5
0.8
1.5
2.5
3.8
5.4
6.8
10.0
42.7
>50 years
4,640
3.1
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.9
1.6
2.6
4.0
5.7
7.0
10.6
38.7
Season
Fall
4,606
3.3
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.8
1.6
2.8
4.3
6.2
7.7
13.0
58.2
Spring
5,185
3.4
0.1
0.0
0.5
0.8
1.5
2.6
4.2
6.7
8.8
16.0
53.7
Summer
5,740
3.6
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.8
1.7
2.9
4.6
7.2
9.5
15.8
50.9
Winter
4,632
3.2
0.1
0.0
0.6
0.9
1.6
2.7
4.2
5.9
7.5
12.8
56.8
August 2018
Page 9-63
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-17. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996,1998 Continuing Survey of Food
Intake among Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
Percentiles
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
Pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Race
Asian, Pacific
Islander
530
4.4
0.3
0.1
1.0
1.4
2.4
3.9
5.6
8.2
10.2
15.9
32.3
American Indian,
Alaskan Native
174
3.9
0.3
0.0
0.5
0.9
1.7
2.9
5.2
8.1
9.8
18.4
34.5
Black
2,683
3.1
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.5
1.2
2.1
3.9
6.2
8.4
16.1
56.8
Other/NA
1,577
4.2
0.2
0.1
0.6
0.9
1.8
3.0
5.2
8.3
11.7
21.3
58.2
White
15,199
3.3
0.0
0.1
0.5
0.9
1.6
2.7
4.3
6.2
8.0
13.6
50.9
Region
Midwest
4,721
3.4
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.8
1.6
2.7
4.3
6.5
8.6
14.2
53.7
Northeast
3,634
3.3
0.1
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.5
2.6
4.3
6.2
8.2
14.4
42.7
South
7,078
3.3
0.1
0.0
0.5
0.8
1.6
2.6
4.1
6.2
7.9
14.2
58.2
West
4,730
3.6
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.9
1.7
2.9
4.6
7.1
8.9
15.6
50.9
Urbanization
City center
6,029
3.4
0.1
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.5
2.7
4.3
6.4
8.6
15.4
58.2
Suburban
9,381
3.4
0.0
0.1
0.5
0.9
1.7
2.8
4.4
6.5
8.4
14.0
53.7
Nonmetropolitan
4,753
3.3
0.1
0.0
0.5
0.9
1.6
2.7
4.2
6.4
8.1
14.9
49.4
N = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
Source: U.S. EPA analysis of 1994-1996,1998 CSFII.
August 2018
Page 9-64
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-18. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996,1998 Continuing Survey of
Food Intake among Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)
Population Group
N
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming
a
Mean
SE
Apples
Asparagus
Bananas
Beans
Whole population
20,607
30.5
0.45
0.01
1.4
0.01
0.00
48.1
0.35
0.01
44.9
0.27
0.01
Age group
Birth to 1 year
1,486
34.6
2.32
0.13
0.2
0.01
0.00
40.7
1.24
0.06
21.6
0.43
0.04
1 to 2 years
2,096
44.8
1.79
0.09
0.8
0.02
0.01
62.8
1.77
0.09
46.8
0.76
0.04
3 to 5 years
4,391
44.6
1.64
0.05
0.5
0.01
0.00
60.7
0.93
0.04
43.0
0.52
0.02
6 to 12 years
2,089
38.2
0.83
0.05
0.7
0.01
0.00
57.7
0.38
0.03
38.8
0.32
0.02
13 to 19 years
1,222
22.5
0.20
0.02
0.6
0.00
0.00
42.1
0.13
0.02
36.0
0.18
0.02
20 to 49 years
4,677
25.7
0.21
0.01
1.3
0.01
0.00
41.7
0.21
0.01
45.5
0.22
0.01
>50 years
4,646
34.5
0.32
0.02
2.5
0.02
0.00
54.1
0.35
0.01
51.4
0.26
0.01
Season
Fall
4,687
35.0
0.55
0.03
1.2
0.01
0.00
45.6
0.36
0.02
47.3
0.29
0.01
Spring
5,308
29.6
0.45
0.02
1.9
0.02
0.00
49.8
0.35
0.02
43.3
0.25
0.01
Summer
5,890
25.5
0.34
0.02
0.9
0.01
0.00
49.6
0.33
0.02
43.6
0.28
0.01
Winter
4,722
32.2
0.46
0.02
1.6
0.02
0.00
47.3
0.38
0.01
45.5
0.26
0.01
Race
Asian, Pacific Islander
557
33.5
0.53
0.06
1.0
0.01
0.00
45.4
0.43
0.04
52.0
0.25
0.02
American Indian,
Alaskan Native
177
31.0
0.60
0.12
2.5
0.02
0.01
44.1
0.39
0.05
37.8
0.26
0.06
Black
2,740
22.0
0.36
0.02
0.4
0.00
0.00
45.4
0.43
0.04
45.2
0.32
0.02
Other/NA
1,638
27.7
0.55
0.05
0.2
0.00
0.00
44.1
0.26
0.02
60.6
0.43
0.03
White
15,495
32.0
0.45
0.01
1.7
0.01
0.00
47.5
0.58
0.07
43.6
0.25
0.01
August 2018
Page 9-65
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-18. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996,1998 Continuing Survey of
Food Intake among Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
Population Group
N
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming
a
Mean
SE
Region
Midwest
4,822
34.5
0.47
0.02
1.5
0.01
0.00
51.1
0.35
0.02
43.6
0.26
0.01
Northeast
3,692
32.7
0.48
0.03
1.3
0.01
0.00
52.9
0.36
0.01
36.7
0.21
0.01
South
7,208
25.3
0.36
0.01
1.1
0.01
0.00
42.4
0.30
0.02
48.8
0.33
0.01
West
4,885
32.7
0.55
0.02
1.9
0.01
0.00
49.6
0.44
0.03
47.5
0.25
0.02
Urbanization
City center
6,164
28.9
0.42
0.02
1.7
0.01
0.00
48.4
0.36
0.02
46.2
0.29
0.01
Suburban
9,598
33.2
0.49
0.02
1.1
0.01
0.00
50.5
0.38
0.01
42.4
0.25
0.01
Nonmetropolitan
4,845
27.0
0.39
0.02
1.5
0.01
0.00
42.3
0.28
0.03
48.7
0.30
0.02
Beets
Berries and Small Fruit
Broccoli
Bulb Vegetables
Whole population
20,607
2.2
0.01
0.00
58.7
0.23
0.01
13.9
0.11
0.01
95.3
0.20
0.00
Age group
Birth to 1 year
1,486
0.4
0.01
0.01
16.5
0.13
0.02
3.5
0.07
0.02
33.4
0.07
0.01
1 to 2 years
2,096
0.7
0.01
0.00
66.2
0.91
0.05
12.0
0.25
0.03
93.3
0.30
0.01
3 to 5 years
4,391
0.8
0.01
0.00
72.7
0.72
0.03
10.7
0.18
0.01
95.8
0.27
0.01
6 to 12 years
2,089
0.8
0.01
0.00
73.4
0.40
0.03
11.0
0.14
0.02
97.3
0.21
0.01
13 to 19 years
1,222
0.7
0.00
0.00
55.4
0.15
0.02
8.3
0.06
0.01
97.7
0.19
0.01
20 to 49 years
4,677
1.9
0.00
0.00
53.1
0.14
0.01
14.7
0.10
0.01
97.4
0.21
0.01
>50 years
4,646
4.6
0.02
0.00
63.0
0.19
0.01
17.3
0.11
0.01
93.4
0.17
0.00
Season
Fall
4,687
2.0
0.01
0.00
57.4
0.18
0.01
14.6
0.12
0.01
95.8
0.21
0.01
Spring
5,308
2.3
0.01
0.00
60.6
0.27
0.02
13.5
0.11
0.02
95.4
0.20
0.01
Summer
5,890
2.3
0.01
0.00
60.4
0.29
0.02
13.7
0.11
0.01
94.3
0.19
0.01
August 2018
Page 9-66
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-18. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996,1998 Continuing Survey of
Food Intake among Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
Population Group
N
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming
a Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming8
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming
a
Mean
SE
Winter
4,722
2.3
0.01
0.00
56.6
0.20
0.01
13.7
0.10
0.01
95.5
0.21
0.01
Race
Asian, Pacific Islander
557
2.7
0.00
0.00
41.7
0.28
0.06
25.7
0.23
0.06
95.0
0.38
0.03
American Indian,
Alaskan Native
177
0.3
0.00
0.00
49.6
0.13
0.02
9.1
0.11
0.07
99.3
0.25
0.04
Black
2,740
0.9
0.00
0.00
50.6
0.14
0.01
13.2
0.14
0.02
92.9
0.16
0.01
Other/NA
1,638
1.3
0.01
0.00
47.5
0.21
0.03
8.2
0.09
0.02
95.0
0.31
0.02
White
15,495
2.5
0.01
0.00
61.6
0.25
0.01
14.0
0.10
0.01
95.6
0.19
0.00
Region
Midwest
4,822
2.3
0.01
0.00
63.1
0.25
0.02
13.0
0.09
0.01
96.2
0.19
0.01
Northeast
3,692
2.4
0.01
0.00
63.2
0.24
0.02
15.3
0.13
0.01
94.5
0.19
0.01
South
7,208
1.7
0.01
0.00
53.3
0.19
0.01
13.1
0.11
0.01
94.4
0.18
0.01
West
4,885
2.8
0.01
0.00
58.7
0.28
0.03
14.6
0.12
0.02
96.3
0.25
0.01
Urbanization
City center
6,164
2.3
0.01
0.00
57.3
0.22
0.01
15.1
0.13
0.01
95.0
0.21
0.01
Suburban
9,598
2.2
0.01
0.00
62.0
0.27
0.02
14.9
0.12
0.01
95.7
0.20
0.01
Nonmetropolitan
4,845
2.4
0.01
0.00
53.6
0.17
0.02
9.7
0.06
0.01
94.7
0.19
0.01
Cabbage
Carrots
Citrus Fruits
Corn
Whole population
20,607
15.5
0.08
0.01
49.8
0.17
0.00
19.3
0.19
0.01
94.6
0.44
0.01
Age group
Birth to 1 year
1,486
1.0
0.01
0.00
12.3
0.17
0.03
2.5
0.07
0.02
46.0
0.48
0.03
1 to 2 years
2,096
8.0
0.06
0.01
46.8
0.41
0.02
15.5
0.47
0.05
96.5
1.13
0.05
3 to 5 years
4,391
8.9
0.07
0.01
46.2
0.34
0.02
18.2
0.50
0.03
98.7
1.24
0.03
6 to 12 years
2,089
9.5
0.06
0.01
44.4
0.22
0.01
16.0
0.26
0.02
98.9
0.87
0.03
August 2018
Page 9-67
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-18. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996,1998 Continuing Survey of
Food Intake among Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
Population Group
N
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming
a
Mean
SE
13 to 19 years
1,222
9.0
0.04
0.01
40.3
0.11
0.01
12.3
0.11
0.02
95.7
0.43
0.02
20 to 49 years
4,677
16.0
0.07
0.01
50.2
0.14
0.01
18.1
0.12
0.01
94.7
0.32
0.01
>50 years
4,646
22.8
0.12
0.01
58.1
0.17
0.01
27.1
0.23
0.01
94.2
0.26
0.01
Season
Fall
4,687
16.2
0.07
0.01
53.9
0.19
0.01
16.6
0.16
0.01
94.2
0.42
0.01
Spring
5,308
15.1
0.08
0.01
46.5
0.17
0.01
20.3
0.20
0.01
94.5
0.44
0.02
Summer
5,890
14.5
0.08
0.01
44.3
0.14
0.01
15.8
0.08
0.01
95.1
0.50
0.02
Winter
4,722
16.3
0.08
0.01
54.5
0.18
0.01
24.6
0.33
0.02
94.8
0.41
0.02
Race
Asian, Pacific Islander
557
33.9
0.24
0.04
59.4
0.28
0.04
23.4
0.35
0.07
85.6
0.32
0.04
American Indian,
Alaskan Native
177
15.8
0.05
0.04
47.3
0.12
0.02
20.4
0.33
0.13
93.6
0.51
0.06
Black
2,740
15.9
0.14
0.03
36.6
0.10
0.01
13.0
0.15
0.02
93.7
0.49
0.02
Other/NA
1,638
9.5
0.02
0.01
46.2
0.21
0.02
22.4
0.37
0.06
92.6
0.70
0.05
White
15,495
15.2
0.07
0.00
51.9
0.18
0.01
20.0
0.18
0.01
95.3
0.42
0.01
Region
Midwest
4,822
15.5
0.08
0.01
50.9
0.17
0.01
18.9
0.16
0.01
96.6
0.46
0.02
Northeast
3,692
13.4
0.08
0.01
53.8
0.18
0.01
22.4
0.21
0.02
93.3
0.40
0.01
South
7,208
16.8
0.09
0.01
44.9
0.14
0.01
15.1
0.14
0.01
94.4
0.44
0.01
West
4,885
15.5
0.06
0.01
52.8
0.21
0.01
23.7
0.28
0.02
94.1
0.47
0.02
Urbanization
City center
6,164
16.4
0.09
0.01
48.8
0.16
0.01
19.8
0.20
0.01
93.8
0.44
0.01
Suburban
9,598
16.0
0.07
0.00
52.3
0.19
0.01
20.0
0.19
0.01
94.8
0.45
0.01
Nonmetropolitan
4,845
13.4
0.06
0.01
45.7
0.15
0.01
17.0
0.17
0.01
95.5
0.43
0.02
August 2018
Page 9-68
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-18. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996,1998 Continuing Survey of
Food Intake among Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
Population Group
N
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming
a
Mean
SE
Cucumbers
Cucurbits
Fruiting Vegetables
Leafy Vegetables
Whole population
20,607
40.1
0.10
0.01
48.9
0.40
0.02
93.8
0.82
0.01
90.1
0.59
0.01
Age group
Birth to 1 year
1,486
1.7
0.00
0.00
14.0
0.45
0.04
25.5
0.32
0.04
44.2
0.29
0.05
1 to 2 years
2,096
20.5
0.11
0.01
31.3
0.72
0.06
92.1
1.56
0.06
82.1
0.71
0.04
3 to 5 years
4,391
29.3
0.16
0.02
38.7
0.83
0.07
95.4
1.46
0.03
86.9
0.67
0.02
6 to 12 years
2,089
32.6
0.14
0.02
39.9
0.54
0.06
95.9
1.05
0.03
89.5
0.55
0.03
13 to 19 years
1,222
41.3
0.11
0.03
46.7
0.32
0.08
96.1
0.79
0.03
90.3
0.43
0.02
20 to 49 years
4,677
44.8
0.09
0.01
52.8
0.29
0.01
96.0
0.75
0.02
92.2
0.58
0.02
>50 years
4,646
41.0
0.08
0.01
52.8
0.43
0.03
92.0
0.66
0.02
90.7
0.66
0.02
Season
Fall
4,687
36.7
0.08
0.01
45.4
0.21
0.01
92.6
0.81
0.03
89.7
0.59
0.02
Spring
5,308
43.3
0.10
0.01
51.8
0.48
0.04
94.3
0.77
0.02
90.9
0.60
0.02
Summer
5,890
43.2
0.14
0.02
55.6
0.73
0.06
94.5
0.88
0.02
90.1
0.56
0.02
Winter
4,722
37.2
0.07
0.01
43.0
0.16
0.01
93.7
0.80
0.02
89.6
0.59
0.02
Race
Asian, Pacific Islander
557
34.9
0.24
0.16
46.9
0.90
0.39
88.4
0.86
0.06
92.8
1.13
0.12
American Indian,
Alaskan Native
177
41.0
0.09
0.03
51.3
0.53
0.13
98.2
0.91
0.08
89.3
0.52
0.17
Black
2,740
39.1
0.06
0.01
43.4
0.27
0.04
91.9
0.69
0.04
89.5
0.65
0.04
Other/NA
1,638
33.4
0.10
0.01
46.1
0.53
0.09
93.6
1.25
0.05
85.3
0.50
0.03
White
15,495
40.9
0.10
0.01
50.1
0.39
0.02
94.3
0.80
0.01
90.4
0.56
0.01
Region
Midwest
4,822
42.1
0.10
0.01
49.6
0.37
0.03
94.8
0.81
0.02
92.1
0.55
0.03
August 2018
Page 9-69
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-18. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996,1998 Continuing Survey of
Food Intake among Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
Population Group
N
Percent
Consuming
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming
a Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming8
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming
a
Mean
SE
Northeast
3,692
39.4
0.10
0.01
50.7
0.43
0.05
92.3
0.82
0.02
87.4
0.62
0.03
South
7,208
39.7
0.09
0.01
46.7
0.33
0.03
93.3
0.76
0.03
90.1
0.55
0.02
West
4,885
39.3
0.11
0.03
50.1
0.50
0.06
94.9
0.91
0.03
90.3
0.64
0.03
Urbanization
City center
6,164
39.7
0.09
0.00
48.3
0.34
0.02
93.9
0.84
0.03
89.2
0.64
0.02
Suburban
9,598
40.6
0.11
0.01
49.9
0.44
0.04
93.5
0.81
0.01
90.5
0.60
0.02
Nonmetropolitan
4,845
39.7
0.10
0.01
47.8
0.37
0.03
94.3
0.80
0.04
90.5
0.46
0.03
Legumes
Lettuce
Okra
Onions
Whole population
20,607
95.5
0.43
0.01
52.2
0.24
0.01
1.4
0.01
0.00
94.9
0.19
0.00
Age group
Birth to 1 year
1,486
51.7
1.21
0.06
1.1
0.00
0.00
0.2
0.00
0.00
32.8
0.07
0.01
1 to 2 years
2,096
96.9
1.30
0.08
23.3
0.14
0.01
1.3
0.01
0.00
93.0
0.29
0.01
3 to 5 years
4,391
98.3
0.85
0.06
33.4
0.21
0.01
0.8
0.01
0.00
95.6
0.26
0.01
6 to 12 years
2,089
98.1
0.48
0.03
41.7
0.22
0.01
1.3
0.01
0.00
96.8
0.20
0.01
13 to 19 years
1,222
94.9
0.27
0.02
55.2
0.22
0.02
0.8
0.00
0.00
97.3
0.18
0.01
20 to 49 years
4,677
95.7
0.34
0.01
60.1
0.27
0.01
1.3
0.01
0.00
97.1
0.20
0.01
>50 years
4,646
96.2
0.40
0.01
51.4
0.23
0.01
2.1
0.01
0.00
93.2
0.16
0.00
Season
Fall
4,687
96.0
0.44
0.02
50.6
0.23
0.01
1.7
0.01
0.00
95.5
0.20
0.01
Spring
5,308
95.3
0.40
0.02
54.5
0.25
0.01
1.1
0.01
0.00
95.0
0.19
0.01
Summer
5,890
95.2
0.43
0.02
51.7
0.23
0.01
1.7
0.01
0.00
94.0
0.18
0.00
Winter
4,722
95.5
0.44
0.02
52.1
0.24
0.01
1.0
0.01
0.00
95.3
0.20
0.01
August 2018
Page 9-70
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-18. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996,1998 Continuing Survey of
Food Intake among Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
Population Group
N
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming
a
Mean
SE
Race
Asian, Pacific Islander
557
96.1
0.76
0.09
48.1
0.28
0.05
4.8
0.01
0.01
94.9
0.37
0.03
American Indian,
Alaskan Native
177
97.5
0.42
0.07
61.3
0.21
0.04
0.6
0.00
0.00
99.3
0.25
0.04
Black
2,740
95.6
0.50
0.04
42.7
0.15
0.01
2.4
0.01
0.00
92.6
0.16
0.01
Other/NA
1,638
93.5
0.55
0.04
52.1
0.25
0.02
0.6
0.00
0.00
95.0
0.30
0.02
White
15,495
95.6
0.40
0.01
53.8
0.25
0.01
1.2
0.01
0.00
95.3
0.18
0.00
Region
Midwest
4,822
96.9
0.40
0.02
53.3
0.25
0.02
0.4
0.00
0.00
96.0
0.18
0.01
Northeast
3,692
93.4
0.38
0.02
49.3
0.24
0.01
0.8
0.00
0.00
94.0
0.18
0.01
South
7,208
96.1
0.47
0.02
50.7
0.21
0.01
2.6
0.01
0.00
94.1
0.18
0.01
West
4,885
95.0
0.44
0.02
56.0
0.27
0.01
1.2
0.00
0.00
96.1
0.24
0.01
Urbanization
City center
6,164
95.1
0.47
0.02
51.3
0.24
0.01
1.8
0.01
0.00
94.8
0.20
0.01
Suburban
9,598
95.4
0.41
0.01
53.0
0.26
0.01
1.0
0.01
0.00
95.3
0.19
0.01
Nonmetropolitan
4,845
96.2
0.41
0.02
51.6
0.20
0.01
1.7
0.01
0.00
94.3
0.19
0.01
Peaches
Pears
Peas
Peppers
Whole population
20,607
40.8
0.11
0.00
8.2
0.09
0.00
22.3
0.11
0.01
83.0
0.06
0.00
Age group
Birth to 1 year
1,486
24.4
0.85
0.08
15.9
0.73
0.07
29.5
0.47
0.04
15.6
0.01
0.00
1 to 2 years
2,096
50.7
0.47
0.04
17.2
0.40
0.04
28.3
0.34
0.03
77.5
0.05
0.01
3 to 5 years
4,391
55.4
0.26
0.02
16.6
0.26
0.03
20.5
0.21
0.02
84.6
0.05
0.00
6 to 12 years
2,089
54.7
0.14
0.02
17.5
0.14
0.01
17.2
0.12
0.01
85.1
0.05
0.00
13 to 19 years
1,222
39.1
0.06
0.01
5.9
0.03
0.01
14.0
0.07
0.01
84.8
0.04
0.00
August 2018
Page 9-71
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-18. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996,1998 Continuing Survey of
Food Intake among Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
Population Group
N
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming
a
Mean
SE
20 to 49 years
4,677
34.5
0.05
0.00
4.4
0.04
0.00
21.3
0.08
0.01
86.9
0.08
0.01
>50 years
4,646
44.1
0.10
0.01
9.0
0.07
0.01
28.4
0.10
0.01
78.9
0.06
0.01
Season
Fall
4,687
35.9
0.07
0.01
9.6
0.11
0.01
24.1
0.10
0.01
81.3
0.07
0.01
Spring
5,308
42.9
0.10
0.01
7.7
0.07
0.00
20.2
0.10
0.01
84.8
0.06
0.00
Summer
5,890
46.6
0.17
0.01
6.8
0.07
0.01
19.8
0.10
0.01
83.1
0.06
0.00
Winter
4,722
37.9
0.09
0.01
8.7
0.10
0.01
24.9
0.13
0.01
83.0
0.06
0.00
Race
Asian, Pacific Islander
557
32.2
0.07
0.02
9.2
0.13
0.03
41.0
0.15
0.02
70.9
0.08
0.01
American Indian,
Alaskan Native
177
38.0
0.20
0.06
11.2
0.15
0.06
22.5
0.13
0.03
89.3
0.08
0.02
Black
2,740
39.4
0.10
0.01
5.6
0.06
0.01
20.9
0.13
0.02
82.8
0.04
0.01
Other/NA
1,638
35.2
0.13
0.02
8.3
0.11
0.02
19.8
0.07
0.01
81.7
0.12
0.01
White
15,495
41.8
0.11
0.01
8.6
0.09
0.00
21.9
0.10
0.01
83.6
0.06
0.00
Region
Midwest
4,822
45.3
0.11
0.01
9.1
0.09
0.01
22.1
0.10
0.01
85.6
0.06
0.01
Northeast
3,692
44.0
0.10
0.01
9.4
0.10
0.01
24.7
0.13
0.02
79.0
0.07
0.01
South
7,208
35.8
0.11
0.01
6.5
0.07
0.01
19.9
0.10
0.01
82.1
0.05
0.00
West
4,885
41.1
0.11
0.01
8.9
0.10
0.01
24.0
0.10
0.01
85.4
0.08
0.01
Urbanization
City center
6,164
39.9
0.11
0.01
8.1
0.09
0.01
24.0
0.12
0.01
83.4
0.07
0.01
Suburban
9,598
43.1
0.11
0.01
OO
OO
0.10
0.01
22.3
0.11
0.01
82.2
0.06
0.00
Nonmetropolitan
4,845
37.1
0.10
0.00
7.2
0.06
0.01
19.6
0.09
0.01
84.4
0.06
0.01
August 2018
Page 9-72
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-18. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996,1998 Continuing Survey of
Food Intake among Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
Population Group
N
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming
a
Mean
SE
Pome Fruit
Pumpkins
Root Tuber Vegetables
Stalk, Stem Vegetables
Whole population
20,607
34.7
0.54
0.01
1.8
0.01
0.00
99.2
1.42
0.02
19.4
0.05
0.00
Age group
Birth to 1 year
1,486
40.0
3.04
0.17
0.3
0.00
0.00
61.7
2.60
0.15
1.9
0.01
0.00
1 to 2 years
2,096
52.0
2.19
0.10
0.7
0.01
0.00
99.6
3.38
0.09
13.2
0.06
0.01
3 to 5 years
4,391
51.7
1.90
0.06
0.9
0.01
0.00
100.0
2.96
0.07
10.9
0.04
0.00
6 to 12 years
2,089
47.9
0.97
0.06
1.8
0.01
0.00
100.0
2.09
0.07
10.7
0.03
0.01
13 to 19 years
1,222
26.5
0.23
0.02
1.3
0.01
0.00
99.9
1.36
0.06
16.6
0.03
0.01
20 to 49 years
4,677
27.9
0.25
0.01
1.7
0.00
0.00
99.7
1.12
0.02
24.5
0.05
0.00
>50 years
4,646
39.0
0.39
0.02
2.3
0.01
0.00
99.7
1.13
0.02
18.3
0.05
0.00
Season
Fall
4,687
39.5
0.66
0.04
4.9
0.01
0.00
99.4
1.49
0.04
18.5
0.04
0.00
Spring
5,308
33.6
0.52
0.03
0.4
0.00
0.00
99.3
1.41
0.03
20.1
0.05
0.00
Summer
5,890
29.1
0.41
0.02
0.7
0.00
0.00
99.2
1.34
0.03
17.0
0.03
0.00
Winter
4,722
36.7
0.56
0.03
1.0
0.00
0.00
99.0
1.45
0.04
21.8
0.06
0.01
Race
Asian, Pacific Islander
557
36.5
0.66
0.08
1.0
0.00
0.00
97.3
1.31
0.10
36.5
0.11
0.01
American Indian,
Alaskan Native
177
39.5
0.75
0.14
1.2
0.00
0.00
99.7
1.71
0.30
21.6
0.05
0.02
Black
2,740
24.8
0.42
0.03
0.5
0.00
0.00
99.0
1.31
0.09
8.1
0.01
0.00
Other/NA
1,638
32.7
0.67
0.06
3.5
0.01
0.00
98.0
1.47
0.05
14.5
0.03
0.00
White
15,495
36.4
0.54
0.01
1.9
0.01
0.00
99.4
1.44
0.02
20.9
0.05
0.00
Region
Midwest
4,822
38.9
0.55
0.03
2.4
0.01
0.00
99.5
1.57
0.05
22.1
0.05
0.00
August 2018
Page 9-73
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-18. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996,1998 Continuing Survey of
Food Intake among Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
Population Group
N
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming
a
Mean
SE
Northeast
3,692
37.3
0.57
0.02
2.0
0.01
0.00
99.4
1.33
0.05
17.2
0.05
0.01
South
7,208
28.9
0.43
0.02
1.1
0.00
0.00
99.2
1.40
0.04
16.4
0.04
0.00
West
4,885
37.2
0.65
0.03
1.9
0.01
0.00
98.8
1.38
0.05
23.1
0.06
0.00
Urbanization
City center
6,164
33.2
0.51
0.02
1.5
0.00
0.00
99.0
1.34
0.04
19.6
0.05
0.00
Suburban
9,598
37.6
0.59
0.02
1.8
0.00
0.00
99.3
1.44
0.03
20.0
0.05
0.00
Nonmetropolitan
4,845
30.7
0.45
0.03
2.0
0.01
0.00
99.4
1.52
0.06
17.8
0.04
0.00
Strawberries
Stone Fruit
Tomatoes
Tropical Fruits
Whole population
20,607
32.4
0.06
0.00
44.5
0.17
0.01
84.4
0.74
0.01
58.3
0.43
0.01
Age group
Birth to 1 year
1,486
6.8
0.02
0.00
29.2
1.15
0.10
21.5
0.30
0.03
42.2
1.31
0.07
1 to 2 years
2,096
33.5
0.19
0.03
53.6
0.60
0.04
80.7
1.50
0.05
70.1
1.97
0.10
3 to 5 years
4,391
37.1
0.14
0.01
57.5
0.38
0.02
85.7
1.40
0.03
69.7
1.10
0.04
6 to 12 years
2,089
37.3
0.10
0.01
56.8
0.23
0.02
86.9
1.00
0.03
67.0
0.50
0.04
13 to 19 years
1,222
26.8
0.05
0.01
41.1
0.09
0.01
90.2
0.74
0.03
54.5
0.19
0.02
20 to 49 years
4,677
29.8
0.05
0.00
38.1
0.09
0.01
87.1
0.66
0.01
52.8
0.27
0.01
>50 years
4,646
37.7
0.06
0.00
49.4
0.17
0.01
80.1
0.57
0.01
63.1
0.41
0.01
Season
Fall
4,687
26.8
0.03
0.00
39.3
0.11
0.01
83.5
0.73
0.03
56.5
0.42
0.02
Spring
5,308
36.8
0.11
0.01
46.8
0.17
0.01
84.3
0.69
0.02
59.4
0.43
0.02
Summer
5,890
36.1
0.06
0.01
50.3
0.28
0.02
85.1
0.80
0.02
58.2
0.41
0.02
Winter
4,722
29.9
0.05
0.01
41.6
0.12
0.01
84.5
0.72
0.02
58.9
0.45
0.02
Race
August 2018
Page 9-74
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-18. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996,1998 Continuing Survey of
Food Intake among Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
Population Group
N
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming
a
Mean
SE
Asian, Pacific Islander
557
23.9
0.07
0.03
36.5
0.16
0.04
74.1
0.73
0.06
55.4
0.61
0.07
American Indian,
Alaskan Native
177
28.2
0.03
0.02
39.2
0.24
0.07
89.2
0.82
0.07
54.1
0.43
0.05
Black
2,740
21.1
0.02
0.00
40.7
0.14
0.02
78.1
0.63
0.03
53.6
0.36
0.03
Other/NA
1,638
22.3
0.05
0.01
38.2
0.19
0.03
89.6
1.11
0.05
60.9
0.77
0.09
White
15,495
35.3
0.07
0.00
45.9
0.17
0.01
85.4
0.73
0.01
59.0
0.41
0.01
Region
Midwest
4,822
34.9
0.07
0.01
49.9
0.18
0.01
85.5
0.74
0.02
60.1
0.40
0.03
Northeast
3,692
37.1
0.06
0.01
47.5
0.15
0.01
83.4
0.73
0.02
62.4
0.47
0.02
South
7,208
27.2
0.05
0.00
38.9
0.15
0.01
82.7
0.69
0.02
53.1
0.36
0.02
West
4,885
33.9
0.08
0.01
44.8
0.20
0.01
86.6
0.81
0.02
60.8
0.53
0.03
Urbanization
City center
6,164
29.7
0.05
0.01
43.5
0.17
0.01
84.1
0.75
0.02
58.8
0.46
0.02
Suburban
9,598
36.2
0.08
0.00
46.9
0.18
0.01
84.5
0.73
0.01
60.2
0.44
0.01
Nonmetropolitan
4,845
28.1
0.05
0.01
40.6
0.15
0.01
84.4
0.73
0.03
53.0
0.34
0.03
White Potatoes
Whole population
20,607
91.3
0.89
0.02
Age group
Birth to 1 year
1,486
39.9
0.64
0.07
1 to 2 years
2,096
91.2
1.95
0.08
3 to 5 years
4,391
95.1
1.75
0.06
6 to 12 years
2,089
93.9
1.21
0.06
13 to 19 years
1,222
92.6
0.93
0.05
20 to 49 years
4,677
91.5
0.74
0.02
August 2018
Page 9-75
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-18. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996,1998 Continuing Survey of
Food Intake among Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
Population Group
N
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percent
Consuming3 Mean SE
Percent
Consuming3 Mean SE
Percent
Consuming
3 Mean
SE
>50 years
4,646
91.7
0.72
0.02
Season
Fall
4,687
91.5
0.91
0.04
Spring
5,308
91.3
0.87
0.03
Summer
5,890
91.3
0.86
0.03
Winter
4,722
91.1
0.90
0.03
Race
Asian, Pacific Islander
557
82.3
0.72
0.09
American Indian,
Alaskan Native
177
92.7
1.29
0.32
Black
2,740
88.5
0.81
0.07
Other/NA
1,638
86.5
0.86
0.07
White
15,495
92.4
0.90
0.02
Region
Midwest
4,822
94.5
1.00
0.03
Northeast
3,692
88.6
0.79
0.04
South
7,208
91.8
0.90
0.04
West
4,885
89.6
0.82
0.06
Urbanization
City center
6,164
89.5
0.81
0.04
Suburban
9,598
91.2
0.87
0.02
Nonmetropolitan
4,845
94.2
1.02
0.06
August 2018
Page 9-76
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-18. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996,1998 Continuing Survey of
Food Intake among Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
a
Represents the percentage of individuals consuming these foods at least once over the 2-day survey period.
N
= Sample size.
SE
= Standard error.
Note:
Data for fruits and vegetables for which only small percentages of the population reported consumption may be less reliable than data for fruits and vegetables with
higher percentages consuming.
Source:
U.S. EPA analysis of 1994-1996,1998 CSFII.
August 2018
Page 9-77
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-19. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996,1998 Continuing Survey
of Food Intake among Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight)
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
Apples
Asparagus
Bananas
Beans
Beets
Whole population
7,193
1.47
0.03
233
0.85
0.04
10,734
0.73
0.02
9,086
0.60
0.01
374
0.35
0
Age group
Birth to 1 year
496
6.71
0.31
3
2.59
1.16
605
3.04
0.12
313
2.00
0.16
6
1.42
0.9
1 to 2 years
947
4.00
0.15
19
1.99
0.54
1,328
2.82
0.12
996
1.63
0.08
13
0.98
0.3
3 to 5 years
1,978
3.68
0.08
23
1.37
0.32
2,746
1.54
0.06
1,909
1.22
0.04
36
0.9
0.2
6 to 12 years
792
2.17
0.12
13
1.77
0.43
1,214
0.66
0.05
833
0.82
0.05
16
0.66
0.3
13 to 19 years
271
0.90
0.06
4
0.56
0.08
511
0.30
0.04
472
0.49
0.03
9
0.2
0.1
20 to 49 years
1,171
0.82
0.03
58
0.79
0.08
1,887
0.50
0.01
2,153
0.48
0.01
93
0.23
0
>50 years
1,538
0.92
0.04
113
0.77
0.07
2,443
0.65
0.02
2,410
0.52
0.02
201
0.38
0
Season
Fall
1,841
1.57
0.06
44
0.80
0.13
2,292
0.79
0.04
2,122
0.60
0.02
90
0.25
0
Spring
1,818
1.52
0.07
91
0.90
0.07
2,856
0.70
0.03
2,311
0.59
0.02
92
0.45
0.1
Summer
1,801
1.32
0.06
36
0.66
0.12
3,124
0.66
0.03
2,539
0.65
0.02
104
0.34
0.1
Winter
1,733
1.44
0.05
62
0.94
0.10
2,462
0.80
0.03
2,114
0.57
0.02
88
0.33
0.1
Race
Asian, Pacific
Islander
182
1.59
0.12
5
0.62
0.15
265
0.95
0.10
265
0.48
0.05
16
0.04
0
American Indian,
Alaskan Native
58
1.93
0.27
2
0.81
-
88
0.87
0.15
74
0.70
0.12
1
0.02
-
Black
762
1.62
0.12
8
1.01
0.64
1,288
0.59
0.05
1,205
0.71
0.04
18
0.29
0.1
Other/NA
536
2.00
0.13
5
0.31
0.09
865
1.21
0.11
911
0.71
0.04
16
0.39
0.2
White
5,655
1.42
0.03
213
0.86
0.05
8,228
0.71
0.02
6,631
0.58
0.01
323
0.36
0
August 2018
Page 9-78
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-19. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996,1998 Continuing Survey
of Food Intake among Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
Region
Midwest
1,792
1.35
0.06
63
0.91
0.08
2,589
0.68
0.04
2,071
0.59
0.02
90
0.35
0.1
Northeast
1,385
1.46
0.05
43
0.72
0.10
2,122
0.68
0.02
1,342
0.56
0.02
78
0.42
0.1
South
2,201
1.44
0.05
64
1.07
0.09
3,356
0.70
0.04
3,465
0.68
0.02
99
0.29
0
West
1,815
1.67
0.06
63
0.69
0.04
2,667
0.89
0.03
2,208
0.52
0.03
107
0.33
0.1
Urbanization
City center
2,091
1.46
0.05
81
0.85
0.07
3,182
0.75
0.03
2,840
0.62
0.02
110
0.28
0
Suburban
3,647
1.49
0.05
97
0.78
0.07
5,303
0.75
0.02
3,957
0.58
0.01
171
0.39
0.1
Nonmetropolitan
1,455
1.45
0.03
55
0.98
0.11
2,249
0.67
0.04
2,289
0.61
0.01
93
0.35
0
Berries and Small Fruits
Broccoli
Bulb Vegetables
Cabbage
Carrots
Whole population
12,206
0.40
0.01
2,474
0.80
0.03
18,738
0.21
0.00
2,633
0.50
0.03
9,513
0.34
0.01
Age group
Birth to 1 year
229
0.81
0.07
49
2.09
0.33
489
0.22
0.02
15
0.61
0.41
179
1.39
0.20
1 to 2 years
1,396
1.38
0.06
242
2.11
0.16
1,957
0.32
0.01
160
0.73
0.11
999
0.87
0.05
3 to 5 years
3,166
0.99
0.04
475
1.67
0.09
4,207
0.28
0.01
369
0.78
0.07
2,048
0.74
0.03
6 to 12 years
1,523
0.54
0.04
213
1.29
0.16
2,040
0.22
0.01
190
0.63
0.11
904
0.50
0.03
13 to 19 years
679
0.27
0.03
102
0.69
0.07
1,194
0.20
0.01
106
0.40
0.06
482
0.27
0.02
20 to 49 years
2,393
0.27
0.02
640
0.68
0.04
4,546
0.22
0.01
746
0.45
0.03
2,289
0.28
0.01
>50 years
2,820
0.31
0.01
753
0.63
0.03
4,305
0.18
0.00
1,047
0.52
0.02
2,612
0.29
0.01
Season
Fall
2,706
0.31
0.02
582
0.81
0.05
4,310
0.22
0.01
623
0.44
0.03
2,338
0.35
0.02
Spring
3,202
0.45
0.03
651
0.82
0.07
4,835
0.21
0.01
684
0.52
0.03
2,345
0.36
0.02
Summer
3,558
0.48
0.02
660
0.79
0.05
5,280
0.20
0.01
676
0.56
0.07
2,440
0.33
0.01
Winter
2,740
0.35
0.02
581
0.76
0.07
4,313
0.22
0.01
650
0.48
0.04
2,390
0.34
0.01
August 2018
Page 9-79
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-19. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996,1998 Continuing Survey
of Food Intake among Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
Race
Asian, Pacific
Islander
252
0.66
0.13
118
0.89
0.12
481
0.40
0.03
152
0.69
0.09
329
0.47
0.05
American Indian,
Alaskan Native
85
0.26
0.04
16
1.18
0.43
169
0.25
0.04
18
0.34
0.13
82
0.26
0.03
Black
1,430
0.27
0.02
286
1.06
0.12
2,438
0.18
0.01
359
0.87
0.11
958
0.28
0.02
Other/NA
782
0.45
0.06
131
1.09
0.10
1,484
0.33
0.02
144
0.24
0.05
749
0.45
0.03
White
9,657
0.41
0.01
1,923
0.73
0.03
14,166
0.20
0.00
1,960
0.43
0.02
7,395
0.34
0.01
Region
Midwest
3,042
0.40
0.03
533
0.66
0.03
4,457
0.20
0.01
629
0.49
0.04
2,313
0.34
0.02
Northeast
2,383
0.37
0.03
511
0.84
0.07
3,324
0.20
0.01
413
0.56
0.06
1,843
0.34
0.01
South
3,896
0.35
0.02
810
0.83
0.04
6,497
0.19
0.01
978
0.52
0.06
2,981
0.31
0.01
West
2,885
0.48
0.03
620
0.83
0.08
4,460
0.26
0.01
613
0.41
0.03
2,376
0.40
0.01
Urbanization
City center
3,525
0.38
0.02
741
0.83
0.06
5,547
0.22
0.01
794
0.58
0.07
2,759
0.34
0.01
Suburban
6,039
0.44
0.02
1,283
0.81
0.03
8,768
0.21
0.01
1,251
0.45
0.02
4,690
0.36
0.01
Nonmetropolitan
2,642
0.31
0.03
450
0.64
0.05
4,423
0.20
0.01
588
0.48
0.04
2,064
0.32
0.01
Citrus Fruits
Corn
Cucumbers
Cucurbits
Fruiting Vegetables
Whole population
3,656
0.99
0.03
19,059
0.47
0.01
6,779
0.24
0.02
8,763
0.81
0.04
18,407
0.87
0.01
Age group
Birth to 1 year
37
2.79
0.53
671
1.05
0.07
25
0.28
0.11
213
3.19
0.29
371
1.24
0.11
1 to 2 years
336
3.06
0.20
2,027
1.17
0.05
439
0.52
0.05
682
2.29
0.17
1,927
1.70
0.06
3 to 5 years
751
2.75
0.15
4,334
1.26
0.03
1,266
0.56
0.05
1,694
2.15
0.17
4,180
1.53
0.03
6 to 12 years
324
1.60
0.12
2,064
0.88
0.03
667
0.43
0.06
833
1.34
0.15
2,014
1.10
0.03
13 to 19 years
157
0.90
0.15
1,176
0.45
0.01
500
0.26
0.06
563
0.69
0.16
1,176
0.82
0.03
August 2018
Page 9-80
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-19. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996,1998 Continuing Survey
of Food Intake among Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
20 to 49 years
841
0.68
0.04
4,415
0.34
0.01
2,033
0.20
0.01
2,400
0.55
0.03
4,489
0.78
0.02
>50 years
1,210
0.84
0.03
4,372
0.28
0.01
1,849
0.21
0.01
2,378
0.81
0.05
4,250
0.71
0.02
Season
Fall
761
0.93
0.06
4,342
0.44
0.01
1,374
0.22
0.02
1,778
0.46
0.03
4,186
0.87
0.03
Spring
1,002
0.97
0.05
4,909
0.47
0.02
1,906
0.23
0.01
2,408
0.94
0.07
4,755
0.82
0.02
Summer
815
0.53
0.04
5,423
0.52
0.02
2,070
0.32
0.05
2,855
1.32
0.10
5,262
0.93
0.02
Winter
1,078
1.32
0.06
4,385
0.44
0.02
1,429
0.20
0.02
1,722
0.36
0.03
4,204
0.85
0.03
Race
Asian, Pacific
Islander
117
1.50
0.19
454
0.37
0.05
134
0.68
0.43
217
1.92
0.79
439
0.98
0.06
American Indian,
Alaskan Native
41
1.61
0.17
165
0.55
0.06
60
0.23
0.06
75
1.04
0.32
162
0.93
0.08
Black
369
1.15
0.08
2,502
0.52
0.02
858
0.17
0.01
987
0.62
0.08
2,398
0.75
0.04
Other/NA
347
1.66
0.16
1,475
0.76
0.05
413
0.30
0.03
633
1.14
0.19
1,447
1.34
0.05
White
2,782
0.89
0.03
14,463
0.44
0.01
5,314
0.24
0.01
6,851
0.77
0.03
13,961
0.85
0.01
Region
Midwest
842
0.84
0.06
4,562
0.48
0.02
1,693
0.23
0.02
2,091
0.75
0.05
4,379
0.85
0.02
Northeast
754
0.94
0.06
3,377
0.43
0.01
1,191
0.25
0.02
1,614
0.85
0.08
3,254
0.88
0.02
South
998
0.94
0.04
6,648
0.46
0.01
2,356
0.22
0.02
2,905
0.70
0.06
6,416
0.81
0.03
West
1,062
1.20
0.07
4,472
0.49
0.02
1,539
0.29
0.07
2,153
0.99
0.12
4,358
0.96
0.03
Urbanization
City center
1,146
1.01
0.04
5,641
0.47
0.01
1,965
0.22
0.01
2,570
0.71
0.05
5,477
0.89
0.03
Suburban
1,738
0.97
0.04
8,886
0.47
0.01
3,151
0.26
0.03
4,119
0.89
0.07
8,563
0.86
0.01
Nonmetropolitan
772
0.99
0.07
4,532
0.45
0.02
1,663
0.25
0.03
2,074
0.78
0.06
4,367
0.85
0.04
August 2018
Page 9-81
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-19. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996,1998 Continuing Survey
of Food Intake among Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
Leafy Vegetables
Legumes
Lettuce
Okra
Onions
Whole population
17,637
0.65
0.01
19,258
0.45
0.01
8,430
0.46
0.01
272
0.51
0.04
18,678
0.20
0.00
Age group
Birth to 1 year
639
0.65
0.11
754
2.34
0.11
15
0.17
0.02
4
1.50
0.54
481
0.22
0.02
1 to 2 years
1,729
0.87
0.05
2,037
1.34
0.08
481
0.58
0.04
29
0.64
0.19
1,948
0.31
0.01
3 to 5 years
3,815
0.77
0.03
4,308
0.86
0.06
1,415
0.62
0.03
34
1.16
0.32
4,200
0.27
0.01
6 to 12 years
1,860
0.62
0.03
2,045
0.49
0.03
858
0.53
0.02
21
0.62
0.15
2,030
0.21
0.01
13 to 19 years
1,101
0.47
0.02
1,168
0.29
0.02
669
0.40
0.03
12
0.43
0.13
1,190
0.19
0.01
20 to 49 years
4,308
0.63
0.02
4,477
0.36
0.01
2,693
0.45
0.01
62
0.44
0.06
4,533
0.21
0.01
>50 years
4,185
0.72
0.02
4,469
0.41
0.01
2,299
0.45
0.01
110
0.50
0.05
4,296
0.17
0.00
Season
Fall
4,046
0.66
0.03
4,412
0.46
0.02
1,894
0.46
0.02
58
0.39
0.04
4,300
0.21
0.01
Spring
4,579
0.66
0.02
4,952
0.42
0.02
2,279
0.46
0.02
66
0.47
0.09
4,815
0.20
0.01
Summer
4,964
0.62
0.02
5,476
0.45
0.02
2,325
0.45
0.01
106
0.65
0.08
5,265
0.19
0.01
Winter
4,048
0.66
0.02
4,418
0.46
0.02
1,932
0.46
0.02
42
0.53
0.13
4,298
0.21
0.01
Race
Asian, Pacific
Islander
469
1.22
0.12
503
0.79
0.09
191
0.58
0.09
15
0.20
0.06
480
0.39
0.03
American Indian,
Alaskan Native
151
0.59
0.19
170
0.44
0.08
88
0.34
0.04
2
0.40
-
169
0.25
0.04
Black
2,367
0.73
0.04
2,563
0.52
0.04
884
0.35
0.02
67
0.63
0.08
2,431
0.17
0.01
Other/NA
1,329
0.59
0.04
1,478
0.58
0.05
643
0.49
0.04
15
0.70
0.25
1,484
0.32
0.02
White
13,321
0.62
0.01
14,544
0.42
0.01
6,624
0.47
0.01
173
0.51
0.05
14,114
0.19
0.00
Region
Midwest
4,226
0.60
0.03
4,577
0.41
0.02
2,035
0.47
0.03
24
0.42
0.20
4,448
0.19
0.01
August 2018
Page 9-82
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-19. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996,1998 Continuing Survey
of Food Intake among Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
Northeast
3,081
0.71
0.03
3,421
0.40
0.02
1,396
0.49
0.02
22
0.50
0.18
3,308
0.19
0.01
South
6,174
0.61
0.02
6,771
0.49
0.02
2,830
0.41
0.02
178
0.58
0.05
6,479
0.19
0.01
West
4,156
0.71
0.04
4,489
0.47
0.03
2,169
0.49
0.03
48
0.30
0.07
4,443
0.25
0.01
Urbanization
City center
5,232
0.72
0.03
5,735
0.50
0.02
2,414
0.46
0.02
96
0.49
0.07
5,531
0.21
0.01
Suburban
8,220
0.67
0.02
8,950
0.43
0.02
3,999
0.49
0.01
102
0.59
0.07
8,739
0.20
0.01
Nonmetropolitan
4,185
0.51
0.03
4,573
0.43
0.02
2,017
0.39
0.02
74
0.42
0.04
4,408
0.20
0.01
Peaches
Pears
Peas
Peppers
Pome Fruit
Whole population
9,069
0.26
0.01
2,355
1.06
0.04
4,661
0.48
0.02
16,093
0.08
0.00
8,316
1.55
0.03
Age group
Birth to 1 year
344
3.47
0.28
217
4.55
0.28
417
1.60
0.09
224
0.05
0.01
572
7.60
0.34
1 to 2 years
1,067
0.93
0.08
354
2.33
0.16
609
1.21
0.06
1,627
0.06
0.01
1,097
4.21
0.13
3 to 5 years
2,461
0.48
0.03
711
1.59
0.12
888
1.02
0.07
3,706
0.06
0.00
2,291
3.68
0.08
6 to 12 years
1,150
0.26
0.03
382
0.81
0.07
346
0.68
0.06
1,784
0.05
0.01
1,012
2.03
0.10
13 to 19 years
480
0.15
0.03
72
0.45
0.09
168
0.48
0.06
1,041
0.05
0.00
320
0.87
0.06
20 to 49 years
1,544
0.14
0.01
205
0.80
0.05
959
0.37
0.02
4,068
0.09
0.01
1,274
0.88
0.03
>50 years
2,023
0.22
0.01
414
0.81
0.04
1,274
0.37
0.02
3,643
0.08
0.01
1,750
1.00
0.03
Season
Fall
1,841
0.20
0.02
596
1.15
0.08
1,172
0.43
0.02
3,643
0.08
0.01
2,102
1.67
0.07
Spring
2,439
0.23
0.02
590
0.86
0.05
1,120
0.51
0.03
4,212
0.07
0.01
2,102
1.54
0.06
Summer
2,815
0.37
0.02
585
1.05
0.06
1,213
0.48
0.02
4,568
0.08
0.01
2,092
1.40
0.06
Winter
1,974
0.22
0.02
584
1.14
0.09
1,156
0.52
0.04
3,670
0.07
0.01
2,020
1.53
0.06
Race
Asian, Pacific
Islander
200
0.23
0.04
56
1.43
0.21
192
0.35
0.04
344
0.11
0.01
209
1.82
0.14
August 2018
Page 9-83
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-19. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996,1998 Continuing Survey
of Food Intake among Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
American Indian,
Alaskan Native
68
0.54
0.17
23
1.31
0.60
51
0.59
0.10
144
0.09
0.03
73
1.89
0.29
Black
1,146
0.25
0.03
244
1.09
0.15
612
0.64
0.05
2,150
0.05
0.01
878
1.68
0.12
Other/NA
590
0.38
0.07
171
1.39
0.22
323
0.38
0.04
1,233
0.15
0.01
624
2.05
0.14
White
7,065
0.26
0.01
1,861
1.02
0.04
3,483
0.48
0.02
12,222
0.07
0.00
6,532
1.48
0.03
Region
Midwest
2,283
0.25
0.02
625
0.96
0.06
1,108
0.46
0.02
3,920
0.07
0.01
2,094
1.42
0.07
Northeast
1,778
0.22
0.02
470
1.04
0.06
923
0.52
0.05
2,711
0.08
0.01
1,598
1.54
0.05
South
2,849
0.30
0.02
648
1.08
0.10
1,526
0.51
0.03
5,579
0.06
0.01
2,535
1.50
0.05
West
2,159
0.26
0.02
612
1.17
0.08
1,104
0.43
0.04
3,883
0.10
0.01
2,089
1.74
0.07
Urbanization
City center
2,640
0.27
0.02
686
1.06
0.06
1,480
0.50
0.03
4,780
0.09
0.01
2,408
1.54
0.05
Suburban
4,457
0.26
0.01
1,205
1.12
0.06
2,179
0.48
0.03
7,436
0.07
0.00
4,224
1.58
0.06
Nonmetropolitan
1,972
0.27
0.01
464
0.89
0.05
1,002
0.45
0.04
3,877
0.07
0.01
1,684
1.48
0.03
Pumpkins
Root Tuber Vegetables
Stalk, Stem Vegetables
Strawberries
Stone Fruit
Whole population
299
0.30
0.02
19,997
1.44
0.02
3,095
0.24
0.01
6,675
0.20
0.01
9,786
0.38
0.01
Age group
Birth to 1 year
3
1.06
0.71
916
4.21
0.19
24
0.56
0.22
96
0.26
0.06
418
3.95
0.25
1 to 2 years
15
1.08
0.51
2,087
3.40
0.09
272
0.48
0.05
729
0.57
0.08
1,130
1.13
0.08
3 to 5 years
36
0.56
0.10
4,388
2.96
0.07
502
0.38
0.03
1,710
0.38
0.03
2,556
0.66
0.03
6 to 12 years
37
0.52
0.11
2,089
2.09
0.07
218
0.32
0.04
783
0.28
0.02
1,194
0.41
0.03
13 to 19 years
14
0.42
0.16
1,221
1.36
0.06
190
0.20
0.03
326
0.18
0.03
508
0.21
0.03
20 to 49 years
89
0.24
0.02
4,664
1.12
0.02
1,079
0.20
0.01
1,330
0.15
0.02
1,715
0.23
0.01
>50 years
105
0.22
0.01
4,632
1.14
0.02
810
0.27
0.02
1,701
0.15
0.01
2,265
0.34
0.02
August 2018
Page 9-84
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-19. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996,1998 Continuing Survey
of Food Intake among Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
Season
Fall
193
0.29
0.02
4,565
1.50
0.04
720
0.22
0.02
1,250
0.13
0.01
1,987
0.27
0.02
Spring
22
0.65
0.18
5,151
1.43
0.03
825
0.25
0.01
1,911
0.30
0.03
2,627
0.35
0.02
Summer
40
0.22
0.06
5,690
1.35
0.03
796
0.20
0.01
2,060
0.17
0.02
3,029
0.56
0.03
Winter
44
0.25
0.04
4,591
1.46
0.03
754
0.26
0.02
1,454
0.16
0.02
2,143
0.29
0.02
Race
Asian, Pacific
Islander
4
0.33
0.07
518
1.35
0.10
158
0.29
0.03
149
0.29
0.11
218
0.44
0.08
American Indian,
Alaskan Native
3
0.11
0.01
174
1.71
0.30
32
0.25
0.05
50
0.11
0.04
73
0.60
0.18
Black
12
0.34
0.05
2,642
1.32
0.09
188
0.18
0.03
550
0.11
0.02
1,184
0.34
0.04
Other/NA
43
0.21
0.08
1,561
1.50
0.05
172
0.21
0.02
367
0.22
0.06
649
0.50
0.08
White
237
0.31
0.02
15,102
1.45
0.02
2,545
0.24
0.01
5,559
0.20
0.01
7,662
0.38
0.01
Region
Midwest
87
0.31
0.01
4,709
1.58
0.05
883
0.22
0.02
1,668
0.20
0.01
2,469
0.36
0.02
Northeast
62
0.30
0.09
3,598
1.34
0.05
467
0.26
0.03
1,381
0.16
0.02
1,912
0.32
0.02
South
70
0.28
0.03
6,998
1.41
0.04
908
0.24
0.02
1,952
0.18
0.02
3,060
0.39
0.02
West
80
0.30
0.05
4,692
1.40
0.05
837
0.24
0.02
1,674
0.23
0.03
2,345
0.45
0.03
Urbanization
City center
76
0.31
0.05
5,961
1.36
0.04
891
0.25
0.02
1,772
0.18
0.02
2,845
0.38
0.02
Suburban
137
0.26
0.02
9,315
1.45
0.03
1,492
0.23
0.01
3,517
0.22
0.01
4,808
0.38
0.02
Nonmetropolitan
86
0.36
0.04
4,721
1.53
0.07
712
0.24
0.02
1,386
0.17
0.03
2,133
0.36
0.01
Tomatoes
Tropical Fruits
White Potatoes
Whole population
16,403
0.87
0.01
12,539
0.73
0.02
18,261
0.97
0.02
Age group
August 2018
Page 9-85
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-19. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996,1998 Continuing Survey
of Food Intake among Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N Mean SE
N Mean SE
Birth to 1 year
315
1.42
0.13
630
3.09
0.12
577
1.60
0.15
1 to 2 years
1,684
1.86
0.06
1,476
2.81
0.12
1,918
2.14
0.09
3 to 5 years
3,764
1.63
0.03
3,106
1.57
0.05
4,147
1.84
0.06
6 to 12 years
1,832
1.15
0.03
1,407
0.75
0.05
1,963
1.29
0.06
13 to 19 years
1,098
0.82
0.03
652
0.35
0.04
4,271
0.81
0.02
20 to 49 years
4,053
0.75
0.02
2,428
0.51
0.02
2,664
0.75
0.02
>50 years
3,657
0.72
0.01
2,840
0.64
0.02
4,254
0.78
0.02
Season
Fall
3,732
0.87
0.03
2,748
0.75
0.03
4,205
1.00
0.04
Spring
4,173
0.82
0.02
3,291
0.72
0.03
4,703
0.96
0.03
Summer
4,731
0.94
0.02
3,595
0.70
0.02
5,190
0.94
0.03
Winter
3,767
0.86
0.03
2,905
0.77
0.03
4,163
0.99
0.03
Race
12,539
0.73
0.02
18,261
0.97
0.02
Asian, Pacific
Islander
373
0.99
0.08
314
1.10
0.13
428
0.88
0.09
American Indian,
Alaskan Native
146
0.92
0.08
103
0.79
0.12
162
1.40
0.33
Black
2,017
0.80
0.04
1,541
0.67
0.05
2,365
0.92
0.08
Other/NA
1,369
1.24
0.05
1,034
1.26
0.10
1,353
1.00
0.06
White
12,498
0.85
0.01
9,547
0.69
0.02
13,953
0.98
0.02
Region
Midwest
3,915
0.87
0.02
2,989
0.67
0.04
4,436
1.06
0.04
Northeast
2,906
0.88
0.02
2,412
0.75
0.02
3,199
0.90
0.03
South
5,629
0.83
0.02
4,016
0.67
0.03
6,415
0.98
0.04
West
3,953
0.93
0.02
3,122
0.87
0.03
4,211
0.92
0.06
August 2018
Page 9-86
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-19. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994-1996,1998 Continuing Survey
of Food Intake among Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, edible portion, uncooked weight) (Continued)
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
N
Mean
SE
Urbanization
City center
4,867
0.89
0.02
3,750
0.79
0.03
5,337
0.91
0.04
Suburban
7,647
0.87
0.01
6,092
0.73
0.02
8,488
0.96
0.02
Nonmetropolitan
3,889
0.86
0.03
2,697
0.64
0.05
4,436
1.08
0.06
iV = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
Note: Data for fruits and vegetables for which only small percentages of the population reported consumption may be less reliable than data for fruits and vegetables with
higher percentages consuming.
Source: U.S. EPA analysis of 1994-1996,1998 CSFII.
August 2018
Page 9-87
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-20. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Exposed Fruits Based on 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intake among
Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, as-consumed)
Population Group
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percentile
Max
Pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Whole population
39.9
1.5
0.06
0
0
0
0
0
1.3
3.8
7.0
22.6
101.3
Age group
0 to 5 months
32.8
6.4
1.6
0
0
0
0
0
6.9
23.7
40.2
48.5
63.4
6 to 12 months
79.9
14.1
1.2
0
0
0
4.5
11.8
19.3
32.7
37.1
63.7
69.6
<1 years
54.9
10.0
1.0
0
0
0
0
4.5
16.5
30.1
38.8
58.5
69.6
1 to 2 years
69.2
10.9
0.47
0
0
0
0
5.7
15.7
29.4
39.0
65.8
101.3
3 to 5 years
59.8
5.6
0.28
0
0
0
0
2.7
8.1
15.8
22.2
35.0
77.1
6 to 11 years
50
2.2
0.14
0
0
0
0
0
3.1
6.3
8.8
17.6
32.2
12 to 19 years
32.7
0.87
0.09
0
0
0
0
0
1.1
2.9
4.9
8.8
14.9
20 to 39 years
29.6
0.58
0.05
0
0
0
0
0
0.60
2.0
3.1
6.2
16.0
40 to 69 years
40
0.69
0.03
0
0
0
0
0
0.94
2.2
3.3
6.3
18.6
>70 years
51.6
0.97
0.06
0
0
0
0
0.11
1.3
2.8
4.1
7.5
18.6
Season
Fall
40.7
1.6
0.11
0
0
0
0
0
1.4
4.0
7.0
22.5
101.3
Spring
40.4
1.5
0.10
0
0
0
0
0
1.3
3.8
7.1
20.9
77.1
Summer
39.7
1.5
0.11
0
0
0
0
0
1.3
3.7
6.9
23.7
81.1
Winter
38.6
1.5
0.12
0
0
0
0
0
1.2
3.4
7.1
21.2
83.6
Urbanization
Central city
39.6
1.6
0.11
0
0
0
0
0
1.4
4.3
7.3
23.6
83.6
Nonmetropolitan
33.6
1.1
0.10
0
0
0
0
0
0.8
2.8
5.4
16.5
65.8
Suburban
42.9
1.6
0.08
0
0
0
0
0
1.4
3.9
7.5
23.7
101.3
August 2018
Page 9-88
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-20. Per Capita Intake of Exposed Fruits Based on 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intake among Individuals (CSFII)
(g/kg-day, as-consumed) (Continued)
PercentCons
Percentile
Population Group
uminga
Mean
SE
Pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Race
Asian
41.6
1.7
0.35
0
0
0
0
0
1.8
5.0
6.4
22.1
61.9
Black
29
1.3
0.17
0
0
0
0
0
0.67
3.3
6.3
22.4
101.3
Native American
33.2
1.2
0.57
0
0
0
0
0
0.99
3.8
6.4
14.0
40.8
Other/NA
38.2
1.9
0.29
0
0
0
0
0
1.4
4.3
OO
OO
28.4
69.6
White
41.7
1.5
0.06
0
0
0
0
0
1.3
3.7
7.1
21.6
83.6
Region
Midwest
42.2
1.5
0.11
0
0
0
0
0
1.4
3.7
6.7
21.0
101.3
Northeast
45.3
1.8
0.13
0
0
0
0
0
1.5
4.5
7.5
24.6
81.1
South
33.3
1.3
0.10
0
0
0
0
0
0.86
3.2
6.4
20.4
81.3
West
42.9
1.6
0.12
0
0
0
0
0
1.6
4.2
7.5
22.1
83.6
SE
Represents the percentage of individuals consuming these foods at least once over the 2-day survey period.
= Standard error.
Source: U.S. EPA analysis of the 1994-1996 CSFII.
August 2018
Page 9-89
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-21. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Protected Fruits Based on 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intake among
Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, as-consumed)
Population Group
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percentile
Max
Pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Whole population
53
1.9
0.04
0
0
0
0
0.38
2.6
5.4
8.1
16.3
113.4
Age group
0 to 5 months
10.8
0.5
0.34
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.3
4.3
7.7
12.5
6 to 12 months
49
3.1
0.58
0
0
0
0
0
4.4
8.3
11.2
26.8
30.3
<1 years
28.7
1.7
0.39
0
0
0
0
0
2.0
6.0
8.3
16.6
30.3
1 to 2 years
61.8
6.5
0.31
0
0
0
0
3.6
9.2
17.8
24.2
39.0
113.4
3 to 5 years
56.2
4.4
0.22
0
0
0
0
2.1
6.7
12.1
17.2
27.9
66.5
6 to 11 years
50.7
2.7
0.17
0
0
0
0
0.17
3.8
8.1
11.4
19.8
31.7
12 to 19 years
47.3
1.8
0.12
0
0
0
0
0
2.6
5.4
8.4
15.4
27.0
20 to 39 years
48
1.4
0.07
0
0
0
0
0
1.9
4.3
6.3
11.8
39.3
40 to 69 years
56.5
1.4
0.04
0
0
0
0
0.61
2.2
4.1
5.5
9.7
45.8
>70 years
68.7
1.8
0.07
0
0
0
0
1.3
2.8
4.7
5.9
9.2
27.6
Season
Fall
50.8
1.8
0.08
0
0
0
0
0.06
2.3
5.0
7.3
16.1
75.7
Spring
53.5
2.0
0.08
0
0
0
0
0.46
2.6
5.4
8.8
18.7
47.4
Summer
52.4
2.0
0.08
0
0
0
0
0.29
2.7
5.5
8.4
15.9
113.4
Winter
55.4
1.9
0.07
0
0
0
0
0.61
2.6
5.5
8.0
15.1
52.0
Urbanization
Central city
55.5
2.1
0.07
0
0
0
0
0.67
2.8
5.8
8.5
17.2
66.5
Nonmetropolitan
45.6
1.5
0.08
0
0
0
0
0
1.9
4.4
7.0
14.9
61.9
Suburban
54.6
2.0
0.06
0
0
0
0
0.59
2.7
5.5
8.3
16.6
113.4
August 2018
Page 9-90
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-21. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Protected Fruits Based on 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intake among
Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, as-consumed) (Continued)
Percentile
Population Group
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Max
Race
Asian
62.3
3.0
0.30
0
0
0
0
1.5
4.1
8.1
11.7
18.7
64.0
Black
48.1
1.8
0.11
0
0
0
0
0
2.2
5.4
8.1
16.6
50.1
Native American
44.1
2.0
0.65
0
0
0
0
0
2.5
6.8
7.9
17.0
61.9
Other/NA
60.3
2.8
0.21
0
0
0
0
0.98
3.9
7.5
10.8
22.4
113.4
White
53
1.8
0.04
0
0
0
0
0.37
2.5
5.1
7.7
15.7
75.7
Region
Midwest
51
1.8
0.08
0
0
0
0
0.08
2.4
5.3
7.8
16.5
75.7
Northeast
62.5
2.4
0.09
0
0
0
0
1.1
3.2
6.2
9.5
19.5
66.5
South
47.6
1.6
0.06
0
0
0
0
0
2.1
4.7
7.1
14.9
65.7
West
55.3
2.0
0.09
0
0
0
0
0.61
2.8
5.8
8.4
15.3
113.4
a Represents the percentage of individuals consuming these foods at least once over the 2-day survey period.
NA = Not available.
SE = Standard error.
Source: U.S. EPA analysis of the 1994-1996 CSFII.
August 2018
Page 9-91
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-22. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Exposed Vegetables Based on 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intake among
Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, as-consumed)
Population Group
PercentCons
uminga
Mean
SE
Percentile
Max
Pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Whole population
79.2
1.3
0.02
0
0
0
0.11
0.80
1.9
3.4
4.4
7.6
45.0
Age group
0 to 5 months
6
0.48
0.62
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.6
11.8
12.5
6 to 12 months
40.8
2.0
0.49
0
0
0
0
0
3.1
5.8
10.3
14.7
19.0
<1 years
22.3
1.2
0.37
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.0
7.4
14.7
19.0
1 to 2 years
63.3
2.0
0.11
0
0
0
0
0.59
2.7
5.8
8.6
14.9
45.0
3 to 5 years
67.8
1.6
0.08
0
0
0
0
0.67
2.2
4.4
6.4
12.8
25.1
6 to 11 years
70.8
1.2
0.06
0
0
0
0
0.60
1.6
3.4
4.8
8.1
19.6
12 to 19 years
77.4
0.97
0.04
0
0
0
0.06
0.53
1.3
2.5
3.6
5.8
13.0
20 to 39 years
82.6
1.3
0.03
0
0
0
0.15
0.81
1.8
3.2
4.1
6.9
18.4
40 to 69 years
84
1.4
0.02
0
0
0
0.28
0.97
2.0
3.3
4.3
6.4
16.4
>70 years
83.2
1.5
0.05
0
0
0
0.31
1.09
2.1
3.6
4.4
7.2
20.1
Season
Fall
79.6
1.3
0.03
0
0
0
0.12
0.79
1.9
3.4
4.4
7.3
45.0
Spring
78.8
1.3
0.03
0
0
0
0.09
0.79
1.8
3.3
4.3
7.9
25.1
Summer
81.2
1.5
0.03
0
0
0
0.16
0.92
2.1
3.5
4.8
8.6
25.1
Winter
77.4
1.2
0.03
0
0
0
0.08
0.74
1.7
3.2
4.2
7.0
20.9
Urbanization
Central city
79.5
1.4
0.03
0
0
0
0.12
0.83
2.0
3.5
4.5
8.1
25.1
Nonmetropolitan
78
1.2
0.03
0
0
0
0.08
0.69
1.6
2.9
4.1
6.9
45.0
Suburban
79.6
1.4
0.02
0
0
0
0.12
0.85
1.9
3.4
4.5
7.8
25.1
August 2018
Page 9-92
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-22. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Exposed Vegetables Based on 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intake among
Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, as-consumed) (Continued)
Population Group
Percent
Consuming£
Mean
Percentile
Max
SE
Pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Race
Asian
82.2
2.1
0.15
0
0
0
0.34
1.39
3.0
4.9
7.1
13.0
20.1
Black
76.3
1.2
0.04
0
0
0
0.04
0.66
1.7
3.3
4.1
7.2
20.9
Native American
70.7
1.3
0.40
0
0
0
0
0.45
1.5
2.0
4.5
9.5
45.0
Other/NA
73.8
1.3
0.08
0
0
0
0
0.73
1.8
3.3
4.7
10.4
24.8
White
80.1
1.3
0.02
0
0
0
0.13
0.82
1.9
3.3
4.4
7.2
25.1
Region
Midwest
80.2
1.3
0.03
0
0
0
0.12
0.81
1.8
3.3
4.4
7.1
24.8
Northeast
79.4
1.4
0.04
0
0
0
0.12
0.91
2.1
3.5
4.6
7.9
25.1
South
79.6
1.3
0.03
0
0
0
0.12
0.78
1.8
3.2
4.2
7.1
25.1
West
77.5
1.3
0.04
0
0
0
0.08
0.78
1.8
3.4
4.6
8.9
45.0
a Represents the percentage of individuals consuming these foods at least once over the 2-day survey period.
SE = Standard error.
Source: U.S. EPA analysis of the 1994-1996 CSFII.
August 2018
Page 9-93
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-23. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Protected Vegetables Based on 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intake among
Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, as-consumed)
Population Group
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percentile
Max
pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Whole population
38.0
0.63
0.02
0
0
0
0
0
0.73
2.0
3.1
6.6
45.8
Age group
0 to 5 months
10.3
0.49
0.41
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.4
3.9
9.2
11.0
6 to 12 months
34.8
2.2
0.55
0
0
0
0
0
4.4
7.3
9.6
19.5
23.1
<1 years
21.8
1.3
0.37
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.4
7.8
11.9
23.1
1 to 2 years
40.8
1.5
0.13
0
0
0
0
0
1.9
4.4
7.0
14.2
27.8
3 to 5 years
38.2
1.1
0.09
0
0
0
0
0
1.4
3.5
5.4
10.3
18.0
6 to 11 years
38.8
0.78
0.07
0
0
0
0
0
1.0
2.6
3.9
7.5
26.5
12 to 19 years
30.4
0.46
0.06
0
0
0
0
0
0.44
1.5
2.4
5.8
21.6
20 to 39 years
36.7
0.53
0.04
0
0
0
0
0
0.61
1.7
2.7
5.5
23.6
40 to 69 years
41.2
0.56
0.03
0
0
0
0
0
0.73
1.7
2.6
4.8
45.8
>70 years
42.2
0.65
0.05
0
0
0
0
0
0.86
2.0
3.1
5.7
21.5
Season
Fall
37.9
0.62
0.04
0
0
0
0
0
0.71
2.1
3.2
5.9
21.6
Spring
37.8
0.62
0.04
0
0
0
0
0
0.67
1.8
2.9
7.6
23.6
Summer
39.3
0.67
0.04
0
0
0
0
0
0.85
1.9
3.1
6.3
45.8
Winter
37.1
0.61
0.04
0
0
0
0
0
0.71
1.9
3.0
6.9
27.8
Urbanization
Central city
38.9
0.70
0.04
0
0
0
0
0
0.78
2.1
3.4
7.3
45.8
Nonmetropolitan
39.7
0.62
0.04
0
0
0
0
0
0.75
1.9
3.1
6.0
25.8
Suburban
36.6
0.59
0.03
0
0
0
0
0
0.68
1.9
2.9
5.9
27.8
August 2018
Page 9-94
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-23. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Protected Vegetables Based on 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intake among
Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, as-consumed) (Continued)
Population Group
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
Percentile
Max
SE
pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Race
Asian
45.4
0.85
0.14
0
0
0
0
0
1.1
2.7
4.1
7.8
23.3
Black
36.2
0.72
0.07
0
0
0
0
0
0.77
2.2
3.5
7.9
45.8
Native American
32.0
0.34
0.13
0
0
0
0
0
0.13
1.6
2.0
3.5
5.3
Other/NA
50.4
1.1
0.10
0
0
0
0
0.04
1.5
3.4
5.2
10.0
26.5
White
37.2
0.57
0.02
0
0
0
0
0
0.68
1.8
2.8
5.9
27.8
Region
Midwest
36.3
0.57
0.04
0
0
0
0
0
0.62
1.8
2.9
5.6
21.5
Northeast
37.5
0.61
0.05
0
0
0
0
0
0.75
1.8
2.9
6.3
27.8
South
38.5
0.66
0.03
0
0
0
0
0
0.78
2.1
3.1
6.3
45.8
West
39.5
0.67
0.04
0
0
0
0
0
0.75
2.1
3.3
7.8
23.1
a Represents the percentage of individuals consuming these foods at least once over the 2-day survey period.
SE = Standard error.
Source: U.S. EPA analysis of the 1994-1996 CSFII.
August 2018
Page 9-95
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-24. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Root Vegetables Based on 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intake among
Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, as-consumed)
Population Group
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
SE
Percentile
Max
Pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Whole population
75.4
1.2
0.02
0
0
0
0.03
0.75
1.7
3.0
4.1
7.6
83.3
Age group
0 to 5 months
12
0.96
0.61
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.9
8.3
11.9
21.9
6 to 12 months
56.9
2.8
0.45
0
0
0
0
0.80
4.6
8.0
10.4
16.6
32.9
<1 years
33
1.8
0.36
0
0
0
0
0
2.3
6.9
9.6
15.6
32.9
1 to 2 years
67.5
2.6
0.13
0
0
0
0
1.5
3.6
6.8
8.3
16.8
83.3
3 to 5 years
71.9
2.2
0.09
0
0
0
0
1.4
3.2
5.5
7.1
14.1
32.1
6 to 11 years
73.8
1.6
0.06
0
0
0
0
1.0
2.3
4.2
5.3
9.5
20.6
12 to 19 years
76.4
1.3
0.05
0
0
0
0.09
0.82
1.8
3.0
4.0
7.7
22.5
20 to 39 years
77.5
1.1
0.03
0
0
0
0.10
0.73
1.6
2.7
3.5
6.0
16.6
40 to 69 years
77.2
0.99
0.02
0
0
0
0.08
0.68
1.5
2.5
3.2
4.8
15.1
>70 years
73.2
1.1
0.04
0
0
0
0
0.70
1.6
2.7
3.4
5.3
9.8
Season
Fall
77.3
1.3
0.04
0
0
0
0.09
0.83
1.8
3.1
4.2
8.1
83.3
Spring
75.9
1.2
0.03
0
0
0
0.05
0.73
1.7
3.1
4.3
7.7
30.0
Summer
74
1.2
0.03
0
0
0
0
0.73
1.6
2.9
3.9
7.4
25.8
Winter
74.4
1.2
0.03
0
0
0
0
0.74
1.7
3.0
4.1
7.4
34.3
Urbanization
Central city
71.9
1.2
0.03
0
0
0
0
0.66
1.6
2.9
4.2
7.3
83.3
Nonmetropolitan
78.5
1.4
0.04
0
0
0
0.14
0.89
1.9
3.2
4.5
9.5
34.3
Suburban
76.4
1.2
0.02
0
0
0
0.07
0.77
1.7
3.0
4.0
7.2
26.1
August 2018
Page 9-96
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-24. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Root Vegetables Based on 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intake among
Individuals (CSFII) (g/kg-day, as-consumed) (Continued)
Population Group
Percent
Consuming3
Mean
Percentile
Max
SE
Pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Race
Asian
64.2
0.97
0.10
0
0
0
0
0.37
1.3
2.8
4.0
7.1
17.3
Black
68.9
1.1
0.05
0
0
0
0
0.62
1.4
2.9
4.2
7.6
32.9
Native American
71.1
1.4
0.27
0
0
0
0
1.0
1.9
2.8
3.0
11.2
34.3
Other/NA
67
1.1
0.10
0
0
0
0
0.50
1.4
2.8
3.7
9.6
83.3
White
77.5
1.3
0.02
0
0
0
0.09
0.81
1.8
3.1
4.2
7.5
32.1
Region
Midwest
79.4
1.4
0.04
0
0
0
0.16
0.90
2.0
3.4
4.6
8.6
26.1
Northeast
72.3
1.1
0.03
0
0
0
0
0.64
1.5
2.9
3.8
7.1
20.7
South
77
1.3
0.03
0
0
0
0.09
0.81
1.8
3.0
4.1
7.6
83.3
West
71.3
1.1
0.03
0
0
0
0
0.61
1.5
2.8
3.7
6.9
34.3
a Represents the percentage of individuals consuming these foods at least once over the 2-day survey period.
SE = Standard error.
Source: U.S. EPA analysis of the 1994-1996 CSFII.
August 2018
Page 9-97
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-25. Quantity (as-consumed) of Fruits and Vegetables Consumed per Eating Occasion and the Percentage of Individuals
Consuming These Foods in 2 Days
Quantity Consumed per
Consumers-Only Quantity Consumed per Eating Occasion at Specified Percentiles
Percentage
Eating Occasion (gram)
(gram)a
Food Category
Consuming3
Average
SE
5
10
25
50
75
90
95
Raw vegetables
Cucumbers
10.8
48
3
7
14
16
29
54
100
157
Lettuce
53.3
41
1
7
8
13
27
55
91
110
Mixed lettuce-based salad
2.2
97
6
11
18
55
74
123
167
229
Carrots
14.1
33
1
5
7
14
27
40
61
100
Tomatoes
32.0
53
1
15
20
27
40
61
93
123
Coleslaw
5.0
102
3
18
32
55
91
134
179
183
Onions
14.4
23
1
3
7
10
15
28
41
60
Cooked vegetables
Broccoli
7.3
119
4
23
35
61
92
156
232
275
Carrots
5.8
72
2
13
19
36
65
78
146
156
Total tomato sauce
54.3
34
1
1
2
7
17
40
80
124
String beans
13.2
90
2
17
31
52
68
125
136
202
Peas
6.1
86
3
11
21
40
80
120
167
170
Corn
15.1
101
2
20
33
55
82
123
171
228
French-fried potatoes
25.5
83
1
28
35
57
70
112
125
140
Home-fried and hash-browned potatoes
8.9
135
3
36
47
70
105
192
284
308
Baked potatoes
12.4
120
2
48
61
92
106
143
184
217
Boiled potatoes
5.3
157
5
34
52
91
123
197
308
368
Mashed potatoes
15.0
188
3
46
61
105
156
207
397
413
Dried beans and peas
8.0
133
3
22
33
64
101
173
259
345
Baked beans
4.7
171
6
24
47
84
126
235
314
385
Fruits
Raw oranges
7.9
132
2
42
64
95
127
131
183
253
Orange juice
27.2
268
4
124
124
187
249
311
447
498
Raw apples
15.6
135
2
46
68
105
134
137
209
211
Applesauce and cooked apples
4.6
134
4
31
59
85
121
142
249
254
Apple juice
7.0
271
7
117
120
182
242
307
481
525
Raw bananas
20.8
111
1
55
58
100
117
118
135
136
a = Percentage consuming at least once in 2 days.
SE = Standard error of the mean.
Source: Smiciklas-Wright et al. (2002) (based on 1994-1996 CSFII data).
August 2018
Page 9-98
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-26. Quantity (as-consumed) of Fruits and Vegetables Consumed per Eating Occasion and Percentage of Individuals
Consuming These Foods in 2 Days, by Food
Quantity Consumed per Eating Occasion (grams)
2 to 5 years
6 to 11 years
12 to 19
years
Male and Female
Male and Female
Male
Female
(AT =2,109)
(N= 1,432)
II
as
(N= 702)
Food Category
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
Raw Vegetables
Carrots
10.4
27
2
17.8
32
2
9.2
35
6
11.9
32
4
Cucumbers
6.4
32
4
6.6
39
6
6.1
71a
22a
6.8
48
11
Lettuce
34.0
17
1
40.8
26
1
56.0
32
3
52.3
34
2
Onions
3.9
9
2
4.5
17
2
11.1
28
4
7.9
23
4
Tomatoes
14.8
31
2
14.0
42
4
25.7
49
5
23.9
44
3
Cooked Vegetables
Beans (string)
16.8
50
2
12.1
71
6
8.3
85
9
7.6
78
5
Broccoli
7.2
61
3
5.6
102
16
3.9
127a
17a
5.7
109a
14a
Carrots
6.0
48
4
3.8
46
5
2.8
81a
16a
2.1
75a
17a
Corn
18.9
68
3
22.2
79
4
12.8
125
9
12.3
100
6
Peas
8.4
48
3
6.8
72
9
3.6
115a
15a
2.4
93a
17a
Potatoes (French-fried)
32.7
52
1
33.7
67
2
41.7
97
3
38.1
81
4
Potatoes (home-fried and hash-browned)
9.3
85
5
10.1
93
6
10.1
145
13
6.1
138
13
Potatoes (baked)
7.6
70
4
8.2
95
6
8.6
152
15
8.8
115
10
Potatoes (boiled)
4.8
81
9
2.7
103a
17a
2.0
250a
40a
3.2
144a
16a
Potatoes (mashed)
14.8
118
6
13.3
162
12
14.6
245
16
11.9
170
17
Fruits
Apples (raw)
26.8
106
2
21.9
123
3
11.7
149
9
12.4
129
5
Apples (cooked and applesauce)
10.1
118
5
9.0
130
7
2.3
153a
19a
2.6
200a
47a
Apple juice
26.3
207
5
12.2
223
10
7.8
346
22
8.5
360
44
Bananas (raw)
25.0
95
2
16.5
105
3
10.3
122
6
8.4
119
5
Oranges (raw)
11.1
103
5
10.5
114
5
4.3
187a
38a
5.4
109a
8a
Orange juice
34.4
190
4
30.9
224
6
30.8
354
16
29.5
305
11
August 2018
Page 9-99
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-26. Quantity (as-consumed) of Fruits and Vegetables Consumed per Eating Occasion and Percentage of Individuals
Consuming These Foods in 2 Days, by Food (Continued)
Quantity Consumed per Eating Occasion (grams)
20 to <40 years
40 to <60 years
>60
years
Male
(N= 1,543)
Female
(N= 1,449)
Male
(N= 1,663)
Female
(N= 1,694)
(N
Male
= 1,545)
Female
(N= 1,429)
Food Category
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
Raw Vegetables
Carrots
12.3
35
4
15.4
38
4
14.4
35
2
18.1
31
2
13.6
29
2
12.7
27
1
Cucumbers
10.5
62
12
10.4
45
4
12.5
47
4
15.7
41
3
14.2
51
4
13.2
45
3
Lettuce
63.4
40
2
57.6
44
2
55.5
48
2
59.1
48
1
48.1
47
2
46.1
42
2
Onions
17.9
27
2
14.7
22
1
19.6
26
1
18.3
19
1
19.0
19
1
15.6
19
1
Tomatoes
33.1
57
2
32.3
49
2
38.1
60
2
42.4
53
1
40.0
62
3
41.0
52
2
Cooked Vegetables
Beans (string)
10.6
111
5
12.5
89
6
13.7
114
6
13.4
93
4
18.3
99
4
19.7
78
3
Broccoli
7.6
152
13
6.7
129
13
7.8
127
7
7.6
114
7
8.5
117
7
10.9
107
6
Carrots
5.0
79
7
5.3
69
6
6.7
83
7
6.4
66
4
9.6
78
4
9.0
75
4
Corn
12.7
122
5
15.3
98
5
17.1
133
6
13.5
90
3
14.2
109
4
13.0
83
5
Peas
4.4
109
10
4.9
82
9
7.4
113
7
6.3
79
7
8.4
88
7
9.4
73
5
Potatoes (French-fried)
35.3
107
2
23.9
79
3
20.6
89
2
16.8
72
3
11.2
76
3
8.1
58
3
Potatoes
(home-fried/hash-browned)
9.5
160
10
8.8
129
7
11.
174
10
6.4
119
7
10.4
152
8
7.1
110
9
Potatoes (baked)
11.4
154
7
11.1
126
5
13.0
133
3
16.5
112
3
17.9
115
3
18.1
100
4
Potatoes (boiled)
3.9
185
16
2.9
162
15
6.3
209
12
7.0
142
9
11.0
166
6
10.2
131
5
Potatoes (mashed)
14.7
269
12
13.5
167
5
16.0
225
11
14.3
156
7
19.7
173
6
18.1
140
5
Fruits
Apples (raw)
6.6
153
8
6.3
126
6
7.4
148
8
8.3
132
5
8.9
133
5
11.2
129
4
Apples (cooked and applesauce)
24.3
373
20
23.2
289
12
24.1
285
10
25.2
231
6
30.2
213
5
31.7
196
5
August 2018
Page 9-100
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-26. Quantity (as-consumed) of Fruits and Vegetables Consumed per Eating Occasion and Percentage of Individuals
Consuming These Foods in 2 Days, by Food (Continued)
Quantity Consumed per Eating Occasion (grams)
20 to <40 years 40 to <60 years >60 years
Male Female Male Female Male Female
(N= 1,543) (AT = 1,449) (N= 1,663) (AT = 1,694) (N= 1,545) (AT = 1,429)
Food Category
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
PC
Mean
SE
Apple juice
12.1
161
6
12.9
134
3
14.1
145
3
16.2
136
4
17.6
145
8
16.1
128
3
Bananas (raw)
1.3
153a
31a
2.4
155a
21a
3.1
142
12
3.9
125
10
8.1
135
10
9.2
121
7
Oranges (raw)
4.2
345
20
4.7
302
19
4.7
358
33
3.2
259
21
4.8
233
11
5.0
225
13
Orange juice
14.4
126
2
18.5
112
2
21.9
125
3
24.4
111
2
36.5
105
2
34.0
96
2
a Indicates a statistic that is potentially unreliable because of a small sample size and a large SE.
PC = Percentage consuming at least once in 2 days.
SE = Standard error of the mean.
N = Sample size.
Source: Smiciklas-Wright et al. (2002) (based on 1994-1996 CSFII data).
August 2018
Page 9-101
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-27. Consumption of Major Food Groups: Median Servings (and ranges) by
Demographic and Health Characteristics, for Older Adults
Subject Characteristic
N
Fruits and Vegetables
(servings per day)
Sex
Female
80
5.7(1.5-8.1)
Male
50
4.5 (0.8-8.8)
Ethnicity3
African American
44
4.5 (0.8-8.0)
European American
47
6.0(1.5-8.0)
Native American
39
4.5(1.6-8.8)
Age
70 to 74 years
42
4.5(1.6-8.1)
75 to 79 years
36
5.6 (0.8-8.0)
80 to 84 years
36
5.6(1.5-8.8)
>85 years
16
5.4(1.8-8.0)
Marital Status
Married
49
4.5(1.6-8.0)
Not married
81
5.6 (0.8-8.8)
Education
8th grade or less
37
5.0(1.5-8.1)
9th to 12th grades
47
4.5 (0.8-8.0)
> High school
46
6.0(1.5-8.8)
Dentures
Yes
83
5.4(1.5-8.8)
No
47
4.7(0.8-8.0)
Chronic Diseases
0
7
7.0 (5.2-8.8)
1
31
5.4(1.5-8.0)
2
56
5.4(1.6-8.1)
3
26
4.5 (2.0-8.0)
4+
10
5.5 (0.8-8.0)
August 2018
Page 9-102
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-27. Consumption of Major Food Groups: Median Servings (and ranges) by
Demographic and Health Characteristics, for Older Adults (Continued)
Subject Characteristic
N
Fruits and Vegetables
(servings per day)
Weightb
130 pounds
18
6.0(1.8-8.0)
131 to 150 pounds
32
5.5(1.5-8.0)
151 to 170 pounds
27
5.7(1.7-8.1)
171 to 190 pounds
22
5.6(1.8-8.8)
191 pounds
29
4.5 (0.8-8.0)
p < 0.05.
b Two missing values.
N = Number of individuals.
Source: Vitolins et al. (2002).
Table 9-28. Percentage of Infants and Toddlers Consuming Different Types of Vegetables
Percentage of Infants and Toddlers Consuming at Least Once in a Day
4 to 6
7 to 8
9 to 11
12 to 14
15 to 18
19 to 24
Food Group/Food
months
months
months
months
months
months
Any vegetable
39.9
66.5
72.6
76.5
79.2
81.6
Baby food vegetables
35.7
54.5
34.4
12.7
3.0
1.6
Cooked vegetables
5.2
17.4
45.9
66.3
72.9
75.6
Raw vegetables
0.5
1.6
5.5
7.9
14.3
18.6
Types of Vegetables3
Dark green vegetables'5
0.1
2.9
4.2
5.0
10.4
7.8
Deep yellow vegetables0
26.5
39.3
29.0
24.0
13.6
13.4
White potatoes
3.6
12.4
24.1
33.2
42.0
40.6
French fries and other fried
potatoes
0.7
2.9
8.6
12.9
19.8
25.5
Other starchy vegetables'1
6.5
10.9
16.9
17.3
20.8
24.2
Other vegetables
11.2
25.9
35.1
39.1
45.6
43.3
a Totals include commercial baby food, cooked vegetables, and raw
vegetables.
b Reported dark green vegetables include broccoli, spinach and other greens, and romaine lettuce.
c Reported deep yellow vegetables include carrots, pumpkin, sweet potatoes, and winter squash.
d Reported starchy vegetables include
corn, green peas, immature lima beans, black-eyed peas (not dried),
cassava,
and rutabaga.
Source: Fox et al. (2004).
August 2018
Page 9-103
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-29. Top Five Vegetables Consumed by Infants and Toddlers
Top Vegetables by Age Group3
Percentage Consuming at Least Once in a Day
4 to 6 months
Baby food carrots
9.6
Baby food sweet potatoes
9.1
Baby food squash
8.1
Baby food green beans
7.2
Baby food peas
5.0
7 to 8 months
Baby food carrots
14.2
Baby food sweet potatoes
12.9
Baby food squash
12.9
Baby food green beans
11.2
Baby food mixed/garden vegetables
10.1
9 to 11 months
Cooked green beans
9.7
Mashed/whipped potatoes
9.0
French fries/other fried potatoes
8.6
Baby food mixed/garden vegetables
8.4
Cooked carrots
8.0
12 to 14 months
Cooked green beans
18.2
French fries/other fried potatoes
12.9
Cooked carrots
11.5
Mashed/whipped potatoes
10.3
Cooked peas
8.4
15 to 18 months
French fries/other fried potatoes
19.8
Cooked green beans
16.7
Cooked peas
13.9
Cooked tomatoes/tomato sauce
13.7
Mashed/whipped potatoes
12.4
19 to 24 months
French fries/other fried potatoes
25.5
Cooked green beans
16.8
Cooked corn
15.2
Cooked peas
11.4
Cooked tomatoes/tomato sauce
9.4
a Baby food vegetables include single vegetables (majority of vegetables reported) as well as mixtures with the named
vegetables the predominant vegetable, e.g., broccoli and cauliflower or broccoli and carrots.
Source: Fox et al. (2004).
August 2018
Page 9-104
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-30. Percentage of Infants and Toddlers Consuming Different Types of Fruits
Food Group/F ood
Percentage of Infants and Toddlers Consuming at Least Once in a Day
4 to 6 months 7 to 8 months
9 to 11 months
12 to 14
months
15 to 18
months
19 to 24
months
Any fruit
41.9
75.5
75.8
77.2
71.8
67.3
Baby food Fruit
39.1
67.9
44.8
16.2
4.2
1.8
Nonbaby food fruit
5.3
14.3
44.2
67.1
69.4
66.8
Types of nonbaby food fruit
canned fruit
1.4
5.8
21.6
31.9
25.1
20.2
Packed in syrup
0.7
0.7
8.1
14.9
12.7
8.1
Packed in juice or water
0.7
4.5
13.5
18.5
11.3
11.4
Unknown pack
0.0
0.7
1.5
1.2
3.1
1.2
Fresh fruit
4.4
9.5
29.5
52.1
55.0
54.6
Dried fruit
0.0
0.4
2.1
3.5
7.1
9.4
Types of fruita
Apples
18.6
33.1
31.6
27.5
19.8
22.4
Bananas
16.0
30.6
34.5
37.8
32.4
30.0
Berries
0.1
0.6
5.3
6.6
11.3
7.7
Citrus fruits
0.2
0.4
1.6
4.9
7.3
5.1
Melons
0.6
1.0
4.4
7.3
7.2
9.6
a Totals include all baby food and nonbaby food fruits.
Source: Fox et al. (2004).
August 2018
Page 9-105
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-31. Top Five Fruits Consumed by Infants and Toddlers
Top Fruits by Age Groupa
Percentage Consuming at Least Once in a Day
4 to 6 months
Baby food applesauce
17.5
Baby food bananas
13.0
Baby food pears
7.5
Baby food peaches
7.4
Fresh banana
0.3
7 to 8 months
Baby food applesauce
29.0
Baby food bananas
25.2
Baby food pears
18.2
Baby food peaches
13.1
Fresh banana
6.6
9 to 11 months
Fresh banana
19.0
Baby food applesauce
17.7
Baby food bananas
16.8
Baby food pears
12.4
Canned applesauce
11.1
12 to 14 months
Fresh banana
33.0
Canned applesauce
15.2
Fresh grapes
9.0
Fresh apple
8.8
Canned peaches
7.2
Canned fruit cocktail
7.2
15 to 18 months
Fresh banana
30.5
Fresh grapes
13.2
Fresh apple
11.2
Fresh strawberries
10.6
Canned peaches
8.9
August 2018
Page 9-106
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-31. Top Five Fruits Consumed by Infants and Toddlers (Continued)
Top Fruits by Age Groupa Percentage Consuming at Least Once in a Day
19 to 24 months
Fresh banana 29.6
Fresh apple 15.0
Fresh grapes 11.2
Raisins 9.0
Fresh strawberries 7.6
a Baby food fruits include single fruits (majority of fruits reported) as well as mixtures with the named fruit as the
predominant fruit, e.g., pears and raspberries or prunes with pears. Baby food fruits with tapioca and other baby food
dessert fruits were counted as desserts.
Source: Fox et al. (2004).
Table 9-32. Food Choices for Infants and Toddlers by Women, Infants, and Children
(WIC) Participation Status (% of participants)
Infants 4 to 6 months
Infants 7 to 11 months
Toddlers 12 to 24 months
WIC
WIC
WIC
Participant
Nonparticipant Participant Nonparticipant
Participant Nonparticipant
Vegetables
Any vegetable
40.2
39.8
68.2
70.7
77.5
80.2
Baby food vegetables
32.9
37.0
38.2
45.0
4.8
4.7
Cooked vegetables
8.0
3.9a
33.8
33.8
73.1
72.3
Raw vegetables
1.4
0.1b
3.6
4.1
11.8
15.4
Dark green vegetables
0.4
0.0
2.9
4.0
6.3
8.4
Deep yellow vegetables
23.2
28.1
30.1
34.8
12.5
16.9
Other starchy vegetables
6.5
6.4
12.9
15.2
21.1
21.5
Potatoes
6.0
2.4a
20.7
18.2
43.1
38.3
Fruits
Any fruit
47.8
39.2a
64.7
81.0b
58.5
74.6b
Baby food fruits
43.8
36.9
48.4
57.4a
3.8
6.5
Nonbaby food fruit
8.1
4.0
22.9
35.9b
56.4
70.9b
Fresh fruit
5.4
3.8
14.3
24.3b
43.6
57.0b
Canned fruit
3.4
0.5b
10.3
17.3b
22.3
25.3
Sample size (unweighted)
265
597
351
808
205
791
a = p < 0.05 nonparticipants significantly different from WIC participants.
b = p < 0.01 nonparticipants significantly different from WIC participants.
WIC = Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.
Source: Ponza et al. (2004).
August 2018
Page 9-107
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-33. Average Portion Sizes per Eating Occasion of Fruits and Vegetables Commonly
Consumed by Infants from the 2002 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study
4 to 5 months
(jV = 624)
6 to 8 months
(N= 708)
9 to 11 months
(N= 687)
Food Group
Unit
Mean ± SE
Fruits and Juices
All fruits
tablespoon
3.6 ± 0.19
4.7 ±0.11
5.8 ± 0.17
Baby food fruit
tablespoon
3.3 ±0.16
4.6 ±0.11
5.6 ± 0.17
Baby food peaches
tablespoon
3.6 ±0.37
4.4 ±0.26
5.3 ±0.36
Baby food pears
tablespoon
3.5 ±0.46
4.5 ±0.21
6.0 ±0.40
Baby food bananas
tablespoon
3.4 ±0.23
5.0 ±0.21
5.9 ±0.35
Baby food applesauce
tablespoon
3.7 ±0.29
4.6 ± 0.17
5.6 ±0.25
Canned fruit
tablespoon
-
4.5 ±0.59
4.8 ±0.25
Fresh fruit
tablespoon
-
5.3 ±0.52
6.4 ±0.37
100% juice
fluid ounce
2.5 ±0.17
2.8 ±0.11
3.1 ±0.09
Apple/apple blends
fluid ounce
2.7 ±0.22
2.9 ± 0.13
3.2 ± 0.11
Grape
fluid ounce
-
2.6 ± 0.19
3.1 ±0.21
Pear
fluid ounce
-
2.6 ±0.29
3.1 ±0.28
Veaetables
All vegetables
tablespoon
3.8 ±0.20
5.8 ± 0.16
5.6 ±0.20
Baby food vegetables
tablespoon
4.0 ±0.20
5.9 ± 0.16
6.6 ±0.21
Baby food green beans
tablespoon
3.5 ±0.33
5.1 ±0.28
6.1 ±0.50
Baby food squash
tablespoon
4.3 ±0.47
5.6 ±0.30
6.9 ±0.41
Baby food sweet
tablespoon
4.3 ±0.31
6.1 ±0.34
7.2 ±0.69
Baby food carrots
tablespoon
3.5 ±0.33
5.6 ±0.27
6.7 ±0.48
Cooked vegetables, excluding French fries
tablespoon
-
4.2 ±0.47
3.8 ± 0.31
Deep yellow vegetables
tablespoon
-
3.2 ±0.59
3.2 ±0.39
Mashed potatoes
tablespoon
-
4.1 ±0.67
2.8 ±0.37
Green beans
tablespoon
-
3.2 ±0.62
5.0 ±0.61
= Cell size was too small to generate a reliable estimate.
iV = Number of respondents.
SE = Standard error.
Source: Fox et al. (2006).
August 2018
Page 9-108
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-34. Average Portion Sizes per Eating Occasion of Fruits and Vegetables Commonly
Consumed by Toddlers from the 2002 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study
Reference
12 to 14 months
(AT =371)
15 to 18 months
(AT =312)
19 to 24 months
(N= 320)
Food Group
Unit
Mean ± SE
Fruits and Juices
All fruits
cup
0.4 ±0.02
0.5 ±0.03
0.6 ±0.03
Canned fruit
cup
0.3 ±0.02
0.4 ±0.03
0.4 ±0.04
Fresh fruit
cup
0.4 ±0.02
0.5 ±0.03
0.6 ±0.03
Fresh apple
cup, slice
0.4 ±0.05
0.6 ±0.07
0.8 ±0.14
1 medium
0.3 ±0.04
0.5 ±0.06
0.6 ± 0.11
Fresh banana
cup, slice
0.4 ±0.02
0.5 ±0.03
0.5 ±0.03
1 medium
0.6 ±0.03
0.7 ±0.03
0.7 ±0.04
Fresh grapes
cup
0.2 ±0.01
0.3 ±0.03
0.3 ±0.02
100% juice
fluid ounce
3.7 ± 0.15
5.0 ±0.20
5.1 ±0.18
Orange/orange blends
fluid ounce
3.3 ±0.38
4.5 ±0.33
5.2 ±0.35
Apple/apple blends
fluid ounce
3.6 ±0.21
4.5 ±0.29
4.9 ±0.27
Grape
fluid ounce
3.6 ±0.38
5.6 ±0.43
4.7 ±0.31
Vegetables
All vegetables
cup
0.4 ±0.02
0.4 ±0.03
0.4 ±0.02
Cooked vegetables, excluding French fries
cup
0.3 ±0.03
0.3 ±0.03
0.3 ±0.02
Deep yellow vegetables
cup
0.2 ±0.03
0.3 ±0.05
0.3 ±0.05
Corn
cup
0.2 ±0.03
0.2 ±0.03
0.2 ±0.03
Peas
cup
0.2 ±0.02
0.2 ±0.02
0.2 ±0.02
Green beans
cup
0.4 ±0.05
0.4 ±0.05
0.3 ±0.03
Mashed potatoes
cup
0.3 ±0.05
0.4 ±0.05
0.3 ±0.05
Baked/boiled potatoes
cup
0.3 ±0.05
0.4 ±0.06
-
French fries
cup
0.4 ±0.05
0.6 ±0.05
0.6 ±0.05
Cell size too small to generate reliable estimate.
N = Number of respondents.
SE = Standard error of the mean.
Source: Fox et al. (2006).
August 2018
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-35. Percentage of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Infants and Toddlers Consuming
Different Types of Fruits and Vegetables on a Given Day
Age 4 to 5 months
Age 6 to 11 months
Age 12 to 24 months
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
OO
II
&
(N= 538)
(N= 163)
(N= 1,228)
(N= 124)
(N= 871)
Fruits
Any fruit or 100% fruit juice
45.0
35.9
86.2
86.8
84.6
87.2
Any fruita
39.4
28.8
68.1
76.0
67.6
71.5
100%) fruit juice
19.3
15.3
57.8
All
64.1
58.9
Fruit preparation
Baby food fruit
32.6
28.4
42.9b
58.1
5.6C
6.3
Nonbaby food fruit
9.1c
1.3C
35.8
27.4
64.2
68.0
Canned fruit
2.3C
-
8.8
13.7
12.ld
26.2
Fresh fruit
9 lb,c
-
30.0d
17.7
59.3
53.1
Vegetables
Any vegetable or 100%o vegetable juicee
30.0
27.3
66.2
70.3
76.0
80.5
Type of preparation
Baby food vegetables
25.7
25.4
34.4b
47.6
4.1c
4.9
Cooked vegetables
4.2C
2.4C
33.2
29.4
71.4
72.9
Raw vegetables
2.3C
-
8.3C
2.6
25.0
13.1
Types of vegetables®
Dark green vegetablesf
-
-
3.3C
3.1
11.4C
7.5
Deep yellow vegetables®
21.0
18.2
32.2
25.9
20.0
15.4
Starchy vegetables
White potatoes
1.4°
2.3C
20.7
17.4
43.5
39.0
French fries/fried potatoes
-
-
5.T
5.3
23.4
20.3
Baked/mashed
-
-
14.4C
10.7
19.8
17.7
Other starchy vegetables'1
5.0C
4.0
6.7d
15.1
16.6
22.2
Other nonstarchy vegetables1
8.1c
8.0
28.5
29.0
42.0
43.4
a Total includes all baby food and nonbaby food fruits and excludes 100% fruit juices and juice drinks.
b Significantly different from non-Hispanic at the p < 0.05.
c Statistic is potentially unreliable because of a high coefficient of variation.
d Significantly different from non-Hispanic at the/) < 0.01.
e Total includes commercial baby food, cooked vegetables, raw vegetables, and 100% vegetable juices.
f Reported dark green vegetables include broccoli, spinach, romaine lettuce, and other greens such as kale.
g Reported yellow vegetables include carrots, pumpkin, sweet potatoes, and winter squash.
h Reported starchy vegetables include corn, green peas, immature lima beans, black-eyed peas (not dried), cassava, and
rutabaga. Corn is also shown as a subcategory of other starchy vegetables.
1 Reported nonstarchy vegetables include asparagus, cauliflower, cabbage, onions, green beans, mixed vegetables,
peppers, and tomatoes.
= Less than 1% of the group consumed this food on a given day.
N = Sample size.
Source: Mennella et al. (2006).
August 2018
Page 9-110
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-36. Top Five Fruits and Vegetables Consumed by Hispanic and Non-Hispanic
Infants and Toddlers Per Age Group3
Ethnicity
Age (month) N
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
Top Fruits by Age Group
4 to 5
84 Hispanic
Bananas (16.3%)
Apples (12.5%i)
538 Non-Hispanic
Apples (14.7%)
Bananas (10.0%)
Peaches (10.9%)
Pears (5.9%)
Melons (3.5%)
Peaches (5.8%)
Pears (2.5%)
Prunes (1.6%)
6 to 11
136 Hispanic
Bananas (35.9%)
Apples (32.9%)
1,228
Apples (29.7%)
Bananas (31.5%)
Non-Hispanic
Pears (15.2%)
Pears (17.5%)
Peaches (11.7%)
Peaches (13.9%)
Melons (4.7%)
Apricots (3.1%)
12 to 24
124 Hispanic
Bananas (41.5%)
Bananas (30.9%)
871 Non-Hispanic
Apples (25.7%)
Apples (22.0%)
Berries (8.5%)
Grapes (12.3%)
Melons (7.6%)
Peaches (9.6%)
Pears (7.3%)
Berries (8.7%)
Top Vegetables by Age Group
4 to 5
84 Hispanic
Carrots (9.9%)
Sweet Potatoes (1.5%)
538 Non-Hispanic
Sweet Potatoes (6.8%)
Carrots (6.6%)
Green Beans (5.8%)
Green Beans (5.9%)
Peas (5.0%)
Squash (5.4%)
Squash (4.3%)
Peas (3.8%)
6 to 11
136 Hispanic
Potatoes (20.7%)
Carrots (17.5%)
1,228
Carrots (19.0%)
Potatoes (16.4%i)
Non-Hispanic
Mixed Vegetables (11.1%)
Green Beans (15.9%))
Green Beans (11.0%)
Squash (11.8%)
Sweet Potatoes (8.7%)
Sweet Potatoes (11.4%)
12 to 24
124 Hispanic
Potatoes (43.5%)
Potatoes (39.0%))
871 Non-Hispanic
Tomatoes (23.1%)
Green Beans (19.6%o)
Carrots (18.6%)
Peas (12.8%)
Onions (11.8%)
Carrots (12.3%)
Corn (10.2%)
Tomatoes (11.9%)
a
Percentage consuming at least one in a day is in parentheses.
N
= Sample size.
Source:
Mennella et al. (2006).
August 2018
Page 9-111
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-37. Adjusted3 Mean Daily Intake of Total and Individualb Fruit and Vegetable Cup
Equivalents for Adults: California Health Interview Survey 2005°
Women (N
= 4,711)
Central
Mexican
American
Caribbean
Spanish
South American
>1 Origin
N= 3,608
N= 415
N= 125
N= 186
o
II
N= 217
Total fruits and
vegetables
2.93
3.01
2.97
3.00
3.00
2.98
Fruit
0.97
0.96
0.94
1.02
0.95
0.97
100% fruit juice
0.51
0.63
0.66
0.54
0.54
0.55
Green salad
0.22
0.21
0.24
0.25
0.28
0.23
Cooked dried beans
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.08
0.16
Fried potatoes
0.06
0.06
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.06
Other white potatoes
0.10
0.09
0.07
0.08
0.16
0.11
Other vegetables
0.48
0.49
0.46
0.52
0.51
0.50
Men (N =
3,188)
Central
Mexican
American
Caribbean
Spanish
South American
>1 Origin
N= 3,608
N= 415
N= 125
N= 186
N= 160
N= 217
Total fruits and
vegetables
3.43
3.33
3.51
3.19
3.53
3.69
Fruit
0.88
0.85
0.91
0.75
0.89
0.89
100% fruit juice
0.61
0.63
0.70
0.57
0.72
0.74
Green salad
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.15
0.20
0.19
Cooked dried beans
0.29
0.23
0.22
0.23
0.17
0.32
Fried potatoes
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.15
0.14
0.10
Other white potatoes
0.13
0.14
0.16
0.10
0.19
0.17
Other vegetables
0.45
0.44
0.47
0.42
0.42
0.53
a Adjusted for age, household
income, education, body mass index, current smoking, and born in the United States.
b Values are a product of frequency and estimated portion size.
c Sample sizes are for total fruits and vegetables; sample sizes for individual foods may differ because of missing data.
N = Sample size.
Source: Colon-Ramos et al. (2009).
August 2018
Page 9-112
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-38. Sources of Obtaining Fruits and Vegetables among Participants in the
Community-Based Participatory Research Project by Agricultural Task Season and by
Occupation
Agricultural Season3
Worker Occupation
Thinningb
Harvest0
Nonsprayd
Farmworker Nonfarmworker
N
= 201
N =
182
N
= 182
N= 101
N= 100
Source
N
%
N
%
N
%
%
%
Fruits
Grocery
173
86.1
118
60.2
159
87.4
72.5
82.9
Fruit stand
11
5.5
14
7.1
3
1.6
2.8
6.8
Work
90
44.8
135
68.9
73
40.1
74.6
28.8
Garden
15
7.5
34
17.3
7
3.8
7.7
11.6
Other
33
16.4
39
19.9
12
6.6
9.8
19.2
Vegetables
Grocery
200
99.5
188
95.9
182
100
97.9
99.0
Fruit stand
13
6.5
49
25.0
8
4.4
10.1
14.0
Work
81
40.3
37
18.9
10
5.5
22.6
21.6
Garden
14
7.0
94
48.0
7
3.8
19.9
19.9
Other
20
10.0
7
3.6
4
2.2
4.5
6.2
a Five farmworkers at harvest season, and 11 farmworkers and 8
nonfarmworkers at nonspray season,
were lost to
follow-up
b Thinning
season
for apples and pears (June-July). Buds and shoots are removed from trees.
c Harvest season for apples and pears (September-October).
d Nonspray season for apples and pears (December-January). Limited pesticides
are applied to crops.
N
Sample
size.
Source: Locke et al. (2009).
August 2018
Page 9-113
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-39. Reported Consumption of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables over the Past Month
among Participants in the Community-Based Participatory Research Project by
Agricultural Task Season and by Occupation
Agricultural Season3 Worker Occupation
Thinningb Harvest0 Nonsprayd Farmworker Nonfarmworker
N= 201 N= 182 N= 182 N= 101 N= 100
Respondents
Who Consumed
N
%
N
%
N
%
N
%
Fresh fruits
Apples
140
69.7
179
91.3
150
82.4
85.0
77.1
Pears
20
10.0
127
64.8
34
18.7
33.8
28.8
Plums
16
8.0
49
25.0
10
5.5
15.7
10.3
Grapes
142
70.6
128
65.3
130
71.4
68.3
69.9
Peaches
48
23.9
135
68.9
19
10.4
39.4
30.5
Apricots
21
10.5
39
19.9
6
3.3
15.3
7.6
Cherries
102
51.0
20
10.3
6
3.3
31.0
13.4
Fresh vegetables
Asparagus
114
56.7
6
3.1
5
2.7
20.6
22.6
Green beans
37
18.5
46
23.5
35
19.2
25.9
15.1
Carrots
161
80.5
161
82.1
163
89.6
88.5
79.4
Peppers
159
79.1
171
87.2
152
83.5
93.4
73.3
Corn
103
51.5
162
82.7
51
28.0
62.7
46.7
Pumpkin
49
24.4
58
29.9
69
37.9
41.3
19.9
Squash
96
47.8
120
61.2
110
60.4
68.3
44.5
Cucumbers
141
70.5
160
81.6
119
65.4
75.9
69.5
Tomatoes
199
99.0
189
96.4
176
96.7
97.2
97.6
Onions
190
94.5
179
91.3
171
94.0
96.9
89.7
a Five farmworkers at harvest season, and 11 farmworkers and 8 nonfarmworkers at nonspray season, were lost to
follow-up.
b Thinning season for apples and pears (June-July). Buds and shoots are removed from trees.
c Harvest season for apples and pears (September-October).
d Nonspray season for apples and pears (December-January). Limited pesticides are applied to crops.
iV = Sample size.
Source: Locke et al. (2009).
August 2018
Page 9-114
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-40. Percentage of Infants and Toddlers Consuming Different Types of Fruit in the 2008 Feeding Infant and Toddlers Study
(FITS)
Percentage Consuming at Least Once per Day (mean ± standard error)
Age (months)
Food Group/Food
4-5.9
6-8.9
9-11.9
12-14.9
15-17.9
18-20.9
21-23.9
24-35.9
36-47.9
Sample Size
166
249
256
243
251
219
212
736
725
Any fruit or juice
21.8 ± 3.9
76.9 ±3.6
89.8 ±2.5
90.2 ±2.4
86.9 ±3.7
92.1 ±2.4
92.8 ± 2.0a
87.8 ±2.3
85.2 ±2.0
Any fruit
18.5 ±3.6
64.5 ±5.1
80.6 ±4.0
74.3 ±4.2
74.7 ±4.5
84.0 ±3.0
73.4 ±4.6
73.2 ±3.0
72.2 ±2.5
Baby food fruit
16.8 ±3.5
50.2 ±5.4
42.4 ±4.9
15.9 ± 3.7
8.6 ±2.4
10.3 ±3.4
2.1 ±1.0a
—
-
Nonbaby food fruit
1.7 ± 0.8a
21.2 ±5.2
51.0 ± 5.0
68.8 ±4.4
71.9 ±4.5
80.8 ±3.3
72.2 ±4.6
—
-
100% fruit juice
7.1 ±2.3a
31.2 ± 5.6
40.9 ±4.8
55.0 ±4.8
51.8 ± 5.2
54.0 ±5.4
60.9 ±5.7
60.8 ±3.1
56.9 ±3.0
Types of nonbaby food fruit
Canned fruit
1.2 ± 0.7a
4.1 ± 1.4a
18.6 ±4.0
31.4 ±4.5
27.1 ±3.9
31.1 ±5.3
29.8 ±5.5
20.0 ±2.0
18.9 ±2.2
Sweetened or packed in syrup
0a
1.2 ± 0.7a
7.4 ± 3.3a
10.9 ±2.4
9.1 ±2.2
14.4 ±4.5
14.7 ±5.2
10.6 ±1.6
5.8 ±1.2
Unsweetened or packed in juice or water
1.0 ± 0.7a
2.4 ± l.la
10.4 ±2.7
18.8 ±4.4
17.1 ±3.5
13.8 ± 3.7
11.1 ±2.6
8.5 ± 1.2
10.4 ±1.5
Unknown pack
0.2 ± 0.2a
0.5 ± 0.5a
1.9 ± 1.2a
3.9 ± 1.5a
2.8 ± 0.9a
3.4 ± 1.6a
4.2 ± 1.5a
2.0 ±0.6
3.4 ±1.5
Fresh or frozen fruit
0.8 ± 0.4a
18.4 ±5.2
37.0 ±5.0
54.1 ±4.8
61.3 ±4.7
59.0 ±5.1
56.1 ±5.8
61.9 ±3.1
61.3 ±2.8
Dried fruit
0C
0C
1.7 ± 0.8a
6.5 ± 2.9a
6.7 ± 3.1a
9.6 ±3.4
6.6 ±2.0a
8.3 ±1.3
7.2 ±1.4
Types of fruit0
Apples
7.2 ±2.5a
27.9 ±5.2
32.5 ±4.5
25.9 ±4.4
32.1 ±4.8
28.6 ±4.6
30.6 ±5.3
—
-
Bananas
6.1 ±1.8a
34.3 ±5.5
32.4 ±4.8
29.3 ±4.1
30.3 ±4.8
24.7 ±4.1
29.7 ±5.3
—
—
Berries
0
1.1 ±0.9a
4.7 ± 1.5a
7.8 ± 2.3a
14.4 ±3.8
11.6 ± 3.5
4.3 ± 1.5a
—
—
Citrus fruits
0a
0a
6.4 ± 3.2a
6.4 ±2.7a
5.4 ± 1.6a
14.6 ±4.8
6.4 ±2.1a
—
—
Grapes
0a
0a
6.3 ±2.4a
9.4 ±3.4
15.8 ±4.0
17.3 ±3.5
14.3 ±3.1
—
-
Melons
0a
0a
3.6 ± 1.8a
10.1 ±4.0
2.9 ± 1.2a
4.7 ±2.0a
4.6 ±2.0a
—
—
Types of juice0
Apple/apple blend
4.0 ± 1.7a
17.9 ±4.7
24.4 ±4.2
29.6 ±4.2
32.4 ±4.7
31.1 ±5.3
22.8 ±4.0
33.1 ±3.1
28.3 ±2.6
Grape/grape blend
1.7 ± 1.3a
6.4 ± 4.3a
7.7 ± 2.7a
6.4 ± 2.1a
5.7 ± 2.8a
7.0 ±2.4a
12.5 ±3.3
6.2 ± 1.2
8.2 ±1.9
Citrus/citrus blend
0a
1.8 ± 1.2a
2.7 ± 1.5a
10.5 ±3.4
11.7 ±4.1
9.9 ±2.5
12.1 ±3.1
16.6 ±2.3
16.8 ±2.2
a Point estimate is considered imprecise because of small sample size and uncommon or very common event.
b Includes all baby food and nonbaby food fruits.
c Includes all 100% juice (baby and nonbaby).
Source: Siega-Riz et al. (2010) and Fox et al. (2010).
August 2018
Page 9-115
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-41. Percentage of Infants and Toddlers Consuming Different Types of Vegetables
in the 2008 Feeding Infant and Toddlers
Study (FITS)
Percentage Consuming at Least Once per Day
Age (months)
Food Group/F ood
4-5.9
6-8.9
9-11.9
12-14.9
15-17.9
18-20.9
21-23.9
24-35.9
36-47.9
Sample Size
166
249
256
243
251
219
212
736
725
Any vegetable
25.9 ±4.6
62.8 ±5.3
72.3 ±4.8
72.4 ±4.7
70.8 ±5.0
72.1 ±4.1
68.1 ±5.7
71.0 ± 2.8
68.4 ±2.7
Baby food vegetables
24.3 ±4.6
51.3 ± 5.3
33.8 ± 4.3
15.1 ±3.5
7.6 ±2.3a
2.7 ±1.6
1.5 ± 1.0a
-
-
Cooked vegetables'5
1.8 ± 0.7a
15.2 ±3.5
45.4 ±5.0
61.0 ± 4.8
60.7 ±5.1
69.2 ±4.2
62.9 ±5.7
62.8 ±3.1
56.8 ±3.0
Raw vegetables
0a
0a
4.8 ± 1.9a
6.1 ±1.9a
9.5 ± 2.3
8.6 ± 2.7a
15.6 ±4.5
23.2 ±3.0
20.3 ±2.1
Types of vegetables0
Dark green vegetables'1
0a
2.0 ± 1.6a
10.9 ± 3.6
10.9 ±3.2
6.5 ± 1.8a
12.6 ±4.5
8.7 ± 2.6a
14.0 ±2.6
11.3 ±2.2
Deep yellow vegetables6
20.5 ±4.3
36.0 ±4.9
30.3 ±4.1
24.4 ±4.5
15.1 ±3.6
20.7 ±5.1
15.4 ±4.7
14.2 ±2.4
13.8 ± 2.3
White potatoes
0.6 ± 0.4a
5.4 ±2.5a
20.1 ±3.6
32.4 ±4.6
29.6 ±5.0
26.1 ±4.2
31.5 ± 5.6
34.8 ±3.1
26.4 ±2.5
French fries, other fried potatoes
0a
0.8 ±0.6
6.3 ± 2.3a
18.5 ±3.8
11.6 ±2.7
13.8 ± 3.2
16.7 ± 3.7
19.1 ±2.7
17.8 ±2.3
Other starchy vegetablesf
1.8 ± 0.9a
12.4 ±3.5
12.6 ±2.7
11.8 ±2.1
22.8 ±4.3
17.9 ±4.5
22.6 ±4.6
15.4 ±1.9
13.8 ±1.9
Other vegetables8
8.1 ± 3.3a
23.9 ±4.9
28.4 ±4.4
26.8 ±3.7
34.3 ±4.4
36.2 ±5.3
35.2 ±5.6
32.3 ±3.0
36.0 ±3.0
a Point estimate is considered imprecise because of small sample size and uncommon or very common event.
b Includes 100% vegetable j
nice.
c Includes commercial baby food, cooked vegetables, and
raw vegetables.
d Reported dark-green vegetables include broccoli, spinach and other greens, and romaine lettuce.
e Reported deep-yellow vegetables include carrots, pumpkin, sweet potatoes, and winter squash.
f Reported starchy vegetables include corn
green peas, immature lima beans, black-eyed peas (not dried), cassava, and rutabaga.
B Other reported vegetables include artichoke, asparagus, beets, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, celery, cucumber, eggplant, green beans, lettuce, mushrooms,
okra, onions, pea pods, peppers, tomatoes/tomato sauce, wax/yellow beans, and zucchini/summer squash.
Source: Siege-Riz et al. (2010); Fox et al. (2010).
August 2018
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-42. Percentage of Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers Consuming Fruits and Vegetables in a Given Day, By Women, Infants
9
and Children (WIC) Participation, Feeding Infant and Toddlers Study (FITS) 2008a
0-5.9 months
6-i
>.9 months
9-11.9 months
6-11.9 months
12-23.9 months
24-47.9 months
WIC
Non-WIC
WIC
Non-WIC
WIC
Non-WIC
WIC
Non-WIC
WIC
Non-WIC
WIC
Non-WIC
N= 117
N= 265
OO
II
N= 165
N= 76
O
OO
II
O
II
N = 345
N = 238
N= 687
N= 279
N= 1,180
Fruits (including, juice)
Any fruit or 100% fruit juice
12.8a
9.7
82.0a
72.7
85.3a
93. la
83.7
83.3
87.8
91.9
83.9
87.2
Any fruit
8.6a
6.4a
67.1
62.3
71. la
87.8b
69.1
75.6
62.3
83.6C
62.6
75.6C
Baby food fruit
8.6a
5.5a
54.3
46.8
24.0a
56.4C
39.1
51.8
3.3a
12.0C
0.2a
0.3a
Nonbaby food fruit
0.0a
0.8a
25.3
17.8
50.3a
51.5
37.9
35.4
60.6
79.8C
62.4
75.6C
Canned fruit
0.0a
0.6a
2.3a
5.7a
24.5a
14.2
13.4
10.1
29.3
30.1
16.1
20.5
Fresh or frozen fruit
0.0a
0.4a
23.la
14.6
27.8a
44.0
25.5
29.9
44.6
64.0C
50.1
64.9C
100% fruit juice
8.2a
3.8a
43.5
21.0
48.7a
35.0
46.1
28.3
61.9
52.4
66.8
56.5b
Vegetables
Any
11.2a
8.4
50.6
72.9b
64.8a
78.1
57.7
75.6b
73.5
69.5
69.4
69.8
Baby food vegetables
10.2a
7.7a
41.0
59.7
25.6a
40.0
33.3
49.5b
6.0
6.9
0.2a
0.6a
Cooked vegetables
1.0a
0.7a
10.6a
19.0
46.0a
45.1
28.4
32.6
67.2
61.6
63.4
58.7
Raw vegetables
0.0a
0.0a
O
o
0.0a
2.2a
6.8a
l.la
3.5a
7.0a
11.5
18.9
22.5
Dark green vegetables
0.0a
0.0a
0.6a
3.1a
12.6a
9.6a
6.6a
6.5
12.0
8.5
16.7
11.5
Deep yellow vegetables
6.3a
7.6a
35.1
36.7
22.4a
36.4
28.7
36.6
16.0
20.3
16.1
13.4
White potatoes
1.0a
0.1a
8.1a
3.1a
24.la
17.1
16.1
10.4
41.5
24.2C
39.8
27.9b
French fries (or other fried)
0.0a
0.0a
0.9a
0.7a
8.1a
5.0a
4.5a
2.9a
20.0
12.8
25.4
16.3
Other starchy vegetables
0.4a
0.8a
12.0a
12.7a
11.6a
13.3
11.8a
13.0
17.0
19.7
15.1
14.4
Other vegetables
4.1a
2.1a
10.3a
35.0C
19.6a
35.1
15.0
35.1c
28.7
35.4
28.5
35.7
" Point estimate is considered imprecise because of small samples size and uncommon or very common event.
b Statistically different from WIC participant at p
= 0.05.
c Statistically different from WIC participant at p
= 0.01.
WIC = Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.
Source: Deming et al. (2014).
August 2018
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-43. Mean ± Standard Error Amount Consumed (g/eating occasion) among
Children 12-23.9 Months of Age
Food
FITS 2008 (N= 123)
Fruit (includes 100% juices)
109 ±4.4
Nonbaby food fruits
76 ±3.9
Fresh or frozen fruits
71 ±4.1
Banana
74 ±4.9
Vegetables
62 ±4.9
Cooked vegetables
57 ±5.0
Starchy vegetables
55 ±5.4
Potatoes
58 ±6.6
FITS = Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study.
iV = Sample size.
Source: Briefel et al. (2010).
Table 9-44. Estimated Per Capita Availability of Canned3 Fruits and Vegetables, Adjusted
for Loss,b 2008
Fruits
Pounds/year Vegetables
Pounds/year
Apples and Applesauce
3.0 Tomatoes
23.3
Pineapples
2.2 Sweet Corn
4.2
Peaches
2.1 Chile Peppers
3.8
Pears
1.9 Snap Beans
1.7
Olives
0.7 Other Canned Vegetables0
1.6
Cherries
0.1 Cucumbers (pickles)
1.2
Apricots
0.1 Mushrooms
0.7
Plums
<0.1 Carrots
0.6
Green Peas
0.6
Potatoes
0.6
Cabbage (sauerkraut
0.4
Asparagus
0.1
TOTAL
10.0 TOTAL
38.9
a Canned refers to
'both traditional airtight, shelf-stable metal cans and containers, and other newer and increasingly
popular types of airtight containers, such as single-serving plastic cups."
b These data account for "the amount of food lost at the market and consumer levels (e.s
plate waste and spoilage)."
c Other canned vegetables include beets, pulses, water chestnuts, bamboo shoots, juices, and other miscellaneous
vegetables.
Source: USDA(2010).
August 2018
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-45. Intakes of Fruits and Vegetables by Degree of Processing across the Clusters of
Adults from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2006
(g/day)a
Low-Intake Consumers of
Consumers Healthier Options Intensive Fruit Juice All
(N = 1,802) (N = 323) Consumers (N = 319) (N= 2,444)
Groups
Mean
SE
Mean
SE
Mean
SE
/>-Valueb
Mean
SE
Fruit
Raw
77. lc
2.4
276.3C
8.4
134.1°
9.9
0.000
139.3
6.5
Juice
112.8°
5.4
143.7C
12.4
427.6C
21.1
0.000
236.5
8.9
Canned/frozen/dried/desserts
58.5
6.2
52.9
7.0
54.6
8.3
0.775
56.9
5.0
Vegetables
Raw
84.5C
3.6
116.6C
OO
OO
94.4C
7.5
0.023
9.09
3.6
Cooked
96.6°
3.9
139.8°
6.5
112.6°
10.5
0.000
105.2
4.1
In mixed dishes
77.5
4.3
92.7
9.2
78.4
8.4
0.302
79.7
4.3
Fried
53.0C
2.4
42.7C
3.2
57.7c
4.4
0.022
52.7
1.8
Total fruits and vegetables
255.2C
4.7
599.1°
16.5
703.7C
25.5
0.000
359.4
10.6
Total excluding fruit juice
233.2C
5.0
552.6C
13.7
284.0C
14.0
0.000
285.1
8.9
a Data are weighted to be representative of the population; multiple answers were possible. Persons who reported no
consumption of a particular subgroup were not considered during mean calculation.
b /)-Value among groups (one-way ANOVA).
c Mean values within a row were significantly different (p < 0.05, least significant difference test).
iV = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
Note:
Raw fruit = orange; papaya; plum; fruit salad without dressing.
Fruit juice = apple juice, fresh; lemon juice, bottled; tangerine juice, canned.
Canned/frozen/dried/dessert fruits = grapefruit, canned or frozen, in light syrup; apricot, cooked or canned, in heavy syrup;
cherry pie filling; mango, pickled; blackberries, frozen; banana chips; pear, dried, cooked with sugar; lime souffle; fruit salad
with salad dressing or mayonnaise.
Raw vegetables = broccoli, raw; spinach salad, no dressing; cucumber salad with creamy dressing; artichoke salad in oil.
Cooked vegetables = beet greens, cooked, fat not added in cooking; tomatoes, from fresh produce, broiled; mushrooms, stuffed;
white potato, baked, peel not eaten; green plantains, boiled.
Vegetables in mixed dishes = vegetable combinations, cooked, with pasta; carrots, tomato beef rice soup, prepared with water;
potato from Puerto Rican beef stew, with gravy; corn, cooked, from fresh produce, with cream sauce, made with milk; bean and
rice soup.
Fried Vegetables = potato pancake; aubergine, batter dipped, fried; white potato, French fries, from frozen produce, deep fried.
Source: Demydas (2011).
August 2018
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-46. Mean (standard error [SE]) Number of Fruit and Vegetable Servings per Day
Boys
White
N = 275
Hispanic
N= 252
Hmong
N = 217
Somali
N= 59
Vegetables (without potatoes)
Fruit (without juice)
1.4 (0.09)
1.1 (0.07)
1.6 (0.09)
1.4 (0.07)
1.3(0.1)
1.1 (0.07)
1.4 (0.2)
1.4 (0.1)
Girls
White
N= 245
Hispanic
N= 310
Hmong
N= 260
Somali
jV=54
Vegetables (without potatoes)
Fruit (without juice)
1.6 (0.1)
1.2 (0.08)
1.7(0.1)
1.5(0.07)
1.3(0.1)
1.2 (0.08)
1.9(0.2)
1.9(0.1)
iV = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
Source: Arcan et al. (2014).
Table 9-47. Mean Consumer-Only Fruit and Vegetable Consumption (g/day) According to
Household Cooking Frequency and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
Participation, Adults (>20 years), National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
(NHANES) 2007-2010
All
Received
SNAP
Eligible, but no
SNAP
Ineligible for
SNAP
Total fruita
Overall
203
201
186
206
Low cooking frequency (0-1 days/week)
198
237
156
200
Medium cooking frequency (2-5 days/week)
194
207
164
197
High cooking frequency (6-7 days/week)
211
194
207
213
Fresh fruitb
Overall
178
171
167
179
Low cooking frequency (0-1 days/week)
175
194
131
180
Medium cooking frequency (2-5 days/week)
173
184
146
176
High cooking frequency (6-7 days/week)
181
158
184
182
Total vegetables3-0
Overall
150
152
141
151
Low cooking frequency (0-1 days/week)
126
98
159
124
Medium cooking frequency (2-5 days/week)
141
133
137
142
High cooking frequency (6-7 days/week)
162
175
143
163
Fresh vegetables^0
Overall
102
86
100
105
Low cooking frequency (0-1 days/week)
87
63
121
84
Medium cooking frequency (2-5 days/week)
100
97
108
99
High cooking frequency (6-7 days/week)
108
80
91
112
a Total includes; raw, fresh, frozen, canned, dried, and pickled.
b Fresh includes raw or cooked from raw fruits or vegetables.
c Vegetables excludes white potatoes.
SNAP = Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.
Source: Wolfson and Bleich (2015).
August 2018
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-48. Percentage of Respondents Reporting Intake of <2 Servings of Fruit or
Vegetables, or >2 Servings of Fruit Juice in the Previous Day, by Race and Ethnicity,
Children 2-11 Years of Age, California Health Interview Survey 2007 and 2009
White
Latino
African American
Asian
(Reference)
Dietary Practice N = 7,906
English
interview
N= 1,853
Spanish
interview
N= 2,332
N= 629
English
interview
N= 1,559
Non-English
interview N= 484
/>-Valuea
Fruit 34.0%
(<2 servings)
36.2%
38.9%
39.1%
44.5%
67.1%
<0.05
Vegetables 55.9%
(<2 servings)
67.2%
71.0%
62.1%
60.6%
77.9%
<0.05
Fruitjuice 25.3%
(>2 servings)
42.8%
45.3%
42.8%
23.0%
27.3%
<0.05
a Values differ significantly across race/ethnic groups.
N = Sample size.
Source: Guerrero et al. (2016).
August 2018
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-49. Per Capita 2-Day Average" Intake of Total Fruitsb and Total Vegetables0: Pregnant, Lactating, and All Women of
Child-Bearing Age (13 to <50 years) (g/kg-day)
Percentiles
Population Group
N
Percent Consuming"1
Mean
SE
pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Maximum
Total fruits
Pregnant
426
92
1.75
0.16
0e
0
<0.05
0.1
1.1
2.8
4.4
5
7.8e
11.0e
Lactating
101
84
1.86
0.24
0e
0e
0e
0.3
1.4
2.7
4.6e
5.0e
7.5e
9.1e
Child-bearing age
5,543
84
1.11
0.04
0
0
0
<0.05
0.5
1.7
3.2
4.3
6.8
16.7e
Total vegetables
Pregnant
426
100
2.77
0.14
0.1e
0.7
1
1.4
2.3
3.7
4.9
5.7
9.6e
14.3e
Lactating
101
100
2.90
0.42
0.4e
0.5e
0.7e
1.5
2.3
3.8
5.7e
7.2e
10.6e
10.6e
Child-bearing age
5,543
100
2.44
0.06
<0.05
0.3
0.6
1.1
2
3.2
4.8
6.2
9.4
35.0e
August 2018
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-49. Per Capita 2-Day Average" Intake of Total Fruitsb and Total Vegetables0: Pregnant, Lactating, and All Women of
Child-Bearing Age (13 to <50 years) (g/kg-day) (Continued)
Based on the average of two days of food consumption reported for each NHANES respondent. If the respondent reported zero consumption on one of the two
days and non-zero consumption on the other day, his/her average consumption would be the average of zero and non-zero consumption. Single day rates can be
generated using http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
Total fruits includes: acerola; apple, dried; apple, dried-baby food; apple, fruit with peel; apple, peeled fruit; apple, peeled fruit-baby food; apple, sauce; apple,
sauce-baby food; apricot; apricot, dried; apricot-baby food; avocado; banana; banana, dried; banana, dried-baby food; banana-baby food; blackberry; blueberry;
blueberry-baby food; boysenberry; breadfruit; canistel; cherimoya; cherry; cherry-baby food; citrus hybrids; crabapple; cranberry; cranberry, dried; cranberry-baby
food; currant; currant, dried; date; dragon fruit; eggplant; elderberry; feijoa; fig; fig, dried; gooseberry; grape; grape, raisin; guava; guava-baby food; huckleberry;
jackfruit; kiwifruit, fuzzy; kumquat; lemon; lemon, peel; lime; loganberry; longan; loquat; lychee; lychee, dried; mamey apple; mango; mango, dried; mango-baby
food; nectarine; orange; orange, peel; papaya; papaya, dried; papaya-baby food; passionfruit; passionfruit-baby food; pawpaw, peach; peach, dried; peach, dried-baby
food; peach-baby food; pear; pear, dried; pear-baby food; persimmon; pineapple; pineapple, dried; pineapple-baby food; plantain; plantain, dried; plum; plum, prune,
dried; plum, prune, dried-baby food; plum, prune, fresh; plum, prune, fresh-baby food; plum-baby food; pomegranate; prickly pear fruit; pummelo; quince; raspberry;
raspberry-baby food; sapote, mamey; soursop; Spanish lime; starfruit; strawberry; strawberry-baby food; sugar apple; tamarind; tangerine.
Total vegetables includes: alfalfa, seed; amaranth, leafy; arrowroot, flour; arrowroot, flour-baby food; artichoke, globe; artichoke, Jerusalem; arugula; asparagus;
balsam pear; bamboo, shoots; basil, dried leaves; basil, dried leaves-baby food; basil, fresh leaves; basil, fresh leaves-baby food; bean, cowpea, succulent; bean, kidney,
seed; bean, lima, seed; bean, lima, succulent; bean, mung, seed; bean, navy, seed; bean, pink, seed; bean, pinto, seed; bean, snap, succulent; bean, snap, succulent-baby
food; beet, garden, roots; beet, garden, roots-baby food; beet, garden, tops; belgium endive; broccoli; broccoli raab; broccoli, Chinese; broccoli-baby food; brussels
sprouts; cabbage; cabbage, Chinese, bok choy; cabbage, Chinese, mustard; cabbage, Chinese, napa; cactus; cantaloupe; cardoon; carrot; carrot-baby food; cassava;
cassava-baby food; cauliflower; celeriac; celery; celery-baby food; celtuce; chayote, fruit; chickpea, flour; chickpea, seed; chickpea, seed-baby food; chicory, roots;
chicory, tops; Chinese waxgourd; chive, fresh leaves; chrysanthemum, garland; cilantro, leaves; cilantro, leaves-baby food; cinnamon; cinnamon-baby food; coriander,
seed; coriander, seed-baby food; dandelion, leaves; dasheen, corm; dasheen, leaves; dill, seed; dillweed; fennel, Florence; garlic, bulb; garlic, bulb-baby food; ginger;
ginger, dried; ginger-baby food; ginseng, dried; grape, leaves; guar, seed; guar, seed-baby food; herbs, other; herbs, other-baby food; kale; kohlrabi; leek; lemongrass;
lettuce, head; lettuce, leaf; marjoram; maijoram-baby food; okra; onion, bulb; onion, bulb, dried; onion, bulb, dried-baby food; onion, bulb-baby food; onion, green;
palm heart, leaves; parsley, dried leaves; parsley, dried leaves-baby food; parsley, leaves; parsley, turnip rooted; parsnip; parsnip-baby food; pea, dry; pea, dry-baby
food; pea, edible podded, succulent; pea, pigeon, seed; pea, pigeon, succulent; pea, succulent; pea, succulent-baby food; pepper, bell; pepper, bell, dried; pepper, bell,
dried-baby food; pepper, bell-baby food; pepper, black and white; pepper, black and white-baby food; pepper, nonbell; pepper, nonbell, dried; pepper, nonbell-baby
food; peppermint; potato, chips; potato, dry (granules/flakes); potato, dry (granules/flakes)-baby food; potato, flour; potato, flour-baby food; potato, tuber, without peel;
potato, tuber, without peel-baby food; potato, tuber, with peel; potato, tuber, with peel-baby food; pumpkin; radicchio; radish, oriental, roots; radish, oriental, tops;
radish, roots; radish, tops; rape greens; rhubarb; rutabaga; salsify, roots; salsify, tops; savory; seaweed; seaweed-baby food; shallot, bulb; soybean, flour; soybean,
flour-baby food; soybean, seed; spices, other; spices, other-baby food; squash, summer; squash, summer-baby food; squash, winter; squash, winter-baby food; sweet
potato; sweet potato-baby food; Swiss chard; tanier, corm; tomatillo; tomato; tomato, dried; tomato, dried-baby food; tomato, paste; tomato, paste-baby food; tomato,
puree; tomato, puree-baby food; tomato-baby food; tree tomato; turmeric; turnip, greens; turnip, roots; water chestnut; watercress; watermelon; yam bean; yam, true.
Represents the percentage of individuals consuming these foods at least once over the 2-day survey period.
Estimates are less statistically reliable based on guidance published in the Joint Policy on Variance Estimation and Statistical Reporting Standards on NHANES III and
CSFII Reports: HNIS/NCHS Analytical Working Group Recommendations (NCHS, 1993).
HNIS Human Nutrition Information Science.
iV = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
Source: Based on U.S. EPA analysis of 2005-2010 NHANES using http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
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Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-50. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average3 Intake of Total Fruitsb and Total Vegetables0: Pregnant, Lactating, and All Women of
Child-Bearing Age (13 to <50 years) (g/kg-day)
Percentiles
Population Group
N
Mean
SE
pt
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
99th
Maximum
Total fruits
Pregnant
389
1.91
0.17
<0.05d
<0.05
<0.05
0.4
1.4
3.0
4.5
5
8.0d
11.0d
Lactating
88
2.20
0.27
<0.05d
0.1d
0.2d
0.8
2.2
3.4
4.8d
5.6d
7.5d
9.1d
Child-bearing age
4,703
1.32
0.04
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
0.1
0.8
2.0
3.4
4.4
7
16.7d
Total vegetable
Pregnant
426
2.77
0.14
0.1d
0.7
1.0
1.4
2.3
3.7
4.9
5.7
9.6d
14.3d
Lactating
101
2.90
0.42
0.4d
0.5d
0.7d
1.5
2.3
3.8
5.7d
7.2d
10.6d
10.6d
Child-bearing age
5,541
2.44
0.06
0.1
0.3
0.6
1.1
2.0
3.2
4.8
6.2
9.4
35.0d
Based on the average of two days of food consumption reported for each NHANES respondent. If the respondent reported zero consumption on one of the two days and
non-zero consumption on the other day, his/her average consumption would be the average of zero and non-zero consumption. Single day rates can be generated using
http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
Total fruits includes: acerola; apple, dried; apple, dried-baby food; apple, fruit with peel; apple, peeled fruit; apple, peeled fruit-baby food; apple, sauce; apple,
sauce-baby food; apricot; apricot, dried; apricot-baby food; avocado; banana; banana, dried; banana, dried-baby food; banana-baby food; blackberry; blueberry;
blueberry-baby food; boysenberry; breadfruit; canistel; cherimoya; cherry; cherry-baby food; citrus hybrids; crabapple; cranberry; cranberry, dried; cranberry-baby
food; currant; currant, dried; date; dragon fruit; eggplant; elderberry; feijoa; fig; fig, dried; gooseberry; grape; grape, raisin; guava; guava-baby food; huckleberry;
jackfruit; kiwifruit, fuzzy; kumquat; lemon; lemon, peel; lime; loganberry; longan; loquat; lychee; lychee, dried; mamey apple; mango; mango, dried; mango-baby
food; nectarine; orange; orange, peel; papaya; papaya, dried; papaya-baby food; passionfruit; passionfruit-baby food; pawpaw, peach; peach, dried; peach, dried-baby
food; peach-baby food; pear; pear, dried; pear-baby food; persimmon; pineapple; pineapple, dried; pineapple-baby food; plantain; plantain, dried; plum; plum, prune,
dried; plum, prune, dried-baby food; plum, prune, fresh; plum, prune, fresh-baby food; plum-baby food; pomegranate; prickly pear fruit; pummelo; quince; raspberry;
raspberry-baby food; sapote, mamey; soursop; Spanish lime; starfruit; strawberry; strawberry-baby food; sugar apple; tamarind; tangerine.
August 2018
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-50. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average3 Intake of Total Fruitsb and Total Vegetables0: Pregnant, Lactating, and All Women of
Child-Bearing Age (13 to <50 years) (g/kg-day) (Continued)
c Total vegetables includes: alfalfa, seed; amaranth, leafy; arrowroot, flour; arrowroot, flour-baby food; artichoke, globe; artichoke, Jerusalem; arugula; asparagus;
balsam pear; bamboo, shoots; basil, dried leaves; basil, dried leaves-baby food; basil, fresh leaves; basil, fresh leaves-baby food; bean, cowpea, succulent; bean, kidney,
seed; bean, lima, seed; bean, lima, succulent; bean, mung, seed; bean, navy, seed; bean, pink, seed; bean, pinto, seed; bean, snap, succulent; bean, snap, succulent-baby
food; beet, garden, roots; beet, garden, roots-baby food; beet, garden, tops; belgium endive; broccoli; broccoli raab; broccoli, Chinese; broccoli-baby food; brussels
sprouts; cabbage; cabbage, Chinese, bok choy; cabbage, Chinese, mustard; cabbage, Chinese, napa; cactus; cantaloupe; cardoon; carrot; carrot-baby food; cassava;
cassava-baby food; cauliflower; celeriac; celery; celery-baby food; celtuce; chayote, fruit; chickpea, flour; chickpea, seed; chickpea, seed-baby food; chicory, roots;
chicory, tops; Chinese waxgourd; chive, fresh leaves; chrysanthemum, garland; cilantro, leaves; cilantro, leaves-baby food; cinnamon; cinnamon-baby food; coriander,
seed; coriander, seed-baby food; dandelion, leaves; dasheen, corm; dasheen, leaves; dill, seed; dillweed; fennel, Florence; garlic, bulb; garlic, bulb-baby food; ginger;
ginger, dried; ginger-baby food; ginseng, dried; grape, leaves; guar, seed; guar, seed-baby food; herbs, other; herbs, other-baby food; kale; kohlrabi; leek; lemongrass;
lettuce, head; lettuce, leaf; marjoram; maijoram-baby food; okra; onion, bulb; onion, bulb, dried; onion, bulb, dried-baby food; onion, bulb-baby food; onion, green;
palm heart, leaves; parsley, dried leaves; parsley, dried leaves-baby food; parsley, leaves; parsley, turnip rooted; parsnip; parsnip-baby food; pea, dry; pea, dry-baby
food; pea, edible podded, succulent; pea, pigeon, seed; pea, pigeon, succulent; pea, succulent; pea, succulent-baby food; pepper, bell; pepper, bell, dried; pepper, bell,
dried-baby food; pepper, bell-baby food; pepper, black and white; pepper, black and white-baby food; pepper, nonbell; pepper, nonbell, dried; pepper, nonbell-baby
food; peppermint; potato, chips; potato, dry (granules/flakes); potato, dry (granules/flakes)-baby food; potato, flour; potato, flour-baby food; potato, tuber, without peel;
potato, tuber, without peel-baby food; potato, tuber, with peel; potato, tuber, with peel-baby food; pumpkin; radicchio; radish, oriental, roots; radish, oriental, tops;
radish, roots; radish, tops; rape greens; rhubarb; rutabaga; salsify, roots; salsify, tops; savory; seaweed; seaweed-baby food; shallot, bulb; soybean, flour; soybean,
flour-baby food; soybean, seed; spices, other; spices, other-baby food; squash, summer; squash, summer-baby food; squash, winter; squash, winter-baby food; sweet
potato; sweet potato-baby food; Swiss chard; tanier, corm; tomatillo; tomato; tomato, dried; tomato, dried-baby food; tomato, paste; tomato, paste-baby food; tomato,
puree; tomato, puree-baby food; tomato-baby food; tree tomato; turmeric; turnip, greens; turnip, roots; water chestnut; watercress; watermelon; yam bean; yam, true.
d Estimates are less statistically reliable based on guidance published in the Joint Policy on Variance Estimation and Statistical Reporting Standards on NHANES III and
CSFII Reports: E1NIS/NCHS Analytical Working Group Recommendations (NCHS, 1993).
E1NIS Human Nutrition Information Science.
iV = Sample size.
SE = Standard error.
Source: Based on U.S. EPA analysis of 2005-2010 NHANES using http://fcid.foodrisk.org/.
August 2018
Page 9-125
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-51. Per Capita and Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and
Vegetables:3 Pregnant, Lactating, and All Women of Child-Bearing Age (13 to <50 years)
(g/kg-day)
Per Capita
Consumer-Only
Food
PC
N
Mean
SE
95th
N
Mean
SE
95th
Apple
Pregnant
38
426
0.33
0.06
2.0
177
0.88
0.14
2.7b
Lactating
41
101
0.41
0.10
1.9b
42
1.02
0.13
2.6b
Child-bearing age
30
5,543
0.28
0.02
1.8
1,633
0.94
0.04
2.9
Banana
Pregnant
64
426
0.36
0.04
1.9
267
0.56
0.06
2.0b
Lactating
57
101
0.31
0.10
1.5b
62
0.54
0.15
2.2b
Child-bearing age
52
5,543
0.22
0.01
1.3
2,996
0.43
0.02
1.7
Beans
Pregnant
48
426
0.18
0.02
0.8
209
0.38
0.04
l.lb
Lactating
59
101
0.27
0.05
1.0b
59
0.45
0.07
1.3b
Child-bearing age
45
5,543
0.18
0.01
0.9
2,533
0.40
0.01
1.3
Berries and small fruits
Pregnant
72
426
0.37
0.08
2.4
298
0.52
0.11
2.4b
Lactating
65
101
0.28
0.06
1.3b
69
0.44
0.08
1.8b
Child-bearing age
67
5,543
0.24
0.01
1.3
3,670
0.36
0.02
1.7
Broccoli
Pregnant
19
426
0.11
0.02
0.8
74
0.55
0.09
1.3b
Lactating
21
101
0.11
0.04
0.6b
16
0.50
0.08
0.9b
Child-bearing age
17
5,543
0.09
0.01
0.7
840
0.55
0.03
1.6
Bulb vegetables
Pregnant
98
426
0.19
0.02
0.7
416
0.20
0.02
0.7
Lactating
98
101
0.23
0.06
1.3b
100
0.24
0.06
1.3b
Child-bearing age
97
5,543
0.17
0.01
0.6
5,380
0.17
0.01
0.6
Cabbage
Pregnant
7
426
0.02
0.01
0.1
51
0.25
0.06
l.lb
Lactating
17
101
0.03
0.01
0.2b
15
0.16
0.05
0.4b
Child-bearing age
12
5,543
0.04
<0.005
0.2
655
0.36
0.03
1.3
August 2018
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-51. Per Capita and Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and
Vegetables:3 Pregnant, Lactating, and All Women of Child-Bearing Age (13 to <50 years)
(g/kg-day) (Continued)
Per Capita
Consumer-Only
Food
PC
N
Mean
SE
95th
N
Mean
SE
95th
Apple
Pregnant
38
426
0.33
0.06
2.0
177
0.88
0.14
2.7b
Lactating
41
101
0.41
0.10
1.9b
42
1.02
0.13
2.6b
Child-bearing age
30
5,543
0.28
0.02
1.8
1,633
0.94
0.04
2.9
Banana
Pregnant
64
426
0.36
0.04
1.9
267
0.56
0.06
2.0b
Lactating
57
101
0.31
0.10
1.5b
62
0.54
0.15
2.2b
Child-bearing age
52
5,543
0.22
0.01
1.3
2,996
0.43
0.02
1.7
Beans
Pregnant
48
426
0.18
0.02
0.8
209
0.38
0.04
l.lb
Lactating
59
101
0.27
0.05
1.0b
59
0.45
0.07
1.3b
Child-bearing age
45
5,543
0.18
0.01
0.9
2,533
0.40
0.01
1.3
Berries and small fruits
Pregnant
72
426
0.37
0.08
2.4
298
0.52
0.11
2.4b
Lactating
65
101
0.28
0.06
1.3b
69
0.44
0.08
1.8b
Child-bearing age
67
5,543
0.24
0.01
1.3
3,670
0.36
0.02
1.7
Broccoli
Pregnant
19
426
0.11
0.02
0.8
74
0.55
0.09
1.3b
Lactating
21
101
0.11
0.04
0.6b
16
0.50
0.08
0.9b
Child-bearing age
17
5,543
0.09
0.01
0.7
840
0.55
0.03
1.6
Bulb vegetables
Pregnant
98
426
0.19
0.02
0.7
416
0.20
0.02
0.7
Lactating
98
101
0.23
0.06
1.3b
100
0.24
0.06
1.3b
Child-bearing age
97
5,543
0.17
0.01
0.6
5,380
0.17
0.01
0.6
Cabbage
Pregnant
7
426
0.02
0.01
0.1
51
0.25
0.06
l.lb
Lactating
17
101
0.03
0.01
0.2b
15
0.16
0.05
0.4b
Child-bearing age
12
5,543
0.04
<0.005
0.2
655
0.36
0.03
1.3
Carrots
Pregnant
50
426
0.15
0.04
0.5
208
0.30
0.08
l.lb
Lactating
59
101
0.20
0.05
1.0b
59
0.34
0.07
1.4b
Child-bearing age
45
5,543
0.12
0.01
0.6
2,421
0.25
0.01
0.9
Citrus
Pregnant
26
426
0.25
0.06
1.8
109
0.96
0.21
3.2b
August 2018
Page 9-127
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-51. Per Capita and Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and
Vegetables:3 Pregnant, Lactating, and All Women of Child-Bearing Age (13 to <50 years)
(g/kg-day) (Continued)
Per Capita
Consumer-Only
Food
PC
N
Mean
SE
95th
N
Mean
SE
95th
Lactating
31
101
0.35
0.14
2.1b
26
1.13
0.32
5.2b
Child-bearing age
22
5,543
0.13
0.01
1.0
1,194
0.59
0.04
2.3
Corn
Pregnant
98
426
0.38
0.03
1.3
421
0.38
0.03
1.3
Lactating
94
101
0.41
0.06
1.4b
96
0.44
0.06
1.4b
Child-bearing age
95
5,543
0.33
0.01
1.2
5,319
0.34
0.01
1.2
Cucumber
Pregnant
39
426
0.13
0.05
0.5
161
0.32
0.12
1.2b
Lactating
34
101
0.04
0.02
0.3b
31
0.13
0.03
0.3b
Child-bearing age
40
5,543
0.10
0.01
0.5
2,028
0.24
0.02
0.9
Cucurbits
Pregnant
53
426
0.42
0.08
2.9
205
0.80
0.15
3.8b
Lactating
44
101
0.32
0.15
2.8b
41
0.74
0.31
2.8b
Child-bearing age
50
5,543
0.29
0.03
1.5
2,524
0.59
0.05
2.7
Fruiting vegetables
Pregnant
98
426
0.80
0.05
2.1
416
0.82
0.05
2.1
Lactating
100
101
0.90
0.15
3.0b
100
0.91
0.15
3.0b
Child-bearing age
96
5,543
0.71
0.02
2.3
5,300
0.74
0.02
2.3
Leafy vegetables
Pregnant
94
426
0.49
0.05
1.8
394
0.52
0.05
1.9
Lactating
95
101
0.50
0.08
1.7b
96
0.52
0.08
1.7b
Child-bearing age
92
5,543
0.55
0.02
2.1
5,074
0.60
0.02
2.1
Legume vegetables
Pregnant
88
426
0.50
0.11
2.1
367
0.56
0.12
2.2b
Lactating
84
101
0.42
0.06
1.8b
90
0.49
0.07
1.8b
Child-bearing age
83
5,543
0.33
0.02
1.5
4,623
0.40
0.02
1.7
Lettuce
Pregnant
60
426
0.2
0.02
0.9
251
0.33
0.03
l.lb
Lactating
58
101
0.17
0.03
0.7b
59
0.29
0.05
0.8b
Child-bearing age
58
5,543
0.25
0.01
1.1
3,127
0.44
0.02
1.4
Onion
Pregnant
98
426
0.19
0.02
0.7
415
0.19
0.02
0.7
Lactating
98
101
0.23
0.06
1.3b
100
0.23
0.06
1.3b
Child-bearing age
97
5,543
0.16
0.01
0.5
5,348
0.16
0.01
0.6
August 2018
Page 9-128
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-51. Per Capita and Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and
Vegetables:3 Pregnant, Lactating, and All Women of Child-Bearing Age (13 to <50 years)
(g/kg-day) (Continued)
Per Capita
Consumer-Only
Food
PC
N
Mean
SE
95th
N
Mean
SE
95th
Peaches
Pregnant
54
426
0.10
0.03
0.9
218
0.19
0.05
1.2b
Lactating
50
101
0.14
0.05
l.lb
51
0.28
0.09
l.lb
Child-bearing age
47
5,543
0.05
<0.005
0.2
2,680
0.11
0.01
0.8
Pears
Pregnant
10
426
0.05
0.01
0.2
43
0.48
0.11
1.7b
Lactating
11
101
0.05
0.03
0.2b
13
0.49
0.23
1.6b
Child-bearing age
7
5,543
0.04
0.01
0.1
440
0.59
0.06
2.1
Peas
Pregnant
18
426
0.06
0.02
0.3
77
0.32
0.08
1.0b
Lactating
18
101
0.05
0.02
0.5b
20
0.25
0.08
0.5b
Child-bearing age
19
5,543
0.05
<0.005
0.3
995
0.27
0.02
0.8
Pome fruit
Pregnant
41
426
0.38
0.06
2.0
193
0.92
0.12
2.7b
Lactating
42
101
0.47
0.11
2.0b
45
1.13
0.14
3.2b
Child-bearing age
33
5,543
0.32
0.02
1.9
1,874
0.97
0.04
3.1
Root/tuber vegetables
Pregnant
100
426
1.06
0.08
3.8
426
1.06
0.08
3.8
Lactating
100
101
0.98
0.12
2.2b
101
0.98
0.12
2.2b
Child-bearing age
100
5,543
0.85
0.02
2.3
5,537
0.85
0.02
2.3
Stalk/stem vegetables
Pregnant
27
426
0.05
0.01
0.2
98
0.18
0.03
0.7b
Lactating
24
101
0.07
0.02
0.2b
21
0.28
0.08
l.lb
Child-bearing age
22
5,543
0.04
<0.005
0.2
1,085
0.2
0.01
0.7
Stone fruits
Pregnant
57
426
0.16
0.04
1.2
231
0.28
0.06
1.4b
Lactating
54
101
0.20
0.06
1.2b
55
0.37
0.1
1.7b
Child-bearing age
51
5,543
0.10
0.01
0.7
2,843
0.2
0.02
1.2
Strawberries
Pregnant
50
426
0.16
0.07
1.0
181
0.32
0.13
1.8b
Lactating
41
101
0.07
0.03
0.4b
37
0.18
0.07
1.2b
Child-bearing age
40
5,543
0.10
0.01
0.6
2,048
0.24
0.03
1.2
Tomatoes
Pregnant
93
426
0.71
0.04
1.8
398
0.76
0.04
1.8
August 2018
Page 9-129
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-51. Per Capita and Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and
Vegetables:3 Pregnant, Lactating, and All Women of Child-Bearing Age (13 to <50 years)
(g/kg-day) (Continued)
Per Capita
Consumer-Only
Food
PC
N
Mean
SE
95th
N
Mean
SE
95th
Lactating
97
101
0.78
0.12
2.4b
96
0.81
0.12
2.4b
Child-bearing age
88
5,543
0.63
0.02
2.1
4,902
0.71
0.02
2.2
Tropical fruits
Pregnant
72
426
0.56
0.07
2.3
310
0.77
0.08
3.3b
Lactating
67
101
0.45
0.11
2.2b
72
0.68
0.14
2.2b
Child-bearing age
62
5,543
0.30
0.01
1.6
3,569
0.49
0.02
2.0
White potatoes
Pregnant
92
426
0.62
0.06
1.7
388
0.68
0.07
1.8
Lactating
85
101
0.45
0.08
1.9b
89
0.53
0.09
2.0b
Child-bearing age
90
5,543
0.48
0.02
1.8
4,944
0.54
0.02
1.9
a See Table 9-5 for a detailed list of the food items included in each individual fruit and vegetable group.
b Estimates are less statistically reliable based on guidance published in the Joint Policy on Variance Estimation and
Statistical Reporting Standards on NHANES III and CSFII Reports: HNIS/NCHS Analytical Working Group
Recommendations (NCHS, 1993).
N = Sample size.
PC = Percent consuming. Represents the percentage of respondents consuming at least once in 2-day survey period.
SE = Standard error.
Source: Based on U.S. EPA Analysis of NHANES 2005-2010 data using http://fcid.foodrisk.ora/.
August 2018
Page 9-130
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-52. Per Capita and Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Exposed and
Protected Fruits and Vegetables:3 Pregnant, Lactating, and All Women of Child-Bearing
Age (13 to <50 years) (g/kg-day)
Per Capita
Consumer-Only
Food
PC
N
Mean
SE
95th
N
Mean
SE
95th
Exposed fruits
Pregnant
81
426
0.90
0.10
3.2
346
1.12
0.13
3.4b
Lactating
74
101
1.00
0.17
3.0b
81
1.35
0.18
3.2b
Child-bearing age
75
5,543
0.68
0.03
3.1
4,171
0.91
0.03
3.4
Protected fruits
Pregnant
80
426
0.85
0.11
3.3
340
1.06
0.13
3.5b
Lactating
75
101
0.86
0.20
3.6b
78
1.14
0.25
3.6b
Child-bearing age
69
5,543
0.44
0.02
2.1
3,923
0.64
0.03
2.5
Exposed vegetables
Pregnant
100
426
1.21
0.06
3.1
424
1.22
0.06
3.1
Lactating
100
101
1.32
0.20
4.4b
101
1.32
0.20
4.4b
Child-bearing age
99
5,543
1.20
0.03
3.5
5,502
1.21
0.03
3.5
Protected vegetables
Pregnant
99
426
0.54
0.08
2.3
422
0.54
0.08
2.3
Lactating
100
101
0.60
0.16
2.9b
101
0.60
0.16
2.9b
Child-bearing age
98
5,543
0.44
0.03
1.9
5,447
0.45
0.03
2.0
a See Table 9-7 for a detailed list of the food items included in each exposed and protected fruit and vegetable group.
b Estimates are less statistically reliable based on guidance published in the Joint Policy on Variance Estimation and
Statistical Reporting Standards on NHANES III and CSFII Reports: HNIS/NCHS Analytical Working Group
Recommendations (NCHS, 1993).
iV = Sample size.
PC = Percent consuming. Represents the percentage of respondents consuming at least once in 2-day survey period.
SE = Standard error.
Source: Based on U.S. EPA Analysis of NHANES 2005-2010 data using http://fcid.foodrisk.ore/.
August 2018
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-53. Mean Moisture Content of Selected Food Groups Expressed as Percentages of
Edible Portions
Moisture Content
Food
Raw
Cooked
Comments
Fruits
Apples—dried
31.76
84.13*
sulfured; * without added sugar
Apples
85.56*
86.67**
-
*with skin
"without skin
Apples—-juice
-
87.93
canned or bottled
Applesauce
-
88.35*
*unsweetened
Apricots
86.35
86.62*
*canned juice pack with skin
Apricots—dried
30.09
75.56*
sulfured; *without added sugar
Bananas
74.91
-
Blackberries
88.15
-
Blueberries
84.21
86.59*
*frozen unsweetened
Boysenberries
85.90
-
frozen unsweetened
Cantaloupes
90.15
-
Casabas
91.85
-
Cherries—sweet
82.25
84.95*
*canned, juice pack
Crabapples
78.94
-
Cranberries
87.13
-
Cranberries—-juice cocktail
85.00
-
Bottled
Currants (red and white)
83.95
-
Elderberries
79.80
-
Grapefruit (pink, red and white)
90.89
-
Grapefruit—-juice
90.00
90.10*
*canned unsweetened
Grapefruit—unspecified
90.89
-
pink, red, white
Grapes—fresh
81.30
-
American type (slip skin)
Grapes—juice
84.12
-
canned or bottled
Grapes—raisins
15.43
-
Seedless
Honeydew melons
89.82
-
Kiwi fruit
83.07
-
Kumquats
80.85
-
Lemons—juice
90.73
92.46*
*canned or bottled
Lemons—peel
81.60
-
Lemons—pulp
88.98
-
August 2018
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-53. Mean Moisture Content of Selected Food Groups Expressed as Percentages of
Edible Portions (Continued)
Moisture Content
Food
Raw
Cooked
Comments
Limes
88.26
-
Limes—-juice
90.79
92.52*
*canned or bottled
Loganberries
84.61*
-
*frozen
Mulberries
87.68
-
Nectarines
87.59
-
Oranges—unspecified
86.75
-
all varieties
Peaches
88.87
87.49*
*canned juice pack
Pears—dried
26.69
64.44*
sulfured; *without added sugar
Pears—fresh
83.71
86.47*
*canned juice pack
Pineapple
86.00
83.51*
*canned juice pack
Pineapple—-juice
-
86.37
Canned
Plums—dried (prunes)
30.92
-
Plums
87.23
84.02*
*canned juice pack
Quinces
83.80
-
Raspberries
85.75
-
Strawberries
90.95
89.97*
*frozen unsweetened
Tangerine—juice
88.90
87.00*
*canned sweetened
Tangerines
85.17
89.51*
*canned juice pack
Watermelon
91.45
-
Vegetables
Alfalfa seeds—sprouted
92.82
Artichokes—globe and French
84.94
84.08
boiled, drained
Artichokes—Jerusalem
78.01
-
Asparagus
93.22
92.63
boiled, drained
Bamboo shoots
91.00
95.92
boiled, drained
Beans—dry—blackeyed peas (cowpeas)
77.20
75.48
boiled, drained
Beans—dry—hyacinth (mature seeds)
87.87
86.90
boiled, drained
Beans—dry—navy (mature seeds)
79.15
76.02
boiled, drained
Beans—dry—pinto (mature seeds)
81.30
93.39
boiled, drained
Beans—lima
70.24
67.17
boiled, drained
Beans—snap—green—yellow
90.27
89.22
boiled, drained
Beets
87.58
87.06
boiled, drained
Beets—tops (greens)
91.02
89.13
boiled, drained
Broccoli
90.69
89.25
boiled, drained
Brussel sprouts
86.00
88.90
boiled, drained
August 2018
Page 9-133
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-53. Mean Moisture Content of Selected Food Groups Expressed as Percentages of
Edible Portions (Continued)
Moisture Content
Food
Raw
Cooked
Comments
Cabbage—Chinese (pak-choi)
95.32
95.55
boiled, drained
Cabbage—red
90.39
90.84
boiled, drained
Cabbage—savoy
91.00
92.00
boiled, drained
Carrots
88.29
90.17
boiled, drained
Cassava (yuca blanca)
59.68
-
Cauliflower
91.91
93.00
boiled, drained
Celeriac
88.00
92.30
boiled, drained
Celery
95.43
94.11
boiled, drained
Chives
90.65
-
Cole slaw
81.50
-
Collards
90.55
91.86
boiled, drained
Corn—sweet
75.96
69.57
boiled, drained
Cress—garden
89.40
92.50
boiled, drained
Cucumbers—peeled
96.73
-
Dandelion—greens
85.60
89.80
boiled, drained
Eggplant
92.41
89.67
boiled, drained
Endive
93.79
-
Garlic
58.58
-
Kale
84.46
91.20
boiled, drained
Kohlrabi
91.00
90.30
boiled, drained
Lambsquarter
84.30
88.90
boiled, drained
Leeks—bulb and lower leaf-portion
83.00
90.80
boiled, drained
Lentils—sprouted
67.34
68.70
stir-fried
Lettuce—iceberg
95.64
-
Lettuce—cos or romaine
94.61
-
Mung beans—mature seeds (sprouted)
90.40
93.39
boiled, drained
Mushrooms—unspecified
-
91.08
boiled, drained
Mushrooms—oyster
88.80
-
Mushrooms—Maitake
90.53
-
Mushrooms—portabella
91.20
-
Mustard greens
90.80
94.46
boiled, drained
Okra
90.17
92.57
boiled, drained
Onions
89.11
87.86
boiled, drained
Onions—dehydrated or dried
3.93
-
Parsley
87.71
-
August 2018
Page 9-134
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-53. Mean Moisture Content of Selected Food Groups Expressed as Percentages of
Edible Portions (Continued)
Food
Moisture Content
Raw Cooked
Comments
Parsnips
79.53
80.24
boiled, drained
Peas—edible-podded
88.89
88.91
boiled, drained
Peppers—sweet—green
93.89
91.87
boiled, drained
Peppers—hot chili-green
87.74
92.50*
*canned solids and liquid
Potatoes (white)
81.58
75.43
Baked
Pumpkin
91.60
93.69
boiled, drained
Radishes
95.27
-
Rutabagas—unspecified
89.66
88.88
boiled, drained
Salsify (vegetable oyster)
77.00
81.00
boiled, drained
Shallots
79.80
-
Soybeans—mature seeds—sprouted
69.05
79.45
Steamed
Spinach
91.40
91.21
boiled, drained
Squash—summer
94.64
93.70
all varieties; boiled, drained
Squash—winter
89.76
89.02
all varieties; baked
Sweet potatoes
77.28
75.78
baked in skin
Swiss chard
92.66
92.65
boiled, drained
Taro—leaves
85.66
92.15
Steamed
Taro
70.64
63.80
Tomatoes—-juice
-
93.90
Canned
Tomatoes—paste
-
73.50
Canned
Tomatoes—puree
-
87.88
Canned
Tomatoes
93.95
-
Towel gourd
93.85
84.29
boiled, drained
Turnips
91.87
93.60
boiled, drained
Turnips—greens
89.67
93.20
boiled, drained
Water chestnuts—Chinese
73.46
86.42*
*canned solids and liquids
Yambean—tuber
90.07
90.07
boiled, drained
Indicates data are not available for the fruit or vegetable under those conditions.
* Number without added sugar.
Source: USDA (2007).
August 2018
Page 9-135
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table 9-54. Water Content Range of Selected Foods
Percentage
Food Item
Water
Water
100
Fat-free milk, cantaloupe, strawberries, watermelon, lettuce, cabbage, celery, spinach, pickles, squash (cooked)
90-99
Fruit juice, yogurt, apples, grapes, oranges, carrots, broccoli (cooked), pears, pineapple
80-89
Bananas, avocados, cottage cheese, ricotta cheese, potato (baked), corn (cooked), shrimp
70-79
Pasta, legumes, salmon, ice cream, chicken breast
60-69
Ground beef, hot dogs, feta cheese, tenderloin steak (cooked)
50-59
Pizza
40-49
Cheddar cheese, bagels, bread
30-39
Pepperoni sausage, cake, biscuits
20-29
Butter, margarine, raisins
10-19
Walnuts, peanuts (dry roasted), chocolate chip cookies, crackers, cereals, pretzels, taco shells, peanut butter
1-9
Oils, sugars
0
Source: Popkin et al. (2010).
August 2018
Page 9-136
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
APPENDIX A
Table A-l. Comparison of Recommended Values for Intake of Total Fruits and Total
Vegetables in this Update to those of the Exposure Factors Handbook: 2011 Edition (g/kg-day)
Total Fruits
Update based on NUANES 2005-2010
2011 Handbook based on NHANES 2003-2006
Per Capita
Consumer Only
Per Capita
Consumer Only
Age
Mean
95th
Mean
95th
Mean
95th
Mean
95th
Birth to <1 month
0
0a
0
0a
_
_
_
_
1 to <3 months
0.3
2.4a
4.8
19.7a
-
-
-
-
3 to <6 months
4.4
19.2a
8.8
26.9a
-
-
-
-
6 to <12 months
9.4
26.5
10.3
28.9
-
-
-
-
Birth to <1 year
5.8
23.0
9.9
27.2
6.2
23.0a
10.1
25.8a
1 to <2 years
9.3
23.8
9.8
24.0
7.8
21.3a
8.1
21.4a
2 to <3 years
7.5
20.0
7.7
20.5
7.8
21.3a
8.1
21.4a
3 to <6 years
5.6
16.2
5.8
16.4
4.6
14.9
4.7
15.1
6 to <11 years
3.0
9.9
3.2
10.0
2.3
8.7
2.5
9.2
11 to <16 years
1.3
4.8
1.6
5.2
0.9
3.5
1.1
3.8
16 to <21 years
0.9
3.5
1.1
4.0
0.9
3.5
1.1
3.8
21 to <30 years
1.0
4.2
1.3
4.4
-
-
-
-
30 to <40 years
1.0
3.9
1.2
4.1
-
-
-
-
40 to <50 years
1.1
4.1
1.3
4.3
-
-
-
-
50 to <60 years
1.4
4.3
1.5
4.5
-
-
-
-
60 to <70 years
1.4
4.2
1.5
4.3
-
-
-
-
70 to <80 years
1.5
4.4
1.6
4.6
-
-
-
-
80+ years
1.8
4.6
1.8
4.7
-
-
-
-
21 to <50 years
1.1
4.1
1.3
4.3
0.9
3.7
1.1
3.8
50+ years
1.4
4.3
1.6
4.5
1.4
4.4
1.5
4.6
Whole Population
1.8
6.7
2.0
7.4
-
-
-
-
Total Vegetables
Birth to <1 month
0.3
4.1a
1.6
4.1a
_
_
_
_
1 to <3 months
0.5
3.0a
1.9
4.6a
-
-
-
-
3 to <6 months
3.2
11.2a
4.9
12.7a
-
-
-
-
6 to <12 months
7.6
19.2
7.9
19.5
-
-
-
-
Birth to <1 year
4.7
16.9
6.7
18.7
5.0
16.2a
6.8
18.la
1 to <2 years
6.7
16.3
6.7
16.3
6.7
15.6a
6.7
15.6a
2 to <3 years
6.0
14.0
6.0
14.0
6.7
15.6a
6.7
15.6a
3 to <6 years
5.3
13.3
5.3
13.3
5.4
13.4
5.4
13.4
6 to <11 years
3.8
9.9
3.8
9.9
3.7
10.4
3.7
10.4
11 to <16 years
2.4
6.3
2.4
6.3
2.3
5.5
2.3
5.5
16 to <21 years
2.3
5.3
2.3
5.3
2.3
5.5
2.3
5.5
21 to <30 years
2.4
5.7
2.4
5.7
-
-
-
-
30 to <40 years
2.6
6.7
2.6
6.7
-
-
-
-
40 to <50 years
2.5
5.8
2.5
5.8
-
-
-
-
50 to <60 years
2.6
5.8
2.6
5.8
-
-
-
-
60 to <70 years
2.6
5.9
2.6
5.9
-
-
-
-
70 to <80 years
2.6
6.1
2.6
6.1
-
-
-
-
80+ years
2.7
6.1
2.7
6.1
-
-
-
-
21 to <50 years
2.5
6.1
2.5
6.1
2.5
5.9
2.5
5.9
50+ years
2.6
6.0
2.6
6.0
2.6
6.1
2.6
6.1
Whole Population
2.9
7.4
2.9
7.4
-
-
-
-
a Estimates are less statistically reliable based on guidance published in the Joint Policy on Variance Estimation and
Statistical Reporting Standards on NHANES III and CSFII Reports: HNIS/NCHS Analytical Working Group
Recommendations (NCHS, 1993).
= Recommended value not available.
August 2018
Page A-l
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
APPENDIX B
Table B-l. Terms Used in Literature Searches
Fruit intake/consumption/ingestion
Vegetable intake/consumption/ingestion
Raw agricultural commodity intake/consumption/ingestion
Processed agricultural commodity intake/consumption/ingestion
Fruit/vegetable serving size
Dietary intake
Food preferences
Older adults diet
Pregnant/lactating women diet
FoxMK
Vitolins M
Smiciklas-Wright H
August 2018
Page B-l
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
APPENDIX C
SUPPLEMENTAL TABLES
CODES AND DEFINITIONS USED TO DETERMINE THE VARIOUS COMMODITIES USED IN THE
U.S. EPA ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL HEALTH AND NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY
(NHANES)-FOOD COMMODITY INTAKE DATABASE (FCID) DATA
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) analyses of the National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey (NHANES) 2005-2010 food consumption data analysis was performed using the NHANES-Food Commodity
Intake Database (FCID) (http://fcid.foodrisk.org/'). which converted the NHANES food items into FCID raw
agricultural commodities using recipes developed by U.S. EPA. This supplement lists the FCID commodities used to
generate statistics for corresponding foods and food categories as defined in the Exposure Factors Handbook (EFH).
For example, "apples," as defined here in the EFH, consists of the following seven FCID commodities: apple, dried
(1100009000), apple, dried-baby food (1100009001), apple, fruit with peel (1100007000), apple, peeled fruit
(1100008000), apple, peeled fruit-baby food (1100008001), apple sauce (1100011000) and apple, sauce-baby food
(1100011001); apple juice is not included.
August 2018
Page C-l
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table C-l. Food Commodity Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 2005-2010
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)-Food Commodity Intake
Database (FCID) Data
EFH Food Category
EPA Food Commodity Codes
TOTAL FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
Total fruits
9500001000
Acerola
9500193000
Jackfruit
1100009000
Apple, dried
1304195000
Kiwifruit
1100009001
Apple, dried-baby food
1002197000
Kumquat
1100007000
Apple, fruit with peel
1002199000
Lemon
1100008000
Apple, peeled fruit
1002201000
Lemon, peel
1100008001
Apple, peeled fruit-baby food
1002206000
Lime
1100011000
Apple, sauce
1301208000
Loganberry
1100011001
Apple, sauce-baby food
9500209000
Longan
1202012000
Apricot
1100210000
Loquat
1202013000
Apricot, dried
9500211000
Lychee
1202012001
Apricot-baby food
9500212000
Lychee, dried
9500020000
Avocado
9500214000
Mamey apple
9500023000
Banana
9500215000
Mango
9500024000
Banana, dried
9500216000
Mango, dried
9500024001
Banana, dried-baby food
9500215001
Mango-baby food
9500023001
Banana-baby food
9500227000
Mulberry
1301055000
Blackberry
1202230000
Nectarine
1302057000
Blueberry
1001240000
Orange
1302057001
Blueberry-baby food
1001242000
Orange, peel
1301058000
Boysenberry
9500245000
Papaya
9500060000
Breadfruit
9500246000
Papaya, dried
9500074000
Canistel
9500245001
Papaya-baby food
9500089000
Cherimoya
9500252000
Passionfruit
1201090000
Cherry
9500252001
Passionfruit-baby food
1201090001
Cherry-baby food
9500254000
Pawpaw
1000106000
Citrus citron
1202260000
Peach
1001107000
Citrus hybrids
1202261000
Peach, dried
9500112000
Coconut, dried
1202261001
Peach, dried-baby food
9500111000
Coconut, meat
1202260001
Peach-baby food
9500111001
Coconut, meat-baby food
1100266000
Pear
9500113000
Coconut, milk
1100267000
Pear, dried
1100129000
Crabapple
1100266001
Pear-baby food
1307130000
Cranberry
9500277000
Persimmon
1307131000
Cranberry, dried
9500279000
Pineapple
1307130001
Cranberry-baby food
9500280000
Pineapple, dried
1302136000
Currant
9500279001
Pineapple-baby food
1302137000
Currant, dried
9500283000
Plantain
9500141000
Date
9500284000
Plantain, dried
0802148000
Eggplant
1203285000
Plum
1302149000
Elderberry
1203287000
Plum, prune, dried
9500151000
Feijoa
1203287001
Plum, prune, dried-baby food
9500153000
Fig
1203286000
Plum, prune, fresh
9500154000
Fig, dried
1203286001
Plum, prune, fresh-baby food
1302174000
Gooseberry
1203285001
Plum-baby food
1304175000
Grape
9500289000
Pomegranate
9500178000
Grape, raisin
1003307000
Pummelo
1000180000
Grapefruit
1100310000
Quince
9500183000
Guava
1301320000
Raspberry
9500183001
Guava-baby food
1301320001
Raspberry-baby food
1302191000
Fluckleberry
9500333000
Sapote, Mamey
9500358000
Starfruit
9500346000
Soursop
1307359000
Strawberry
9500351000
Spanish lime
1307359001
Strawberry-baby food
9500368000
Tamarind
August 2018
Page C-2
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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table C-l. Food Commodity Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 2005-2010
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)-Food Commodity Intake
Database (FCID) Data (Continued)
EFH Food Category
EPA Food Commodity Codes
9500361000
Sugar apple
1001369000
Tangerine
Total vegetables
1800002000
Alfalfa, seed
0902088000
Chayote, fruit
0401005000
Amaranth, leafy
0603099000
Chickpea, flour
0103015000
Arrowroot, flour
0603098000
Chickpea, seed
0103015001
Arrowroot, flour-baby food
0603098001
Chickpea, seed-baby food
9500016000
Artichoke, globe
0101100000
Chicory, roots
0103017000
Artichoke, Jerusalem
0200101000
Chicory, tops
0401018000
Arugula
0902102000
Chinese waxgourd
9500019000
Asparagus
0302103000
Chive
0902021000
Balsam pear
0401104000
Chrysanthemum, garland
9500022000
Bamboo, shoots
1902105000
Cinnamon
1901029000
Basil, dried leaves
1902105001
Cinnamon-baby food
1901029001
Basil, dried leaves-baby food
1901118000
Cilantro, leaves
1901028000
Basil, fresh leaves
1901118001
Cilantro, leaves-baby food
1901028001
Basil, fresh leaves-baby food
1902119000
Coriander, seed
0602033000
Bean, cowpea, succulent
1902119001
Coriander, seed-baby food
0603036000
Bean, kidney, seed
0401138000
Dandelion, leaves
0603038000
Bean, lima, seed
0103139000
Dasheen, corm
0602037000
Bean, lima, succulent
0200140000
Dasheen, leaves
0603039000
Bean, mung, seed
1901144000
Dill
0603040000
Bean, navy, seed
1902143000
Dill, seed
0603041000
Bean, pink, seed
0402152000
Fennel, Florence
0603042000
Bean, pinto, seed
0301165000
Garlic
0601043000
Bean, snap, succulent
0301165001
Garlic, bulb-baby food
0601043001
Bean, snap, succulent-baby
0103166000
Ginger
food
0103167000
Ginger, dried
0101050000
Beet, garden, roots
0103166001
Ginger-baby food
0101050001
Beet, garden, roots-baby food
0101168000
Ginseng, dried
0200051000
Beet, garden, tops
9500177000
Grape, leaves
9500054000
Belgium endive
0603182000
Guar, seed
0501061000
Broccoli
0603182001
Guar, seed-baby food
0502063000
Broccoli raab
1901184000
Herbs, other
0501062000
Broccoli, Chinese
1901184001
Herbs, other-baby food
0501061001
Broccoli-baby food
0502194000
Kale
0501064000
Brussels sprouts
0501196000
Kohlrabi
0501069000
Cabbage
0302198000
Leek
0502070000
Cabbage, Chinese, bok choy
1901202000
Lemongrass
0501072000
Cabbage, Chinese, mustard
0401204000
Lettuce, head
0501071000
Cabbage, Chinese, napa
0401205000
Lettuce, leaf
9500073000
Cactus
1901220000
Marjoram
0901075000
Cantaloupe
1901220001
Maijoram-baby food
0402076000
Cardoon
0802234000
Okra
0101078000
Carrot
0301237000
Onion, bulb
0101078001
Carrot-baby food
0301238000
Onion, bulb, dried
0103082000
Cassava
0301238001
Onion, bulb, dried-baby food
0103082001
Cassava-baby food
0301237001
Onion, bulb-baby food
0501083000
Cauliflower
0302239000
Onion, green
0101084000
Celeriac
9500243000
Palm heart, leaves
0402085000
Celery
1901249000
Parsley, dried leaves
0402085001
Celery-baby food
1901249001
Parsley, dried leaves-baby food
0402087000
Celtuce
0101327000
Rutabaga
0401248000
Parsley, leaves
0101331000
Salsify, roots
0101250000
Parsley, turnip rooted
0200332000
Salsify, tops
0101251000
Parsnip
1901334000
Savory
August 2018
Page C-3
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table C-l. Food Commodity Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 2005-2010
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)-Food Commodity Intake
Database (FCID) Data (Continued)
EFH Food Category
EPA Food Commodity Codes
0101251001
Parsnip-baby food
9500335000
Seaweed
0603256000
Pea, dry
9500335001
Seaweed-baby food
0603256001
Pea, dry-baby food
0301338000
Shallot
0601257000
Pea, edible podded, succulent
0603348000
Soybean, flour
0603258000
Pea, pigeon, seed
0603348001
Soybean, flour-baby food
0602259000
Pea, pigeon, succulent
0600347000
Soybean, seed
0602255000
Pea, succulent
1902354000
Spices, other
0602255001
Pea, succulent-baby food
1902354001
Spices, other-baby food
0802270000
Pepper, bell
0902356000
Squash, summer
0802271000
Pepper, bell, dried
0902356001
Squash, summer-baby food
0802271001
Pepper, bell, dried-baby food
0902357000
Squash, winter
0802270001
Pepper, bell-baby food
0902357001
Squash, winter-baby food
1902274000
Pepper, black and white
0103366000
Sweet potato
1902274001
Pepper, black and white-baby
0103366001
Sweet potato-baby food
food
0402367000
Swiss chard
0802272000
Pepper, nonbell
0103371000
Tanier, corm
0802273000
Pepper, nonbell, dried
0801374000
Tomatillo
0802272001
Pepper, nonbell-baby food
0801375000
Tomato
9500275000
Peppermint
0801378000
Tomato, dried
0103296000
Potato, chips
0801378001
Tomato, dried-baby food
0103297000
Potato, dry (granules/flakes)
0801376000
Tomato, paste
0103297001
Potato, dry
0801376001
Tomato, paste-baby food
(granules/flakes)-baby food
0801377000
Tomato, puree
0103298000
Potato, flour
0801377001
Tomato, puree-baby food
0103298001
Potato, flour-baby food
0801380000
Tomato, Tree
0103300000
Potato, tuber, without peel
0801375001
Tomato-baby food
0103300001
Potato, tuber, without peel-baby
0103387000
Turmeric
food
0502389000
Turnip, greens
0103299000
Potato, tuber, with peel
0101388000
Turnip, roots
0103299001
Potato, tuber, with peel-baby
9500397000
Water chestnut
food
9500398000
Watercress
0902308000
Pumpkin
0901399000
Watermelon
0401313000
Radicchio
0103407000
Yam bean
0101316000
Radish, Oriental, roots
0103406000
Yam, true
0200317000
Radish, Oriental, tops
0101314000
Radish, roots
0200315000
Radish, tops
0502318000
Rape greens
0402322000
Rhubarb
INDIVIDUAL FRUIT CATEGORIES
Apples
1100009000
Apple, dried
1100008000
Apple, peeled fruit
1100009001
Apple, dried-baby food
1100008001
Apple, peeled fruit-baby food
1100007000
Apple, fruit with peel
1100011000
1100011001
Apple, sauce
Apple, sauce-baby food
Bananas
9500023000
Banana
9500024001
Banana, dried-baby food
9500024000
Banana, dried
9500023001
Banana-baby food
Berries and small
1301055000
Blackberry
1302191000
Huckleberry
fruits
1301058000
Boysenberry
1307130000
Cranberry
1301208000
Loganberry
1307130001
Cranberry-baby food
1301320000
Raspberry
1307131000
Cranberry, dried
1301320001
Raspberry-baby food
1304175000
Grape
1302057000
Blueberry
9500177000
Grape, leaves
August 2018
Page C-4
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table C-l. Food Commodity Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 2005-2010
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)-Food Commodity Intake
Database (FCID) Data (Continued)
EFH Food Category
EPA Food Commodity Codes
1302057001
Blueberry-baby food
9500178000
Grape, raisin
1302136000
Currant
1304195000
Kiwifruit
1302137000
Currant, dried
1303227000
Mulberry
1302149000
Elderberry
1307359000
Strawberry
1302174000
Gooseberry
1307359001
Strawberry-baby food
Citrus fruits
1001106000
Citron
1002206000
Lime
1001107000
Citrus hybrids
1001240000
Orange
1003180000
Grapefruit
1001242000
Orange, peel
1002197000
Kumquat
1003307000
Pummelo
1002199000
Lemon
1001369000
Tangerine
1002201000
Lemon, peel
Peaches
1202260000
Peach
1202261001
Peach, dried-baby food
1202261000
Peach, dried
1202260001
Peach-baby food
Pears
1100266000
Pear
1100266001
Pear-baby food
1100267000
Pear, dried
Pome fruits
1100007000
Apple, fruit with peel
1100129000
Crabapple
1100008000
Apple, peeled fruit
1100210000
Loquat
1100008001
Apple, peeled fruit-baby food
1100266000
Pear
1100009000
Apple, dried
1100266001
Pear-baby food
1100009001
Apple, dried-baby food
1100267000
Pear, dried
1100011000
Apple, sauce
1100310000
Quince
1100011001
Apple, sauce-baby food
Strawberries
1307359000
Strawberry
1307359001
Strawberry-baby food
Stone fruits
1202012000
Apricot
1202261000
Peach, dried
1202012001
Apricot-baby food
1202261001
Peach, dried-baby food
1202013000
Apricot, dried
1203285000
Plum
1201090000
Cherry
1203285001
Plum-baby food
1201090001
Cherry-baby food
1203286000
Plum, prune, fresh
1202230000
Nectarine
1203286001
Plum, prune, fresh-baby food
1202260000
Peach
1203287000
Plum, prune, dried
1202260001
Peach-baby food
1203287001
Plum, prune, dried-baby food
Tropical fruits
9500001000
Acerola
9500214000
Mamey apple
9500022000
Avocado
9500215000
Mango
9500023000
Banana
9500215001
Mango-baby food
9500023001
Banana-baby food
9500216000
Mango, dried
9500024000
Banana, dried
9500245000
Papaya
9500024001
Banana, dried-baby food
9500245001
Papaya-baby food
9500060000
Breadfruit
9500246000
Papaya, dried
9500074000
Canistel
9500252000
Passionfruit
9500089000
Cherimoya
9500252001
Passionfruit-baby food
9500111000
Coconut, meat
9500254000
Pawpaw
9500111001
Coconut, meat-baby food
9500279000
Pineapple
9500112000
Coconut, dried
9500279001
Pineapple-baby food
9500113000
Coconut, milk
9500280000
Pineapple, dried
9500141000
Date
9500283000
Plantain
9500151000
Feijoa
9500284000
Plantain, dried
9500153000
Fig
9500289000
Pomegranate
9500154000
Fig, dried
9500333000
Sapote, Mamey
9500183000
Guava
9500346000
Soursop
9500183001
Guava-baby food
9500351000
Spanish lime
9500193000
Jackfruit
9500358000
Starfruit
August 2018
Page C-5
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table C-l. Food Commodity Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 2005-2010
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)-Food Commodity Intake
Database (FCID) Data (Continued)
EFH Food Category
EPA Food Commodity Codes
9500209000
Longan
9500361000
Sugar apple
9500211000
Lychee
9500368000
Tamarind
9500212000
Lychee, dried
INDIVIDUAL VEGETABLE CATEGORIES
Asparagus
9500019000
Asparagus
Beans
0603035000
Bean, great northern, seed
0602037000
Bean, lima, succulent
0603030000
Bean, black, seed
0603039000
Bean, mung, seed
0603032000
Bean, broad, seed
0603040000
Bean, navy, seed
0602031000
Bean, broad, succulent
0603041000
Bean, pink, seed
0603034000
Bean, cowpea, seed
0603042000
Bean, pinto, seed
0602033000
Bean, cowpea, succulent
0601043000
Bean, snap, succulent
0603036000
Bean, kidney, seed
0601043001
Bean, snap, succulent-baby
0603038000
Bean, lima, seed
food
Beets
0101050000
Beet, garden, roots
0200051000
Beet, garden, tops
0101050001
Beet, garden, roots-baby food
Broccoli
0501061000
Broccoli
0501061001
Broccoli-baby food
Bulb vegetables
0301164000
Garlic
0301238000
Onion, bulb, dried
0301165000
Garlic, bulb
0301238001
Onion, bulb, dried-baby food
0301165001
Garlic, bulb-baby food
0302239000
Onion, green
0302198000
Leek
0301338000
Shallot
0301237000
Onion, bulb
0302103000
Chive
0301237001
Onion, bulb-baby food
Cabbage
0501069000
Cabbage
0501071000
Cabbage, Chinese, napa
0501072000
Cabbage, Chinese, mustard
Carrots
0101078000
Carrot
Corn
1500122000
Corn, field, bran
1500123000
Corn, field, starch
1500120000
Corn, field, flour
1500123001
Corn, field, starch-baby food
1500120001
Corn, field, flour-baby food
1500126000
Corn, pop
1500121000
Corn, field, meal
1500127000
Corn, sweet
1500121001
Corn, field, meal-baby food
1500127001
Corn, sweet-baby food
Cucumbers
0902135000
Cucumber
Cucurbit vegetables
0901075000
Cantaloupe
0902308000
Pumpkin
0901187000
Honey dew melon
0902309000
Pumpkin, seed
0901399000
Watermelon
0902356000
Squash, summer
0902021000
Balsam pear
0902356001
Squash, summer-baby food
0902088000
Chayote, fruit
0902357000
Squash, winter
0902102000
Chinese waxgourd
0902357001
Squash, winter-baby food
0902135000
Cucumber
Fruiting vegetables
0802148000
Eggplant
0801374000
Tomatillo
0802234000
Okra
0801375000
Tomato
0802270000
Pepper, bell
0801375001
Tomato-baby food
0802270001
Pepper, bell-baby food
0801376000
Tomato, paste
0802271000
Pepper, bell, dried
0801376001
Tomato, paste-baby food
0802271001
Pepper, bell, dried-baby food
0801377000
Tomato, puree
0802272000
Pepper, nonbell
0801377001
Tomato, puree-baby food
0802272001
Pepper, nonbell-baby food
0801378000
Tomato, dried
0802273000
Pepper, nonbell, dried
0801378001
Tomato, dried-baby food
August 2018
Page C-6
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table C-l. Food Commodity Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 2005-2010
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)-Food Commodity Intake
Database (FCID) Data (Continued)
EFH Food Category
EPA Food Commodity Codes
Leafy vegetables
0200051000
Beet, garden, tops
0402152000
Fennel, Florence
(.Brassica and
0200101000
Chicory, tops
0402322000
Rhubarb
Nonbrassica)
0200140000
Dasheen, leaves
0402367000
Swiss chard
0200315000
Radish, tops
0501061000
Broccoli
0200317000
Radish, Oriental, tops
0501061001
Broccoli-baby food
0200332000
Salsify, tops
0501062000
Broccoli, Chinese
0401005000
Amaranth, leafy
0501064000
Brussels sprouts
0401018000
Arugula
0501069000
Cabbage
0401104000
Chrysanthemum, garland
0501071000
Cabbage, Chinese, napa
0401133000
Cress, garden
0501072000
Cabbage, Chinese, mustard
0401134000
Cress, upland
0501083000
Cauliflower
0401138000
Dandelion, leaves
0501196000
Kohlrabi
0401150000
Endive
0502063000
Broccoli raab
0401204000
Lettuce, head
0502070000
Cabbage, Chinese, bok choy
0401205000
Lettuce, leaf
0502117000
Collards
0401248000
Parsley, leaves
0502194000
Kale
0401313000
Radicchio
0502229000
Mustard greens
0401355000
Spinach
0502318000
Rape greens
0401355001
Spinach-baby food
0502389000
Turnip, greens
0402076000
Cardoon
9500054000
Belgium endive
0402085000
Celery
9500335000
Seaweed
0402085001
Celery-baby food
9500335001
Seaweed-baby food
0402087000
Celtuce
9500398000
Watercress
Legume vegetables
0600347000
Soybean, seed
0603034000
Bean, cowpea, seed
0600348000
Soybean, flour
0603035000
Bean, great northern, seed
0600348001
Soybean, flour-baby food
0603036000
Bean, kidney, seed
0600349000
Soybean, soy milk
0603038000
Bean, lima, seed
0600349001
Soybean, soy milk-baby food or
0603039000
Bean, mung, seed
infant formula
0603040000
Bean, navy, seed
0601043000
Bean, snap, succulent
0603041000
Bean, pink, seed
0601043001
Bean, snap, succulent-baby
0603042000
Bean, pinto, seed
food
0603098000
Chickpea, seed
0601257000
Pea, edible podded, succulent
0603098001
Chickpea, seed-baby food
0602031000
Bean, broad, succulent
0603099000
Chickpea, flour
0602033000
Bean, cowpea, succulent
0603182000
Guar, seed
0602037000
Bean, lima, succulent
0603182001
Guar, seed-baby food
0602255000
Pea, succulent
0603203000
Lentil, seed
0602255001
Pea, succulent-baby food
0603256000
Pea, dry
0602259000
Pea, pigeon, succulent
0603256001
Pea, dry-baby food
0603030000
Bean, black, seed
0603258000
Pea, pigeon, seed
0603032000
Bean, broad, seed
Lettuce
0401204000
Lettuce, head
0401205000
Lettuce, leaf
Onions
0301237000
Onion, bulb
0301237001
Onion, bulb-baby food
0301238000
Onion, bulb, dried
0302239000
Onion, green
0301238001
Onion, bulb, dried-baby food
Peas
0603256000
Pea, dry
0602259000
Pea, pigeon, succulent
0603256001
Pea, dry-baby food
0602255000
Pea, succulent
0601257000
Pea, edible podded, succulent
0602255001
Pea, succulent-baby food
0603258000
Pea, pigeon, seed
Pumpkin
0902308000
Pumpkin
0902309000
Pumpkin, seed
August 2018
Page C-7
-------
Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook
Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables
Table C-l. Food Commodity Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 2005-2010
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)-Food Commodity Intake
Database (FCID) Data (Continued)
EFH Food Category
EPA Food Commodity Codes
Root and
0103015000
Arrowroot, flour
0101251000
Parsnip
tubervegetables
0103015001
Arrowroot, flour-baby food
0101251001
Parsnip-baby food
0103017000
Artichoke, Jerusalem
0103296000
Potato, chips
0101050000
Beet, garden, roots
0103297000
Potato, dry (granules/flakes)
0101050001
Beet, garden, roots-baby food
0103297001
Potato, dry
0200051000
Beet, garden, tops
(granules/flakes)-baby food
0101052000
Beet, sugar
0103298000
Potato, flour
0101052001
Beet, sugar-baby food
0103298001
Potato, flour-baby food
0101067000
Burdock
0103300000
Potato, tuber, without peel
0101078000
Carrot
0103300001
Potato, tuber, without
0101078001
Carrot-baby food
peel-baby food
0103082000
Cassava
0103299000
Potato, tuber, with peel
0103082001
Cassava-baby food
0103299001
Potato, tuber, with peel-baby
0101084000
Celeriac
food
0101100000
Chicory, roots
0101316000
Radish, Oriental, roots
0103139000
Dasheen, corm
0101314000
Radish, roots
0103166000
Ginger
0101327000
Rutabaga
0103167000
Ginger, dried
0103366000
Sweet potato
0103166001
Ginger-baby food
0103366001
Sweet potato-baby food
0101168000
Ginseng, dried
0103371000
Tanier, corm
0101190000
Horseradish
0103387000
Turmeric
0101250000
Parsley, turnip rooted
0101388000
Turnip, roots
9500397000
Water chestnut
0103407000
Yam bean
0103406000
Yam, true
Stalk and stem
9500016000
Artichoke, globe
2100228000
Mushroom
vegetable and edible
9500019000
Asparagus
9500243000
Palm heart, leaves
fungi
9500022000
Bamboo, shoots
Tomatoes
0801375000
Tomato
0801376001
Tomato, paste-baby food
0801378000
Tomato, dried
0801377000
Tomato, puree
0801378001
Tomato, dried-baby food
0801377001
Tomato, puree-baby food
0801376000
Tomato, paste
0801375001
Tomato-baby food
White potatoes
0103296000
Potato, chips
0103300000
Potato, tuber, without peel
0103297000
Potato, dry (granules/flakes)
0103300001
Potato, tuber, without
0103297001
Potato, dry
peel-baby food
(granules/flakes)-baby food
0103299000
Potato, tuber, with peel
0103298000
Potato, flour
0103299001
Potato, tuber, with peel-baby
0103298001
Potato, flour-baby food
food
August 2018
Page C-8
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